LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7045882 / 773-8595 JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T7 0-12 Sentence denotes Introduction
T8 13-282 Sentence denotes An epidemiological investigation aims to quickly determine the prevalence of an infectious disease whilst simultaneously revealing the cause, and source of the disease, and explore the transmission process to ultimately prevent the spread of the infectious disease [1].
T9 283-509 Sentence denotes As individuals become the source of the infectious disease, and if person-to-person transmission is suspected, it is important to immediately identify, and manage people that are in close contact with suspected patients [2,3].
T10 510-799 Sentence denotes In particular, if there are several unknown epidemiological and clinical characteristics, and an effective medical intervention is lacking (as in the case of new infectious diseases such as COVID-19), contact management becomes 1 of the core strategies to minimize additional transmission.
T11 800-1033 Sentence denotes For these strategies to be successful, it is necessary to evaluate between-person exposure risk in all locations where there have been confirmed cases (after the onset of symptoms), and to classify contact persons based on this risk.
T12 1034-1270 Sentence denotes Furthermore, it is also important to eliminate the possibility of exposure to infection in the places visited by the confirmed patient, by performing the appropriate disinfection of areas that can harbor environmental contamination [2].
T13 1271-1426 Sentence denotes However, traditional investigative methods, depending on the patient or proxy interview, has the limitation of omissions and errors of previous activities.
T14 1427-1553 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 outbreak in China occurred on December 8th, 2019, and the first case in Korea was reported on January 20th, 2020.
T15 1554-1639 Sentence denotes As of February 14th, the total number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Korea was 28.
T16 1640-1868 Sentence denotes In the current epidemiological investigation contact investigation techniques that were used on a limited basis for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in 2015, are being used in all confirmed cases of COVID-19.
T17 1869-2098 Sentence denotes This report will provide a general overview of the contact investigation from the COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center, Epidemiology and Case management team and describe the various methods used to evaluate exposure risk.
T18 2100-2107 Sentence denotes Results
T19 2108-2181 Sentence denotes COVID-19 contact investigation and management comprised of the following:
T20 2182-2329 Sentence denotes 1) determination of the location of the contact (patient route), 2) exposure risk evaluation, 3) contact classification, and 4) contact management.
T21 2330-2537 Sentence denotes The location of the contact was determined through the process of preliminary identification, by interviewing patients, and their acquaintances, and by objective verification of the investigated information.
T22 2538-2684 Sentence denotes Exposure risk evaluation was performed depending on the route of disease transmission, patient characteristics, and environmental characteristics.
T23 2685-2815 Sentence denotes Based on the results of the evaluation, the contacts were classified into close and casual contacts depending on the exposure [4].
T24 2816-2941 Sentence denotes The method of managing the classified contacts was largely distinguished between movement restriction and symptom monitoring.
T25 2942-3071 Sentence denotes Movement restriction is a legal public health order, and quarantine (isolation), home isolation, or controlled travel is enacted.
T26 3072-3187 Sentence denotes Symptom monitoring was performed as either active or passive monitoring, depending on the exposure risk (Figure 1).
T27 3188-3471 Sentence denotes The methods used to overcome recall and confirmation biases that can occur while determining the location of the contact include checking medical facilities records, phone-based global positioning system (GPS), card transaction records, and closed-circuit television (CCTV; Table 1).
T28 3473-3475 Sentence denotes 1.
T29 3476-3535 Sentence denotes History of using medical facilities and visiting pharmacies
T30 3536-3768 Sentence denotes History of using medical facilities, and visiting pharmacies was used to estimate the window of time of infection, through an accurate evaluation of the clinical symptoms of the infectious disease, and initial onset of the symptoms.
T31 3769-3877 Sentence denotes If a medical facility was included in the patient’s route, quarantine of the medical facility was conducted.
T32 3879-3881 Sentence denotes 2.
T33 3882-3885 Sentence denotes GPS
T34 3886-3984 Sentence denotes Consistency in the recall of the route of the patients identified through interview was evaluated.
T35 3985-4082 Sentence denotes Additionally, identification of the routes that the patient could not remember was also possible.
T36 4083-4226 Sentence denotes However, another person’s information can be misunderstood as the patient’s information if the phone is not owned by or carried by the patient.
T37 4227-4349 Sentence denotes GPS uses cellular phone networks, therefore there are limitations in identifying the exact locations of a patient’s route.
T38 4351-4353 Sentence denotes 3.
T39 4354-4381 Sentence denotes Credit card transaction log
T40 4382-4580 Sentence denotes Credit card transaction logs were used to assess the consistency in the route of the patient identified through interview, and the scope of contacts was assessed by specifying the locations visited.
T41 4581-4732 Sentence denotes However, if the patient did not use a credit card under their name or if another person used the patient’s card, the information may be misinterpreted.
T42 4733-4890 Sentence denotes Thus, rechecking the contents of the credit card log was necessary, and instances of not being able to use the information at the appropriate time may occur.
T43 4892-4894 Sentence denotes 4.
T44 4895-4899 Sentence denotes CCTV
T45 4900-5028 Sentence denotes By checking the video footage of the location of a patient’s path, CCTV provided help to identify the details of each situation.
T46 5029-5186 Sentence denotes For example, CCTV was used to evaluate the level of exposure risk by identifying whether the patient wore masks, or had respiratory symptoms such as a cough.
T47 5187-5399 Sentence denotes The limitations of using CCTV were the lengthy time required to check the CCTV, and the accuracy of patient identification if the CCTV was not inside the facility or the patient was in a blind spot of the camera.
T48 5401-5411 Sentence denotes Discussion
T49 5412-5538 Sentence denotes Based on the experience of the MERS outbreak in 2015, laws were revised to supplement the areas that were lacking at the time.
T50 5539-5784 Sentence denotes Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were able to use relevant information in epidemiological investigations to contain and prevent infection, thus enabling the establishment of a more comprehensive management of infectious diseases.
T51 5785-5955 Sentence denotes Furthermore, making accurate information available to the general public helps to minimize fear and confusion with respect to the risk of transmissibility of the disease.
T52 5956-6382 Sentence denotes The use of methods that have objectively verified the patient’s route claims (medical facility records, GPS, card transactions, and CCTV) for COVID-19 contact investigations in South Korea has provided accurate information on the location, and time of exposure, and details of the situation, thus reducing omissions in a patient’s route due to recall or confirmation bias that may have arisen from patient or proxy interviews.
T53 6383-6498 Sentence denotes However, the publicization of a patient’s route for the public’s benefit infringes upon the privacy of the patient.
T54 6499-6564 Sentence denotes Thus, it is necessary to establish a protocol to protect privacy.
T55 6565-6648 Sentence denotes Equally, more effort should be taken to provide accurate information to the public.
T56 6649-6910 Sentence denotes Patient information that is unrelated to the communication of risk of infectious diseases must be protected by clearly defining the standards of publicization and reporting of patient information for the public’s benefit when an infectious disease is prevalent.
T57 6911-7220 Sentence denotes With regards to responding to the recent prevalence of COVID-19, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are performing defense activities to contain and prevent infection at the appropriate time, with more objective and accurate methods for monitoring patient contacts by using personal information.
T58 7221-7383 Sentence denotes However, an evaluation of the effectiveness of these monitoring methods when multiple patients are involved, is necessary after the situation has been controlled.
T59 7384-7528 Sentence denotes Epidemiological investigations require the collaboration of various related persons and must be conducted through a strict verification process.
T60 7529-7822 Sentence denotes Furthermore, investigations must be performed using systematic processes with scientific methods and principles, and cycles of continuous evaluation and feedback to identify the etiology, extent, progression and therapy for the infectious disease and the development of public health policies.