Epistemic_Statements  

CORD-19:e975a441ba34409a3695e898a37f276a72b9fc9f JSONTXT 8 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE Lectin_function

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 63-220 Epistemic_statement denotes Abnormalities of red cells, white cells or platelets may be quantitative (increased or reduced numbers) or qualitative (abnormal appearance and/or function).
T2 293-429 Epistemic_statement denotes A simultaneous increase in the cells of more than one cell line suggests overproduction of cells originating in an early precursor cell.
T3 430-518 Epistemic_statement denotes This occurs in myeloproliferative neoplasms in which one cell type may predominate, e.g.
T4 631-745 Epistemic_statement denotes >2 months) raised venous haematocrit (Hct) (>0.52 males, >0.48 females) should be assessed to determine the cause.
T5 746-828 Epistemic_statement denotes Erythrocytosis can be relative or absolute and, if absolute, primary or secondary.
T6 915-1084 Epistemic_statement denotes Absolute: males and females with Hct values above 0.60 and 0.56, respectively, can be assumed to have an absolute erythrocytosis and do not require confirmatory studies.
T7 1085-1161 Epistemic_statement denotes 1 However, the reason for the elevation of the Hct must still be elucidated.
T8 1579-1899 Epistemic_statement denotes Secondary polycythaemia can generally be excluded by the clinical history and examination, assessment of serum erythropoietin concentration and arterial oxygen saturation, haemoglobin electrophoresis or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) plus an oxygen dissociation curve and abdominal ultrasound examination.
T9 2269-2366 Epistemic_statement denotes Additional findings on the full blood count can be helpful to identify the cause of neutrophilia.
T10 2367-2547 Epistemic_statement denotes The combination of anaemia and neutrophilia occurs in chronic infection or inflammation, and also in malignant conditions; a high Hct with neutrophilia suggests polycythaemia vera.
T11 3092-3343 Epistemic_statement denotes In the absence of any underlying cause, a high neutrophil count with immature myeloid cells suggests chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), and cytogenetic and molecular studies to look for t(9;22) and the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene are indicated (Chapter 8).
T12 3446-3606 Epistemic_statement denotes It may be especially marked in pertussis, infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus infection, infectious hepatitis, tuberculosis and brucellosis (Table 23-1) .
T13 4029-4147 Epistemic_statement denotes 3 If lymph nodes are enlarged, a lymph node biopsy for histology and immunohistochemistry may be helpful in diagnosis.
T14 4148-4244 Epistemic_statement denotes It is occasionally difficult to differentiate between a reactive and a neoplastic lymphocytosis.
T15 4245-4576 Epistemic_statement denotes In this situation, immunophenotyping, to provide evidence of light chain restriction and polymerase chain reaction for immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor gene rearrangements, may indicate the presence of a monoclonal population of lymphocytes, thereby supporting a diagnosis of neoplastic, rather than reactive, lymphoproliferation.
T16 4578-4730 Epistemic_statement denotes A slight to moderate monocytosis may be associated with some protozoal, rickettsial and bacterial infections including malaria, typhus and tuberculosis.
T17 4731-4822 Epistemic_statement denotes Monocytosis associated with neutrophilia is suggestive of chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia.
T18 5257-5358 Epistemic_statement denotes Eosinophilia is typically associated with parasitic infections, skin diseases and allergic disorders.
T19 5529-5751 Epistemic_statement denotes In most cases, the cause of the eosinophilia is indicated by the clinical history, which should include details of all medications and foreign travel, and by examination of the stool and urine for parasites, cysts and ova.
T20 5865-5981 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is a common feature of myeloproliferative neoplasms, and basophils may be particularly prominent in CML.
T21 5982-6087 Epistemic_statement denotes In this condition, an increasing basophil count may be the first indication of accelerated phase disease.
T22 6088-6259 Epistemic_statement denotes Endocrinopathies such as myxoedema and oestrogen abnormalities, infections and allergic diseases -and rarely, other haematological malignancies -can also cause basophilia.
T23 6260-6488 Epistemic_statement denotes Thrombocytosis can be primary or secondary (reactive) to surgery, infectious and inflammatory conditions, hyposplenism, blood loss and malignancy, and can occur as a rebound phenomenon following recovery from marrow suppression.
T24 6489-6667 Epistemic_statement denotes Spurious thrombocytosis can also occur in severe burns and cryoglobulinaemia because the size of the red cell fragments or cryoglobulin particles is similar to that of platelets.
T25 7108-7302 Epistemic_statement denotes 5 Individuals with essential thrombocythaemia have been noted to have JAK2 V617F (50%), MPL (10%) or CALR mutations, with the JAK2 mutation being associated with an increased risk of thrombosis.
T26 7482-7661 Epistemic_statement denotes Reduced production of cells may be the result of aplastic anaemia, a lack of haematinics such as folate or cobalamin or interference with normal haemopoiesis by infiltration (e.g.
T27 7901-8059 Epistemic_statement denotes primary myelofibrosis and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), are characterised by cytopenias, which are at least in part the result of ineffective haemopoiesis.
T28 8253-8484 Epistemic_statement denotes A relatively common cause of a global reduction in circulating cells is pooling of the cells in a markedly enlarged spleen (hypersplenism), which may be secondary to conditions such as primary myelofibrosis and portal hypertension.
T29 8485-8647 Epistemic_statement denotes Examination of a bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy specimen is often helpful in determining the cause of cytopenias for which no obvious cause is apparent.
T30 8772-9045 Epistemic_statement denotes Anaemia is broadly divided into three types: microcytic (low mean cell volume (MCV)), macrocytic (high MCV) and normocytic (normal MCV Examination of a blood film will usually suggest the quickest route to the diagnosis, though confirmation may require more specific tests.
T31 9046-9173 Epistemic_statement denotes The presence of basophilic stippling with microcytic red cells suggests thalassaemia trait or, much less often, lead poisoning.
T32 9317-9417 Epistemic_statement denotes Pappenheimer bodies suggest that a microcytic anaemia is the result of sideroblastic erythropoiesis.
T33 9418-9525 Epistemic_statement denotes The most common cause of anaemia worldwide is iron deficiency, which can be suspected from a low MCV ( Fig.
T34 9588-9851 Epistemic_statement denotes Laboratory confirmation of iron deficiency can be based on measurement of (1) serum ferritin or (2) serum iron plus either total iron-binding capacity or transferrin or (3) red cell protoporphyrin or (4) staining of bone marrow aspirates for iron (see Chapter 4).
T35 9929-10195 Epistemic_statement denotes This should include specific questions relating to blood loss and dietary insufficiency and may require stool examination for parasites and occult blood, endoscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract to exclude occult malignancy and tests for coeliac disease.
T36 10327-10556 Epistemic_statement denotes Clinical and laboratory features of inflammation or chronic infection may suggest this diagnosis, which is confirmed by demonstration of normal or high serum ferritin and reduced serum iron, transferrin and iron-binding capacity.
T37 10557-10836 Epistemic_statement denotes Serum soluble transferrin receptors may be helpful in distinguishing between iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disease when interpretation of ferritin levels is difficult, though additional research is needed to define the overall diagnostic accuracy of these tests.
T38 10837-11145 Epistemic_statement denotes 7 Ferritin normal, RBC high, Hb normal or near normal The thalassaemias also cause microcytosis, but both α and β thalassaemia trait are usually associated with an increased red blood cell count (RBC) and a normal or near-normal Hb despite a considerable reduction of the MCV and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH).
T39 11245-11432 Epistemic_statement denotes Further investigations, such as HPLC or haemoglobin electrophoresis supplemented by measurement of haemoglobin A 2 and haemoglobin F usually confirm the diagnosis of β thalassaemia trait.
T40 11433-11674 Epistemic_statement denotes The diagnosis of α thalassaemia trait is more difficult; detection of infrequent haemoglobin H inclusions is usually possible in α 0 thalassaemia trait, but definitive diagnosis requires deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis (see Chapter 8) .
T41 11675-11806 Epistemic_statement denotes 8 A diagnosis of α 0 thalassaemia heterozygosity can be clinically important for prediction of haemoglobin Bart' s hydrops fetalis.
T42 11825-11992 Epistemic_statement denotes 23 -2) with oval macrocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils suggests folate or cobalamin deficiency and is an indication for assays of these vitamins (see Chapter 10) .
T43 11993-12152 Epistemic_statement denotes Plasma methylmalonic acid assays may be a useful second-line test to help clarify uncertainties of underlying biochemical or functional cobalamin deficiencies.
T44 12153-12273 Epistemic_statement denotes Serum folate is the first-line test to assess folate status and has equivalent diagnostic capability to red cell folate.
T45 12274-12411 Epistemic_statement denotes 9 Subsequent investigations could include malabsorption studies, tests for coeliac disease and screening for intrinsic factor antibodies.
T46 12412-12606 Epistemic_statement denotes In patients with these blood film findings and normal folate and cobalamin assays, haematinic deficiency cannot be completely excluded and further investigations are indicated (see Chapter 10) .
T47 12607-12818 Epistemic_statement denotes As there is no definitive test to define cobalamin deficiency, treatment should be started if there is a strong clinical suspicion of deficiency irrespective of the test results to avoid neurological impairment.
T48 12819-12921 Epistemic_statement denotes In the absence of intrinsic factor antibodies, the diagnosis of pernicious anaemia may be presumptive.
T49 13055-13170 Epistemic_statement denotes A high MCV may also be the result of alcohol excess and liver disease or the use of drugs such as hydroxycarbamide.
T50 13171-13411 Epistemic_statement denotes Macrocytosis resulting from chronic haemolysis is associated with increased numbers of immature red cells, which appear slightly larger and bluer than normal red cells (polychromatic macrocytes) on a Romanowskystained peripheral blood film.
T51 13412-13533 Epistemic_statement denotes An automated reticulocyte count or supravital staining of blood films (see p. 27) can be used to confirm reticulocytosis.
T52 13534-13629 Epistemic_statement denotes Untreated anaemia associated with polychromasia is likely to indicate blood loss or haemolysis.
T53 13753-13914 Epistemic_statement denotes This is a medical emergency because these may be features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, which requires immediate treatment, usually by plasma exchange.
T54 14600-14756 Epistemic_statement denotes Examination of the bone marrow may be helpful in demonstrating haematological causes for a normochromic, normocytic anaemia such as MDS or aplastic anaemia.
T55 14757-14900 Epistemic_statement denotes 10 Staining for iron may also show that there is a block in iron metabolism suggestive of anaemia associated with chronic inflammatory disease.
T56 15276-15481 Epistemic_statement denotes Bone marrow examination may assist in determining whether the problem is the result of peripheral destruction (increased marrow myeloid precursors) or stem cell failure (lack of marrow myeloid precursors).
T57 15795-15910 Epistemic_statement denotes Lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils may all be reduced by physical stress such as surgery, trauma and infection.
T58 16091-16185 Epistemic_statement denotes Lymphopenia, especially affecting the CD4 cells, may occur in HIV infection and renal failure.
T59 16186-16417 Epistemic_statement denotes Monocytopenia (monocyte count <0.2 × 10 9 /1) is typically found in hairy cell leukaemia, which is also associated with pancytopenia, typical bone marrow histology and lymphocytes with a characteristic cytology and immunophenotype.
T60 16736-16956 Epistemic_statement denotes Platelet clumping, which is seen on the blood film, can occur in vitro as the result of a temperaturedependent or anticoagulant-dependent autoantibody or on slides that have been made directly from a finger prick sample.
T61 17295-17397 Epistemic_statement denotes The first step in the assessment of patients with thrombocytopenia is the examination of a blood film.
T62 17398-17555 Epistemic_statement denotes The clinical circumstances, together with blood film and bone marrow examination, usually enable the various causes of thrombocytopenia to be differentiated.
T63 17556-17842 Epistemic_statement denotes An association with thrombosis, disturbed renal or hepatic function and haemolytic anaemia should prompt investigations for other diseases, such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and, in a pregnant woman, the HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count) syndrome.
T64 17843-18024 Epistemic_statement denotes The presence of thrombocytopenia with atypical features on the blood film may prompt a bone marrow examination to exclude conditions such as acute leukaemia, especially in children.
T65 18318-18441 Epistemic_statement denotes Careful examination of a blood film is important if the reason for the cytopenia is not apparent from the clinical history.
T66 18442-18534 Epistemic_statement denotes If this does not reveal the cause, bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy may be needed.
T67 18535-18613 Epistemic_statement denotes In health, only the most mature forms of cells appear in the peripheral blood.
T68 18614-18836 Epistemic_statement denotes Cells at various stages of immaturity, such as nucleated red blood cells, polychromatic red cells, myelocytes and metamyelocytes, may be released from the bone marrow in conditions where the bone marrow is overactive (e.g.
T69 18917-19007 Epistemic_statement denotes Their presence in the peripheral blood indicates that active haemopoiesis is taking place.
T70 19373-19537 Epistemic_statement denotes Cytogenetic studies are helpful for confirming the diagnosis, especially when cytological abnormalities are minor, and can also assist in determining the prognosis.
T71 19770-19919 Epistemic_statement denotes The type of changes will guide further investigations such as analysis of structural proteins, haemoglobin electrophoresis or HPLC, or enzyme assays.
T72 19920-20000 Epistemic_statement denotes The type of red cell abnormality may also help to indicate underlying pathology.
T73 20001-20197 Epistemic_statement denotes For example, target cells may prompt investigation of liver function, whereas increased rouleaux formation may indicate the need for investigations for multiple myeloma or inflammatory conditions.
T74 20310-20393 Epistemic_statement denotes pseudo-Pelger-Huët cells) may be seen in acquired conditions such as MDS (see Figs.
T75 20568-20758 Epistemic_statement denotes 5-90) , which can be diagnosed using an appropriate serological screening test or, if this is negative, by demonstration of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
T76 20759-20862 Epistemic_statement denotes These atypical lymphocytes can sometimes be difficult to differentiate from circulating lymphoma cells.
T77 20863-21051 Epistemic_statement denotes Immunophenotyping studies and determination of lymphocyte clonality, by demonstration of light chain restriction or by gene rearrangement studies, may be needed to reach a firm conclusion.
T78 21063-21210 Epistemic_statement denotes Platelets that function poorly may not necessarily appear morphologically abnormal, although sometimes they are hypogranular or larger than normal.
T79 21516-21696 Epistemic_statement denotes When a qualitative disorder of platelets is suspected, platelets should be examined to assess size and to detect the cytological features of platelet alpha-granule deficiency (i.e.
T80 21722-21842 Epistemic_statement denotes Neutrophils should also be examined for inclusions indicative of MYH9-related disorders such as the May-Hegglin anomaly.
T81 21843-21980 Epistemic_statement denotes Qualitative disorders of platelets can broadly be divided into two categories: abnormalities of the platelet membrane glycoproteins (e.g.
T82 22473-22646 Epistemic_statement denotes Systemic conditions, particularly chronic renal failure and cardiopulmonary bypass, are also associated with a bleeding tendency as a result of qualitative platelet defects.
T83 22647-22871 Epistemic_statement denotes Most of these acquired functional defects are not associated with any abnormality in platelet appearance but in MDS and, to a lesser extent, in the myeloproliferative neoplasms, there may be hypogranular and giant platelets.
T84 22872-23027 Epistemic_statement denotes Common haematological disorders are outlined in the following sections with suggestions for investigations that may be helpful in confirming the diagnosis.
T85 23028-23209 Epistemic_statement denotes The lists are indicative and are not intended to be exhaustive because the protocols and range of tests provided locally will depend on the availability of expertise and technology.
T86 23210-23321 Epistemic_statement denotes The investigations discussed are those that are likely to be available within a general haematology department.
T87 23399-23840 Epistemic_statement denotes • Measurement of serum ferritin or iron plus either total iron-binding capacity or transferrin assay, red cell protoporphyrin or soluble transferrin receptors • Bone marrow aspirate with staining for iron • Stool examination for occult blood • Gastrointestinal imaging and endoscopy, with biopsies if appropriate; rarely, blood loss studies with 51 Crlabelled red cells • Tests for malabsorption • Serological tests for coeliac disease (e.g.
T88 24137-24275 Epistemic_statement denotes If macrocytic, megaloblastic erythroid maturation is demonstrated, further investigations should be undertaken as described in Chapter 10.
T89 24453-24597 Epistemic_statement denotes Macrocytosis may also be secondary to conditions such as alcohol excess, liver disease, MDS, hydroxycarbamide administration and hypothyroidism.
T90 24598-24655 Epistemic_statement denotes Reticulocytosis from any cause can also increase the MCV.
T91 24656-25213 Epistemic_statement denotes • Cobalamin and folate assays (although bone marrow hypoplasia is rare) • Viral studies, particularly for EBV, HIV and hepatitis viruses • Bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy including cytogenetic analysis • Flow cytometry for glycosylphosphatidylinositolanchored proteins to detect a paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) clone, followed by urine examination for haemosiderin if positive • Peripheral blood gene mutation analysis for dyskeratosis congenita if there are relevant clinical features or lack of response to immunosuppressive therapy.
T92 25328-25507 Epistemic_statement denotes A haemolytic process may be suspected by the presence of a falling Hb, a reticulocytosis and jaundice with an increase in unconjugated bilirubin level (see Chapters 9, 10 and 11).
T93 25508-25648 Epistemic_statement denotes The blood film is often of critical importance in the differential diagnosis of white cell disorders though it may sometimes be normal (e.g.
T94 25715-25820 Epistemic_statement denotes Changes in white cell numbers or morphology may occur rapidly in response to local or systemic disorders.
T95 25821-26034 Epistemic_statement denotes In chronic leukaemias, bone marrow aspiration may add little to the diagnosis, but the pattern of infiltration of neoplastic cells seen on trephine biopsy can have diagnostic value or prognostic significance (e.g.
T96 26083-26375 Epistemic_statement denotes • Full blood count and peripheral blood film • Bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy • Blood or marrow immunophenotyping for monitoring minimal residual disease (cytochemical stains can be used if immunophenotyping is not readily available) • Cytogenetic analysis • Molecular studies (e.g.
T97 26636-26674 Epistemic_statement denotes NPM1, CEBPA and possibly FLT3 in AML).
T98 26675-27088 Epistemic_statement denotes • Cobalamin and folate assays • Autoantibody screen including rheumatoid factor and investigations for systemic lupus erythematosus • Serial neutrophil counts for cyclical neutropenia • Tests for antineutrophil antibodies • Bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy • Flow cytometry for PNH (see aplastic anaemia above) • Consider the need for clonality studies for investigation for an abnormal T-cell population.
T99 27417-27637 Epistemic_statement denotes Various specimens can be used for investigations including lymph nodes, bone marrow aspirates, trephine biopsy cores and peripheral blood and other fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, ascitic fluid and pleural aspirates.
T100 30016-30202 Epistemic_statement denotes The previous French-American-British (FAB) group classifications may be used (1) when these techniques are not all available and (2) in making a provisional morphological diagnosis (e.g.
T101 30269-30413 Epistemic_statement denotes Whichever classification is used, the criteria should be strictly observed so that there is consistency between different centres and countries.
T102 30893-30956 Epistemic_statement denotes It should be noted that the WHO classification is hierarchical.
T103 30957-31043 Epistemic_statement denotes If appropriate, cases are first assigned to the category of therapy-related leukaemia.
T104 31044-31146 Epistemic_statement denotes Next, cases are assigned, if appropriate, to the category of AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities.
T105 31318-31451 Epistemic_statement denotes Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm and myeloid neoplasms associated with Down syndrome are recognised as specific entities.
T106 31452-31748 Epistemic_statement denotes The WHO classification of acute leukaemia 15 lists cytogenetic abnormalities that, in combination with ≥20 blasts, indicate a diagnosis of AML with myelodysplasiarelated changes; assignment to this category can also be based on a previous history of MDS or on morphological evidence of dysplasia.
T107 32255-32353 Epistemic_statement denotes Remaining cases are then assessed to ascertain whether they meet the criteria for the 5q-syndrome.
T108 33171-33608 Epistemic_statement denotes WHO criteria for a diagnosis of essential thrombocythaemia are: platelet count ≥450 × 10 9 /l; megakaryocyte proliferation with large and mature megakaryocytes on examination of the bone marrow with little or no granulocyte or erythroid proliferation; not meeting WHO criteria for CML, PV, primary myelofibrosis, MDS or other myeloid neoplasm; demonstration of JAK2 V617F or other clonal marker or no evidence of reactive thrombocytosis.
T109 34075-34148 Epistemic_statement denotes WHO criteria for a diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis are highly complex.
T110 34149-34321 Epistemic_statement denotes 17 Normal to increased megakaryocytes with hypolobated nuclei <5% blasts Isolated del(5q) cytogenetic abnormality ¶ No Auer rods * Bicytopenia may occasionally be observed.
T111 34322-34376 Epistemic_statement denotes Cases with pancytopenia should be classified as MDS-U.
T112 34509-34595 Epistemic_statement denotes Cases of RCUD and RCMD with 1% myeloblasts in the blood should be classified as MDS-U.
T113 34596-34857 Epistemic_statement denotes † It is proposed that, if an SF3B1 mutation is present, cases with at least 5% ring sideroblasts be included in this category, and should similarly be included in the newly proposed category of MDS with multilineage dysplasia and ring sideroblasts (Arber 2015).
T114 34858-34968 Epistemic_statement denotes ‡ Cases with Auer rods and <5% myeloblasts in the blood and <10% in the marrow should be classified as RAEB-2.
T115 34969-35167 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the finding of 5-19% blasts in the blood is, in itself, diagnostic of RAEB-2, cases of RAEB-2 may have <5% blasts in the blood if they have Auer rods or 10-19% blasts in the marrow or both.
T116 35168-35321 Epistemic_statement denotes Similarly, cases of RAEB-2 may have <10% blasts in the marrow but may be diagnosed by the other two findings, Auer rods and/or 5-19% blasts in the blood.
T117 35322-35448 Epistemic_statement denotes ¶ It is proposed that one additional cytogenetic abnormality (excluding monosomy 7) be accepted in this category (Arber 2015).
T118 35499-35559 Epistemic_statement denotes Molecular analysis for a KIT mutation can also be important.
T119 35560-35721 Epistemic_statement denotes Recognition of lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms associated with rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB or FGFR1 and PCM1-JAK2 requires cytogenetic and molecular analyses.
T120 35722-35832 Epistemic_statement denotes Appropriate molecular analysis may be either FISH or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
T121 36127-36549 Epistemic_statement denotes Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) A Ph-negative, BCR-ABL1-negative disorder with monocyte count >1 × 10 9 /l Fewer than 20% blasts plus promonocytes in PB or BM Either dysplasia of one or more myeloid lineages or alternative criteria met (acquired clonal cytogenetic abnormality or monocytosis persisting for at least 3 months and alternative causes of monocytosis excluded) Atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia (aCML)
T122 36550-37045 Epistemic_statement denotes A Ph-negative, BCR-ABL1-negative disorder with leucocytosis resulting from an increase in neutrophils and their precursors, the precursors (promyelocyte to metamyelocytes) constituting a least 10% of PB white cells Basophils <2% of white cells Monocytes <10% of white cells Hypercellular BM with granulocytic hyperplasia and dysplasia, with or without dysplasia of other lineages Fewer than 20% blasts plus promonocytes in peripheral blood or bone marrow Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML)
T123 37046-37520 Epistemic_statement denotes A Ph-negative, BCR-ABL1-negative disorder with monocyte count >1 × 10 9 /l Fewer than 20% blasts plus promonocytes in peripheral blood or bone marrow Plus two or more of the following Haemoglobin F increased for age Immature granulocytes in the PB WBC >10 × 10 9 /l Clonal chromosomal abnormality (monosomy 7 not excluded) GM-CSF hypersensitivity of myeloid precursors in vitro Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis (MDS-RS-T)
T124 37521-37861 Epistemic_statement denotes Ring sideroblasts ≥ 15% Platelet count ≥ 450 × 10 9 /l Blast cells < 1% in peripheral blood and < 5% in bone marrow Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable A myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorder in which the criteria of one of the myelodysplastic syndromes are met There are prominent proliferative features (e.g.