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LitCovid-sentences  

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-130 Sentence denotes An emerging coronavirus causing pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China: calling for developing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies
T2 131-163 Sentence denotes Emerging Microbes and Infections
T3 164-166 Sentence denotes S.
T4 167-179 Sentence denotes Jiang et al.
T5 181-523 Sentence denotes In December of 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia caused by an unknown aetiology occurred in Wuhan, China and most patients were linked to a single seafood market, which reportedly sold seafood and some live animals, including poultry, bats, marmots and other wild animals, suggesting that the pathogen may be transmitted from an animal to human.
T6 524-613 Sentence denotes The pathogen was soon identified to be a novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV denoted by WHO [1].
T7 614-805 Sentence denotes On 19 January 2020, Wuhan Health Commission reported that a total 198 cases in the 25–89-year-old range were confirmed positive for 2019-nCoV, including 25 being discharged and 3 having died.
T8 806-1038 Sentence denotes Among the 170 patients under treatment in hospitals, 126, 35, and 9 are in mild, severe, and critical condition, respectively (http://www.thatsmags.com/china/post/30618/new-coronavirus-spreads-to-over-130-in-china-death-toll-rises).
T9 1039-1153 Sentence denotes In addition, two patients in Thailand, one in Japan, and one in South Korea, were detected positive for 2019-nCoV.
T10 1154-1466 Sentence denotes They did not visit the specific seafood market, but might have close contact with some pneumonia patients during their trip in Wuhan, raising the concern of limited human-to-human transmission of 2019-nCoV (http://www.thatsmags.com/china/post/30618/new-coronavirus-spreads-to-over-130-in-china-death-toll-rises).
T11 1467-1583 Sentence denotes Research scientists have released the full genomic sequence of 2019-nCoV, such as Wuhan-Hu-1 (GenBank, accession no.
T12 1584-1594 Sentence denotes MN908947).
T13 1595-1757 Sentence denotes The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the gene sequence of 2016-nCoV is 89% identical to that of bat SARS-like coronavirus ZXC21 (bat-SL-CoVZXC21, accession no.
T14 1758-2008 Sentence denotes MG772934.1) and ZC45 (MG772933.1), and 82% identical to that of SARS-CoV Tor2 (JX163927), suggesting that 2019-nCoV also belongs to betacoronavirus Lineage B, but has closer homology to bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21 than SARS-CoV [2] (Figure 1).
T15 2009-2219 Sentence denotes Both bat-SL-CoV ZC45 and ZXC21 were found in Chinese horseshoe bats (Rhinolopus sinicus) in Zhoushan city of Zhejiang Province, China between 2015 and 2017 [3], which can infect suckling rats and cause disease.
T16 2220-2446 Sentence denotes Given that there were some bats and live animals in the seafood market, 2019-nCoV may be originated from bats or live animals exposure to the materials contaminated with bat droppings in the seafood market or surrounding area.
T17 2447-2456 Sentence denotes Figure 1.
T18 2457-2772 Sentence denotes Analysis of the functional domains in 2019-nCoV spike protein and its gene. (A) Phylogenetic analysis of S gene of 2019-nCoV (Wuhan-Hu-1), bat-SL-CoVZXC21, bat-SL-CoVZXC45, SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses using Neighbor-Joining method. (B) The representative scheme of functional domains in S protein of 2019-nCoV.
T19 2773-3065 Sentence denotes SP, signal peptide; NTD, N-terminal domain; RBD, receptor-binding domain; FP, fusion peptide, HR1, heptad repeat 1; HR2, heptad repeat 2; TM, transmembrane domain; CP, cytoplasmic domain. (C) The target sites in 2019-nCoV S for development of vaccines, antibodies and fusion/entry inhibitors.
T20 3066-3466 Sentence denotes The rapid identification of this novel coronavirus is attributed to recent advances in the detection of respiratory virus infection, including reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR), reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and real-time RT-LAMP as well as multiplex nucleic acid amplification and microarray-based assays [4].
T21 3467-3639 Sentence denotes These methods are useful for detecting novel coronaviruses not only in humans, but also in animals for identification of animal reservoir or intermediate host of 2019-nCoV.
T22 3640-3970 Sentence denotes WHO recommended that if there is no clue about the putative pathogen from the pneumonia outbreak, a pan-coronavirus assay should be used for amplification followed by sequencing of the amplicon for characterization and confirmation (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330374/WHO-2019-nCoV-laboratory-2020.1-eng.pdf).
T23 3971-4165 Sentence denotes By aligning 2019-nCoV S protein sequence with those of SARS-CoV and several bat-SL-CoVs, we predicted that the cleavage site for generating S1 and S2 subunits is located at R694/S695 (Figure 1).
T24 4166-4368 Sentence denotes S1 subunit contains two functional domains, the N-terminal domain (NTD) and a receptor-binding domain (RBD), both of which are responsible for the binding of the virion to the receptor on the host cell.
T25 4369-4509 Sentence denotes They also contain several conformational neutralizing epitopes, serving as a target for developing neutralizing antibodies and vaccines [5].
T26 4510-4608 Sentence denotes S2 subunit contains three functional domains, fusion peptide (FP), and heptad repeat (HR) 1 and 2.
T27 4609-4869 Sentence denotes After binding of RBD in S1 to the receptor, the S2 subunit changes conformation by inserting the FP into the host cell membrane and association between HR1 and HR2 to form six-helical bundle (6-HB), resulting in the fusion between viral and cellular membranes.
T28 4870-4979 Sentence denotes The viral genetic materials enter into the host cell through the fusion pore for replication in the cell [5].
T29 4980-5284 Sentence denotes A peptide derived from the HR2 domain of SARS-CoV S protein (SC-1) can interact with HR1 region in viral S protein to form heterologous 6-HB, resulting in the inhibition of homologous 6-HB formation between HR1 and HR2 domains in viral S protein and thus blocking the viral fusion with the host cell [6].
T30 5285-5511 Sentence denotes Since 2019-nCoV S-HR2 sequence is 100% identical to that of SARS-CoV, while there are only a few mutations of non-critical amino acids in S-HR1 region, SC-1 peptide is expected to be also effective against 2019-nCoV infection.
T31 5512-5712 Sentence denotes We have recently designed and engineered a pan-CoV fusion inhibitor, EK1 peptide, which could inhibit infection of five human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and three bat-SL-CoVs [7].
T32 5713-5949 Sentence denotes Intranasal application of EK1 peptide before or after viral challenge, EK1 peptide can protect human DPP4-transgenic mice from MERS-CoV infection, suggesting its potential prophylactic and therapeutic effect against 2019-nCoV infection.
T33 5950-6146 Sentence denotes Once confirmed, we will develop EK1 peptide as a t prophylactic or therapeutic for intranasal application to prevent or treat infection by 2019-nCoV and other emerging coronaviruses in the future.
T34 6147-6411 Sentence denotes The RBDs of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV contain multiple conformation-dependent neutralizing epitopes that induce more potent neutralizing antibodies and protective efficacy against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, respectively, than other regions in S protein [5,8,9].
T35 6412-6674 Sentence denotes Modification of MERS-CoV S-RBD amino acid residues based on the structure design could improve its protection against MERS-CoV infection [9], suggesting that 2019-nCoV S-RBD or modified S-RBD of other coronavirus may be applied for developing 2019-nCoV vaccines.
T36 6675-6793 Sentence denotes Of course, the RBD-containing S and S1 of a coronavirus, e.g. 2019-nCoV, can also be used for vaccine development [8].
T37 6794-6997 Sentence denotes The recently developed SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and nanobodies with protective efficacy are specific to the S1 subunit of S protein, particularly the RBD [5,89–10].
T38 6998-7106 Sentence denotes Therefore, the 2019-nCoV S-RBD is anticipated to be a key target for developing 2019-nCoV neutralizing mAbs.
T39 7107-7331 Sentence denotes The neutralizing mAbs targeting non-RBD regions, including NTD and S2 of SARS-CoV and/or MERS-CoV S could also be identified [5,8,11,12], although their neutralizing potency is generally lower than that of RBD-specific mAbs.
T40 7332-7456 Sentence denotes It may take several months or even years for researching and developing neutralizing antibodies against 2019-nCoV infection.
T41 7457-7633 Sentence denotes One of the rapid approaches is to evaluate the currently available SARS-CoV neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing and protection activity against 2019-nCoV infection.
T42 7634-7849 Sentence denotes We have shown that SARS-CoV S-RBD-specific neutralizing mAbs and sera could cross-neutralize bat-SL-CoVs, such as bat-SL-CoV-W1V1 and bat-SL-CoV-SHC014 [13], suggesting that they may also cross-neutralize 2019-nCoV.
T43 7850-7988 Sentence denotes Once identified, these cross-neutralizing antibodies can be promptly developed for urgent prevention and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection.
T44 7990-8006 Sentence denotes Acknowledgements
T45 8007-8146 Sentence denotes We thank Dr Ben Hu at Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China for phylogenetic analysis of 2019-nCoV S gene.
T46 8148-8168 Sentence denotes Disclosure statement
T47 8169-8233 Sentence denotes No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
T48 8235-8240 Sentence denotes ORCID
T49 8241-8289 Sentence denotes Shibo Jiang http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8283-7135
T50 8290-8337 Sentence denotes Lanying Du http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5955-1294
T51 8338-8386 Sentence denotes Zhengli Shi http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8089-163X