LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7074453 / 1506-21561 JSONTXT 14 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T14 0-2 Sentence denotes 1.
T15 3-15 Sentence denotes Introduction
T16 16-129 Sentence denotes In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia of unknown etiology was detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China.
T17 130-278 Sentence denotes The first 27 reported cases were all related to Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which sells aquatic products, live poultries, and wild animals [1].
T18 279-521 Sentence denotes The first batch of cases identified later showed no exposure or even no relation to Huanan Wholesale Market, and the human-to-human transmission was confirmed; moreover, nosocomial infections were reported in some health care workers [2,3,4].
T19 522-743 Sentence denotes The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Chinese health authorities later identified and announced that a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was accountable for the outbreak of this pneumonia in Wuhan [5].
T20 744-962 Sentence denotes Thereafter, this disease was named Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by World Health Organization (WHO), and the causative virus was designated as SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [6].
T21 963-1212 Sentence denotes Within one and a half months, as of midnight of 18 February 2020, the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) had spread from Hubei to 34 provinces in China and another 25 countries, resulting in 75,199 confirmed cases with 2009 deaths (Table 1) [7].
T22 1213-1342 Sentence denotes At present, the number of cases is increasing rapidly in China and even around the world, which is a big threat to public health.
T23 1343-1421 Sentence denotes Thirty-one provinces of China have initiated a level-1 public health response.
T24 1422-1654 Sentence denotes The aim of this article is to provide a timely review of the characteristics of the COVID-19 outbreak including the epidemiology, pathogenicity, clinical features, and measures of treatment, prevention, and control for this disease.
T25 1656-1658 Sentence denotes 2.
T26 1659-1687 Sentence denotes The Epidemiology of COVID-19
T27 1688-1905 Sentence denotes On 31 December 2019, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission reported a number of unknown pneumonia cases related to Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, 27 cases were hospitalized, seven of which were in serious condition [1].
T28 1906-2147 Sentence denotes On 5 February 2020, Wuhan Municipal Health Committee reported that 59 cases of viral pneumonia with unknown etiology were detected in Wuhan, including seven severe cases, but no clear evidence was found for “human-to-human” transmission [8].
T29 2148-2331 Sentence denotes On Jan 11, Wuhan Municipal Health Committee issued a new report confirming that the pathogen of the viral pneumonia of unknown cause was initially determined as a new coronavirus [9].
T30 2332-2460 Sentence denotes On 20 February 2020, it was officially confirmed that “human-to-human” transmission and nosocomial infection had occurred [2,3].
T31 2461-2677 Sentence denotes Since 16 February 2020, the cumulative COVID-19 case number increased quickly; meanwhile, the daily emerging case number increased steadily to 3886 on 4 February 2020, and then fluctuated to 2015 on 11 February 2020.
T32 2678-2757 Sentence denotes The fatality cases number increased steadily to 2004 cases on 18 February 2020.
T33 2758-2878 Sentence denotes The cumulative and daily emerged cases number jumped to 59,804 and 15,152, respectively, on 12 February 2020 (Figure 1).
T34 2879-3153 Sentence denotes This fierce growth of cumulative and daily emerged cases number in one day is due to the improvement of diagnosis standard for confirmed cases in Hubei province, in which the suspected cases with pneumonia imaging characteristics are categorized as clinical diagnosis cases.
T35 3154-3231 Sentence denotes As a result, the patients can receive standard treatment as soon as possible.
T36 3232-3320 Sentence denotes All data are from the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China [10].
T37 3321-3599 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 resulted in much lower mortality (about 2.67% up-to-date) among the confirmed cases, compared with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) at 9.60% (November 2002–July 2003) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) at 34.4% (April 2012–November 2019) (Table 1).
T38 3600-3710 Sentence denotes The median ages for the patients of COVID-19, SARS, and MERS are 55.5, 41.3, and 52.8 years old, respectively.
T39 3711-3891 Sentence denotes COVID-19 and MERS patients share similargender composition of females (32%) and males (67%), but SARS patients show almost the same proportion of males (46.9%) and females (53.1%).
T40 3892-4118 Sentence denotes According to the “Diagnosis &Treatment Scheme for Novel Corona Virus Pneumonia (Trial) 6th Edition”, the source of infection is majorly the COVID-19 patients, even the asymptomatic patients can also be the source of infection.
T41 4119-4195 Sentence denotes The transmission way is majorly through respiratory droplets and contacting.
T42 4196-4243 Sentence denotes People are generally susceptible to this virus.
T43 4245-4247 Sentence denotes 3.
T44 4248-4289 Sentence denotes Pathogenic Characteristics of Coronavirus
T45 4290-4442 Sentence denotes Coronavirus is a single strand positive RNA (+ssRNA) virus, belonging to order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and subfamily Orthocoronavirinae [13].
T46 4443-4575 Sentence denotes According to the characteristics of serotype and genome, the coronavirus subfamily is divided into four genera: α, β, γ, and δ [14].
T47 4576-4854 Sentence denotes There are six kinds of coronaviruses known to infect humans, including 229E and NL63 of α genus [15,16], OC43, HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (MERSr-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) of β genus [16,17].
T48 4855-5049 Sentence denotes The coronavirus isolated from the lower respiratory tract of patients with unidentified pneumonia in Wuhan is a new type of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) belonging to genus β, and subgenus sarbe [5].
T49 5050-5173 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 is different from the zoonotic MERSr-CoV and SARSr-CoV and becomes the seventh coronavirus to infect humans [5].
T50 5174-5441 Sentence denotes The phylogenetic analysis of the coronaviruses based on full-length genome sequences shows that SARS-CoV-2 has the smallest genetic distance from bat coronavirus, but only about 45%–90% similarity with SARSr-CoV, and a lower similarity of 20%–60% with MERSr-CoV [18].
T51 5442-5608 Sentence denotes Therefore, a bat is probably the original host of SARS-CoV-2, although the intermediate host may still exist in the process of transmission from bats to human beings.
T52 5609-5724 Sentence denotes Coronavirus has an envelope, the particles are round or oval, often pleomorphic, with a diameter of 50–200 nm [18].
T53 5725-5807 Sentence denotes S protein is located on the surface of the virus and forms a rod-shaped structure.
T54 5808-5919 Sentence denotes As one of the main antigenic proteins of the virus, the S protein gene is the main target used for typing [19].
T55 5920-6193 Sentence denotes Xu et al. also reported that SARS-CoV-2 S-protein supports a strong interaction with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) molecules, which means that the virus poses a significant public health risk for human transmission by the S-protein–ACE2 binding pathway [18].
T56 6194-6323 Sentence denotes The knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of coronaviruses mostly comes from the study of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
T57 6324-6402 Sentence denotes The coronaviruses are sensitive to heat and can be killed at 56 °C for 30 min.
T58 6403-6555 Sentence denotes In addition, ether, 75% ethanol, chlorine disinfectant, peracetic acid, and chloroform can effectively inactivate the virus, but not chlorhexidine [20].
T59 6557-6559 Sentence denotes 4.
T60 6560-6596 Sentence denotes Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19
T61 6598-6602 Sentence denotes 4.1.
T62 6603-6626 Sentence denotes Clinical Manifestations
T63 6627-6883 Sentence denotes According to the “Diagnosis & Treatment Scheme for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial) 6th Edition” enacted by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China on 19 February 2020, the incubation time after exposure is about 1–14 days [20].
T64 6884-6944 Sentence denotes Fever, fatigue, and a dry cough are the main manifestations.
T65 6945-7022 Sentence denotes Nasal obstruction, runny nose, and other upper respiratory symptoms are rare.
T66 7023-7239 Sentence denotes About half of the patients developed dyspnea one week later, and severe cases developed rapidly into acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, hard-to-correct metabolic acidosis, and coagulation dysfunction.
T67 7240-7329 Sentence denotes Severe and critical patients may present moderate to low fever, or even no obvious fever.
T68 7330-7416 Sentence denotes Some patients have mild onset symptoms, no fever, and mostly recovered after one week.
T69 7417-7534 Sentence denotes Most patients have a favorable prognosis, although some patients are left in a critical condition, or do not survive.
T70 7535-7611 Sentence denotes The aged patients and the patients with basic diseases have worse prognosis.
T71 7612-7647 Sentence denotes Children cases are relatively mild.
T72 7649-7653 Sentence denotes 4.2.
T73 7654-7676 Sentence denotes Laboratory Examination
T74 7677-7962 Sentence denotes In the early stages of the disease, the total number of leukocytes in peripheral blood is normal or decreased, the lymphocyte count is decreased, and some patients present elevated levels of liver enzyme, muscle enzyme, and myoglobin; some severe cases present elevated troponin level.
T75 7963-8083 Sentence denotes Most patients show elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and normal procalcitonin.
T76 8084-8206 Sentence denotes In severe cases, the patients present with increased D-dimer and progressively decreased peripheral blood lymphocyte [20].
T77 8207-8344 Sentence denotes Compared with non-ICU patients, the plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1a, and TNF-α were higher in ICU patients [21].
T78 8346-8350 Sentence denotes 4.3.
T79 8351-8364 Sentence denotes Chest Imaging
T80 8365-8454 Sentence denotes All patients suffered from pneumonia, and chest CT scans showed shadows in the lung [20].
T81 8455-8606 Sentence denotes In the early stages of the disease, patients present with multiple small patch shadows and interstitial changes, especially in the extrapulmonary zone.
T82 8607-8701 Sentence denotes It further progresses to multiple ground glass shadows and infiltrative shadows in both lungs.
T83 8702-8783 Sentence denotes In severe cases, lung consolidation may occur, but pleural effusion is rare [20].
T84 8784-8946 Sentence denotes To provide more information about the disease for the treatment in clinics, we collected detailed information about the fatal cases released by official channels.
T85 8947-9251 Sentence denotes A total of 41 fatal cases were used to reveal the symptoms of the deaths, showing the symptom composition of fever (80.5%), cough (56.1%), short of breath (31.7%), chest tightness/pain (24.4%), fatigue (22.0%), dyspnea (12.2%), dizziness/headache (4.9%), general pain (7.3%) and chills (4.9%) (Figure 2).
T86 9252-9550 Sentence denotes A total of 26 cases with fatalities were used to disclose the dangerous comorbidities, showing that the major comorbidities are hypertension (53.8%), diabetes (42.3%), coronary heart disease (19.2%), cerebral infarction (15.4%), chronic bronchitis (19.2%) and Parkinson’s disease (7.7%) (Figure 2).
T87 9551-9858 Sentence denotes Chen N et al. reported that, among 99 confirmed cases, the common symptoms are fever (83%), cough (82%), bilateral pneumonia (75%), short of breath (31%), muscle ache (11%), confusion (9%), headache (8%), sore throat (5%), rhinorrhoea (4%), chest pain (2%), diarrhoea (2%), and nausea and vomiting (1%) [4].
T88 9859-10234 Sentence denotes Huang C et al. reported that, among 41 confirmed cases, the symptom composition is as follows: pneumonia (100%), fever (98%), cough (76%), lymphopenia (63%), Dyspnea (55%), fatigue (44%), sputum production (28%), headache (8%), hemoptysis (5%), and diarrhea (3%); and the underlying diseases included diabetes (20%), hypertension (15%), and cardiovascular disease (15%) [21].
T89 10235-10499 Sentence denotes Though the symptom compositions reported for the confirmed cases are similar to that of the fatality cases we collected, the percentages of hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart diseases are much higher among the fatality cases than among the confirmed cases.
T90 10500-10611 Sentence denotes This may indicate that the comorbidities probably are important factors resulted in death of COVID-19 patients.
T91 10613-10615 Sentence denotes 5.
T92 10616-10637 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of COVID-19
T93 10638-10841 Sentence denotes The diagnosis was based on a set of clinical criteria recommended by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China and the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine [20].
T94 10843-10847 Sentence denotes 5.1.
T95 10848-10863 Sentence denotes Suspected Cases
T96 10864-11337 Sentence denotes The cases comply with any item of A and any two items of B, or with 3 items of B as follows. (A) Epidemiological history: within two weeks before disease onset, 1. have a history of travel or residence in the district with case report; 2. have contacted the patients positive with nucleic acid detection; 3. have contacted with the patients with fever and respiratory symptoms from the district with case report; 4. disease onset in clustering. (B) Clinical manifestations:
T97 11338-11340 Sentence denotes 1.
T98 11341-11389 Sentence denotes Have fever and/or respiratory tract symptoms; 2.
T99 11390-11451 Sentence denotes Have pneumonia with image characteristics mentioned above; 3.
T100 11452-11566 Sentence denotes In early stage of the disease, have normal or decreased total number of leukocytes, or decreased lymphocyte count.
T101 11568-11572 Sentence denotes 5.2.
T102 11573-11588 Sentence denotes Confirmed Cases
T103 11589-11846 Sentence denotes The unconfirmed cases met the criteria of the suspected cases and are identified positive with SARS-CoV-2 RNA, by real-time RT-PCR or gene sequencing, from the sputum, throat swab, lower respiratory tract secretion, or other samples collected from patients.
T104 11848-11852 Sentence denotes 5.3.
T105 11853-11891 Sentence denotes Clinical Typing of the Confirmed Cases
T106 11892-11966 Sentence denotes Mild cases: have mild symptoms, no pneumonia manifestation in chest image;
T107 11967-12058 Sentence denotes Common cases: have fever, respiratory symptoms, and pneumonia manifestation in chest image;
T108 12059-12348 Sentence denotes Severe cases: comply with any item of the follows. (A) dyspnea, respiratory rate ≥30 times/min; (B) at resting state, finger oxygen saturation ≤ 93%; (C) PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mmHg (1mmHg = 0.133 kPa, PaO2: arterial partial pressure of oxygen, FiO2: fractional concentration of inspired oxygen);
T109 12349-12750 Sentence denotes Critical cases: comply with any item of the follows. (A) show respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation is required; (B) present with shock; (C) combine with other organ failure needing Intensive Care Unit (ICU) monitoring and treatment; (D) chest imaging shows multilobe lesions or progress of lesion focus within 48 h ≥ 50%; (E) combine with other clinical conditions requiring hospitalization.
T110 12752-12754 Sentence denotes 6.
T111 12755-12776 Sentence denotes Treatment of COVID-19
T112 12778-12782 Sentence denotes 6.1.
T113 12783-12840 Sentence denotes Treatment Area Decision According to the Disease Severity
T114 12841-12966 Sentence denotes Suspected and confirmed cases should be treated in isolation in hospitals with effective isolation and protective conditions.
T115 12967-13081 Sentence denotes The suspected cases should be isolated in a single room, and the confirmed cases can be accepted in the same room.
T116 13082-13142 Sentence denotes Critical cases should be treated in ICU as soon as possible.
T117 13144-13148 Sentence denotes 6.2.
T118 13149-13166 Sentence denotes General Treatment
T119 13167-13404 Sentence denotes Bed rest, strengthen supportive treatment, ensure sufficient energy; pay attention to water-electrolytes balance and maintain the stability of the internal environment; closely monitor vital signs and finger oxygen saturation, and so on.
T120 13405-13642 Sentence denotes Monitor the blood routine, urine routine, C-reactive protein (CRP) and health indications (liver enzyme, myocardial enzyme, renal function, etc.), coagulation function, arterial blood gas analysis if necessary, and recheck chest imaging.
T121 13643-13777 Sentence denotes According to the change of oxygen saturation, give effective oxygen therapy in time, including oxygen given by nasal catheter or mask.
T122 13778-13895 Sentence denotes If necessary, apply high flow oxygen therapy via the nose, noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, and so on.
T123 13896-13956 Sentence denotes Antiviral treatment: no effective antiviral drug at present.
T124 13957-14139 Sentence denotes Treat with IFN-α aerosol inhalation (five million U per time for adults, two times per day), and/or Lopinavir/Ritonavir oral administration (two tablets per time, two times per day).
T125 14140-14268 Sentence denotes Antibiotic treatment: avoid blind and improper use of antibiotics, especially the combination use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
T126 14269-14307 Sentence denotes Strengthen bacteriological monitoring.
T127 14308-14376 Sentence denotes Antibiotics should be used in time in secondary bacterial infection.
T128 14378-14382 Sentence denotes 6.3.
T129 14383-14421 Sentence denotes Treatment of Severe and Critical Cases
T130 14422-14608 Sentence denotes Treatment principle: based on symptomatic treatment, actively prevent and treat complications, treat basic diseases, prevent secondary infection, and timely apply organ function support.
T131 14609-14944 Sentence denotes Respiratory support: apply noninvasive mechanical ventilation for two hours, if the condition is not improved, or the patient is intolerable to noninvasive ventilation, accompanied with increased airway secretions, severe coughing, or unstable hemodynamics, the patient should be transferred to invasive mechanical ventilation in time.
T132 14945-15107 Sentence denotes The “lung-protective ventilation strategy” with low tidal volume should be adopted in invasive mechanical ventilation to reduce ventilator-associated lung injury.
T133 15108-15237 Sentence denotes If necessary, ventilation in the prone position, recruitment maneuver, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be used.
T134 15238-15387 Sentence denotes Circulation support: improve microcirculation based on full fluid resuscitation, use vasoactive drugs, and apply hemodynamic monitoring if necessary.
T135 15388-15622 Sentence denotes Others: according to the degree of dyspnea and the progress of chest imaging, use glucocorticoids appropriately for a short time (3–5 days) with the recommended dose no more than what is equivalent to methylprednisolone 1–2 mg/kg·day.
T136 15624-15626 Sentence denotes 7.
T137 15627-15649 Sentence denotes Prevention and Control
T138 15650-15759 Sentence denotes As of 26 January 2020, 30 provinces have initiated a level-1 public health response to control COVID-19 [22].
T139 15760-16063 Sentence denotes A level-1 response means that during the occurrence of a particularly serious public health emergency, the provincial headquarters shall organize and coordinate the emergency response work within its administrative area according to the decision deployment and unified command of the State Council [22].
T140 16064-16286 Sentence denotes Fever observation rooms shall be set up at stations, airports, ports, and so on to detect the body temperature of passengers entering and leaving the area and implement observation/registration for the suspicious patients.
T141 16287-16470 Sentence denotes The government under its jurisdiction shall, in accordance with the law, take compulsory measures to restrict all kinds of the congregation, and ensure the supply of living resources.
T142 16471-16618 Sentence denotes They will also ensure the sufficient supply of masks, disinfectants, and other protective articles on the market, and standardize the market order.
T143 16619-16756 Sentence denotes The strengthening of public health surveillance, hygiene knowledge publicity, and monitoring of public places and key groups is required.
T144 16757-16977 Sentence denotes Comprehensive medical institutions and some specialized hospitals should be prepared to accept COVID-19 patients to ensure that severe and critical cases can be differentiated, diagnosed, and effectively treated in time.
T145 16978-17305 Sentence denotes The health administration departments, public health departments, and medical institutions at all (province, city, county, district, township, and street) levels, and social organizations shall function in epidemic prevention and control and provide guidance for patients and close contact families for disease prevention [23].
T146 17306-17369 Sentence denotes The responsibilities of the organizations are shown in Table 2.
T147 17370-17605 Sentence denotes In accordance with the working principle of “prevention first, prevention and control combined, scientific guidance and timely treatment”, the prevention and control work shall be carried out in a coordinated and standardized way [23].
T148 17607-17609 Sentence denotes 8.
T149 17610-17620 Sentence denotes Discussion
T150 17621-17822 Sentence denotes The recent outbreak of the unknown severe pneumonia in China is caused by a novel coronavirus named 2019-nCoV [2], later was designated SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
T151 17823-17890 Sentence denotes This virus and the SARSr-CoV/MERSr-CoV share a common ancestor [2].
T152 17891-18024 Sentence denotes Compared with SARSr-CoV and MERSr-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 results in much lower mortality in patients but has a comparable infection ability.
T153 18025-18270 Sentence denotes From the analysis of the fatal cases of this novel coronavirus pneumonia, the comorbidities of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction, and chronic bronchitis were found to be dangerous factors that resulted in death.
T154 18271-18395 Sentence denotes In 2002 and 2003, the outbreak of SARS brought a disaster to the people of the world, especially the Chinese people [24,25].
T155 18396-18569 Sentence denotes Fortunately, SARS was finally defeated, and Chinese health departments upgraded their disease prevention and control system by summing up their experiences of fighting SARS.
T156 18570-18689 Sentence denotes Thus, when COVID-19 appeared, the whole country quickly entered a state of fighting against the new infectious disease.
T157 18690-18873 Sentence denotes Policies led by the National Health Commission have been formulated and implemented efficiently, and Chinese scientists identified the etiology of the disease in no more than a month.
T158 18874-18990 Sentence denotes However, new cases are increasing every day, showing a trend of spreading to the whole country and across the world.
T159 18991-19157 Sentence denotes COVID-19 appeared just one month before the Spring Festival of China, and the massive population flow has brought great challenges for disease prevention and control.
T160 19158-19255 Sentence denotes This virus can be transmitted from human to human and no effective treatment drug has been found.
T161 19256-19479 Sentence denotes The most effective prevention and control measures are to find suspected patients and close contacts, confirm patients and virus carriers, and block the transmission through isolation, disinfection, and personal protection.
T162 19480-19631 Sentence denotes Therefore, early detection, isolation, and treatment of patients are the key measures to control the source of infection and reduce the infection rate.
T163 19632-19743 Sentence denotes It is also crucial to avoid nosocomial infection by strengthening the management of medical staff and patients.
T164 19744-19827 Sentence denotes Health education on knowledge for disease prevention and control is also important.
T165 19828-20055 Sentence denotes Finally, if we want to eliminate the threat of this novel coronavirus pneumonia similar to SARS, we need to learn more about the pathogenesis of the virus and develop specific vaccines and therapeutic drugs as soon as possible.