LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7054527 / 1374-26421 JSONTXT 13 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T11 0-12 Sentence denotes Introduction
T12 13-97 Sentence denotes An emergent pneumonia outbreak originated in Wuhan City, in the late December 20191.
T13 98-202 Sentence denotes The pneumonia infection has rapidly spread from Wuhan to most other provinces and other 24 countries2,3.
T14 203-346 Sentence denotes World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international concern over this global pneumonia outbreak on 30th January 2020.
T15 347-594 Sentence denotes The typical clinical symptoms of the patients who suffered from the novel viral pneumonia were fever, cough, and myalgia or fatigue with abnormal chest CT, and the less common symptoms were sputum production, headache, hemoptysis, and diarrhea4–6.
T16 595-698 Sentence denotes This new infectious agent is more likely to affect older males to cause severe respiratory diseases7,8.
T17 699-982 Sentence denotes Some of the clinical symptoms were different from the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that happened in 2002–2003, indicating that a new person-to-person transmission infectious agent has caused this emergent viral pneumonia outbreak8,9.
T18 983-1102 Sentence denotes Chinese researchers have quickly isolated a new virus from the patient and sequenced its genome (29,903 nucleotides)10.
T19 1103-1299 Sentence denotes The infectious agent of this viral pneumonia happenening in Wuhan was finally identified as a novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV), the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans11.
T20 1300-1589 Sentence denotes On 11th February 2020, WHO named the novel viral pneumonia as “Corona Virus Disease (COVID19)”, while the international Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) suggested this novel coronavirus name as “SARS-CoV-2” due to the phylogenetic and taxonomic analysis of this novel coronavirus12.
T21 1591-1632 Sentence denotes Characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus
T22 1633-1777 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses belong to the family of Coronaviridae, of the order Nidovirales, comprising large, single, plus-stranded RNA as their genome13,14.
T23 1778-1865 Sentence denotes Currently, there are four genera of coronaviruses: α-CoV, β-CoV, γ-CoV, and δ-CoV15,16.
T24 1866-1949 Sentence denotes Most of the coronavirus can cause the infectious diseases in human and vertebrates.
T25 1950-2123 Sentence denotes The α-CoV and β-CoV mainly infect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous system of humans and mammals, while γ-CoV and δ-CoV mainly infect the birds13,17–19.
T26 2124-2387 Sentence denotes Usually, several members of the coronavirus cause mild respiratory disease in humans; however, SARS-CoV and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) explored in 2002–2003 and in 2012, respectively, caused fatal severe respiratory diseases20–22.
T27 2388-2439 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV belong to the β-CoV23,24.
T28 2440-2564 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV explored in Wuhan also belongs to the β-CoV according to the phylogenetic analysis based on the viral genome10,11.
T29 2565-2807 Sentence denotes Although the nucleotide sequence similarity is less than 80% between 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV (about 79%) or MERS-CoV (about 50%), 2019-nCoV can also cause the fetal infection and spread more faster than the two other coronaviruses7,9,11,25–27.
T30 2808-3069 Sentence denotes The genome nucleotide sequence identity between a coronavirus (BatCoV RaTG13) detected in the bat Rhinolophus affinis from Yunnan Province, China, and 2019-nCoV, was 96.2%, indicating that the natural host of 2019-nCoV may also be the Rhinolophus affinis bat11.
T31 3070-3182 Sentence denotes However, the differences may also suggest that there is an or more intermediate hosts between the bat and human.
T32 3183-3356 Sentence denotes A research team from the South China Agricultural University has invested more than 1 000 metagenomic samples from pangolins, and found that 70% pangolins contained β-CoV28.
T33 3357-3599 Sentence denotes One of the coronaviruses they isolated from the pangolins comprised a genome that was very similar with that from 2019-nCoV, and the genome sequence similarity was 99%, indicating that the pangolin may be the intermediate host of 2019-nCoV29.
T34 3600-3916 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV possessed the typical coronavirus structure with the “spike protein” in the membrane envelope30, and also expressed other polyproteins, nucleoproteins, and membrane proteins, such as RNA polymerase, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease, papain-like protease, helicase, glycoprotein, and accessory proteins10,11,30.
T35 3917-4035 Sentence denotes The S protein from coronavirus can bind to the receptors of the host to facilitate viral entry into target cells31,32.
T36 4036-4389 Sentence denotes Although there are four amino acid variations of S protein between 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV can also bind to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same host receptor for SARS-CoV, as 2019-nCoV can bind to the ACE2 receptor from the cells from human, bat, civet cat, and pig, but it cannot bind to the cells without ACE211,33–35.
T37 4390-4617 Sentence denotes A recombinant ACE2-Ig antibody, a SARS-CoV-specific human monoclonal antibody, and the serum from a convalescent SARS-CoV-infected patient, which can neutralize 2019-nCoV, confirmed ACE2 as the host receptor for 2019-nCoV36–39.
T38 4618-4783 Sentence denotes The high affinity between ACE2 and 2019-nCoV S protein also suggested that the population with higher expression of ACE2 might be more susceptible to 2019-nCoV40,41.
T39 4784-4953 Sentence denotes The cellular serine protease TMPRSS2 also contributed to the S-protein priming of 2019-nCoV, indicating that the TMPRSS2 inhibitor might constitute a treatment option36.
T40 4955-5000 Sentence denotes The possible transmission routes of 2019-nCoV
T41 5001-5214 Sentence denotes The common transmission routes of novel coronavirus include direct transmission (cough, sneeze, and droplet inhalation transmission) and contact transmission (contact with oral, nasal, and eye mucous membranes)42.
T42 5215-5571 Sentence denotes Although common clinical manifestations of novel coronavirus infection do not include eye symptoms, the analysis of conjunctival samples from confirmed and suspected cases of 2019-nCoV suggests that the transmission of 2019-nCoV is not limited to the respiratory tract4, and that eye exposure may provide an effective way for the virus to enter the body43.
T43 5572-5821 Sentence denotes In addition, studies have shown that respiratory viruses can be transmitted from person to person through direct or indirect contact, or through coarse or small droplets, and 2019-nCoV can also be transmitted directly or indirectly through saliva44.
T44 5822-5987 Sentence denotes Notably, a report of one case of 2019-nCoV infection in Germany indicates that transmission of the virus may also occur through contact with asymptomatic patients45.
T45 5988-6094 Sentence denotes Studies have suggested that 2019-nCoV may be airborne through aerosols formed during medical procedures46.
T46 6095-6236 Sentence denotes It is notable that 2019-nCoV RNA could also be detected by rRT-PCR testing in a stool specimen collected on day 7 of the patient’s illness47.
T47 6237-6386 Sentence denotes However, the aerosol transmission route and the fecal–oral transmission route concerned by the public still need to be further studied and confirmed.
T48 6388-6447 Sentence denotes Possible transmission routes of 2019-nCoV in dental clinics
T49 6448-6627 Sentence denotes Since 2019-nCoV can be passed directly from person to person by respiratory droplets, emerging evidence suggested that it may also be transmitted through contact and fomites43,48.
T50 6628-6873 Sentence denotes In addition, the asymptomatic incubation period for individuals infected with 2019-nCov has been reported to be ~1–14 days, and after 24 days individuals were reported, and it was confirmed that those without symptoms can spread the virus4,5,49.
T51 6874-6988 Sentence denotes To et al. reported that live viruses were present in the saliva of infected individuals by viral culture method43.
T52 6989-7135 Sentence denotes Furthermore, it has been confirmed that 2019-nCov enters the cell in the same path as SARS coronavirus, that is, through the ACE2 cell receptor25.
T53 7136-7250 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV can effectively use ACE2 as a receptor to invade cells, which may promote human-to-human transmission11.
T54 7251-7432 Sentence denotes ACE2+ cells were found to be abundantly present throughout the respiratory tract, as well as the cells morphologically compatible with salivary gland duct epithelium in human mouth.
T55 7433-7647 Sentence denotes ACE2+ epithelial cells of salivary gland ducts were demonstrated to be a class early targets of SARS-CoV infection50, and 2019-nCoV is likely to be the same situation, although no research has been reported so far.
T56 7648-7808 Sentence denotes Dental patients and professionals can be exposed to pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses and bacteria that infect the oral cavity and respiratory tract.
T57 7809-8079 Sentence denotes Dental care settings invariably carry the risk of 2019-nCoV infection due to the specificity of its procedures, which involves face-to-face communication with patients, and frequent exposure to saliva, blood, and other body fluids, and the handling of sharp instruments.
T58 8080-8618 Sentence denotes The pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted in dental settings through inhalation of airborne microorganisms that can remain suspended in the air for long periods51, direct contact with blood, oral fluids, or other patient materials52, contact of conjunctival, nasal, or oral mucosa with droplets and aerosols containing microorganisms generated from an infected individual and propelled a short distance by coughing and talking without a mask53,54, and indirect contact with contaminated instruments and/or environmental surfaces50.
T59 8619-8800 Sentence denotes Infections could be present through any of these conditions involved in an infected individual in dental clinics and hospitals, especially during the outbreak of 2019-nCoV (Fig. 1).
T60 8801-8888 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 Illustration of transmission routes of 2019-nCoV in dental clinics and hospitals
T61 8890-8905 Sentence denotes Airborne spread
T62 8906-9023 Sentence denotes The airborne spread of SARS-Cov (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) is well-reported in many literatures.
T63 9024-9140 Sentence denotes The dental papers show that many dental procedures produce aerosols and droplets that are contaminated with virus55.
T64 9141-9409 Sentence denotes Thus, droplet and aerosol transmission of 2019-nCoV are the most important concerns in dental clinics and hospitals, because it is hard to avoid the generation of large amounts of aerosol and droplet mixed with patient’s saliva and even blood during dental practice53.
T65 9410-9613 Sentence denotes In addition to the infected patient’s cough and breathing, dental devices such as high-speed dental handpiece uses high-speed gas to drive the turbine to rotate at high speed and work with running water.
T66 9614-9772 Sentence denotes When dental devices work in the patient’s oral cavity, a large amount of aerosol and droplets mixed with the patient’s saliva or even blood will be generated.
T67 9773-9941 Sentence denotes Particles of droplets and aerosols are small enough to stay airborne for an extended period before they settle on environmental surfaces or enter the respiratory tract.
T68 9942-10078 Sentence denotes Thus, the 2019-nCoV has the potential to spread through droplets and aerosols from infected individuals in dental clinics and hospitals.
T69 10080-10094 Sentence denotes Contact spread
T70 10095-10305 Sentence denotes A dental professional’s frequent direct or indirect contact with human fluids, patient materials, and contaminated dental instruments or environmental surfaces makes a possible route to the spread of viruses53.
T71 10306-10579 Sentence denotes In addition, dental professionals and other patients have likely contact of conjunctival, nasal, or oral mucosa with droplets and aerosols containing microorganisms generated from an infected individual and propelled a short distance by coughing and talking without a mask.
T72 10580-10696 Sentence denotes Effective infection control strategies are needed to prevent the spread of 2019-nCoV through these contact routines.
T73 10698-10726 Sentence denotes Contaminated surfaces spread
T74 10727-10946 Sentence denotes Human coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), or endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) can persist on surfaces like metal, glass, or plastic for up to a couple of days51,56.
T75 10947-11084 Sentence denotes Therefore, contaminated surfaces that are frequently contacted in healthcare settings are a potential source of coronavirus transmission.
T76 11085-11217 Sentence denotes Dental practices derived droplets and aerosols from infected patients, which likely contaminate the whole surface in dental offices.
T77 11218-11379 Sentence denotes In addition, it was shown at room temperature that HCoV remains infectious from 2 h up to 9 days, and persists better at 50% compared with 30% relative humidity.
T78 11380-11492 Sentence denotes Thus, keeping a clean and dry environment in the dental office would help decrease the persistence of 2019-nCoV.
T79 11494-11532 Sentence denotes Infection controls for dental practice
T80 11533-11778 Sentence denotes Dental professionals should be familiar with how 2019-nCoV is spread, how to identify patients with 2019-nCoV infection, and what extra-protective measures should be adopted during the practice, in order to prevent the transmission of 2019-nCoV.
T81 11779-11993 Sentence denotes Here we recommend the infection control measures that should be followed by dental professionals, particularly considering the fact that aerosols and droplets were considered as the main spread routes of 2019-nCoV.
T82 11994-12804 Sentence denotes Our recommendations are based on the Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (the 5th edition) (http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/3b09b894ac9b4204a79db5b8912d4440.shtml), the Guideline for the Prevention and Control of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia in Medical Institutes (the 1st edition) (http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7659/202001/b91fdab7c304431eb082d67847d27e14.shtml), and the Guideline for the Use of Medical Protective Equipment in the Prevention and Control of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7659/202001/e71c5de925a64eafbe1ce790debab5c6.shtml) released by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, and the practice experience in West China Hospital of Stomatology related to the outbreak of 2019-nCoV transmission.
T83 12806-12824 Sentence denotes Patient evaluation
T84 12825-12916 Sentence denotes First of all, dental professionals should be able to identify a suspected case of COVID-19.
T85 12917-13128 Sentence denotes To date that this paper was drafted, the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China has released the 5th edition of the Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
T86 13129-13260 Sentence denotes In general, a patient with COVID-19 who is in the acute febrile phase of the disease is not recommended to visit the dental clinic.
T87 13261-13591 Sentence denotes If this does occur, the dental professional should be able to identify the patient with suspected 2019-nCoV infection, and should not treat the patient in the dental clinic, but immediately quarantine the patient and report to the infection control department as soon as possible, particularly in the epidemic period of 2019-nCoV.
T88 13592-13666 Sentence denotes The body temperature of the patient should be measured in the first place.
T89 13667-13745 Sentence denotes A contact-free forehead thermometer is strongly recommended for the screening.
T90 13746-13884 Sentence denotes A questionnaire should be used to screen patients with potential infection of 2019-nCoV before they could be led to the dental chair-side.
T91 13885-14862 Sentence denotes These questions should include the following: (1) Do you have fever or experience fever within the past 14 days? (2) Have you experienced a recent onset of respiratory problems, such as a cough or difficulty in breathing within the past 14 days? (3) Have you, within the past 14 days, traveled to Wuhan city and its surrounding areas, or visited the neighborhood with documented 2019-nCoV transmission? (4) Have you come into contact with a patient with confirmed 2019-nCoV infection within the past 14 days? (5) Have you come into contact with people who come from Wuhan city and its surrounding areas, or people from the neighborhood with recent documented fever or respiratory problems within the past 14 days? (6) Are there at least two people with documented experience of fever or respiratory problems within the last 14 days having close contact with you? (7) Have you recently participated in any gathering, meetings, or had close contact with many unacquainted people?
T92 14863-15047 Sentence denotes If a patient replies “yes” to any of the screening questions, and his/her body temperature is below 37.3 °C, the dentist can defer the treatment until 14 days after the exposure event.
T93 15048-15192 Sentence denotes The patient should be instructed to self-quarantine at home and report any fever experience or flu-like syndrome to the local health department.
T94 15193-15482 Sentence denotes If a patient replies “yes” to any of the screening questions, and his/her body temperature is no less than 37.3 °C, the patient should be immediately quarantined, and the dental professionals should report to the infection control department of the hospital or the local health department.
T95 15483-15719 Sentence denotes If a patient replies “no” to all the screening questions, and his/her body temperature is below 37.3 °C, the dentist can treat the patient with extra- protection measures, and avoids spatter or aerosol-generating procedures to the best.
T96 15720-15943 Sentence denotes If a patient replies “no” to all the screening questions, but his/her body temperature is no less than 37.3 °C, the patient should be instructed to the fever clinics or special clinics for COVID-19 for further medical care.
T97 15945-15957 Sentence denotes Hand hygiene
T98 15958-16083 Sentence denotes Fecal–oral transmission has been reported for 2019-nCoV, which underlines the importance of hand hygiene for dental practice.
T99 16084-16320 Sentence denotes Although appropriate hand hygiene is the routine prerequisite for dental practice, hand-washing compliance is relatively low, which imposes a great challenge to the infection control during the epidemic period of 2019-nCoV transmission.
T100 16321-16385 Sentence denotes Reinforcement for good hand hygiene is of the utmost importance.
T101 16386-16593 Sentence denotes A two-before-and-three-after hand hygiene guideline is proposed by the infection control department of the West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, to reinforce the compliance of hand washing.
T102 16594-16906 Sentence denotes Specifically, the oral professionals should wash their hands before patient examination, before dental procedures, after touching the patient, after touching the surroundings and equipment without disinfection, and after touching the oral mucosa, damaged skin or wound, blood, body fluid, secretion, and excreta.
T103 16907-17015 Sentence denotes More caution should be taken for the dental professionals to avoid touching their own eyes, mouth, and nose.
T104 17017-17074 Sentence denotes Personal protective measures for the dental professionals
T105 17075-17222 Sentence denotes At present, there is no specific guideline for the protection of dental professionals from 2019-nCoV infection in the dental clinics and hospitals.
T106 17223-17478 Sentence denotes Although no dental professional has been reported to acquire 2019-nCoV infection to the date the paper was drafted, the last experience with the SARS coronavirus has shown vast numbers of acquired infection of medical professionals in hospital settings57.
T107 17479-17858 Sentence denotes Since airborne droplet transmission of infection is considered as the main route of spread, particularly in dental clinics and hospitals, barrier-protection equipment, including protective eyewear, masks, gloves, caps, face shields, and protective outwear, is strongly recommended for all healthcare givers in the clinic/hospital settings during the epidemic period of 2019-nCoV.
T108 17859-18099 Sentence denotes Based on the possibility of the spread of 2019-nCoV infection, three-level protective measures of the dental professionals are recommended for specific situations. (1) Primary protection (standard protection for staff in clinical settings).
T109 18100-18365 Sentence denotes Wearing disposable working cap, disposable surgical mask, and working clothes (white coat), using protective goggles or face shield, and disposable latex gloves or nitrile gloves if necessary. (2) Secondary protection (advanced protection for dental professionals).
T110 18366-18701 Sentence denotes Wearing disposable doctor cap, disposable surgical mask, protective goggles, face shield, and working clothes (white coat) with disposable isolation clothing or surgical clothes outside, and disposable latex gloves. (3) Tertiary protection (strengthened protection when contact patient with suspected or confirmed 2019-nCoV infection).
T111 18702-18935 Sentence denotes Although a patient with 2019-nCoV infection is not expected to be treated in the dental clinic, in the unlikely event that this does occur, and the dental professional cannot avoid close contact, special protective outwear is needed.
T112 18936-19070 Sentence denotes If protective outwear is not available, working clothes (white coat) with extra disposable protective clothing outside should be worn.
T113 19071-19233 Sentence denotes In addition, disposable doctor cap, protective goggles, face shield, disposable surgical mask, disposable latex gloves, and impermeable shoe cover should be worn.
T114 19235-19270 Sentence denotes Mouthrinse before dental procedures
T115 19271-19373 Sentence denotes A preoperational antimicrobial mouthrinse is generally believed to reduce the number of oral microbes.
T116 19374-19684 Sentence denotes However, as instructed by the Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (the 5th edition) released by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, chlorhexidine, which is commonly used as mouthrinse in dental practice, may not be effective to kill 2019-nCoV.
T117 19685-19947 Sentence denotes Since 2019-nCoV is vulnerable to oxidation, preprocedural mouthrinse containing oxidative agents such as 1% hydrogen peroxide or 0.2% povidone is recommended, for the purpose of reducing the salivary load of oral microbes, including potential 2019-nCoV carriage.
T118 19948-20036 Sentence denotes A preprocedural mouthrinse would be most useful in cases when rubber dam cannot be used.
T119 20038-20058 Sentence denotes Rubber dam isolation
T120 20059-20266 Sentence denotes The use of rubber dams can significantly minimize the production of saliva- and blood-contaminated aerosol or spatter, particularly in cases when high-speed handpieces and dental ultrasonic devices are used.
T121 20267-20415 Sentence denotes It has been reported that the use of rubber dam could significantly reduce airborne particles in ~3-foot diameter of the operational field by 70%58.
T122 20416-20560 Sentence denotes When rubber dam is applied, extra high-volume suction for aerosol and spatter should be used during the procedures along with regular suction59.
T123 20561-20646 Sentence denotes In this case, the implementation of a complete four-hand operation is also necessary.
T124 20647-20879 Sentence denotes If rubber dam isolation is not possible in some cases, manual devices, such as Carisolv and hand scaler, are recommended for caries removal and periodontal scaling, in order to minimize the generation of aerosol as much as possible.
T125 20881-20906 Sentence denotes Anti-retraction handpiece
T126 20907-21044 Sentence denotes The high-speed dental handpiece without anti-retraction valves may aspirate and expel the debris and fluids during the dental procedures.
T127 21045-21226 Sentence denotes More importantly, the microbes, including bacteria and virus, may further contaminate the air and water tubes within the dental unit, and thus can potentially cause cross-infection.
T128 21227-21477 Sentence denotes Our study has shown that the anti-retraction high-speed dental handpiece can significantly reduce the backflow of oral bacteria and HBV into the tubes of the handpiece and dental unit as compared with the handpiece without anti-retraction function60.
T129 21478-21611 Sentence denotes Therefore, the use of dental handpieces without anti-retraction function should be prohibited during the epidemic period of COVID-19.
T130 21612-21799 Sentence denotes Anti-retraction dental handpiece with specially designed anti-retractive valves or other anti-reflux designs are strongly recommended as an extra preventive measure for cross-infection59.
T131 21800-21933 Sentence denotes Therefore, the use of dental handpieces without anti-retraction function should be prohibited during the epidemic period of COVID-19.
T132 21934-22119 Sentence denotes Anti-retraction dental handpiece with specially designed anti-retractive valves or other anti-reflux designs are strongly recommended as an extra preventive measure for cross-infection.
T133 22121-22156 Sentence denotes Disinfection of the clinic settings
T134 22157-22273 Sentence denotes Medical institutions should take effective and strict disinfection measures in both clinic settings and public area.
T135 22274-22532 Sentence denotes The clinic settings should be cleaned and disinfected in accordance with the Protocol for the Management of Surface Cleaning and Disinfection of Medical Environment (WS/T 512-2016) released by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China.
T136 22533-22654 Sentence denotes Public areas and appliances should also be frequently cleaned and disinfected, including door handles, chairs, and desks.
T137 22655-22700 Sentence denotes The elevator should be disinfected regularly.
T138 22701-22809 Sentence denotes People taking elevators should wear masks correctly and avoid direct contact with buttons and other objects.
T139 22811-22838 Sentence denotes Management of medical waste
T140 22839-22995 Sentence denotes The medical waste (including disposable protective equipment after use) should be transported to the temporary storage area of the medical institute timely.
T141 22996-23276 Sentence denotes The reusable instrument and items should be pretreated, cleaned, sterilized, and properly stored in accordance with the Protocol for the Disinfection and Sterilization of Dental Instrument (WS 506-2016) released by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China.
T142 23277-23436 Sentence denotes The medical and domestic waste generated by the treatment of patients with suspected or confirmed 2019-nCoV infection are regarded as infectious medical waste.
T143 23437-23530 Sentence denotes Double-layer yellow color medical waste package bags and “gooseneck” ligation should be used.
T144 23531-23658 Sentence denotes The surface of the package bags should be marked and disposed according to the requirement for the management of medical waste.
T145 23660-23667 Sentence denotes Summary
T146 23668-23801 Sentence denotes Since December 2019, the newly discovered coronavirus (2019-nCov) has caused the outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan and throughout China.
T147 23802-23923 Sentence denotes 2019-nCov enters host cells through human cell receptor ACE2, the same with SARS-CoV, but with higher binding affinity61.
T148 23924-24089 Sentence denotes The rapidly increasing number of cases and evidence of human-to-human transmission suggested that the virus was more contagious than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV9,25,27,61.
T149 24090-24267 Sentence denotes By mid-February 2020, a large number of infections of medical staff have been reported62, and the specific reasons for the failure of protection need to be further investigated.
T150 24268-24439 Sentence denotes Although clinics such as stomatology have been closed during the epidemic, a large number of emergency patients still go to the dental clinics and hospitals for treatment.
T151 24440-24598 Sentence denotes We have summarized the possible transmission routes of 2019-nCov in stomatology, such as the airborne spread, contact spread, and contaminated surface spread.
T152 24599-25047 Sentence denotes We also reviewed several detailed practical strategies to block virus transmission to provide a reference for preventing the transmission of 2019-nCov during dental diagnosis and treatment, including patient evaluation, hand hygiene, personal protective measures for the dental professionals, mouthrinse before dental procedures, rubber dam isolation, anti-retraction handpiece, disinfection of the clinic settings, and management of medical waste.