LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7017878 / 4424-12826 JSONTXT 12 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T22 0-21 Sentence denotes Materials and methods
T23 23-51 Sentence denotes Study sites and participants
T24 52-573 Sentence denotes The Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces in southern China were selected for this study because of their historical importance in the origin of emerging infectious diseases,16 diverse wildlife population within protected forests17 and intensive wildlife farming and trade activities.18 Three sites in rural areas were identified in each province where our previous research had found numerous bat and rodent populations harbouring viruses with pathogenic potential for humans, at sites close to human communities.19–21
T25 574-978 Sentence denotes Enrolment criteria for participation in an ethnographic interview in this study included: individuals were residents of the target community, aged ≥18 y, with prior contact with live animals directly (e.g. by raising, hunting, trading or slaughtering live animals) or indirectly (e.g. through animals living in or entering dwellings/crops, bat roosts within roofs, animals invading stored food or crops).
T26 979-1174 Sentence denotes We targeted a gender breakdown of 35% of participants being female and aimed to have a diverse sample of participants from different age groups and levels of power and influence in the community.
T27 1176-1200 Sentence denotes Recruitment and sampling
T28 1201-1446 Sentence denotes In each province, project investigators provided a two-day training workshop for study staff from local provincial and city-level Centres for Disease Control and Prevention who spoke the local language and were familiar with the local community.
T29 1447-1726 Sentence denotes This included a unit on the ethical conduct of human subject research, an in-depth review of the study design and objectives, and comprehensive information on the implementation of observational research, semistructured interviews and notetaking within the context of this study.
T30 1727-2191 Sentence denotes Participants were identified through key informants and the snowball sampling method because the population size at selected sites and the people who had high-risk contacts with live animals were difficult to elucidate.22 Starting with the key informants, we asked each participant to suggest people who met the inclusion criteria and who might be interested in participating in this study; we then contacted the referrals for potential participation in our study.
T31 2192-2342 Sentence denotes Local study staff visited potential participants and provided these individuals with the participant information sheet to introduce them to the study.
T32 2343-2485 Sentence denotes We aimed to obtain a minimum sample size of 20 participants from each of the three provinces, for a total sample size of over 60 participants.
T33 2486-2641 Sentence denotes At least two field observations of local markets and household environments were conducted at each study site, for a total of 18 observations at a minimum.
T34 2642-2692 Sentence denotes Participation in the study was strictly voluntary.
T35 2693-2803 Sentence denotes Study staff reviewed the information sheet with potential participants and explained the details of the study.
T36 2804-3097 Sentence denotes This included the voluntary nature of participation, inclusion and exclusion criteria, study implementation processes (e.g. that the interview would be audio-recorded), potential risks and benefits of participation, results sharing and that they could withdraw their participation at any time.
T37 3098-3290 Sentence denotes It was also explained that an item as a token would be given as appreciation for their participation, which was identified by the study team and appropriate for the context of the study sites.
T38 3291-3348 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Coding themes, subthemes and analysis framework
T39 3349-3438 Sentence denotes Figure 2 Nine study sites in the Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong Provinces, Southern China
T40 3440-3470 Sentence denotes Data collection and management
T41 3471-3838 Sentence denotes After completion of the informed consent process, one-on-one semistructured interviews were conducted focusing on the five core themes outlined in the interview guide related to zoonotic disease emergence: human movement, socioeconomics, biosecurity in human environments, human–animal contact and illness, and medical care/treatment and death (Supplementary Data I).
T42 3839-3946 Sentence denotes All interviews were conducted in the local language and audio-recorded without any identifying information.
T43 3947-4043 Sentence denotes Confidentiality was maintained by conducting the interviews in a private and secure environment.
T44 4044-4206 Sentence denotes At the end of the interview, each study participant received a bottle of cooking oil or laundry detergent valued at no more than US$10 as a token of appreciation.
T45 4207-4288 Sentence denotes Field observations were conducted by study staff at each study site concurrently.
T46 4289-4643 Sentence denotes Observations were general and implemented in three settings: (1) local markets where live animals were traded, (2) in and/or around the dwellings of study participants and, if applicable, (3) community centres, to obtain an overview of the study site and the communities, and supplementary data on human-animal interactions and environmental biosecurity.
T47 4644-4726 Sentence denotes The observed information was narrated by study staff and audio-recorded on site.23
T48 4727-5207 Sentence denotes To enhance saturation, efforts were made to include a large variety of people with different backgrounds, to conduct a maximized number of interviews during the 8 wk study period in each province and to cover as many themes and subthemes from the interview guide as possible in each interview.24 All data generated, including notes, audio files, digital transcripts and the interviewer checklist, were coded with an alphanumeric ID to preserve the confidentiality of participants.
T49 5208-5266 Sentence denotes Paper files were scanned electronically and then shredded.
T50 5267-5388 Sentence denotes All electronic data were encrypted and password-protected, and access was limited to the study staff conducting analyses.
T51 5390-5403 Sentence denotes Data analysis
T52 5404-5519 Sentence denotes All interviews and observations were transcribed from the local language into Mandarin and translated into English.
T53 5520-5661 Sentence denotes All transcripts were imported into MAXQDA release 12 statistical software (VERBI Software, Berlin, Germany) for data management and analysis.
T54 5662-5981 Sentence denotes The analysis process incorporated both deductive and inductive approaches, and followed a process of initial coding, identification of new themes, primary coding and identification and analysis of emerging themes.25 An initial codebook associated with the five core themes of the interview guide was developed a priori.
T55 5982-6175 Sentence denotes After a close reading of the transcripts, two authors used the initial codebook to independently code two transcripts in their entirety, making notes on emerging themes and specified subthemes.
T56 6176-6289 Sentence denotes Subsequently, the two authors adapted the codebook and used the modified codebook to code all of the transcripts.
T57 6290-6517 Sentence denotes During the coding process, the two authors met when any major new themes or concepts emerged to decide on any necessary revisions to the codebook, until no new themes emerged and no new information was obtained from the coding.
T58 6518-6753 Sentence denotes The final codebook was restructured with five sections: (1) demographics, (2) biosecurity in human environments, (3) human–animal contact, (4) illness, treatment and death and (5) animal taxa; subthemes were defined under each section.
T59 6754-6826 Sentence denotes After completion of the coding, a code report was generated from MAXQDA.
T60 6827-7560 Sentence denotes Internal reliability was assessed by comparing the coded segments from two authors on the same two transcripts to reach a minimum code interaction rate of 80%.26 A saturation grid was built using the ‘Segment Retrieval’ function in MAXQDA to ensure saturation was reached.27 Coded segments were categorized into protective factors and risk factors based on their known associations with disease transmission, and the analysis was stratified at the individual, community and policy or regulation level.28 At the individual level, both risk and protective factors were analysed in terms of the individuals' knowledge, attitudes and practices to better understand the risk factors for identifying context-based strategies.29 (Figure 1).
T61 7561-7623 Sentence denotes Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study participants
T62 7624-7659 Sentence denotes Characteristic Participants (n=88)
T63 7660-7675 Sentence denotes Frequency, n %
T64 7676-7682 Sentence denotes Gender
T65 7683-7695 Sentence denotes Male 58 66
T66 7696-7710 Sentence denotes Female 30 34
T67 7711-7718 Sentence denotes Age (y)
T68 7719-7730 Sentence denotes 18–30 8 9
T69 7731-7744 Sentence denotes 31–50 55 63
T70 7745-7756 Sentence denotes >50 25 28
T71 7757-7765 Sentence denotes Province
T72 7766-7780 Sentence denotes Yunnan 36 41
T73 7781-7796 Sentence denotes Guangxi 25 28
T74 7797-7814 Sentence denotes Guangdong 27 31
T75 7815-7835 Sentence denotes Source of livelihood
T76 7836-7863 Sentence denotes Government employee 10 11
T77 7864-7894 Sentence denotes Private company employee 7 8
T78 7895-7915 Sentence denotes School teacher 5 6
T79 7916-7970 Sentence denotes Cash crop production (e.g. fruit tree, bamboo) 23 26
T80 7971-8018 Sentence denotes Grain crop production (e.g. corn, rice) 32 36
T81 8019-8060 Sentence denotes Household animal raising for sale 13 15
T82 8061-8089 Sentence denotes Domestic animal farmer 1 1
T83 8090-8114 Sentence denotes Wild animal farmer 2 2
T84 8115-8134 Sentence denotes Health worker 2 2
T85 8135-8162 Sentence denotes Construction worker 10 11
T86 8163-8190 Sentence denotes Nature reserve worker 8 9
T87 8191-8252 Sentence denotes Small business (e.g. restaurant, grocery store owner) 16 18
T88 8253-8266 Sentence denotes Student 1 1
T89 8267-8283 Sentence denotes Mineworker 1 1
T90 8284-8341 Sentence denotes Other casual or out-migrating work (non-specific) 30 34
T91 8342-8402 Sentence denotes Has worked or work on multiple jobs to make a living 35 40