LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7049657 / 58-9817 JSONTXT 12 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T2 0-122 Sentence denotes There is a new Coronavirus causing significant to severe respiratory infections in humans, causing human misery and death.
T3 123-335 Sentence denotes This Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 is alarming health organisations around the world and has already caused significant social and economic losses to China and the Asian Pacific Region, and increasingly, the Globe [1].
T4 336-433 Sentence denotes The virus portends to cause the loss of trillions of dollars through direct and indirect effects.
T5 434-640 Sentence denotes This harmful viral-driven-economic damage, which has primarily hit Wuhan, Hubei Province, the economic industrial heartland of China, is compounding the effects of the recent economic slowdown in China [2].
T6 641-815 Sentence denotes These socio-economic pressures alone would highlight the One-Health aspect of the new Coronavirus, but there are more fundamental reasons for calling this a One Health issue.
T7 816-904 Sentence denotes Members of the Coronavirus family (Coronaviridae) are quintessential One Health viruses.
T8 905-958 Sentence denotes Many coronaviruses are serious animal health threats.
T9 959-1125 Sentence denotes Dr. Oskar Seifried, a veterinarian, provided the first description of a Coronavirus in 1931 [3]; a coronavirus known as Infectious Bronchitis virus (IBV) of Chickens.
T10 1126-1258 Sentence denotes Today, based on the genetic analysis, we recognise IBV as a Gammacoronavirus which produces a highly contagious disease in chickens.
T11 1259-1398 Sentence denotes IBV produces not only upper respiratory tract infection, but also affects the reproductive tract, and some strains can cause nephritis [4].
T12 1399-1479 Sentence denotes Curiously, SARS-COV-2 is also producing renal problems in severely ill patients.
T13 1480-1694 Sentence denotes It is relevant from a One Health perspective to note that different serotypes and genetic types of IBV are present worldwide and that there seems to be little, if any cross-protection from one serotype to the next.
T14 1695-1965 Sentence denotes Also, the veterinary community has noted that new types of IBV continue to arise as a result of recombination events in the viral genome and from mutation, making IBV challenging to identify and extremely difficult to control, even though several IBV vaccines exist [5].
T15 1966-2166 Sentence denotes Another serious Coronoavirus is the bat enteric coronavirus HKU2, identified in China, which causes severe piglet diarrhoea and mortality, and has led to serious impacts to the livestock industry [6].
T16 2167-2328 Sentence denotes Based on genetic analysis, we currently divide the Coronaviruses into four genera, the Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, and Gammacoronavirus.
T17 2329-2490 Sentence denotes The new SARS-CoV-2 falls within the Betacoronavirus genus, based on sequence identity, and is reported to have a high sequence identity to a Bat betacoronavirus.
T18 2491-2713 Sentence denotes The diversity of coronaviruses reflects the facts that this family of viruses has an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase with poor fidelity, high frequency of RNA recombination, and (for RNA viruses) have unusually large genomes.
T19 2714-2821 Sentence denotes Currently, only Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus have demonstrated the ability to cause human diseases.
T20 2822-3161 Sentence denotes Many Alphacoronavirus produce a variety of human respiratory diseases, though most cause the symptoms of the “common cold.” The deadliest of the known coronavirus diseases in humans, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19 (Coronavirus Infectious disease-19) are all Betacoronavirus.
T21 3162-3594 Sentence denotes In the fall of 2002, the US National Security Agency began hearing “chatter” regarding a new serious respiratory infection in the Guangdong province of China and by the winter of 2002–2003 an alarming new disease, SARS, was making headlines worldwide. it was not until 24 March 2003, that the US CDC and Hong Kong announced that they had isolated a new Coronavirus from a SARS patient [7], and the virus received its name, SARS-CoV.
T22 3595-3884 Sentence denotes SARS, similar to SARS-CoV-2, originated in the Republic of China with evidence that while it most likely originated in bats, entered the human population through intermediate hosts, most likely the ‘Himalayan palm civet’ (Paguma larvata) and the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) [8].
T23 3885-4195 Sentence denotes Thanks to the use of a massive international effort headed by the World Health Organisation (WHO), of case identification, isolation (quarantine), treatment, and contact tracing the SARS outbreak ended only a few months (July 2003), after it began and there has not been a documented SARS infection since 2004.
T24 4196-4305 Sentence denotes In total, there were approximately 8096 probably cases in 29 countries and 774 deaths from the SARS outbreak.
T25 4306-4691 Sentence denotes In June 2012, the second major human coronavirus, MERS-CoV revealed itself in a sputum sample from a 60-year-old Saudi man who died of overwhelming bilateral pneumonia and renal failure [9]; this Betacoronavirus also has a close relationship with two bat-CoVs (HKU4 and HKU5), and camelids are thought to serve as the intermediates between infected vespertilionid bats and humans [10].
T26 4692-4911 Sentence denotes Infection of dromedary camels with MERS-CoV appears to be common on the Arabian peninsula and parts of Africa, and there is documentation not only of camel-to human transmission, but also of human-to-camel transmission.
T27 4912-5009 Sentence denotes Fortunately, Human-to-Human transmission of MERS-CoV is very limited except in hospital settings.
T28 5010-5056 Sentence denotes Sporadic MERS infections continue to this day.
T29 5057-5198 Sentence denotes On December 31 of 2019, China revealed that there was a growing number of cases of a mysterious pneumonia in Wuhan City, Hubei Province [11].
T30 5199-5432 Sentence denotes On January 7th 2002, Chinese authorities announced the detection of a novel human betacoronavirus, provisionally named 2019-nCoV by the WHO (and later renamed, SARS-CoV-2) as the agent responsible for the pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan.
T31 5433-5603 Sentence denotes By 10 January a virus genome was released [12], and published [13] and multiple other centres soon provided additional laboratory details on the new betacoronavirus [14].
T32 5604-5865 Sentence denotes The on-going outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has already caused far more infections than SARS or MERS and in a far shorter time, most likely because a significant percent of patients do not become seriously ill in a time-frame that would rapidly lead to their detection.
T33 5866-6102 Sentence denotes Based on the current numbers for COVID-19 (death rate of 2–3 per 100) the new coronavirus appears less deadly than SARS (mortality ~ 1 in 10) or MERS (mortality ~ 3/10), but more deadly than seasonal flu (mortality ~ 0.5 to 1 per 1000).
T34 6103-6239 Sentence denotes While SARS-CoV-2 is spreading at alarming rates in China, there has not yet been sustained human-to-human transmission outside of China.
T35 6240-6401 Sentence denotes Neither SARS-CoV nor MERS-CoV were characterised by sustained person to person transmission, but were characterised by large clusters with superspreading events.
T36 6402-6529 Sentence denotes It is uncertain whether COVID-19 will vanish, similar to SARS, or become an established disease that follows seasonal patterns.
T37 6530-6782 Sentence denotes It is still possible to contain this outbreak using vigorous early case detection, early isolation of suspected and confirmed cases, treatment of cases, contact tracing and social detention measures in China where there is risk of transmission is high.
T38 6783-7053 Sentence denotes With each day, there is more data suggesting that the outbreak could break out as a pandemic and the fear is that sustained-human-to-human transmission in a low-to- middle-income country could lead to massive numbers of patients with acute respiratory disease and death.
T39 7054-7268 Sentence denotes Multiple countries have experienced cases of COVID-19, many with severe illness including a few deaths outside of China, and nearly all countries are experiencing the social and economic costs of this new outbreak.
T40 7269-7436 Sentence denotes However, so long as current public health measures are sustained, the general population outside of China are unlikely to be exposed to this virus at the current time.
T41 7437-7706 Sentence denotes The goal is to block any potential chains of transmission, however, with so many unknowns, we cannot assure that these measures might not prevent the eventual establishment of a pandemic- in other words an ongoing, widespread transmission of the virus outside of China.
T42 7707-7918 Sentence denotes Given the sudden rapid superspreading event currently at play in China, it is imperative to learn as much as possible about this new coronavirus and to compare it to what we know about other human coronaviruses.
T43 7919-8007 Sentence denotes One important area of research is determining the cell receptor for the new coronavirus.
T44 8008-8125 Sentence denotes The previously recognised coronaviruses enter host cells by attaching their Spike (S) protein to a cellular receptor.
T45 8126-8300 Sentence denotes Most Alphacoronaviruses use aminopeptidase-N (APN) [15], but one Alphacoronavirus, NL6, uses Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its receptor for entry into host cells.
T46 8301-8455 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV also uses the ACE2 receptor as its entry method into cells [16], this ACE2 is commonly present on cells of the respiratory and enteric tract.
T47 8456-8620 Sentence denotes The MERS-CoV uses the host cell receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPPR or CD26) [17,18] a cell receptor that is similarly abundant in respiratory and enteric tracts.
T48 8621-8791 Sentence denotes Recent evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 as its entry point; data that should speed the development of an effective drug and eventually a safe and effective vaccine.
T49 8792-8964 Sentence denotes One Health approaches attempt to strategize the coordinated efforts of multiple overlapping disciplines [19], including environmental surveillance and environmental health.
T50 8965-9047 Sentence denotes Primary components of the approach lie in animal health and environmental aspects.
T51 9048-9237 Sentence denotes At the time of writing, the host from which the SARS-CoV-2 entered the human population is unknown although the suspicion is that food markets are likely sources for the original spillover.
T52 9238-9422 Sentence denotes While the search for the natural host highly implicates bats [21], search for the intermediary host, if any, is ongoing with the suggestions of the pangolin as a host far from certain.
T53 9423-9612 Sentence denotes While it is premature to implicate any one particular urban source or natural host, the ensuing search will give insight into pathogens with potential to cross over into human transmission.
T54 9613-9759 Sentence denotes This approach of environmental surveillance forms part of the PREDICT strategy [20] for detecting viruses with potential for spillover into human.