LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7031769 / 109-16116 JSONTXT 12 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T4 0-66 Sentence denotes The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis is now present in China.
T5 67-212 Sentence denotes It started in December, 2019 and has, so far, led 213 individuals died and at least 9066 infected in China by local time 17:26, January 30, 2020.
T6 213-325 Sentence denotes It has also spread to a number of Asian countries, as well as to Canada, France, Germany, and the United States.
T7 326-507 Sentence denotes As a result, the Chinese government has put several major cities in Hubei Province on lockdown and has thrown plans for the Lunar New Year holiday into chaos for millions of people.
T8 508-680 Sentence denotes On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization also declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global health emergency because it could spread to countries that are not prepared.
T9 681-882 Sentence denotes Furthermore, to prevent the spread of the new and deadly virus, all cities in China now have shut down most public places and facilities, including parks, leaving many people with no place to exercise.
T10 883-979 Sentence denotes As a result, people may wonder if one should exercise at all during the outbreak and if so, how?
T11 980-1106 Sentence denotes These questions made Journal of Sport and Health Science remember some well-known studies done by my colleague, Dr. Jeffrey A.
T12 1107-1274 Sentence denotes Woods and his team at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), in which they found a protective effect of exercise on mortality due to influenza in mice.
T13 1275-1289 Sentence denotes Dr. Jeffrey A.
T14 1290-1295 Sentence denotes Woods
T15 1296-1344 Sentence denotes Dr. Woods is a Mottier Family Professor at UIUC.
T16 1345-1445 Sentence denotes His research focuses on the effects of exercise on the immune system, the gut microbiome, and aging.
T17 1446-1656 Sentence denotes He was among the first scholars to demonstrate that regular exercise can have an anti-inflammatory effect on the body and showed that exercise can improve the immune response to the flu vaccine in older adults.
T18 1657-1716 Sentence denotes I interviewed Dr. Woods for the “Should and How” questions.
T19 1717-1721 Sentence denotes Zhu:
T20 1722-1951 Sentence denotes Would you please tell the readers of Journal of Sport and Health Science a little bit about yourself, for example, where did you receive your training and what made you interested in exercise and immune function-related research?
T21 1952-1958 Sentence denotes Woods:
T22 1959-2014 Sentence denotes I am currently an administrator and researcher at UIUC.
T23 2015-2116 Sentence denotes I received my PhD from the University of South Carolina (USC) at Columbia under the direction of Drs.
T24 2117-2119 Sentence denotes J.
T25 2120-2145 Sentence denotes Mark Davis and Russ Pate.
T26 2146-2322 Sentence denotes I had an interest in understanding how exercise affected the immune system because not much was known about it, so I sought out co-mentors at the nearby USC School of Medicine.
T27 2323-2467 Sentence denotes There, I found Drs. Eugene Mayer and Abdul Ghaffar, who took me on as an additional mentee to learn about the immune system and how to study it.
T28 2468-2547 Sentence denotes In the 1980s, exercise immunology was a very new subfield for exercise science.
T29 2548-2768 Sentence denotes As time evolved, it has been satisfying to see how important the immune system is to the normal tissue and organ functioning and pathophysiology and how it plays a role in exercise adaptation in muscle and other tissues.
T30 2769-2773 Sentence denotes Zhu:
T31 2774-2919 Sentence denotes Please tell us about your well-known “exercise and flu” studies,1 , 2 including the purposes of the studies, research design, and major findings.
T32 2920-2926 Sentence denotes Woods:
T33 2927-3124 Sentence denotes Back in the 2000s, we performed a series of studies in mice and people to understand how individual bouts of exercise and exercise training affect influenza infection and vaccination, respectively.
T34 3125-3250 Sentence denotes In our animal studies, we found that moderate endurance exercise (30 min/day) could protect mice from death due to influenza.
T35 3251-3452 Sentence denotes Mice that exercised for longer durations (∼2.5 h/day) exhibited an increase in some illness symptoms, but there was no statistically significant difference in mortality when compared to sedentary mice.
T36 3453-3585 Sentence denotes We concluded that moderate exercise could be beneficial and that prolonged exercise could be detrimental to influenza-infected mice.
T37 3586-3655 Sentence denotes For obvious reasons, we have not performed this experiment in people.
T38 3656-3877 Sentence denotes We also did a large study to determine whether 10 months of regular endurance exercise could improve influenza vaccination responses in older adults, a group that is at risk for infectious disease due to immunosenescence.
T39 3878-4154 Sentence denotes We found that regular, moderate cardiovascular exercise could extend the protective effect of the annual influenza vaccination so that it maintained protective levels of antibodies throughout the entire influenza season (i.e., into March and April in the northern hemisphere).
T40 4155-4289 Sentence denotes We concluded that regular moderate endurance exercise might be one way to boost the protective effect of annual influenza vaccination.
T41 4290-4366 Sentence denotes It is very important for all people to receive the annual influenza vaccine.
T42 4367-4570 Sentence denotes Both influenza and coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infection that can lead to morbidity and mortality, especially in those who are immunocompromised or who have no existing immunity to the viruses.
T43 4571-4798 Sentence denotes Indeed, while the COVID-19 should not be taken lightly, influenza is a much bigger problem, but because it is relatively common and has been around for a long time, it does not receive the attention that new viral outbreaks do.
T44 4799-4877 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 is scary because it is new and we do not know a lot about it yet.
T45 4878-4997 Sentence denotes New viruses are always scary because we have little to no protective immunity against them and we do not have vaccines.
T46 4998-5103 Sentence denotes There is work going on to understand and develop preventive strategies to deal with this COVID-19 threat.
T47 5104-5237 Sentence denotes However, universal precautions to limit its spread are very important right now until a new vaccine or another strategy is available.
T48 5238-5242 Sentence denotes Zhu:
T49 5243-5411 Sentence denotes Based on your earlier studies, as well as the progresses made in exercise and immunization over the past 15 years, should people exercise during a coronavirus outbreak?
T50 5412-5443 Sentence denotes If so, what are the guidelines?
T51 5444-5450 Sentence denotes Woods:
T52 5451-5506 Sentence denotes It is safe to exercise during the coronavirus outbreak.
T53 5507-5657 Sentence denotes One should not limit the multitude of health benefits that exercise provides us on a daily basis just because there is a new virus in our environment.
T54 5658-5741 Sentence denotes However, there may be some additional precautions to reduce your risk of infection.
T55 5742-5883 Sentence denotes If you are a “social exerciser”, you might want to limit your exposure to exercise partners who have exhibited signs and symptoms of illness.
T56 5884-5976 Sentence denotes The problem, though, is that infected people may be infectious before they exhibit symptoms.
T57 5977-6065 Sentence denotes In some instances, wearing a mask while exercising may be a way to reduce your exposure.
T58 6066-6250 Sentence denotes It is very important to make sure that if you are exercising on equipment in fitness facilities or gymnasiums that you make sure to disinfect the equipment before and after you use it.
T59 6251-6434 Sentence denotes When done exercising, the most effective way to clean hands is to wet them with clean water, then apply soap and scrub for at least 20 s, before rinsing and drying with a clean towel.
T60 6435-6515 Sentence denotes Hand sanitizers with at least 60% alcohol content may also be used, but the U.S.
T61 6516-6606 Sentence denotes Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warns they are not effective against all germs.
T62 6607-6700 Sentence denotes This strategy should be used at all times, not just because there is an acute viral outbreak.
T63 6701-6818 Sentence denotes Avoiding touching your face and neck with your hands is also advised if you cannot disinfect them until a later time.
T64 6819-6933 Sentence denotes At this stage, we know the virus is transmitted through airborne droplets and direct contact with infected people.
T65 6934-7137 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses are primarily spread through close contact with another individual, in particular through coughing and sneezing on somebody else who is within a range of about 3 to 6 feet from that person.
T66 7138-7198 Sentence denotes We do not know how long the virus remains viable on objects.
T67 7199-7203 Sentence denotes Zhu:
T68 7204-7266 Sentence denotes Will the guidelines apply to previously sedentary individuals?
T69 7267-7273 Sentence denotes Woods:
T70 7274-7355 Sentence denotes It is safe for sedentary individuals to exercise or to start an exercise program.
T71 7356-7481 Sentence denotes Physician consultation and approval may be needed for people with disease, comorbidity, orthopedic problems, or advanced age.
T72 7482-7575 Sentence denotes As above, there are prudent precautions that can be taken to limit infectious disease spread.
T73 7576-7738 Sentence denotes Anything that increases your probability of coming into contact with an infected person, or that compromises your immune system, increases your risk of infection.
T74 7739-7800 Sentence denotes If you are sedentary, it may be a good idea not to overdo it.
T75 7801-7926 Sentence denotes Research suggests that unaccustomed strenuous or prolonged exercise might reduce the function of your immune system defenses.
T76 7927-8032 Sentence denotes As such, avoiding long and stressful exercise sessions that you are unaccustomed to might be a good idea.
T77 8033-8037 Sentence denotes Zhu:
T78 8038-8168 Sentence denotes What about the people who already got infected by flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), or the current COVID-19 in China?
T79 8169-8200 Sentence denotes Should they still do exercises?
T80 8201-8207 Sentence denotes Woods:
T81 8208-8345 Sentence denotes Typically, one can exercise moderately with mild upper respiratory tract symptoms (e.g., runny nose, sinus congestion, mild sore throat).
T82 8346-8531 Sentence denotes However, I would recommend against exercising if you are experiencing any of these symptoms: severe sore throat, body aches, shortness of breath, general fatigue, chest cough, or fever.
T83 8532-8605 Sentence denotes You should also seek medical care if you are experiencing those symptoms.
T84 8606-8816 Sentence denotes Typically, recovery from respiratory viral infections takes 2–3 weeks, which corresponds with the time it takes your immune system to generate cytotoxic T cells necessary to clear the virus from infected cells.
T85 8817-8944 Sentence denotes After this period, when symptoms are gone, it is safe to begin exercising regularly, but you may want to take it slow at first.
T86 8945-8949 Sentence denotes Zhu:
T87 8950-9208 Sentence denotes While many research studies examined the impact of a relatively long-term exercise intervention (8–12 weeks),3 4 others reported that even a single bout of exercise can help boost one's immune function.5 So, how quickly can one benefit from an exercise bout?
T88 9209-9215 Sentence denotes Woods:
T89 9216-9330 Sentence denotes I believe that even a single exercise bout can be beneficial, but regular exercise provides a much bigger benefit.
T90 9331-9473 Sentence denotes Molecular and cellular events take place within seconds to minutes following the beginning of an exercise bout or period of physical activity.
T91 9474-9630 Sentence denotes This is why there is so much work right now examining sitting time and how often physical activity should be interspersed with inactivity to promote health.
T92 9631-9846 Sentence denotes The historic thinking has been that exercise promotes a fight or flight stress response that mobilizes immune cells to get ready for impending infectious or noninfectious challenges accompanied by physical activity.
T93 9847-9950 Sentence denotes This makes sense from an evolutionary perspective where physical activity might lead to injury or harm.
T94 9951-9955 Sentence denotes Zhu:
T95 9956-9977 Sentence denotes What about intensity?
T96 9978-10081 Sentence denotes It seems that most studies and reviews say that the intensity of the exercises should be kept moderate.
T97 10082-10275 Sentence denotes However, Campbell and Turner6 have recently challenged this belief and claimed that there is no harmful effect on immune function even when a vigorous bout of exercise intervention is employed.
T98 10276-10365 Sentence denotes What is your view on the appropriate intensity of exercise for improving immune function?
T99 10366-10372 Sentence denotes Woods:
T100 10373-10521 Sentence denotes The report from Campbell and Turner6 focuses on highly fit individuals who compete in, and are accustomed to, long endurance, high-intensity events.
T101 10522-10757 Sentence denotes While I believe there is merit in the evidence they provide to refute the conclusions for that population, studies where sedentary people are forced to exercise at high intensities for prolonged periods might paint a different picture.
T102 10758-10963 Sentence denotes There are few such studies due to the ethics and safety concerns and there are many other variables that contribute to natural infections that would need to be accounted and controlled for in such studies.
T103 10964-11059 Sentence denotes The best studies would be ones that control exercise and infectious disease exposure in people.
T104 11060-11203 Sentence denotes These are difficult to ethically perform in people and it would be very difficult or impossible to get approved by institutional review boards.
T105 11204-11432 Sentence denotes Animal models, including ours as mentioned, may provide valuable insights into this argument and there are many studies demonstrating that prolonged, unaccustomed exercise can increase infectious disease morbidity and mortality.
T106 11433-11503 Sentence denotes These studies were not reconciled in the Campbell and Turner6 article.
T107 11504-11783 Sentence denotes However, as with all animal models, there are limitations, such as species differences, stress associated with forced exercise, the type of pathogen, and timing of exercise in relation to infection that would need to be taken into account before a firm conclusion could be drawn.
T108 11784-11788 Sentence denotes Zhu:
T109 11789-12066 Sentence denotes While most published studies have been focused on the impact of aerobic exercise on immune function, recent research studies have found resistance training and body–mind exercise such as Tai Ji Quan, known also as Tai Chi, and yoga could also be helpful to the immune function.
T110 12067-12132 Sentence denotes What is your view and recommendation on these types of exercises?
T111 12133-12139 Sentence denotes Woods:
T112 12140-12300 Sentence denotes There have been some more recent studies aimed at determining the role of resistance training and high-intensity interval training on various immune parameters.
T113 12301-12401 Sentence denotes My take of the literature is that there are still very few studies on this to make firm conclusions.
T114 12402-12567 Sentence denotes We published a study in 20077 examining the influence of 5 months of Tai Ji Quan/Qigong could influence the immune response to influenza vaccination in older adults.
T115 12568-12712 Sentence denotes We found significant increases in the magnitude and duration of antibody responses in Tai Ji Quan/Qigong participants when compared to controls.
T116 12713-12924 Sentence denotes While I am unaware if these data have been replicated, a recent systematic review on the effects of yoga concluded that yoga might be beneficial for those suffering from diseases with an inflammatory component.8
T117 12925-12929 Sentence denotes Zhu:
T118 12930-12995 Sentence denotes You have many firsts in the area of exercise and immune function.
T119 12996-13130 Sentence denotes Would you please list a few top questions that the field should address so that young researchers can address some of these questions?
T120 13131-13137 Sentence denotes Woods:
T121 13138-13446 Sentence denotes While there has been much progress in understanding the impact of exercise on our immune systems, there is still much we do not know and the challenge is that we have known about these questions for some time but limitations of human experimentation and a dearth of good animal models have hindered progress.
T122 13447-13532 Sentence denotes Questions such as shown below are key questions for the field to be moving forward:1.
T123 13533-13620 Sentence denotes What are the mechanisms whereby exercise affects various aspects of immune functioning?
T124 13621-13623 Sentence denotes 2.
T125 13624-13712 Sentence denotes How do various acute and chronic exercise paradigms affect immune system omics measures?
T126 13713-13715 Sentence denotes 3.
T127 13716-13777 Sentence denotes Does exercise cause epigenetic changes in our immune systems?
T128 13778-13780 Sentence denotes 4.
T129 13781-13862 Sentence denotes Do exercise-induced changes in immune functioning translate into health benefits?
T130 13863-13865 Sentence denotes 5.
T131 13866-13927 Sentence denotes How does exercise impact the gut microbiome and gut immunity?
T132 13928-13930 Sentence denotes 6.
T133 13931-13999 Sentence denotes What are optimal exercise dose-responses for various disease states?
T134 14000-14004 Sentence denotes Zhu:
T135 14005-14125 Sentence denotes Finally, you have been very supportive of Chinese scholars and have trained some excellent graduate students from China.
T136 14126-14210 Sentence denotes You have also often reviewed the research works submitted from Chinese laboratories.
T137 14211-14339 Sentence denotes Based on your observation and experience, which areas should the Chinese scholars and laboratories further improve and focus on?
T138 14340-14346 Sentence denotes Woods:
T139 14347-14488 Sentence denotes Yes, I get many inquiries from Chinese and other international students about potentially working in my laboratory as a pre-doctoral student.
T140 14489-14815 Sentence denotes The main advice that I would give these students is to make sure that you have (a) a strong academic record that includes basic science courses (i.e., chemistry, physiology), (b) evidence of basic science wet laboratory skills, and (c) tangible research output (i.e., abstracts, publications, and presentations) in your field.
T141 14816-14962 Sentence denotes I would also caution about using cold call e-mails that do not reflect careful thought and research relative to the individual you are contacting.
T142 14963-15142 Sentence denotes You should read the work and understand the research interests of the professor you are contacting while also making a case that you have strong interests and skills in this area.
T143 15143-15306 Sentence denotes Most of the Chinese scholars I have mentored came to me on recommendation from someone I know and trust (e.g., another U.S. or international professor or student).
T144 15307-15385 Sentence denotes Thus, it is important to create a network of people in your field of interest.
T145 15386-15452 Sentence denotes You can do this by interacting with people at scientific meetings.
T146 15453-15654 Sentence denotes If that is not an option due to cost or circumstance, I would recommend trying to find any connection between you, your institution, or your current mentor and someone at a target institution of study.
T147 15655-15908 Sentence denotes As for manuscripts coming from Chinese or international laboratories submitted to English-language journals, my recommendation would be to make sure that the manuscript has been carefully edited for spelling and grammar relative to the English language.
T148 15909-16007 Sentence denotes No matter how good the science is, if the presentation is poor it will reflect poorly on the work.