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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-121 Sentence denotes Serological and molecular findings during SARS-CoV-2 infection: the first case study in Finland, January to February 2020
T2 123-131 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 132-225 Sentence denotes The first case of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Finland was confirmed on 29 January 2020.
T4 226-259 Sentence denotes No secondary cases were detected.
T5 260-352 Sentence denotes We describe the clinical picture and laboratory findings 3–23 days since the first symptoms.
T6 353-497 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV-2/Finland/1/2020 virus strain was isolated, the genome showing a single nucleotide substitution to the reference strain from Wuhan.
T7 498-649 Sentence denotes Neutralising antibody response appeared within 9 days along with specific IgM and IgG response, targeting particularly nucleocapsid and spike proteins.
T8 651-771 Sentence denotes On 31 December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China [1].
T9 772-886 Sentence denotes Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was isolated by Chinese scientists on 7 January 2020.
T10 887-1003 Sentence denotes To date, the SARS-CoV-2 virus causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is spreading throughout the world.
T11 1004-1155 Sentence denotes Here we describe the timeline of events around the first COVID-19 case imported to Finland, and summarise the clinical, molecular and serological data.
T12 1156-1345 Sentence denotes Successful SARS-CoV-2/Finland/1/2020 isolation enabled us to use the cytopathic effect (CPE)-based microneutralisation (MN) assay to detect SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralising antibody levels.
T13 1346-1500 Sentence denotes Diagnostic serum samples of the case and three close contacts were analysed and compared with serum samples from the Finnish population collected in 2019.
T14 1502-1563 Sentence denotes Clinical presentation and laboratory confirmation of the case
T15 1564-1710 Sentence denotes The first COVID-19 case in Finland was a female Chinese tourist in her 30s, who had left Wuhan on 22 January and arrived in Finland on 23 January.
T16 1711-1787 Sentence denotes Her first symptoms were a runny nose on 26 January and nausea on 27 January.
T17 1788-1881 Sentence denotes Because of high fever (39 °C), weakness and cough she sought medical attention on 28 January.
T18 1882-2096 Sentence denotes Suspicion of COVID-19 led to her direct transfer to the Lapland Central Hospital in Rovaniemi, where she was isolated and sampled on 28 and 29 January for laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Figure 1).
T19 2097-2315 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed from nasopharyngeal samples on 29 January by the Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB), and further confirmed at the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) (Table).
T20 2316-2471 Sentence denotes Both laboratories performed real-time RT-PCR testing for three targets: the envelope (E), the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the nucleocapsid (N).
T21 2472-2534 Sentence denotes Primers and probes were based on the Corman et al. method [2].
T22 2535-2597 Sentence denotes Cycle threshold (Ct) values above 37 were considered negative.
T23 2598-2700 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Timeline of events around the first COVID-19 case imported to Finland, January–February 2020
T24 2701-2731 Sentence denotes COVID-19: coronavirus disease.
T25 2732-2828 Sentence denotes Table Laboratory data of the first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, Finland, January–February 2020
T26 2829-2919 Sentence denotes Sampling day Day since the first symptoms Specimen PCR done at E RdRp N MN IgM IgG
T27 2920-2989 Sentence denotes 28 Jan 2020Day 3 NPS HUSTHL ND30.49 ND30.48 ND31.59 NA NA NA
T28 2990-3070 Sentence denotes 29 Jan 2020Day 4 NPA HUSTHL 31.1827.13 27.56 28.43 28.2928.73 NA NA NA
T29 3071-3132 Sentence denotes NPS HUSTHL 28.1529.59 27.1330.87 28.8231.78 NA NA NA
T30 3133-3187 Sentence denotes Serum THLUH NegNeg NegNeg NegNeg < 4 < 20 < 20
T31 3188-3253 Sentence denotes 03 Feb 2020Day 9 NPS HUSTHL NegNeg NegNeg NegNeg NA NA NA
T32 3254-3289 Sentence denotes Serum UH ND Neg Neg 60 80 80
T33 3290-3356 Sentence denotes 04 Feb 2020Day 10 NPS HUSTHL NegNeg NegNeg NegNeg NA NA NA
T34 3357-3392 Sentence denotes Serum ND ND ND ND 72 160 160
T35 3393-3453 Sentence denotes 14 Feb 2020Day 20 Serum UH Neg Neg Neg 160 320 1,280
T36 3454-3520 Sentence denotes 17 Feb 2020Day 23 NPS HUSTHL NegNeg NegNeg NegNeg NA NA NA
T37 3521-3551 Sentence denotes E: envelope protein gene; HUS:
T38 3552-3884 Sentence denotes Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IgM: immunoglobulin M; MN: microneutralisation test; N: nucleocapsid protein gene; NA: not applicable; ND: not done; Neg: negative; NPA: nasopharyngeal aspirate; NPS: nasopharyngeal swab; RdRp: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene; RT-PCR: reverse-transcription PCR; THL:
T39 3885-3930 Sentence denotes Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare; UH:
T40 3931-3954 Sentence denotes University of Helsinki.
T41 3955-4014 Sentence denotes The case had mild symptoms throughout the isolation period.
T42 4015-4143 Sentence denotes She was tested PCR-negative in 3 and 4 February samples and, as considered asymptomatic, discharged from hospital on 5 February.
T43 4144-4233 Sentence denotes One additional sample for serology and PCR was taken on 14 and 17 February, respectively.
T44 4234-4305 Sentence denotes Altogether 21 close contacts were identified of whom we could reach 17.
T45 4306-4374 Sentence denotes Fourteen were still in Finland and placed in quarantine for 14 days.
T46 4375-4516 Sentence denotes Information about three close contacts that had left the country was communicated to the competent authorities in their respective countries.
T47 4517-4582 Sentence denotes For the remaining four close contacts, we had no contact details.
T48 4583-4726 Sentence denotes Two of the 21 close contacts were closely co-exposed and therefore sampled on Days 4, 10, 12 and 14 after the first symptoms of the index case.
T49 4727-4812 Sentence denotes Follow-up of all contacts ended on 11 February without secondary transmission events.
T50 4814-4855 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2/Finland/1/2020 virus isolation
T51 4856-5068 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV-2 virus SARS-CoV-2/Finland/1/2020 was isolated in a biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory in Vero E6 cells from the Day 4 nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) and nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) specimens (Table).
T52 5069-5355 Sentence denotes The samples were inoculated into the cells for 1 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2 and fresh culture medium (Eagle's minimum essential medium (EMEM) supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.6 μg/mL penicillin, 60 μg/mL streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine, 20 mM HEPES) were added for incubation.
T53 5356-5509 Sentence denotes On the 4th day of incubation, half of the cultures were blind-passaged onto fresh Vero E6 cells and the rest of original passages were incubated further.
T54 5510-5591 Sentence denotes After 4 days incubation a clear CPE was detected in the NPA-originated passage 2.
T55 5592-5738 Sentence denotes The propagation of stock virus was done by passaging a low virus dose once again in Vero E6 cells, and virus culture was harvested on the 3rd day.
T56 5739-5782 Sentence denotes Virus concentration was followed by RT-PCR.
T57 5783-5989 Sentence denotes The Ct value for virus passage 1 on the 6th day of incubation was 17.65 and for passage 2 on the 2nd day, before any CPE was 20.63, whereas those of the NPS specimen remained at Ct values between 35 and 36.
T58 5991-6040 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2/Finland/1/2020 whole-genome sequencing
T59 6041-6295 Sentence denotes Nearly the complete coding region of SARS-CoV-2 (GenBank accession number: MT020781) was sequenced from the NPS collected on Day 4 (Table) and the complete coding region was sequenced from the virus isolate obtained after three passages in Vero E6 cells.
T60 6296-6550 Sentence denotes The virus had 1 nt substitution C21707T compared with the reference strain Wuhan-Hu-1 collected in Wuhan China, December 2019 (NC_045512) [3] which had led to a histidine to tyrosine (H49Y) substitution in the N-terminal domain of the spike glycoprotein.
T61 6552-6601 Sentence denotes Antibody response during the SARS-CoV-2 infection
T62 6602-6719 Sentence denotes Serum samples were collected from the index case on Days 4, 9, 10 and 20 from onset of the first symptoms (Figure 1).
T63 6720-7005 Sentence denotes Presence of serum IgM and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was analysed by immunofluorescence assays (IFA) based on Vero E6 cells infected with passage 4 of the patient’s isolate SARS-CoV-2/Finland/1/2020 virus and transferred onto microscope slides and fixed with acetone (Figure 2).
T64 7006-7111 Sentence denotes Serum samples from the index case were serially diluted and incubated for 2 h for IgM and 30 min for IgG.
T65 7112-7222 Sentence denotes Antibodies were visualised with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-human IgM or IgG antibodies.
T66 7223-7396 Sentence denotes While the antibodies were undetectable on Day 4 after onset of symptoms, IgG titres rose to 80 and 1,280 and IgM titres to 80 and 320 on Days 9 and 20, respectively (Table).
T67 7397-7546 Sentence denotes Random serum samples from staff members of the University of Helsinki (n = 19) did not show specific binding at dilutions greater than 20 (Figure 2).
T68 7547-7651 Sentence denotes Figure 2 Immunofluorescence assay of serum samples, COVID-19 index case, Finland, January–February 2020
T69 7652-7687 Sentence denotes COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019.
T70 7688-7828 Sentence denotes Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies were detectable by immunofluorescence assay in samples from Days 9, 10 and 20 after onset of illness.
T71 7829-7920 Sentence denotes Both IgM and IgG were found at a titre of 80 on Day 9, titres on Day 20 were 320 and 1,280.
T72 7921-8043 Sentence denotes As an example, dilutions 1:20 and 1:160 from the Day 20 sample are shown for, respectively, IgM and IgG of the index case.
T73 8044-8084 Sentence denotes Dilution 20 shown for the control serum.
T74 8085-8278 Sentence denotes Mock- and SARS-CoV2-infected Vero E6 cells collected on Day 6 post infection were lysed in Laemmli sample buffer, and Western blotting (WB) of lysates was performed as described previously [4].
T75 8279-8388 Sentence denotes At 1:200 dilution, the convalescent serum on Day 20 identified SARS-CoV2 N, S and E protein bands (Figure 3).
T76 8389-8477 Sentence denotes At higher exposure, all bands were detectable even at 1:1,600 serum dilution (Figure 3).
T77 8478-8641 Sentence denotes Figure 3 Western blot of mock- and SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells using patient serum collected 20 days after onset of symptoms, Finland, January–February 2020
T78 8642-8739 Sentence denotes Top left panel: total protein staining (Ponceau S) of the nitrocellulose membrane before probing.
T79 8740-8833 Sentence denotes Top right panel: strips probed with different dilutions of the patient serum at low exposure.
T80 8834-8917 Sentence denotes Bottom panel: the same membranes individually contrasted for higher band intensity.
T81 8918-9087 Sentence denotes The arrows indicate SARS-CoV-2 proteins, the labelling assumes that the migration of SARS-CoV-2 proteins was similar to that of Vero E6-expressed SARS-CoV proteins [23].
T82 9088-9172 Sentence denotes The bands migrating at ca 110 and 90 kDa probably represent S1 and S2, respectively.
T83 9173-9230 Sentence denotes Marker M: Precision Plus Dual Colour Standards (Bio-Rad).
T84 9231-9360 Sentence denotes The detection was done using Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (LI-COR) using goat anti-human IR800 conjugate at 1:10,000 dilution.
T85 9361-9476 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralising antibody levels were measured in duplicate with the MN test in a BSL-3 laboratory.
T86 9477-9652 Sentence denotes The serum samples were heat-inactivated at 56 °C for 30 min and 2-fold serially diluted starting from 1:4 in EMEM supplemented with 2% of heat-inactivated FBS and antibiotics.
T87 9653-9791 Sentence denotes Fifty plaque‐forming units (PFU) of the SARS-CoV-2/Finland/1/2020 strain were added to the serum dilutions and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C.
T88 9792-9936 Sentence denotes Vero E6 cells (5 × 104/well) were added to the virus–serum mix, and the mixture was incubated in 96-well plates for 4 days at 37 °C with 5% CO2.
T89 9937-9972 Sentence denotes Neutralisation was assessed by CPE.
T90 9973-10125 Sentence denotes The neutralisation endpoint was determined as the 50% endpoint of the serum that inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 infection observed by CPE of inoculated cells.
T91 10126-10243 Sentence denotes Diagnostic serum samples from the index case and her three asymptomatic close contacts were studied with the MN test.
T92 10244-10322 Sentence denotes During the acute phase of infection, no neutralising antibodies were detected.
T93 10323-10449 Sentence denotes The patient seroconverted for neutralising antibodies between Day 4 and 9, with the titre increasing to 160 on Day 20 (Table).
T94 10450-10535 Sentence denotes The serum specimens were confirmed not to be toxic or infective to the cells as such.
T95 10536-10613 Sentence denotes Serum samples taken from the three close contacts tested negative in MN test.
T96 10614-10729 Sentence denotes We also tested serum samples collected in 2019 from 83 Finnish subjects aged 4 to 89 years and all tested negative.
T97 10730-10904 Sentence denotes Sera known to be positive for IgG against human coronavirus OC43 and 229E [5] and rabbit or guinea pig antibody against SARS-CoV N protein [6] could not neutralise the virus.
T98 10906-10923 Sentence denotes Ethical statement
T99 10924-11234 Sentence denotes The investigations were carried out in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and Directive 95/46/EC) and the Finnish Personal Data Act (Finlex 523/1999) The Finnish Communicable Diseases Act (Finlex 1227/2016) allows sampling for diagnostic and surveillance purposes.
T100 11235-11428 Sentence denotes The convalescent serum sample was obtained on 14 February through informed consent of the patient and research permits (TYH2018322, TYH2019263) from the Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory.
T101 11429-11489 Sentence denotes Finnish population serum samples were collected during 2019.
T102 11490-11635 Sentence denotes The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital (Permission 433/13/03/00/15).
T103 11636-11723 Sentence denotes Serum samples of University of Helsinki staff members were used under informed consent.
T104 11725-11735 Sentence denotes Discussion
T105 11736-11864 Sentence denotes In the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, confirmed cases outside China were mostly imported among travellers from Wuhan [7].
T106 11865-11959 Sentence denotes The first case in Finland was detected on 29 January among the first imported cases in Europe.
T107 11960-12081 Sentence denotes The case presented mild symptoms without pneumonia: runny nose, nausea, high fever, cough, muscular weakness and fatigue.
T108 12082-12195 Sentence denotes No secondary transmission events were detected despite active follow-up by the Lapland Hospital district and THL.
T109 12196-12301 Sentence denotes As at 17 March 2020, 358 additional laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been detected in Finland.
T110 12302-12442 Sentence denotes Many of them are travel-related (mostly from northern Italy and Austria) but there is also local transmission from the travel-related cases.
T111 12443-12690 Sentence denotes The risk of widespread national community transmission of COVID-19 infection in the European Union, European Economic Area and the United Kingdom in the coming weeks is considered high by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [8].
T112 12691-12839 Sentence denotes The sequence of the viral genome of the patient was nearly identical to the reference strain from Wuhan, reflecting an early importation from China.
T113 12840-12976 Sentence denotes Later sequence information in Finland (up to 2 March) showed clustering with strains circulating in Italy (see nextstrain.org/ncov) [9].
T114 12977-13251 Sentence denotes Current guidelines from the World Health Organization for testing COVID-19 recommend collection of both acute and convalescent serum samples from patients for serological testing, which can support the identification of the immune response to a specific viral pathogen [10].
T115 13252-13389 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid has been found also in anal swabs and blood [11], however we did not detect it in serum samples in this case.
T116 13390-13488 Sentence denotes As yet, only limited data are available on antibody responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection [11,12].
T117 13489-13669 Sentence denotes Further studies are needed to better understand the seroprevalence of antibodies to different corona viruses in populations and the role of these antibodies in the risk of disease.
T118 13670-13899 Sentence denotes In accordance with earlier findings [11], we found that both IgM and IgG titres were low or undetectable at on Day 4 (the second day after admission to hospital) yet increasing on Day 9–10, i.e. 5–6 days after the first sampling.
T119 13900-14057 Sentence denotes Using other detection methods beyond IFA as well as recombinant antigens and analysing samples from a larger number of patients will shed more light on this.
T120 14058-14205 Sentence denotes The time of first appearance of anti-SARS-CoV antibodies has ranged from Day 3 to 42 and Day 5 to 47 for IgM and IgG antibodies, respectively [13].
T121 14206-14395 Sentence denotes The WB of the serum sample collected at convalescence showed a prominent response against the N and S protein, confirming their role as main candidate diagnostic targets for antibody tests.
T122 14396-14501 Sentence denotes However, the patient serum appeared to recognise also the E protein and the processed S1 and S2 proteins.
T123 14502-14646 Sentence denotes Although WB detects mainly linear epitopes, the strong antibody response against the S protein correlated well with the results of the MN assay.
T124 14647-14847 Sentence denotes Monitoring of the binding antibodies is suggested to be a more sensitive method than measuring functional neutralising antibodies for serological detection of human coronavirus (hCoV) infections [14].
T125 14848-14938 Sentence denotes However, hCoV OC43 and 229E samples can also cross-react with SARS-CoV ELISA testing [15].
T126 14939-15075 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV-2 CPE-based MN test using live virus appeared to be very specific, while laborious to conduct requiring a BSL-3 laboratory.
T127 15076-15276 Sentence denotes An increase of at least 4-fold in the neutralising antibodies indicating a positive response was detected at Day 9–10 after the first symptoms and at Day 20, the antibody levels were still increasing.
T128 15277-15441 Sentence denotes Our findings indicate that the MN assay is specific for functional SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and could be applied in surveillance of population immunity for this virus.
T129 15442-15620 Sentence denotes The assay can be used as confirmatory tool for SARS-CoV-2 specificity in the development of more accessible diagnostic tools such as assays based on detecting binding antibodies.
T130 15621-15804 Sentence denotes Previous studies on patients with SARS-CoV infection indicated that the median time for seroconversion was 20 days, by which time 60–75% of patients had IgG against the virus [13,16].
T131 15805-15998 Sentence denotes That IgM and IgG antibodies were present within 2 weeks from the onset of symptoms in our study suggests that early convalescent patients may be suitable sources of therapeutic antibodies [17].
T132 15999-16246 Sentence denotes In accordance with our finding, a recent preprint report on patients admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in China indicated that the median time to seroconversion was 11–14 days, depending on the immunological assay used [18].
T133 16247-16392 Sentence denotes No neutralising SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in the close contacts nor in the control population samples collected during 2019 in Finland.
T134 16393-16538 Sentence denotes A low prevalence (0.21%) of antibodies against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was reported in the general population of Qatar [19].
T135 16539-16788 Sentence denotes A meta-analysis of seroprevalence to SARS-CoV among different human populations yielded an overall low seroprevalence (0.10%), although it was slightly higher (0.23%) among healthcare workers and others who had close contact with SARS patients [20].
T136 16789-16875 Sentence denotes Binding and neutralising HCoV antibodies were found to be higher in older adults [14].
T137 16876-17137 Sentence denotes In total 97% and 99% of serum samples from healthy adults had antibodies to HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, respectively [21], and 75% and 65% of the children in the age group 2.5–3.5 years were found to be seropositive for, respectively, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E [22].
T138 17138-17397 Sentence denotes While it has been suggested that the late seroconversion in most SARS patients reduces the value of serological assays during the incubation and initial phases of SARS [13], serological testing is suggested for the confirmation of a SARS CoV-2 infection [11].
T139 17398-17625 Sentence denotes After understanding better the kinetics, specificity and sensitivity of the assays in development, the serological testing may help contact tracing of clusters and have a role in diagnosing acute and past SARS-CoV-2 infections.
T140 17627-17643 Sentence denotes Acknowledgements
T141 17644-17871 Sentence denotes We gratefully thank Mira Utriainen, Sanna Mäki, Minna Haanpää, Marja-Liisa Ollonen, Johanna Rintamäki, Hanna Valtonen, Riitta Santanen, Katri Keino, Alena Kaijalainen and Johanna Mustajoki for their expert technical assistance.
T142 17872-17979 Sentence denotes Christel Pussinen and Mervi Nosa are thanked for their contribution to Finnish population sera collections.
T143 17980-18076 Sentence denotes We also want to thank the anonymous patient for her help and collaboration throughout the study.
T144 18077-18085 Sentence denotes Funding:
T145 18086-18241 Sentence denotes The study was supported by funds from the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB) and University of Helsinki.
T146 18242-18384 Sentence denotes The funding organisations had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
T147 18386-18529 Sentence denotes Conflict of interest: LS is a co-investigator in an unrelated study, for which THL has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines.
T148 18530-18590 Sentence denotes The other authors report no potential conflicts of interest.
T149 18591-18614 Sentence denotes Authors’ contributions:
T150 18615-18678 Sentence denotes All authors attest they meet the ICMJE criteria for authorship.
T151 18679-18766 Sentence denotes All authors have contributed to, seen and approved the final version of the manuscript.
T152 18767-18970 Sentence denotes AH set up and performed MN tests, participated in laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 suspicions, coordinated and participated in the collections of the Finnish population sera, and wrote the manuscript.
T153 18971-19041 Sentence denotes TS performed the whole genome sequencing and genetic characterisation.
T154 19042-19100 Sentence denotes SK and JH performed the IFA and WB analysis, respectively.
T155 19101-19210 Sentence denotes PÖ isolated the virus and was responsible of the SARS-CoV-2 related biosafety level 3 laboratory work at THL.
T156 19211-19297 Sentence denotes MP, MS, TP and JS participated in THL COVID-19 situation monitoring group work of THL.
T157 19298-19367 Sentence denotes SB and MM participated in serological analysis planning group of THL.
T158 19368-19419 Sentence denotes SB contributed in the interpretation of MN results.
T159 19420-19532 Sentence denotes ER set up the real-time RT-PCR method at THL and participated in laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 suspicions.
T160 19533-19596 Sentence denotes AK and TS participated in collection of the convalescent serum.
T161 19597-19665 Sentence denotes AK had a significant role to organising convalescent serum sampling.
T162 19666-19751 Sentence denotes HKK, LM and ML were in charge of primary diagnostic of COVID-19 suspicions in HUSLAB.
T163 19752-19880 Sentence denotes HKK and LM also set up the real-time RT-PCR method at HUSLAB and participated in laboratory sample logistics from HUSLAB to THL.
T164 19881-19940 Sentence denotes MB was responsible for the care of the patient in hospital.
T165 19941-20015 Sentence denotes MJ and LS participated in interviewing the index case and contact tracing.
T166 20016-20199 Sentence denotes OV was responsible for virological and serological studies in HUSLAB and University of Helsinki, participated in the designing of the study and organising convalescent serum sampling.
T167 20200-20379 Sentence denotes NI and CSK were responsible of THL laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 suspicions, participated in COVID-19 situation monitoring group work of THL and laboratory sample logistics.
T168 20380-20503 Sentence denotes CSK was also responsible for the collections of the Finnish population sera and participated in the designing of the study.