| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T1 |
0-112 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Estrogen prevents cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages induced by the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir. |
| T2 |
113-234 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Individuals with HIV can now live long lives with drug therapy that often includes protease inhibitors such as ritonavir. |
| T3 |
235-333 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Many patients, however, develop negative long-term side effects such as premature atherosclerosis. |
| T4 |
334-487 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We have previously demonstrated that ritonavir treatment increases atherosclerotic lesion formation in male mice to a greater extent than in female mice. |
| T5 |
488-608 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Furthermore, peripheral blood monocytes isolated from ritonavir-treated females had less cholesteryl ester accumulation. |
| T6 |
609-802 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In the present study, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which female hormones influence cholesterol metabolism in macrophages in response to the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir. |
| T7 |
803-892 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We have utilized the human monocyte cell line, THP-1 as a model to address this question. |
| T8 |
893-1096 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Briefly, cells were differentiated for 72 h with 100 nM PMA to obtain a macrophage-like phenotype in the presence or absence of 1 nM 17beta-estradiol (E2), 100 nM progesterone or vehicle (0.01% ethanol). |
| T9 |
1097-1199 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Cells were then treated with 30 ng/ml ritonavir or vehicle in the presence of aggregated LDL for 24 h. |
| T10 |
1200-1266 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Cell extracts were harvested, and lipid or total RNA was isolated. |
| T11 |
1267-1364 |
Sentence |
denotes |
E2 decreased the accumulation of cholesteryl esters in macrophages following ritonavir treatment. |
| T12 |
1365-1472 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Ritonavir increased the expression of the scavenger receptor, CD36 mRNA, responsible for the uptake of LDL. |
| T13 |
1473-1646 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Additionally, ritonavir treatment selectively increased the relative levels of PPARgamma mRNA, a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of CD36 mRNA expression. |
| T14 |
1647-1727 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Treatment with E2, however, failed to prevent these increases at the mRNA level. |
| T15 |
1728-1835 |
Sentence |
denotes |
E2 did, however, significantly suppress CD36 protein levels as measured by fluorescent immunocytochemistry. |
| T16 |
1836-2044 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This data suggests that E2 modifies the expression of CD36 at the level of protein expression in monocyte-derived macrophages resulting in reduced cholesteryl ester accumulation following ritonavir treatment. |