LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7026896 / 2999-10448 JSONTXT 13 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T18 0-8 Sentence denotes Analysis
T19 9-295 Sentence denotes This outbreak and the response to it illustrate some key issues about how global preparedness and response capacity for outbreaks have evolved over almost two decades since the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic of 2002/3 and what lessons have, or have not, been learned.
T20 296-498 Sentence denotes It also raises questions about the impact these lessons have had on the way agencies and governments respond to these events and about the role of the WHO and the International Health Regulations (IHR).
T21 500-512 Sentence denotes Coordination
T22 513-752 Sentence denotes One of the critical lessons from the SARS experience was the absolute necessity to be able to coordinate the international resources that are available in an outbreak and to get them focussed on identifying priorities and solving problems.
T23 753-932 Sentence denotes The WHO established the means to do this for SARS and it has since been further developed and integrated into global preparedness, especially after the West Africa Ebola epidemic.
T24 933-1511 Sentence denotes Organisations such as the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), the Global Research Collaboration For Infectious Disease Preparedness (GloPID-R) and the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) have been supported by the WHO Research Blueprint and its Global Coordinating Mechanism to provide a forum where those with the expertise and capacity to contribute to managing new threats can come together both between and during outbreaks to develop innovative solutions to emerging problems.
T25 1512-1587 Sentence denotes This global coordination has been active in the novel coronavirus outbreak.
T26 1588-1846 Sentence denotes WHO's response system includes three virtual groups based on those developed for SARS to collate real time information to inform real time guidelines, and a first candidate vaccine is ready for laboratory testing within 4 weeks of the virus being identified.
T27 1848-1857 Sentence denotes Reporting
T28 1858-2017 Sentence denotes Another key factor in successfully preventing and managing emerging threats is the rapid and transparent sharing of information between countries and agencies.
T29 2018-2209 Sentence denotes There was extensive criticism of China for its perceived failure to share information about the emerging SARS infection early enough in the outbreak to allow countries to prepare and respond.
T30 2210-2441 Sentence denotes There were similar concerns about information sharing as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) emerged and evolved in the Middle East in 2012, particularly in Saudi Arabia, and about the emergence of Ebola in West Africa in 2014.
T31 2442-2656 Sentence denotes On this occasion information sharing seems to have been rapid and effective (while recognising that the information available in the early stages of an outbreak is always less than the global community would like).
T32 2657-2833 Sentence denotes The WHO was notified of the original clustering within days and the full genomic sequence of the new virus was published less than 2 weeks after the cluster was first detected.
T33 2834-2953 Sentence denotes The WHO has expressed its satisfaction with the actions of the Chinese authorities in sharing information with the WHO.
T34 2955-2989 Sentence denotes Journalists and risk communication
T35 2990-3210 Sentence denotes Working with journalists and the media to help them understand the science and epidemiology, particularly in a fast moving event, will improve risk communication to the public and reduce inappropriate concerns and panic.
T36 3211-3469 Sentence denotes While reporting of this outbreak shows signs of the efforts of epidemiologists, infectious disease experts, national and international public health agencies and others engaging with journalists, there are also signs that this is not yet achieving it's goal.
T37 3470-3830 Sentence denotes For example, the public perception is that the increase in case numbers reported daily by the Chinese authorities represents a daily escalation in the epidemic while the reality is that these numbers are also the result of active, aggressive, case finding in China and some of these cases are ‘old’ cases newly recognised as being due to the novel coronavirus.
T38 3831-4070 Sentence denotes Similarly the virus is usually described by the media as ‘deadly’ and although this is true in the sense that it has caused deaths, the nuances of uncertain case fatality rates in the early stages of an outbreak are not being communicated.
T39 4071-4224 Sentence denotes The current estimated case fatality rate seems to be around 3% which is significant but not comparable to the 10% rate for SARS or 34% reported for MERS.
T40 4225-4279 Sentence denotes These misperceptions are still driving public anxiety.
T41 4281-4299 Sentence denotes Informal reporting
T42 4300-4514 Sentence denotes To supplement formal reporting mechanisms between countries and with WHO (including the IHR), the use of informal mechanisms such as media and social media reports was advocated in the light of the SARS experience.
T43 4515-4681 Sentence denotes There are now globally several systems that provide collated information from informal reporting including networks of experts and scanning of media and social media.
T44 4682-4816 Sentence denotes These contribute to, and amplify, epidemic intelligence and are being integrated with national and international surveillance systems.
T45 4817-4930 Sentence denotes The value, and the challenges, of this additional source of information has been evident in the current outbreak.
T46 4931-5139 Sentence denotes The value comes from ensuring that early indications of cases beyond the initial outbreak city have been detected and can supplement the global risk assessment and monitoring of the evolution of the outbreak.
T47 5140-5452 Sentence denotes The challenges lie in the volume and diversity of the information available and the relative lack of verification mechanisms, such that one of these systems (ProMed) has commented that it was becoming increasingly difficult to assimilate the information being supplied [4] and to make meaningful interpretations.
T48 5454-5488 Sentence denotes Health care workers & hospital IPC
T49 5489-5569 Sentence denotes Early in the outbreak it was reported that health workers had not been infected.
T50 5570-5675 Sentence denotes This was reassuring because it is health workers who many times, and inadvertently, amplify transmission.
T51 5676-5854 Sentence denotes Failure to wash hands between patients, for example, can result not only in autoinfection, but also in infection of patients hospitalised for other causes when they provide care.
T52 5855-6039 Sentence denotes Autoinfection is not only a risk for the health worker, but also for their families and the communities in which they live, depending on the transmissibility and means of transmission.
T53 6040-6126 Sentence denotes More recently infection, and at least one death, in health workers has been confirmed.
T54 6127-6193 Sentence denotes Although not unexpected this does add to the epidemiological risk.
T55 6195-6216 Sentence denotes Superspreading events
T56 6217-6422 Sentence denotes A characteristic of the SARS outbreak was the variability of transmissibility between cases and the occurrence of ‘superspreading events’ where a case infected significantly more contacts than the average.
T57 6423-6499 Sentence denotes This was also seen with MERS in the outbreak in the Republic of Korea (RoK).
T58 6500-6636 Sentence denotes In this current novel coronavirus outbreak, such superspreading events have not been documented but the epidemiology is still not clear.
T59 6637-6734 Sentence denotes Confirming whether or not this is happening must be an urgent task for the Chinese investigation.
T60 6735-6930 Sentence denotes Modellers have suggested reproductive rates (R0) of 3.8 (95% confidence interval, 3.6–4.0) [5] and 2.6 (1.5–3.5) [6]; R0 for SARS was estimated at around 3 in the absence of control measures [7].
T61 6932-6941 Sentence denotes Economics
T62 6942-7025 Sentence denotes The economic impact of major outbreaks can be substantial for the affected country.
T63 7026-7094 Sentence denotes This was seen clearly in SARS, MERS in RoK and Ebola in West Africa.
T64 7095-7314 Sentence denotes One analyst estimates that the current coronavirus outbreak's likely impact will range from a 0.8% cut to real GDP if the epidemic is controlled within 3 months, to a 1.9% cost to GDP if the epidemic lasts 9 months [8].
T65 7315-7449 Sentence denotes This may increase substantially in the light of the extended restrictions on movement, and therefore trade and commerce, within China.