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LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7045882 JSONTXT 22 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE Lectin_function

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-48 Sentence denotes Contact Transmission of COVID-19 in South Korea:
T2 49-100 Sentence denotes Novel Investigation Techniques for Tracing Contacts
T3 102-110 Sentence denotes Abstract
T4 111-334 Sentence denotes In the epidemiological investigation of an infectious disease, investigating, classifying, tracking, and managing contacts by identifying the patient’s route are important for preventing further transmission of the disease.
T5 335-482 Sentence denotes However, omissions and errors in previous activities can occur when the investigation is performed through only a proxy interview with the patient.
T6 483-771 Sentence denotes To overcome these limitations, methods that can objectively verify the patient’s claims (medical facility records, Global Positioning System, card transactions, and closed-circuit television) were used for the recent ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 contact investigations in South Korea.
T7 773-785 Sentence denotes Introduction
T8 786-1055 Sentence denotes An epidemiological investigation aims to quickly determine the prevalence of an infectious disease whilst simultaneously revealing the cause, and source of the disease, and explore the transmission process to ultimately prevent the spread of the infectious disease [1].
T9 1056-1282 Sentence denotes As individuals become the source of the infectious disease, and if person-to-person transmission is suspected, it is important to immediately identify, and manage people that are in close contact with suspected patients [2,3].
T10 1283-1572 Sentence denotes In particular, if there are several unknown epidemiological and clinical characteristics, and an effective medical intervention is lacking (as in the case of new infectious diseases such as COVID-19), contact management becomes 1 of the core strategies to minimize additional transmission.
T11 1573-1806 Sentence denotes For these strategies to be successful, it is necessary to evaluate between-person exposure risk in all locations where there have been confirmed cases (after the onset of symptoms), and to classify contact persons based on this risk.
T12 1807-2043 Sentence denotes Furthermore, it is also important to eliminate the possibility of exposure to infection in the places visited by the confirmed patient, by performing the appropriate disinfection of areas that can harbor environmental contamination [2].
T13 2044-2199 Sentence denotes However, traditional investigative methods, depending on the patient or proxy interview, has the limitation of omissions and errors of previous activities.
T14 2200-2326 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 outbreak in China occurred on December 8th, 2019, and the first case in Korea was reported on January 20th, 2020.
T15 2327-2412 Sentence denotes As of February 14th, the total number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Korea was 28.
T16 2413-2641 Sentence denotes In the current epidemiological investigation contact investigation techniques that were used on a limited basis for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in 2015, are being used in all confirmed cases of COVID-19.
T17 2642-2871 Sentence denotes This report will provide a general overview of the contact investigation from the COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center, Epidemiology and Case management team and describe the various methods used to evaluate exposure risk.
T18 2873-2880 Sentence denotes Results
T19 2881-2954 Sentence denotes COVID-19 contact investigation and management comprised of the following:
T20 2955-3102 Sentence denotes 1) determination of the location of the contact (patient route), 2) exposure risk evaluation, 3) contact classification, and 4) contact management.
T21 3103-3310 Sentence denotes The location of the contact was determined through the process of preliminary identification, by interviewing patients, and their acquaintances, and by objective verification of the investigated information.
T22 3311-3457 Sentence denotes Exposure risk evaluation was performed depending on the route of disease transmission, patient characteristics, and environmental characteristics.
T23 3458-3588 Sentence denotes Based on the results of the evaluation, the contacts were classified into close and casual contacts depending on the exposure [4].
T24 3589-3714 Sentence denotes The method of managing the classified contacts was largely distinguished between movement restriction and symptom monitoring.
T25 3715-3844 Sentence denotes Movement restriction is a legal public health order, and quarantine (isolation), home isolation, or controlled travel is enacted.
T26 3845-3960 Sentence denotes Symptom monitoring was performed as either active or passive monitoring, depending on the exposure risk (Figure 1).
T27 3961-4244 Sentence denotes The methods used to overcome recall and confirmation biases that can occur while determining the location of the contact include checking medical facilities records, phone-based global positioning system (GPS), card transaction records, and closed-circuit television (CCTV; Table 1).
T28 4246-4248 Sentence denotes 1.
T29 4249-4308 Sentence denotes History of using medical facilities and visiting pharmacies
T30 4309-4541 Sentence denotes History of using medical facilities, and visiting pharmacies was used to estimate the window of time of infection, through an accurate evaluation of the clinical symptoms of the infectious disease, and initial onset of the symptoms.
T31 4542-4650 Sentence denotes If a medical facility was included in the patient’s route, quarantine of the medical facility was conducted.
T32 4652-4654 Sentence denotes 2.
T33 4655-4658 Sentence denotes GPS
T34 4659-4757 Sentence denotes Consistency in the recall of the route of the patients identified through interview was evaluated.
T35 4758-4855 Sentence denotes Additionally, identification of the routes that the patient could not remember was also possible.
T36 4856-4999 Sentence denotes However, another person’s information can be misunderstood as the patient’s information if the phone is not owned by or carried by the patient.
T37 5000-5122 Sentence denotes GPS uses cellular phone networks, therefore there are limitations in identifying the exact locations of a patient’s route.
T38 5124-5126 Sentence denotes 3.
T39 5127-5154 Sentence denotes Credit card transaction log
T40 5155-5353 Sentence denotes Credit card transaction logs were used to assess the consistency in the route of the patient identified through interview, and the scope of contacts was assessed by specifying the locations visited.
T41 5354-5505 Sentence denotes However, if the patient did not use a credit card under their name or if another person used the patient’s card, the information may be misinterpreted.
T42 5506-5663 Sentence denotes Thus, rechecking the contents of the credit card log was necessary, and instances of not being able to use the information at the appropriate time may occur.
T43 5665-5667 Sentence denotes 4.
T44 5668-5672 Sentence denotes CCTV
T45 5673-5801 Sentence denotes By checking the video footage of the location of a patient’s path, CCTV provided help to identify the details of each situation.
T46 5802-5959 Sentence denotes For example, CCTV was used to evaluate the level of exposure risk by identifying whether the patient wore masks, or had respiratory symptoms such as a cough.
T47 5960-6172 Sentence denotes The limitations of using CCTV were the lengthy time required to check the CCTV, and the accuracy of patient identification if the CCTV was not inside the facility or the patient was in a blind spot of the camera.
T48 6174-6184 Sentence denotes Discussion
T49 6185-6311 Sentence denotes Based on the experience of the MERS outbreak in 2015, laws were revised to supplement the areas that were lacking at the time.
T50 6312-6557 Sentence denotes Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were able to use relevant information in epidemiological investigations to contain and prevent infection, thus enabling the establishment of a more comprehensive management of infectious diseases.
T51 6558-6728 Sentence denotes Furthermore, making accurate information available to the general public helps to minimize fear and confusion with respect to the risk of transmissibility of the disease.
T52 6729-7155 Sentence denotes The use of methods that have objectively verified the patient’s route claims (medical facility records, GPS, card transactions, and CCTV) for COVID-19 contact investigations in South Korea has provided accurate information on the location, and time of exposure, and details of the situation, thus reducing omissions in a patient’s route due to recall or confirmation bias that may have arisen from patient or proxy interviews.
T53 7156-7271 Sentence denotes However, the publicization of a patient’s route for the public’s benefit infringes upon the privacy of the patient.
T54 7272-7337 Sentence denotes Thus, it is necessary to establish a protocol to protect privacy.
T55 7338-7421 Sentence denotes Equally, more effort should be taken to provide accurate information to the public.
T56 7422-7683 Sentence denotes Patient information that is unrelated to the communication of risk of infectious diseases must be protected by clearly defining the standards of publicization and reporting of patient information for the public’s benefit when an infectious disease is prevalent.
T57 7684-7993 Sentence denotes With regards to responding to the recent prevalence of COVID-19, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are performing defense activities to contain and prevent infection at the appropriate time, with more objective and accurate methods for monitoring patient contacts by using personal information.
T58 7994-8156 Sentence denotes However, an evaluation of the effectiveness of these monitoring methods when multiple patients are involved, is necessary after the situation has been controlled.
T59 8157-8301 Sentence denotes Epidemiological investigations require the collaboration of various related persons and must be conducted through a strict verification process.
T60 8302-8595 Sentence denotes Furthermore, investigations must be performed using systematic processes with scientific methods and principles, and cycles of continuous evaluation and feedback to identify the etiology, extent, progression and therapy for the infectious disease and the development of public health policies.
T61 8597-8612 Sentence denotes Acknowledgments
T62 8613-8824 Sentence denotes We thank the relevant ministries, including the Ministry of Interior and Safety, Si/Do and Si/Gun/Gu, medical staff in health centers, and medical facilities for their efforts in responding to cases of COVID-19.
T63 8825-9007 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center, Epidemiology and Case Management Team, KCDC and Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW) who contributed to this article are as follows:
T64 9008-9435 Sentence denotes Ok Park, Young Joon Park, Shin Young Park, Young-Man Kim, Jieun Kim, Jin Lee, Eunmi Park, Dongwook Kim, Byoung-Hak Jeon, Boyeong Ryu, Daehyeon Ko, Eunyoung Kim, Hwami Kim, Hyeyoung Lee, Jin Gwack, Joongho Jo, Jung Hyun Lee, Junghee Hyun, Jungwoo Kim, Jae Kyung Park, Sangeun Lee, Seong Sun Kim, Seung Hwan Shin, Seung Woo Choi, Taeyoung Kim, Un-Na Kim (MOHW), Yeonhee Woo, Yeowon Jin, Yoon Suk Jang, Youngjoon Park, Minwoo Yum.
T65 9436-9457 Sentence denotes Conflicts of Interest
T66 9458-9511 Sentence denotes The authors declare no competing financial interests.
T67 9513-9605 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Stepwise approach in monitoring contacts when a patient with COVID-19 is detected.
T68 9606-9638 Sentence denotes GPS = global positioning system.
T69 9639-9758 Sentence denotes Table 1 Information collection methods for the monitoring and management of patients with COVID-19 and their contacts.
T70 9759-9849 Sentence denotes Collection item* Purpose and use Advantages Limitations Related branch and institution
T71 9850-10112 Sentence denotes History of using medical facilities (Purpose) Identify the clinical symptoms and date of initial onset of symptoms of the patient Obtain medical records and evaluate the date of onset of symptoms Obtain objective data about the clinical symptoms of the patient
T72 10113-10233 Sentence denotes Specify medical facilities that were visited during the time of exposure Long time needed to review the medical records
T73 10234-10468 Sentence denotes If there are no related symptoms because the medical facilities were visited for a different illness, it is impossible to obtain related information National Health Insurance Corporation Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service
T74 10469-10584 Sentence denotes GPS (cell phone location) (Purpose) Identify the route of the patient Verify the consistency of the patient claims
T75 10585-10622 Sentence denotes Additionally check the previous route
T76 10623-10738 Sentence denotes Use phone GPS (latitude and longitude) data Evaluate the consistency of the patient route identified via interview
T77 10739-10923 Sentence denotes Obtain additional information about the route that the patient does not remember There are limitations to specify accurate location information because mobile phone locations are used
T78 10924-11005 Sentence denotes Errors if the name on the phone and location of purchase (overseas) are different
T79 11006-11168 Sentence denotes Long time needed to view the information if there is a large difference between the time of patient confirmation and date of symptom onset National Police Agency
T80 11169-11281 Sentence denotes Card transaction log (Purpose) Identify the route of the patient Verify the consistency with the patient claims
T81 11282-11427 Sentence denotes Specify a location for defense against infectious diseases Specify the visited location, and use it to select the scope of contact investigation
T82 11428-11618 Sentence denotes Monitor detailed route within a location If a card with the patient’s name is not used, the transactions of another person are mixed and need reclassification Financial Services Commission
T83 11619-11705 Sentence denotes CCTV (Purpose) Identify the route of the patient Identify patient’s clinical symptoms
T84 11706-11880 Sentence denotes Evaluate the exposure risks of contacts Check whether the patient was wearing protective gear (e.g., mask) and the patient’s clinical condition at the corresponding location
T85 11881-12002 Sentence denotes Help evaluate the risk of exposure if there is a large unspecified number of contacts Long time needed to check the CCTV
T86 12003-12124 Sentence denotes There are limitations to clearly identify if there is no internal CCTV or blind spots are present National Police Agency
T87 12125-12362 Sentence denotes * Related basis (Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act Article 76 Section 2 (request to provide information), Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act Article 32 Section 2 (information that can be requested to be provided).
T88 12363-12429 Sentence denotes GPS = global positioning system; CCTV = closed-circuit television.