PubAnnotation

Id	Subject	Object	Predicate	Lexical cue
T1	1364-1474	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
T2	3823-4014	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: The W/A system can be reliably used for testing gram-negative bacteria to quinolones, including isolates resistant or with decreased susceptibility to these antimicrobial agents.
T3	7801-7954	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Presumed phenotypes of resistance by the V2 advanced expert system (AES), and suggested changes in clinical categories were also compared for both cards.
T4	8399-8541	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Phenotypes suggested by the AES with N020 card agreed with reference results for 59/64 ESBL (+) strains, 9/11 ESBL (+)/POR(-) and 19/22 pACBL.
T5	9094-9251	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The AES shows excellent agreement with underlying mechanisms of resistance with card N041, but with N020 it suggests false presence of ESBLin most Eco HAmpC.
T6	9252-9359	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: Unusual species of Enterobacteriaceae can cause clinical infections in humans on rare occasions.
T7	9360-9475	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, there have been few studies evaluating the accuracy of susceptibility testing methods for these organisms.
T8	9476-9745	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The objective of this study was to determine whether disk diffusion (DD) and Vitek 2 gave accurate susceptibility test results for these unusual isolates when compared to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution (BMD) reference method.
T9	12961-13100	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Organisms were subcultured twice on bloodsheep agar before loading the AS045 and AS046 cards according to the manufacturer recommendations.
T10	13939-14081	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The lower sensitivity of AES to detect CTX-M producing K. oxytoca indicates the difficulty to detect this emerging phenotype in this organism.
T11	14295-14436	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Because this test has been validated by the manufacturer only for E. coli and Klebsiella spp , the result is reported only for these species.
T12	14595-14877	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Methods: A total of 76 Enterobacter isolates : 63 ESBL producing strains (32 E. aerogenes and 31 E. cloacae) and 13 non ESBL producing strains (7 E. aerogenes and 6 E. cloacae) were inoculated into the VITEK 2 AST-045 and AST-046 cards according to the manufacturer recommendations.
T13	15225-15437	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results were graded as ''agreement'' when AES inferred ESBL mechanism, ''partial agreement'' when AES suggested several mechanisms including ESBL and ''disagreement'' when AES concluded to different mechanism(s).
T14	15689-15909	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: This study shows that VITEK2 AES provides a rapid and sensitive tool to detect possible ESBL production in Enterobacter spp by using AST-045 or AST-046 cards but confirmatory analysis is frequently necessary.
T15	15910-16034	Epistemic_statement	denotes	More efficient automated methods should be developed to distinguish ESBL production from AmpC hyperproduction in this genus.
T16	16035-16155	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Enterobacteriaceae is an absolute must as antimicrobial therapy is guided by the susceptibility results of the organism.
T17	17775-17891	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, the discrepant results have to be resolved in order to give the ''true'' accuracy of the VITEK 2 ESBL test.
T18	19313-19494	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Aim of the study: Rapid identification and antibacterial susceptibility testing of micro-organisms isolated in blood cultures (BC) can be valuable for clinical management of sepsis.
T19	21138-21440	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: For gram-positive cocci, the rapid direct method combining BD Phoenix System and Bactec cultures does not provide acceptable bacterial identification, but the susceptibility results obtained more rapidly are accurate for routine use and can be valuable in the clinical management of sepsis.
T20	21441-21916	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Evaluation of MicroScan WalkAway 96 for susceptibility testing of Gram-negative bacilli to quinolones P445 Evaluation of identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens by VITEK 2 Compact System E. Stefaniuk, A. Mrowka, W. Hryniewicz (Warsaw, PL) Objectives: The aim of this study was the evaluation of VITEK 2 Compact System for identification and antimicrobials susceptibility determination of the most important bacterial clinical pathogens.
T21	23458-23634	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The study has shown a high correlation of results (n = 1118) obtained by aid of VITEK 2 Compact drug sensitivity tests and the results obtained by the aid of reference methods.
T22	23946-24129	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The VITEK 2 Compact System appears a reliable tool for the detection and interpretive reading of clinically important mechanisms of resistance and can be recommended for routine work.
T23	24239-24745	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Comparison of the E-test method with the VITEK 2 antimicrobial susceptibility detection system for screening of extended-spectrum betalactamase Klebsiella and E. coli strains in a Greek university hospital O. Vasilaki, C. Manolopoulos, G. Raptis, S. Alexiou-Daniel (Thessaloniki, GR) Objectives: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are a rapidly evolving group of beta-lactamases which share the ability to hydrolyze third-generation cephalosporins and aztreonam yet are inhibited by clavulanic acid.
T24	25328-25692	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: The percentage of the ESBL-producing Klebsiella and E. coli strains identified by VITEK 2 system was 11,7% (27 from 229) for Klebsiella strains and 4.88% for E. coli strains (27 from 553).The most common infection associated with ESBLproducing pathogens was urinary tract infection (44%), followed by wound infection (31%) and bloodstream infection (25%).
T25	26157-26403	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: These data indicate that even if Vitek 2 ESBL test is reliable for the detection of ESBLs in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, it is precarious to be directly assumed as the sole criterion for defining ESBL production in these two bacterias.
T26	26404-26556	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As ESBLs become more complex, diverse and widespread, the likelihood of any single test being universally appropriate for their detection must diminish.
T27	26557-26756	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusively we can assume that clinical microbiology laboratories not only should rely on these rapid automated systems but also use another method for screening ESBL producers, such as the E-tests.
T28	28037-28115	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For all strains, FOXKB interpretation correlated with mecA gene determination.
T29	28590-28779	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Among the 4% discordant results, FOXKB interpretive criteria could replace mecA gene determination for SA; for CNS, OXMIC by VT2 overcalled MR in S. saprophyticus and S. lugdunensis mainly.
T30	28856-28906	Epistemic_statement	denotes	VT2 AST card for Staphylococci should include FOX.
T31	29332-29405	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Beta-lactamase detection using dilution methods is known to be difficult.
T32	29406-29470	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A nitrocephin-based betalactamase test is generally recommended.
T33	30942-31031	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The benzylpenicillin VITEK 2 MIC can help to screen Bla+ E. faecalis strains.
T34	31153-31373	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Furthermore, with optimized benzylpenicillin MIC ranges for the wild and acquired penicillinase resistance phenotypes, the VITEK 2 Advanced Expert SystemTM (AES) would increase the discrimination between both phenotypes.
T35	31374-31473	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The nitrocefin test would be then performed only when acquired penicillinase phenotype is proposed.
T36	31474-31598	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Consequently, AES would allow labs to drastically decrease the number of off-line nitrocefin tests performed on E. faecalis.
T37	33148-33264	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Essential agreement for automatic and manual dilution method challenge experiments was >97.5% for ERT, GAR, and TEL.
T38	34621-34682	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, no single MRSA type was seen in all three countries.
T39	36902-37152	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Friedrich, G. Peters, S.G. Gatermann, K. Becker (Munster, Bochum, DE) Objectives: The ongoing emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Germany has generated considerable concern among medical and public health professionals.
T40	37248-37403	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, representative nation-wide data on prevalent MRSA clones, their pathogenicity potential as well as on the prevalence of CA-MRSA are not available.
T41	37404-37715	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Methods: To learn about the prevalence and the characteristics of MRSA including CA-MRSA, 36 centres throughout Germany (laboratories associated with university and general hospitals, outpatient clinics) were enrolled to collect 50 consecutive MRSA isolates (02/2004 -01/2005) and to respond to a questionnaire.
T42	39186-39290	Epistemic_statement	denotes	According to the prevalence of PVL-positive isolates, CA-MRSA isolates seem to be still rare in Germany.
T43	39291-39422	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Further analyses of the data given in the questionnaires will allow a more detailed view on demographical and clinical backgrounds.
T44	39763-39871	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These cMRSA isolates where mostly associated with the small SCCmec type IV and atypical resistance profiles.
T45	39872-39951	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Recent data indicate, that the SCCmec type IV may infiltrate clinical settings.
T46	39952-40135	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Aim: The aim of the present study was the molecular characterisation of MRSA isolates from clinical and nonclinical settings in northern Germany during a 1 year period [2004] [2005] .
T47	40136-40243	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Epidemiology data was generated by spa-typing and correlated with results from multiplex PCR SCCmec typing.
T48	41066-41131	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, no isolate harboured type V and type I SCCmec cassettes.
T49	41132-41253	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Typing of MRSA with molecular methods revealed a complex pattern of spa-types and different SCCmec cassettes.
T50	41496-41647	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This may indicate a spread of successful epidemic clones into the community and vice versa adaptation of cMRSA characteristics in the clinical setting.
T51	42580-42781	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: The percentage of S. aureus isolates (n = 22,999) tested as resistant to oxacillin increased from 9.4% in 2002 to 15.2% in the first half of 2005 with considerable variation between hospitals.
T52	44060-44141	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, findings from pooled data mask substantial diversity on the local level.
T53	45436-45669	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 12, Supplement 4, 2006 Conclusion: Our study suggest MRSA carriage in patients discharged from hospital and MRSA isolation by a clinical sample upon hospital readmission from the community.
T54	45670-45780	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Early discharge, prolonged portage and low virulence can explain the spread of hospital MRSA in the community.
T55	45781-45943	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our findings indicate that MRSA isolated at the admission to MEW were not community-acquired MRSA and that acquisition could be linked to a prior hospitalisation.
T56	45944-46262	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Usual epidemiological definition of community or hospital MRSA acquisition is not clear without systematic screening for colonization Objectives: In a Spanish multicenter study (143 hospitals) performed in 2002 we analysed a total of 439 clinical isolates of S. aureus, and 30.5% were resistant to methicillin (MRSA) .
T57	52437-52705	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Identification epidemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus in Russian hospitals: multicentre study 1998 Objectives: Over the last years there has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in some hospitals in Russia.
T58	54014-54217	Epistemic_statement	denotes	All isolates of this strain were produced PCR products with the primers for identification ccr type 2, mec complex class B and region J1( 4b1, 4b2) and with the primers set for identification ccr type 1.
T59	54218-54279	Epistemic_statement	denotes	So we proposed that they carried two different copies SCCmec.
T60	56437-56617	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: The MRSA nasal carriage rate in nursing home has shown to be significant (11.2%); these patients seem to be a different population if compared to the hospitalized one.
T61	57023-57181	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: The aim of our study was to determine some epidemiological features of MRSA airway colonization/ infection in patients with CF of our institution.
T62	57556-57724	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The antibiotic resistance was evaluated by the Vitek II automated system (Biomerieux) and by the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) according to NCCLS recommendations.
T63	58516-58663	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: 1) The mean annual incidence rate during this period showed no changes, but the mean age of 1st acquisition seems to decrease by time.
T64	58664-58870	Epistemic_statement	denotes	2) The multidrugresistant phenotypes are rare, for the time being.3) Although MRSA strains are often isolated from patients with CF, only a small proportion of this population remains chronically colonized.
T65	60839-60891	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, discrepancy was seen for MLST CC1 and CC80.
T66	60977-61056	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The spa-based BURP placed the isolates together in one extended clonal complex.
T67	61147-61261	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The single locus spa seems to be as useful and reliable for MRSA typing as the seven-genes based MLST.
T68	61262-61404	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Sequencing of one gene is faster and cheaper than sequencing of seven genes, and spa-typing might replace MLST as the typing method of choice.
T69	61405-61522	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The new software BURP for spa-based analysis of the relationship between MRSA types performs well and is easy to use.
T70	62076-62173	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, this multiplex was primarily designed to characterize the hospital-acquired types I-III.
T71	62906-63008	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The isolates had previously been tested mecA-positive by PCR and had been characterized by spa-typing.
T72	64028-64091	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Patients were interviewed to find a possible link between them.
T73	65372-65541	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The three culture positive and PCR negative samples could be caused by a very low number of MRSA or in one case variability in the sequences amplified by the primer set.
T74	65590-65661	Epistemic_statement	denotes	By further PCR optimizing it could be possible to achieve a higher PPV.
T75	66332-66536	Epistemic_statement	denotes	At that point it was decided to look for a possible source, such as other family members and house-hold animals, including pigs on the farm, since those were reported as a possible source of MRSA earlier.
T76	67495-67666	Epistemic_statement	denotes	MLST type 398 might be of international importance as pig-MRSA, since this type was shown earlier to be present in epidemiologically unrelated French pigs and pig-farmers.
T77	67670-67846	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Research is needed to evaluate whether this is a local problem or a new source of MRSA, that puts the until now successful search and destroy policy of the Netherlands at risk.
T78	70012-70086	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Infection by MRS is considered an emerging problem in animals.
T79	70087-70205	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In this survey most horses tested were found to be carriers of MRCNS, with some strains displaying invasive potential.
T80	70206-70317	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As in the stable personnel there were not MRS carriers, the human origin of the MRCNS strains may be ruled out.
T81	70318-70512	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The detection of new SCCmec types, and of the ccrB type 2 as well, supports the hypothesis that horse MRCNS represent a potential source of resistance genes that may be transmitted to S. aureus.
T82	72101-72165	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Interestingly the lowest resistance rates were observed in 2002.
T83	72930-73059	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This may be due to the higher rate of consumption of these drugs in the animal treatment after the ban of other growth promoters.
T84	73060-73233	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The annual data of vancomycin resistance point to an association between the recovery of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from tested animals and the use of avoparcin.
T85	73234-73421	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This study indicates that it could be possible to reduce antimicrobial resistance in food animals by reducing the use of antibiotics, although variations can occur with different strains.
T86	73555-73574	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Mora (Tenerife, ES)
T87	73575-73754	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Septic shock is a common cause of death in Intensive Care Units and mortality prediction may help to identify patients who may benefit from a given treatment strategy.
T88	73755-73920	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this work was to assess the mortality in septic shock and the performance of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment ( SOFA ) score to predict this mortality.
T89	74830-75059	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: In our experience mortality in septic shock patients remains high and SOFA score perform very well, with calibration and discrimination very high, and it is an appropriate tool to assess and to predict this mortality.
T90	76592-76841	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In the univariate analysis, factors significantly associated with REC-BSI were: male sex (OR 3.15;1.64-6.06), immunosupression (OR 4.48; ), haematological malignancy (OR 11.63;1.41-90.91), non-urinary origin (OR 5.36; and McCabe I and II (OR 2.35; .
T91	77339-77456	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We were not able to show a relationship of RCE-BSI with inadequacy of antimicrobial therapy during the first episode.
T92	77457-77633	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The influence of SIRS criteria on outcome in Gram-negative versus Gram-positive sepsis M. Lupse, A. Bica, A. Slavcovici, A. Radulescu, C. Bondor, D. Tatulescu (Cluj-Napoca, RO)
T93	77634-77733	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The clinical significance of the systemic inflammatory response in septic patients remains unclear.
T94	77734-77882	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of the study is to compare the outcome in patients with documented grampositive versus gram-negative sepsis with 2, 3 or 4 criteria of SIRS.
T95	78047-78228	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We selected adult patients having at admittance in ICU Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases the diagnosis criteria of sepsis, according to ACCP/SCCM expert panel recommendation.
T96	80153-80214	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, bloodstream infections (BSI) due to HI are uncommon.
T97	80215-80296	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of our study was to review our experience on HI BSI in the last 18 years.
T98	81557-81696	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Adults, most with comorbidities, represent three quarters of all cases of HI bloodstream infections (which are rarely caused by HI type B).
T99	81697-81744	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Mortality remains high, especially in PB cases.
T100	81745-81950	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Protein C levels in plasma and APACHE II scoring system for risk evaluation in patients with sepsis E. Doyuk Kartal, E. Karkac, N. Erben, S. Nayman Alpat, I. Ö zgü nes, Z. Gulbas, G. Usluer (Eskisehir, TR)
T101	81951-82065	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: Concentrations of protein C reduces in septic patients; this reduction is associated with poor outcome.
T102	82066-82199	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of protein C levels and APACHE II score with prognosis in patients with sepsis.
T103	83249-83347	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However protein C levels at 48 hours after initiation of study were not associated with mortality.
T104	83348-83468	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There were negative correlation with APACHE II score to initial and 48 hours after initiation of study protein C levels.
T105	83469-83617	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Patients who have protein C concentration below 70% at the beginning of the study was correlated with poor prognosis in septic patients.
T106	83618-83681	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This reduction is related with poor outcome in septic patients.
T107	83956-84135	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The role of plasma BNP levels in the early prognostic stratification of septic patients at the emergency department G. Ruggiano, R. Camajori Tedeschini, A. Rosselli (Florence, IT)
T108	84136-84299	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Myocardial dysfunction is observed in 44% of patient with severe sepsis or septic shock and high plasma BNP levels could be associated with poor outcome of sepsis.
T109	84300-84433	Epistemic_statement	denotes	To investigate whether the plasma BNP level could represent a prognostic marker for septic patients, we started a two phases project.
T110	84593-84790	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The age >65 years, the Karnofsky score < 60, the SaO2 < 90% , the PT < 70% and the presence of ''pulmonary edema'' at the traditional chest X ray resulted to be independently correlated with death.
T111	85571-85676	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Such a difference is statistically highly significant (p < 0,0001), despite the small number of patients.
T112	86000-86101	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Left ventricular failure might represent one of the underlying events leading to multi-organ failure.
T113	86102-86256	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Thus BNP plasma levels as an early marker may consistently contribute to predict unfavourable clinical evolution before the myocardial failure is evident.
T114	86257-86568	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Should this hypothesis be confirmed, the early aggressive therapy recommended in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock could be properly set up without any delay but targeted to high risk patients, allowing an appropriate clinical management together with an improved human and economic resources allocation.
T115	86775-86876	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, no results about the mutual relationship between mCD14 and sCD14 have been published so far.
T116	87461-87549	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: There was no significant correlation between mCD14 expression and sCD14 levels.
T117	88002-88162	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A significant positive correlation was detected between C-reactive protein and sCD14 levels, providing evidence that sCD14 may serve as an acute phase reactant.
T118	88339-88579	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Background: Tigecycline, a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T119	89578-89716	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The presented data suggest that tigecycline may be an effective and reliable therapeutic option against nosocomial or community pathogens.
T120	89717-90046	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Tigecycline antibacterial activity in current (2004) (2005) (2006) Background: Tigecycline, the first member of a new class of glycylcyclines antimicrobial class to reach clinical trials, has been shown to have potent broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for hospital acquired infections.
T121	91905-92067	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The presented data suggest that tigecycline is little affected by cross-resistance mechanisms present in these selected strains of Enterobacteriaceae.
T122	92068-92222	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Tigecycline may be an effective therapeutic option against Enterobacteriaceae regardless of the resistance patterns to commonly used antimicrobial agents.
T123	92223-92380	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Background: Enhanced activity agents such as TIG may offer antibacterial coverage of common pathogens including multidrug resistant gram-negatives/positives.
T124	92901-93026	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Glycylcyclines are being developed to overcome the problem of bacterial resistance to tetracyclines and other antimicrobials.
T125	94506-94608	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: It has been seen in some species that existing multi-drug efflux pumps may also pump TIG.
T126	94609-94858	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In spite of this, TIG remained effective and inhibited most Acinetobacter strains resistant to two or more other drugs in this study, although the higher TIG MICs seen for these strains suggests some linkage to resistance mechanisms for other drugs.
T127	95110-95372	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Program in Europe Background: Tigecycline (TIG), the first of the glycylcyclines to enter clinical trials, has been shown to have potent broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T128	97126-97280	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The presented data suggest that TIG is little affected by cross-resistance mechanisms present in these selected strains of Enterobacteriaceae.
T129	97281-97427	Epistemic_statement	denotes	TIG may be an effective therapeutic option against Enterobacteriaceae regardless of the resistance patterns to commonly used antimicrobial agents.
T130	97689-97926	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Tigecycline, a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent expanded broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T131	98693-98870	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The presented data suggest that tigecycline as an expanded broad-spectrum antimicrobial may be an effective empiric therapeutic option against nosocomial or community pathogens.
T132	99931-100004	Epistemic_statement	denotes	TIG may add value to this therapeutically challenged geographical region.
T133	100005-100378	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Acinetobacter resistance in clinical isolates from the United States evaluated against tigecycline and 10 comparators Background: Tigecycline (TIG), a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent expanded broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T134	101663-101764	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: It has been seen in some species that existing multidrug efflux pumps may also pump TIG.
T135	101765-102014	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In spite of this, TIG remained effective and inhibited most Acinetobacter strains resistant to one or more other drugs in this study, although the higher TIG MICs seen for these strains suggests some linkage to resistance mechanisms for other drugs.
T136	102171-102378	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Background: Tigecycline (TIG), a new glycylcycline, has been shown to have potent broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T137	104533-104740	Epistemic_statement	denotes	TIG's excellent expanded broad spectrum of activity against MRSA and other gram-positive and negative resistant bacteria should make it a very useful drug in treatment of difficult Staphylococcal infections.
T138	104741-104990	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Background: Tigecycline, a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent expanded broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T139	105956-106147	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The presented data suggest that tigecycline may be an effective and reliable therapeutic option against nosocomial or community pathogens in both in-patient and out-patient clinical settings.
T140	106148-106403	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Background: Tigecycline (TIG), a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent expanded broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T141	107812-108029	Epistemic_statement	denotes	TIG's expanded broad spectrum of activity, including strains resistant or multiple-resistant to other agents, should make it a very useful treatment option for this difficult to treat group of gram-negative pathogens.
T142	108030-108295	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: Tigecycline, the first glycylcycline, is a novel compound that provides the medical community with a potent new antimicrobial for treating infections caused by a broad spectrum of clinically relevant pathogens for which limited therapeutic options exist.
T143	110140-110552	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Our results clearly confirm that tigecycline has an excellent activity against multi-resistant gram-positive, both tetracycline-susceptible and resistant isolates, possessing three different tetracycline-resistant genes and other determinants including mec and VanA, B together and suggesting that this drug may play an important role in the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive pathogens.
T144	112064-112234	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The RAPD and plasmid fingerprinting data suggest that plasmid transfer is the main mechanism of CTX-M-3 spread, while CTX-M-15 shows a clonal dissemination in one centre.
T145	112561-112758	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Surveillance of PER-1 producers among Gram-negative bacilli isolated at a tertiary care hospital over a 5-year period and analysis of the genetic location of blaper-1 B. Eraç, Z. Gü lay (Izmir, TR)
T146	112759-113045	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of PER-1 betalactamase over a 5-year period among ceftazidime resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated at a tertiary care hospital in Izmir, Turkey and to determine whether blaPER-1 was associated with class-1 integrons in any of the isolates.
T147	114570-114758	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Direct sequencing of the PCR-product on both strands confirmed the blaPER-1 presence.To our knowledge, this is the first report which shows association of blaPER-1 with a class-1 integron.
T148	115083-115351	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to investigate the genotype and antibiotic resistance mechanism of epidemic A. baumannii isolated at the ICU during the outbreak, comparing them with sporadic A. baumannii isolated in the same hospital and in a different hospital of the town.
T149	116449-116735	Epistemic_statement	denotes	PCR identification and characterization of integrons provided a further characterization of these isolates, identifying two integrons, carrying 2.2 kb (aacA4-orfO-blaOXA20) and 2.5 kb (aacC1-orfX-orfX'-aadA1) variable regions, respectively associated to the two prevalent RAPD profiles.
T150	116736-116834	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Interestingly, all the 52 carbapenem resistant isolates were found positive to the blaOXA-58 gene.
T151	116888-117165	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The detection of a plasmid-mediated oxacillinase conferring imipenem-resistance located on different plasmid variants, suggests that this resistance may spread horizontally in A. baumannii, a finding with serious implications for patient management in the hospital.
T152	119545-119637	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Current knowledge on plasmids encoding these resistance determinants are still very limited.
T153	121169-121469	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The epidemic dissemination of a single IncN plasmid encoding CTX-M-1 was apparently the major responsible for the spread of this ESBL recently observed among E. coli circulating in Italy, although other plasmids could also be involved in the dissemination of CTX-M-type ESBL determinants.
T154	121470-121561	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Unusual CTX-M enzyme variants in the United Kingdom We investigated these rare CTX-M types.
T155	122935-123052	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Hybridisation suggested that CTX-M-2, -14 and -40 were chromosomally-encoded or mediated by large plasmids (>200 kb).
T156	123232-123394	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: E. coli with CTX-M beta-lactamases are a major problem in the UK, with several CTX-M-15-producing outbreak strains as well as many sporadic producers.
T157	125517-125714	Epistemic_statement	denotes	IS26, between blaCTX-M-15 and its normal promoter, may be responsible for this lower expression but, it also appears that trans-acting factors may up-regulate CTX-M-15 expression, as in isolate A2.
T158	125821-126009	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to establish the frequency of resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins of E. coli strains collected in Algeria, and to characterize the types of ESBL produced.
T159	128028-128226	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our results suggest that therapeutic options may be dramatically diminished if CTX-M enzymes continue spreading in hospital environment, as multidrug-resistance was demonstrated in a high frequency.
T160	129823-130112	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis revealed genetic diversity among the isolates with blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-3, or blaCTX-M-14 randomly selected from different hospitals, and conjugation experiments and plasmid analysis suggest the interhospital spread of similar resistance plasmids.
T161	131146-131305	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Since TEM-52 has been described to be associated to a Tn3 transposon in Salmonella, PCR with primers specific for this transposon was performed on plasmid DNA.
T162	131824-132025	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Both, Salmonella enteritidis isolate and transconjugants, gave the expected 500 bp PCR product for Tn3, suggesting the presence of TEM-52 gene in a Tn3-like structure, carried by a conjugative plasmid.
T163	132598-132709	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As in previous studies, Tn3-like structures seem to be the genetic element in which TEM-52 is usually included.
T164	135124-135433	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: To analyse the DNA sequences upstream of the ampC gene in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli with a phenotype compatible with AmpC-hyperproduction, to determine the frequency with which promoter and attenuator mutations occur and to determine the possibility of clonal spread of these organisms.
T165	136660-136748	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These mutations were always associated with mutations at positions -88, -82, -1 and +58.
T166	137513-137622	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The contribution of acquired AmpC-type b-lactamases to this resistance phenotype does not seem very relevant.
T167	139892-139983	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was a trend towards a multiresistance phenotype in the AmpC-positive E. coli strains.
T168	139984-140147	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: (i) The EDTA-based AmpC disk test is a potential useful, convenient test to detect clinical significant AmpCproduction in clinical strains of E. coli.
T169	140248-140498	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Detection of extended-spectrum b-lactamase in Enterobacteriaceae with AmpC b-lactamase type of inducible resistance Objectives: ESBL production in Enterobacteriaceae with inducible AmpC chromosomal enzymes is rare, while its detection is problematic.
T170	140989-141155	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Cefoxitin resistance, identification to species level and the cefoxitin/cefotaxime (CTX) disk antagonism test were used to screen for likely inducible AmpC producers.
T171	141536-141775	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: Of the 55 isolates that were tested, 53 were found to be ESBL non-producers; only two (3.6%) strains (E. aerogenes and E. cloacae) were resistant to cefotaxime and appeared to be co-producers of ESBL and AmpC b-lactamases enzymes.
T172	142015-142152	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: In Enterobacteriaceae, production of inducible AmpC-beta lactamases can mask ESBL activity making its detection a challenge.
T173	142153-142271	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The use of cefepime instead of cefotaxime or ceftazidime in inhibitor-based confirmatory tests seems to be preferable.
T174	142502-142630	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These procedures can be carried out in strains isolated from serious infections and to survey for complex resistance mechanisms.
T175	142631-142743	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Modelling the effect of copy number of plasmids carrying ESBL genes on resistance levels to b-lactam antibiotics
T176	142744-142901	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Variable resistance to b-lactams among ESBLproducing strains has been widely discussed in the literature and has been attributed to many factors.
T177	142902-143116	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Some of them, as different substrate preference of ESBLs, efficiency of ESBL gene promoters, or outer membrane permeability of host strains, have been studied extensively using both clinical and laboratory strains.
T178	143732-144097	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The MICs of ampicillin (AMP), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefotaxime (CTX), cefepime (FEP) and aztreonam (AZT) were determined for the strains carrying recombinant plasmids or the pCC1 vector without insertion using the broth microdilution method as recommended by NCCLS except that LB broth with or without arabinose at 0.02% final concentration was used as testing medium.
T179	144963-145111	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: In our model experiment, a strong correlation between the ESBL genes copy number and the MICs of oxyimino-beta-lactams was demonstrated.
T180	145747-145901	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A PFGE pattern was considered as sporadic if there was a difference of >6 DNA fragment with any other PFGE pattern in the entire database (~2500 strains).
T181	146316-146392	Epistemic_statement	denotes	SCCmec type IV was associated with the greatest number of different STs (5).
T182	146795-147023	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although, only half of sporadic MRSA strains belong to the same ST-SCCmec type as epidemic strains, suggesting that resistance cassette type and other epigenetic markers are involved in conferring the epidemic behaviour of MRSA.
T183	147415-147660	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of the present study was to determine diversity of insert sequences in the mid-region (m) of vacA, that includes a toxin subunit coding region (cell binding domain), in order to find genotypic markers indicative of geographic adaptation.
T184	148686-149015	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Our results indicated that despite conservation at the predicted amino acid level, sequences of vacA mid-region inserts were sufficiently diverse to provide additional genotypic markers for strain discrimination within the m2 allelic family, and to indicate possible host-associated adaptations in a Chinese subgroup.
T185	149753-149857	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In Brasília, cutaneous infections (48%) and pharyngitis (44%) were evenly associated with GAS isolation.
T186	150335-150396	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The Brazilian emm-types have been rarely or not yet reported.
T187	150452-150589	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Additionally, the pathologies associated with the Brazilian emm-types were different from those usually described in developed countries.
T188	150590-150742	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Our study highlighted important differences between developing and developed countries in terms of GAS clinical and molecular epidemiology.
T189	150987-151079	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Correlation between pathology and emm-types might be less stringent than previously thought.
T190	151080-151148	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Vaccinal strategies should take into account these major variations.
T191	152413-152491	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The other strains could be divided into several toxin type-specific subgroups.
T192	152581-152624	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This suggests a common evolutionary origin.
T193	152885-153004	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This suggests highly clonal dissemination and single events in which both toxin A and B genes were lost simultaneously.
T194	154590-154736	Epistemic_statement	denotes	VIT310 had previously been detected in Turkey, which raises interesting hypothesis about the genetic link between these two bacterial populations.
T195	155116-155272	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, as in many East-European countries reliable incidence figures are still lacking mainly due to suboptimal diagnostics and incomplete case reporting.
T196	155273-155452	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Regarding antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiological characteristics of the N. gonorrhoeae strains that circulate in Russia, no thorough knowledge has yet been published.
T197	156465-156617	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Complete results of the correlations with the antibiotic susceptibility testing, porB gene sequencing, and NG-MAST will be included at the presentation.
T198	156772-156964	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Furthermore, thorough knowledge of the gonorrhoea incidences, antibiotic resistance and genetic characteristics of the N. gonorrhoeae strains circulating in East-European countries is crucial.
T199	157099-157137	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Kiss, B. Nagy (Debrecen, Budapest, HU)
T200	157138-157460	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Due to close relationship between E. coli O157 strains so far the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was found to be the only method with sufficient discriminatory power As PFGE is time-consuming and not suited to handling high sample numbers, there is a need for a fast, high-throughput PCR-based method.
T201	159067-159322	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Interestingly, SERE cluster S1 contained eight of eleven isolates of the same herd, while PFGE assigned four of them to cluster P3 finding the other four independent of clusters, suggesting that SERE-PCR may be less sensitive to microevolutionary changes.
T202	159436-159508	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Thus, SERE-PCR may fulfil the need for PCR-based typing of E. coli O157.
T203	159584-159688	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Mycobacterium haemophilum was previously rarely recognized as a pathogen in the Netherlands.
T204	159689-160044	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, with the application of specific culturing methods and real-time PCR methods, this species has been identified as the involved pathogen in several diseases like skin inflammation, lymphadenitis and arthritis.In 2003-2004 a sudden increase of patients with cervicofacial lymphadenitis caused by M. haemophilum was observed in the Amsterdam region.
T205	160045-160243	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As a part of an epidemiological study to investigate the possibility of a common source for these infections, the genetic diversity of the strains was investigated and compared to unrelated strains.
T206	161453-161593	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: While M. haemophilum seems highly conserved as a species, geographical distances appear to be correlated with genetic diversity.
T207	161803-161979	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical strains of C. difficile isolated in our hospital over a 18-months period by toxinotyping and binary toxin gene detection.
T208	162971-163112	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The production of toxin A could not be detected with the commercial kit in 11 strains with toxinotypes 0 (n = 9), V (n = 1), and XXI (n = 1).
T209	165097-165374	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The genetic mechanisms for erythromycin resistance proved characteristic for the two groups: 9 of the 11 England 14-9-related strains harboured the mef(A) gene, while in all of the erythromycin resistant ST156-related isolates (6 strains) the erm(B) gene could be demonstrated.
T210	165834-165978	Epistemic_statement	denotes	One isolate was tested by MLST; it belonged to a novel sequence type which was, however, closely linked to ST1138 reported earlier from Hungary.
T211	166513-166621	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Vaccination could substantially reduce both the incidence of infection and the rate of macrolide resistance.
T212	166929-167070	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, due to the emergence of new variants and limitation of detection assays, the disease burden of this virus has not been well defined.
T213	167141-167293	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Types 40, 41 are associated with sever acute diarrhoea while types 31, 2 and 7 are supposed to have important contribution in infantile gastroenteritis.
T214	167294-167510	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In the present study, by application of both serologic and PCR-based methods, we provide data of a comparative study for determination of the prevalence of the Ead types associated with diarrhoea in Iranian children.
T215	168035-168165	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: We could screen 12.4% (41/329) positive samples by PCR based method while this rate was 4.5% (15/329) for Adenolex assay.
T216	168166-168410	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Moreover, all adenolex detected types were only Ead 41 but PCR-based assay could not only identify up to 21 samples of Ead41, but also by application of this PCR method, Ead 31, 7 and 40 were detected in 8, 2 and one stool samples respectively.
T217	168411-168556	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We could also identify 2 specimens belonging to both genus C or D and one to genus E. Seven other positive samples were not processed for typing.
T218	168557-168756	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Prevalence rate of Ead in Iranian children with acute diarrhoea might be higher (>12.4%) than previously reported data (6.7%) which was based on application of commercial serologic assay.
T219	168757-168951	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The reasons behind this difference may be new emerging types and mutants of Ead in different geographic regions and inability of most commercial assays to detects serotypes other than 40 and 41.
T220	168952-169197	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Finally, despite the general anticipation that type 40 and 41 are considered for cause of most childhood gastroenteritis, our results indicated that types 41, 31 and 7 were the most frequently found Eads in Iranian children with acute diarrhoea.
T221	170441-170630	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, the ITS barcode identification by TrichOKEY 1.0 (www.isth.info) revealed that all of them belong to the triplet of species T. longibrachiatum/Hypocrea orientalis/ H. cerebriformis.
T222	171232-171373	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Comparisons were done at 9 time points and at 3 temperatures in order to detect possible physiological shifts specific for clinical isolates.
T223	171374-171528	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Our results support that fungal opportunists belonging to the genus Trichoderma are restricted almost exclusively to section Longibrachiatum.
T224	173904-174064	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Enteroviruses are associated with a wide variety of diseases in humans and are responsible for summer outbreaks of acute meningitis in both children and adults.
T225	175926-176001	Epistemic_statement	denotes	CB5 and CB3 were associated with cardiac manifestations and other symptoms.
T226	176518-176610	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Therefore, rapid and unambiguous assays for the detection of Brucella species are essential.
T227	176611-176734	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Here we describe a novel SNP based assay that can speciate Brucella isolates into their six classically recognised species.
T228	177213-177422	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This sequence data was analysed and a number of stable single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified that appeared to unambiguously define the six classically recognised members of the genus Brucella.
T229	177570-177679	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: To date more than 400 culturally confirmed isolates have been correctly identified using this assay.
T230	177812-177918	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The SNP multiplex assay can be used to rapidly and clearly differentiate between the six Brucella species.
T231	178100-178216	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Future objectives involve the inclusion of additional SNPs to facilitate higher resolution beyond the species level.
T232	178425-178572	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The current manual workflow can take a researcher about 4-5 hours of analysis time alone to determine the allelic profile for one bacterial sample.
T233	178573-178686	Epistemic_statement	denotes	With our new workflow, we will show an example of S. aureus typing that significantly reduces this analysis time.
T234	180397-180536	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This workflow will help enable researchers to accurately determine sequence types quickly for all pathogens, bacteria, and other organisms.
T235	180812-180992	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, it has been observed that the routinely used restriction endonuclease (RE), SmaI, does not digest erythromycin-resistant strains of the M phenotype, harbouring a mef gene.
T236	180993-181205	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Assuming that this could be due to inhibition of SmaI activity by DNA CpG methylation in its recognition site, we investigated the possibility of using a methylation-insensitive RE with the same recognition site.
T237	182088-182306	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: It has now been shown that a mef-encoding lysogenic phage also encodes a DNA CpG methylase (Euler C et al., XVIth Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases, abstract 14).
T238	182307-182540	Epistemic_statement	denotes	To achieve PFGE typing of all S. pyogenes isolates and incorporation of all profiles in a single database for molecular surveillance, we therefore recommend digestion of mef+ isolates with XmaI, a more expensive isoschizomer of SmaI.
T239	182541-182590	Epistemic_statement	denotes	SmaI should continue to be used for mef-isolates.
T240	182982-183184	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We genotyped all C. psittaci PCR positive human clinical samples available in our laboratory by ompA sequencing as the distribution of the genotypes of C. psittaci causing zoonotic infection is unknown.
T241	184850-185090	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The high prevalence of these genotypes (4/10) in our human clinical samples indicates that non-psittacine birds, in particular pigeons and ducks, should be considered a substantial part of the zoonotic reservoir for human psittacosis cases.
T242	186477-186625	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although the study of more samples is underway, preliminary results suggest that CD patients harbour a higher subtype numbers than healthy subjects.
T243	186626-186856	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The number and diversity of E coli attached to the intestinal mucosa of CD patients is congruent with some recent hypothesis on the implication of this bacterium in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease [2] [3] [4] [5] .
T244	186857-187044	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: Epidemiologic feature of shigellosis have not been well understood and the sensitive molecular typing methods have not been applied on the Iranian population for this organism.
T245	187045-187251	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to determine the drug resistance pattern of S. sonnei isolates as well as to characterize their genetic relationships by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) and ribotyping.
T246	188850-188959	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It can be a very suitable tool in clinical practice and could be used as a complement to traditional methods.
T247	189471-189660	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the polymerase chain reaction-amplified gyrB gene has previously been shown to identify broad genomic groups within this species.
T248	189661-189923	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aims of our study were to evaluate this method by using it to type a collection of clinical and environmental S. maltophilia isolates, and to determine whether particular gyrB RFLP-types dominate in the hospital setting or are more likely to cause infection.
T249	190435-190612	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Environmental isolates from non-hospital sites were more diverse than isolates from hospital sites which may indicate selection of certain gyrB RFLP-types in a hospital setting.
T250	190613-190767	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Two gyrB RFLP-types were found exclusively in hospital environmental samples and clinical specimens; these types may be involved in nosocomial infections.
T251	191013-191145	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These five gyrB RFLP-types may be more likely to cause infection than the three types that were found only in environmental samples.
T252	191321-191459	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Relatively low discriminatory power means broad genomic groups are identified and the characteristics of these groups can be investigated.
T253	191696-191932	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study is to analyse clinical isolates of M. kansasii isolates from Taiwan by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with restriction enzyme AseI and compare the results to those from Europe, Japan, and the United States.
T254	193315-193462	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Compared with the studies of Europe, Japan, and the United States, a major genotype is spreading worldwide and it should be potentially pathogenic.
T255	195281-195397	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: This is a rare report of a nosocomial outbreak caused by colistin resistant P. aeruginosa producing MBL.
T256	195398-195587	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Resistance to colistin was correlated with the increased use of colistin over the last year in ICU, due to prevalence of MBL mediated carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa in ICU patients.
T257	196195-196371	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: The aim of this paper was the epidemiological investigation of the group of twenty P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients treated in Intensive Care Unit (ICU).
T258	197012-197139	Epistemic_statement	denotes	1 revealed no differences in genotypes, despite the fact that they presented different phenotypes of antibiotic susceptibility.
T259	198325-198523	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Increase in incidence of serogroup C invasive meningococcal disease in Italy and rise of decreased susceptibility to penicillin P. Mastrantonio, C. Fazio, A. Neri, T. Sofia, P. Stefanelli (Rome, IT)
T260	198524-198776	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: To monitor the rapid increase in proportion of serogroup C strains circulating in Italy and the rise of decreased susceptibility to penicillin (0.06 > MIC < 1 mcg/ml) to see whether they are linked to the circulation of specific phenotypes.
T261	200377-200483	Epistemic_statement	denotes	DNA from Propionibacterium acnes was detected in two of the ten controls, and may represent contamination.
T262	200484-200663	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Detection and identification of bacterial DNA seems a promising method for establishment of the aetiology of IE, but further studies are required for final validation.
T263	201059-201173	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of our study was to determine the most common bacterial pathogens causing IE endocarditis in our hospital.
T264	201959-202101	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The causative microorganism for one patient with definite culture negative endocarditis was identified as a rarely reported Aerococcus urinae.
T265	202243-202363	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The technology along with thorough validation and clinical interpretation is a promising tool for routine testing of IE.
T266	203892-204023	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It could be explained by the zone of sympatry of few Ixodes species and biodiversity of vectors could cause intensity of infection.
T267	204615-204793	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It was detected that B. afzelii was the dominant genospecies in Lithuanian ticks (10%) and Ehrlichia/Anaplasma and Babesia were found in ticks too and might cause human diseases.
T268	206680-206832	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In addition, rickettsiae of unknown pathogenicity were detected, including R. sibirica strain BJ-90 in D. silvarum collected in Far East, Rickettsia sp.
T269	207081-207221	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Therefore, clinicians should be aware that spotted fever rickettsioses in Russia may be caused by several species with different severities.
T270	207483-207642	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Microbiological characterisation of invasive GAS isolates collected are described alongside clinical and risk factor data to identify significant associations.
T271	208059-208231	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Analyses were performed using STATA software to test for any significant associations between laboratory and clinical data using chisquare and logistic regression analyses.
T272	208639-208779	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was a significant association between spe gene and M type (P = 0.001), notably with speAB and M1 and 3, and speBC with M12, 28 and 87.
T273	208983-209058	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The tetracycline resistant isolates correlated with M43 and 83 (P = 0.001).
T274	209059-209197	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Toxic shock syndrome and necrotising fasciitis were significantly associated with M1 and 3 isolates, and those containing speA (P < 0.01).
T275	209496-209749	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Characterisation of these isolates using techniques such as spe gene toxin detection and antimicrobial susceptibilities has further enriched our capacity to understand the relationship between clinical manifestations and microbiological characteristics.
T276	209750-209861	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Detection of pcaA gene in M. tuberculosis strains isolated from clinical specimens R. Ramazanzadeh (Tehran, IR)
T277	209862-210006	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pcaA gene in M. tuberculosis strains isolated and typed by spoligotyping.
T278	210960-211026	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Interestingly, 6.3% of the strains belonged to the Beijing family.
T279	213754-213890	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Three females with asymptomatic infection of Objectives: It is established that chronic infections may cause hematological disturbances.
T280	213891-214136	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study is to show that persistent asymptomatic infection with Mycoplasma pneumonia can produce a clinical picture similar to chronic fatigue syndrome and even more can stimulate genes involved in hematological malignant disorders.
T281	215598-215756	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The essential mechanism between the Mycoplasma pneumonia infection and low IgG is unclear since it is not included even in rare extra pulmonary complications.
T282	215757-215870	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Studies with larger samples should be done for a better evaluation of its involvement in human malignant disease.
T283	217513-217581	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In this study EV is the more common aetiology of aseptic meningitis.
T284	217582-217738	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The investigation of Toscana virus, although less frequent should go on in summer cases of aseptic meningitis in Portugal as in other Mediterranean regions.
T285	217849-217945	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Other agents need to be considered in future studies to further clarify this clinical situation.
T286	218180-218361	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It can produce a self-limited diarrhoea in healthy adults and children, but potentially life-threatening infection in immunocompromised persons for which no effective cure is known.
T287	218802-218948	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Drug development which would target both enzymes of the methionine cycle and polyamine synthesis can be effective against human cryptosporidiosis.
T288	220487-220605	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) mediated resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae has become an emerging problem.
T289	220606-220698	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This resistance is often associated with low level carbapenem MICs and may be misidentified.
T290	222290-222473	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These results confirm that the spread of MBLs in K. pneumoniae is becoming a clinical concern, despite the fact that most isolates remained susceptible, according to CLSI breakpoints.
T291	222565-223000	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Molecular detection of the cefoxitin resistance gene, cfxA, and the 3' regulatory sequence of its resistance element, MTn4555 J. Soki, M. Toth, Z. Bessenyei, E. Urban, E. Nagy (Szeged, HU) Objectives: Detection of the level of cefoxitin resistance, detection of the cfxA resistance gene and characterization the structure of the 3' sequence of the resistance mobilizable tranposon, MTn4555, possibly involved in the regulation of cfxA.
T292	224068-224188	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In 3 strains, the upstream regions could not be amplified or had a size of 500 bp or insertion of an IS614-like element.
T293	224189-224459	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: We developed a method with which we could detect the cephamycin-specific resistance of Bacteroides strains, demonstrated the heterogeneity of the 3' region of the resistance transposon, MTn4555, and described the prevalent IS-less structure of its 3' region.
T294	224534-224670	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Majority of cases are cutaneous (95%) and a mild disease, in some cases cutaneous reaction may be more severe and threat patients' life.
T295	226708-226768	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: Visceral leishmaniasis is rare in Western Europe.
T296	226769-226865	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Morbidity and mortality is low in immunocompetent but may be fatal in immunosuppressed patients.
T297	227089-227172	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The infection can be reactivated years later in case of cellular immunosuppression.
T298	227828-227948	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Despite adequate therapy with liposomal Amphotericin B the patient developed fatal septic shock with multiorgan-failure.
T299	228591-228758	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Visceral leishmaniasis may become more frequent in non endemic regions because of international travel and increasing numbers of immunosuppressed patients.
T300	228759-228907	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Reactivation of leishmaniasis should be considered particularly in patients with fever in neutropenia or with pancytopenia and fever under steroids.
T301	228908-229207	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive bloodstream infections resistant to quinolone and/or an extended spectrum cephalosporin in a country with extensive use of these antimicrobials in food animals W. Kulwichit, T. Chatsuwan, C. Unhasuta, C. Pulsrikarn, A. Bangtrakulnonth, A. Chongthaleong (Bangkok, TH)
T302	229208-229389	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Nalidixic acid and extended spectrum cephalosporin resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella infection has been a growing global problem and more worrisome in certain countries.
T303	229661-229857	Epistemic_statement	denotes	With complex plasmids capable of carrying both antimicrobial-resistance and virulence genes in a package, a general principle of microbes sacrificing virulence for resistance may not always apply.
T304	229858-230016	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We have embarked on exploring clinical and molecular aspects of this growing problem, and wish to report our pilot survey here to alert the medical community.
T305	231083-231306	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Compared to susceptibility patterns in the past, current nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in humans in our country are obviously more resistant to quinolone and cephalosporin without sacrificing its virulence.
T306	231399-231526	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Alarming ceftriaxone resistance in Salmonella choleraesuis may be associated with inappropriate ceftiofur usage in pig farming.
T307	231527-231669	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A reconsideration and probable major revision in policy on antimicrobial use in food animals for various purposes in our country is warranted.
T308	231670-231819	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Q fever is due to Coxiella burnetii and usually found as a professional fever disease and can be presented in its acute or chronic forms.
T309	231820-231985	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Isolation of C. burnetii should be done in a 3rd level security laboratory which increase the value of serologic diagnosis for the institutions which do not have it.
T310	231986-232121	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was detection of C. burnetii and anti-Coxiella antibodies by molecular and serological methods among risk groups.
T311	233621-233823	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For this reason especially among risk groups in case of atypical pneumoniae, granulomatous hepatitis, and fever with unknown aetiology, Q fever should be thought and searched for differential diagnosis.
T312	233824-234013	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: The aim of this study is to present eleven cases of dermatophytoses caused by Trichophyton violaceum, a new emerging pathogen in Baix Llobregat (metropolitan area of Barcelona).
T313	235910-236169	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Only recently a new non invasive form of listeriosis that causes febrile gastroenteritis in people with no predisposing conditions increased the public health significance of L. monocytogenes, suggesting the possibility of a wider range of infection vehicles.
T314	236170-236444	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As the major infection factor of food contamination seems to occurs in the environment of processing plants, where it can be imported from slaughter facilities, we investigated the epidemiological role of ruminant as possible zoonosic source of listerial pathogenic strains.
T315	236829-237152	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: 4b, 1/2a and 1/2b were found to be the most represented serotypes, while ribotyping, that offers a partially independent and more accurate subtyping scheme, identified 3 major ribogroups, classified with the Dupont Identification pattern Number (DUP-ID) 1038, 1039, 1042, shared by human, feed and animal isolates.
T316	237153-237375	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our data indicate that a variety of L. monocytogenes ribotypes, which have been shown to be associated with human sporadic and epidemic listeriosis all over the world, where commonly present in ruminant cases in our study.
T317	237376-237597	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The finding of three common clusters within humans, feed and animals supports the hypothesis that ruminant could play an important epidemiological role both as reservoir and source of listerial infection for human beings.
T318	239543-239729	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In view of the severity of the infections, we aware physicians of this possible diagnosis in patients being bitten by tick in sub-Saharan Africa and all the E. ruminantium endemic areas.
T319	239730-239795	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Treatment should be based upon doxycycline including in children.
T320	239818-239918	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, due to the invasiveness of LGV-strains they may not always be detectable in lesional swabs.
T321	239919-240068	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Since LGV is associated with induction of a strong antibody response, serology may be helpful in identifying affected patients, even retrospectively.
T322	240828-240932	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Several epidemiologic reports indicate that typeB disease has a close connection with water.
T323	241002-241110	Epistemic_statement	denotes	But, up to now, isolation of F. tularensis or its DNA from water samples have not been reported from Turkey.
T324	241111-241213	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It is the first report from Turkey to evaluate the link between tularemia outbreaks and water sources.
T325	242271-242402	Epistemic_statement	denotes	To investigate water as a possible source of infection, natural springs and network water were sampled for testing with TaqMan PCR.
T326	243067-243269	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: The aim of the study is to identify the potential factors associated with infection sources and modes of transmission during a recent outbreak (October 2004), of tularemia at Suluova, Turkey.
T327	243481-243784	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A standardized questionnaire was used to collect information about general demographics, exposure to all known sources of tularemia infection, as well as potential risk factors related to water and animals (i.e., fishing and farming, hunting and other activities) and environmental conditions of houses.
T328	244273-244456	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In multivariate logistic regression model, keeping domestic animal in the garden was associated with the risk of contracting the disease; OR = 12,32 (CI 95 %: 1.43-106.0) (p = 0.022).
T329	244567-244724	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The results of this study show that case-control studies might be useful for analysing the epidemics and for identifying the source of infection.
T330	244725-244825	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In order to prevent waterrelated zoonotic infections, water and sewerage systems should be improved.
T331	244826-244999	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Tularaemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-negative coccobacillus Francisella Tularensis, which is endemic in the Northern Hemisphere notably in Europe.
T332	246131-246209	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Pneumonic forms are significantly associated with risk of relapse (p < 0.022).
T333	246435-246514	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The cases reported in spring are associated with a great exposure to tick bite.
T334	248648-248866	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Univariate analysis revealed that the severe mucositis (WHO III°-IV°) and the status of refractory/relapsed haematologic disease were significantly associated to development of AB (P = 0.008 and P = 0.01 respectively).
T335	248867-249031	Epistemic_statement	denotes	(A) Our data confirm the rarity of AB in neutropenic pts (4% of all bacteremic episodes) but this kind of infection, if underestimated, can be a fatal complication.
T336	249857-250074	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: We report on 4 cases of infective endocarditis caused by non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae in patients with underlying congenital heart defects, occurring at the Pretoria Academic Hospital over the past 7 years.
T337	251303-251490	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae is an infectious pathogen, and detection of coryneform bacteria in the blood can no longer be dismissed as contamination and must be investigated.
T338	251491-251595	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Failure to recognise this pathogen can delay final diagnosis and initiation of appropriate chemotherapy.
T339	251682-251764	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The importance of this organism as emergent pathogen should not be underestimated.
T340	251765-251918	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in faecal samples of camels, i.e.
T341	253890-254143	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: These data show for the first time that onehumped camels, whose meat and the often un-pasteurised milk are frequently consumed in countries of the Middle East and Africa, can also be carriers of STEC posing a potential health risk to humans.
T342	255443-255581	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In a few countries types 1, 3 and 28 were predominant; however, an overall increase of new invasive types (77, 81, 82, 89) was noticeable.
T343	255827-255975	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In France, the spread of a clone of GAS, type emm28, resistant to MLS drugs and bacitracin, was reported as mostly associated with puerperal sepsis.
T344	255976-256167	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Early results from the pathogenesis work package have identified that low antibody levels against some newly described cell wall-attached proteins of GAS may predispose to severe GAS disease.
T345	256226-256528	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The apparent overall increase of invasive cases may partly depend on the role of Strep-EURO in enhancement or establishment of surveillance systems but careful analysis of data should be considered for each country depending on national system for collection of data, and treatment strategies of cases.
T346	258430-258799	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: This investigation show that although 8 hrs stimulation is sufficient for expression of mRNA and significant detection of IFN-g in memory T-cells but 32 hrs post stimulation can't be sufficient to comparison between different vaccines, as mice groups that immunized by DNA and subunit vaccines after 32 hrs didn't show significant difference in IFN-g level.
T347	260431-260546	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Assuming all of the HCWs was susceptible and would receive vaccination with MMR cost of these procedure is $ 3,630.
T348	260778-260968	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, HCWs in Turkey seem to have little knowledge about their history of these diseases or vaccinations, prevaccination serologic screening seems to be necessary to identify susceptible.
T349	261403-261742	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The presented research was aimed at investigating the reasons of occurrence of postvaccinal complications (PC) (hyperthermia, local tissues reactions, regional lymphadenitis, skin rashes) at children being suffered from bronchial asthma (BA) and from BA combined with parasitic diseases, and that is why having immunological deregulations.
T350	262996-263114	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The reason of such reaction on vaccination material can be the presence of antiparasitic antibodies in child organism.
T351	263115-263246	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The parasitic antigenic complex is heterogeneous owing to what the antiparasitic immune answer is characterized by low specificity.
T352	263599-263728	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the etiological agent of a novel infectious disease SARS.
T353	263969-264139	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Therefore, the Objectives of this study are to detect functional fragments of SARS-CoV S using the AAV system and to pursue a good candidate for developing SARS vaccines.
T354	265043-265246	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results Also showed that rAAV encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) provoked potent and prolonged antibodies with neutralizing activities, indicating that it can deliver a prolonged immune response.
T355	265825-266085	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In addition, results that rAAV encoding RBD elicited specific IgG and IgA antibodies with neutralizing activities via intramuscular, intradermic and intranasal vaccinations imply that this live vector might be a good candidate for development of SARS vaccines.
T356	267904-268315	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This practice showed a significant association with level of education (p = 0.025), exposure being to a dog (p = 0.004) and when the exposure was to a domesticated animal (p = 0.016).In assessing appropriateness of PET received by these patients, the study found that the use of vaccine was inappropriate in 9.4% (25) of new cases and 8% (8) of those who received day 30 and day 90 doses of anti-rabies vaccine.
T357	268516-268672	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Setting up specialized units to treat patients who require anti-rabies treatment will help to optimize treatment and reduce treatment costs in the long run.
T358	270678-270884	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It is not clear if the high incidence of adverse effects during the first week was due to the additional administration of immunoglobulin on day 0 or if an accelerated booster reaction led to these effects.
T359	270885-271011	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The reoccurrence of paraesthesias after each vaccination may represent an adverse effect specific for the active immunization.
T360	271012-271181	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, rabies PEP remains the only effective measure to prevent rabies and should always be given if individuals were possibly exposed to rabies containing secretions.
T361	271182-271426	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Design and construction of an expression vector containing immunogenic epitopes of HIV-1 P24 and gp 41 proteins as a vaccine candidate against HIV-1 F. Roodbari, F. Mahboudi, F. Sabahi, F. Barkhordary, R. Sarami Foroshani, A. Adeli (Tehran, IR)
T362	271427-271517	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Introduction: An effective vaccine is urgently needed to stop the AIDS epidemic worldwide.
T363	271838-271979	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These proteins are considered as attractive vaccine candidate in which their immunogenicity and immunomodulatory effects have been confirmed.
T364	272473-272702	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clinical course study in post BCG vaccination adenitis A. Hamedi, A. Velayati (Mashad, Tehran, IR) Objectives: The most common complication of post B.C.G vaccination is lymphadenopathy or lymphadenitis, usually in neck or axilla.
T365	272703-272855	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study were evaluation various manifestations of post vaccination adenopathy and effectiveness of different treatment modalities on them.
T366	273834-273933	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Generally in adenitis post B.C.G vaccination surgery or needle aspiration rarely needs.
T367	273934-274019	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Cleaning area of lymph node and careful following up patients are highly recommended.
T368	274282-274765	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Methods: Therefore, a newly developed phagocytosis assay based on flow cytometry (flow assay) was using sera obtained from rabbit postvaccination with a bivalent conjugate of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide (CPSA) to serogroup B outer membrane vesicle containing PorA (OMV-PorA), an OMV-PorA of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B and the CPSA (as control), was done in order to evaluation of the potential efficacy of (experimental) meningococcal vaccines.
T369	275961-276112	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Our results indicated that the CPSA--OMV-PorA conjugate could be as a candidate for bivalent vaccine toward serogroup A and B meningococci.
T370	276980-277179	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Then N.meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide (CPSA) was conjugated to serogroup B OMV-PorA in order to test the possibility of obtaining a bivalent serogroup A and B meningococcus vaccine.
T371	278459-278593	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The results indicate that the CPSA-OMV-PorA conjugate could be a candidate for bivalent vaccine toward serogroup A and B meningococci.
T372	279475-279757	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This reduction of cases of serogroup C disease among non-vaccines might be indicative for herd protection, although the bimonthly distribution of cases of serogroup C disease shows that the decline started already before the introduction of the vaccine independent of the age group.
T373	280469-280569	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, these vaccines will not protect against the majority of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes.
T374	280570-280644	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Highly conserved surface proteins as vaccines may circumvent this problem.
T375	281096-281324	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As an example, target RNA was detected with RT-PCR in infected tissue and sequenced in different S. pneumoniae serotypes to assess the possible role during infection, the variability and the conservation amongst these serotypes.
T376	282955-283188	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The type III secretion system of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains has been associated with the ability to induce secretion of the proinflamatory cytokines, NO and antimicrobial peptides in cultured intestinal epithelial cells.
T377	284701-284860	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Aquatic EPEC strains predominantly induce a low inflammatory effect on Caco 2 cells, which might be due to the involvement of different cytokines combinations.
T378	285116-285285	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Characterisation of intestinal lactobacilli as potential second-generation probiotics There is increasing interest in developing second generation probiotics (SGP), e.g.
T379	285486-285623	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Therefore, besides L. casei and L. plantarum that are most frequently used for transformation, more strains and species should be tested.
T380	286121-286304	Epistemic_statement	denotes	At first, all strains were tested for autoaggregation as adhesion marker, then 76 most promising strains were tested for resistance to low pH (pH 3.0; 2.5; 2.0) and bile content (2%).
T381	286986-287156	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Only two L. plantarum strains differed from the innate resistance pattern of lactobacilli, revealing resistance to tetracyclines due to a possible mobile genetic element.
T382	287157-287490	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Several human homo-and heterofermentative lactobacilli, in particular strains of L. acidophilus, L. paracasei and L. fermentum, possess properties required for their persistence in gut and could be used for the development of novel SGP.The study was supported by the Commission of the European Union (BIODEFENCE 508912).
T383	288885-289013	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Interestingly, the expression of IFN-gR1 was found significantly lower in both KA and PKDL which was also validated with RT-PCR.
T384	289108-289245	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Elevated level of IFN-g coupled with low level of IFN-gR1 indicates how unresponsiveness to type1 stimuli prevails during active disease.
T385	289246-289526	Epistemic_statement	denotes	High levels of serum protein and message level of TNF-a in PKDL patients suggest that investigation of the TNF locus in Indian Leishmaniasis patients is warranted since polymorphism at this locus has been associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases including Leishmaniasis.
T386	290542-290635	Epistemic_statement	denotes	No significant association between HNP 1-3 production levels and polymorphism was documented.
T387	290817-290950	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our results: indicate that overall production of the HNP 1-3 peptides is associated with protection against S. aureus nasal carriage.
T388	295407-295694	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The impaired capacity of fungi to reduce XXT, the expression of membrane receptors and surface markers for platelet activation and the decreased hyphal elongation confirm that platelets have the potential to play an important role in host defence against Aspergillus species.
T389	295695-295989	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The role of mannose-binding lectin in susceptibility to infection in premature neonates A. Dzwonek, O. Neth, J. Hawdon, E. Gulczynska, H. Tchorzewski, M. Turner, N. Klein (London, UK; Lodz, PL) Background: Infection remains one of the most frequent clinical complications in premature neonates.
T390	297841-298064	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Vaccine administration combined with antibiotic broadens the therapeutic opportunities in urologic patients and is alternative approach for the SSI prevention and control of UTIs such as mucosal vaccine and immunomodulator.
T391	298205-298263	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Some antibiotics appear to modulate PMN function in vitro.
T392	298457-298621	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In a mouse thigh infection model faropenem (FAR) was previously shown to be 3-to 4-fold more active against Streptococcus pneumoniae in normal vs. neutropenic mice.
T393	298622-298691	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The objective of this study was to test whether FAR initiates a PALE.
T394	299924-300064	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Faropenem may enhance PMN mediated killing of selected organisms and may play some role in enhancing leucocyte mediated killing of bacteria.
T395	300065-300229	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Since faropenem targets cell wall biosynthesis, sub-MIC concentrations of the drug may affect cell morphology that may contribute to enhanced killing by leucocytes.
T396	300230-300338	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Together, these effects may explain, in part, the increased efficacy of FAR in normal vs. neutropenic hosts.
T397	300620-300798	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although some tissue-specific macrophages such as Kupffer's cells and microglia are wellknown, any knowledge about the adrenal macrophages is not yet documented in the textbooks.
T398	300799-300897	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For this aim, we conducted a light microscopic study to show resident macrophages of the adrenals.
T399	301476-301648	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Their cytoplasm was stained yellowish with H-E, suggesting that they are rich in lipofussin pigment granules, and was PAS (+), indicating their excessive lysosomal content.
T400	301747-301929	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Macrophages have been recently thought as favourable cells for interactions of the neuro-endocrine organs with the immune system because they can also secrete cytokines.
T401	302347-302506	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A regulatory function of medullar products on steroid secretion by the cortical cells may, hence, if present, be expected to be mediated in a paracrine manner.
T402	302507-302693	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Cytokines released by macrophages, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, may influence adrenocortical steroidogenesis through medullary catecholamines.
T403	302828-302944	Epistemic_statement	denotes	So, macrophages may have a pivotal role in the bidirectional immune-adrenocortical communication within the adrenal.
T404	303314-303486	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Aim: The aim is to study the changes of some immunological parameters in TBE patients and to provide additional prognostic information about course of pathological process.
T405	305288-305354	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Syphilis can be transmitted sexually of through blood transfusion.
T406	305448-305623	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Laboratory diagnosis is largely based on serological tests and the immunoassays are widely used as the syphilis screening because is highly sensitive and can easily automated.
T407	306432-306487	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Seventeen samples were TPHA but confirmed by line-blot.
T408	306994-307124	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As conclusion is remarkable the excellent performance of the Architect Syphilis assay used as syphilis serological screening test.
T409	307125-307219	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The speed and automation make it a recommended test in laboratories with high load in routine.
T410	309495-309736	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Apart from its experimentally proven role of MCP-1 as a direct elicitor of an inflammatory response induced by cytokines and adhesion molecules expressed in the kidney, may also play a clinical role in the prognosis of an acute renal damage.
T411	311245-311421	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Yet, in 19 of the 30 vaccines this vaccination apparently delayed and possibly in some cases prevented natural infection for 28 months in this heavily contaminated environment.
T412	312685-312871	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Nearly a third (31%) of these patients had a history of complete HBV vaccination, 7% reported an incomplete or ongoing vaccination, the remaining 62% had no known history of vaccination.
T413	313239-313349	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Thus FAHTS consultations appear to be a good opportunity to identify these patients and offer HBV vaccination.
T414	313350-313620	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: In the literature, majority of studies consider the diencephalic and telencephalic locations of viruses, with correlated histopathologic findings, while minor attention has been paid on brainstem, a structure involved in the regulation of autonomic functions.
T415	315130-315288	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Our results confirm brainstem tropism of HIV and HHV-6 and demonstrate, also for BKV, SV40 and CMV, the possibility of location in this district.
T416	315546-315721	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: QTc interval prolongation is an electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormality that may cause severe arrhythmias including torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation.
T417	315722-315866	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Many drugs administered to HIV-positive patients and, according to some Authors, the HIV infection itself, can induce QTc interval prolongation.
T418	315867-316055	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aims of our study were to calculate the frequency of QTc prolongation in a cohort of 402 HIV-infected outpatients and to identify the risk factors associated with this ECG abnormality.
T419	316762-316974	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The association between QTc interval prolongation and potential risk factors was evaluated in terms of Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR), with their 95% Confidence Intervals (CI), by using a multivariable logistic model.
T420	317153-317333	Epistemic_statement	denotes	At multivariate analysis, the following variables were associated with the presence of a long QTc: use of Cotrimoxazole as prophylaxis against P. jiroveci pneumonia (AOR 6.20, C.I.
T421	317526-317708	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: According to our data, QTc interval prolongation is associated with the use of drugs commonly administered to HIV-infected patients, such as Cotrimoxazole and Efavirenz.
T422	317709-317778	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The role of low serum triglyceride level needs further investigation.
T423	317779-317961	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clinicians should perform a strict cardiologic follow-up of HIV infected subjects in those situations that may potentially result in QT prolongation and life-threatening arrhythmias.
T424	318129-318197	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Septicaemia caused by drugresistant organisms is difficult to treat.
T425	319476-319613	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Malaria was associated with lower case-fatality rate (18.9%) than septicaemia (34.2%) and particularly gram-negative septicaemia (42.8%).
T426	319614-319778	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Multidrug-resistance, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype was common in gram-negative isolates and associated case-fatality rates in excess of 70%.
T427	319844-320083	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In a multiple regression model, recovery of gram-negative bacteria (OR: 3.5 95%CI 2.1 to 5.9), ESBL phenotype (OR: 5.5, 95%CI: 1.4 to 21.9) and HIV co-infection (OR: 2.1, 95%CI: 1.4 to 3.2) were independently associated with fatal outcome.
T428	320084-320367	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: While malaria appears to be a slightly more common cause of systemic infection in children in this Tanzanian hospital, septicaemia carries a significantly higher case-fatality rate, partly because of widespread multidrugresistance, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria.
T429	321243-321468	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Gene expression profile analysis showed that treatment with NRTIs modulated the expression of transcription factors, such as Aebp1, Pou5f1 and Phf6, which could play a key role in the determination of the adipocyte phenotype.
T430	321945-322191	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Abnormal expression of these genes, which include master adipogenic transcription factors and genes involved in lipid metabolisms and cell cycle control, could contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of HAART-associated lipodystrophy.
T431	322192-322252	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Indeterminate HIV Western blot profiles: how may we proceed?
T432	322755-322983	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We conducted a review study to check if applying CDC and ARC criteria's to subjects with indeterminate HIV profiles would help us to better interpret their status and to try determining alternative means in cases of uncertainty.
T433	324488-324693	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We think it is advisable to at least screen for plasma HIV RNA in such cases, a negative result being a solid argument against any potential HIV infection and to insist on necessity of long term follow up.
T434	325127-325503	Epistemic_statement	denotes	FDA believes that ''… A new product development toolkitcontaining powerful new scientific and technical methods such as animal or computer-based predictive models, biomarkers for safety and effectiveness, and new clinical evaluation techniques-is urgently needed to improve predictability and efficiency along the critical path from laboratory concept to commercial product.''
T435	326012-326152	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Case examples will show how to integrate relevant sub-models, estimate key parameters from trial data, and simulate candidate trial designs.
T436	326857-327018	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The goal of this presentation is to give the audience an improved ability to use model-based drug development techniques to accelerate HIV development decisions.
T437	327216-327392	Epistemic_statement	denotes	harboured in the respiratory tracts of children with acute respiratory tract infection, and whether clinical and laboratory characteristics separate those with and without P.j.
T438	328287-328552	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Infants aged 50-112 days (2nd age quartile) were 47 (OR, CI 11-203) times more likely than children younger than 50 days (1st age quartile) to harbour P.j., and infants aged 112-265 days (3rd age quartile) 8.7 (CI 1.9-40) times more likely by multivariate analysis.
T439	328553-328655	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Infants hospitalized with an episode of URTI were 2.0 (CI 1.05-3.82) times more likely to harbour P.j.
T440	328707-328853	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The copy numbers detected in P.j.-positive samples are normally distributed after logarithmic transformation suggesting one biological phenomenon.
T441	328969-329045	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This could represent either colonization or sub-clinical or overt infection.
T442	329046-329204	Epistemic_statement	denotes	To our knowledge, there is no previous evidence of clinical illness or specific symptoms in connection with the primary infection in immunocompetent children.
T443	329205-329231	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our data suggest that P.j.
T444	329232-329335	Epistemic_statement	denotes	may present itself as a selflimiting URTI in infants, and that the infection is acquired early in life.
T445	329450-329584	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Epidemiological and clinical correlates, and suggestions for pathogenetic investigation R. Manfredi, L. Calza, F. Chiodo (Bologna, IT)
T446	329585-329675	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Background: Gynecomastia (G) is an emerging untoward event in patients treated with HAART.
T447	329676-330081	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Methods: Through a cross-sectional study performed on around 1000 HIV-infected patients (p) treated with antiretrovirals at our reference centre, we identified all cases of G related to the administration of at least 12 consecutive months of HAART, to assess possible correlations of G with a spectrum of clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic variables (and including all adverse effects of HAART itself).
T448	330082-330355	Epistemic_statement	denotes	All p with true G (as distinguished from lipomastia by an ultrasonography assay) were considered evaluable, while p with other predisposing conditions (endocrine disease, alcohol abuse, liver cirrhosis, and use of drug possibly predisposing to G), were carefully ruled out.
T449	331127-331396	Epistemic_statement	denotes	When considering the eventual correlation with the most common HAART-induced disturbances, some forms of lipodystrophy was concurrent in all the 21 p with G, while hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia were found in 15, 9, and 3 p, respectively.
T450	331594-331670	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: G is probably an underestimated problem in the setting of HAART.
T451	331671-331787	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The frequent association of G with other HAART-related dysmetabolism suggests a possible common pathogenetic causes.
T452	333446-333644	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In 36 p hyperglycemia was associated with the finding of elevated C-peptide levels (mean value 7.4 ng/mL) glycosilated haemoglobin (mean value 9.7%), and hypertriglyceridemia (mean level 238 mg/dL).
T453	333645-333990	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Other significant associations included a proportionally advanced age (over 55 years), a BMI above 28, a more prolonged overall exposure to antiretrovirals (and HAART regimens) and a more advanced HIV disease, while no significant correlations emerged between the abnormalities of glucose metabolism and the use of each single anti-HIV compound.
T454	334271-334388	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: A PI-based HAART may be related to a moderate, but non-negligible risk of hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia.
T455	336220-336495	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A remission was maintained during 10 months, when peripheral blood cell count recovered, HIV disease remained stable and a repeated marrow aspirate, karyotype study (30 metaphases) and immunophenotypic examination proved normal, although a chromosomal translocation remained.
T456	336710-336956	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The advanced (FAB stage M5) and the initial, massive thyroid involvement of our p have no literature analogues to the best of our knowledge and should prompt differential diagnosis with intrinsic, opportunistic or neoplastic thyroideal disorders.
T457	336957-337222	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Besides the lack of consensus on AML prognostic factors in the general population and the absence of controlled trials to guide decision-making in the HIV setting, however an induction chemotherapy associated with HAART appears indicated in HIV-infected p with AML.
T458	337223-337593	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Introduction: No controlled data are available about the longterm evolution of patients (p) on isolated dual nucleoside/ nucleotide analogue (NA) antiretroviral therapy, although this phenomenon still exists in daily clinical practice, notwithstanding that antiretroviral guidelines did not include these regimens since 1997 due to their demonstrated suboptimal potency.
T459	338547-338765	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Discussion: A stable HIV disease course under long-term isolated dual NA therapy is consistently observed nine years after the introduction of HAART regimens, based on at least three different antiretroviral compounds.
T460	338766-339346	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Should long-term nonprogressor p received a ''not-proper'' anti-HIV therapy in early nineties, or the proportionally low efficacy of dual isolated NA was sufficient to contain disease evolution and also resistance development, however the great majority of p who still receive this ''obsolete'' antiretroviral therapy do not have the requirements for introducing an HAART based on three different drugs, based on virological and immunological markers of the 2005 updated guidelines of antiretroviral therapy, so that they are prone to continue their ''out-of-thescheme'' regimens.
T461	339347-339596	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In absence of controlled trials, most of raised questions remain unanswered, and the long-term balance among HIV infection, immunologic-genetic background and the even suboptimal effect of two NA, probably does not require treatment intensification.
T462	340099-340420	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The first one included p naïve to all drugs, starting a NNRTI-based regimen; the second one included a broad spectrum of p pre-treated with 2-10 therapeutic lines, but still NNRTI-naïve; the third group represented p who added for the first time a NNRTI while undergoing salvage regimens including >4 drugs, including PI.
T463	341586-341669	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A prolonged follow-up shows that E may not resolve (or might prompt) dysmetabolism.
T464	341670-341736	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The two available NNRTI have a notably different toxicity profile.
T465	342731-342968	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In the HAART era, the most evident drop of frequency interested opportunistic diseases linked to a CD4+ lymphocyte count <50-100 cells/lL, while a proportional rise of tuberculosis, pneumonia, lymphomas, and other neoplasms was observed.
T466	343084-343203	Epistemic_statement	denotes	After HAART availability, the following diagnoses were neurotoxoplasmosis, wasting syndrome, and AIDS-dementia complex.
T467	343204-343487	Epistemic_statement	denotes	P with multiple AIDS-defining diseases, and also AIDS diagnoses made at death, even showed a paradoxically increased frequency and absolute number during the HAART era versus the prior decade (p < 0.001 and <0.02), while no difference was found as to HIV-associated immunodeficiency.
T468	343488-343722	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Surprisingly, an underlying anti-HIV therapy was a more common event until 1995, versus the HAART era (p < 0.001), since during recent years AIDS notification tends to be increasingly associated with the first HIV infection diagnosis.
T469	343723-343879	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: When facing p with suspected opportunism, clinicians should maintain an elevated suspect for an advanced (but missed or untreated) HIV disease.
T470	343880-344073	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A continued attention will help a more rapid recognition and an appropriate management of p who did not benefit from HAART, since they remained unaware of (or removed) their underlying disease.
T471	344241-344337	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This phenomenon is of great concern due to its socio-economic, cultural, and health care impact.
T472	346051-346522	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Management of hyperlipidaemia related to antiretroviral therapy with the novel statin rosuvastatin: a pilot study R. Manfredi, L. Calza, F. Chiodo (Bologna, IT) Background: A hypolipidemic drug therapy becomes recommended in HIV-infected patients (p) when HAARTassociated hyperlipidemia is severe or tends to persist for a long time, although the selection of single compounds is often difficult, because of potential drug-drug interactions, including anti-HIV compounds.
T473	347410-347779	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: In comparative clinical studies, the novel potent statin rosuvastatin demonstrated a hylipidemic activity significantly greater compared with that of atorvastatin, simvastatin or pravastatin, associated with more contained risks of pharmacological interactions with all molecules metabolized by the liver cytochrome P450 (including HIV protease inhibitors).
T474	348420-348871	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Comparing the 46 episodes diagnosed in 1999-2002 with the 25 cases occurred since 2005, a significantly increased frequency (p < 0.04), an increased HIV sexual transmission (p < 0.0001) and a decreased of mean p's age (p < 0.0001) were observed and this last figure is in countertendency compared with the known increase of mean age of HIV-infected p, therefore underlying that HIV-lues co-infection tends to occur in proportionally younger life ages.
T475	349160-349376	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A typical syphilis presentations (including meningoencephalitis and acute-subacute hepatitis,) characterized even 8 of 26 cases (30.8%) diagnosed in the 2003-2005 period, making its prompt recognition more difficult.
T476	349377-349640	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Health care workers engaged in the management of HIV and STD should maintain an elevated clinical suspicion since a missed/delayed diagnosis of syphilis and HIV may be responsible for disease progression and increased sexual spread of both infections.
T477	349800-350049	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in a cohort of patients with HIV infection, and to assess the possible correlation with demographic variables and the selected antiretroviral association.
T478	351191-351438	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: The alterations of bone metabolism associated with HIV infection have probably a multifactorial pathogenesis, but according to our experience bone mass loss seems to be significantly prompted by the male gender and a PI-based therapy.
T479	351439-351688	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Prospective studies conducted in more extensive patient series are certainly needed, to better understand the epidemiology, the clinical features, the ethiopathogenesis, and the outcome of bone metabolism abnormalities associated with HIV infection.
T480	352194-352489	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: Nationality could be evaluated in 72 subjects: Forty one (57%) were from sub-Saharian Africa (30 Equatorial Guinea, 6 Nigeria, 3 Camerun), 19 (26.4%) from South America (7 Ecuador, 3 Brasil, 3 Peru, 3 Colombia), 8 (11.1%) from another European countries, 2 from Asia and 2 from Marocco.
T481	353568-353643	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was not relationship between HIV-subtype and clinical manifestations.
T482	353997-354203	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Epidemiological implications, plasma viremia quantification, susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs and clinical implications of the presence of those variants in this collective need to be further studied.
T483	354204-354421	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective: Immigrants with HIV infection are an emergent health problem in our country and our objective was to analyse their epidemiological, clinical and immunovirological characteristics when they are hospitalised.
T484	355006-355266	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Nationality could be evaluated in 72 patients: Forty one (57%) were from sub-Saharian Africa (mainly Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria), 19 (26.4%) from South America (mainly Ecuador), 8 (11.1%) from another European countries, 2 were from Asia and 2 from Marocco.
T485	355614-355687	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Relationship between immunodepression and origin countries was not found.
T486	356043-356165	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There were not relationship between diagnosed diseases and origin countries apart from malaria only diagnosed in Africans.
T487	357240-357342	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We aim to study the contributing factors of poor response to TMP-SMX in HIVinfected patients with PCP.
T488	359199-359320	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Early recognition of concurrent infection(s) in patients presented with PCP and appropriate therapy are essential issues.
T489	360242-360420	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We hypothesize that VPAC2-stimulation generates a signalling pathway that targets a specific stage or stages of the HIV-1 life cycle that Results: in the inhibition of infection.
T490	361630-361896	Epistemic_statement	denotes	VPAC2 agonists did not affect HIV-1 entry or reverse transcription of viral RNA; however, transcription of the integrated HIV-1 was significantly inhibited for VPAC2 agonist treated cells and 2-LTR circle formation and proviral integration were profoundly inhibited.
T491	362007-362109	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This inhibitory effect correlates with the generation of a signal that results in activation of a PTP.
T492	362175-362244	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Instead, it may halt the integration of HIV-1 cDNA into the host DNA.
T493	362245-362497	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Further studies to elucidate the exact signalling pathway and target responsible for the block in the ability of HIV-1 provirus to integrate may provide insight into the pathogenesis of the virus as well as lead to novel future treatments for HIV/AIDS.
T494	364136-364299	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Survival has continued to increase since the Introduction: of HAART but was however heterogeneous according CD4 cell count at AIDS diagnosis and ADIs.
T495	364300-364437	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our study suggests that cardiovascular diseases and the risk of emergence of HIV resistance has not affected mortality until 2002 in PWA.
T496	364524-364722	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The population structure of S. aureus strains isolated from HIV patients appeared to be strongly overlapping with that of S. aureus isolates from healthy individuals from the same geographic region.
T497	365193-365553	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Pulmonary hypertension among HIV positive subjects: findings from the Latium Regional Registry Methods: The Latium Regional Registry of PH in HIV infected patients was created in April, 2004 with the aim to collect all cases of PH (according to WHO classification) occurring among the population of adult HIV-positive patients cared for in the Latium IDU, i.e.
T498	366077-366327	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Of these, 26 presented with signs and symptoms suggestive for PH; the remaining 7 were found to have raised PAP value during an echocardiographic screening of 300 HIV-positive patients without cardiovascular sign or symptoms, performed in one centre.
T499	366908-367121	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: New and effective antiretroviral drugs have decreased the mortality of HIV infection; however, emerging syndromes, including cardiopulmonary involvement, represent a concern for HIV infected patients.
T500	367122-367306	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We found that the prevalence of PH among the population of HIV infected patients is not negligible; moreover, PH can occur in patients with CD4 cells count higher than 200 cells/mm 3 .

T1

1364-1474

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

T2

3823-4014

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: The W/A system can be reliably used for testing gram-negative bacteria to quinolones, including isolates resistant or with decreased susceptibility to these antimicrobial agents.

T3

7801-7954

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Presumed phenotypes of resistance by the V2 advanced expert system (AES), and suggested changes in clinical categories were also compared for both cards.

T4

8399-8541

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Phenotypes suggested by the AES with N020 card agreed with reference results for 59/64 ESBL (+) strains, 9/11 ESBL (+)/POR(-) and 19/22 pACBL.

T5

9094-9251

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The AES shows excellent agreement with underlying mechanisms of resistance with card N041, but with N020 it suggests false presence of ESBLin most Eco HAmpC.

T6

9252-9359

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: Unusual species of Enterobacteriaceae can cause clinical infections in humans on rare occasions.

T7

9360-9475

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, there have been few studies evaluating the accuracy of susceptibility testing methods for these organisms.

T8

9476-9745

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The objective of this study was to determine whether disk diffusion (DD) and Vitek 2 gave accurate susceptibility test results for these unusual isolates when compared to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution (BMD) reference method.

T9

12961-13100

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Organisms were subcultured twice on bloodsheep agar before loading the AS045 and AS046 cards according to the manufacturer recommendations.

T10

13939-14081

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The lower sensitivity of AES to detect CTX-M producing K. oxytoca indicates the difficulty to detect this emerging phenotype in this organism.

T11

14295-14436

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Because this test has been validated by the manufacturer only for E. coli and Klebsiella spp , the result is reported only for these species.

T12

14595-14877

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Methods: A total of 76 Enterobacter isolates : 63 ESBL producing strains (32 E. aerogenes and 31 E. cloacae) and 13 non ESBL producing strains (7 E. aerogenes and 6 E. cloacae) were inoculated into the VITEK 2 AST-045 and AST-046 cards according to the manufacturer recommendations.

T13

15225-15437

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results were graded as ''agreement'' when AES inferred ESBL mechanism, ''partial agreement'' when AES suggested several mechanisms including ESBL and ''disagreement'' when AES concluded to different mechanism(s).

T14

15689-15909

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: This study shows that VITEK2 AES provides a rapid and sensitive tool to detect possible ESBL production in Enterobacter spp by using AST-045 or AST-046 cards but confirmatory analysis is frequently necessary.

T15

15910-16034

Epistemic_statement

denotes

More efficient automated methods should be developed to distinguish ESBL production from AmpC hyperproduction in this genus.

T16

16035-16155

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Enterobacteriaceae is an absolute must as antimicrobial therapy is guided by the susceptibility results of the organism.

T17

17775-17891

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the discrepant results have to be resolved in order to give the ''true'' accuracy of the VITEK 2 ESBL test.

T18

19313-19494

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Aim of the study: Rapid identification and antibacterial susceptibility testing of micro-organisms isolated in blood cultures (BC) can be valuable for clinical management of sepsis.

T19

21138-21440

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: For gram-positive cocci, the rapid direct method combining BD Phoenix System and Bactec cultures does not provide acceptable bacterial identification, but the susceptibility results obtained more rapidly are accurate for routine use and can be valuable in the clinical management of sepsis.

T20

21441-21916

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Evaluation of MicroScan WalkAway 96 for susceptibility testing of Gram-negative bacilli to quinolones P445 Evaluation of identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens by VITEK 2 Compact System E. Stefaniuk, A. Mrowka, W. Hryniewicz (Warsaw, PL) Objectives: The aim of this study was the evaluation of VITEK 2 Compact System for identification and antimicrobials susceptibility determination of the most important bacterial clinical pathogens.

T21

23458-23634

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The study has shown a high correlation of results (n = 1118) obtained by aid of VITEK 2 Compact drug sensitivity tests and the results obtained by the aid of reference methods.

T22

23946-24129

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The VITEK 2 Compact System appears a reliable tool for the detection and interpretive reading of clinically important mechanisms of resistance and can be recommended for routine work.

T23

24239-24745

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Comparison of the E-test method with the VITEK 2 antimicrobial susceptibility detection system for screening of extended-spectrum betalactamase Klebsiella and E. coli strains in a Greek university hospital O. Vasilaki, C. Manolopoulos, G. Raptis, S. Alexiou-Daniel (Thessaloniki, GR) Objectives: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are a rapidly evolving group of beta-lactamases which share the ability to hydrolyze third-generation cephalosporins and aztreonam yet are inhibited by clavulanic acid.

T24

25328-25692

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: The percentage of the ESBL-producing Klebsiella and E. coli strains identified by VITEK 2 system was 11,7% (27 from 229) for Klebsiella strains and 4.88% for E. coli strains (27 from 553).The most common infection associated with ESBLproducing pathogens was urinary tract infection (44%), followed by wound infection (31%) and bloodstream infection (25%).

T25

26157-26403

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: These data indicate that even if Vitek 2 ESBL test is reliable for the detection of ESBLs in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, it is precarious to be directly assumed as the sole criterion for defining ESBL production in these two bacterias.

T26

26404-26556

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As ESBLs become more complex, diverse and widespread, the likelihood of any single test being universally appropriate for their detection must diminish.

T27

26557-26756

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusively we can assume that clinical microbiology laboratories not only should rely on these rapid automated systems but also use another method for screening ESBL producers, such as the E-tests.

T28

28037-28115

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For all strains, FOXKB interpretation correlated with mecA gene determination.

T29

28590-28779

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Among the 4% discordant results, FOXKB interpretive criteria could replace mecA gene determination for SA; for CNS, OXMIC by VT2 overcalled MR in S. saprophyticus and S. lugdunensis mainly.

T30

28856-28906

Epistemic_statement

denotes

VT2 AST card for Staphylococci should include FOX.

T31

29332-29405

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Beta-lactamase detection using dilution methods is known to be difficult.

T32

29406-29470

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A nitrocephin-based betalactamase test is generally recommended.

T33

30942-31031

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The benzylpenicillin VITEK 2 MIC can help to screen Bla+ E. faecalis strains.

T34

31153-31373

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Furthermore, with optimized benzylpenicillin MIC ranges for the wild and acquired penicillinase resistance phenotypes, the VITEK 2 Advanced Expert SystemTM (AES) would increase the discrimination between both phenotypes.

T35

31374-31473

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The nitrocefin test would be then performed only when acquired penicillinase phenotype is proposed.

T36

31474-31598

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Consequently, AES would allow labs to drastically decrease the number of off-line nitrocefin tests performed on E. faecalis.

T37

33148-33264

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Essential agreement for automatic and manual dilution method challenge experiments was >97.5% for ERT, GAR, and TEL.

T38

34621-34682

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, no single MRSA type was seen in all three countries.

T39

36902-37152

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Friedrich, G. Peters, S.G. Gatermann, K. Becker (Munster, Bochum, DE) Objectives: The ongoing emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Germany has generated considerable concern among medical and public health professionals.

T40

37248-37403

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, representative nation-wide data on prevalent MRSA clones, their pathogenicity potential as well as on the prevalence of CA-MRSA are not available.

T41

37404-37715

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Methods: To learn about the prevalence and the characteristics of MRSA including CA-MRSA, 36 centres throughout Germany (laboratories associated with university and general hospitals, outpatient clinics) were enrolled to collect 50 consecutive MRSA isolates (02/2004 -01/2005) and to respond to a questionnaire.

T42

39186-39290

Epistemic_statement

denotes

According to the prevalence of PVL-positive isolates, CA-MRSA isolates seem to be still rare in Germany.

T43

39291-39422

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Further analyses of the data given in the questionnaires will allow a more detailed view on demographical and clinical backgrounds.

T44

39763-39871

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These cMRSA isolates where mostly associated with the small SCCmec type IV and atypical resistance profiles.

T45

39872-39951

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Recent data indicate, that the SCCmec type IV may infiltrate clinical settings.

T46

39952-40135

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Aim: The aim of the present study was the molecular characterisation of MRSA isolates from clinical and nonclinical settings in northern Germany during a 1 year period [2004] [2005] .

T47

40136-40243

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Epidemiology data was generated by spa-typing and correlated with results from multiplex PCR SCCmec typing.

T48

41066-41131

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, no isolate harboured type V and type I SCCmec cassettes.

T49

41132-41253

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Typing of MRSA with molecular methods revealed a complex pattern of spa-types and different SCCmec cassettes.

T50

41496-41647

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This may indicate a spread of successful epidemic clones into the community and vice versa adaptation of cMRSA characteristics in the clinical setting.

T51

42580-42781

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: The percentage of S. aureus isolates (n = 22,999) tested as resistant to oxacillin increased from 9.4% in 2002 to 15.2% in the first half of 2005 with considerable variation between hospitals.

T52

44060-44141

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, findings from pooled data mask substantial diversity on the local level.

T53

45436-45669

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 12, Supplement 4, 2006 Conclusion: Our study suggest MRSA carriage in patients discharged from hospital and MRSA isolation by a clinical sample upon hospital readmission from the community.

T54

45670-45780

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Early discharge, prolonged portage and low virulence can explain the spread of hospital MRSA in the community.

T55

45781-45943

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our findings indicate that MRSA isolated at the admission to MEW were not community-acquired MRSA and that acquisition could be linked to a prior hospitalisation.

T56

45944-46262

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Usual epidemiological definition of community or hospital MRSA acquisition is not clear without systematic screening for colonization Objectives: In a Spanish multicenter study (143 hospitals) performed in 2002 we analysed a total of 439 clinical isolates of S. aureus, and 30.5% were resistant to methicillin (MRSA) .

T57

52437-52705

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Identification epidemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus in Russian hospitals: multicentre study 1998 Objectives: Over the last years there has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in some hospitals in Russia.

T58

54014-54217

Epistemic_statement

denotes

All isolates of this strain were produced PCR products with the primers for identification ccr type 2, mec complex class B and region J1( 4b1, 4b2) and with the primers set for identification ccr type 1.

T59

54218-54279

Epistemic_statement

denotes

So we proposed that they carried two different copies SCCmec.

T60

56437-56617

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: The MRSA nasal carriage rate in nursing home has shown to be significant (11.2%); these patients seem to be a different population if compared to the hospitalized one.

T61

57023-57181

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: The aim of our study was to determine some epidemiological features of MRSA airway colonization/ infection in patients with CF of our institution.

T62

57556-57724

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The antibiotic resistance was evaluated by the Vitek II automated system (Biomerieux) and by the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) according to NCCLS recommendations.

T63

58516-58663

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: 1) The mean annual incidence rate during this period showed no changes, but the mean age of 1st acquisition seems to decrease by time.

T64

58664-58870

Epistemic_statement

denotes

2) The multidrugresistant phenotypes are rare, for the time being.3) Although MRSA strains are often isolated from patients with CF, only a small proportion of this population remains chronically colonized.

T65

60839-60891

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, discrepancy was seen for MLST CC1 and CC80.

T66

60977-61056

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The spa-based BURP placed the isolates together in one extended clonal complex.

T67

61147-61261

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The single locus spa seems to be as useful and reliable for MRSA typing as the seven-genes based MLST.

T68

61262-61404

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Sequencing of one gene is faster and cheaper than sequencing of seven genes, and spa-typing might replace MLST as the typing method of choice.

T69

61405-61522

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The new software BURP for spa-based analysis of the relationship between MRSA types performs well and is easy to use.

T70

62076-62173

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, this multiplex was primarily designed to characterize the hospital-acquired types I-III.

T71

62906-63008

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The isolates had previously been tested mecA-positive by PCR and had been characterized by spa-typing.

T72

64028-64091

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Patients were interviewed to find a possible link between them.

T73

65372-65541

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The three culture positive and PCR negative samples could be caused by a very low number of MRSA or in one case variability in the sequences amplified by the primer set.

T74

65590-65661

Epistemic_statement

denotes

By further PCR optimizing it could be possible to achieve a higher PPV.

T75

66332-66536

Epistemic_statement

denotes

At that point it was decided to look for a possible source, such as other family members and house-hold animals, including pigs on the farm, since those were reported as a possible source of MRSA earlier.

T76

67495-67666

Epistemic_statement

denotes

MLST type 398 might be of international importance as pig-MRSA, since this type was shown earlier to be present in epidemiologically unrelated French pigs and pig-farmers.

T77

67670-67846

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Research is needed to evaluate whether this is a local problem or a new source of MRSA, that puts the until now successful search and destroy policy of the Netherlands at risk.

T78

70012-70086

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Infection by MRS is considered an emerging problem in animals.

T79

70087-70205

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In this survey most horses tested were found to be carriers of MRCNS, with some strains displaying invasive potential.

T80

70206-70317

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As in the stable personnel there were not MRS carriers, the human origin of the MRCNS strains may be ruled out.

T81

70318-70512

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The detection of new SCCmec types, and of the ccrB type 2 as well, supports the hypothesis that horse MRCNS represent a potential source of resistance genes that may be transmitted to S. aureus.

T82

72101-72165

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Interestingly the lowest resistance rates were observed in 2002.

T83

72930-73059

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This may be due to the higher rate of consumption of these drugs in the animal treatment after the ban of other growth promoters.

T84

73060-73233

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The annual data of vancomycin resistance point to an association between the recovery of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from tested animals and the use of avoparcin.

T85

73234-73421

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This study indicates that it could be possible to reduce antimicrobial resistance in food animals by reducing the use of antibiotics, although variations can occur with different strains.

T86

73555-73574

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Mora (Tenerife, ES)

T87

73575-73754

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Septic shock is a common cause of death in Intensive Care Units and mortality prediction may help to identify patients who may benefit from a given treatment strategy.

T88

73755-73920

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this work was to assess the mortality in septic shock and the performance of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment ( SOFA ) score to predict this mortality.

T89

74830-75059

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: In our experience mortality in septic shock patients remains high and SOFA score perform very well, with calibration and discrimination very high, and it is an appropriate tool to assess and to predict this mortality.

T90

76592-76841

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In the univariate analysis, factors significantly associated with REC-BSI were: male sex (OR 3.15;1.64-6.06), immunosupression (OR 4.48; ), haematological malignancy (OR 11.63;1.41-90.91), non-urinary origin (OR 5.36; and McCabe I and II (OR 2.35; .

T91

77339-77456

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We were not able to show a relationship of RCE-BSI with inadequacy of antimicrobial therapy during the first episode.

T92

77457-77633

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The influence of SIRS criteria on outcome in Gram-negative versus Gram-positive sepsis M. Lupse, A. Bica, A. Slavcovici, A. Radulescu, C. Bondor, D. Tatulescu (Cluj-Napoca, RO)

T93

77634-77733

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The clinical significance of the systemic inflammatory response in septic patients remains unclear.

T94

77734-77882

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the study is to compare the outcome in patients with documented grampositive versus gram-negative sepsis with 2, 3 or 4 criteria of SIRS.

T95

78047-78228

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We selected adult patients having at admittance in ICU Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases the diagnosis criteria of sepsis, according to ACCP/SCCM expert panel recommendation.

T96

80153-80214

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, bloodstream infections (BSI) due to HI are uncommon.

T97

80215-80296

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of our study was to review our experience on HI BSI in the last 18 years.

T98

81557-81696

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Adults, most with comorbidities, represent three quarters of all cases of HI bloodstream infections (which are rarely caused by HI type B).

T99

81697-81744

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Mortality remains high, especially in PB cases.

T100

81745-81950

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Protein C levels in plasma and APACHE II scoring system for risk evaluation in patients with sepsis E. Doyuk Kartal, E. Karkac, N. Erben, S. Nayman Alpat, I. Ö zgü nes, Z. Gulbas, G. Usluer (Eskisehir, TR)

T101

81951-82065

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: Concentrations of protein C reduces in septic patients; this reduction is associated with poor outcome.

T102

82066-82199

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of protein C levels and APACHE II score with prognosis in patients with sepsis.

T103

83249-83347

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However protein C levels at 48 hours after initiation of study were not associated with mortality.

T104

83348-83468

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There were negative correlation with APACHE II score to initial and 48 hours after initiation of study protein C levels.

T105

83469-83617

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Patients who have protein C concentration below 70% at the beginning of the study was correlated with poor prognosis in septic patients.

T106

83618-83681

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This reduction is related with poor outcome in septic patients.

T107

83956-84135

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The role of plasma BNP levels in the early prognostic stratification of septic patients at the emergency department G. Ruggiano, R. Camajori Tedeschini, A. Rosselli (Florence, IT)

T108

84136-84299

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Myocardial dysfunction is observed in 44% of patient with severe sepsis or septic shock and high plasma BNP levels could be associated with poor outcome of sepsis.

T109

84300-84433

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To investigate whether the plasma BNP level could represent a prognostic marker for septic patients, we started a two phases project.

T110

84593-84790

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The age >65 years, the Karnofsky score < 60, the SaO2 < 90% , the PT < 70% and the presence of ''pulmonary edema'' at the traditional chest X ray resulted to be independently correlated with death.

T111

85571-85676

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Such a difference is statistically highly significant (p < 0,0001), despite the small number of patients.

T112

86000-86101

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Left ventricular failure might represent one of the underlying events leading to multi-organ failure.

T113

86102-86256

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Thus BNP plasma levels as an early marker may consistently contribute to predict unfavourable clinical evolution before the myocardial failure is evident.

T114

86257-86568

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Should this hypothesis be confirmed, the early aggressive therapy recommended in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock could be properly set up without any delay but targeted to high risk patients, allowing an appropriate clinical management together with an improved human and economic resources allocation.

T115

86775-86876

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, no results about the mutual relationship between mCD14 and sCD14 have been published so far.

T116

87461-87549

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: There was no significant correlation between mCD14 expression and sCD14 levels.

T117

88002-88162

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A significant positive correlation was detected between C-reactive protein and sCD14 levels, providing evidence that sCD14 may serve as an acute phase reactant.

T118

88339-88579

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Tigecycline, a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.

T119

89578-89716

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The presented data suggest that tigecycline may be an effective and reliable therapeutic option against nosocomial or community pathogens.

T120

89717-90046

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Tigecycline antibacterial activity in current (2004) (2005) (2006) Background: Tigecycline, the first member of a new class of glycylcyclines antimicrobial class to reach clinical trials, has been shown to have potent broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for hospital acquired infections.

T121

91905-92067

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The presented data suggest that tigecycline is little affected by cross-resistance mechanisms present in these selected strains of Enterobacteriaceae.

T122

92068-92222

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Tigecycline may be an effective therapeutic option against Enterobacteriaceae regardless of the resistance patterns to commonly used antimicrobial agents.

T123

92223-92380

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Enhanced activity agents such as TIG may offer antibacterial coverage of common pathogens including multidrug resistant gram-negatives/positives.

T124

92901-93026

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Glycylcyclines are being developed to overcome the problem of bacterial resistance to tetracyclines and other antimicrobials.

T125

94506-94608

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: It has been seen in some species that existing multi-drug efflux pumps may also pump TIG.

T126

94609-94858

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In spite of this, TIG remained effective and inhibited most Acinetobacter strains resistant to two or more other drugs in this study, although the higher TIG MICs seen for these strains suggests some linkage to resistance mechanisms for other drugs.

T127

95110-95372

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Program in Europe Background: Tigecycline (TIG), the first of the glycylcyclines to enter clinical trials, has been shown to have potent broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.

T128

97126-97280

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The presented data suggest that TIG is little affected by cross-resistance mechanisms present in these selected strains of Enterobacteriaceae.

T129

97281-97427

Epistemic_statement

denotes

TIG may be an effective therapeutic option against Enterobacteriaceae regardless of the resistance patterns to commonly used antimicrobial agents.

T130

97689-97926

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Tigecycline, a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent expanded broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.

T131

98693-98870

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The presented data suggest that tigecycline as an expanded broad-spectrum antimicrobial may be an effective empiric therapeutic option against nosocomial or community pathogens.

T132

99931-100004

Epistemic_statement

denotes

TIG may add value to this therapeutically challenged geographical region.

T133

100005-100378

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Acinetobacter resistance in clinical isolates from the United States evaluated against tigecycline and 10 comparators Background: Tigecycline (TIG), a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent expanded broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.

T134

101663-101764

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: It has been seen in some species that existing multidrug efflux pumps may also pump TIG.

T135

101765-102014

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In spite of this, TIG remained effective and inhibited most Acinetobacter strains resistant to one or more other drugs in this study, although the higher TIG MICs seen for these strains suggests some linkage to resistance mechanisms for other drugs.

T136

102171-102378

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Tigecycline (TIG), a new glycylcycline, has been shown to have potent broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.

T137

104533-104740

Epistemic_statement

denotes

TIG's excellent expanded broad spectrum of activity against MRSA and other gram-positive and negative resistant bacteria should make it a very useful drug in treatment of difficult Staphylococcal infections.

T138

104741-104990

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Tigecycline, a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent expanded broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.

T139

105956-106147

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The presented data suggest that tigecycline may be an effective and reliable therapeutic option against nosocomial or community pathogens in both in-patient and out-patient clinical settings.

T140

106148-106403

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Tigecycline (TIG), a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent expanded broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.

T141

107812-108029

Epistemic_statement

denotes

TIG's expanded broad spectrum of activity, including strains resistant or multiple-resistant to other agents, should make it a very useful treatment option for this difficult to treat group of gram-negative pathogens.

T142

108030-108295

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: Tigecycline, the first glycylcycline, is a novel compound that provides the medical community with a potent new antimicrobial for treating infections caused by a broad spectrum of clinically relevant pathogens for which limited therapeutic options exist.

T143

110140-110552

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Our results clearly confirm that tigecycline has an excellent activity against multi-resistant gram-positive, both tetracycline-susceptible and resistant isolates, possessing three different tetracycline-resistant genes and other determinants including mec and VanA, B together and suggesting that this drug may play an important role in the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive pathogens.

T144

112064-112234

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The RAPD and plasmid fingerprinting data suggest that plasmid transfer is the main mechanism of CTX-M-3 spread, while CTX-M-15 shows a clonal dissemination in one centre.

T145

112561-112758

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Surveillance of PER-1 producers among Gram-negative bacilli isolated at a tertiary care hospital over a 5-year period and analysis of the genetic location of blaper-1 B. Eraç, Z. Gü lay (Izmir, TR)

T146

112759-113045

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of PER-1 betalactamase over a 5-year period among ceftazidime resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated at a tertiary care hospital in Izmir, Turkey and to determine whether blaPER-1 was associated with class-1 integrons in any of the isolates.

T147

114570-114758

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Direct sequencing of the PCR-product on both strands confirmed the blaPER-1 presence.To our knowledge, this is the first report which shows association of blaPER-1 with a class-1 integron.

T148

115083-115351

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to investigate the genotype and antibiotic resistance mechanism of epidemic A. baumannii isolated at the ICU during the outbreak, comparing them with sporadic A. baumannii isolated in the same hospital and in a different hospital of the town.

T149

116449-116735

Epistemic_statement

denotes

PCR identification and characterization of integrons provided a further characterization of these isolates, identifying two integrons, carrying 2.2 kb (aacA4-orfO-blaOXA20) and 2.5 kb (aacC1-orfX-orfX'-aadA1) variable regions, respectively associated to the two prevalent RAPD profiles.

T150

116736-116834

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Interestingly, all the 52 carbapenem resistant isolates were found positive to the blaOXA-58 gene.

T151

116888-117165

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The detection of a plasmid-mediated oxacillinase conferring imipenem-resistance located on different plasmid variants, suggests that this resistance may spread horizontally in A. baumannii, a finding with serious implications for patient management in the hospital.

T152

119545-119637

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Current knowledge on plasmids encoding these resistance determinants are still very limited.

T153

121169-121469

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The epidemic dissemination of a single IncN plasmid encoding CTX-M-1 was apparently the major responsible for the spread of this ESBL recently observed among E. coli circulating in Italy, although other plasmids could also be involved in the dissemination of CTX-M-type ESBL determinants.

T154

121470-121561

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Unusual CTX-M enzyme variants in the United Kingdom We investigated these rare CTX-M types.

T155

122935-123052

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Hybridisation suggested that CTX-M-2, -14 and -40 were chromosomally-encoded or mediated by large plasmids (>200 kb).

T156

123232-123394

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: E. coli with CTX-M beta-lactamases are a major problem in the UK, with several CTX-M-15-producing outbreak strains as well as many sporadic producers.

T157

125517-125714

Epistemic_statement

denotes

IS26, between blaCTX-M-15 and its normal promoter, may be responsible for this lower expression but, it also appears that trans-acting factors may up-regulate CTX-M-15 expression, as in isolate A2.

T158

125821-126009

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to establish the frequency of resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins of E. coli strains collected in Algeria, and to characterize the types of ESBL produced.

T159

128028-128226

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our results suggest that therapeutic options may be dramatically diminished if CTX-M enzymes continue spreading in hospital environment, as multidrug-resistance was demonstrated in a high frequency.

T160

129823-130112

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis revealed genetic diversity among the isolates with blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-3, or blaCTX-M-14 randomly selected from different hospitals, and conjugation experiments and plasmid analysis suggest the interhospital spread of similar resistance plasmids.

T161

131146-131305

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Since TEM-52 has been described to be associated to a Tn3 transposon in Salmonella, PCR with primers specific for this transposon was performed on plasmid DNA.

T162

131824-132025

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Both, Salmonella enteritidis isolate and transconjugants, gave the expected 500 bp PCR product for Tn3, suggesting the presence of TEM-52 gene in a Tn3-like structure, carried by a conjugative plasmid.

T163

132598-132709

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As in previous studies, Tn3-like structures seem to be the genetic element in which TEM-52 is usually included.

T164

135124-135433

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: To analyse the DNA sequences upstream of the ampC gene in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli with a phenotype compatible with AmpC-hyperproduction, to determine the frequency with which promoter and attenuator mutations occur and to determine the possibility of clonal spread of these organisms.

T165

136660-136748

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These mutations were always associated with mutations at positions -88, -82, -1 and +58.

T166

137513-137622

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The contribution of acquired AmpC-type b-lactamases to this resistance phenotype does not seem very relevant.

T167

139892-139983

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was a trend towards a multiresistance phenotype in the AmpC-positive E. coli strains.

T168

139984-140147

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: (i) The EDTA-based AmpC disk test is a potential useful, convenient test to detect clinical significant AmpCproduction in clinical strains of E. coli.

T169

140248-140498

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Detection of extended-spectrum b-lactamase in Enterobacteriaceae with AmpC b-lactamase type of inducible resistance Objectives: ESBL production in Enterobacteriaceae with inducible AmpC chromosomal enzymes is rare, while its detection is problematic.

T170

140989-141155

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Cefoxitin resistance, identification to species level and the cefoxitin/cefotaxime (CTX) disk antagonism test were used to screen for likely inducible AmpC producers.

T171

141536-141775

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Of the 55 isolates that were tested, 53 were found to be ESBL non-producers; only two (3.6%) strains (E. aerogenes and E. cloacae) were resistant to cefotaxime and appeared to be co-producers of ESBL and AmpC b-lactamases enzymes.

T172

142015-142152

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: In Enterobacteriaceae, production of inducible AmpC-beta lactamases can mask ESBL activity making its detection a challenge.

T173

142153-142271

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The use of cefepime instead of cefotaxime or ceftazidime in inhibitor-based confirmatory tests seems to be preferable.

T174

142502-142630

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These procedures can be carried out in strains isolated from serious infections and to survey for complex resistance mechanisms.

T175

142631-142743

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Modelling the effect of copy number of plasmids carrying ESBL genes on resistance levels to b-lactam antibiotics

T176

142744-142901

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Variable resistance to b-lactams among ESBLproducing strains has been widely discussed in the literature and has been attributed to many factors.

T177

142902-143116

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Some of them, as different substrate preference of ESBLs, efficiency of ESBL gene promoters, or outer membrane permeability of host strains, have been studied extensively using both clinical and laboratory strains.

T178

143732-144097

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The MICs of ampicillin (AMP), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefotaxime (CTX), cefepime (FEP) and aztreonam (AZT) were determined for the strains carrying recombinant plasmids or the pCC1 vector without insertion using the broth microdilution method as recommended by NCCLS except that LB broth with or without arabinose at 0.02% final concentration was used as testing medium.

T179

144963-145111

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: In our model experiment, a strong correlation between the ESBL genes copy number and the MICs of oxyimino-beta-lactams was demonstrated.

T180

145747-145901

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A PFGE pattern was considered as sporadic if there was a difference of >6 DNA fragment with any other PFGE pattern in the entire database (~2500 strains).

T181

146316-146392

Epistemic_statement

denotes

SCCmec type IV was associated with the greatest number of different STs (5).

T182

146795-147023

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although, only half of sporadic MRSA strains belong to the same ST-SCCmec type as epidemic strains, suggesting that resistance cassette type and other epigenetic markers are involved in conferring the epidemic behaviour of MRSA.

T183

147415-147660

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the present study was to determine diversity of insert sequences in the mid-region (m) of vacA, that includes a toxin subunit coding region (cell binding domain), in order to find genotypic markers indicative of geographic adaptation.

T184

148686-149015

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Our results indicated that despite conservation at the predicted amino acid level, sequences of vacA mid-region inserts were sufficiently diverse to provide additional genotypic markers for strain discrimination within the m2 allelic family, and to indicate possible host-associated adaptations in a Chinese subgroup.

T185

149753-149857

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In Brasília, cutaneous infections (48%) and pharyngitis (44%) were evenly associated with GAS isolation.

T186

150335-150396

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The Brazilian emm-types have been rarely or not yet reported.

T187

150452-150589

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Additionally, the pathologies associated with the Brazilian emm-types were different from those usually described in developed countries.

T188

150590-150742

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Our study highlighted important differences between developing and developed countries in terms of GAS clinical and molecular epidemiology.

T189

150987-151079

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Correlation between pathology and emm-types might be less stringent than previously thought.

T190

151080-151148

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Vaccinal strategies should take into account these major variations.

T191

152413-152491

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The other strains could be divided into several toxin type-specific subgroups.

T192

152581-152624

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This suggests a common evolutionary origin.

T193

152885-153004

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This suggests highly clonal dissemination and single events in which both toxin A and B genes were lost simultaneously.

T194

154590-154736

Epistemic_statement

denotes

VIT310 had previously been detected in Turkey, which raises interesting hypothesis about the genetic link between these two bacterial populations.

T195

155116-155272

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, as in many East-European countries reliable incidence figures are still lacking mainly due to suboptimal diagnostics and incomplete case reporting.

T196

155273-155452

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Regarding antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiological characteristics of the N. gonorrhoeae strains that circulate in Russia, no thorough knowledge has yet been published.

T197

156465-156617

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Complete results of the correlations with the antibiotic susceptibility testing, porB gene sequencing, and NG-MAST will be included at the presentation.

T198

156772-156964

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Furthermore, thorough knowledge of the gonorrhoea incidences, antibiotic resistance and genetic characteristics of the N. gonorrhoeae strains circulating in East-European countries is crucial.

T199

157099-157137

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Kiss, B. Nagy (Debrecen, Budapest, HU)

T200

157138-157460

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Due to close relationship between E. coli O157 strains so far the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was found to be the only method with sufficient discriminatory power As PFGE is time-consuming and not suited to handling high sample numbers, there is a need for a fast, high-throughput PCR-based method.

T201

159067-159322

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Interestingly, SERE cluster S1 contained eight of eleven isolates of the same herd, while PFGE assigned four of them to cluster P3 finding the other four independent of clusters, suggesting that SERE-PCR may be less sensitive to microevolutionary changes.

T202

159436-159508

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Thus, SERE-PCR may fulfil the need for PCR-based typing of E. coli O157.

T203

159584-159688

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Mycobacterium haemophilum was previously rarely recognized as a pathogen in the Netherlands.

T204

159689-160044

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, with the application of specific culturing methods and real-time PCR methods, this species has been identified as the involved pathogen in several diseases like skin inflammation, lymphadenitis and arthritis.In 2003-2004 a sudden increase of patients with cervicofacial lymphadenitis caused by M. haemophilum was observed in the Amsterdam region.

T205

160045-160243

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As a part of an epidemiological study to investigate the possibility of a common source for these infections, the genetic diversity of the strains was investigated and compared to unrelated strains.

T206

161453-161593

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: While M. haemophilum seems highly conserved as a species, geographical distances appear to be correlated with genetic diversity.

T207

161803-161979

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical strains of C. difficile isolated in our hospital over a 18-months period by toxinotyping and binary toxin gene detection.

T208

162971-163112

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The production of toxin A could not be detected with the commercial kit in 11 strains with toxinotypes 0 (n = 9), V (n = 1), and XXI (n = 1).

T209

165097-165374

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The genetic mechanisms for erythromycin resistance proved characteristic for the two groups: 9 of the 11 England 14-9-related strains harboured the mef(A) gene, while in all of the erythromycin resistant ST156-related isolates (6 strains) the erm(B) gene could be demonstrated.

T210

165834-165978

Epistemic_statement

denotes

One isolate was tested by MLST; it belonged to a novel sequence type which was, however, closely linked to ST1138 reported earlier from Hungary.

T211

166513-166621

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Vaccination could substantially reduce both the incidence of infection and the rate of macrolide resistance.

T212

166929-167070

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, due to the emergence of new variants and limitation of detection assays, the disease burden of this virus has not been well defined.

T213

167141-167293

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Types 40, 41 are associated with sever acute diarrhoea while types 31, 2 and 7 are supposed to have important contribution in infantile gastroenteritis.

T214

167294-167510

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In the present study, by application of both serologic and PCR-based methods, we provide data of a comparative study for determination of the prevalence of the Ead types associated with diarrhoea in Iranian children.

T215

168035-168165

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: We could screen 12.4% (41/329) positive samples by PCR based method while this rate was 4.5% (15/329) for Adenolex assay.

T216

168166-168410

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Moreover, all adenolex detected types were only Ead 41 but PCR-based assay could not only identify up to 21 samples of Ead41, but also by application of this PCR method, Ead 31, 7 and 40 were detected in 8, 2 and one stool samples respectively.

T217

168411-168556

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We could also identify 2 specimens belonging to both genus C or D and one to genus E. Seven other positive samples were not processed for typing.

T218

168557-168756

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Prevalence rate of Ead in Iranian children with acute diarrhoea might be higher (>12.4%) than previously reported data (6.7%) which was based on application of commercial serologic assay.

T219

168757-168951

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The reasons behind this difference may be new emerging types and mutants of Ead in different geographic regions and inability of most commercial assays to detects serotypes other than 40 and 41.

T220

168952-169197

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Finally, despite the general anticipation that type 40 and 41 are considered for cause of most childhood gastroenteritis, our results indicated that types 41, 31 and 7 were the most frequently found Eads in Iranian children with acute diarrhoea.

T221

170441-170630

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the ITS barcode identification by TrichOKEY 1.0 (www.isth.info) revealed that all of them belong to the triplet of species T. longibrachiatum/Hypocrea orientalis/ H. cerebriformis.

T222

171232-171373

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Comparisons were done at 9 time points and at 3 temperatures in order to detect possible physiological shifts specific for clinical isolates.

T223

171374-171528

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Our results support that fungal opportunists belonging to the genus Trichoderma are restricted almost exclusively to section Longibrachiatum.

T224

173904-174064

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Enteroviruses are associated with a wide variety of diseases in humans and are responsible for summer outbreaks of acute meningitis in both children and adults.

T225

175926-176001

Epistemic_statement

denotes

CB5 and CB3 were associated with cardiac manifestations and other symptoms.

T226

176518-176610

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore, rapid and unambiguous assays for the detection of Brucella species are essential.

T227

176611-176734

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Here we describe a novel SNP based assay that can speciate Brucella isolates into their six classically recognised species.

T228

177213-177422

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This sequence data was analysed and a number of stable single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified that appeared to unambiguously define the six classically recognised members of the genus Brucella.

T229

177570-177679

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: To date more than 400 culturally confirmed isolates have been correctly identified using this assay.

T230

177812-177918

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The SNP multiplex assay can be used to rapidly and clearly differentiate between the six Brucella species.

T231

178100-178216

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Future objectives involve the inclusion of additional SNPs to facilitate higher resolution beyond the species level.

T232

178425-178572

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The current manual workflow can take a researcher about 4-5 hours of analysis time alone to determine the allelic profile for one bacterial sample.

T233

178573-178686

Epistemic_statement

denotes

With our new workflow, we will show an example of S. aureus typing that significantly reduces this analysis time.

T234

180397-180536

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This workflow will help enable researchers to accurately determine sequence types quickly for all pathogens, bacteria, and other organisms.

T235

180812-180992

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, it has been observed that the routinely used restriction endonuclease (RE), SmaI, does not digest erythromycin-resistant strains of the M phenotype, harbouring a mef gene.

T236

180993-181205

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Assuming that this could be due to inhibition of SmaI activity by DNA CpG methylation in its recognition site, we investigated the possibility of using a methylation-insensitive RE with the same recognition site.

T237

182088-182306

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: It has now been shown that a mef-encoding lysogenic phage also encodes a DNA CpG methylase (Euler C et al., XVIth Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases, abstract 14).

T238

182307-182540

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To achieve PFGE typing of all S. pyogenes isolates and incorporation of all profiles in a single database for molecular surveillance, we therefore recommend digestion of mef+ isolates with XmaI, a more expensive isoschizomer of SmaI.

T239

182541-182590

Epistemic_statement

denotes

SmaI should continue to be used for mef-isolates.

T240

182982-183184

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We genotyped all C. psittaci PCR positive human clinical samples available in our laboratory by ompA sequencing as the distribution of the genotypes of C. psittaci causing zoonotic infection is unknown.

T241

184850-185090

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The high prevalence of these genotypes (4/10) in our human clinical samples indicates that non-psittacine birds, in particular pigeons and ducks, should be considered a substantial part of the zoonotic reservoir for human psittacosis cases.

T242

186477-186625

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although the study of more samples is underway, preliminary results suggest that CD patients harbour a higher subtype numbers than healthy subjects.

T243

186626-186856

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The number and diversity of E coli attached to the intestinal mucosa of CD patients is congruent with some recent hypothesis on the implication of this bacterium in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease [2] [3] [4] [5] .

T244

186857-187044

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: Epidemiologic feature of shigellosis have not been well understood and the sensitive molecular typing methods have not been applied on the Iranian population for this organism.

T245

187045-187251

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to determine the drug resistance pattern of S. sonnei isolates as well as to characterize their genetic relationships by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) and ribotyping.

T246

188850-188959

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It can be a very suitable tool in clinical practice and could be used as a complement to traditional methods.

T247

189471-189660

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the polymerase chain reaction-amplified gyrB gene has previously been shown to identify broad genomic groups within this species.

T248

189661-189923

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aims of our study were to evaluate this method by using it to type a collection of clinical and environmental S. maltophilia isolates, and to determine whether particular gyrB RFLP-types dominate in the hospital setting or are more likely to cause infection.

T249

190435-190612

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Environmental isolates from non-hospital sites were more diverse than isolates from hospital sites which may indicate selection of certain gyrB RFLP-types in a hospital setting.

T250

190613-190767

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Two gyrB RFLP-types were found exclusively in hospital environmental samples and clinical specimens; these types may be involved in nosocomial infections.

T251

191013-191145

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These five gyrB RFLP-types may be more likely to cause infection than the three types that were found only in environmental samples.

T252

191321-191459

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Relatively low discriminatory power means broad genomic groups are identified and the characteristics of these groups can be investigated.

T253

191696-191932

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study is to analyse clinical isolates of M. kansasii isolates from Taiwan by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with restriction enzyme AseI and compare the results to those from Europe, Japan, and the United States.

T254

193315-193462

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Compared with the studies of Europe, Japan, and the United States, a major genotype is spreading worldwide and it should be potentially pathogenic.

T255

195281-195397

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: This is a rare report of a nosocomial outbreak caused by colistin resistant P. aeruginosa producing MBL.

T256

195398-195587

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Resistance to colistin was correlated with the increased use of colistin over the last year in ICU, due to prevalence of MBL mediated carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa in ICU patients.

T257

196195-196371

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: The aim of this paper was the epidemiological investigation of the group of twenty P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients treated in Intensive Care Unit (ICU).

T258

197012-197139

Epistemic_statement

denotes

1 revealed no differences in genotypes, despite the fact that they presented different phenotypes of antibiotic susceptibility.

T259

198325-198523

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Increase in incidence of serogroup C invasive meningococcal disease in Italy and rise of decreased susceptibility to penicillin P. Mastrantonio, C. Fazio, A. Neri, T. Sofia, P. Stefanelli (Rome, IT)

T260

198524-198776

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: To monitor the rapid increase in proportion of serogroup C strains circulating in Italy and the rise of decreased susceptibility to penicillin (0.06 > MIC < 1 mcg/ml) to see whether they are linked to the circulation of specific phenotypes.

T261

200377-200483

Epistemic_statement

denotes

DNA from Propionibacterium acnes was detected in two of the ten controls, and may represent contamination.

T262

200484-200663

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Detection and identification of bacterial DNA seems a promising method for establishment of the aetiology of IE, but further studies are required for final validation.

T263

201059-201173

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of our study was to determine the most common bacterial pathogens causing IE endocarditis in our hospital.

T264

201959-202101

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The causative microorganism for one patient with definite culture negative endocarditis was identified as a rarely reported Aerococcus urinae.

T265

202243-202363

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The technology along with thorough validation and clinical interpretation is a promising tool for routine testing of IE.

T266

203892-204023

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It could be explained by the zone of sympatry of few Ixodes species and biodiversity of vectors could cause intensity of infection.

T267

204615-204793

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It was detected that B. afzelii was the dominant genospecies in Lithuanian ticks (10%) and Ehrlichia/Anaplasma and Babesia were found in ticks too and might cause human diseases.

T268

206680-206832

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In addition, rickettsiae of unknown pathogenicity were detected, including R. sibirica strain BJ-90 in D. silvarum collected in Far East, Rickettsia sp.

T269

207081-207221

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore, clinicians should be aware that spotted fever rickettsioses in Russia may be caused by several species with different severities.

T270

207483-207642

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Microbiological characterisation of invasive GAS isolates collected are described alongside clinical and risk factor data to identify significant associations.

T271

208059-208231

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Analyses were performed using STATA software to test for any significant associations between laboratory and clinical data using chisquare and logistic regression analyses.

T272

208639-208779

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was a significant association between spe gene and M type (P = 0.001), notably with speAB and M1 and 3, and speBC with M12, 28 and 87.

T273

208983-209058

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The tetracycline resistant isolates correlated with M43 and 83 (P = 0.001).

T274

209059-209197

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Toxic shock syndrome and necrotising fasciitis were significantly associated with M1 and 3 isolates, and those containing speA (P < 0.01).

T275

209496-209749

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Characterisation of these isolates using techniques such as spe gene toxin detection and antimicrobial susceptibilities has further enriched our capacity to understand the relationship between clinical manifestations and microbiological characteristics.

T276

209750-209861

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Detection of pcaA gene in M. tuberculosis strains isolated from clinical specimens R. Ramazanzadeh (Tehran, IR)

T277

209862-210006

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pcaA gene in M. tuberculosis strains isolated and typed by spoligotyping.

T278

210960-211026

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Interestingly, 6.3% of the strains belonged to the Beijing family.

T279

213754-213890

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Three females with asymptomatic infection of Objectives: It is established that chronic infections may cause hematological disturbances.

T280

213891-214136

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study is to show that persistent asymptomatic infection with Mycoplasma pneumonia can produce a clinical picture similar to chronic fatigue syndrome and even more can stimulate genes involved in hematological malignant disorders.

T281

215598-215756

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The essential mechanism between the Mycoplasma pneumonia infection and low IgG is unclear since it is not included even in rare extra pulmonary complications.

T282

215757-215870

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Studies with larger samples should be done for a better evaluation of its involvement in human malignant disease.

T283

217513-217581

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In this study EV is the more common aetiology of aseptic meningitis.

T284

217582-217738

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The investigation of Toscana virus, although less frequent should go on in summer cases of aseptic meningitis in Portugal as in other Mediterranean regions.

T285

217849-217945

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Other agents need to be considered in future studies to further clarify this clinical situation.

T286

218180-218361

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It can produce a self-limited diarrhoea in healthy adults and children, but potentially life-threatening infection in immunocompromised persons for which no effective cure is known.

T287

218802-218948

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Drug development which would target both enzymes of the methionine cycle and polyamine synthesis can be effective against human cryptosporidiosis.

T288

220487-220605

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) mediated resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae has become an emerging problem.

T289

220606-220698

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This resistance is often associated with low level carbapenem MICs and may be misidentified.

T290

222290-222473

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These results confirm that the spread of MBLs in K. pneumoniae is becoming a clinical concern, despite the fact that most isolates remained susceptible, according to CLSI breakpoints.

T291

222565-223000

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Molecular detection of the cefoxitin resistance gene, cfxA, and the 3' regulatory sequence of its resistance element, MTn4555 J. Soki, M. Toth, Z. Bessenyei, E. Urban, E. Nagy (Szeged, HU) Objectives: Detection of the level of cefoxitin resistance, detection of the cfxA resistance gene and characterization the structure of the 3' sequence of the resistance mobilizable tranposon, MTn4555, possibly involved in the regulation of cfxA.

T292

224068-224188

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In 3 strains, the upstream regions could not be amplified or had a size of 500 bp or insertion of an IS614-like element.

T293

224189-224459

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: We developed a method with which we could detect the cephamycin-specific resistance of Bacteroides strains, demonstrated the heterogeneity of the 3' region of the resistance transposon, MTn4555, and described the prevalent IS-less structure of its 3' region.

T294

224534-224670

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Majority of cases are cutaneous (95%) and a mild disease, in some cases cutaneous reaction may be more severe and threat patients' life.

T295

226708-226768

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: Visceral leishmaniasis is rare in Western Europe.

T296

226769-226865

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Morbidity and mortality is low in immunocompetent but may be fatal in immunosuppressed patients.

T297

227089-227172

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The infection can be reactivated years later in case of cellular immunosuppression.

T298

227828-227948

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Despite adequate therapy with liposomal Amphotericin B the patient developed fatal septic shock with multiorgan-failure.

T299

228591-228758

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Visceral leishmaniasis may become more frequent in non endemic regions because of international travel and increasing numbers of immunosuppressed patients.

T300

228759-228907

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Reactivation of leishmaniasis should be considered particularly in patients with fever in neutropenia or with pancytopenia and fever under steroids.

T301

228908-229207

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive bloodstream infections resistant to quinolone and/or an extended spectrum cephalosporin in a country with extensive use of these antimicrobials in food animals W. Kulwichit, T. Chatsuwan, C. Unhasuta, C. Pulsrikarn, A. Bangtrakulnonth, A. Chongthaleong (Bangkok, TH)

T302

229208-229389

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Nalidixic acid and extended spectrum cephalosporin resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella infection has been a growing global problem and more worrisome in certain countries.

T303

229661-229857

Epistemic_statement

denotes

With complex plasmids capable of carrying both antimicrobial-resistance and virulence genes in a package, a general principle of microbes sacrificing virulence for resistance may not always apply.

T304

229858-230016

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We have embarked on exploring clinical and molecular aspects of this growing problem, and wish to report our pilot survey here to alert the medical community.

T305

231083-231306

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Compared to susceptibility patterns in the past, current nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in humans in our country are obviously more resistant to quinolone and cephalosporin without sacrificing its virulence.

T306

231399-231526

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Alarming ceftriaxone resistance in Salmonella choleraesuis may be associated with inappropriate ceftiofur usage in pig farming.

T307

231527-231669

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A reconsideration and probable major revision in policy on antimicrobial use in food animals for various purposes in our country is warranted.

T308

231670-231819

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Q fever is due to Coxiella burnetii and usually found as a professional fever disease and can be presented in its acute or chronic forms.

T309

231820-231985

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Isolation of C. burnetii should be done in a 3rd level security laboratory which increase the value of serologic diagnosis for the institutions which do not have it.

T310

231986-232121

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was detection of C. burnetii and anti-Coxiella antibodies by molecular and serological methods among risk groups.

T311

233621-233823

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For this reason especially among risk groups in case of atypical pneumoniae, granulomatous hepatitis, and fever with unknown aetiology, Q fever should be thought and searched for differential diagnosis.

T312

233824-234013

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: The aim of this study is to present eleven cases of dermatophytoses caused by Trichophyton violaceum, a new emerging pathogen in Baix Llobregat (metropolitan area of Barcelona).

T313

235910-236169

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Only recently a new non invasive form of listeriosis that causes febrile gastroenteritis in people with no predisposing conditions increased the public health significance of L. monocytogenes, suggesting the possibility of a wider range of infection vehicles.

T314

236170-236444

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As the major infection factor of food contamination seems to occurs in the environment of processing plants, where it can be imported from slaughter facilities, we investigated the epidemiological role of ruminant as possible zoonosic source of listerial pathogenic strains.

T315

236829-237152

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: 4b, 1/2a and 1/2b were found to be the most represented serotypes, while ribotyping, that offers a partially independent and more accurate subtyping scheme, identified 3 major ribogroups, classified with the Dupont Identification pattern Number (DUP-ID) 1038, 1039, 1042, shared by human, feed and animal isolates.

T316

237153-237375

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our data indicate that a variety of L. monocytogenes ribotypes, which have been shown to be associated with human sporadic and epidemic listeriosis all over the world, where commonly present in ruminant cases in our study.

T317

237376-237597

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The finding of three common clusters within humans, feed and animals supports the hypothesis that ruminant could play an important epidemiological role both as reservoir and source of listerial infection for human beings.

T318

239543-239729

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In view of the severity of the infections, we aware physicians of this possible diagnosis in patients being bitten by tick in sub-Saharan Africa and all the E. ruminantium endemic areas.

T319

239730-239795

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Treatment should be based upon doxycycline including in children.

T320

239818-239918

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, due to the invasiveness of LGV-strains they may not always be detectable in lesional swabs.

T321

239919-240068

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Since LGV is associated with induction of a strong antibody response, serology may be helpful in identifying affected patients, even retrospectively.

T322

240828-240932

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Several epidemiologic reports indicate that typeB disease has a close connection with water.

T323

241002-241110

Epistemic_statement

denotes

But, up to now, isolation of F. tularensis or its DNA from water samples have not been reported from Turkey.

T324

241111-241213

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is the first report from Turkey to evaluate the link between tularemia outbreaks and water sources.

T325

242271-242402

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To investigate water as a possible source of infection, natural springs and network water were sampled for testing with TaqMan PCR.

T326

243067-243269

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: The aim of the study is to identify the potential factors associated with infection sources and modes of transmission during a recent outbreak (October 2004), of tularemia at Suluova, Turkey.

T327

243481-243784

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A standardized questionnaire was used to collect information about general demographics, exposure to all known sources of tularemia infection, as well as potential risk factors related to water and animals (i.e., fishing and farming, hunting and other activities) and environmental conditions of houses.

T328

244273-244456

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In multivariate logistic regression model, keeping domestic animal in the garden was associated with the risk of contracting the disease; OR = 12,32 (CI 95 %: 1.43-106.0) (p = 0.022).

T329

244567-244724

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The results of this study show that case-control studies might be useful for analysing the epidemics and for identifying the source of infection.

T330

244725-244825

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In order to prevent waterrelated zoonotic infections, water and sewerage systems should be improved.

T331

244826-244999

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Tularaemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-negative coccobacillus Francisella Tularensis, which is endemic in the Northern Hemisphere notably in Europe.

T332

246131-246209

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Pneumonic forms are significantly associated with risk of relapse (p < 0.022).

T333

246435-246514

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The cases reported in spring are associated with a great exposure to tick bite.

T334

248648-248866

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Univariate analysis revealed that the severe mucositis (WHO III°-IV°) and the status of refractory/relapsed haematologic disease were significantly associated to development of AB (P = 0.008 and P = 0.01 respectively).

T335

248867-249031

Epistemic_statement

denotes

(A) Our data confirm the rarity of AB in neutropenic pts (4% of all bacteremic episodes) but this kind of infection, if underestimated, can be a fatal complication.

T336

249857-250074

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: We report on 4 cases of infective endocarditis caused by non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae in patients with underlying congenital heart defects, occurring at the Pretoria Academic Hospital over the past 7 years.

T337

251303-251490

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae is an infectious pathogen, and detection of coryneform bacteria in the blood can no longer be dismissed as contamination and must be investigated.

T338

251491-251595

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Failure to recognise this pathogen can delay final diagnosis and initiation of appropriate chemotherapy.

T339

251682-251764

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The importance of this organism as emergent pathogen should not be underestimated.

T340

251765-251918

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in faecal samples of camels, i.e.

T341

253890-254143

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: These data show for the first time that onehumped camels, whose meat and the often un-pasteurised milk are frequently consumed in countries of the Middle East and Africa, can also be carriers of STEC posing a potential health risk to humans.

T342

255443-255581

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In a few countries types 1, 3 and 28 were predominant; however, an overall increase of new invasive types (77, 81, 82, 89) was noticeable.

T343

255827-255975

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In France, the spread of a clone of GAS, type emm28, resistant to MLS drugs and bacitracin, was reported as mostly associated with puerperal sepsis.

T344

255976-256167

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Early results from the pathogenesis work package have identified that low antibody levels against some newly described cell wall-attached proteins of GAS may predispose to severe GAS disease.

T345

256226-256528

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The apparent overall increase of invasive cases may partly depend on the role of Strep-EURO in enhancement or establishment of surveillance systems but careful analysis of data should be considered for each country depending on national system for collection of data, and treatment strategies of cases.

T346

258430-258799

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: This investigation show that although 8 hrs stimulation is sufficient for expression of mRNA and significant detection of IFN-g in memory T-cells but 32 hrs post stimulation can't be sufficient to comparison between different vaccines, as mice groups that immunized by DNA and subunit vaccines after 32 hrs didn't show significant difference in IFN-g level.

T347

260431-260546

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Assuming all of the HCWs was susceptible and would receive vaccination with MMR cost of these procedure is $ 3,630.

T348

260778-260968

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, HCWs in Turkey seem to have little knowledge about their history of these diseases or vaccinations, prevaccination serologic screening seems to be necessary to identify susceptible.

T349

261403-261742

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The presented research was aimed at investigating the reasons of occurrence of postvaccinal complications (PC) (hyperthermia, local tissues reactions, regional lymphadenitis, skin rashes) at children being suffered from bronchial asthma (BA) and from BA combined with parasitic diseases, and that is why having immunological deregulations.

T350

262996-263114

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The reason of such reaction on vaccination material can be the presence of antiparasitic antibodies in child organism.

T351

263115-263246

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The parasitic antigenic complex is heterogeneous owing to what the antiparasitic immune answer is characterized by low specificity.

T352

263599-263728

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the etiological agent of a novel infectious disease SARS.

T353

263969-264139

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore, the Objectives of this study are to detect functional fragments of SARS-CoV S using the AAV system and to pursue a good candidate for developing SARS vaccines.

T354

265043-265246

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results Also showed that rAAV encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) provoked potent and prolonged antibodies with neutralizing activities, indicating that it can deliver a prolonged immune response.

T355

265825-266085

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In addition, results that rAAV encoding RBD elicited specific IgG and IgA antibodies with neutralizing activities via intramuscular, intradermic and intranasal vaccinations imply that this live vector might be a good candidate for development of SARS vaccines.

T356

267904-268315

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This practice showed a significant association with level of education (p = 0.025), exposure being to a dog (p = 0.004) and when the exposure was to a domesticated animal (p = 0.016).In assessing appropriateness of PET received by these patients, the study found that the use of vaccine was inappropriate in 9.4% (25) of new cases and 8% (8) of those who received day 30 and day 90 doses of anti-rabies vaccine.

T357

268516-268672

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Setting up specialized units to treat patients who require anti-rabies treatment will help to optimize treatment and reduce treatment costs in the long run.

T358

270678-270884

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is not clear if the high incidence of adverse effects during the first week was due to the additional administration of immunoglobulin on day 0 or if an accelerated booster reaction led to these effects.

T359

270885-271011

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The reoccurrence of paraesthesias after each vaccination may represent an adverse effect specific for the active immunization.

T360

271012-271181

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, rabies PEP remains the only effective measure to prevent rabies and should always be given if individuals were possibly exposed to rabies containing secretions.

T361

271182-271426

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Design and construction of an expression vector containing immunogenic epitopes of HIV-1 P24 and gp 41 proteins as a vaccine candidate against HIV-1 F. Roodbari, F. Mahboudi, F. Sabahi, F. Barkhordary, R. Sarami Foroshani, A. Adeli (Tehran, IR)

T362

271427-271517

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Introduction: An effective vaccine is urgently needed to stop the AIDS epidemic worldwide.

T363

271838-271979

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These proteins are considered as attractive vaccine candidate in which their immunogenicity and immunomodulatory effects have been confirmed.

T364

272473-272702

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clinical course study in post BCG vaccination adenitis A. Hamedi, A. Velayati (Mashad, Tehran, IR) Objectives: The most common complication of post B.C.G vaccination is lymphadenopathy or lymphadenitis, usually in neck or axilla.

T365

272703-272855

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study were evaluation various manifestations of post vaccination adenopathy and effectiveness of different treatment modalities on them.

T366

273834-273933

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Generally in adenitis post B.C.G vaccination surgery or needle aspiration rarely needs.

T367

273934-274019

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Cleaning area of lymph node and careful following up patients are highly recommended.

T368

274282-274765

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Methods: Therefore, a newly developed phagocytosis assay based on flow cytometry (flow assay) was using sera obtained from rabbit postvaccination with a bivalent conjugate of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide (CPSA) to serogroup B outer membrane vesicle containing PorA (OMV-PorA), an OMV-PorA of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B and the CPSA (as control), was done in order to evaluation of the potential efficacy of (experimental) meningococcal vaccines.

T369

275961-276112

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Our results indicated that the CPSA--OMV-PorA conjugate could be as a candidate for bivalent vaccine toward serogroup A and B meningococci.

T370

276980-277179

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Then N.meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide (CPSA) was conjugated to serogroup B OMV-PorA in order to test the possibility of obtaining a bivalent serogroup A and B meningococcus vaccine.

T371

278459-278593

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The results indicate that the CPSA-OMV-PorA conjugate could be a candidate for bivalent vaccine toward serogroup A and B meningococci.

T372

279475-279757

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This reduction of cases of serogroup C disease among non-vaccines might be indicative for herd protection, although the bimonthly distribution of cases of serogroup C disease shows that the decline started already before the introduction of the vaccine independent of the age group.

T373

280469-280569

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, these vaccines will not protect against the majority of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes.

T374

280570-280644

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Highly conserved surface proteins as vaccines may circumvent this problem.

T375

281096-281324

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As an example, target RNA was detected with RT-PCR in infected tissue and sequenced in different S. pneumoniae serotypes to assess the possible role during infection, the variability and the conservation amongst these serotypes.

T376

282955-283188

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The type III secretion system of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains has been associated with the ability to induce secretion of the proinflamatory cytokines, NO and antimicrobial peptides in cultured intestinal epithelial cells.

T377

284701-284860

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Aquatic EPEC strains predominantly induce a low inflammatory effect on Caco 2 cells, which might be due to the involvement of different cytokines combinations.

T378

285116-285285

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Characterisation of intestinal lactobacilli as potential second-generation probiotics There is increasing interest in developing second generation probiotics (SGP), e.g.

T379

285486-285623

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore, besides L. casei and L. plantarum that are most frequently used for transformation, more strains and species should be tested.

T380

286121-286304

Epistemic_statement

denotes

At first, all strains were tested for autoaggregation as adhesion marker, then 76 most promising strains were tested for resistance to low pH (pH 3.0; 2.5; 2.0) and bile content (2%).

T381

286986-287156

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Only two L. plantarum strains differed from the innate resistance pattern of lactobacilli, revealing resistance to tetracyclines due to a possible mobile genetic element.

T382

287157-287490

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Several human homo-and heterofermentative lactobacilli, in particular strains of L. acidophilus, L. paracasei and L. fermentum, possess properties required for their persistence in gut and could be used for the development of novel SGP.The study was supported by the Commission of the European Union (BIODEFENCE 508912).

T383

288885-289013

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Interestingly, the expression of IFN-gR1 was found significantly lower in both KA and PKDL which was also validated with RT-PCR.

T384

289108-289245

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Elevated level of IFN-g coupled with low level of IFN-gR1 indicates how unresponsiveness to type1 stimuli prevails during active disease.

T385

289246-289526

Epistemic_statement

denotes

High levels of serum protein and message level of TNF-a in PKDL patients suggest that investigation of the TNF locus in Indian Leishmaniasis patients is warranted since polymorphism at this locus has been associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases including Leishmaniasis.

T386

290542-290635

Epistemic_statement

denotes

No significant association between HNP 1-3 production levels and polymorphism was documented.

T387

290817-290950

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our results: indicate that overall production of the HNP 1-3 peptides is associated with protection against S. aureus nasal carriage.

T388

295407-295694

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The impaired capacity of fungi to reduce XXT, the expression of membrane receptors and surface markers for platelet activation and the decreased hyphal elongation confirm that platelets have the potential to play an important role in host defence against Aspergillus species.

T389

295695-295989

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The role of mannose-binding lectin in susceptibility to infection in premature neonates A. Dzwonek, O. Neth, J. Hawdon, E. Gulczynska, H. Tchorzewski, M. Turner, N. Klein (London, UK; Lodz, PL) Background: Infection remains one of the most frequent clinical complications in premature neonates.

T390

297841-298064

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Vaccine administration combined with antibiotic broadens the therapeutic opportunities in urologic patients and is alternative approach for the SSI prevention and control of UTIs such as mucosal vaccine and immunomodulator.

T391

298205-298263

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Some antibiotics appear to modulate PMN function in vitro.

T392

298457-298621

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In a mouse thigh infection model faropenem (FAR) was previously shown to be 3-to 4-fold more active against Streptococcus pneumoniae in normal vs. neutropenic mice.

T393

298622-298691

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The objective of this study was to test whether FAR initiates a PALE.

T394

299924-300064

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Faropenem may enhance PMN mediated killing of selected organisms and may play some role in enhancing leucocyte mediated killing of bacteria.

T395

300065-300229

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Since faropenem targets cell wall biosynthesis, sub-MIC concentrations of the drug may affect cell morphology that may contribute to enhanced killing by leucocytes.

T396

300230-300338

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Together, these effects may explain, in part, the increased efficacy of FAR in normal vs. neutropenic hosts.

T397

300620-300798

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although some tissue-specific macrophages such as Kupffer's cells and microglia are wellknown, any knowledge about the adrenal macrophages is not yet documented in the textbooks.

T398

300799-300897

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For this aim, we conducted a light microscopic study to show resident macrophages of the adrenals.

T399

301476-301648

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Their cytoplasm was stained yellowish with H-E, suggesting that they are rich in lipofussin pigment granules, and was PAS (+), indicating their excessive lysosomal content.

T400

301747-301929

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Macrophages have been recently thought as favourable cells for interactions of the neuro-endocrine organs with the immune system because they can also secrete cytokines.

T401

302347-302506

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A regulatory function of medullar products on steroid secretion by the cortical cells may, hence, if present, be expected to be mediated in a paracrine manner.

T402

302507-302693

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Cytokines released by macrophages, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, may influence adrenocortical steroidogenesis through medullary catecholamines.

T403

302828-302944

Epistemic_statement

denotes

So, macrophages may have a pivotal role in the bidirectional immune-adrenocortical communication within the adrenal.

T404

303314-303486

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Aim: The aim is to study the changes of some immunological parameters in TBE patients and to provide additional prognostic information about course of pathological process.

T405

305288-305354

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Syphilis can be transmitted sexually of through blood transfusion.

T406

305448-305623

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Laboratory diagnosis is largely based on serological tests and the immunoassays are widely used as the syphilis screening because is highly sensitive and can easily automated.

T407

306432-306487

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Seventeen samples were TPHA but confirmed by line-blot.

T408

306994-307124

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As conclusion is remarkable the excellent performance of the Architect Syphilis assay used as syphilis serological screening test.

T409

307125-307219

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The speed and automation make it a recommended test in laboratories with high load in routine.

T410

309495-309736

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Apart from its experimentally proven role of MCP-1 as a direct elicitor of an inflammatory response induced by cytokines and adhesion molecules expressed in the kidney, may also play a clinical role in the prognosis of an acute renal damage.

T411

311245-311421

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Yet, in 19 of the 30 vaccines this vaccination apparently delayed and possibly in some cases prevented natural infection for 28 months in this heavily contaminated environment.

T412

312685-312871

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Nearly a third (31%) of these patients had a history of complete HBV vaccination, 7% reported an incomplete or ongoing vaccination, the remaining 62% had no known history of vaccination.

T413

313239-313349

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Thus FAHTS consultations appear to be a good opportunity to identify these patients and offer HBV vaccination.

T414

313350-313620

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: In the literature, majority of studies consider the diencephalic and telencephalic locations of viruses, with correlated histopathologic findings, while minor attention has been paid on brainstem, a structure involved in the regulation of autonomic functions.

T415

315130-315288

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Our results confirm brainstem tropism of HIV and HHV-6 and demonstrate, also for BKV, SV40 and CMV, the possibility of location in this district.

T416

315546-315721

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: QTc interval prolongation is an electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormality that may cause severe arrhythmias including torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation.

T417

315722-315866

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Many drugs administered to HIV-positive patients and, according to some Authors, the HIV infection itself, can induce QTc interval prolongation.

T418

315867-316055

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aims of our study were to calculate the frequency of QTc prolongation in a cohort of 402 HIV-infected outpatients and to identify the risk factors associated with this ECG abnormality.

T419

316762-316974

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The association between QTc interval prolongation and potential risk factors was evaluated in terms of Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR), with their 95% Confidence Intervals (CI), by using a multivariable logistic model.

T420

317153-317333

Epistemic_statement

denotes

At multivariate analysis, the following variables were associated with the presence of a long QTc: use of Cotrimoxazole as prophylaxis against P. jiroveci pneumonia (AOR 6.20, C.I.

T421

317526-317708

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: According to our data, QTc interval prolongation is associated with the use of drugs commonly administered to HIV-infected patients, such as Cotrimoxazole and Efavirenz.

T422

317709-317778

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The role of low serum triglyceride level needs further investigation.

T423

317779-317961

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clinicians should perform a strict cardiologic follow-up of HIV infected subjects in those situations that may potentially result in QT prolongation and life-threatening arrhythmias.

T424

318129-318197

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Septicaemia caused by drugresistant organisms is difficult to treat.

T425

319476-319613

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Malaria was associated with lower case-fatality rate (18.9%) than septicaemia (34.2%) and particularly gram-negative septicaemia (42.8%).

T426

319614-319778

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Multidrug-resistance, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype was common in gram-negative isolates and associated case-fatality rates in excess of 70%.

T427

319844-320083

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In a multiple regression model, recovery of gram-negative bacteria (OR: 3.5 95%CI 2.1 to 5.9), ESBL phenotype (OR: 5.5, 95%CI: 1.4 to 21.9) and HIV co-infection (OR: 2.1, 95%CI: 1.4 to 3.2) were independently associated with fatal outcome.

T428

320084-320367

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: While malaria appears to be a slightly more common cause of systemic infection in children in this Tanzanian hospital, septicaemia carries a significantly higher case-fatality rate, partly because of widespread multidrugresistance, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria.

T429

321243-321468

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Gene expression profile analysis showed that treatment with NRTIs modulated the expression of transcription factors, such as Aebp1, Pou5f1 and Phf6, which could play a key role in the determination of the adipocyte phenotype.

T430

321945-322191

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Abnormal expression of these genes, which include master adipogenic transcription factors and genes involved in lipid metabolisms and cell cycle control, could contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of HAART-associated lipodystrophy.

T431

322192-322252

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Indeterminate HIV Western blot profiles: how may we proceed?

T432

322755-322983

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We conducted a review study to check if applying CDC and ARC criteria's to subjects with indeterminate HIV profiles would help us to better interpret their status and to try determining alternative means in cases of uncertainty.

T433

324488-324693

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We think it is advisable to at least screen for plasma HIV RNA in such cases, a negative result being a solid argument against any potential HIV infection and to insist on necessity of long term follow up.

T434

325127-325503

Epistemic_statement

denotes

FDA believes that ''… A new product development toolkitcontaining powerful new scientific and technical methods such as animal or computer-based predictive models, biomarkers for safety and effectiveness, and new clinical evaluation techniques-is urgently needed to improve predictability and efficiency along the critical path from laboratory concept to commercial product.''

T435

326012-326152

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Case examples will show how to integrate relevant sub-models, estimate key parameters from trial data, and simulate candidate trial designs.

T436

326857-327018

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The goal of this presentation is to give the audience an improved ability to use model-based drug development techniques to accelerate HIV development decisions.

T437

327216-327392

Epistemic_statement

denotes

harboured in the respiratory tracts of children with acute respiratory tract infection, and whether clinical and laboratory characteristics separate those with and without P.j.

T438

328287-328552

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Infants aged 50-112 days (2nd age quartile) were 47 (OR, CI 11-203) times more likely than children younger than 50 days (1st age quartile) to harbour P.j., and infants aged 112-265 days (3rd age quartile) 8.7 (CI 1.9-40) times more likely by multivariate analysis.

T439

328553-328655

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Infants hospitalized with an episode of URTI were 2.0 (CI 1.05-3.82) times more likely to harbour P.j.

T440

328707-328853

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The copy numbers detected in P.j.-positive samples are normally distributed after logarithmic transformation suggesting one biological phenomenon.

T441

328969-329045

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This could represent either colonization or sub-clinical or overt infection.

T442

329046-329204

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To our knowledge, there is no previous evidence of clinical illness or specific symptoms in connection with the primary infection in immunocompetent children.

T443

329205-329231

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our data suggest that P.j.

T444

329232-329335

Epistemic_statement

denotes

may present itself as a selflimiting URTI in infants, and that the infection is acquired early in life.

T445

329450-329584

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Epidemiological and clinical correlates, and suggestions for pathogenetic investigation R. Manfredi, L. Calza, F. Chiodo (Bologna, IT)

T446

329585-329675

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Gynecomastia (G) is an emerging untoward event in patients treated with HAART.

T447

329676-330081

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Methods: Through a cross-sectional study performed on around 1000 HIV-infected patients (p) treated with antiretrovirals at our reference centre, we identified all cases of G related to the administration of at least 12 consecutive months of HAART, to assess possible correlations of G with a spectrum of clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic variables (and including all adverse effects of HAART itself).

T448

330082-330355

Epistemic_statement

denotes

All p with true G (as distinguished from lipomastia by an ultrasonography assay) were considered evaluable, while p with other predisposing conditions (endocrine disease, alcohol abuse, liver cirrhosis, and use of drug possibly predisposing to G), were carefully ruled out.

T449

331127-331396

Epistemic_statement

denotes

When considering the eventual correlation with the most common HAART-induced disturbances, some forms of lipodystrophy was concurrent in all the 21 p with G, while hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia were found in 15, 9, and 3 p, respectively.

T450

331594-331670

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: G is probably an underestimated problem in the setting of HAART.

T451

331671-331787

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The frequent association of G with other HAART-related dysmetabolism suggests a possible common pathogenetic causes.

T452

333446-333644

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In 36 p hyperglycemia was associated with the finding of elevated C-peptide levels (mean value 7.4 ng/mL) glycosilated haemoglobin (mean value 9.7%), and hypertriglyceridemia (mean level 238 mg/dL).

T453

333645-333990

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Other significant associations included a proportionally advanced age (over 55 years), a BMI above 28, a more prolonged overall exposure to antiretrovirals (and HAART regimens) and a more advanced HIV disease, while no significant correlations emerged between the abnormalities of glucose metabolism and the use of each single anti-HIV compound.

T454

334271-334388

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: A PI-based HAART may be related to a moderate, but non-negligible risk of hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia.

T455

336220-336495

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A remission was maintained during 10 months, when peripheral blood cell count recovered, HIV disease remained stable and a repeated marrow aspirate, karyotype study (30 metaphases) and immunophenotypic examination proved normal, although a chromosomal translocation remained.

T456

336710-336956

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The advanced (FAB stage M5) and the initial, massive thyroid involvement of our p have no literature analogues to the best of our knowledge and should prompt differential diagnosis with intrinsic, opportunistic or neoplastic thyroideal disorders.

T457

336957-337222

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Besides the lack of consensus on AML prognostic factors in the general population and the absence of controlled trials to guide decision-making in the HIV setting, however an induction chemotherapy associated with HAART appears indicated in HIV-infected p with AML.

T458

337223-337593

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Introduction: No controlled data are available about the longterm evolution of patients (p) on isolated dual nucleoside/ nucleotide analogue (NA) antiretroviral therapy, although this phenomenon still exists in daily clinical practice, notwithstanding that antiretroviral guidelines did not include these regimens since 1997 due to their demonstrated suboptimal potency.

T459

338547-338765

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Discussion: A stable HIV disease course under long-term isolated dual NA therapy is consistently observed nine years after the introduction of HAART regimens, based on at least three different antiretroviral compounds.

T460

338766-339346

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Should long-term nonprogressor p received a ''not-proper'' anti-HIV therapy in early nineties, or the proportionally low efficacy of dual isolated NA was sufficient to contain disease evolution and also resistance development, however the great majority of p who still receive this ''obsolete'' antiretroviral therapy do not have the requirements for introducing an HAART based on three different drugs, based on virological and immunological markers of the 2005 updated guidelines of antiretroviral therapy, so that they are prone to continue their ''out-of-thescheme'' regimens.

T461

339347-339596

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In absence of controlled trials, most of raised questions remain unanswered, and the long-term balance among HIV infection, immunologic-genetic background and the even suboptimal effect of two NA, probably does not require treatment intensification.

T462

340099-340420

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The first one included p naïve to all drugs, starting a NNRTI-based regimen; the second one included a broad spectrum of p pre-treated with 2-10 therapeutic lines, but still NNRTI-naïve; the third group represented p who added for the first time a NNRTI while undergoing salvage regimens including >4 drugs, including PI.

T463

341586-341669

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A prolonged follow-up shows that E may not resolve (or might prompt) dysmetabolism.

T464

341670-341736

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The two available NNRTI have a notably different toxicity profile.

T465

342731-342968

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In the HAART era, the most evident drop of frequency interested opportunistic diseases linked to a CD4+ lymphocyte count <50-100 cells/lL, while a proportional rise of tuberculosis, pneumonia, lymphomas, and other neoplasms was observed.

T466

343084-343203

Epistemic_statement

denotes

After HAART availability, the following diagnoses were neurotoxoplasmosis, wasting syndrome, and AIDS-dementia complex.

T467

343204-343487

Epistemic_statement

denotes

P with multiple AIDS-defining diseases, and also AIDS diagnoses made at death, even showed a paradoxically increased frequency and absolute number during the HAART era versus the prior decade (p < 0.001 and <0.02), while no difference was found as to HIV-associated immunodeficiency.

T468

343488-343722

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Surprisingly, an underlying anti-HIV therapy was a more common event until 1995, versus the HAART era (p < 0.001), since during recent years AIDS notification tends to be increasingly associated with the first HIV infection diagnosis.

T469

343723-343879

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: When facing p with suspected opportunism, clinicians should maintain an elevated suspect for an advanced (but missed or untreated) HIV disease.

T470

343880-344073

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A continued attention will help a more rapid recognition and an appropriate management of p who did not benefit from HAART, since they remained unaware of (or removed) their underlying disease.

T471

344241-344337

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This phenomenon is of great concern due to its socio-economic, cultural, and health care impact.

T472

346051-346522

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Management of hyperlipidaemia related to antiretroviral therapy with the novel statin rosuvastatin: a pilot study R. Manfredi, L. Calza, F. Chiodo (Bologna, IT) Background: A hypolipidemic drug therapy becomes recommended in HIV-infected patients (p) when HAARTassociated hyperlipidemia is severe or tends to persist for a long time, although the selection of single compounds is often difficult, because of potential drug-drug interactions, including anti-HIV compounds.

T473

347410-347779

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: In comparative clinical studies, the novel potent statin rosuvastatin demonstrated a hylipidemic activity significantly greater compared with that of atorvastatin, simvastatin or pravastatin, associated with more contained risks of pharmacological interactions with all molecules metabolized by the liver cytochrome P450 (including HIV protease inhibitors).

T474

348420-348871

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Comparing the 46 episodes diagnosed in 1999-2002 with the 25 cases occurred since 2005, a significantly increased frequency (p < 0.04), an increased HIV sexual transmission (p < 0.0001) and a decreased of mean p's age (p < 0.0001) were observed and this last figure is in countertendency compared with the known increase of mean age of HIV-infected p, therefore underlying that HIV-lues co-infection tends to occur in proportionally younger life ages.

T475

349160-349376

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A typical syphilis presentations (including meningoencephalitis and acute-subacute hepatitis,) characterized even 8 of 26 cases (30.8%) diagnosed in the 2003-2005 period, making its prompt recognition more difficult.

T476

349377-349640

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Health care workers engaged in the management of HIV and STD should maintain an elevated clinical suspicion since a missed/delayed diagnosis of syphilis and HIV may be responsible for disease progression and increased sexual spread of both infections.

T477

349800-350049

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in a cohort of patients with HIV infection, and to assess the possible correlation with demographic variables and the selected antiretroviral association.

T478

351191-351438

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: The alterations of bone metabolism associated with HIV infection have probably a multifactorial pathogenesis, but according to our experience bone mass loss seems to be significantly prompted by the male gender and a PI-based therapy.

T479

351439-351688

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Prospective studies conducted in more extensive patient series are certainly needed, to better understand the epidemiology, the clinical features, the ethiopathogenesis, and the outcome of bone metabolism abnormalities associated with HIV infection.

T480

352194-352489

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Nationality could be evaluated in 72 subjects: Forty one (57%) were from sub-Saharian Africa (30 Equatorial Guinea, 6 Nigeria, 3 Camerun), 19 (26.4%) from South America (7 Ecuador, 3 Brasil, 3 Peru, 3 Colombia), 8 (11.1%) from another European countries, 2 from Asia and 2 from Marocco.

T481

353568-353643

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was not relationship between HIV-subtype and clinical manifestations.

T482

353997-354203

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Epidemiological implications, plasma viremia quantification, susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs and clinical implications of the presence of those variants in this collective need to be further studied.

T483

354204-354421

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: Immigrants with HIV infection are an emergent health problem in our country and our objective was to analyse their epidemiological, clinical and immunovirological characteristics when they are hospitalised.

T484

355006-355266

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Nationality could be evaluated in 72 patients: Forty one (57%) were from sub-Saharian Africa (mainly Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria), 19 (26.4%) from South America (mainly Ecuador), 8 (11.1%) from another European countries, 2 were from Asia and 2 from Marocco.

T485

355614-355687

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Relationship between immunodepression and origin countries was not found.

T486

356043-356165

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There were not relationship between diagnosed diseases and origin countries apart from malaria only diagnosed in Africans.

T487

357240-357342

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We aim to study the contributing factors of poor response to TMP-SMX in HIVinfected patients with PCP.

T488

359199-359320

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Early recognition of concurrent infection(s) in patients presented with PCP and appropriate therapy are essential issues.

T489

360242-360420

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We hypothesize that VPAC2-stimulation generates a signalling pathway that targets a specific stage or stages of the HIV-1 life cycle that Results: in the inhibition of infection.

T490

361630-361896

Epistemic_statement

denotes

VPAC2 agonists did not affect HIV-1 entry or reverse transcription of viral RNA; however, transcription of the integrated HIV-1 was significantly inhibited for VPAC2 agonist treated cells and 2-LTR circle formation and proviral integration were profoundly inhibited.

T491

362007-362109

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This inhibitory effect correlates with the generation of a signal that results in activation of a PTP.

T492

362175-362244

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Instead, it may halt the integration of HIV-1 cDNA into the host DNA.

T493

362245-362497

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Further studies to elucidate the exact signalling pathway and target responsible for the block in the ability of HIV-1 provirus to integrate may provide insight into the pathogenesis of the virus as well as lead to novel future treatments for HIV/AIDS.

T494

364136-364299

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Survival has continued to increase since the Introduction: of HAART but was however heterogeneous according CD4 cell count at AIDS diagnosis and ADIs.

T495

364300-364437

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our study suggests that cardiovascular diseases and the risk of emergence of HIV resistance has not affected mortality until 2002 in PWA.

T496

364524-364722

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The population structure of S. aureus strains isolated from HIV patients appeared to be strongly overlapping with that of S. aureus isolates from healthy individuals from the same geographic region.

T497

365193-365553

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Pulmonary hypertension among HIV positive subjects: findings from the Latium Regional Registry Methods: The Latium Regional Registry of PH in HIV infected patients was created in April, 2004 with the aim to collect all cases of PH (according to WHO classification) occurring among the population of adult HIV-positive patients cared for in the Latium IDU, i.e.

T498

366077-366327

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Of these, 26 presented with signs and symptoms suggestive for PH; the remaining 7 were found to have raised PAP value during an echocardiographic screening of 300 HIV-positive patients without cardiovascular sign or symptoms, performed in one centre.

T499

366908-367121

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: New and effective antiretroviral drugs have decreased the mortality of HIV infection; however, emerging syndromes, including cardiopulmonary involvement, represent a concern for HIV infected patients.

T500

367122-367306

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We found that the prevalence of PH among the population of HIV infected patients is not negligible; moreover, PH can occur in patients with CD4 cells count higher than 200 cells/mm 3 .

T501

367307-367468

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As early diagnosis of PH can lead to a beneficial treatment, clinicians should be aware of the risk of cardiopulmonary involvement at any phase of HIV infection.

T502

368749-368877

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Length of tenofovir use and the length of all HAART use in those on tenofovir was not significantly associated with proteinuria.

T503

369041-369100

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As expected, tenofovir use was associated with proteinuria.

T504

369610-369826

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The determination of the frequency of side effects for each HAART drug enables us to predict the effects of a HAART combination as a whole and to trace a specific side effect back to the drug most likely to cause it.

T505

370734-370964

Epistemic_statement

denotes

On average, 48 entries report on a given side effect, ranging from 6 entries on kidney stone to 106 entries on increased alanine transaminase, although for some entries side effects with zero frequency may not have been mentioned.

T506

371378-371550

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The negative frequency for lamivudine may be due to a true reduction of vomiting, or it could be due to a breakdown of the assumption of additivity of the frequencies, i.e.

T507

371657-371902

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Meta analysis of published clinical trials can give some indication of the frequencies by which HAART drugs cause side effects, but limitations in the data do not allow frequencies for all side effects to be determined for all drugs.

T508

373380-373505

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Most patients had major treatment compliance difficulties which may explain the high prevalence rate of resistance mutations.

T509

373616-373729

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: This cross-sectional retrospective study illustrates the difficulties in managing these young adults.

T510

373730-373907

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The frequent virological failures appear multifactorial (treatment adherence difficulties, psychological and behavioural disorders related to adolescence and family disruption).

T511

373908-374106

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Optimal use of antiretroviral combinations accompanied by psychological support for the children and their families could improve these patients' future which presently appears severely compromised.

T512

374351-374525

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Little is known about the influence of the counsellor's background, profession and medical training on the proposed treatment and the related costs for the healthcare system.

T513

374880-375161

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Method: Surveys were sent to five different kinds of counsellors in the Netherlands asking questions about assessing different kind of blood exposure incidents as well as prophylaxis and treatment they would consider adequate to prevent transmission of these blood borne pathogens.

T514

375312-375401

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Questions were ranked for Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV risks.

T515

376651-376769

Epistemic_statement

denotes

CMMG may be the cause of ACV neurotoxicity, and a recent study correlated serum CMMG concentrations with CNS symptoms.

T516

376770-376847

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is not known whether symptoms also correlate with CSF CMMG concentrations.

T517

376848-376976

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We describe a simple HPLC assay that appears suitable for monitoring serum and CSF CMMG levels, and for pharmacokinetic studies.

T518

376977-377054

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Monitoring may indicate action needed to prevent the development of toxicity.

T519

378644-378733

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The rate of conversion appears to be variable and in some cases CMMG levels rose rapidly.

T520

378734-378892

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It may be possible to identify a subset of patients or clinical conditions where CMMG monitoring is indicated, particularly among patients with renal failure.

T521

380679-380804

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The possible occurrence of HBsAg short-term after HBV vaccination is an important fact for the routine diagnostic laboratory.

T522

385518-385764

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to compare IgG response to antigenic epitopes: AE1 -located on position 1-119 aa (expressed as GST fusion protein) and AE2 located on position 124-153 (modelled by synthetic peptide) of VCA p18 among different age group.

T523

386835-387093

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our results strongly indicated that selection of antigenic epitopes (or nature of diagnostic target) for the routine avidity determination of anti VCA IgG may be a critical point in the design of the EIA protocols for both clinical and epidemiological study.

T524

387292-387421

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Recent studies have shown the necessity of further improvement of existing TBEV-tests regarding both sensitivity and specificity.

T525

388152-388290

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Assay conditions for the detection of anti-TBEV-IgG were optimised to reduce the possibility of false positive and false negative results.

T526

388887-389100

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: The recombinant protein derived from C-term of IgE TBEV used in this study demonstrated significant potential as diagnostic reagent in EIA for the detection of specific IgG to TBEV in serum specimens.

T527

389316-389466

Epistemic_statement

denotes

EBV expresses a number of genes, however, Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) p72 is the only viral protein which characterizes EBV past-infection.

T528

389467-389749

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic relevance of new artificial protein composed of 2 antigenic epitopes of the EBV EBNA1 and to develop and evaluate a screening enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of anti-EBNA1 IgG activity to EBV in serum specimens.

T529

389750-389870

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Materials and methods: Two potential antigenic epitopes of EBNA1 protein have been predicted by bioinformatics analysis.

T530

390095-390198

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Assay conditions were optimised to reduce the possibility of false positive and false negative results.

T531

391108-391270

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Recombinant protein comprising theoretically predicted antigenic epitopes of EBNA1 protein demonstrated a significant potential as diagnostic reagent.

T532

391271-391514

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The new EIA is highly specific diagnostic assay for the detection of anti-EBNA1 IgG HHV4 activity in serum specimens and in combination with VCA IgG and IgM may be useful tool for routine diagnosis of acute EBV infections or EBV immune status.

T533

392832-392974

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For three frozen stools, Vikia posed methodological problems associated with the migration on the strip which were resolved in a second assay.

T534

393653-393773

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Evaluation of rubella IGG and IGM assays on the new vidia instrument L. Grangeot-Keros, C. Vauloup-Fellous (Clamart, FR)

T535

393774-393977

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the new VIDIA Rubella IgG and IgM assays on the fully automated VIDIA instrument, easy to use with a high level of traceability.

T536

397130-397311

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The use of this procedure might increase the sensitivity for the detection of viral and bacterial RNA in respiratory samples, however this remains to be tested in follow up studies.

T537

397312-397470

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Evaluation of automated sample processing using the MagNA Pure LC instrument for use with the COBAS AMPLICOR HCV (ver 2) test S. Palladino, I. Kay (Perth, AU)

T538

397471-397696

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Determine the limit of detection, linearity, reproducibility and correlation between clinical results of the COBAS AMPLICOR HCV test v2.0 (CA HCV) using the MagNA Pure LC (MPLC) for automated specimen preparation.

T539

398893-399159

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Preliminary results to date demonstrate that the linearity across the range of HCV RNA levels tested (0-1000 IU/mL) is acceptable and that the lower limit of detection is comparable to the manufacturer's claimed sensitivity for manually processed samples (50 IU/mL).

T540

400047-400174

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Previous studies indicated that sequence variation among CMV strains frequently occurs even in highly conserved genes' regions.

T541

400175-400256

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Genetic variation of functionally important genes may complicate CMV diagnostics.

T542

401609-401737

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The phylogenetic analysis of IE2 region sequences demonstrated that this region could be successfully used for virus genotyping.

T543

402250-402374

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The IE2 gene can serve as a target for simultaneously detecting and genotyping of CMV using the Real-Time PCR opportunities.

T544

403982-404083

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, in compare with the previous study in Iran (26.7%) infection with type 16 shows an increase.

T545

408053-408238

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Our data suggest that ProFlu-1 LC Real Time Assay is a rapid, sensitive, and specific multpliex PCR test for the diagnosis of infections with RSV, Influenza A and B viruses.

T546

408621-408739

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of coronaviruses as a respiratory pathogen in a Norwegian population.

T547

410398-410482

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This suggests that this virus is an important cause of respiratory tract infections.

T548

410834-411217

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Among all of the 112 patients' samples, 68/112 showed negative results by both methods; 25/ 112 showed positive by both; 6/112 showed clearly positive by PCR, but not viral culture; 11/112 showed peaks on the PCR designed HSV I/II positive ranges, but were unable to be diagnosed as positive compared to the cut off of the100 copies; 1/112 viral culture showed positive, but not PCR.

T549

411461-411561

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For the group which showed positive on PCR but not viral culture, DNA sequencing would be performed.

T550

411882-411920

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The mortality rate could be up to 50%.

T551

413354-413511

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In the survey carried out, it has been shown that due to the short viremia period, the probability of funding the virus genome in serum samples is decreased.

T552

413512-413676

Epistemic_statement

denotes

On the other hand in certain patients who died fulminantly and had not enough time to generate an immune response, virus genome can be detected by molecular method.

T553

413798-413988

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Comparative evaluation of the vidas and liaison toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus and rubella panels in a French university hospital M.J. Carles, C. Enault, L. Lachaud, S. Charachon (Nîmes, FR)

T554

413989-414172

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of VIDAS and LIAISON toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus and rubella panels in routine conditions in our laboratory.

T555

415826-415973

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The decision to choose one of these two systems is related to organisation strategies according to the laboratory specificity and panels available.

T556

416196-416271

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These two systems can be easily integrated and used in the same laboratory.

T557

417730-418011

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Interestingly, 7 of the samples negative by Vitros showed a strong reactivity by Architect, [sample/cutoff (S/CO) ratios from 100 to >5000], and three showed also a strong reactivity for anti-HBs (>240 mUI/mL), suggesting the possible presence of surface antigens escape mutations.

T558

418012-418210

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: The assay for HBsAg on the Architect analyser was accurate in the discrimination of true from false positives, whereas the Vitros assay gave a surprisingly high rate of false negatives.

T559

418211-418516

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In 19 cases this was probably due to a lower analytical sensitivity, but for the remaining seven specimens, showing a strong positivity for HBsAg by both AxSYM and Architect HBsAg, the negativity by Vitros may be related to its limited capability to recognize HBsAg mutants, as reported in the literature.

T560

418517-418765

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In our opinion, it is urgent to clarify the prevalence and clinical impact of surface antigen variants in the current epidemiological setting in Italy as well as in the other countries in which anti-hepatitis B vaccination policies are established.

T561

418766-418934

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Evaluation of a new assay for simultaneous detection of HCV core antigen and anti-HCV antibodies S. Carlos, C. Fornieles, N. Chueca, M. Alvarez, C. Bernal (Granada, ES)

T562

418935-419086

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: The serological HCV diagnosis may present false negative results in the window period, which can be reduced by doing HCV RNA or HCV core Ag.

T563

419087-419233

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A new ELISA technique for simultaneous detection of HCV core Ag and anti-HCV antibodies has been studied and evaluated for laboratory routine use.

T564

419392-419640

Epistemic_statement

denotes

All these samples were tested by a routine assay which detects anti-HCV antibodies (Assay 1, Ortho HCV 3.0 ELISA), and by the new one that detects both HCV core Ag and anti-HCV antibodies simultaneously (Assay 2, Monolisa HCV Ag/Ab Ultra, Bio-Rad).

T565

419728-419863

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: The number of positive (303) and negative (1188) sera was the same for both techniques; however, 6 sera had divergent results.

T566

420223-420435

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: The new assay for simultaneous detection of HCV core Ag and anti-HCV antibodies presents very good sensitivity and specificity values and it can differentiate very well positive and negative results.

T567

420881-420988

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A new ELISA technique for simultaneous detection of HCV core Ag and anti-HCV antibodies has been evaluated.

T568

420989-421132

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Its sensitivity has been assessed considering the potential influence of RNA-VHC, free VHC core Ag, viral load or the infecting genotype on it.

T569

421788-422022

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Among these 141 positive sera, 72 (51.06%) were HCV RNA and 73 (51.77%) HCV Ag positive, although both parameters were not detected at the same time in all of them as it is shown: ARN-/Ag-: 60, ARN-/ Ag+: 9, ARN+/Ag-: 8, ARN+/Ag+: 64.

T570

422348-422476

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Also it has a good discriminative capacity for positive results; therefore it could be use in routine microbiology laboratories.

T571

424932-425084

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The BioPlex 2200 system, however, offers practical advantages that allow for rapid and fully automated evaluation of heterophile and IgM EBV antibodies.

T572

426342-426736

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, when the CAP/CTM values were analyzed for genotype, the mean ± SD interassay difference with bDNA were as follows: genotype 1 (n = 26), 0.3 ± 0.4, genotype 2a/2c (n = 12), 0.1 ± 0.2; genotype 3a (n = 18), )0.6 ± 1.4; genotype 4 (n = 7), )0.4 ± 0.7 log IU/ml, thus appearing that values obtained from CAP/CTM were in general 0.5 log lower than those from the bDNA for genotype 3a and 4.

T573

426939-427105

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: CAP/CTM showed a good correlation with bDNA with a better sensitivity that is crucial for the management of anti-HCV therapy, particularly for genotype 1.

T574

427106-427370

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, it seem that CAP/CTM underestimates HCV RNA levels in genotype 3 and 4 and this is clinically relevant as decisions during the clinical management of patients are based on measurements of HCV RNA levels and HCV RNA decline in patients on anti-HCV therapy.

T575

427371-427520

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Virus-cell interaction could be monitored in a standard way through direct infected cells counting in the optical luminescent microscope.

T576

427785-428067

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Taking into account the results of our previous experimental investigations in the field, we may suppose that practically every stage of virus-cell interaction could be described in objective quantitative manner using the fractal approach and corresponding original instrumentation.

T577

432626-432776

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Similarly, measuring the total antibody response to HAV has been shown to be advantageous in identifying previous exposure or ongoing viral infection.

T578

433826-434079

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These data indicate that the IMMULITE 2000 Anti-HAV IgM and Anti-HAV Total assays perform comparably to the Abbott AxSYM assays and suggest the suitability of the DPC assays for the serological detection of IgM and total antibodies to hepatitis A virus.

T579

434080-434353

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The introduction of the 'Health Bill' in England later next year and subsequent 'Code of Practice' will give a firm statutory footing to what is accepted as best practice and evidence based policy and guidance on infection prevention and control in all healthcare settings.

T580

434354-434530

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It will require a rolling programme of evidence based infection prevention and control policies to ensure that all policies and procedures are continually reviewed and updated.

T581

435740-435871

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The implementation of online discussion of the resources allows further debate of reviews so as to ensure all issues are addressed.

T582

436268-436532

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although the site contains primarily UK policy, guidance and research, the concept will be of interest in this era of global challenges which includes the need for joint working and collaboration with colleagues in infection prevention and control internationally.

T583

438147-438258

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The goal is to reduce HAI worldwide, regardless of the type of HC setting and the level of country development.

T584

438611-438758

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: Glove use and re-use are crucial issues which can significantly affect health care workers' compliance with hand hygiene (HH) practices.

T585

439159-439316

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Glove reuse should be avoided, but stock disruption is still a reality in several settings worldwide, and methods for glove reprocessing were also discussed.

T586

439317-439447

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: The experts acknowledged that wearing gloves can be a potential barrier to perform HH when indicated during patient care.

T587

439448-439616

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Situations when gloves should be never/always used were carefully identified and the need for non-sterile rather than sterile gloves was evaluated for each opportunity.

T588

439617-439728

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Continuous glovewearing during patient care should be considered as a missed opportunity for HH when indicated.

T589

439729-440348

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Glove reuse should be avoided, but if it occurs in situations with limited resources, the following steps should be performed: (1) evaluation process to verify the reasons and need for reuse; (2) safe handling of contaminated gloves by healthcare workers during reprocessing should be guaranteed; (3) selection process: only surgical latex gloves can be reused for examination purposes and/or for surgical double-gloving; (4) reprocessing: decontamination with 0.5% chlorine solution, cleansing with soap and water, autoclave sterilization or steam high-level disinfection, and integrity test with air or water filling.

T590

440425-440554

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: The issue of glove use and reuse should be carefully considered when planning a HH promotion campaign in healthcare.

T591

440555-440665

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Indications and contraindications for wearing gloves should be carefully detailed during education activities.

T592

440666-440797

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In the case of glove reuse, a careful evaluation process, together with an adequate reprocessing method should always be performed.

T593

440798-440979

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The possibility of decontaminating gloves with alcohol-based hand rubs during health care when contact isolation precautions are in place should be investigated as a research issue.

T594

441136-441212

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Infection control is not a first priority issue for many Hellenic hospitals.

T595

441213-441317

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of our study was to locate areas problematic in terms of infection control in our hospital (''A.

T596

442479-442645

Epistemic_statement

denotes

(C) It seems that surgical departments' personnel are more reluctant to use hand disinfectant and should be the first target group for education on infection control.

T597

443034-443306

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Methods: In November 2002 in addition to existing alert organism surveillance (as recommended by the UK Department of Health), the Infection Control Team performed a pan-hospital prevalence study, over 5 days, to capture all patients being treated for bacterial infection.

T598

444712-444859

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Current surveillance methodology recommended by the UK Department of Health only detects one quarter of patients being treated for HAI.

T599

445814-446017

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To be registered as a nosocomial BSI, the infection must appear later than 48 hours after admission unless the patient is readmitted within 7 days or has gone through a surgical procedure within 30 days.

T600

447464-447758

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A morbidity and mortality conference to evaluate nosocomial infections and hospital mortality M. Demory, A. Decoster (Lomme, FR) Objectives: The authors had for aim to determine the relationship between the hospital deaths and nosocomial infections (NI) in a morbidity and mortality conference.

T601

449048-449207

Epistemic_statement

denotes

If the same scale were used on a national level, the number of deaths attributable to NI in France would reach 14,000, of which 3300 considered as preventable.

T602

449208-449459

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To improve healthcare quality, morbidity and mortality conferences are needed in hospitals to identify those circumstances that might be associated with the onset of severe NI contributing to death, and preventive measures should be targeted at these.

T603

449800-449917

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A further aim was to prioritise infection control measures and to develop more detailed incidence surveillance of NI.

T604

451511-451645

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The study reveals a comparably low overall prevalence of NI, but remarkable differences between the hospitals and clinics.

T605

451646-451757

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This fact may be due to comprehensible medical reasons but also due to underreporting of NI in certain clinics.

T606

451758-451909

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the study highlights the need for repeated point-prevalence surveys, which seem to be an acceptable, cheap and easy way of assessing NI rates.

T607

451910-452115

Epistemic_statement

denotes

With adequate education of the hospital staff and enhanced surveillance, they can contribute to improving infection control programmes and enabling effective interventions to reduce the risk factors of NI.

T608

452823-452914

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The degree of acceptance of therapeutic recommendations by orthopaedists surgeons was 100%.

T609

453004-453120

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The infectious diseases specialist must have a main role in management of patients with prosthetic joint infections.

T610

453121-453264

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A narrow collaboration between the different specialists involved in the care of the patient, is essential to obtain the best possible results.

T611

453587-453955

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The present study was therefore initiated in order to determine the predictive value of oral colonisation by yeasts in the onset of a nosocomial Candida infection in elderly hospitalized patients (>65 years), but also to clarify the promoting factors of infection and to establish a relationship between the intensity of oral carriage and the onset of yeast infection.

T612

454114-454294

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Samples were collected every four days from D0 to D16 from four sites in the mouth, and intrinsic and extrinsic factors that might promote infection were recorded for each patient.

T613

455235-455383

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Thus this study demonstrated a significant association between oral colonisation and the onset of yeast infections in elderly hospitalized patients.

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CORD-19:e847d433e7424152a9846673209cb73027415ecd JSONTXT 9 Projects

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CORD-19:e847d433e7424152a9846673209cb73027415ecd JSON TXT 9 Projects