LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7004396 / 154-19152 JSONTXT 15 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T2 0-222 Sentence denotes On December 31, 2019, Chinese health officials reported a cluster of cases of acute respiratory illness in persons associated with the Hunan seafood and animal market in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, in central China.
T3 223-360 Sentence denotes On January 7, 2020, Chinese health officials confirmed that a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was associated with this initial cluster (1).
T4 361-553 Sentence denotes As of February 4, 2020, a total of 20,471 confirmed cases, including 2,788 (13.6%) with severe illness,* and 425 deaths (2.1%) had been reported by the National Health Commission of China (2).
T5 554-707 Sentence denotes Cases have also been reported in 26 locations outside of mainland China, including documentation of some person-to-person transmission and one death (2).
T6 708-774 Sentence denotes As of February 4, 11 cases had been reported in the United States.
T7 775-968 Sentence denotes On January 30, the World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General declared that the 2019-nCoV outbreak constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.† On January 31, the U.S.
T8 969-1447 Sentence denotes Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary declared a U.S. public health emergency to respond to 2019-nCoV.§ Also on January 31, the president of the United States signed a “Proclamation on Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirus,” which limits entry into the United States of persons who traveled to mainland China to U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents and their families (3).
T9 1448-1639 Sentence denotes CDC, multiple other federal agencies, state and local health departments, and other partners are implementing aggressive measures to slow transmission of 2019-nCoV in the United States (4,5).
T10 1640-1834 Sentence denotes These measures require the identification of cases and their contacts in the United States and the appropriate assessment and care of travelers arriving from mainland China to the United States.
T11 1835-1939 Sentence denotes These measures are being implemented in anticipation of additional 2019-nCoV cases in the United States.
T12 1940-2484 Sentence denotes Although these measures might not prevent the eventual establishment of ongoing, widespread transmission of the virus in the United States, they are being implemented to 1) slow the spread of illness; 2) provide time to better prepare health care systems and the general public to be ready if widespread transmission with substantial associated illness occurs; and 3) better characterize 2019-nCoV infection to guide public health recommendations and the development of medical countermeasures including diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
T13 2485-2548 Sentence denotes Public health authorities are monitoring the situation closely.
T14 2549-2724 Sentence denotes As more is learned about this novel virus and this outbreak, CDC will rapidly incorporate new knowledge into guidance for action by CDC and state and local health departments.
T15 2725-2883 Sentence denotes Some coronaviruses, such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), are the result of human-animal interactions.
T16 2884-3009 Sentence denotes Preliminary investigation of 2019-nCoV also suggests a zoonotic origin (6), but the exact origin has not yet been determined.
T17 3010-3132 Sentence denotes Person-to-person spread is evident (7); however, how easily the virus is transmitted between persons is currently unclear.
T18 3133-3250 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV is similar to coronaviruses that cause MERS and SARS, which are transmitted mainly by respiratory droplets.
T19 3251-3367 Sentence denotes Signs and symptoms of patients with confirmed 2019-nCoV infection include fever, cough, and shortness of breath (8).
T20 3368-3540 Sentence denotes Based on the incubation period of illness from MERS and SARS coronaviruses, CDC believes that symptoms of 2019-nCoV infection occur within 2 to 14 days following infection.
T21 3541-3956 Sentence denotes Preliminary information suggests that older adults and persons with underlying health conditions or compromised immune systems might be at higher risk for severe illness from this virus (9); however, many characteristics of this novel coronavirus and how it might affect individual persons and potentially vulnerable population subgroups, such as the elderly or those with chronic health conditions, remain unclear.
T22 3958-3984 Sentence denotes Epidemiology of First U.S.
T23 3985-3990 Sentence denotes Cases
T24 3991-4098 Sentence denotes On January 21, 2020, the first person in the United States with diagnosed 2019-nCoV infection was reported.
T25 4099-4194 Sentence denotes As of February 4, a total of 293 persons from 36 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S.
T26 4195-4372 Sentence denotes Virgin Islands were under investigation based on current patient under investigation (PUI) definitions,¶ and also included those being evaluated because they are close contacts.
T27 4373-4533 Sentence denotes Of these PUIs, 11 patients have confirmed 2019-nCoV infection using a real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay developed by CDC.
T28 4534-4588 Sentence denotes These 11 cases were diagnosed in the following states:
T29 4589-4688 Sentence denotes Arizona (one), California (six), Illinois (two), Massachusetts (one), and Washington (one) (Table).
T30 4689-4729 Sentence denotes Nine cases were in travelers from Wuhan.
T31 4730-4900 Sentence denotes Eight of these nine cases were identified as a result of patients seeking clinical care for symptoms and clinicians connecting with the appropriate public health systems.
T32 4901-5065 Sentence denotes Two cases (one each in California and Illinois) occurred in close contacts of two confirmed cases and were diagnosed as part of routine monitoring of case contacts.
T33 5066-5131 Sentence denotes All patients are being monitored closely for progressing illness.
T34 5132-5182 Sentence denotes No deaths have been reported in the United States.
T35 5183-5299 Sentence denotes TABLE Characteristics of initial 2019 novel coronavirus cases (N = 11) — United States, January 21–February 4, 2020
T36 5300-5398 Sentence denotes Case State Approximate age (yrs) Sex Place of exposure Date laboratory confirmation announced
T37 5399-5438 Sentence denotes 1 Washington 30s M Wuhan 1/21/2020
T38 5439-5476 Sentence denotes 2 Illinois 60s F Wuhan 1/24/2020
T39 5477-5513 Sentence denotes 3 Arizona 20s M Wuhan 1/26/2020
T40 5514-5553 Sentence denotes 4 California 30s M Wuhan 1/27/2020
T41 5554-5593 Sentence denotes 5 California 50s M Wuhan 1/27/2020
T42 5594-5644 Sentence denotes 6 Illinois 60s M Household Illinois 1/30/2020
T43 5645-5684 Sentence denotes 7 California 40s M Wuhan 1/31/2020
T44 5685-5727 Sentence denotes 8 Massachusetts 20s M Wuhan 2/01/2020
T45 5728-5767 Sentence denotes 9 California 50s F Wuhan 2/02/2020
T46 5768-5808 Sentence denotes 10 California 50s M Wuhan 2/02/2020
T47 5809-5864 Sentence denotes 11 California 50s F Household California 2/02/2020
T48 5865-5879 Sentence denotes Abbreviations:
T49 5880-5901 Sentence denotes F = female; M = male.
T50 5903-5925 Sentence denotes Public Health Response
T51 5926-6003 Sentence denotes CDC established a 2019-nCoV Incident Management Structure on January 7, 2020.
T52 6004-6148 Sentence denotes On January 21, CDC activated its Emergency Operations Center to optimize coordination for domestic and international 2019-nCoV response efforts.
T53 6149-6458 Sentence denotes To date, CDC has deployed teams to the U.S. jurisdictions with cases to assist with epidemiologic investigation and to work closely with state and local partners to identify and monitor close contacts and better understand the spectrum of illness, transmission, and virulence associated with this novel virus.
T54 6459-6539 Sentence denotes Information learned from these investigations will help inform response actions.
T55 6540-6736 Sentence denotes CDC has closely monitored the global impact of this virus with staff members positioned in CDC offices around the world, including mainland China, and in coordination with other countries and WHO.
T56 6737-6879 Sentence denotes This coordination has included deploying CDC staff members to work with WHO and providing active support to CDC offices in affected countries.
T57 6880-7073 Sentence denotes In addition, CDC in response to the escalating risks of travel from China has issued a series of Travelers’ Health Notices for both Wuhan and the rest of China regarding the 2019-nCoV outbreak.
T58 7074-7191 Sentence denotes On January 27, CDC issued a Level 3 travel notice for travelers to avoid all nonessential travel to mainland China.**
T59 7192-7375 Sentence denotes U.S. quarantine stations, located at 18 major U.S. ports of entry, are part of a comprehensive regulatory system authorized under section 361 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.
T60 7376-7494 Sentence denotes Code Section 264), that limits the introduction of infectious diseases into the United States to prevent their spread.
T61 7495-7744 Sentence denotes On January 17, consistent with existing communicable disease response protocols, CDC Quarantine staff members instituted enhanced entry screening of travelers on direct and connecting flights from Wuhan, China, arriving at three major U.S. airports:
T62 7745-7897 Sentence denotes Los Angeles (LAX), New York City (JFK), and San Francisco (SFO),†† which then expanded to include travelers arriving in Atlanta (ATL) and Chicago (ORD).
T63 7898-8014 Sentence denotes These five airports together receive approximately 85% of all air travelers from Wuhan, China, to the United States.
T64 8015-8019 Sentence denotes U.S.
T65 8020-8576 Sentence denotes Customs and Border Protection officers identified travelers arriving from Wuhan and referred them to CDC for health screening.§§ Any traveler from Wuhan with signs or symptoms of illness (e.g., fever, cough, or difficulty breathing) received a more comprehensive public health assessment performed by CDC public health and medical officers.¶¶ All travelers from Wuhan were also provided CDC’s Travel Health Alert Notice (T-HAN)*** that advised them to monitor their health for 14 days and described recommended actions to take if relevant symptoms develop.
T66 8577-8822 Sentence denotes As of February 1, 2020, a total of 3,099 persons on 437 flights were screened; five symptomatic travelers were referred by CDC to local health care providers for further medical evaluation, and one of these persons tested positive for 2019-nCoV.
T67 8823-9064 Sentence denotes On January 24, 2020, travel bans began to be instituted by the Chinese government, resulting in restricted travel in and out of Hubei Province, including the city of Wuhan, and fewer travelers undergoing entry screening in the United States.
T68 9065-9423 Sentence denotes In response to the escalating risks associated with travel from mainland China, on January 31, 2020, the Presidential Proclamation further refined the border health strategy to temporarily suspend entry, undergo additional screening, or possible quarantine for individuals that have visited China (excluding Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan) in the past 14 days.
T69 9424-9552 Sentence denotes These enhanced entry screening efforts are taking place at 11 airports at which all air travelers from China are being directed.
T70 9554-9587 Sentence denotes Laboratory and Diagnostic Support
T71 9588-9765 Sentence denotes Chinese health officials posted the full 2019-nCoV genome sequence on January 10, 2020, to inform the development of specific diagnostic tests for this emergent coronavirus (1).
T72 9766-9943 Sentence denotes Within a week, CDC developed a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments–approved real-time RT-PCR test that can diagnose 2019-nCoV respiratory samples from clinical specimens.
T73 9944-10071 Sentence denotes On January 24, CDC publicly posted the assay protocol for this test (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/lab/index.html).
T74 10072-10240 Sentence denotes On January 4, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration issued an Emergency Use Authorization to enable emergency use of CDC’s 2019-nCoV Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel.
T75 10241-10304 Sentence denotes To date, this test has been limited to use at CDC laboratories.
T76 10305-10395 Sentence denotes This authorization allows the use of the test at any CDC-qualified lab across the country.
T77 10396-10662 Sentence denotes CDC is working closely with FDA and public health partners, including the American Public Health Laboratories, to rapidly share these tests domestically and internationally through CDC’s International Reagent Resource (https://www.internationalreagentresource.org/).
T78 10663-10912 Sentence denotes In addition, CDC uploaded the genome of the virus from the first reported cases in the United States to GenBank, the National Institutes of Health genetic sequence database of publicly available DNA sequences (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/).
T79 10913-11050 Sentence denotes CDC also is growing the virus in cell culture, which is necessary for further studies, including for additional genetic characterization.
T80 11051-11180 Sentence denotes Once isolated, the virus will be made available through BEI Resources (https://www.beiresources.org/) to assist research efforts.
T81 11182-11221 Sentence denotes Clinical and Infection Control Guidance
T82 11222-11359 Sentence denotes Additional information about 2019-nCoV is needed to better understand transmission, disease severity, and risk to the general population.
T83 11360-11558 Sentence denotes Although CDC and partners are actively learning about 2019-nCoV, initial CDC guidance is based on guidance for management and prevention of respiratory illnesses including influenza, MERS, and SARS.
T84 11559-11639 Sentence denotes No vaccine or specific treatment for 2019-nCoV infection is currently available.
T85 11640-11707 Sentence denotes At present, medical care for patients with 2019-nCoV is supportive.
T86 11708-12100 Sentence denotes On January 31, CDC published its third Health Advisory with interim guidance for clinicians and public health practitioners.††† In addition, CDC issued a Clinical Action Alert through its Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity network on January 31.§§§ Interim guidance for health care professionals is available at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/hcp/clinical-criteria.html.
T87 12101-12300 Sentence denotes Health care providers should identify patients who might have been exposed and who have signs or symptoms related to 2019-nCoV infection, isolate these patients, and inform public health departments.
T88 12301-12427 Sentence denotes This includes obtaining a detailed travel history for patients being evaluated with fever and lower respiratory tract illness.
T89 12428-13196 Sentence denotes Criteria to guide evaluation and testing of PUIs for 2019-nCoV include 1) fever or signs or symptoms of lower respiratory tract illness (e.g., cough or shortness of breath) in any person, including health care workers, who has had close contact¶¶¶ with a patient with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection within 14 days of symptom onset; 2) fever and signs or symptoms of lower respiratory tract illness (e.g., cough or shortness of breath) in any person with a history of travel from Hubei Province, China, within 14 days of symptom onset; or 3) fever and signs or symptoms of lower respiratory tract illness (e.g., cough or shortness of breath) requiring hospitalization in any person with a history of travel from mainland China within 14 days of symptom onset.
T90 13197-13310 Sentence denotes Additional nonhospitalized PUIs may be tested based on consultation with state and local public health officials.
T91 13311-13454 Sentence denotes Clinicians should evaluate PUIs for other possible causes of illness (e.g., influenza and respiratory syncytial virus) as clinically indicated.
T92 13455-13527 Sentence denotes CDC currently recommends a cautious approach to the examination of PUIs.
T93 13528-13713 Sentence denotes These patients should be asked to wear a surgical mask as soon as they are identified, and directed to a separate area, if possible, separated by at least 6 ft (2 m) from other persons.
T94 13714-13842 Sentence denotes Patients should be evaluated in a private room with the door closed, ideally an airborne infection isolation room, if available.
T95 13843-14011 Sentence denotes Health care personnel entering the room should use standard precautions, contact precautions, airborne precautions, and eye protection (e.g., goggles or a face shield).
T96 14012-14132 Sentence denotes Clinicians should immediately notify the health care facility’s infection control personnel and local health department.
T97 14133-14261 Sentence denotes The health department will determine whether the patient needs to be considered a PUI for 2019-nCoV and be tested for infection.
T98 14262-14530 Sentence denotes If directed by the health department, to increase the likelihood of detecting 2019-nCoV infection, CDC recommends collecting and testing both upper and lower respiratory tract specimens.**** Additional specimen types (e.g., stool or urine) may be collected and stored.
T99 14531-14645 Sentence denotes Specimens should be collected as soon as possible once a PUI is identified regardless of time since symptom onset.
T100 14646-14902 Sentence denotes For persons who might have 2019-nCoV infection and their close contacts, information and guidance on how to reduce the risk for transmitting and acquiring infection is available at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/guidance-prevent-spread.html.
T101 14903-14995 Sentence denotes Close contacts should immediately call their health care providers if they develop symptoms.
T102 14996-15192 Sentence denotes In addition, CDC is working closely with state and local health partners to develop and disseminate information to the public on general prevention of respiratory illness, including the 2019-nCoV.
T103 15193-15318 Sentence denotes This includes everyday preventive actions such as washing your hands, covering your cough, and staying home when you are ill.
T104 15319-15462 Sentence denotes Additional information and resources for this outbreak are available on the CDC website (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html).
T105 15464-15474 Sentence denotes Discussion
T106 15475-15645 Sentence denotes The 2019-nCoV has impacted multiple countries, caused severe illness, and sustained person-to-person transmission making it a concerning and serious public health threat.
T107 15646-15706 Sentence denotes It is unclear how this virus will impact the U.S. over time.
T108 15707-15860 Sentence denotes For the general population, who are unlikely to be exposed to this virus at the current time, the immediate health risk from 2019-nCoV is considered low.
T109 15861-16036 Sentence denotes CDC, multiple other federal agencies, state and local health departments, and other partners are implementing aggressive measures to slow U.S. transmission of 2019-nCoV (4,5).
T110 16037-16248 Sentence denotes These measures require the identification of cases and contacts in the United States and the effective management of the estimated 14,000 travelers arriving from mainland China to the United States each day (3).
T111 16249-16338 Sentence denotes These measures are being implemented based on the assumption that there will be more U.S.
T112 16339-16562 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV cases occurring with potential chains of transmission, with the understanding that these measures might not prevent the eventual establishment of ongoing, widespread transmission of the virus in the United States.
T113 16563-16788 Sentence denotes It is important for public health agencies, health care providers, and the public to be aware of this new 2019-nCoV so that coordinated, timely, and effective actions can help prevent additional cases or poor health outcomes.
T114 16789-17051 Sentence denotes The critical role that the U.S. health care system plays in halting or significantly slowing U.S. transmission of 2019-nCoV is already evident: eight of the first 11 U.S. cases were detected by clinicians collaborating with public health to test persons at risk.
T115 17052-17260 Sentence denotes The early recognition of cases in the United States reduces transmission risk and increases understanding of the virus, including its transmission and severity, to inform national and global response actions.
T116 17261-17527 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV symptoms are similar to those of influenza (e.g., fever, cough, or sore throat), and the outbreak is occurring during a time of year when respiratory illnesses from influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other respiratory viruses are highly prevalent.
T117 17528-17707 Sentence denotes To prevent influenza, all persons aged ≥6 months should receive an annual influenza vaccine, and vaccination is still available and effective in helping to prevent influenza (10).
T118 17708-17905 Sentence denotes Reducing the number of persons in the United States with seasonal influenza will reduce possible confusion with 2019-nCoV infection and possible additional risk to patients with seasonal influenza.
T119 17906-17969 Sentence denotes Public health authorities are monitoring the situation closely.
T120 17970-18099 Sentence denotes As more is learned about this novel virus and this outbreak, CDC will rapidly incorporate new knowledge into guidance for action.
T121 18100-18107 Sentence denotes Summary
T122 18109-18148 Sentence denotes What is already known about this topic?
T123 18149-18281 Sentence denotes In December 2019, an outbreak of acute respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was detected in mainland China.
T124 18282-18363 Sentence denotes Cases have been reported in 26 additional locations, including the United States.
T125 18365-18394 Sentence denotes What is added by this report?
T126 18395-18420 Sentence denotes Nine of the first 11 U.S.
T127 18421-18469 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV patients were exposed in Wuhan, China.
T128 18470-18498 Sentence denotes CDC expects more U.S. cases.
T129 18500-18553 Sentence denotes What are the implications for public health practice?
T130 18554-18863 Sentence denotes CDC, multiple other federal agencies, state and local health departments, and other partners are implementing aggressive measures to substantially slow U.S. transmission of 2019-nCoV, including identification of U.S. cases and contacts and managing travelers arriving from mainland China to the United States.
T131 18864-18998 Sentence denotes Interim guidance is available at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/index.html and will be updated as more information becomes available.