LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7039910 / 1966-26049 JSONTXT 12 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T15 0-12 Sentence denotes Introduction
T16 13-147 Sentence denotes 2019 Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) has given rise to an outbreak of viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China since December 20191,2.
T17 148-243 Sentence denotes World Health Organization (WHO) now has named the disease Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)3.
T18 244-348 Sentence denotes Most cases from the initial cluster had an epidemiological link to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market4.
T19 349-542 Sentence denotes Patients have clinical manifestations, including fever, cough, shortness of breath, muscle ache, confusion, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhoea, chest pain, diarrhea, and nausea and vomiting5,6.
T20 543-864 Sentence denotes As of 17 February 2020, a cumulative total of 72,436 confirmed cases (including 11,741 currently severe cases), 6242 currently suspect cases, a cumulative total of 1868 deaths and 12,552 cases discharged from hospital were reported by National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHC) in mainland China7.
T21 865-1085 Sentence denotes The significant increases in the number of confirmed cases in China and abroad led to the announcement made by WHO on 30 January that the event has already constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern8.
T22 1086-1443 Sentence denotes The reproduction number, R, measures the transmissibility of a virus, representing the average number of new infections generated by each infected person, the initial constant of which is called the basic reproduction number, R09, and the actual average number of secondary cases per infected case at time t is called effective reproduction number, Rt10–12.
T23 1444-1522 Sentence denotes Rt shows time-dependent variation with the implementation of control measures.
T24 1523-1739 Sentence denotes R > 1 indicates that the outbreak is self-sustaining unless effective control measures are implemented, while R < 1 indicates that the number of new cases decreases over time and, eventually, the outbreak will stop9.
T25 1740-1881 Sentence denotes Over the past month, several groups reported estimated R0 of COVID-19 and generated valuable prediction for the early phase of this outbreak.
T26 1882-2037 Sentence denotes In particular, Imai et al.9 provided the first estimation, using R0 of 2.6 and based on the number of cases in China and those detected in other countries.
T27 2038-2104 Sentence denotes Other authors estimated R0 to be 3.813, 6.4714, 2.215, and 2.6816.
T28 2105-2237 Sentence denotes These predictions were very alerting and suggestions have been made for very strict public health measures to contain the epidemics.
T29 2238-2337 Sentence denotes In response to the outbreak of COVID-19, a series of prompt public health measures have been taken.
T30 2338-2456 Sentence denotes On 1 January, the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market was closed in the hope of eliminating zoonotic source of the virus5.
T31 2457-2727 Sentence denotes On 11 January, upon isolation of the viral strain for COVID-19 and establishment of its whole-genome sequences17, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) reagents were developed and provided to Wuhan, which ensured the fast ascertainment of infection15.
T32 2728-2844 Sentence denotes On 21 January, Emergency Response System was activated to better provide ongoing support to the COVID-19 response18.
T33 2845-2988 Sentence denotes Ever since the outbreak, the work of intensive surveillance, epidemiological investigations, and isolation of suspect cases gradually improved.
T34 2989-3108 Sentence denotes Those having had close contacts with infections were asked to receive medical observation and quarantine for 14 days19.
T35 3109-3238 Sentence denotes Travel from and to Wuhan City as well as other medium-sized cities in Hubei Province has been restricted since 23 January 202020.
T36 3239-3330 Sentence denotes The 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 has at least 79.5% similarity in genetic sequence to SARS-CoV5,17.
T37 3331-3479 Sentence denotes Riley21 estimated that 2.7 secondary infections were generated per case on average (R0 = 2.7) at the start of the SARS epidemic without controlling.
T38 3480-3602 Sentence denotes After isolating the patients and controlling the infection by the authority, the value of Rt for SARS decreased to 0.2522.
T39 3603-3750 Sentence denotes As Li et al.15 mentioned, it is possible that subsequent control measures in Wuhan, and elsewhere in mainland China, have reduced transmissibility.
T40 3751-3947 Sentence denotes A new estimation of the epidemic dynamics taking the unprecedentedly strict prevention and control measures in China into consideration is required to better guide the future prevention decisions.
T41 3948-4183 Sentence denotes In this article, we intended to make phase-adjusted estimation of the epidemic trend for the 2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2 infection transmission in Wuhan, China under two assumptions of Rt (maintaining high >1 or gradually decreasing to <1).
T42 4184-4432 Sentence denotes We hope to depict two types of epidemic dynamics to provide potential evaluation standard for the effects of current prevention and control measures, and to provide theoretical basis for future prevention decisions of the current epidemic in China.
T43 4434-4441 Sentence denotes Results
T44 4443-4558 Sentence denotes Estimation of the epidemic trend assuming that the prevention and control measures are insufficient in Wuhan, China
T45 4559-4709 Sentence denotes Assuming the epidemic continues to develop with R0 = 1.9, 2.6, and 3.19 from 1 December 2019, the number of infections will continue to rise (Fig. 1).
T46 4710-4849 Sentence denotes By the end of February 2020, COVID-19 cases would be 11,044, 70,258, and 227,989 in Wuhan, China with R0 = 1.9, 2.6, and 3.1, respectively.
T47 4850-4928 Sentence denotes Detailed calculation process is included in the Materials and methods section.
T48 4929-5049 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 Estimation of the number of COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China (December 2019–February 2020, R0 = 1.9, 2.6, and 3.1).
T49 5050-5222 Sentence denotes In all, 11,044, 70,258, and 227,989 represent the estimated number of COVID-19 cases by the end of February 2020 in Wuhan, China, with R0 = 1.9, 2.6, and 3.1, respectively.
T50 5224-5337 Sentence denotes Estimation of the epidemic trend assuming that the prevention and control measures are sufficient in Wuhan, China
T51 5338-5388 Sentence denotes The first phase (1 December 2019–23 January 2020):
T52 5389-5488 Sentence denotes It was the early phase of the epidemic when a few prevention and control measures were implemented.
T53 5489-5592 Sentence denotes The number of infections in Wuhan, China reached 17,656–25,875 by the end of this phase with R0 as 3.1.
T54 5593-5644 Sentence denotes The second phase (24 January 2020–2 February 2020):
T55 5645-5771 Sentence denotes From 23 January 2020 on, public transportations to and from Wuhan, as well as public transportation within Wuhan were stopped.
T56 5772-5881 Sentence denotes While gathering events inside Wuhan was banned, quarantine and isolation were gradually established in Wuhan.
T57 5882-5973 Sentence denotes The number of infections was 32,061–46,905 by the end of this phase as Rt decreased to 2.6.
T58 5974-6025 Sentence denotes The third phase (3 February 2020–15 February 2020):
T59 6026-6203 Sentence denotes New infectious disease hospitals and mobile cabin hospitals came into service and many medical and public health teams from other provinces and cities in China arrived in Wuhan.
T60 6204-6278 Sentence denotes The quarantine and isolation at the community level were further enhanced.
T61 6279-6373 Sentence denotes The number of infections would reach 53,070–77,390 if Rt could be reduced sequentially to 1.9.
T62 6374-6418 Sentence denotes The fourth phase (from 15 February 2020 on):
T63 6419-6519 Sentence denotes All of the most restrict public health measures may need a longest incubation period to take effect.
T64 6520-6687 Sentence denotes If Rt could be gradually reduced to 0.9 or 0.5 in the fourth phase, the epidemic peaks and inflection points might occur in Wuhan, China on 23 February or 19 February.
T65 6688-6794 Sentence denotes The number of infections would be 58,077–84,520 or 55,869–81,393 with Rt = 0.9 or 0.5, respectively (Figs.
T66 6795-6804 Sentence denotes 2 and 3).
T67 6805-6927 Sentence denotes Fig. 2 Phase-adjusted estimation of the number of COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China (1 December 2019–30 April 2020, E = 20I).
T68 6928-7267 Sentence denotes In all, 55,869 represents the estimated peak number of COVID-19 cases on 19 February 2020 in Wuhan, China with R0 = 0.5; 58,077 represents the estimated peak number of COVID-19 cases on 23 February 2020 in Wuhan, China with R0 = 0.9; E: number of exposed cases; I: number of infectious cases; E was assumed to be 20 times of I at baseline.
T69 7268-7390 Sentence denotes Fig. 3 Phase-adjusted estimation of the number of COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China (1 December 2019–30 April 2020, E = 30I).
T70 7391-7730 Sentence denotes In all, 81,393 represents the estimated peak number of COVID-19 cases on 19 February 2020 in Wuhan, China with R0 = 0.5; 84,520 represents the estimated peak number of COVID-19 cases on 23 February 2020 in Wuhan, China with R0 = 0.9; E: number of exposed cases; I: number of infectious cases; E was assumed to be 30 times of I at baseline.
T71 7731-7906 Sentence denotes Our model predicted 2323–3381 deaths in Wuhan, China when we assumed Rt as 0.9 and the percent of deaths as 4%; 2235–3256 deaths when we assumed Rt as 0.5 at the fourth phase.
T72 7907-7968 Sentence denotes An average of 2279–3318 deaths were also estimated (Table 1).
T73 7969-8061 Sentence denotes Table 1 Estimating the number of deaths of COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China (Rt = 0.9 or 0.5).
T74 8062-8087 Sentence denotes Rt = 0.9 Rt = 0.5 Average
T75 8088-8141 Sentence denotes Total cases 58,077–84,520 55,869–81,393 56,973–82,957
T76 8142-8183 Sentence denotes Deaths (4%) 2323–3381 2235–3256 2279–3318
T77 8184-8226 Sentence denotes Deaths (10%) 5808–8452 5587–8139 5697–8296
T78 8227-8278 Sentence denotes The estimated percent of deaths is about 4–10%6,24.
T79 8279-8534 Sentence denotes When we assumed Rt as 0.9 and the percent of deaths 10% based on calculation of case fatality rate (CFR) at early stage of the epidemic6, our model predicted 5808–8452 deaths in Wuhan, China; 5587–8139 deaths when we assumed Rt as 0.5 at the fourth phase.
T80 8535-8586 Sentence denotes An average of 5697–8296 deaths were also estimated.
T81 8588-8598 Sentence denotes Discussion
T82 8599-8905 Sentence denotes Estimations of the transmission risk and the epidemic trend of COVID-19 are of great importance because these can arouse the vigilance of the policy makers, health professionals, and the whole society so that enough resources would be mobilized in a speedy and efficient way for both control and treatment.
T83 8906-9185 Sentence denotes We estimated the number of infections using SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, and Removed) model under two assumptions of Rt (Rt maintaining to be >1 or Rt gradually decreasing to <1) in the purpose of depicting various possible epidemic trends of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.
T84 9186-9387 Sentence denotes Two estimations provide an approach for evaluating the sufficiency of the current measures taken in China, depending on whether or not the peak of the number of infections would occur in February 2020.
T85 9388-9558 Sentence denotes Assuming the current control measures were ineffective and insufficient, the estimated number of infections would continue to increase throughout February without a peak.
T86 9559-9725 Sentence denotes On the other hand, assuming the current control measures were effective and sufficient, the estimated number of infections would reach the peak in late February 2020.
T87 9726-9841 Sentence denotes According to Read’s research13, R0 for COVID-19 outbreak is much higher compared with other emergent coronaviruses.
T88 9842-9919 Sentence denotes It might be very difficult to contain or control the spreading of this virus.
T89 9920-10186 Sentence denotes If the prevention and control measures were not sufficient or some new factors occurred (e.g., a large proportion of cases with mild or none symptoms existed in the community; there were more zoonotic sources), the epidemic might continue to develop at a high speed.
T90 10187-10432 Sentence denotes Therefore, we depicted first the epidemic dynamics of the relatively unsatisfying circumstance based on the R0 estimated before the unprecedented efforts of China in the containment of the epidemics occurred and the newest documented parameters.
T91 10433-10628 Sentence denotes The curve continued to go up throughout February without any indication of dropping, indicating the need for further enhancement of public health measures for containment of the current outbreak.
T92 10629-11259 Sentence denotes However, as mentioned by WHO in the statement on 30 January, “it is still possible to interrupt virus spread, provided that countries put in place strong measures to detect disease early, isolate and treat cases, trace contacts, and promote social-distancing measures commensurate with the risk.”8 Responding to the outbreak, China has taken a series of unprecedentedly strict measures regardless of economic losses, including daily contact with WHO and comprehensive multi-sectoral approaches to fight against the virus and prevent further spread, showing the sense of responsibility of China to its citizens and the whole world.
T93 11260-11371 Sentence denotes Epidemic information has been released in an open, transparent, responsible, and timely manner home and abroad.
T94 11372-11458 Sentence denotes Cooperation has been established with other countries and international organizations.
T95 11459-11546 Sentence denotes These measures have won full recognition of the international community, including WHO.
T96 11547-11698 Sentence denotes Specifically in Wuhan, in the early phase from beginning of December 2019 to 23 January 2020, there was no limitation of population flow and gathering.
T97 11699-11831 Sentence denotes When the human-to-human transmission was confirmed, an important decision was made to isolate Wuhan from other parts of the country.
T98 11832-11995 Sentence denotes As a result, since 24 January 2020, all public transports from and to Wuhan, as well as public transports and people’s gathering events within Wuhan, were stopped.
T99 11996-12343 Sentence denotes Since 2 February 2020, strict public health measures were taken to prevent population flow among distinct communities, whereas since 9 February 2020, public health interventions including quarantine of each building in the urban area and each village in the rural area were implemented in order to block the transmission chain among the household.
T100 12344-12574 Sentence denotes Therefore, strong efforts of authorities and people in Wuhan with the support of the central government and people from all over China, as well as the WHO and the international society, may have gradually braked COVID-19 outbreak.
T101 12575-12674 Sentence denotes Rt is therefore assumed to decrease gradually from 3.1 to 0.5 in Wuhan, China in the current study.
T102 12675-12769 Sentence denotes The trend of the estimated cases is in accordance with the trend of currently confirmed cases.
T103 12770-12948 Sentence denotes The relatively big difference in number may be due to the possible existence of a large number of mild and asymptomatic cases and the imperfection of current diagnostic measures.
T104 12949-13156 Sentence denotes According to NHC, before 12 February 2020, the confirmed cases were diagnosed according to contact history, clinical manifestations, chest X-ray, or computer-assisted tomography (CT) and RT-PCR for COVID-19.
T105 13157-13410 Sentence denotes Since 12 February 2020, the diagnosis has been mainly based on contact history, clinical manifestation, and imaging evidence of pulmonary lesion suggestive of pneumonia, while viral detection with RT-PCR is still being performed in a part of patients23.
T106 13411-13650 Sentence denotes After the diagnosis method was changed, a large number of cases that were previously missed and piled up for testing were reported in Wuhan, which greatly increased the number of existing cases and made it approaching our estimated number.
T107 13651-13747 Sentence denotes A peak of the estimated number of infections would occur in late February under this assumption.
T108 13748-13906 Sentence denotes If the peak does occur in February, the very strong measures China has taken may have already received success in controlling the COVID-19 infection in Wuhan.
T109 13907-13997 Sentence denotes The number of deaths in the current study was estimated based on previously reported CFRs.
T110 13998-14093 Sentence denotes Chen et al.6 calculated it to be 11% based on 99 cases at the very early stage of the outbreak.
T111 14094-14268 Sentence denotes This mortality rate might not be representative of the whole patients’ population due to the relatively small sample size and scarce knowledge about the virus at early stage.
T112 14269-14397 Sentence denotes More recently, Yang et al.24 estimated the overall adjusted CFR among confirmed patients to be 3.06% with a sample size of 8866.
T113 14398-14476 Sentence denotes The number of deaths estimated accordingly might be more close to the reality.
T114 14477-14579 Sentence denotes Our estimation of the number of deaths only provides a possible range based on currently reported CFR.
T115 14580-14754 Sentence denotes The actual number of deaths might be lower with more mild and asymptomatic cases being detected and the improvement of clinical care and treatment as the epidemic progresses.
T116 14755-14910 Sentence denotes Hubei Province, of which Wuhan is the capital city, accounts for more than 80% of newly confirmed cases all over the country according to NHC daily report.
T117 14911-14989 Sentence denotes The current epidemic trend in Hubei Province is similar to that in Wuhan City.
T118 14990-15307 Sentence denotes Considering the high number of confirmed cases in the province, the currently strict measures should be continuously implemented both in Wuhan and other cities in Hubei Province no matter whether the peak of number of infections would occur or not, in order to reduce Rt to an ideal level and to control the epidemic.
T119 15308-15591 Sentence denotes Owing to the timely transportation restriction in Hubei Province and other measures, the number of newly confirmed cases remains relatively low and has decreased for 13 days in a row in other provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China outside Hubei Province.
T120 15592-15772 Sentence denotes However, independent self-sustaining human-to-human spread is estimated to already present in multiple major Chinese cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen16.
T121 15773-15947 Sentence denotes In addition, pressure on transmission control caused by the population migration after Spring Festival holidays may occur soon, especially in some densely populated cities25.
T122 15948-16057 Sentence denotes Necessary strict measures should still be maintained even when the current measures turn out to be effective.
T123 16058-16089 Sentence denotes Our study has some limitations.
T124 16090-16168 Sentence denotes Firstly, the SEIR model was set up based on a number of necessary assumptions.
T125 16169-16283 Sentence denotes For example, we assumed that no super-spreaders exist in the model, but there is currently no supportive evidence.
T126 16284-16416 Sentence denotes Secondly, the accuracy of the estimation model depends largely on the accuracy of the parameters it used, such as incubation period.
T127 16417-16530 Sentence denotes With more precise parameters obtained as the epidemic progresses, our estimation model will also be more precise.
T128 16531-16651 Sentence denotes Our estimates of the reproductive number from 3.1 to 0.5 are based on previous studies and experience from SARS control.
T129 16652-16763 Sentence denotes However, this measure may change substantially over the course of this epidemic and as additional data arrives.
T130 16764-16881 Sentence denotes Besides, using a fixed Rt value in each phase may incur potential bias because Rt is essentially a dynamic parameter.
T131 16882-16967 Sentence denotes Thirdly, these estimated data may not be sustained if unforeseeable factors occurred.
T132 16968-17099 Sentence denotes For example, if some infections were caused by multiple exposures to animals, these estimates will be exposed to a big uncertainty.
T133 17100-17273 Sentence denotes Fourthly, the epidemic trend shows great difference between Wuhan and Hubei Province and regions in mainland China outside Hubei Province according to the NHC reported data.
T134 17274-17390 Sentence denotes It is thus inappropriate to generalize the estimations in Wuhan to regions in mainland China outside Hubei Province.
T135 17391-17521 Sentence denotes The dynamics model for the other locations in mainland China remains to be developed and specific parameters need to be redefined.
T136 17522-17591 Sentence denotes Lastly, we do not provide model fit information in the current study.
T137 17592-17676 Sentence denotes SEIR model is a prediction model forecasting the number of infections in the future.
T138 17677-17822 Sentence denotes The data corresponding to actual situation in the future cannot be determined and this makes model fitting almost impossible during the outbreak.
T139 17823-17997 Sentence denotes We would carry out model fitting according to the real data in pace with more information and knowledge about the characteristics of COVID-19 and the epidemics in the future.
T140 17998-18182 Sentence denotes Despite the limitations mentioned above, the current study is the first to provide estimation for epidemic trend after strict prevention and control measures were implemented in China.
T141 18183-18334 Sentence denotes Whether current prevention and control measures are sufficient or not may be evaluated through the occurrence of the infection number peak in February.
T142 18335-18498 Sentence denotes Rigorous measures should still be maintained even when the current measures turn out to be effective by the end of February to prevent further spread of the virus.
T143 18500-18521 Sentence denotes Materials and methods
T144 18523-18528 Sentence denotes Model
T145 18529-18679 Sentence denotes We employed an infectious disease dynamics model (SEIR model) for the purpose of modeling and predicting the number of COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China.
T146 18680-18908 Sentence denotes The model is a classic epidemic method to analyze the infectious disease, which has a definite latent period, and has proved to be predictive for a variety of acute infectious diseases in the past such as Ebola and SARS22,26–31.
T147 18909-19139 Sentence denotes Application of the mathematical model is of great guiding significance to assess the impact of isolation of symptomatic cases as well as observation of asymptomatic contact cases and to promote evidence-based decisions and policy.
T148 19140-19398 Sentence denotes We assumed no new transmissions from animals, no differences in individual immunity, the time-scale of the epidemic is much faster than characteristic times for demographic processes (natural birth and death), and no differences in natural births and deaths.
T149 19399-19669 Sentence denotes In this model, individuals are classified into four types: susceptible (S; at risk of contracting the disease), exposed (E; infected but not yet infectious), infectious (I; capable of transmitting the disease), and removed (R; those who recover or die from the disease).
T150 19670-19730 Sentence denotes The total population size (N) is given by N = S + E + I + R.
T151 19731-19889 Sentence denotes It is assumed that susceptible individuals who have been infected first enter a latent (exposed) stage, during which they may have a low level of infectivity.
T152 19890-20775 Sentence denotes The differential equations of the SEIR model are given as:32,33\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm{d}}S/{\mathrm{d}}t = - {\beta}\,{S}\,{I}/{N},\\ {\mathrm{d}}E/{\mathrm{d}}t = {\beta}\,{S}\,{I}/{N} - {\sigma}\,{E},\\ {\mathrm{d}}I/{\mathrm{d}}t = {\sigma}\,{E} - {\gamma}\,{I},\\ {\mathrm{d}}R/{\mathrm{d}}t = {\gamma}\,{I},\\ {\beta} = {R}_{\mathrm{0}}{\gamma},\end{array}$$\end{document}dS∕dt=−βSI∕N,dE∕dt=βSI∕N−σE,dI∕dt=σE−γI,dR∕dt=γI,β=R0γ,where β is the transmission rate, σ is the infection rate calculated by the inverse of the mean latent period, and γ is the recovery rate calculated by the inverse of infectious period.
T153 20776-20875 Sentence denotes R software (version 3.6.2) was applied for all the calculations and estimates in the current study.
T154 20877-20913 Sentence denotes Data collection and parameter values
T155 20915-21009 Sentence denotes Estimation of the epidemic trend assuming the prevention and control measures are insufficient
T156 21010-21134 Sentence denotes We first estimated the epidemic trend in Wuhan, China assuming the current prevention and control measures are insufficient.
T157 21135-21219 Sentence denotes In this process, S was assumed to be the population of Wuhan City (11 million)15,34.
T158 21220-21334 Sentence denotes The initial assumed number of cases caused by zoonotic exposure was 40 (I) according to Imai et al.’s9 estimation.
T159 21335-21399 Sentence denotes We proposed E at 20 times of I in accordance with Read et al.13.
T160 21400-21554 Sentence denotes R was set as 0. σ was set as 1/5.2 according to the latest article by Li et al.15, which calculated the mean incubation period of COVID-19 to be 5.2 days.
T161 21555-21664 Sentence denotes Chen et al.6 calculated the average hospitalization period of 31 discharged patients to be 12.39 ± 4.77 days.
T162 21665-21831 Sentence denotes Yang et al.24 calculated the median time from disease onset to diagnosis among confirmed patients to be 5. γ was accordingly set as 1/18 (ceiling of 12.39 ± 5 is 18).
T163 21832-21949 Sentence denotes R0 was chosen based on Imai et al.’s9 estimation 2.6 (1.9–3.1) assuming 4000 (1000–9700) infections as of 18 January.
T164 21951-22043 Sentence denotes Estimation of the epidemic trend assuming the prevention and control measures are sufficient
T165 22044-22145 Sentence denotes This section discussed the scenario where the current prevention and control measures are sufficient.
T166 22146-22326 Sentence denotes The set of S, E, I, R, σ, and γ is the same as the first section except that we also explored the model with E at 30 times of I to provide a possible range of number of infections.
T167 22327-22425 Sentence denotes The absence of fever in COVID-19 cases is more frequent than in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection35.
T168 22426-22535 Sentence denotes Such patients may be missed since the current surveillance case definition focused mainly on fever detection.
T169 22536-22606 Sentence denotes Accordingly, the possibility of E at 30 times of I cannot be excluded.
T170 22607-22647 Sentence denotes R0 in this section was chosen by phases.
T171 22648-22826 Sentence denotes The first phase ranges from 1 December 2019 to 23 January 2020 and can be regarded as the early phase of the epidemic when a few prevention and control measures were implemented.
T172 22827-22914 Sentence denotes R0 was set as 3.1 consistent with Imai et al.’s9 estimation of high transmission level.
T173 22915-23131 Sentence denotes On 23 January 2020, airplanes, trains, and other public transportation within the city were restricted and other prevention and control measures such as quarantine and isolation were gradually established in Wuhan20.
T174 23132-23268 Sentence denotes So, the second phase began on 24 January and Rt was set as 2.6 consistent with Imai et al.’s9 estimation of moderate transmission level.
T175 23269-23429 Sentence denotes Second February was the last day of the extended Spring Festival holiday and Chinese authorities mobilized more medical resources to support Wuhan ever since36.
T176 23430-23570 Sentence denotes The newly constructed hospital “Huoshenshan” came into service on this day37 and “Leishenshan,” mobile cabin hospitals several days later38.
T177 23571-23622 Sentence denotes Also, more and more medical teams arrived in Wuhan.
T178 23623-23752 Sentence denotes So the third phase began on 3 February and Rt was set as 1.9 consistent with Imai et al.’s9 estimation of low transmission level.
T179 23753-23829 Sentence denotes All of these measures may need one longest incubation period to take effect.
T180 23830-24083 Sentence denotes So, the last phase began on 16 February and Rt was set as 0.9 and 0.5, respectively, assuming the prevention and control measures are sufficient and effective to depict two different levels of effect of the measures in reducing transmission probability.