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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-64 Sentence denotes Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice
T2 66-74 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 75-282 Sentence denotes A novel β-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) caused severe and even fetal pneumonia explored in a seafood market of Wuhan city, Hubei province, China, and rapidly spread to other provinces of China and other countries.
T4 283-409 Sentence denotes The 2019-nCoV was different from SARS-CoV, but shared the same host receptor the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
T5 410-543 Sentence denotes The natural host of 2019-nCoV may be the bat Rhinolophus affinis as 2019-nCoV showed 96.2% of whole-genome identity to BatCoV RaTG13.
T6 544-773 Sentence denotes The person-to-person transmission routes of 2019-nCoV included direct transmission, such as cough, sneeze, droplet inhalation transmission, and contact transmission, such as the contact with oral, nasal, and eye mucous membranes.
T7 774-914 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV can also be transmitted through the saliva, and the fetal–oral routes may also be a potential person-to-person transmission route.
T8 915-1134 Sentence denotes The participants in dental practice expose to tremendous risk of 2019-nCoV infection due to the face-to-face communication and the exposure to saliva, blood, and other body fluids, and the handling of sharp instruments.
T9 1135-1217 Sentence denotes Dental professionals play great roles in preventing the transmission of 2019-nCoV.
T10 1218-1372 Sentence denotes Here we recommend the infection control measures during dental practice to block the person-to-person transmission routes in dental clinics and hospitals.
T11 1374-1386 Sentence denotes Introduction
T12 1387-1471 Sentence denotes An emergent pneumonia outbreak originated in Wuhan City, in the late December 20191.
T13 1472-1576 Sentence denotes The pneumonia infection has rapidly spread from Wuhan to most other provinces and other 24 countries2,3.
T14 1577-1720 Sentence denotes World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international concern over this global pneumonia outbreak on 30th January 2020.
T15 1721-1968 Sentence denotes The typical clinical symptoms of the patients who suffered from the novel viral pneumonia were fever, cough, and myalgia or fatigue with abnormal chest CT, and the less common symptoms were sputum production, headache, hemoptysis, and diarrhea4–6.
T16 1969-2072 Sentence denotes This new infectious agent is more likely to affect older males to cause severe respiratory diseases7,8.
T17 2073-2356 Sentence denotes Some of the clinical symptoms were different from the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that happened in 2002–2003, indicating that a new person-to-person transmission infectious agent has caused this emergent viral pneumonia outbreak8,9.
T18 2357-2476 Sentence denotes Chinese researchers have quickly isolated a new virus from the patient and sequenced its genome (29,903 nucleotides)10.
T19 2477-2673 Sentence denotes The infectious agent of this viral pneumonia happenening in Wuhan was finally identified as a novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV), the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans11.
T20 2674-2963 Sentence denotes On 11th February 2020, WHO named the novel viral pneumonia as “Corona Virus Disease (COVID19)”, while the international Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) suggested this novel coronavirus name as “SARS-CoV-2” due to the phylogenetic and taxonomic analysis of this novel coronavirus12.
T21 2965-3006 Sentence denotes Characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus
T22 3007-3151 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses belong to the family of Coronaviridae, of the order Nidovirales, comprising large, single, plus-stranded RNA as their genome13,14.
T23 3152-3239 Sentence denotes Currently, there are four genera of coronaviruses: α-CoV, β-CoV, γ-CoV, and δ-CoV15,16.
T24 3240-3323 Sentence denotes Most of the coronavirus can cause the infectious diseases in human and vertebrates.
T25 3324-3497 Sentence denotes The α-CoV and β-CoV mainly infect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous system of humans and mammals, while γ-CoV and δ-CoV mainly infect the birds13,17–19.
T26 3498-3761 Sentence denotes Usually, several members of the coronavirus cause mild respiratory disease in humans; however, SARS-CoV and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) explored in 2002–2003 and in 2012, respectively, caused fatal severe respiratory diseases20–22.
T27 3762-3813 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV belong to the β-CoV23,24.
T28 3814-3938 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV explored in Wuhan also belongs to the β-CoV according to the phylogenetic analysis based on the viral genome10,11.
T29 3939-4181 Sentence denotes Although the nucleotide sequence similarity is less than 80% between 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV (about 79%) or MERS-CoV (about 50%), 2019-nCoV can also cause the fetal infection and spread more faster than the two other coronaviruses7,9,11,25–27.
T30 4182-4443 Sentence denotes The genome nucleotide sequence identity between a coronavirus (BatCoV RaTG13) detected in the bat Rhinolophus affinis from Yunnan Province, China, and 2019-nCoV, was 96.2%, indicating that the natural host of 2019-nCoV may also be the Rhinolophus affinis bat11.
T31 4444-4556 Sentence denotes However, the differences may also suggest that there is an or more intermediate hosts between the bat and human.
T32 4557-4730 Sentence denotes A research team from the South China Agricultural University has invested more than 1 000 metagenomic samples from pangolins, and found that 70% pangolins contained β-CoV28.
T33 4731-4973 Sentence denotes One of the coronaviruses they isolated from the pangolins comprised a genome that was very similar with that from 2019-nCoV, and the genome sequence similarity was 99%, indicating that the pangolin may be the intermediate host of 2019-nCoV29.
T34 4974-5290 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV possessed the typical coronavirus structure with the “spike protein” in the membrane envelope30, and also expressed other polyproteins, nucleoproteins, and membrane proteins, such as RNA polymerase, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease, papain-like protease, helicase, glycoprotein, and accessory proteins10,11,30.
T35 5291-5409 Sentence denotes The S protein from coronavirus can bind to the receptors of the host to facilitate viral entry into target cells31,32.
T36 5410-5763 Sentence denotes Although there are four amino acid variations of S protein between 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV can also bind to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same host receptor for SARS-CoV, as 2019-nCoV can bind to the ACE2 receptor from the cells from human, bat, civet cat, and pig, but it cannot bind to the cells without ACE211,33–35.
T37 5764-5991 Sentence denotes A recombinant ACE2-Ig antibody, a SARS-CoV-specific human monoclonal antibody, and the serum from a convalescent SARS-CoV-infected patient, which can neutralize 2019-nCoV, confirmed ACE2 as the host receptor for 2019-nCoV36–39.
T38 5992-6157 Sentence denotes The high affinity between ACE2 and 2019-nCoV S protein also suggested that the population with higher expression of ACE2 might be more susceptible to 2019-nCoV40,41.
T39 6158-6327 Sentence denotes The cellular serine protease TMPRSS2 also contributed to the S-protein priming of 2019-nCoV, indicating that the TMPRSS2 inhibitor might constitute a treatment option36.
T40 6329-6374 Sentence denotes The possible transmission routes of 2019-nCoV
T41 6375-6588 Sentence denotes The common transmission routes of novel coronavirus include direct transmission (cough, sneeze, and droplet inhalation transmission) and contact transmission (contact with oral, nasal, and eye mucous membranes)42.
T42 6589-6945 Sentence denotes Although common clinical manifestations of novel coronavirus infection do not include eye symptoms, the analysis of conjunctival samples from confirmed and suspected cases of 2019-nCoV suggests that the transmission of 2019-nCoV is not limited to the respiratory tract4, and that eye exposure may provide an effective way for the virus to enter the body43.
T43 6946-7195 Sentence denotes In addition, studies have shown that respiratory viruses can be transmitted from person to person through direct or indirect contact, or through coarse or small droplets, and 2019-nCoV can also be transmitted directly or indirectly through saliva44.
T44 7196-7361 Sentence denotes Notably, a report of one case of 2019-nCoV infection in Germany indicates that transmission of the virus may also occur through contact with asymptomatic patients45.
T45 7362-7468 Sentence denotes Studies have suggested that 2019-nCoV may be airborne through aerosols formed during medical procedures46.
T46 7469-7610 Sentence denotes It is notable that 2019-nCoV RNA could also be detected by rRT-PCR testing in a stool specimen collected on day 7 of the patient’s illness47.
T47 7611-7760 Sentence denotes However, the aerosol transmission route and the fecal–oral transmission route concerned by the public still need to be further studied and confirmed.
T48 7762-7821 Sentence denotes Possible transmission routes of 2019-nCoV in dental clinics
T49 7822-8001 Sentence denotes Since 2019-nCoV can be passed directly from person to person by respiratory droplets, emerging evidence suggested that it may also be transmitted through contact and fomites43,48.
T50 8002-8247 Sentence denotes In addition, the asymptomatic incubation period for individuals infected with 2019-nCov has been reported to be ~1–14 days, and after 24 days individuals were reported, and it was confirmed that those without symptoms can spread the virus4,5,49.
T51 8248-8362 Sentence denotes To et al. reported that live viruses were present in the saliva of infected individuals by viral culture method43.
T52 8363-8509 Sentence denotes Furthermore, it has been confirmed that 2019-nCov enters the cell in the same path as SARS coronavirus, that is, through the ACE2 cell receptor25.
T53 8510-8624 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV can effectively use ACE2 as a receptor to invade cells, which may promote human-to-human transmission11.
T54 8625-8806 Sentence denotes ACE2+ cells were found to be abundantly present throughout the respiratory tract, as well as the cells morphologically compatible with salivary gland duct epithelium in human mouth.
T55 8807-9021 Sentence denotes ACE2+ epithelial cells of salivary gland ducts were demonstrated to be a class early targets of SARS-CoV infection50, and 2019-nCoV is likely to be the same situation, although no research has been reported so far.
T56 9022-9182 Sentence denotes Dental patients and professionals can be exposed to pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses and bacteria that infect the oral cavity and respiratory tract.
T57 9183-9453 Sentence denotes Dental care settings invariably carry the risk of 2019-nCoV infection due to the specificity of its procedures, which involves face-to-face communication with patients, and frequent exposure to saliva, blood, and other body fluids, and the handling of sharp instruments.
T58 9454-9992 Sentence denotes The pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted in dental settings through inhalation of airborne microorganisms that can remain suspended in the air for long periods51, direct contact with blood, oral fluids, or other patient materials52, contact of conjunctival, nasal, or oral mucosa with droplets and aerosols containing microorganisms generated from an infected individual and propelled a short distance by coughing and talking without a mask53,54, and indirect contact with contaminated instruments and/or environmental surfaces50.
T59 9993-10174 Sentence denotes Infections could be present through any of these conditions involved in an infected individual in dental clinics and hospitals, especially during the outbreak of 2019-nCoV (Fig. 1).
T60 10175-10262 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 Illustration of transmission routes of 2019-nCoV in dental clinics and hospitals
T61 10264-10279 Sentence denotes Airborne spread
T62 10280-10397 Sentence denotes The airborne spread of SARS-Cov (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) is well-reported in many literatures.
T63 10398-10514 Sentence denotes The dental papers show that many dental procedures produce aerosols and droplets that are contaminated with virus55.
T64 10515-10783 Sentence denotes Thus, droplet and aerosol transmission of 2019-nCoV are the most important concerns in dental clinics and hospitals, because it is hard to avoid the generation of large amounts of aerosol and droplet mixed with patient’s saliva and even blood during dental practice53.
T65 10784-10987 Sentence denotes In addition to the infected patient’s cough and breathing, dental devices such as high-speed dental handpiece uses high-speed gas to drive the turbine to rotate at high speed and work with running water.
T66 10988-11146 Sentence denotes When dental devices work in the patient’s oral cavity, a large amount of aerosol and droplets mixed with the patient’s saliva or even blood will be generated.
T67 11147-11315 Sentence denotes Particles of droplets and aerosols are small enough to stay airborne for an extended period before they settle on environmental surfaces or enter the respiratory tract.
T68 11316-11452 Sentence denotes Thus, the 2019-nCoV has the potential to spread through droplets and aerosols from infected individuals in dental clinics and hospitals.
T69 11454-11468 Sentence denotes Contact spread
T70 11469-11679 Sentence denotes A dental professional’s frequent direct or indirect contact with human fluids, patient materials, and contaminated dental instruments or environmental surfaces makes a possible route to the spread of viruses53.
T71 11680-11953 Sentence denotes In addition, dental professionals and other patients have likely contact of conjunctival, nasal, or oral mucosa with droplets and aerosols containing microorganisms generated from an infected individual and propelled a short distance by coughing and talking without a mask.
T72 11954-12070 Sentence denotes Effective infection control strategies are needed to prevent the spread of 2019-nCoV through these contact routines.
T73 12072-12100 Sentence denotes Contaminated surfaces spread
T74 12101-12320 Sentence denotes Human coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), or endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) can persist on surfaces like metal, glass, or plastic for up to a couple of days51,56.
T75 12321-12458 Sentence denotes Therefore, contaminated surfaces that are frequently contacted in healthcare settings are a potential source of coronavirus transmission.
T76 12459-12591 Sentence denotes Dental practices derived droplets and aerosols from infected patients, which likely contaminate the whole surface in dental offices.
T77 12592-12753 Sentence denotes In addition, it was shown at room temperature that HCoV remains infectious from 2 h up to 9 days, and persists better at 50% compared with 30% relative humidity.
T78 12754-12866 Sentence denotes Thus, keeping a clean and dry environment in the dental office would help decrease the persistence of 2019-nCoV.
T79 12868-12906 Sentence denotes Infection controls for dental practice
T80 12907-13152 Sentence denotes Dental professionals should be familiar with how 2019-nCoV is spread, how to identify patients with 2019-nCoV infection, and what extra-protective measures should be adopted during the practice, in order to prevent the transmission of 2019-nCoV.
T81 13153-13367 Sentence denotes Here we recommend the infection control measures that should be followed by dental professionals, particularly considering the fact that aerosols and droplets were considered as the main spread routes of 2019-nCoV.
T82 13368-14178 Sentence denotes Our recommendations are based on the Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (the 5th edition) (http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/3b09b894ac9b4204a79db5b8912d4440.shtml), the Guideline for the Prevention and Control of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia in Medical Institutes (the 1st edition) (http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7659/202001/b91fdab7c304431eb082d67847d27e14.shtml), and the Guideline for the Use of Medical Protective Equipment in the Prevention and Control of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7659/202001/e71c5de925a64eafbe1ce790debab5c6.shtml) released by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, and the practice experience in West China Hospital of Stomatology related to the outbreak of 2019-nCoV transmission.
T83 14180-14198 Sentence denotes Patient evaluation
T84 14199-14290 Sentence denotes First of all, dental professionals should be able to identify a suspected case of COVID-19.
T85 14291-14502 Sentence denotes To date that this paper was drafted, the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China has released the 5th edition of the Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
T86 14503-14634 Sentence denotes In general, a patient with COVID-19 who is in the acute febrile phase of the disease is not recommended to visit the dental clinic.
T87 14635-14965 Sentence denotes If this does occur, the dental professional should be able to identify the patient with suspected 2019-nCoV infection, and should not treat the patient in the dental clinic, but immediately quarantine the patient and report to the infection control department as soon as possible, particularly in the epidemic period of 2019-nCoV.
T88 14966-15040 Sentence denotes The body temperature of the patient should be measured in the first place.
T89 15041-15119 Sentence denotes A contact-free forehead thermometer is strongly recommended for the screening.
T90 15120-15258 Sentence denotes A questionnaire should be used to screen patients with potential infection of 2019-nCoV before they could be led to the dental chair-side.
T91 15259-16236 Sentence denotes These questions should include the following: (1) Do you have fever or experience fever within the past 14 days? (2) Have you experienced a recent onset of respiratory problems, such as a cough or difficulty in breathing within the past 14 days? (3) Have you, within the past 14 days, traveled to Wuhan city and its surrounding areas, or visited the neighborhood with documented 2019-nCoV transmission? (4) Have you come into contact with a patient with confirmed 2019-nCoV infection within the past 14 days? (5) Have you come into contact with people who come from Wuhan city and its surrounding areas, or people from the neighborhood with recent documented fever or respiratory problems within the past 14 days? (6) Are there at least two people with documented experience of fever or respiratory problems within the last 14 days having close contact with you? (7) Have you recently participated in any gathering, meetings, or had close contact with many unacquainted people?
T92 16237-16421 Sentence denotes If a patient replies “yes” to any of the screening questions, and his/her body temperature is below 37.3 °C, the dentist can defer the treatment until 14 days after the exposure event.
T93 16422-16566 Sentence denotes The patient should be instructed to self-quarantine at home and report any fever experience or flu-like syndrome to the local health department.
T94 16567-16856 Sentence denotes If a patient replies “yes” to any of the screening questions, and his/her body temperature is no less than 37.3 °C, the patient should be immediately quarantined, and the dental professionals should report to the infection control department of the hospital or the local health department.
T95 16857-17093 Sentence denotes If a patient replies “no” to all the screening questions, and his/her body temperature is below 37.3 °C, the dentist can treat the patient with extra- protection measures, and avoids spatter or aerosol-generating procedures to the best.
T96 17094-17317 Sentence denotes If a patient replies “no” to all the screening questions, but his/her body temperature is no less than 37.3 °C, the patient should be instructed to the fever clinics or special clinics for COVID-19 for further medical care.
T97 17319-17331 Sentence denotes Hand hygiene
T98 17332-17457 Sentence denotes Fecal–oral transmission has been reported for 2019-nCoV, which underlines the importance of hand hygiene for dental practice.
T99 17458-17694 Sentence denotes Although appropriate hand hygiene is the routine prerequisite for dental practice, hand-washing compliance is relatively low, which imposes a great challenge to the infection control during the epidemic period of 2019-nCoV transmission.
T100 17695-17759 Sentence denotes Reinforcement for good hand hygiene is of the utmost importance.
T101 17760-17967 Sentence denotes A two-before-and-three-after hand hygiene guideline is proposed by the infection control department of the West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, to reinforce the compliance of hand washing.
T102 17968-18280 Sentence denotes Specifically, the oral professionals should wash their hands before patient examination, before dental procedures, after touching the patient, after touching the surroundings and equipment without disinfection, and after touching the oral mucosa, damaged skin or wound, blood, body fluid, secretion, and excreta.
T103 18281-18389 Sentence denotes More caution should be taken for the dental professionals to avoid touching their own eyes, mouth, and nose.
T104 18391-18448 Sentence denotes Personal protective measures for the dental professionals
T105 18449-18596 Sentence denotes At present, there is no specific guideline for the protection of dental professionals from 2019-nCoV infection in the dental clinics and hospitals.
T106 18597-18852 Sentence denotes Although no dental professional has been reported to acquire 2019-nCoV infection to the date the paper was drafted, the last experience with the SARS coronavirus has shown vast numbers of acquired infection of medical professionals in hospital settings57.
T107 18853-19232 Sentence denotes Since airborne droplet transmission of infection is considered as the main route of spread, particularly in dental clinics and hospitals, barrier-protection equipment, including protective eyewear, masks, gloves, caps, face shields, and protective outwear, is strongly recommended for all healthcare givers in the clinic/hospital settings during the epidemic period of 2019-nCoV.
T108 19233-19473 Sentence denotes Based on the possibility of the spread of 2019-nCoV infection, three-level protective measures of the dental professionals are recommended for specific situations. (1) Primary protection (standard protection for staff in clinical settings).
T109 19474-19739 Sentence denotes Wearing disposable working cap, disposable surgical mask, and working clothes (white coat), using protective goggles or face shield, and disposable latex gloves or nitrile gloves if necessary. (2) Secondary protection (advanced protection for dental professionals).
T110 19740-20075 Sentence denotes Wearing disposable doctor cap, disposable surgical mask, protective goggles, face shield, and working clothes (white coat) with disposable isolation clothing or surgical clothes outside, and disposable latex gloves. (3) Tertiary protection (strengthened protection when contact patient with suspected or confirmed 2019-nCoV infection).
T111 20076-20309 Sentence denotes Although a patient with 2019-nCoV infection is not expected to be treated in the dental clinic, in the unlikely event that this does occur, and the dental professional cannot avoid close contact, special protective outwear is needed.
T112 20310-20444 Sentence denotes If protective outwear is not available, working clothes (white coat) with extra disposable protective clothing outside should be worn.
T113 20445-20607 Sentence denotes In addition, disposable doctor cap, protective goggles, face shield, disposable surgical mask, disposable latex gloves, and impermeable shoe cover should be worn.
T114 20609-20644 Sentence denotes Mouthrinse before dental procedures
T115 20645-20747 Sentence denotes A preoperational antimicrobial mouthrinse is generally believed to reduce the number of oral microbes.
T116 20748-21058 Sentence denotes However, as instructed by the Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (the 5th edition) released by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, chlorhexidine, which is commonly used as mouthrinse in dental practice, may not be effective to kill 2019-nCoV.
T117 21059-21321 Sentence denotes Since 2019-nCoV is vulnerable to oxidation, preprocedural mouthrinse containing oxidative agents such as 1% hydrogen peroxide or 0.2% povidone is recommended, for the purpose of reducing the salivary load of oral microbes, including potential 2019-nCoV carriage.
T118 21322-21410 Sentence denotes A preprocedural mouthrinse would be most useful in cases when rubber dam cannot be used.
T119 21412-21432 Sentence denotes Rubber dam isolation
T120 21433-21640 Sentence denotes The use of rubber dams can significantly minimize the production of saliva- and blood-contaminated aerosol or spatter, particularly in cases when high-speed handpieces and dental ultrasonic devices are used.
T121 21641-21789 Sentence denotes It has been reported that the use of rubber dam could significantly reduce airborne particles in ~3-foot diameter of the operational field by 70%58.
T122 21790-21934 Sentence denotes When rubber dam is applied, extra high-volume suction for aerosol and spatter should be used during the procedures along with regular suction59.
T123 21935-22020 Sentence denotes In this case, the implementation of a complete four-hand operation is also necessary.
T124 22021-22253 Sentence denotes If rubber dam isolation is not possible in some cases, manual devices, such as Carisolv and hand scaler, are recommended for caries removal and periodontal scaling, in order to minimize the generation of aerosol as much as possible.
T125 22255-22280 Sentence denotes Anti-retraction handpiece
T126 22281-22418 Sentence denotes The high-speed dental handpiece without anti-retraction valves may aspirate and expel the debris and fluids during the dental procedures.
T127 22419-22600 Sentence denotes More importantly, the microbes, including bacteria and virus, may further contaminate the air and water tubes within the dental unit, and thus can potentially cause cross-infection.
T128 22601-22851 Sentence denotes Our study has shown that the anti-retraction high-speed dental handpiece can significantly reduce the backflow of oral bacteria and HBV into the tubes of the handpiece and dental unit as compared with the handpiece without anti-retraction function60.
T129 22852-22985 Sentence denotes Therefore, the use of dental handpieces without anti-retraction function should be prohibited during the epidemic period of COVID-19.
T130 22986-23173 Sentence denotes Anti-retraction dental handpiece with specially designed anti-retractive valves or other anti-reflux designs are strongly recommended as an extra preventive measure for cross-infection59.
T131 23174-23307 Sentence denotes Therefore, the use of dental handpieces without anti-retraction function should be prohibited during the epidemic period of COVID-19.
T132 23308-23493 Sentence denotes Anti-retraction dental handpiece with specially designed anti-retractive valves or other anti-reflux designs are strongly recommended as an extra preventive measure for cross-infection.
T133 23495-23530 Sentence denotes Disinfection of the clinic settings
T134 23531-23647 Sentence denotes Medical institutions should take effective and strict disinfection measures in both clinic settings and public area.
T135 23648-23906 Sentence denotes The clinic settings should be cleaned and disinfected in accordance with the Protocol for the Management of Surface Cleaning and Disinfection of Medical Environment (WS/T 512-2016) released by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China.
T136 23907-24028 Sentence denotes Public areas and appliances should also be frequently cleaned and disinfected, including door handles, chairs, and desks.
T137 24029-24074 Sentence denotes The elevator should be disinfected regularly.
T138 24075-24183 Sentence denotes People taking elevators should wear masks correctly and avoid direct contact with buttons and other objects.
T139 24185-24212 Sentence denotes Management of medical waste
T140 24213-24369 Sentence denotes The medical waste (including disposable protective equipment after use) should be transported to the temporary storage area of the medical institute timely.
T141 24370-24650 Sentence denotes The reusable instrument and items should be pretreated, cleaned, sterilized, and properly stored in accordance with the Protocol for the Disinfection and Sterilization of Dental Instrument (WS 506-2016) released by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China.
T142 24651-24810 Sentence denotes The medical and domestic waste generated by the treatment of patients with suspected or confirmed 2019-nCoV infection are regarded as infectious medical waste.
T143 24811-24904 Sentence denotes Double-layer yellow color medical waste package bags and “gooseneck” ligation should be used.
T144 24905-25032 Sentence denotes The surface of the package bags should be marked and disposed according to the requirement for the management of medical waste.
T145 25034-25041 Sentence denotes Summary
T146 25042-25175 Sentence denotes Since December 2019, the newly discovered coronavirus (2019-nCov) has caused the outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan and throughout China.
T147 25176-25297 Sentence denotes 2019-nCov enters host cells through human cell receptor ACE2, the same with SARS-CoV, but with higher binding affinity61.
T148 25298-25463 Sentence denotes The rapidly increasing number of cases and evidence of human-to-human transmission suggested that the virus was more contagious than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV9,25,27,61.
T149 25464-25641 Sentence denotes By mid-February 2020, a large number of infections of medical staff have been reported62, and the specific reasons for the failure of protection need to be further investigated.
T150 25642-25813 Sentence denotes Although clinics such as stomatology have been closed during the epidemic, a large number of emergency patients still go to the dental clinics and hospitals for treatment.
T151 25814-25972 Sentence denotes We have summarized the possible transmission routes of 2019-nCov in stomatology, such as the airborne spread, contact spread, and contaminated surface spread.
T152 25973-26421 Sentence denotes We also reviewed several detailed practical strategies to block virus transmission to provide a reference for preventing the transmission of 2019-nCov during dental diagnosis and treatment, including patient evaluation, hand hygiene, personal protective measures for the dental professionals, mouthrinse before dental procedures, rubber dam isolation, anti-retraction handpiece, disinfection of the clinic settings, and management of medical waste.
T153 26423-26439 Sentence denotes Acknowledgements
T154 26440-26532 Sentence denotes This study was supported by the Emergency Project of Sichuan University (0082604151013, XZ).
T155 26534-26554 Sentence denotes Author contributions
T156 26555-26686 Sentence denotes X.Z. conceived and designed the structure of this review; X.Z., X.X., X.P., Y.L., and B.R. wrote the paper; X.Z. revised the paper.
T157 26688-26707 Sentence denotes Competing interests
T158 26708-26751 Sentence denotes The authors declare no competing interests.