LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7039910 / 10554-20464 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T81 0-10 Sentence denotes Discussion
T82 11-317 Sentence denotes Estimations of the transmission risk and the epidemic trend of COVID-19 are of great importance because these can arouse the vigilance of the policy makers, health professionals, and the whole society so that enough resources would be mobilized in a speedy and efficient way for both control and treatment.
T83 318-597 Sentence denotes We estimated the number of infections using SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, and Removed) model under two assumptions of Rt (Rt maintaining to be >1 or Rt gradually decreasing to <1) in the purpose of depicting various possible epidemic trends of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.
T84 598-799 Sentence denotes Two estimations provide an approach for evaluating the sufficiency of the current measures taken in China, depending on whether or not the peak of the number of infections would occur in February 2020.
T85 800-970 Sentence denotes Assuming the current control measures were ineffective and insufficient, the estimated number of infections would continue to increase throughout February without a peak.
T86 971-1137 Sentence denotes On the other hand, assuming the current control measures were effective and sufficient, the estimated number of infections would reach the peak in late February 2020.
T87 1138-1253 Sentence denotes According to Read’s research13, R0 for COVID-19 outbreak is much higher compared with other emergent coronaviruses.
T88 1254-1331 Sentence denotes It might be very difficult to contain or control the spreading of this virus.
T89 1332-1598 Sentence denotes If the prevention and control measures were not sufficient or some new factors occurred (e.g., a large proportion of cases with mild or none symptoms existed in the community; there were more zoonotic sources), the epidemic might continue to develop at a high speed.
T90 1599-1844 Sentence denotes Therefore, we depicted first the epidemic dynamics of the relatively unsatisfying circumstance based on the R0 estimated before the unprecedented efforts of China in the containment of the epidemics occurred and the newest documented parameters.
T91 1845-2040 Sentence denotes The curve continued to go up throughout February without any indication of dropping, indicating the need for further enhancement of public health measures for containment of the current outbreak.
T92 2041-2671 Sentence denotes However, as mentioned by WHO in the statement on 30 January, “it is still possible to interrupt virus spread, provided that countries put in place strong measures to detect disease early, isolate and treat cases, trace contacts, and promote social-distancing measures commensurate with the risk.”8 Responding to the outbreak, China has taken a series of unprecedentedly strict measures regardless of economic losses, including daily contact with WHO and comprehensive multi-sectoral approaches to fight against the virus and prevent further spread, showing the sense of responsibility of China to its citizens and the whole world.
T93 2672-2783 Sentence denotes Epidemic information has been released in an open, transparent, responsible, and timely manner home and abroad.
T94 2784-2870 Sentence denotes Cooperation has been established with other countries and international organizations.
T95 2871-2958 Sentence denotes These measures have won full recognition of the international community, including WHO.
T96 2959-3110 Sentence denotes Specifically in Wuhan, in the early phase from beginning of December 2019 to 23 January 2020, there was no limitation of population flow and gathering.
T97 3111-3243 Sentence denotes When the human-to-human transmission was confirmed, an important decision was made to isolate Wuhan from other parts of the country.
T98 3244-3407 Sentence denotes As a result, since 24 January 2020, all public transports from and to Wuhan, as well as public transports and people’s gathering events within Wuhan, were stopped.
T99 3408-3755 Sentence denotes Since 2 February 2020, strict public health measures were taken to prevent population flow among distinct communities, whereas since 9 February 2020, public health interventions including quarantine of each building in the urban area and each village in the rural area were implemented in order to block the transmission chain among the household.
T100 3756-3986 Sentence denotes Therefore, strong efforts of authorities and people in Wuhan with the support of the central government and people from all over China, as well as the WHO and the international society, may have gradually braked COVID-19 outbreak.
T101 3987-4086 Sentence denotes Rt is therefore assumed to decrease gradually from 3.1 to 0.5 in Wuhan, China in the current study.
T102 4087-4181 Sentence denotes The trend of the estimated cases is in accordance with the trend of currently confirmed cases.
T103 4182-4360 Sentence denotes The relatively big difference in number may be due to the possible existence of a large number of mild and asymptomatic cases and the imperfection of current diagnostic measures.
T104 4361-4568 Sentence denotes According to NHC, before 12 February 2020, the confirmed cases were diagnosed according to contact history, clinical manifestations, chest X-ray, or computer-assisted tomography (CT) and RT-PCR for COVID-19.
T105 4569-4822 Sentence denotes Since 12 February 2020, the diagnosis has been mainly based on contact history, clinical manifestation, and imaging evidence of pulmonary lesion suggestive of pneumonia, while viral detection with RT-PCR is still being performed in a part of patients23.
T106 4823-5062 Sentence denotes After the diagnosis method was changed, a large number of cases that were previously missed and piled up for testing were reported in Wuhan, which greatly increased the number of existing cases and made it approaching our estimated number.
T107 5063-5159 Sentence denotes A peak of the estimated number of infections would occur in late February under this assumption.
T108 5160-5318 Sentence denotes If the peak does occur in February, the very strong measures China has taken may have already received success in controlling the COVID-19 infection in Wuhan.
T109 5319-5409 Sentence denotes The number of deaths in the current study was estimated based on previously reported CFRs.
T110 5410-5505 Sentence denotes Chen et al.6 calculated it to be 11% based on 99 cases at the very early stage of the outbreak.
T111 5506-5680 Sentence denotes This mortality rate might not be representative of the whole patients’ population due to the relatively small sample size and scarce knowledge about the virus at early stage.
T112 5681-5809 Sentence denotes More recently, Yang et al.24 estimated the overall adjusted CFR among confirmed patients to be 3.06% with a sample size of 8866.
T113 5810-5888 Sentence denotes The number of deaths estimated accordingly might be more close to the reality.
T114 5889-5991 Sentence denotes Our estimation of the number of deaths only provides a possible range based on currently reported CFR.
T115 5992-6166 Sentence denotes The actual number of deaths might be lower with more mild and asymptomatic cases being detected and the improvement of clinical care and treatment as the epidemic progresses.
T116 6167-6322 Sentence denotes Hubei Province, of which Wuhan is the capital city, accounts for more than 80% of newly confirmed cases all over the country according to NHC daily report.
T117 6323-6401 Sentence denotes The current epidemic trend in Hubei Province is similar to that in Wuhan City.
T118 6402-6719 Sentence denotes Considering the high number of confirmed cases in the province, the currently strict measures should be continuously implemented both in Wuhan and other cities in Hubei Province no matter whether the peak of number of infections would occur or not, in order to reduce Rt to an ideal level and to control the epidemic.
T119 6720-7003 Sentence denotes Owing to the timely transportation restriction in Hubei Province and other measures, the number of newly confirmed cases remains relatively low and has decreased for 13 days in a row in other provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China outside Hubei Province.
T120 7004-7184 Sentence denotes However, independent self-sustaining human-to-human spread is estimated to already present in multiple major Chinese cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen16.
T121 7185-7359 Sentence denotes In addition, pressure on transmission control caused by the population migration after Spring Festival holidays may occur soon, especially in some densely populated cities25.
T122 7360-7469 Sentence denotes Necessary strict measures should still be maintained even when the current measures turn out to be effective.
T123 7470-7501 Sentence denotes Our study has some limitations.
T124 7502-7580 Sentence denotes Firstly, the SEIR model was set up based on a number of necessary assumptions.
T125 7581-7695 Sentence denotes For example, we assumed that no super-spreaders exist in the model, but there is currently no supportive evidence.
T126 7696-7828 Sentence denotes Secondly, the accuracy of the estimation model depends largely on the accuracy of the parameters it used, such as incubation period.
T127 7829-7942 Sentence denotes With more precise parameters obtained as the epidemic progresses, our estimation model will also be more precise.
T128 7943-8063 Sentence denotes Our estimates of the reproductive number from 3.1 to 0.5 are based on previous studies and experience from SARS control.
T129 8064-8175 Sentence denotes However, this measure may change substantially over the course of this epidemic and as additional data arrives.
T130 8176-8293 Sentence denotes Besides, using a fixed Rt value in each phase may incur potential bias because Rt is essentially a dynamic parameter.
T131 8294-8379 Sentence denotes Thirdly, these estimated data may not be sustained if unforeseeable factors occurred.
T132 8380-8511 Sentence denotes For example, if some infections were caused by multiple exposures to animals, these estimates will be exposed to a big uncertainty.
T133 8512-8685 Sentence denotes Fourthly, the epidemic trend shows great difference between Wuhan and Hubei Province and regions in mainland China outside Hubei Province according to the NHC reported data.
T134 8686-8802 Sentence denotes It is thus inappropriate to generalize the estimations in Wuhan to regions in mainland China outside Hubei Province.
T135 8803-8933 Sentence denotes The dynamics model for the other locations in mainland China remains to be developed and specific parameters need to be redefined.
T136 8934-9003 Sentence denotes Lastly, we do not provide model fit information in the current study.
T137 9004-9088 Sentence denotes SEIR model is a prediction model forecasting the number of infections in the future.
T138 9089-9234 Sentence denotes The data corresponding to actual situation in the future cannot be determined and this makes model fitting almost impossible during the outbreak.
T139 9235-9409 Sentence denotes We would carry out model fitting according to the real data in pace with more information and knowledge about the characteristics of COVID-19 and the epidemics in the future.
T140 9410-9594 Sentence denotes Despite the limitations mentioned above, the current study is the first to provide estimation for epidemic trend after strict prevention and control measures were implemented in China.
T141 9595-9746 Sentence denotes Whether current prevention and control measures are sufficient or not may be evaluated through the occurrence of the infection number peak in February.
T142 9747-9910 Sentence denotes Rigorous measures should still be maintained even when the current measures turn out to be effective by the end of February to prevent further spread of the virus.