PubAnnotation

Id	Subject	Object	Predicate	Lexical cue
T1	0-179	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The effect of chlortracycline treatment on enteric bacteria in pigs SoA1.3 Delsol AA a Analysis of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antimicrobial agents in Polish children SoA4.2
T2	190-394	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Purpose: There are concerns within the medical profession that antimicrobial agents used in livestock production contribute to the increased antibiotic resistance observed in zoonotic bacterial pathogens.
T3	395-475	Epistemic_statement	denotes	To minimise this risk, evidence-based control strategies need to be implemented.
T4	2188-2309	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Mutations in the 23S rRNA gene associated with clarithromycin resistance were analysed by PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing.
T5	2548-2666	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Primary resistance to clarithromycin was mainly associated with an A2143G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene of H. pylori .
T6	2667-2749	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, isolates containing an A2142G mutation had higher MICs of clarithromycin.
T7	2923-3018	Epistemic_statement	denotes	23S rRNA genotype in Helicobacter pylori strains resistant to clarithromycin in children SoA4.3
T8	3019-3229	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: To study the primary resistance to clarithromycin (CLA) in children, to analyse the point mutations associated with CLA resistance and to compare these data with the resistance obtained from adults.
T9	4118-4340	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As no single mutation type has been identified that directly correlates with resistance acquisition, we examined rdxA and frxA in paired Mtz sensitive (S) and resistant (R) isolates and in mixed Mtz-S/R strain populations.
T10	4583-4759	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: Several different mutations were identified in rdxA , but rarely in frxA , of Mtz-R strains (post-treatment) that were absent in matched Mtz-S strains (pre-treatment).
T11	5011-5141	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Observed mutations in the post-treatment Mtz-R isolates may therefore be coincidental and not contributing to the Mtz-R phenotype.
T12	5230-5304	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Other mechanisms therefore may contribute to Mtz resistance in H. pylori .
T13	5847-5998	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our aims were to determine if mutation type and high level CLA resistance was linked and to test for cross-associations with high level MTZ resistance.
T14	6835-6938	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our findings indicate that an A2142G mutation predicts a 81.4% likelihood of high level CLA resistance.
T15	7387-7553	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In a significant subgroup of infected hosts, H. pylori is associated with the aetiology of a number of gastric diseases, most notably gastric and duodenal ulceration.
T16	7682-7763	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, resistance to clarithromycin is an important cause of treatment failure.
T17	7764-7910	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clarithromycin resistance is associated with mutations in 23S rRNA nucleotides 2142 and 2143 that inhibit the binding of the drug to the ribosome.
T18	8585-8771	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The LightCycler assay was successfully applied to DNA extracted from 20 gastric biopsy samples, thus offering the potential to inform patient management without the necessity of culture.
T19	9093-9177	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This study determined the emm -types associated to erythromycin resistance in Spain.
T20	12588-12698	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Geographical variations of resistance were noticed, which could be related to different prescribing practices.
T21	13563-13756	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The world-wide problem of betalactam resistance (R) in Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) has been complicated by increasing R to macrolides and some older fluoroquinolones (FQ) (ciprofloxacin CIP).
T22	14665-14823	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our results show that rate of acquisition of resistance to FQ is strongly related to alteration of susceptibility to P, probably by modification of cell wall.
T23	14876-15019	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clinical relevance of phase variation in pneumococcal opacity: nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization in children from day care centers (DCC) SoA8.11
T24	15020-15355	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Carsenti H, Mancini G, Bensoussan M, Dunais B, Pradier CH, Dellamonica P. Archet Hospital, Infectious Disease, Nice, France Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) adherence to nasopharyngeal (NP) epithelium is a prerequisite for induction of otitis Transparent SP (T) have been shown to colonize the NP of infant rats better than opaque (O) SP.
T25	16547-16637	Epistemic_statement	denotes	O variants may be present in NP of children while T are predominant form for colonization.
T26	16746-16828	Epistemic_statement	denotes	They may persist in NP and explain the absence of eradication by active molecules.
T27	18348-18478	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Purpose: The aim of our study was to establish an internationally compatible regional database in a Hungarian county Hajdú -Bihar.
T28	20875-21094	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Notwithstanding the effects of HAART on the natural history of HIV disease, the consequences on ADD distribution and related immunodeficiency were negligible, since most p could not benefit from HAART before AIDS onset.
T29	21095-21204	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A high clinical suspicion for ADD should be maintained when facing p with missed or undertreated HIV disease.
T30	21205-21374	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Radata */communication internet platform management of resistance analysis guided haart switch for implementation in clinical practice of HIV-infected individuals SoA9.3
T31	21375-21489	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Paech V, Lorenzen T, Stoehr A, Plettenberg A. IFI, interdisciplinary Infectiology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
T32	21490-21630	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Purpose: HIV-resistance analyses are indicated to prepare switch of HAART in HIV-infected individuals with failure to ongoing HAART regimen.
T33	21796-21973	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clinical benefits from resistance analysis assays are sigfnificantly higher for those physicians, who can access external advice from HIV-experts for possible treatment options.
T34	22421-22536	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Expert advice is generated after all data are evaluated and based on recommendations of 2 Á/4 external HIV-experts.
T35	23521-23647	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This was correlated to an increased P-gp cell surface expression and activity, and an increased TNF-alpha production and mRNA.
T36	23887-24169	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: These results showed that: (1) HIV infection by increasing ABC transporter expression could favorise the efflux of antiretroviral drugs and decrease their pharmacological effects; and (2) specific inhibitors of these transporters could reverse these deleterious effects.
T37	25301-25563	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: (1) HCV-specific immune responses might be more prone to tissue compartmentalization than HIV-specific ones; (2) immune defects induced by HIV infection might not be responsible for the low level of HCV-specific responses observed in HIV-progressors;
T38	25564-25700	Epistemic_statement	denotes	(3) IFN-alpha'/ribavirine therapy influence on HCV-and HIVspecific CD4-T-cell frequencies after 6 months of treatment will be discussed.
T39	25701-25847	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Frequencies of HIV-1-p24 specific Th1 cells (ELISPOT) are correlated with plasma HIV-1 viral load in a cohort of LT-NP and slow progressors SoA9.6
T40	25848-25957	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Martinez V a , Alatrakchi N a , Costagliola D b , Bonduelle O a , Agut H c , Autran B a , ALT Study Group a .
T41	25958-26417	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Hopital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, Paris, France , b Faculté de Medecine Saint-Antoine, INSERM SC4, Paris, France , c Hopital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France Background: HIV-1-specific T helper-1 cell responses have been associated with long-term-non-progression (LT-NP) in HIV infection but the correlation between frequencies of HIV-1-p24-specific Th1 cells and viral load has not yet been studied.
T42	26943-27159	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These frequencies were negatively correlated with viral load (r0/(/0.304, P 0/0.026) but not with CD4 counts and associated with a low level of T cell activation assessed by CD71 on CD4 cells (r0/(/0.266, P 0/0.035).
T43	27242-27566	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Interestingly, the numbers of HIV-1-p24-specific Th1 cells correlate with plasma viral load, independently of CD4 counts indicating that: (1) the defect in HIV-1-specific CD4 Th1 cells does not reflect the global CD4 depletion; and (2) these responses are strongly correlated to the control of virus replication.
T44	29638-29708	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Adherence is essential to the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy.
T45	29709-29763	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A pharmacy visit would improve the patient advisement.
T46	30015-30074	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, 72% of them would like to attend a pharmacy visit.
T47	30075-30198	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The topics they would prefer to be tackled were drug interactions (51%), side effects (49%) and effect of forgetting (44%).
T48	30369-30582	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, inaccurate pattern of treatment was frequent ( !/50%) and bad adherence was observed: treatment forgotten occasionally (60%), regularly (30%) or inadequate attitude when the treatment was forgotten (76%).
T49	30583-30678	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Number of pills, dose frequency, length of the treatment would be risk factors of nonadherence.
T50	33358-33516	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, the high rate of MRSA and the presence of teicoplanin intermediate S. aureus isolates prove that prevention and control measures need to be improved.
T51	34092-34229	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study is to compare the disc-diffusion test (DDT), oxacillin agar screen test (OAST) and PCR for detection of mec A gene.
T52	35170-35398	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The PCR assay (first time in our country) appears to be more reliable than routine susceptibility testing for the rapid diagnosis of MRSA infections at hospitals, particularly due to the heterogeneous resistance of many strains.
T53	36865-36982	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Interestingly, trimethoprim'/ sulfarmetoxazole combination could inhibit more than 75% of Enterobacteriaceae strains.
T54	36983-37115	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Piperacillin'/tazobactam (89%), imipenem (83%), and ciprofloxacin (82%) could be the drog of choice against Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
T55	37883-38155	Epistemic_statement	denotes	When evaluating sensitivity levels of 2070 community-acquired pathogens (1999 Á/2001), a significant resistance rise was limited to cotrimoxazole (P B/0.01) and nalidixic acid (P B/0.02), while a tendency towards increased resistance regarded norfloxacin (P 0/ 0.05) (Fig.
T56	38161-38552	Epistemic_statement	denotes	When 1570 community-acquired E. coli isolates were compared with 2687 nosocomial strains (tested in the years 2000 Á/ 2001), a greater susceptibility of community-acquired E. coli isolates was limited to cotrimoxazole versus all other compounds in the year 2000 (P B/0.03), while it was extended to amoxicillin, cephalotin, nitrofurantoin and piperacillin in the year 2001 (P B/0.0001) (Fig.
T57	39145-39331	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: In UTI, the antimicrobial agents such as 1st CG combined with aminoglycosides are recommended as initial treatment as well as the 3rd cephalosporin generation at monotherapy.
T58	42123-42263	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For 11 samples results were obtained from both methods, two samples could not be analysed by phenotyping and four samples not by genotyping.
T59	42264-42388	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Only 3/11 samples showed total and 2/11 samples partial concordance, 6/11 samples showed discordance between the two assays.
T60	42456-42655	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: HIV-1 virus isolation and phenotyping from PBMCs may overcome the problem of currently used resistance assays, which analyse only the Reverse Transcriptase and the Protease gene of HIV-1.
T61	42656-42791	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Possible mutations in other regions may influence viral fitness and therefore contribute to the growth of the virus population present.
T62	42792-42891	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The lack of concordance between the two assays is related to the different blood compartments used.
T63	42892-42966	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The clinical value of resistance tests using PBMCs is under investigation.
T64	43169-43465	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a CEA, DRM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France , b INRA, Physiologie Animale, Jouy-en-Josas, France , c CEA, CRSSA, EPHE, DRM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Background: Type I interferons (IFN) exhibit efficient antiviral activities notably against HIV, but severe side effects restrict their clinical uses.
T65	43660-43934	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The antiretroviral activity of IFN-tau seems to involve antiviral and immunomodulatory mechanisms: IL-6 synthesis is increased in dose-dependent manner in MDM treated with IFN-tau and a specific inhibition of IL-6 biological activity decreases its antiretroviral efficiency.
T66	44162-44340	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These results suggest either an inhibition of HIV nucleocapsid uptake or an immediate HIV RNA degradation, and the expression of 2?,5?-OAS, MxA protein and PKR was then measured.
T67	45305-45511	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although the levels of Bcr (100/200 mg/ml) in the Bcr mutants could be raised only by persistent efforts, an increase in the levels of Lzr (as cross-resistance) in the same mutants could be easily achieved.
T68	45512-45795	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A correlation of actinomycin-D resistance with Lzr and Bcr of the mutant bacteria and the effects of lipase treatment on the same showed a 4 Á/20-fold rise in actinomycin-D resistance of the Lzr and Bcr mutants of Gram-positive bacteria compared with their correspondence wild-types.
T69	45796-46011	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These findings suggest that Lzr and Bcr are controlled by several genes accounting for reduced cell-wall and cell-membrane permeability and indirectly, by phenotypic alteration of the lipid content of the cell-wall.
T70	46012-46202	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Thus, the alteration of cell-walls and membranes and a phenotypic extra lipid layer can work in conjunction with the efflux pump mechanisms finally determining the levels of drug-resistance.
T71	47729-47818	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The explanation of such a phenomenon in terms of possible efflux pumps will be discussed.
T72	49872-49969	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The use of these antibiotics was correlated to the rate of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
T73	50510-50681	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We found positive regression coefficients quantifying an association with imipenem use in the same month (P B/0.01) and with the use during the preceding month (P B/0.05).
T74	50839-51018	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Neither the use of ceftadizime nor of PT could be identified as factors creating resistance to one of the three antibiotics under consideration within a reasonable period of time.
T75	51019-51106	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: There might be a strong pressure towards resistance created by carbapenems.
T76	51107-51175	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This could limit the use of carbapenems for initial empiric therapy.
T77	51176-51295	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Treat hard and fast: short course antibiotic treatment and its relation with patient compliance and effectiveness S12.6
T78	51296-51346	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Perez-Gorricho BPG a , Ripoll M b , Pechere JC c .
T79	51347-51629	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Niño Jesus Hospital, Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain , b INSALUD, Outpatient Consult, Madrid, Spain , c University of Geneve, Microbiology, Geneve, Switzerland 'Treat hard and fast ': Short course antibiotic treatment and its relation with patient compliance and effectiveness.
T80	51939-52241	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In a pan-European market research study of more than 3000 patients, designed to determine behaviour to the antibiotic management of mild-moderate respiratory tract infections, patient expectations of antibiotic therapy were identified, particularly those aspects that relate to efficacy and compliance.
T81	52828-53008	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The perception of efficacy with short course therapy also correlates with overall satisfaction with management by the physician and with patient compliance with antibiotic therapy.
T82	53103-53262	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Consensus guidelines have recommended an intrapartum antibioprophylaxis by amoxicillin, which has reduced the incidence of early-onset neonatal GBS infections.
T83	53263-53368	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, an increased incidence of beta-lactam-resistant Gram-negative neonatal sepsis has been reported.
T84	53369-53502	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of our study was to analyse the consequences of this antibioprophylaxis on the intestinal microbial colonization of newborns.
T85	54051-54242	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, the colonization by clostridia was modified: the number of newborns colonized was significantly less important in group A than in group B (group A: 3/25 and group B: 10/25 P B/0.05).
T86	54243-54436	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: In our study, intrapartum antibioprophylaxis did not affect intestinal colonization by aerobes but reduced significantly colonization by clostridia, potentially anaerobic pathogens.
T87	55996-56145	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was no change in the incidence of nosocomial bacteraemia with quinolone-resistant coliforms or MRSA, despite the increased use of levofloxacin.
T88	56146-56293	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Hospital-wide reduction of b-lactam and macrolide use in medical patients can result in a significant and immediate reduction in CDAD.
T89	56294-56354	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Longer follow-up will determine if this effect is sustained.
T90	56662-56742	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Valdoni', Rome, Italy , b S. Camillo-Forlanini, Intensive Care Unit, Rome, Italy
T91	56743-57024	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is considered the most frequent infection in the intensive care unit (ICU), occurring in 9 Á/24% of patients intubated for longer than 48 h besides nosocomial pneumonia is a common complication in the critically ill surgical or trauma patient.
T92	57025-57149	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Inadequate treatment can lead to the complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), empyema, and lung abscess.
T93	57839-58135	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Except one patient deceased for causes related to his very poor general conditions and three cases in which has been necessary the addition of an aminoglycoside, in all the other patients the imipenem/ cilastatin (tienam) monotherapy has shown satisfactory clinical and bacteriological responses.
T94	58136-58217	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clinical auditing of the impact of recommendations on antibiotic treatment S12.11
T95	58218-58293	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Kinoo J a , David-Ouaknine F a , Hacquard B a , Echard Y a , Decazes JM b .
T96	58294-58401	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Centre Hospitalier Lagny Marne la Vallée, Lagny sur Marne, France , b Hospital Saint Louis, Paris, France
T97	58402-58577	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to assess the impact of curative antibiotic recommendations on suitable prescriptions at Lagny-Marne la Vallée Hospital (general hospital, 714 beds).
T98	58578-58815	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Two prospective exhaustive audits were made (all complete hospitalizations, excluding psychiatry, February Á/May 1997 and 2000) of the detailed curative antibiotic prescriptions, before and after distribution of internal recommendations.
T99	58956-59153	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The prescriptions were assessed by an infectious diseases specialist and a pharmacist using pre-established criteria: literature recommendations (1997 audit), internal recommendations (2000 audit).
T100	59776-59910	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Local recommendations improved prescriptions, but efforts have to be done in order to go on the improvement of the practice behaviour.
T101	60246-60391	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A scientific approach considering also the economic aspects of each therapeutic decision may gain optimal treatment objectives at pondered costs.
T102	60519-60838	Epistemic_statement	denotes	From 1997 to 2001 , 1058 Our retrospective study results support previous pharmaco-economic considerations according which in choosing an antibiotic regimen for AE-COPD we must take into consideration the expected clinical and microbiological results without forgetting to consider the economic burden of our decisions.
T103	61327-61530	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This observation is especially important as non-albicans Candida species are generally non-susceptible to azole derivatives and empirical use of azoles in suspected Candidaemia should not be recommended.
T104	61604-61639	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Echinocandin may be an alternative.
T105	62276-62523	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We have noted that like many free-living fungi, the M-Z fungi are facultatively chemoautotrophic (can grow on simple sources of carbon and nitrogen and a solution of mineral salts), like the human pathogenic chemoautotrophic nocardioform bacteria.
T106	62984-63245	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Experiments with immunocompromised mice showed that these drugs at the concentrations used are well tolerated; mice experimentally infected with several clinical isolates of M-Z fungi and receiving these chemicals showed that these fungi could not grow in vivo.
T107	64238-64380	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Though increasing fluoroquinolones resistance has been described among this kind of strains, no resistance to fluoroquinolones was found here.
T108	65761-65929	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The misuse of the antibiotics by the community may be an important factor (among others) in the emergence of these high rates of resistance by the salmonellae examined.
T109	66096-66263	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Department of Medicine and Public Health-Pharmacology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy , b Department of Paediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
T110	66264-66337	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Oral bacteriotherapy during antibiotic treatment is a much debated topic.
T111	66338-66492	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Aim: To study whether different probiotics can prevent imbalance of the intestinal ecosystem (dysbiosis) in children during therapy with ceftriaxone (Cx).
T112	67481-67622	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: The probiotics administration seems to protect against dysbiosis caused by Cx and to contain the increase in faecal BL activity.
T113	67729-67773	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These preliminary data need further studies.
T114	69182-69407	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In contrast to WHO's guideline, due to high rate of primary resistance especially to STM in our area, we do not recommend addition of STM for treatment of patients whose initial four-drug regimens have been failed (group II).
T115	70516-70638	Epistemic_statement	denotes	They seem to be promising antigens for the development of new methods of diagnosis or for the development of new vaccines.
T116	70996-71120	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It is likely that poorer living conditions, influenced by war and emotional stress, may promote such rising incidence of TB.
T117	71816-71982	Epistemic_statement	denotes	PCR as simple, fast and highly sensitive method enabled diagnosis in incipient stadium of disease, so antituberculous therapy could be instituted some months earlier.
T118	71983-72119	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Prompt diagnosis of renal tuberculosis (using PCR, besides standard methods) is necessary, otherwise delayed diagnosis may be dangerous.
T119	73595-73751	Epistemic_statement	denotes	M. kansasi is detected as the most common atypical mycobacterium agent in pulmonary infections and attention to antibiogram is recommended before treatment.
T120	76522-76702	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A direct intestinal localization of HIV may be responsible for severe diarrhoea, malabsorption, and wasting, though the morphological features of HIV enteropathy are still unclear.
T121	80753-80863	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The condition at admission was critical due to trombocytopenia ( B/2000 platelets/ml) and hemorrhage syndrome.
T122	81411-81485	Epistemic_statement	denotes	She had uneventful recovery despite remaining granulocyto-trombocytopenic.
T123	81486-81715	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Treatment of infections with emerging agents in immunocompromised patients is difficult, guidance by results of susceptibility testing being misleading with a poor correlation between the tests and treatment outcome.
T124	81716-81844	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Early disseminated listeriosis in a liver transplant recipient (LTR): a rare case due to an in vitro multiresistant strain OR1.6
T125	81845-81977	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Manfredi R, De Ruvo N, Vivarelli M, Bellusci R, Montalti R, La Barba G, Abtueli Aden A, Cucchetti A, Attard L, Calza L, Cavallari A.
T126	82664-82963	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Underlying immunodeficiency may prompt unusual/severe Lm infection, but because of its usual community-acquired origin, Lm disease remains infrequent in hospitalized p. Only seven anecdotal reports of Lm infection were described in LTR, 1986 Á/2000, all but 1 occurring months Á/years after surgery.
T127	83216-83317	Epistemic_statement	denotes	An epidemiological survey retrieved the possible source of this usually community-acquired infection.
T128	83318-83429	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Lm should be regarded as an emerging opportunistic pathogen in LTR, and specific risk factors should be seeked.
T129	83430-83660	Epistemic_statement	denotes	When immunodeficiency is of concern, the unpredictable sensitivity of Lm should prompt in vitro assays to adjust antimicrobial therapy Problems for discussion HBV Á/HCV and liver carcinogenesis: where does the viral influence end?
T130	84562-84664	Epistemic_statement	denotes	(hence, if we treat alcoholic cirrhosis patients with interferon could we have a favorable response?).
T131	84744-84821	Epistemic_statement	denotes	: interferon treatment is a potential hazard for those with thrombocytopenia.
T132	84822-84940	Epistemic_statement	denotes	How ethical is it to conduct a randomised trial where one leg of cirrhotic patients is left without antiviral therapy?
T133	84941-85038	Epistemic_statement	denotes	And on the basis of which classification system should the two legs of such a trial be separated?
T134	85179-85221	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A major topic awaiting for a major debate.
T135	86573-86654	Epistemic_statement	denotes	C still occurs in the HAART era, probably due to its varied mode of transmission.
T136	87514-87646	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Three HCoV-related outbreaks were observed (February, August and December), associated with a high prevalence of infection in staff.
T137	88082-88210	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: These data provide additional evidence for a significant role of HCoV in NRVI occurring in hospitalized preterm NN.
T138	90266-90414	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In 1997, a French observatory of human AE was done in order to get data that could be used to evaluate presentation, evolution and management of AE.
T139	91355-91440	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It shows new epidemiological trends, and especially an extension of the endemic area.
T140	91441-91499	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Can coins and paper currency transmit Bacillus anthracis ?
T141	91693-91840	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Recent events that began in September 2001 in US has gained the organism worldwide attention and heightened awareness of and concern about anthrax.
T142	92167-92215	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Escherichia coli ) and potential pathogens (e.g.
T143	92417-92571	Epistemic_statement	denotes	All of these studies do agree on that currency may be considered as a method of spreading potentially pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria in the community.
T144	92572-92691	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Therefore, currency could also be a vehicle for spreading other highly pathogenic organisms that include B. anthracis .
T145	92692-92814	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In addition, the introduction of the 'euro' could also allow such bacteria greater freedom to travel across the euro zone.
T146	92815-93016	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The threat of using currency, particularly paper notes, in spreading lethal organisms should be investigated and proper measures to prevent the use of such a method by terrorists should be implemented.
T147	93346-93525	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We used FC as a temporary vascular access (VA) for a longer period of time in outpatients going on regular ambulatory haemodialysis, who had a problem with their permanent access.
T148	94381-94529	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Criteria for catheter-related bacteriemia (CRB) was found in only one patient, and for possible CRB in five patients after we removed the catheters.
T149	95104-95305	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clinical and lay awareness of the disease relies on education, however educational delivery has changed and the introduction of material suitable for computer and internet application is now necessary.
T150	95800-95960	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These applications are simple to use and can be incorporated into existing courses of study, so that issues raised can be discussed with tutors and group peers.
T151	96087-96292	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We believe that these applications, focusing on meningitis, are the first of their kind and that they offer tutors the opportunity to progress their teaching of the disease both in methodology and content.
T152	96422-96567	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Potentially treatment-related adverse events occurred in 11.8% of the brivudin recipients and in 10.1% of the famciclovir recipients (P 0/ 0.26).
T153	97121-97281	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In order to evaluate virus specific response and structure Á/activity relationships we continue our investigations with three Pt(II) and three Pd(II) complexes.
T154	98185-98292	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The availability of new and specific antivirals provides an opportunity for better management of influenza.
T155	98821-98996	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Antibiotics for influenza treatment are broadly recommended/prescribed by about 30% of European physicians, whereas currently available antivirals are only recommended by 10%.
T156	98997-99151	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The recommendation of antivirals by US physicians increased from 47% (season 99/00) to 62% (00/01) and markedly decreased antibiotic use (from 25 to 11%).
T157	99344-99491	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Experiences in the USA show that with prompt outbreak information antivirals can be used appropriately in times of influenza activity.
T158	99848-99960	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The underlying clinical pathway covers morbidity and mortality due to influenza and its specified complications.
T159	100155-100300	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Application of the model is shown using UK unit cost data simulating an otherwise healthy adult population comparing oseltamivir with usual care.
T160	100656-100842	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Antiviral treatment appears to be effective in terms of health outcome and cost for otherwise healthy adults from the perspectives of both the individual patient and society.
T161	100843-100963	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, this effect is very sensitive to time when treatment is started and the accuracy of the diagnosis of influenza.
T162	101889-102052	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: Oseltamivir was well tolerated in clinical trials; drug-related side-effects were limited to transient GI effects occurring in 5/1:10 exposed individuals.
T163	102397-102521	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Occasional reports of liver dysfunction have been documented post-marketing but causal association has not been established.
T164	103066-103292	Epistemic_statement	denotes	UDG of the Copenhagen strain of Vaccinia virus (VV) was characterized with the aim of defining specific inhibitors susceptible to be used as a new class of active antiviral substances on the viruses of the Orthopoxvirus genus.
T165	104050-104125	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These compounds are candidates for the chemotherapy of poxvirus infections.
T166	104847-104933	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In limited clinical trials patients received 75 mg of drugs twice daily (7 Á/14 days).
T167	105601-105724	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Ortho Total HCV core antigen assay can aid early prediction of response in patients treated with Interferon/Ribavirin OR3.8
T168	105725-105762	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Lunel F a , Veillon P b , Payan C b .
T169	106396-106474	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: Pretreatment Ag values were correlated with viral load (r 2 0/0.779).
T170	107076-107228	Epistemic_statement	denotes	After 1 month of IFN alone, the HCV Ag decrease was highly predictive of SR, correlated with RNA negativation and early reduction of HCV RNA ( !/2 log).
T171	107473-107643	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Infectious Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases, Lucca, Italy Acute hepatitis B is a self-limiting infection, but in some cases its course may be particularly severe.
T172	108532-108695	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our experience suggests a promising role of lamivudine in the treatment of acute hepatitis B, but how long such therapy have to be practiced and in which patients?
T173	110595-110675	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The newer quinolones are believed to have broad activity against S. pneumoniae .
T174	112956-113127	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Thus, FQ resistance in S. maltophilia shall derive from changes in other areas in the topoisomerases or probably from other mechanisms of resistance, such as efflux pumps.
T175	113348-113427	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The mechanisms of resistance to FQs have not been described in C. urealyticum .
T176	113428-113528	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We describe the C. urealyticum parC gene QRDR region and its relationship with quinolone resistance.
T177	114319-114578	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This finding suggest that this mutant sequence, as compared with parC sequences from other Grampositives, might be the wild-type for this species, and might explain in part its high resistance rate, and its apparent lightness to develop high-level resistance.
T178	115470-115525	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Fluoroquinolone efflux was suggested in three isolates.
T179	115732-115873	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The 1997 policy of using quinolones may have contributed to the development of quinolone resistance and this cluster of isolates.
T180	115874-116029	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The increasing levels of quinolone resistance observed raise concerns about the future use of newer quinolones for the treatment of respiratory infections.
T181	116170-116342	Epistemic_statement	denotes	New quinolones has been proposed as a treatment of choice because their enhanced activity, but several parameters (T a , atmosphere, method) can affect the results of MICs.
T182	117183-117400	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The incubation time is a parameter that seems to affect significantly the results of MICs of quinolones when microdilution method is used, whereas only few differences can be encountered with the agar dilution method.
T183	120369-120463	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Gatifloxacin is a promising alternative for therapy of respiratory tract bacterial infections.
T184	120834-120873	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, they are often not recognised.
T185	120874-120963	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Infected or colonised adults can act as a reservoir of infection, passing it to children.
T186	120964-121102	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Fluoroquinolones are currently recommended for the treatment of respiratory tract infection in adult patients, which is usually empirical.
T187	121852-121982	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Gatifloxacin may be an effective drug in the treatment or prophylaxis of adults with suspected or confirmed pertussis.
T188	124937-125064	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The maintenance over 72 h of GEM urine antibacterial activity suggests its efficacy in the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis.
T189	127493-127641	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The conclusion reached The findings suggest that LFX 500 mg bid iv may be considered effective in the treatment of VAP caused by sensitive bacteria.
T190	129254-129498	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The conclusion reached The ad interim findings show that LFX 500 mg od may guarantee per os an exposure similar to that achievable after iv administration, suggesting that sequential therapy may be considered effective in the treatment of LRTI.
T191	129499-129569	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Levofloxacine in the exacerbations of copd due to Pseudomonas ae PS117
T192	129570-129751	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Micheletto C, Tognella S, Pomari C, Dal Negro R, Ospedale Orlandi, Div.Pneumologia, Bussolengo, Italy Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a problem of great concern.
T193	130822-131099	Epistemic_statement	denotes	(1) At present, Levofloxacine proves the most effective antimicrobic option for treating COPD exacerbations due to Ps infection; (2) a much more efficient policy of antibiotic prescribing should be promoted in order to prevent the selection of resistant strains in these cases.
T194	131458-131628	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Moreover, considering the favourable PK/PD profile, levofloxacin can represent a valid therapeutic option for the treatment of severe Gram-negative nosocomial infections.
T195	132889-133048	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We may suppose that levofloxacyn can be effective for the treatment of R. equi infection, even if more studies (particularly controlled studies) are necessary.
T196	138565-138668	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Therapy with moxifloxacin was not associated with any significant clinical or laboratory abnormalities.
T197	138669-138839	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These data suggest that once-daily oral administration of moxifloxacin is potentially convenient and cost-effective alternative therapy for CAP in pts with HIV infection.
T198	141225-141438	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Periodic monitoring of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a high-risk population provides essential clues regarding the rapidly changing pattern of antimicrobial susceptibilities.
T199	142008-142170	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The third mutation of Val-120 to Leu, lies downstream of the quinolone resistance determining region of the gyr A and has not been described before in gonococcus.
T200	142171-142275	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In addition, these isolates had a Phe-100 to Tyr substitution in the par C, a hitherto unknown mutation.
T201	142641-142862	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our findings suggest that emergence of penicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae isolates from a major STD center in India, indicates the need for the increased awareness and prudent use of antimicrobials.
T202	144667-144735	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Microbiología, Salamanca, Spain
T203	144736-144888	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Purpose: Corynebacterium urealyticum is the etiologic agent of encrusted cystitis and inespecific UTIs, and can be also involved in systemic infections.
T204	147946-148060	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Linezolid should be tested for treatment of complicated UTI due to Gram-positive uropathogens in a clinical trial.
T205	149167-149268	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Recommended breakpoints of Staphylococcus aureus are 4 mg/l for linezolid and 8 mg/l for teicoplanin.
T206	149365-149536	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Current recommended dosing regimens for linezolid and teicoplanin are generally appropriate in the critically ill, though a more detailed analysis is required.
T207	150924-151048	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: LZD and Q/D are very promising antimicrobial agents, showing excellent activity against MRSA clinical isolates.
T208	151049-151138	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The prudent therapeutic use is strongly recommended to avoid the emergence of resistance.
T209	152598-152821	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: The new antimicrobial agents show excellent activity against resistant to common antimicrobials pneumococcal isolates, but the clinical use is not suggested, unless no other therapeutic solutions are available.
T210	153090-153182	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The susceptibility pattern of all Gram-positive isolates from ICU patients has been studied.
T211	154219-154269	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was no emergence of resistance to linezolid.
T212	154418-154569	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The oxazolidinone, linezolid, has excellent soft tissue and respiratory tract penetration and might be expected to eradicate carriage in some patients.
T213	155218-155437	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Short-term MRSA clearance can be achieved in significantly more patients treated with linezolid however this was not maintained at 21 days, either because of incomplete initial eradication or recolonization.
T214	155519-155599	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Penetration of linezolid into bone, fat and muscle during hip arthroplasty PS134
T215	155600-155866	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Lovering AM, Bannister GC, Zhang J, MacGowan AP, Southmead Hospital, BCARE, Bristol, UK There are limited data describing the concentrations and penetration of linezolid (LZD) into tissues, such as bone, that can be used to guide therapy for non-vascular infections.
T216	157641-157995	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The association has antibacterial activity against staphylococci including methicillin /MLS B -resistant strains (MIC90 range: 0.12 /1 mg/ml), streptococci (MIC90: 0.25 mg/ml), pneumococci including multidrug resistant strains (MIC90: 0.50 mg/ ml), enterococci including vancomycin-resistant strains (MIC90: 4 mg/ ml), M. catarrhalis and Neisseria spp.
T217	158352-158508	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Mutants of S. aureus to XRP2868 were isolated at low frequencies (3.6)/ 10 (9 Á/9.7)/10 (10 ) at 2)/ and 4)/MIC while no mutant could be isolated at 8)/MIC.
T218	158509-158631	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These results suggest that XRP2868 (30/70 w/w) is a promising compound for the treatment of community-acquired infections.
T219	161533-161670	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These results suggest that XRP2868 might be effective for the treatment of staphylococcal and pneumococcal community-acquired infections.
T220	163191-163286	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Based on in vitro data, telithromycin is a good candidate for the treatment of RTI.
T221	163287-163485	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In vitro evaluation of abt-773, telithromycin and azithromycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae , Moraxella catarrhalis , Haemophilis influenzae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus PS140
T222	163486-163747	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Steele-Moore L, Berg D, Barnes I, Couch K, Klein J, Holloway W. Christiana Care, Infectious Disease, Wilmington, US Macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is a worldwide concern predominantly because these isolates tend to be multiply drug resistant.
T223	166418-166550	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Some studies suggest shortening CAP telithromycin treatment to 7 days helping adherence to treatment and decreasing costs even more.
T224	166749-166993	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Medical University, Infectious Disease, Plovdiv, Bulgaria , b Department of Anatomy, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Mediterranean Spotted Fever (MSF) caused by Rickettsia conorii appears an endemic disease for some regions in Bulgaria.
T225	168019-168130	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: We suggest that the new macrolides appear a good alternative of tetracycline on patients with MSF.
T226	169317-169438	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The clinical findings showed excellent effect of the new macrolides including Clarithromycin and azalides */Azithromycin.
T227	170784-170867	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Q/D has not been officially introduced to the antibiotic arsenal of Greek medicine.
T228	171027-171116	Epistemic_statement	denotes	How much hope can be put on a drug that seems to be partly useless before its initiation?
T229	171117-171261	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Increasing reports of V/ Q-resistant strains of E. faecium from all over Europe raises fears that the V/D story might well end before it begins.
T230	171580-171696	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of five purified vegetable tannins against MDBK cells.
T231	172301-172457	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These data thus appear to reveal the capability of the investigated natural polyphenolic products to stimulate cell surveillance in a time-dependent manner.
T232	172652-172935	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pathobiology, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran , b Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dentistry, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Objectives: Most of the microorganisms associated with periodontitis are capnophilic and anaerobic bacteria.
T233	174039-174243	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For further studies of bacteriostatic activity of amides and diamides of dicarboxylic acids, as well as for determination of 'structure Á/activity' relationship, we have synthesized a range of monoamides.
T234	175302-175641	Epistemic_statement	denotes	has not been studied and hence the present study was planned to evaluate those properties against a series of micro organisms viz, Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeroginosa , Klebsiella pneumonia , Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus licheniformis , Streptococcus faecalis , Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae .
T235	176223-176280	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Monoterpenes seem to have antimicrobial role.
T236	176281-176435	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It seems necessary to explore antimicrobial properties of new harmless antimicrobial agents from natural sources as substitutes for common chemical drugs.
T237	176436-176661	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Methanol extract of Carpobrotus edulis enhances killing of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosed by THP-1 human monocyte derived macrophages and promotes the release of modulators of cellular immunity PS149
T238	176662-176798	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although alkaloids from the family Mesembryanthemaceae have anti-cancer activity, species of this family have received little attention.
T239	176799-177125	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Because these alkaloids also exhibit properties normally associated with compounds that have activity at the level of the plasma membrane, we have studied a crude methanol extract of Carpabrotus edulis , a common plant found along the Portuguese coast, for properties normally associated with plasma membrane active compounds.
T240	177126-177410	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The results of this preliminary study show that the extract is non-toxic at concentrations that prime THP-1 human monocytederived macrophages to kill ingested methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and promote the release of lymphokines associated with cellular immune functions.
T241	177656-177812	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The active component or components of the plant extract may be exploited as intracellular active anti-bacterials as well as modulators of cellular immunity.
T242	177973-178135	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran , b Shafe-e-Sari Co., Antibiotic Production Co., Teheran, Iran
T243	178136-178333	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Enhancing effect of various oils on the erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea NUR001 were evaluated in a complex medium consisting soybean flour and dextrin as the main substrates.
T244	179211-179275	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Can varicella be eliminated by universal childhood vaccination ?
T245	179395-179865	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Institute for Antiviral Chemotherapy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany , b Outcomes International, Basle, Switzerland , c Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University, Munich, Germany , d GlaxoSmithKline, Pharma, Munich, Germany Purpose: Universal varicella vaccination in childhood is expected to reduce substantially the number of uncomplicated cases of chickenpox and to decrease the number of complicated cases requiring hospitalization.
T246	180181-180292	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: It could be shown, that the vast majority of varicella cases occur in children aged less than 8 years.
T247	180406-180595	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A routine varicella vaccination program targeting healthy children could prevent 82.6% of varicella cases and over 4700 major complications per year provided the coverage rate would be 85%.
T248	180700-180802	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine is expected to provide the required coverage.
T249	180803-181031	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Routine childhood varicella vaccination appears to be a highly efficient strategy to significantly reduce the sizeable burden of varicella and leads to significant savings from both societal and payer's perspective.
T250	182020-182181	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Vaccine Influvac can be recommended for an immunisation against influenza of children with an allergic pathology because of efficacy and absence of side effects.
T251	182182-182317	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Ló pez H, Zitto TR, Vidal GI, Cánepa MC, Salomó n JM, Scaglione M. Centro de Infectología, Infectious Diseases, Buenos Aires, Argentina
T252	182318-182485	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Our study examines the possible economic impact of the influenza on health working adults in Argentina, and the intervention cost saving with immunization.
T253	187535-187656	Epistemic_statement	denotes	HBeAg was detected in 10.2% of the HBV DNA positive patients and had not been determined in the HBV DNA negative patient.
T254	188075-188247	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Medicine of Faculty, Mersin University, Clinical microbiology and infectious disease, Mersin, Turkey , b Medicine of Faculty, Mersin University, Pathology, Mersin, Turkey
T255	188248-188344	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The exact potential of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis is not known.
T256	188345-188591	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The elevated nitric oxide production is assumed to be responsible for the pathological changes in many inflammatory conditions, mainly via peroxynitrite, a potential oxidant that is produced by the reduction of superoxyde anion with nitric oxide.
T257	188988-189169	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Inducible nitric oxide synthase staining levels correlated well with the severity of the viral hepatitis using the Knodell's liver histological activity index (r0/0.393, P 0/0.002).
T258	189388-189692	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As nitric oxide mediated nitration of hepatocellular proteins is found to be elevated in the inflamed hepatic tissues and it well correlated with the severity of the disease, we suggest that inducible nitric oxide synthase can possibly have a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis.
T259	191860-191945	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Minsk, Belarus HSV-1 and -11 have possibility to damage different organs and systems.
T260	192020-192100	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The etiology of such hepatitis may be confirmed only by results of liver biopsy.
T261	194134-194399	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis G viral infection among patients at high risk of exposure to blood and blood products, as well as to evaluate if the risk of HGV infection was higher among them than in the general population.
T262	194965-195094	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our results suggest that patients exposed to blood or blood products have a higher risk of HGV infection than general population.
T263	195095-195213	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Evaluation of Ortho Total HCV Core antigen assay in assessment and follow-up of patients treated for chronic HCV PS162
T264	195214-195455	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Lunel F, Veillon P, Payan C. CHU Angers, Laboratoire de Bactério-Virologie, Angers, France An assay to quantitate 'Total' HVC Core antigen (HCV Ag) in serum or plasma, may reflect viral load, has been developed by Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics.
T265	195694-195803	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: Correlation of Ag and quantitative assays was high (r0/ 0.85 for bDNA 3.0 and 0.83 for Monitor 2.0).
T266	196038-196399	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In patients treated with IFN or combination therapy, we found very good correlation between decrease and negativation of Ag and viral load: 2 log IU/ml decline after M1 of interferon was significantly correlated with the negativation of HCV Ag and SR. Thirty-eight/41 of SR had a RNA load decrease !/2 log IU/ml and 39/ 41 had a negativation of HCV Ag after M1.
T267	196400-196498	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Total HCV Core Ag appears to be a new tool for monitoring patients with HCV infection.
T268	197769-197884	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These results suggest that both kinetics of viral load and antigenemia are highly predictive of sustained response.
T269	198143-198269	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B/C as well as the epidemiological features that might influence the public health.
T270	199306-199381	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Public health services in Greece and Europe must take appropriate measures.
T271	199986-200269	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The conclusion reached was; in order to reduce the incidence of virus-B infection especially in schistosomiasis endemic areas, public health officials should evaluate a policy for regulation of HBV booster vaccination to enhance the population immunity against hepatitis-B infection.
T272	200578-200660	Epistemic_statement	denotes	in Africa, erratic adherence might soon lead to multi-resistant circulating virus.
T273	201384-201638	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our preliminary assessment is that for the children in our families, despite a team approach and home visits, nonadherence to HAART may be twice as common as selection of a dominant viral mutant as a primary cause of failure to sustain viral suppression.
T274	202255-202502	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although the low prevalence of metabolic alterations may be attributed to the different ethnic alimentary behavior if self-body perception by African is not as accurate as by caucasian on the estimation of the body changes have to be investigated.
T275	202803-202926	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, it may occasionally cause a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality, and loss of school or business days.
T276	203935-204035	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In light of these findings, we suggest that hepatitis A vaccination be given after 21 months of age.
T277	204036-204143	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Earlier vaccination may be ineffective due to interference with maternally transmitted anti-HAV antibodies.
T278	204188-204333	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Department of Microbiology, Iran University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Diarrhoea is a major public health problem in developing countries.
T279	204434-204509	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Little, however, is known about the extent of the condition in our society.
T280	204510-204634	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study is to determine socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with intestinal amoebiasis.
T281	205502-205647	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Low socioeconomic level associated with poor personal hygiene was the most important factor for highly prevalence of this problem in our society.
T282	205648-205732	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Also it seems that food plays important role in transmission of protozoa then water.
T283	207950-208035	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Answers could be specified for 138 students, of whom 97 females (F) and 41 males (M).
T284	208318-208473	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Among 56 (31 F and 25 M) non-vaccinated against rubella, 17 (10 F and seven M) had no history of that disease, uncertain in seven others (six F and one M).
T285	208474-208539	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The date of vaccination was often late regarding recommendations.
T286	208882-209027	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Adverse effects of vaccination were rarely reported: two cases of fever (DT polio, measles); three cases of local reaction (DT polio, DTP polio).
T287	209093-209188	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The survey shows failure in immunization coverage actually recommended in health care students.
T288	210133-210214	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: In Lasi county, rabies is a problem with a prevalence of 0.73%/year.
T289	210709-210945	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This study shows a major problem in antibiotics prescription in our community and also the need to establish effective antibiotics policy in general practice to limit the potential emergence of drug resistance bacteria in the community.
T290	211291-211408	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The current antibiotic regimens and the selection of antibiotics for prophylaxis should be re-evaluated periodically.
T291	212207-212410	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We concluded that the resistance profiles to antibiotics should be reviewed every 5 years at least and thus the selection of proper antibiotics would lessen the morbidity as well as the medical expenses.
T292	212590-212800	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This study is aimed to reveal economic barriers of effective ID control by assessing financial contribution to ID from Public and Private sources, household's total spending on health and their capacity to pay.
T293	213715-213820	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Government should increase the allocations to ID from public sources for effective ID control in Georgia.
T294	213942-214059	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Local surveillance of antimicrobial (AM) consumption is essential to promote the rational use of this group of drugs.
T295	214374-214532	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The total AM consumption figures were similar in 1998 and 2000 (7.7 and 8.2 DDDs/100 b Á/d, respectively) with notable differences in AM prescribing patterns.
T296	215001-215252	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The tendency to prescribe more effective in respect of the local resistance data and/or more safe AM was detected in 2000 comparing with 1998 that can be explained by the introduction of the local guidelines for infectious diseases management in 1999.
T297	215253-215532	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clarithromycin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis */a pilot study PS178 The aim of this pilot study was to determine the efficacy and tolerability of clarithromycin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT).
T298	218142-218265	Epistemic_statement	denotes	From this point of view, the female genital tract seems to be a potential reservoir of these uropathogenic E. coli strains.
T299	220894-221023	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, AFFIRM test was more specific (94 vs 72%) and also has higher positive predictive value (80 vs 53%) than clinical signs.
T300	223851-223951	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It was concluded that b-carotein could be used as a prophylactic agent against S. mansoni infection.
T301	223952-224088	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Barisic Z, Babic-Erceg A, Borzic E, Zoranic V, Carev M, Kaliterna V. Department of Microbiology, Public Health Institute, Split, Croatia
T302	224089-224303	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study is to determine frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infection (UTI) in outpatient's population in South Croatia and to suggest optimal antimicrobial treatment for these patients.
T303	226549-226679	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The better clinical efficacy of the combination may partly be attributed to the antibiofilm effect of CAM in the clinical setting.
T304	226680-226803	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The results also indicated that difficulties still remain in the treatment of CUTI in patients with an indwelling catherer.
T305	226804-226930	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In conclusion, clinical study suggested that CAM might have an inhibitory action on biofilm formation in the clinical setting.
T306	226931-227047	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Combination of CAM with other appropriate antimicrobial agents may have a favorable effect on the treatment of CUTI.
T307	227527-227711	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Key outcomes identified were probability of reflux resolution, likelihood of developing pyelonephritis and scarring, and possibility of complications of medical and surgical treatment.
T308	227712-227877	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Available outcomes data on the various treatment alternatives were summarized and the relative probabilities of possible outcomes were compared for each alternative.
T309	228278-228280	Epistemic_statement	denotes	3)
T310	228281-228532	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The one and only absolute indication for surgical management is failure of medical therapy to prevent chronic recurrent pyelonephritis, renal injury or other reflux complications and eliminations of the reflux condition will minimize their likelihood.
T311	228689-228970	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For most children we recommended continuous antibiotic prophylaxis as initial treatment-medical therapy is based on the principle that reflux often resolves with time, and antibiotics maintain urine sterility and prevent infections while the patients awaits spontaneous resolution.
T312	228971-229143	Epistemic_statement	denotes	6) VUR predispose an individual to renal infection, the immunological and inflammatory reaction caused by a pyelonephritic infection may result in renal injury or scarring.
T313	229168-229340	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Department of Internal Medicine, Derer s University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia , b Department of Urology, Comenius University School of Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
T314	229341-229451	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Elderly patients with UTI are believed less likely to be cured by antimicrobial therapy than younger patients.
T315	229452-229516	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The reasons for this poorer outcome have not yet been clarified.
T316	230663-231047	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Department for Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia , b Department for Microbiology, Regional Institute of Public Health Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the frequency and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from urine samples of patients admitted to Maribor Teaching Hospital in 1998 and 2000.
T317	233713-233950	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The low frequency of furazolidone and nitrofurantoin resistance, compared to metronidazole suggests that the furazolidone and the nitrofurantoin may be good alternatives to metronidazole for treatment of H. pylori infections.
T318	235383-235682	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Ring C, Atanassova V. Department of Food Hygiene and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany Aim of the study: Poultry meat is known to be often contaminated with Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens and thus has to be considered as a possible source for human infections.
T319	235683-235830	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of the study was to monitor the resistance of Salmonella isolates from poultry meat of different European countries to various antibiotics.
T320	236780-236921	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The question arises whether the resistance of the isolates to various antibiotics is of clinical importance in the treatment of the patients.
T321	238482-238675	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Diagnostic criteria were positive blood culture for S. typhi or paratyphi and/or a somatic O agglutinin titer ]/ 1/160 as determined by the Widal test with symptoms suggestive of typhoid fever.
T322	240050-240242	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In order to specify its clinical, biological, radiological and evolutionary features, a retrospective study has been led in our service, on a period of 14 years (January 1988 Á/December 2001).
T323	240663-240854	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The diagnosis of psoas abscess, evoked on clinical data, has been confirmed by the imagery data: Ultra-Songraphy (16 cases), CT scanning (six cases), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (three cases).
T324	240855-241013	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The tubercular etiology has been confirmed in six cases, among which two were associated to Escherichia coli (one case) and to Brucella melitensis (one case).
T325	241531-241596	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, two patients had a relapse after stopping the treatment.
T326	241597-241726	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The diagnosis of the psoas abscess, difficult on the clinical data, is based on the imagery techniques (US, CT, RMI).
T327	241727-241830	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The percutaneous drainage guided by the imagery is recommended (in an etiological and therapeutic aim).
T328	241831-241911	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Associated to an adapted antibiotherapy, it allows to defer a surgical drainage.
T329	242769-242876	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Although frequent, abdominal changes seldom could be missed in patients with human brucellosis.
T330	242877-243011	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We recommend routine ultrasound examination with standard biochemical test for liver function, due to avoid unnecessary complications.
T331	243882-243992	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was a positive correlation between the grade of sacroiliitis and the value of CRP (P0/0.006, r 0/0.414).
T332	243993-244148	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In conclusion, it has been suggested that, CRP may be used as an auxiliary or a secondary parameter in grading sacroiliac joint involvement in Brucellosis.
T333	245497-245703	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This case illustrates the following point: in areas in which brucellosis is endemic when scrotal abnormalities are seen the possibility of genitourinary tract complications of Brucella should be considered.
T334	248658-248830	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Acute brucellosis is often accompanied by bone and joint ache, especially of the lumbar spine, still frank involvement in the form of arthritis and spondylitis is not rare.
T335	249601-249797	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Direct contact with animals was the reason for acquisition of the illness in 59% of patients, in 29% alimentary or aerogenous route was incriminated, and in 12% the route of aqisition was unknown.
T336	251616-251840	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The optimal treatment of Q fever endocarditis has not been well established: the most effective antimicrobials are fluoroquinolones and rifampin, but chloramphenicol, doxycycline and trimethoprim are also useful.
T337	251841-252019	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The role of chloroquine in combination with doxycycline seems to be promising, because chloroquine may increase the lysosomal pH, enhancing the doxycycline bactericidal activity.
T338	253070-253241	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Discussion: Although Coxiella burnetii infection is acquired via the respiratory tract, it is paradoxical that symptoms attributed to the lung are not invariably positive.
T339	254628-254769	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Complication rate was 35% (9/26) with one death (4%), and was associated with delay in effective treatment ( !/8 days of illness) (P B/0.05).
T340	255286-255433	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Other neurologic manifestations as confusion, stupor, nuchal rigidity and in severe cases delirium, extreme agitation or coma appear less commonly.
T341	256872-257034	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Almost a quarter of the patients presented conjunctivitis despite the fact, that this ocular manifestation is less severe than in other typhus and spotted fevers.
T342	258784-258927	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Advanced age and prolonged interval before administration of a specific anti-rickettsial treatment are correlated with severity of the disease.
T343	259859-259995	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In murine typhus the induction of hypovolaemia insufficiently corrected by normal homeostatic mechanisms may lead to prerenal azotaemia.
T344	262066-262219	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Positive test was more probable in patients with pronounced fever (more than 38 8C), headache, weakness and in cases associated with chronic tonsillitis.
T345	262940-263108	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The most common complication in children with varicella is superimposed cutaneous infections with pyogenic bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus ).
T346	263109-263227	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Varicella gangrenosum, a necrotising soft tissue infection complicating the vesicular eruption of chickenpox, is rare.
T347	263763-263973	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Widespread use of varicella vaccine may decrease invasive infections in children, adolescents, and adults, thus decreasing the burden the disease with its complications impose up on the family and the society .
T348	264022-264189	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this open, multicentre, non-comparative study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of cefprozil in the treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis.
T349	265197-265395	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Tsiara S, Militadou G, Milionis C, Elisaf M. Internal Medicine Department, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece Streptococcus group B Agalactiae (GBS) is a rare pathogen for healthy male adults.
T350	267101-267206	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We present this case because GBS infections are rare in the elderly in the absence of underlying disease.
T351	267332-267484	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although our patient had more than one site of involvement he responded well to medical treatment without surgical debriment or heart valve replacement.
T352	268454-268569	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In spite of the severity of the infection all pts recovered and do not experienced local or systemic complications.
T353	270110-270357	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In young children there is a prevalence of serogroup B meningococcal disease which can be explained by the immaturity of the immune system and by the fact the group B capsule synthesis is known to inhibit alternative complement pathway activation.
T354	270505-270750	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The etiological agents were: viral (n 0/26, 54.2%, mean ('x ) age0/28 years), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n 0/8, 16.6%,'x age0/53), Neisseria meningitidis (n0/7, 14.6%, 'x age0/28), S. viridans (n0/6, 12%, 'x age0/34), P. multocida (n0/1, age 75).
T355	271499-271610	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The case fatality rate of pneumococcal meningitis appear to be high regardless of susceptibility to penicillin.
T356	271673-271778	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Diagnosis and therapy of meningococcal meningitis */trend and particularities of a 'Romanian model' PS216
T357	271779-272051	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Lintmaer I, Moroti R, Popescu A, Popescu C. Institute of Infectious Diseases Matei Bals , Unit 5 , Bucharest, Romania Background: Newer diagnosis methods and antimicrobials are expected to change the management of menigococcal meningitis (MM) and to improve its prognosis.
T358	272823-272998	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The most important differences between our results and other studies are: monotherapy regimens are less frequent and therapy lengths are longer; however, prognosis is similar.
T359	272999-273157	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: The MM management has been modified in the last 3 Á/ 4 years: prognosis is improved, but the changes do not bring clear cost/ effective benefits.
T360	276660-276860	Epistemic_statement	denotes	During treatment chloramphenicol was switched for 3rd gen cephalosporin in seven of 23 patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis and in five of 28 patients with meningitis of unknown etiology.
T361	277007-277229	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Because of repeated necessity to switch chloramphenicol for 3rd gen cephalosporin during treatment of purulent meningitis of pneumococcal and unknown etiology the initial treatment strategy was changed in 2001.
T362	277230-277362	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Third gen cephalosporin is now used as a first choice antibiotic, what is in consent with international recommendation of treatment.
T363	277363-277493	Epistemic_statement	denotes	To evaluate and compare groups treated initially with chloramphenicol and with 3rd gen cephalosporin will need several more years.
T364	277494-277603	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Low prevalence of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Jerez de la Frontera-Cadiz (SPAIN) PS220
T365	277604-277871	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Alados JC, Aller AI, De Miguel C, De Francisco JL, Calbo L. Hospital del SAS-JEREZ , Microbiologia, Jerez de la Frontera, CADIZ, Spain Introduction and aim: Previous reports indicate that multi-drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is an worldwide problem.
T366	277872-277985	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to review the resistance of MTB to the first-line antimycobacterial agents in our area.
T367	278802-278881	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: (1) Multi-drug resistance is not an important problem in our area.
T368	279764-280292	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Though combined drug resistance rate may not be the most accurate tool as it includes previously treated cases which inflates the resistance rate, the observation of trends in the susceptibility of pulmonary tuberculosis in accompany with the increasing percentages of tuberculosis patients receiving complete treatment course and the decreasing percentages of cases lost of follow-up in Kaohsiung after the institution of new governmental regulations for case management in 1997 suggest the usefulness of intervention programs.
T369	280293-280462	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Lipid profile in patients with multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis PS223 Extrapulmonary tuberculosis may sometimes present with confusing clinical manifestations.
T370	281912-282170	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clinical data are in complete correlation with the findings of our experiments: 67% of experimental cultures developed resistance to streptomycin, isoniazid and less to rifampicin in the study of drug sensitivity under the effect of tobacco smoke condensate.
T371	282629-282709	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Thoracic actinomycosis may involve the lungs, pleura, mediastinum or chest wall.
T372	283479-283520	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Transbronchial biopsy was not conclusive.
T373	283998-284265	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Sismanoglio General District Hospital of Attica, Athens, Greece , b 2nd Department of Pneumology, Sismanoglio General District Hospital of Attica, Athens, Greece Introduction: Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a rare human pathogen.
T374	284376-284499	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It has been recently recognized as an emerging microorganism in Cystic Fibrosis (CF), whose its pathogenic role is unknown.
T375	285137-285262	Epistemic_statement	denotes	(2) Colistin which is used as aerolized antibiotic for CF patients seems to be effective in the half of the isolated strains.
T376	286686-286853	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Alafosfalin shows potential as a treatment for cystic fibrosis patients colonised with P. aeruginosa and/or B. cepacia , when applied in combination with these agents.
T377	287120-287230	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, it is accepted that identified based Á/based therapy is less expensive (and possibly more effective).
T378	288238-288370	Epistemic_statement	denotes	That is why we should include aetiology among the pneumonia severity criteria, especially at an 'after 3-day therapy' re-evaluation.
T379	290062-290184	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: (1) The prevalence of high resistance S. pneumoniae to Penicillin seems to be low in examined strains (5.5%).
T380	291458-291512	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Regimen D (64 pts)0/an association of two antibiotics.
T381	291776-291953	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our results confirm that oral antibiotic treatment is practical, safe, and effective, and can be considered as the first line regimen also in hospitalized patients with AE-COPD.
T382	292542-292792	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this ongoing placebo controlled, parallel group, mono center study trial is to evaluate beneficial effect of cefixim to reduce bacterial load and pulmonary inflammation in patients (n0/ 30) with acute bacterial exacerbation of severe COPD.
T383	294370-294570	Epistemic_statement	denotes	All the isolates were sent to a central Laboratory (Fundació n Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain) where susceptibility test was performed by broth microdilution (Sensititre) following NCCLS recommendations.
T384	295538-295621	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Vladivostok State Medical University, Epidemiology, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
T385	295622-295681	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Purpose: The etiology of pneumonia is still partly unknown.
T386	295682-295798	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We should like to clear up an etiological role of respiratory pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia among youth.
T387	295799-295982	Epistemic_statement	denotes	And we had chosen for it a model of a closed community both investigation of etiology of disease and for further investigation of mechanisms of transmission drug-resistant mechanisms.
T388	298364-298586	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These findings suggest that nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from children with upper respiratory infections can be used to conduct surveillance for antimicrobial resistance in a defined geographic area.
T389	298587-298698	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We were able to conclude also that penicillin intermediate resistent strains can be susceptible to amoxicillin.
T390	298755-298899	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Infectologia, Monterrey, Mexico , b Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Epidemiologia, Cuernavaca, Mexico
T391	298900-299081	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The emergence of penicillin-and multidrug-resistant pneumococcal strains has become a global concern, necessitating the identification of the epidemiological spread of such strains.
T392	301335-301532	Epistemic_statement	denotes	While choosing the antibiotics, the patient's age, the accompanying diseases, the volume of the lungs lesion and complications which define pneumonia seriousness are to be taken into consideration.
T393	302056-302405	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This questionnaire assessed their perception and management of LRTI, the indication for antibiotics (AB) in a case of LRTI in a healthy adult with no focal signs and no signs of severity, knowledge of the micro-organisms responsible for acute bronchitis and knowledge of the AFSSAPS (French Agency for the Safety of Health Products) recommendations.
T394	302745-302833	Epistemic_statement	denotes	According to GPs, ALP and whooping cough are rare, while atypical pneumonia is frequent.
T395	303018-303163	Epistemic_statement	denotes	GPs consider that they often delay prescription of antibiotics (41%) and declare that they tend to prescribe a macrolide as first-line treatment.
T396	303164-303339	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Finally, GPs have a poor knowledge concerning the micro-organisms responsible for acute bronchitis and the majority of GPs declare to be familiar with AFSSAPS recommendations.
T397	304468-304562	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In view of the frequency of the signs, the diagnosis of pneumonia appears to be overestimated.
T398	306011-306098	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The identification of the causative factor did not seem to have any impact on survival.
T399	306181-306357	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The high mortality of this entity seems to be influenced by the immediate use of the appropriate antibiotic combination and not by the identification of the causative organism.
T400	306358-306497	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This underscores the need for knowledge of topical microbiology which helps in designing an effective empirical initial antibiotic regimen.
T401	306885-307114	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Patients, treatment and physicians characteristics of 195 cases (2000 Á/2001) were collected and possible associations were examined with using defined daily doses methodology (DDD) and American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines.
T402	307373-307486	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In MANOVA certain ATS categories were associated with DDD/day, but not with frequency of definite antibiotic use.
T403	307664-307805	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Antibiotic prescriptions were associated with disease severity and physician personality rather then with empirical choice rules recommended.
T404	308224-308377	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of study was to reveal most frequent infecting agents and their susceptibility to the different types of penicillins in patients with AE of COPD.
T405	309086-309178	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, 70% of microorganisms were susceptible to amoxicillin combined with clavulone acid.
T406	310063-310155	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, treatment with 500 mg/day during 3 days was clinically effective in 93.7% of cases.
T407	311790-311903	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The higher cure rates in the bid group suggest a possible higher benefit from bid therapy in children 5/ 2 years.
T408	311904-312123	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Children attending family day-care (FDC) should be less exposed to upper respiratory tract infections than those in group day-care (GDC) and therefore to antibiotic treatment; fewer should thus carry resistant bacteria.
T409	312124-312413	Epistemic_statement	denotes	To test this hypothesis, NP carriage of SP and HI with reduced susceptibility to penicillin (PDSP and HI BL'/, respectively) was investigated among children in FDC (maximum three children) and in GDC (25 Á/100 children) in the Alpes Maritimes (France) between November 1999 and March 2000.
T410	313220-313307	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was no correlation between antibiotic use and carriage of PDSP or HI B'/ strains.
T411	313529-313654	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, the proportion of PDSP and HI BL'/ is similar in both groups and comparable patterns of antibiotic use are observed.
T412	313655-313810	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Continued efforts must concentrate on parental education and enforcement of recommendations for management of pediatric upper respiratory tract infections.
T413	314797-314886	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Invasive Hi infections in tunisian children's were always associated with type b strains.
T414	314887-314953	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Introduction of a Hib vaccine programme in Tunisia is recommended.
T415	314954-315089	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical picture and treatment of neurological manifestations of neuroborreliosis in children.
T416	315775-315893	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Improvement was achieved after the second course in the patient with radiculitis, however, muscular atrophy persisted.
T417	315894-316016	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Irreversible, unilateral deafness was found in a child with VIII nerve palsy in spite of three courses of therapy applied.
T418	316585-316648	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Immunological disbalance could trigger autoaggressive diseases.
T419	316864-316967	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The authors consider that cystic changes are a consequence of double infection by C. and M. pneumoniae.
T420	318545-318806	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A study on antibiotic susceptibility and resistance factor transmissibility among antibiotic resistant salmonellae isolated from children affected to diarrhea PS251 Sharifzadeh A. Azad University of Shahrekord, Microbiology, Shahrekord, Islamic Republic of Iran
T421	318807-318940	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In spite of happened drug resistance, antibacterial therapy still is the best route of treatment of Salmonellosis in man and animals.
T422	320992-321068	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, other non A b-haemolytic Streptococcus (SBNA) could be responsible.
T423	321069-321233	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this work is to determine the part of each non A b hemolytic streptococci (SBNA) in acute pharyngitis and the related antibiotics susceptibility pattern.
T424	322908-323072	Epistemic_statement	denotes	According to available data, Penicillin G and Amoxicillin still the reference treatment of acute bacterial pharyngitis in spite of the new antibiotics introduction.
T425	324460-324574	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Ten days of a penicillin or amoxicillin therapy may not be the best therapeutic choice for all pediatric patients.
T426	324575-324746	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In developing countries where rheumatic fever is still an important problem to evaluate the bacterial eradication achieved with the different antibiotics may be important.
T427	326364-326495	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a School of Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia , b Postgraduate Academy of Medicine, Neonatal Clinic, Bratislava, Slovakia
T428	326496-326652	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to find out, whether artificial abortion of a mother has impact on neonatal infection of her future baby.
T429	327677-327823	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The conclusion reached: In conclusion, artificial abortion has not only direct impact to the health of the mother, but also on her next pregnancy.
T430	327934-328181	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Children's Hospital of Orange County, Infectious Disease, Orange, USA Purpose: This study will identify the factors that significantly contribute to mortality in patients with bloodstream infections (BSI) at a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).
T431	328546-328794	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Patients who died were older (5.7 vs. 2.4 years; PB/ 0.01), more likely to have a nosocomial BSI (42.9 vs. 16.7%; PB/ 0.05), longer hospitalization prior to BSI (30.5 vs. 9.8 days; PB/ 0.05), and have a polymicrobial BSI (66.7 vs. 30.6%; PB/ 0.05).
T432	329173-329340	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: We found that being older, multiple organisms, and a longer hospitalization prior to the BSI were significantly associated with overall patient mortality.
T433	331102-331219	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Teicoplanin appears to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for serious Gram-positive infections in children.
T434	334370-334522	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In three midecamycin treated patients MR was selected during the therapy (one strain had erm (A), one /mef (A), one / unknown resistance determinant).
T435	334523-334746	Epistemic_statement	denotes	mef (A)-strain obtained during follow-up visit had different PFGE pattern with mef (A) strain isolated at baseline, while both the baseline and follow-up strains with unknown mechanism of resistance had unique PFGE pattern.
T436	335881-335991	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Because of the production of a potent beta-lactamase by the bacteria, this association could not be efficient.
T437	337920-338067	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Moreover, the hLF(1-11)-induced activation of mitochondria was inhibited by NAC, indicating that internal thiols/ROS affect mitochondrial activity.
T438	338685-338980	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion : Conclusion drawn from the audit was that rapid rise in Ciprofloxacin resistance may possibly be attributed to the use of this fluoroquinolone as a single agent in dose of 250/500 mg [cut off patient weight 40 Kg] twice a day in neutropenic patients till neutrophils exceed 500/c.mm.
T439	339147-339220	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A prospective audit is proposed to test the benefits of this combination.
T440	339221-339378	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Rhinocerebral zygomycosis: diagnostic dilemma for emergency physician: can the associated morbidity and mortality in this rare but deadly disease be reduced?
T441	339410-339623	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Western Infirmary, Clinical Microbiology, Glasgow, United Kingdom Rhinocerebral zygomycosis [RCZ] is a rare, invasive, rapidly progressive opportunistic infection caused by ubiquitous fungi of the order mucorales.
T442	339828-340009	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The key markers like necrotic patch on hard palate, nasal septum or turbinate, marked facial pain, and cellulites with marked eye and neurological signs may present late in disease.
T443	340331-340452	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Despite an intensive antifungal therapy with AmBisome and Insulin sliding scale, patient rapidly succumbed within 4 days.
T444	340939-341172	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clinical audit in the haematology ward of a tertiary care hospital: study of degree of correlation between bacteraemia and oro-pharyngeal screens in immunocompromised patients over five years and role of antibiotic prophylaxis PS 267
T445	341173-341194	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Guleri AS, Butcher I.
T446	341555-341734	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objective : It was aimed to establish the degree of correlation between bacterial isolates in oro-pharyngeal screen during bacteraemia episodes and role of antibiotic prophylaxis.
T447	341735-341924	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Methods Purpose : To assess whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) intensification, GM-CSF use and Remune initiation before stopping ART lead to viremia containment, and long periods off ART.
T448	344084-344374	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions : (1) The possible interference of acetaminophen in the amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (A/C) or erythromycin (ERY) efficacy in the treatment of acute otitis media (AOM), and its possible role in the evolution to otitis media with effusion (OME), were determined in a gerbil model.
T449	345009-345178	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clinical and microbiological efficacy was correlated with antibiotic concentrations in middle ear exudate ]/1.7 times the MIC of the microorganism, for both antibiotics.
T450	346742-346981	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Animals receiving AP showed less polymorphonuclear cells and more bacteria in ME than those receiving only antibiotics, suggesting that the anti-inflamatory drug diminish the phagocytes and therefore, the efficiency in bacterial clearance.
T451	348491-348875	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Increasing prevalence of amoxycillin Á/clavulanate-resistance among E. coli strains in a Hungarian university hospital PM104 Veréb I, Vígh A, Urbán E, Hajdú E, Nagy E. Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary Background: Amoxicillin Á/clavulanate resistance (ACR) is an emerging problem in Escherichia coli as reported from different parts of Europe.
T452	350188-350252	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The presence of ESBL could be proved only in three ACR isolates.
T453	351079-351208	Epistemic_statement	denotes	No drug related side effects have been reported in CEF and side effects were experienced by 5.40% of the patients receiving CFIX.
T454	351515-351742	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that CEF course is more effective than CFIX in producing a favourable clinical outcome and achieving higher bacteriologic eradication rate, furthermore CEF was better tolerated.
T455	352700-352814	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was a significant correlation between plasma and gall bladder tissue concentration (r0/0.771, P0/ B/0.0001).
T456	352815-352899	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A correlation between bile fluid and plasma cefepime concentration was not observed.
T457	352900-353135	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data from previous in vitro studies indicate that the cefepime concentration observed in plasma bile and tissue samples of this study would be adequate against typical biliary tract pathogens.
T458	353298-353524	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was also good correlation between delta time and plasma and tissue concentrations and if the dose were given closer to the time of surgery, cefepime concentration would be higher reducing the possibility of an infection.
T459	353525-353652	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: The use of antibiotics may lead to decreased colonization resistance and increased formation of resistant bacteria.
T460	354732-354841	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: According to our results the TRBL can maintain the large intestinal microflora almost unchanged.
T461	354842-355001	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These results indicate that TRBL is a promising novel approach for overcoming the ecological adverse effects on gut flora caused by b-lactam antibiotic agents.
T462	355002-355164	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Adamis Since broad-spectrum â-lactams combined with amikacin are often applied for nosocomial infections, their pharmacokinetic interactions might be interesting.
T463	356526-356733	Epistemic_statement	denotes	School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, UK b-Lactam antibiotics are peptide mimetics that act as suicide substrates for transpeptidase enzymes that cross link bacterial cellwall peptides.
T464	357350-357593	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, a significant difference in a critical backbone torsion between the two substrates, provides an explanation for the inability of the enzyme Á/antibiotic complex to undergo the deacylation step that causes inhibition of transpeptidase.
T465	357594-357826	Epistemic_statement	denotes	On the other hand, b-lactamases appear to have evolved molecular mechanisms that facilitate the deacylation reaction through compensating for the altered structural orientations in b-lactams caused by the different backbone torsion.
T466	357827-358053	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Finally, analysis of the conformer repertoires of blactams for structural features required for substrate uptake by peptide transporters, provides insights into how their structures can be tailored for optimal oral absorption.
T467	358054-358340	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) PM111 Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine in vitro susceptibility to antimicrobials of Proteus mirabilis isolated from urinary tract infections.
T468	360252-360372	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion reached: Comsumption of imipenem might lead to changes in resistance to imipenem among Acinetobacter strains.
T469	361712-361805	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The DDT seems to be a practical method for ESBL-screening; ATB-BLSE method is more sensitive.
T470	361903-361971	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Carbapenems seems to be the most active agents against A. baumanii .
T471	365079-365233	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It seems important to improve information of patients about LB and to focus on alcohol and psychiatric/depressive disorders management in such population.
T472	365315-365462	Epistemic_statement	denotes	a Department of Environmental Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan , b National Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
T473	365463-365638	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The purpose of the study: The aim of this prospective study was to explore the effect of HTLV-I co-infection on the development of HCC among patients with chronic HCV viremia.
T474	367572-367695	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Interestingly, patients with genotype C who became HBeAg negative by interferon treatment had high ALT abnormality (58.8%).
T475	367759-367948	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These findings indicate that HBV genotype C patients are more severe liver deterioration because of the delay of HBeAg disappearance and continued HBV replication after HBeAg disappearance.
T476	369193-369389	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It was shown that Glu-HA and Glu-II can protect or substantially prevent the decrease in NK cell activity and IFNs synthesis in post-stress period (so normally did not induce the IFNs' synthesis).
T477	369492-369681	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The immunomodulating activity and ability to normalize the IFN synthesis and NK cell activity depressed the post-stress period and probably play an essential role in the antiviral activity.
T478	370758-370945	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of molecular structure of macrocyclic pyridinophanes and their analogs on antiinfluenza and antiherpetic activity of these compounds.
T479	373054-373193	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Application of E-ACA for treatment influenza and other ARVI in children is recommended in Ukraine on the base of results of our researches.
T480	373499-373756	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We should we treat immediately all varicella patients with acyclovir if the patient is older than 20 years PM123 During past 2 years in Institute for Infectious and Tropical Diseases in Belgrade, 89 immunocompetent varicella patients were treated and cured.
T481	374064-374115	Epistemic_statement	denotes	At that time there is no need for specific therapy.
T482	374116-374243	Epistemic_statement	denotes	But in neonates, immunocompetent adults and in all immunocompromised patients it can be difficult and life-threatening disease.
T483	374339-374575	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Knowing the pathophysiology of primary varicella Á/zoster infection, specific therapy with acyclovir should be started immediately after making the diagnosis in patients older than 20 years, without waiting for X-ray proof of pneumonia.
T484	375699-375827	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Potentially treatment-related adverse events occurred in 7.7% of the brivudin recipients and in 10% of the acyclovir recipients.
T485	377174-377302	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These data show that the selectivity of ACV against resistant HSV 1 strains can increase when ACV is bond to a proper metal ion.
T486	378953-379105	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The purpose of the study: The aim of this presentation is to give an overview of recent studies demonstrating denotivir efficacy in herpetic infections.
T487	379635-379809	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was no huge difference in eythema and oedema scorings between studied groups, however in the group treated with denotivir, in contrast to others, no vesicles developed.
T488	380268-380331	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In the first step, each cow was located on one of three groups.
T489	381149-381365	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Laboratory markers of skeletal muscle toxicity in HIV-infected patients: a cross-sectional case-control survey of frequency, potential correlation with antiretroviral therapy, clinical significance, and outcome PM130
T490	381366-381424	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Manfredi R, Motta R, Patrono D, Calza L, Chiodo F, Boni P.
T491	381425-381725	Epistemic_statement	denotes	To assess skeletal muscle toxicity among Â/1000 HIV-infected outpatients (p), the 129 p who had ]/1 altered CPK assay ( !/195 U/l) between May and November 2001, were compared with 387 p randomly selected among those who had ]/2 laboratory exams in this 6-month interval, in a 1:3 case-control study.
T492	382932-382983	Epistemic_statement	denotes	mitochondrial) alterations, deserves investigation.
T493	382984-383176	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Poor efficacy of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)based salvage HAART in HIV-infected patients heavily pre-treated with all other classes of antiretroviral compounds PM131
T494	383177-383266	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F. Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
T495	383267-383392	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Poorly comparable literature series show conflicting results of NNRTI-based rescue HAART: 20 Á/70% rate of virologic success.
T496	384118-384538	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In a multivariate analysis, the concurrent introduction of novel PI(s) (32 p) and/or different NA(s) (19 p) acted favorably until the 9th month of follow-up (P B/0.04), while genotypic mutations conferring NNRTI cross-resistance, usually associated with a broad resistance profile, predicted failure in all p (P B/0.001), and the response did not vary according to duration and type of prior therapy, and selected NNRTI.
T497	384539-384705	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A deep salvage NNRTIbased HAART has a poor and transient virologic outcome also in NNRTI-naïve p, while a more evident and sustained immunologic response is expected.
T498	384706-384818	Epistemic_statement	denotes	P who can introduce novel PI/NA and have no mutations impairing NNRTI activity are entitled to a better outcome.
T499	384819-384958	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Fatal lactic acidosis without elevation of liver-enzymes during the treatment with stavudine, didanosine and efavirenz: a case report PM132
T500	384959-385264	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Winzer R, Langmann P, Väth T, Zilly M, Klinker H. Medizinische Poliklinik der Universität Würzburg, Schwerpunkt Hepatologie/Infektiologie, ürzburg, Germany Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) cause various side effects, many of which are thought to be due to their effects on mitochondria.

T1

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The effect of chlortracycline treatment on enteric bacteria in pigs SoA1.3 Delsol AA a Analysis of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antimicrobial agents in Polish children SoA4.2

T2

190-394

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Purpose: There are concerns within the medical profession that antimicrobial agents used in livestock production contribute to the increased antibiotic resistance observed in zoonotic bacterial pathogens.

T3

395-475

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To minimise this risk, evidence-based control strategies need to be implemented.

T4

2188-2309

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Mutations in the 23S rRNA gene associated with clarithromycin resistance were analysed by PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing.

T5

2548-2666

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Primary resistance to clarithromycin was mainly associated with an A2143G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene of H. pylori .

T6

2667-2749

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, isolates containing an A2142G mutation had higher MICs of clarithromycin.

T7

2923-3018

Epistemic_statement

denotes

23S rRNA genotype in Helicobacter pylori strains resistant to clarithromycin in children SoA4.3

T8

3019-3229

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: To study the primary resistance to clarithromycin (CLA) in children, to analyse the point mutations associated with CLA resistance and to compare these data with the resistance obtained from adults.

T9

4118-4340

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As no single mutation type has been identified that directly correlates with resistance acquisition, we examined rdxA and frxA in paired Mtz sensitive (S) and resistant (R) isolates and in mixed Mtz-S/R strain populations.

T10

4583-4759

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Several different mutations were identified in rdxA , but rarely in frxA , of Mtz-R strains (post-treatment) that were absent in matched Mtz-S strains (pre-treatment).

T11

5011-5141

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Observed mutations in the post-treatment Mtz-R isolates may therefore be coincidental and not contributing to the Mtz-R phenotype.

T12

5230-5304

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Other mechanisms therefore may contribute to Mtz resistance in H. pylori .

T13

5847-5998

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our aims were to determine if mutation type and high level CLA resistance was linked and to test for cross-associations with high level MTZ resistance.

T14

6835-6938

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our findings indicate that an A2142G mutation predicts a 81.4% likelihood of high level CLA resistance.

T15

7387-7553

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In a significant subgroup of infected hosts, H. pylori is associated with the aetiology of a number of gastric diseases, most notably gastric and duodenal ulceration.

T16

7682-7763

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, resistance to clarithromycin is an important cause of treatment failure.

T17

7764-7910

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clarithromycin resistance is associated with mutations in 23S rRNA nucleotides 2142 and 2143 that inhibit the binding of the drug to the ribosome.

T18

8585-8771

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The LightCycler assay was successfully applied to DNA extracted from 20 gastric biopsy samples, thus offering the potential to inform patient management without the necessity of culture.

T19

9093-9177

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This study determined the emm -types associated to erythromycin resistance in Spain.

T20

12588-12698

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Geographical variations of resistance were noticed, which could be related to different prescribing practices.

T21

13563-13756

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The world-wide problem of betalactam resistance (R) in Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) has been complicated by increasing R to macrolides and some older fluoroquinolones (FQ) (ciprofloxacin CIP).

T22

14665-14823

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our results show that rate of acquisition of resistance to FQ is strongly related to alteration of susceptibility to P, probably by modification of cell wall.

T23

14876-15019

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clinical relevance of phase variation in pneumococcal opacity: nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization in children from day care centers (DCC) SoA8.11

T24

15020-15355

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Carsenti H, Mancini G, Bensoussan M, Dunais B, Pradier CH, Dellamonica P. Archet Hospital, Infectious Disease, Nice, France Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) adherence to nasopharyngeal (NP) epithelium is a prerequisite for induction of otitis Transparent SP (T) have been shown to colonize the NP of infant rats better than opaque (O) SP.

T25

16547-16637

Epistemic_statement

denotes

O variants may be present in NP of children while T are predominant form for colonization.

T26

16746-16828

Epistemic_statement

denotes

They may persist in NP and explain the absence of eradication by active molecules.

T27

18348-18478

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Purpose: The aim of our study was to establish an internationally compatible regional database in a Hungarian county Hajdú -Bihar.

T28

20875-21094

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Notwithstanding the effects of HAART on the natural history of HIV disease, the consequences on ADD distribution and related immunodeficiency were negligible, since most p could not benefit from HAART before AIDS onset.

T29

21095-21204

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A high clinical suspicion for ADD should be maintained when facing p with missed or undertreated HIV disease.

T30

21205-21374

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Radata */communication internet platform management of resistance analysis guided haart switch for implementation in clinical practice of HIV-infected individuals SoA9.3

T31

21375-21489

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Paech V, Lorenzen T, Stoehr A, Plettenberg A. IFI, interdisciplinary Infectiology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany

T32

21490-21630

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Purpose: HIV-resistance analyses are indicated to prepare switch of HAART in HIV-infected individuals with failure to ongoing HAART regimen.

T33

21796-21973

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clinical benefits from resistance analysis assays are sigfnificantly higher for those physicians, who can access external advice from HIV-experts for possible treatment options.

T34

22421-22536

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Expert advice is generated after all data are evaluated and based on recommendations of 2 Á/4 external HIV-experts.

T35

23521-23647

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This was correlated to an increased P-gp cell surface expression and activity, and an increased TNF-alpha production and mRNA.

T36

23887-24169

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: These results showed that: (1) HIV infection by increasing ABC transporter expression could favorise the efflux of antiretroviral drugs and decrease their pharmacological effects; and (2) specific inhibitors of these transporters could reverse these deleterious effects.

T37

25301-25563

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: (1) HCV-specific immune responses might be more prone to tissue compartmentalization than HIV-specific ones; (2) immune defects induced by HIV infection might not be responsible for the low level of HCV-specific responses observed in HIV-progressors;

T38

25564-25700

Epistemic_statement

denotes

(3) IFN-alpha'/ribavirine therapy influence on HCV-and HIVspecific CD4-T-cell frequencies after 6 months of treatment will be discussed.

T39

25701-25847

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Frequencies of HIV-1-p24 specific Th1 cells (ELISPOT) are correlated with plasma HIV-1 viral load in a cohort of LT-NP and slow progressors SoA9.6

T40

25848-25957

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Martinez V a , Alatrakchi N a , Costagliola D b , Bonduelle O a , Agut H c , Autran B a , ALT Study Group a .

T41

25958-26417

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Hopital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, Paris, France , b Faculté de Medecine Saint-Antoine, INSERM SC4, Paris, France , c Hopital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France Background: HIV-1-specific T helper-1 cell responses have been associated with long-term-non-progression (LT-NP) in HIV infection but the correlation between frequencies of HIV-1-p24-specific Th1 cells and viral load has not yet been studied.

T42

26943-27159

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These frequencies were negatively correlated with viral load (r0/(/0.304, P 0/0.026) but not with CD4 counts and associated with a low level of T cell activation assessed by CD71 on CD4 cells (r0/(/0.266, P 0/0.035).

T43

27242-27566

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Interestingly, the numbers of HIV-1-p24-specific Th1 cells correlate with plasma viral load, independently of CD4 counts indicating that: (1) the defect in HIV-1-specific CD4 Th1 cells does not reflect the global CD4 depletion; and (2) these responses are strongly correlated to the control of virus replication.

T44

29638-29708

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Adherence is essential to the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy.

T45

29709-29763

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A pharmacy visit would improve the patient advisement.

T46

30015-30074

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, 72% of them would like to attend a pharmacy visit.

T47

30075-30198

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The topics they would prefer to be tackled were drug interactions (51%), side effects (49%) and effect of forgetting (44%).

T48

30369-30582

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, inaccurate pattern of treatment was frequent ( !/50%) and bad adherence was observed: treatment forgotten occasionally (60%), regularly (30%) or inadequate attitude when the treatment was forgotten (76%).

T49

30583-30678

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Number of pills, dose frequency, length of the treatment would be risk factors of nonadherence.

T50

33358-33516

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the high rate of MRSA and the presence of teicoplanin intermediate S. aureus isolates prove that prevention and control measures need to be improved.

T51

34092-34229

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study is to compare the disc-diffusion test (DDT), oxacillin agar screen test (OAST) and PCR for detection of mec A gene.

T52

35170-35398

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The PCR assay (first time in our country) appears to be more reliable than routine susceptibility testing for the rapid diagnosis of MRSA infections at hospitals, particularly due to the heterogeneous resistance of many strains.

T53

36865-36982

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Interestingly, trimethoprim'/ sulfarmetoxazole combination could inhibit more than 75% of Enterobacteriaceae strains.

T54

36983-37115

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Piperacillin'/tazobactam (89%), imipenem (83%), and ciprofloxacin (82%) could be the drog of choice against Pseudomonas aeruginosa .

T55

37883-38155

Epistemic_statement

denotes

When evaluating sensitivity levels of 2070 community-acquired pathogens (1999 Á/2001), a significant resistance rise was limited to cotrimoxazole (P B/0.01) and nalidixic acid (P B/0.02), while a tendency towards increased resistance regarded norfloxacin (P 0/ 0.05) (Fig.

T56

38161-38552

Epistemic_statement

denotes

When 1570 community-acquired E. coli isolates were compared with 2687 nosocomial strains (tested in the years 2000 Á/ 2001), a greater susceptibility of community-acquired E. coli isolates was limited to cotrimoxazole versus all other compounds in the year 2000 (P B/0.03), while it was extended to amoxicillin, cephalotin, nitrofurantoin and piperacillin in the year 2001 (P B/0.0001) (Fig.

T57

39145-39331

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: In UTI, the antimicrobial agents such as 1st CG combined with aminoglycosides are recommended as initial treatment as well as the 3rd cephalosporin generation at monotherapy.

T58

42123-42263

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For 11 samples results were obtained from both methods, two samples could not be analysed by phenotyping and four samples not by genotyping.

T59

42264-42388

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Only 3/11 samples showed total and 2/11 samples partial concordance, 6/11 samples showed discordance between the two assays.

T60

42456-42655

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: HIV-1 virus isolation and phenotyping from PBMCs may overcome the problem of currently used resistance assays, which analyse only the Reverse Transcriptase and the Protease gene of HIV-1.

T61

42656-42791

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Possible mutations in other regions may influence viral fitness and therefore contribute to the growth of the virus population present.

T62

42792-42891

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The lack of concordance between the two assays is related to the different blood compartments used.

T63

42892-42966

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The clinical value of resistance tests using PBMCs is under investigation.

T64

43169-43465

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a CEA, DRM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France , b INRA, Physiologie Animale, Jouy-en-Josas, France , c CEA, CRSSA, EPHE, DRM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Background: Type I interferons (IFN) exhibit efficient antiviral activities notably against HIV, but severe side effects restrict their clinical uses.

T65

43660-43934

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The antiretroviral activity of IFN-tau seems to involve antiviral and immunomodulatory mechanisms: IL-6 synthesis is increased in dose-dependent manner in MDM treated with IFN-tau and a specific inhibition of IL-6 biological activity decreases its antiretroviral efficiency.

T66

44162-44340

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These results suggest either an inhibition of HIV nucleocapsid uptake or an immediate HIV RNA degradation, and the expression of 2?,5?-OAS, MxA protein and PKR was then measured.

T67

45305-45511

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although the levels of Bcr (100/200 mg/ml) in the Bcr mutants could be raised only by persistent efforts, an increase in the levels of Lzr (as cross-resistance) in the same mutants could be easily achieved.

T68

45512-45795

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A correlation of actinomycin-D resistance with Lzr and Bcr of the mutant bacteria and the effects of lipase treatment on the same showed a 4 Á/20-fold rise in actinomycin-D resistance of the Lzr and Bcr mutants of Gram-positive bacteria compared with their correspondence wild-types.

T69

45796-46011

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These findings suggest that Lzr and Bcr are controlled by several genes accounting for reduced cell-wall and cell-membrane permeability and indirectly, by phenotypic alteration of the lipid content of the cell-wall.

T70

46012-46202

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Thus, the alteration of cell-walls and membranes and a phenotypic extra lipid layer can work in conjunction with the efflux pump mechanisms finally determining the levels of drug-resistance.

T71

47729-47818

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The explanation of such a phenomenon in terms of possible efflux pumps will be discussed.

T72

49872-49969

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The use of these antibiotics was correlated to the rate of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa .

T73

50510-50681

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We found positive regression coefficients quantifying an association with imipenem use in the same month (P B/0.01) and with the use during the preceding month (P B/0.05).

T74

50839-51018

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Neither the use of ceftadizime nor of PT could be identified as factors creating resistance to one of the three antibiotics under consideration within a reasonable period of time.

T75

51019-51106

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: There might be a strong pressure towards resistance created by carbapenems.

T76

51107-51175

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This could limit the use of carbapenems for initial empiric therapy.

T77

51176-51295

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Treat hard and fast: short course antibiotic treatment and its relation with patient compliance and effectiveness S12.6

T78

51296-51346

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Perez-Gorricho BPG a , Ripoll M b , Pechere JC c .

T79

51347-51629

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Niño Jesus Hospital, Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain , b INSALUD, Outpatient Consult, Madrid, Spain , c University of Geneve, Microbiology, Geneve, Switzerland 'Treat hard and fast ': Short course antibiotic treatment and its relation with patient compliance and effectiveness.

T80

51939-52241

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In a pan-European market research study of more than 3000 patients, designed to determine behaviour to the antibiotic management of mild-moderate respiratory tract infections, patient expectations of antibiotic therapy were identified, particularly those aspects that relate to efficacy and compliance.

T81

52828-53008

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The perception of efficacy with short course therapy also correlates with overall satisfaction with management by the physician and with patient compliance with antibiotic therapy.

T82

53103-53262

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Consensus guidelines have recommended an intrapartum antibioprophylaxis by amoxicillin, which has reduced the incidence of early-onset neonatal GBS infections.

T83

53263-53368

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, an increased incidence of beta-lactam-resistant Gram-negative neonatal sepsis has been reported.

T84

53369-53502

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of our study was to analyse the consequences of this antibioprophylaxis on the intestinal microbial colonization of newborns.

T85

54051-54242

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the colonization by clostridia was modified: the number of newborns colonized was significantly less important in group A than in group B (group A: 3/25 and group B: 10/25 P B/0.05).

T86

54243-54436

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: In our study, intrapartum antibioprophylaxis did not affect intestinal colonization by aerobes but reduced significantly colonization by clostridia, potentially anaerobic pathogens.

T87

55996-56145

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was no change in the incidence of nosocomial bacteraemia with quinolone-resistant coliforms or MRSA, despite the increased use of levofloxacin.

T88

56146-56293

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Hospital-wide reduction of b-lactam and macrolide use in medical patients can result in a significant and immediate reduction in CDAD.

T89

56294-56354

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Longer follow-up will determine if this effect is sustained.

T90

56662-56742

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Valdoni', Rome, Italy , b S. Camillo-Forlanini, Intensive Care Unit, Rome, Italy

T91

56743-57024

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is considered the most frequent infection in the intensive care unit (ICU), occurring in 9 Á/24% of patients intubated for longer than 48 h besides nosocomial pneumonia is a common complication in the critically ill surgical or trauma patient.

T92

57025-57149

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Inadequate treatment can lead to the complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), empyema, and lung abscess.

T93

57839-58135

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Except one patient deceased for causes related to his very poor general conditions and three cases in which has been necessary the addition of an aminoglycoside, in all the other patients the imipenem/ cilastatin (tienam) monotherapy has shown satisfactory clinical and bacteriological responses.

T94

58136-58217

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clinical auditing of the impact of recommendations on antibiotic treatment S12.11

T95

58218-58293

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Kinoo J a , David-Ouaknine F a , Hacquard B a , Echard Y a , Decazes JM b .

T96

58294-58401

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Centre Hospitalier Lagny Marne la Vallée, Lagny sur Marne, France , b Hospital Saint Louis, Paris, France

T97

58402-58577

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of curative antibiotic recommendations on suitable prescriptions at Lagny-Marne la Vallée Hospital (general hospital, 714 beds).

T98

58578-58815

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Two prospective exhaustive audits were made (all complete hospitalizations, excluding psychiatry, February Á/May 1997 and 2000) of the detailed curative antibiotic prescriptions, before and after distribution of internal recommendations.

T99

58956-59153

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The prescriptions were assessed by an infectious diseases specialist and a pharmacist using pre-established criteria: literature recommendations (1997 audit), internal recommendations (2000 audit).

T100

59776-59910

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Local recommendations improved prescriptions, but efforts have to be done in order to go on the improvement of the practice behaviour.

T101

60246-60391

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A scientific approach considering also the economic aspects of each therapeutic decision may gain optimal treatment objectives at pondered costs.

T102

60519-60838

Epistemic_statement

denotes

From 1997 to 2001 , 1058 Our retrospective study results support previous pharmaco-economic considerations according which in choosing an antibiotic regimen for AE-COPD we must take into consideration the expected clinical and microbiological results without forgetting to consider the economic burden of our decisions.

T103

61327-61530

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This observation is especially important as non-albicans Candida species are generally non-susceptible to azole derivatives and empirical use of azoles in suspected Candidaemia should not be recommended.

T104

61604-61639

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Echinocandin may be an alternative.

T105

62276-62523

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We have noted that like many free-living fungi, the M-Z fungi are facultatively chemoautotrophic (can grow on simple sources of carbon and nitrogen and a solution of mineral salts), like the human pathogenic chemoautotrophic nocardioform bacteria.

T106

62984-63245

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Experiments with immunocompromised mice showed that these drugs at the concentrations used are well tolerated; mice experimentally infected with several clinical isolates of M-Z fungi and receiving these chemicals showed that these fungi could not grow in vivo.

T107

64238-64380

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Though increasing fluoroquinolones resistance has been described among this kind of strains, no resistance to fluoroquinolones was found here.

T108

65761-65929

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The misuse of the antibiotics by the community may be an important factor (among others) in the emergence of these high rates of resistance by the salmonellae examined.

T109

66096-66263

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Department of Medicine and Public Health-Pharmacology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy , b Department of Paediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

T110

66264-66337

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Oral bacteriotherapy during antibiotic treatment is a much debated topic.

T111

66338-66492

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Aim: To study whether different probiotics can prevent imbalance of the intestinal ecosystem (dysbiosis) in children during therapy with ceftriaxone (Cx).

T112

67481-67622

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: The probiotics administration seems to protect against dysbiosis caused by Cx and to contain the increase in faecal BL activity.

T113

67729-67773

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These preliminary data need further studies.

T114

69182-69407

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In contrast to WHO's guideline, due to high rate of primary resistance especially to STM in our area, we do not recommend addition of STM for treatment of patients whose initial four-drug regimens have been failed (group II).

T115

70516-70638

Epistemic_statement

denotes

They seem to be promising antigens for the development of new methods of diagnosis or for the development of new vaccines.

T116

70996-71120

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is likely that poorer living conditions, influenced by war and emotional stress, may promote such rising incidence of TB.

T117

71816-71982

Epistemic_statement

denotes

PCR as simple, fast and highly sensitive method enabled diagnosis in incipient stadium of disease, so antituberculous therapy could be instituted some months earlier.

T118

71983-72119

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Prompt diagnosis of renal tuberculosis (using PCR, besides standard methods) is necessary, otherwise delayed diagnosis may be dangerous.

T119

73595-73751

Epistemic_statement

denotes

M. kansasi is detected as the most common atypical mycobacterium agent in pulmonary infections and attention to antibiogram is recommended before treatment.

T120

76522-76702

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A direct intestinal localization of HIV may be responsible for severe diarrhoea, malabsorption, and wasting, though the morphological features of HIV enteropathy are still unclear.

T121

80753-80863

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The condition at admission was critical due to trombocytopenia ( B/2000 platelets/ml) and hemorrhage syndrome.

T122

81411-81485

Epistemic_statement

denotes

She had uneventful recovery despite remaining granulocyto-trombocytopenic.

T123

81486-81715

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Treatment of infections with emerging agents in immunocompromised patients is difficult, guidance by results of susceptibility testing being misleading with a poor correlation between the tests and treatment outcome.

T124

81716-81844

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Early disseminated listeriosis in a liver transplant recipient (LTR): a rare case due to an in vitro multiresistant strain OR1.6

T125

81845-81977

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Manfredi R, De Ruvo N, Vivarelli M, Bellusci R, Montalti R, La Barba G, Abtueli Aden A, Cucchetti A, Attard L, Calza L, Cavallari A.

T126

82664-82963

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Underlying immunodeficiency may prompt unusual/severe Lm infection, but because of its usual community-acquired origin, Lm disease remains infrequent in hospitalized p. Only seven anecdotal reports of Lm infection were described in LTR, 1986 Á/2000, all but 1 occurring months Á/years after surgery.

T127

83216-83317

Epistemic_statement

denotes

An epidemiological survey retrieved the possible source of this usually community-acquired infection.

T128

83318-83429

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Lm should be regarded as an emerging opportunistic pathogen in LTR, and specific risk factors should be seeked.

T129

83430-83660

Epistemic_statement

denotes

When immunodeficiency is of concern, the unpredictable sensitivity of Lm should prompt in vitro assays to adjust antimicrobial therapy Problems for discussion HBV Á/HCV and liver carcinogenesis: where does the viral influence end?

T130

84562-84664

Epistemic_statement

denotes

(hence, if we treat alcoholic cirrhosis patients with interferon could we have a favorable response?).

T131

84744-84821

Epistemic_statement

denotes

: interferon treatment is a potential hazard for those with thrombocytopenia.

T132

84822-84940

Epistemic_statement

denotes

How ethical is it to conduct a randomised trial where one leg of cirrhotic patients is left without antiviral therapy?

T133

84941-85038

Epistemic_statement

denotes

And on the basis of which classification system should the two legs of such a trial be separated?

T134

85179-85221

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A major topic awaiting for a major debate.

T135

86573-86654

Epistemic_statement

denotes

C still occurs in the HAART era, probably due to its varied mode of transmission.

T136

87514-87646

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Three HCoV-related outbreaks were observed (February, August and December), associated with a high prevalence of infection in staff.

T137

88082-88210

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: These data provide additional evidence for a significant role of HCoV in NRVI occurring in hospitalized preterm NN.

T138

90266-90414

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In 1997, a French observatory of human AE was done in order to get data that could be used to evaluate presentation, evolution and management of AE.

T139

91355-91440

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It shows new epidemiological trends, and especially an extension of the endemic area.

T140

91441-91499

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Can coins and paper currency transmit Bacillus anthracis ?

T141

91693-91840

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Recent events that began in September 2001 in US has gained the organism worldwide attention and heightened awareness of and concern about anthrax.

T142

92167-92215

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Escherichia coli ) and potential pathogens (e.g.

T143

92417-92571

Epistemic_statement

denotes

All of these studies do agree on that currency may be considered as a method of spreading potentially pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria in the community.

T144

92572-92691

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore, currency could also be a vehicle for spreading other highly pathogenic organisms that include B. anthracis .

T145

92692-92814

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In addition, the introduction of the 'euro' could also allow such bacteria greater freedom to travel across the euro zone.

T146

92815-93016

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The threat of using currency, particularly paper notes, in spreading lethal organisms should be investigated and proper measures to prevent the use of such a method by terrorists should be implemented.

T147

93346-93525

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We used FC as a temporary vascular access (VA) for a longer period of time in outpatients going on regular ambulatory haemodialysis, who had a problem with their permanent access.

T148

94381-94529

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Criteria for catheter-related bacteriemia (CRB) was found in only one patient, and for possible CRB in five patients after we removed the catheters.

T149

95104-95305

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clinical and lay awareness of the disease relies on education, however educational delivery has changed and the introduction of material suitable for computer and internet application is now necessary.

T150

95800-95960

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These applications are simple to use and can be incorporated into existing courses of study, so that issues raised can be discussed with tutors and group peers.

T151

96087-96292

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We believe that these applications, focusing on meningitis, are the first of their kind and that they offer tutors the opportunity to progress their teaching of the disease both in methodology and content.

T152

96422-96567

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Potentially treatment-related adverse events occurred in 11.8% of the brivudin recipients and in 10.1% of the famciclovir recipients (P 0/ 0.26).

T153

97121-97281

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In order to evaluate virus specific response and structure Á/activity relationships we continue our investigations with three Pt(II) and three Pd(II) complexes.

T154

98185-98292

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The availability of new and specific antivirals provides an opportunity for better management of influenza.

T155

98821-98996

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Antibiotics for influenza treatment are broadly recommended/prescribed by about 30% of European physicians, whereas currently available antivirals are only recommended by 10%.

T156

98997-99151

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The recommendation of antivirals by US physicians increased from 47% (season 99/00) to 62% (00/01) and markedly decreased antibiotic use (from 25 to 11%).

T157

99344-99491

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Experiences in the USA show that with prompt outbreak information antivirals can be used appropriately in times of influenza activity.

T158

99848-99960

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The underlying clinical pathway covers morbidity and mortality due to influenza and its specified complications.

T159

100155-100300

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Application of the model is shown using UK unit cost data simulating an otherwise healthy adult population comparing oseltamivir with usual care.

T160

100656-100842

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Antiviral treatment appears to be effective in terms of health outcome and cost for otherwise healthy adults from the perspectives of both the individual patient and society.

T161

100843-100963

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, this effect is very sensitive to time when treatment is started and the accuracy of the diagnosis of influenza.

T162

101889-102052

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Oseltamivir was well tolerated in clinical trials; drug-related side-effects were limited to transient GI effects occurring in 5/1:10 exposed individuals.

T163

102397-102521

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Occasional reports of liver dysfunction have been documented post-marketing but causal association has not been established.

T164

103066-103292

Epistemic_statement

denotes

UDG of the Copenhagen strain of Vaccinia virus (VV) was characterized with the aim of defining specific inhibitors susceptible to be used as a new class of active antiviral substances on the viruses of the Orthopoxvirus genus.

T165

104050-104125

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These compounds are candidates for the chemotherapy of poxvirus infections.

T166

104847-104933

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In limited clinical trials patients received 75 mg of drugs twice daily (7 Á/14 days).

T167

105601-105724

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Ortho Total HCV core antigen assay can aid early prediction of response in patients treated with Interferon/Ribavirin OR3.8

T168

105725-105762

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Lunel F a , Veillon P b , Payan C b .

T169

106396-106474

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Pretreatment Ag values were correlated with viral load (r 2 0/0.779).

T170

107076-107228

Epistemic_statement

denotes

After 1 month of IFN alone, the HCV Ag decrease was highly predictive of SR, correlated with RNA negativation and early reduction of HCV RNA ( !/2 log).

T171

107473-107643

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Infectious Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases, Lucca, Italy Acute hepatitis B is a self-limiting infection, but in some cases its course may be particularly severe.

T172

108532-108695

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our experience suggests a promising role of lamivudine in the treatment of acute hepatitis B, but how long such therapy have to be practiced and in which patients?

T173

110595-110675

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The newer quinolones are believed to have broad activity against S. pneumoniae .

T174

112956-113127

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Thus, FQ resistance in S. maltophilia shall derive from changes in other areas in the topoisomerases or probably from other mechanisms of resistance, such as efflux pumps.

T175

113348-113427

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The mechanisms of resistance to FQs have not been described in C. urealyticum .

T176

113428-113528

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We describe the C. urealyticum parC gene QRDR region and its relationship with quinolone resistance.

T177

114319-114578

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This finding suggest that this mutant sequence, as compared with parC sequences from other Grampositives, might be the wild-type for this species, and might explain in part its high resistance rate, and its apparent lightness to develop high-level resistance.

T178

115470-115525

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Fluoroquinolone efflux was suggested in three isolates.

T179

115732-115873

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The 1997 policy of using quinolones may have contributed to the development of quinolone resistance and this cluster of isolates.

T180

115874-116029

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The increasing levels of quinolone resistance observed raise concerns about the future use of newer quinolones for the treatment of respiratory infections.

T181

116170-116342

Epistemic_statement

denotes

New quinolones has been proposed as a treatment of choice because their enhanced activity, but several parameters (T a , atmosphere, method) can affect the results of MICs.

T182

117183-117400

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The incubation time is a parameter that seems to affect significantly the results of MICs of quinolones when microdilution method is used, whereas only few differences can be encountered with the agar dilution method.

T183

120369-120463

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Gatifloxacin is a promising alternative for therapy of respiratory tract bacterial infections.

T184

120834-120873

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, they are often not recognised.

T185

120874-120963

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Infected or colonised adults can act as a reservoir of infection, passing it to children.

T186

120964-121102

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Fluoroquinolones are currently recommended for the treatment of respiratory tract infection in adult patients, which is usually empirical.

T187

121852-121982

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Gatifloxacin may be an effective drug in the treatment or prophylaxis of adults with suspected or confirmed pertussis.

T188

124937-125064

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The maintenance over 72 h of GEM urine antibacterial activity suggests its efficacy in the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis.

T189

127493-127641

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The conclusion reached The findings suggest that LFX 500 mg bid iv may be considered effective in the treatment of VAP caused by sensitive bacteria.

T190

129254-129498

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The conclusion reached The ad interim findings show that LFX 500 mg od may guarantee per os an exposure similar to that achievable after iv administration, suggesting that sequential therapy may be considered effective in the treatment of LRTI.

T191

129499-129569

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Levofloxacine in the exacerbations of copd due to Pseudomonas ae PS117

T192

129570-129751

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Micheletto C, Tognella S, Pomari C, Dal Negro R, Ospedale Orlandi, Div.Pneumologia, Bussolengo, Italy Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a problem of great concern.

T193

130822-131099

Epistemic_statement

denotes

(1) At present, Levofloxacine proves the most effective antimicrobic option for treating COPD exacerbations due to Ps infection; (2) a much more efficient policy of antibiotic prescribing should be promoted in order to prevent the selection of resistant strains in these cases.

T194

131458-131628

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Moreover, considering the favourable PK/PD profile, levofloxacin can represent a valid therapeutic option for the treatment of severe Gram-negative nosocomial infections.

T195

132889-133048

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We may suppose that levofloxacyn can be effective for the treatment of R. equi infection, even if more studies (particularly controlled studies) are necessary.

T196

138565-138668

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therapy with moxifloxacin was not associated with any significant clinical or laboratory abnormalities.

T197

138669-138839

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These data suggest that once-daily oral administration of moxifloxacin is potentially convenient and cost-effective alternative therapy for CAP in pts with HIV infection.

T198

141225-141438

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Periodic monitoring of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a high-risk population provides essential clues regarding the rapidly changing pattern of antimicrobial susceptibilities.

T199

142008-142170

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The third mutation of Val-120 to Leu, lies downstream of the quinolone resistance determining region of the gyr A and has not been described before in gonococcus.

T200

142171-142275

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In addition, these isolates had a Phe-100 to Tyr substitution in the par C, a hitherto unknown mutation.

T201

142641-142862

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our findings suggest that emergence of penicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae isolates from a major STD center in India, indicates the need for the increased awareness and prudent use of antimicrobials.

T202

144667-144735

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Microbiología, Salamanca, Spain

T203

144736-144888

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Purpose: Corynebacterium urealyticum is the etiologic agent of encrusted cystitis and inespecific UTIs, and can be also involved in systemic infections.

T204

147946-148060

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Linezolid should be tested for treatment of complicated UTI due to Gram-positive uropathogens in a clinical trial.

T205

149167-149268

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Recommended breakpoints of Staphylococcus aureus are 4 mg/l for linezolid and 8 mg/l for teicoplanin.

T206

149365-149536

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Current recommended dosing regimens for linezolid and teicoplanin are generally appropriate in the critically ill, though a more detailed analysis is required.

T207

150924-151048

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: LZD and Q/D are very promising antimicrobial agents, showing excellent activity against MRSA clinical isolates.

T208

151049-151138

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The prudent therapeutic use is strongly recommended to avoid the emergence of resistance.

T209

152598-152821

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: The new antimicrobial agents show excellent activity against resistant to common antimicrobials pneumococcal isolates, but the clinical use is not suggested, unless no other therapeutic solutions are available.

T210

153090-153182

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The susceptibility pattern of all Gram-positive isolates from ICU patients has been studied.

T211

154219-154269

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was no emergence of resistance to linezolid.

T212

154418-154569

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The oxazolidinone, linezolid, has excellent soft tissue and respiratory tract penetration and might be expected to eradicate carriage in some patients.

T213

155218-155437

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Short-term MRSA clearance can be achieved in significantly more patients treated with linezolid however this was not maintained at 21 days, either because of incomplete initial eradication or recolonization.

T214

155519-155599

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Penetration of linezolid into bone, fat and muscle during hip arthroplasty PS134

T215

155600-155866

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Lovering AM, Bannister GC, Zhang J, MacGowan AP, Southmead Hospital, BCARE, Bristol, UK There are limited data describing the concentrations and penetration of linezolid (LZD) into tissues, such as bone, that can be used to guide therapy for non-vascular infections.

T216

157641-157995

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The association has antibacterial activity against staphylococci including methicillin */MLS B -resistant strains (MIC90 range: 0.12 */1 mg/ml), streptococci (MIC90: 0.25 mg/ml), pneumococci including multidrug resistant strains (MIC90: 0.50 mg/ ml), enterococci including vancomycin-resistant strains (MIC90: 4 mg/ ml), M. catarrhalis and Neisseria spp.

T217

158352-158508

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Mutants of S. aureus to XRP2868 were isolated at low frequencies (3.6)/ 10 (9 Á/9.7)/10 (10 ) at 2)/ and 4)/MIC while no mutant could be isolated at 8)/MIC.

T218

158509-158631

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These results suggest that XRP2868 (30/70 w/w) is a promising compound for the treatment of community-acquired infections.

T219

161533-161670

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These results suggest that XRP2868 might be effective for the treatment of staphylococcal and pneumococcal community-acquired infections.

T220

163191-163286

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Based on in vitro data, telithromycin is a good candidate for the treatment of RTI.

T221

163287-163485

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In vitro evaluation of abt-773, telithromycin and azithromycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae , Moraxella catarrhalis , Haemophilis influenzae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus PS140

T222

163486-163747

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Steele-Moore L, Berg D, Barnes I, Couch K, Klein J, Holloway W. Christiana Care, Infectious Disease, Wilmington, US Macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is a worldwide concern predominantly because these isolates tend to be multiply drug resistant.

T223

166418-166550

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Some studies suggest shortening CAP telithromycin treatment to 7 days helping adherence to treatment and decreasing costs even more.

T224

166749-166993

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Medical University, Infectious Disease, Plovdiv, Bulgaria , b Department of Anatomy, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Mediterranean Spotted Fever (MSF) caused by Rickettsia conorii appears an endemic disease for some regions in Bulgaria.

T225

168019-168130

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: We suggest that the new macrolides appear a good alternative of tetracycline on patients with MSF.

T226

169317-169438

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The clinical findings showed excellent effect of the new macrolides including Clarithromycin and azalides */Azithromycin.

T227

170784-170867

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Q/D has not been officially introduced to the antibiotic arsenal of Greek medicine.

T228

171027-171116

Epistemic_statement

denotes

How much hope can be put on a drug that seems to be partly useless before its initiation?

T229

171117-171261

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Increasing reports of V/ Q-resistant strains of E. faecium from all over Europe raises fears that the V/D story might well end before it begins.

T230

171580-171696

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of five purified vegetable tannins against MDBK cells.

T231

172301-172457

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These data thus appear to reveal the capability of the investigated natural polyphenolic products to stimulate cell surveillance in a time-dependent manner.

T232

172652-172935

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pathobiology, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran , b Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dentistry, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Objectives: Most of the microorganisms associated with periodontitis are capnophilic and anaerobic bacteria.

T233

174039-174243

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For further studies of bacteriostatic activity of amides and diamides of dicarboxylic acids, as well as for determination of 'structure Á/activity' relationship, we have synthesized a range of monoamides.

T234

175302-175641

Epistemic_statement

denotes

has not been studied and hence the present study was planned to evaluate those properties against a series of micro organisms viz, Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeroginosa , Klebsiella pneumonia , Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus licheniformis , Streptococcus faecalis , Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae .

T235

176223-176280

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Monoterpenes seem to have antimicrobial role.

T236

176281-176435

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It seems necessary to explore antimicrobial properties of new harmless antimicrobial agents from natural sources as substitutes for common chemical drugs.

T237

176436-176661

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Methanol extract of Carpobrotus edulis enhances killing of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosed by THP-1 human monocyte derived macrophages and promotes the release of modulators of cellular immunity PS149

T238

176662-176798

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although alkaloids from the family Mesembryanthemaceae have anti-cancer activity, species of this family have received little attention.

T239

176799-177125

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Because these alkaloids also exhibit properties normally associated with compounds that have activity at the level of the plasma membrane, we have studied a crude methanol extract of Carpabrotus edulis , a common plant found along the Portuguese coast, for properties normally associated with plasma membrane active compounds.

T240

177126-177410

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The results of this preliminary study show that the extract is non-toxic at concentrations that prime THP-1 human monocytederived macrophages to kill ingested methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and promote the release of lymphokines associated with cellular immune functions.

T241

177656-177812

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The active component or components of the plant extract may be exploited as intracellular active anti-bacterials as well as modulators of cellular immunity.

T242

177973-178135

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran , b Shafe-e-Sari Co., Antibiotic Production Co., Teheran, Iran

T243

178136-178333

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Enhancing effect of various oils on the erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea NUR001 were evaluated in a complex medium consisting soybean flour and dextrin as the main substrates.

T244

179211-179275

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Can varicella be eliminated by universal childhood vaccination ?

T245

179395-179865

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Institute for Antiviral Chemotherapy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany , b Outcomes International, Basle, Switzerland , c Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University, Munich, Germany , d GlaxoSmithKline, Pharma, Munich, Germany Purpose: Universal varicella vaccination in childhood is expected to reduce substantially the number of uncomplicated cases of chickenpox and to decrease the number of complicated cases requiring hospitalization.

T246

180181-180292

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: It could be shown, that the vast majority of varicella cases occur in children aged less than 8 years.

T247

180406-180595

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A routine varicella vaccination program targeting healthy children could prevent 82.6% of varicella cases and over 4700 major complications per year provided the coverage rate would be 85%.

T248

180700-180802

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine is expected to provide the required coverage.

T249

180803-181031

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Routine childhood varicella vaccination appears to be a highly efficient strategy to significantly reduce the sizeable burden of varicella and leads to significant savings from both societal and payer's perspective.

T250

182020-182181

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Vaccine Influvac can be recommended for an immunisation against influenza of children with an allergic pathology because of efficacy and absence of side effects.

T251

182182-182317

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Ló pez H, Zitto TR, Vidal GI, Cánepa MC, Salomó n JM, Scaglione M. Centro de Infectología, Infectious Diseases, Buenos Aires, Argentina

T252

182318-182485

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Our study examines the possible economic impact of the influenza on health working adults in Argentina, and the intervention cost saving with immunization.

T253

187535-187656

Epistemic_statement

denotes

HBeAg was detected in 10.2% of the HBV DNA positive patients and had not been determined in the HBV DNA negative patient.

T254

188075-188247

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Medicine of Faculty, Mersin University, Clinical microbiology and infectious disease, Mersin, Turkey , b Medicine of Faculty, Mersin University, Pathology, Mersin, Turkey

T255

188248-188344

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The exact potential of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis is not known.

T256

188345-188591

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The elevated nitric oxide production is assumed to be responsible for the pathological changes in many inflammatory conditions, mainly via peroxynitrite, a potential oxidant that is produced by the reduction of superoxyde anion with nitric oxide.

T257

188988-189169

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Inducible nitric oxide synthase staining levels correlated well with the severity of the viral hepatitis using the Knodell's liver histological activity index (r0/0.393, P 0/0.002).

T258

189388-189692

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As nitric oxide mediated nitration of hepatocellular proteins is found to be elevated in the inflamed hepatic tissues and it well correlated with the severity of the disease, we suggest that inducible nitric oxide synthase can possibly have a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis.

T259

191860-191945

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Minsk, Belarus HSV-1 and -11 have possibility to damage different organs and systems.

T260

192020-192100

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The etiology of such hepatitis may be confirmed only by results of liver biopsy.

T261

194134-194399

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis G viral infection among patients at high risk of exposure to blood and blood products, as well as to evaluate if the risk of HGV infection was higher among them than in the general population.

T262

194965-195094

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our results suggest that patients exposed to blood or blood products have a higher risk of HGV infection than general population.

T263

195095-195213

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Evaluation of Ortho Total HCV Core antigen assay in assessment and follow-up of patients treated for chronic HCV PS162

T264

195214-195455

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Lunel F, Veillon P, Payan C. CHU Angers, Laboratoire de Bactério-Virologie, Angers, France An assay to quantitate 'Total' HVC Core antigen (HCV Ag) in serum or plasma, may reflect viral load, has been developed by Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics.

T265

195694-195803

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Correlation of Ag and quantitative assays was high (r0/ 0.85 for bDNA 3.0 and 0.83 for Monitor 2.0).

T266

196038-196399

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In patients treated with IFN or combination therapy, we found very good correlation between decrease and negativation of Ag and viral load: 2 log IU/ml decline after M1 of interferon was significantly correlated with the negativation of HCV Ag and SR. Thirty-eight/41 of SR had a RNA load decrease !/2 log IU/ml and 39/ 41 had a negativation of HCV Ag after M1.

T267

196400-196498

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Total HCV Core Ag appears to be a new tool for monitoring patients with HCV infection.

T268

197769-197884

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These results suggest that both kinetics of viral load and antigenemia are highly predictive of sustained response.

T269

198143-198269

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B/C as well as the epidemiological features that might influence the public health.

T270

199306-199381

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Public health services in Greece and Europe must take appropriate measures.

T271

199986-200269

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The conclusion reached was; in order to reduce the incidence of virus-B infection especially in schistosomiasis endemic areas, public health officials should evaluate a policy for regulation of HBV booster vaccination to enhance the population immunity against hepatitis-B infection.

T272

200578-200660

Epistemic_statement

denotes

in Africa, erratic adherence might soon lead to multi-resistant circulating virus.

T273

201384-201638

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our preliminary assessment is that for the children in our families, despite a team approach and home visits, nonadherence to HAART may be twice as common as selection of a dominant viral mutant as a primary cause of failure to sustain viral suppression.

T274

202255-202502

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although the low prevalence of metabolic alterations may be attributed to the different ethnic alimentary behavior if self-body perception by African is not as accurate as by caucasian on the estimation of the body changes have to be investigated.

T275

202803-202926

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, it may occasionally cause a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality, and loss of school or business days.

T276

203935-204035

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In light of these findings, we suggest that hepatitis A vaccination be given after 21 months of age.

T277

204036-204143

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Earlier vaccination may be ineffective due to interference with maternally transmitted anti-HAV antibodies.

T278

204188-204333

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Department of Microbiology, Iran University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Diarrhoea is a major public health problem in developing countries.

T279

204434-204509

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Little, however, is known about the extent of the condition in our society.

T280

204510-204634

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study is to determine socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with intestinal amoebiasis.

T281

205502-205647

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Low socioeconomic level associated with poor personal hygiene was the most important factor for highly prevalence of this problem in our society.

T282

205648-205732

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Also it seems that food plays important role in transmission of protozoa then water.

T283

207950-208035

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Answers could be specified for 138 students, of whom 97 females (F) and 41 males (M).

T284

208318-208473

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Among 56 (31 F and 25 M) non-vaccinated against rubella, 17 (10 F and seven M) had no history of that disease, uncertain in seven others (six F and one M).

T285

208474-208539

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The date of vaccination was often late regarding recommendations.

T286

208882-209027

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Adverse effects of vaccination were rarely reported: two cases of fever (DT polio, measles); three cases of local reaction (DT polio, DTP polio).

T287

209093-209188

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The survey shows failure in immunization coverage actually recommended in health care students.

T288

210133-210214

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: In Lasi county, rabies is a problem with a prevalence of 0.73%/year.

T289

210709-210945

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This study shows a major problem in antibiotics prescription in our community and also the need to establish effective antibiotics policy in general practice to limit the potential emergence of drug resistance bacteria in the community.

T290

211291-211408

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The current antibiotic regimens and the selection of antibiotics for prophylaxis should be re-evaluated periodically.

T291

212207-212410

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We concluded that the resistance profiles to antibiotics should be reviewed every 5 years at least and thus the selection of proper antibiotics would lessen the morbidity as well as the medical expenses.

T292

212590-212800

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This study is aimed to reveal economic barriers of effective ID control by assessing financial contribution to ID from Public and Private sources, household's total spending on health and their capacity to pay.

T293

213715-213820

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Government should increase the allocations to ID from public sources for effective ID control in Georgia.

T294

213942-214059

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Local surveillance of antimicrobial (AM) consumption is essential to promote the rational use of this group of drugs.

T295

214374-214532

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The total AM consumption figures were similar in 1998 and 2000 (7.7 and 8.2 DDDs/100 b Á/d, respectively) with notable differences in AM prescribing patterns.

T296

215001-215252

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The tendency to prescribe more effective in respect of the local resistance data and/or more safe AM was detected in 2000 comparing with 1998 that can be explained by the introduction of the local guidelines for infectious diseases management in 1999.

T297

215253-215532

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clarithromycin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis */a pilot study PS178 The aim of this pilot study was to determine the efficacy and tolerability of clarithromycin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT).

T298

218142-218265

Epistemic_statement

denotes

From this point of view, the female genital tract seems to be a potential reservoir of these uropathogenic E. coli strains.

T299

220894-221023

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, AFFIRM test was more specific (94 vs 72%) and also has higher positive predictive value (80 vs 53%) than clinical signs.

T300

223851-223951

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It was concluded that b-carotein could be used as a prophylactic agent against S. mansoni infection.

T301

223952-224088

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Barisic Z, Babic-Erceg A, Borzic E, Zoranic V, Carev M, Kaliterna V. Department of Microbiology, Public Health Institute, Split, Croatia

T302

224089-224303

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study is to determine frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infection (UTI) in outpatient's population in South Croatia and to suggest optimal antimicrobial treatment for these patients.

T303

226549-226679

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The better clinical efficacy of the combination may partly be attributed to the antibiofilm effect of CAM in the clinical setting.

T304

226680-226803

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The results also indicated that difficulties still remain in the treatment of CUTI in patients with an indwelling catherer.

T305

226804-226930

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In conclusion, clinical study suggested that CAM might have an inhibitory action on biofilm formation in the clinical setting.

T306

226931-227047

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Combination of CAM with other appropriate antimicrobial agents may have a favorable effect on the treatment of CUTI.

T307

227527-227711

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Key outcomes identified were probability of reflux resolution, likelihood of developing pyelonephritis and scarring, and possibility of complications of medical and surgical treatment.

T308

227712-227877

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Available outcomes data on the various treatment alternatives were summarized and the relative probabilities of possible outcomes were compared for each alternative.

T309

228278-228280

Epistemic_statement

denotes

3)

T310

228281-228532

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The one and only absolute indication for surgical management is failure of medical therapy to prevent chronic recurrent pyelonephritis, renal injury or other reflux complications and eliminations of the reflux condition will minimize their likelihood.

T311

228689-228970

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For most children we recommended continuous antibiotic prophylaxis as initial treatment-medical therapy is based on the principle that reflux often resolves with time, and antibiotics maintain urine sterility and prevent infections while the patients awaits spontaneous resolution.

T312

228971-229143

Epistemic_statement

denotes

6) VUR predispose an individual to renal infection, the immunological and inflammatory reaction caused by a pyelonephritic infection may result in renal injury or scarring.

T313

229168-229340

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Department of Internal Medicine, Derer s University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia , b Department of Urology, Comenius University School of Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia

T314

229341-229451

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Elderly patients with UTI are believed less likely to be cured by antimicrobial therapy than younger patients.

T315

229452-229516

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The reasons for this poorer outcome have not yet been clarified.

T316

230663-231047

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Department for Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia , b Department for Microbiology, Regional Institute of Public Health Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the frequency and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from urine samples of patients admitted to Maribor Teaching Hospital in 1998 and 2000.

T317

233713-233950

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The low frequency of furazolidone and nitrofurantoin resistance, compared to metronidazole suggests that the furazolidone and the nitrofurantoin may be good alternatives to metronidazole for treatment of H. pylori infections.

T318

235383-235682

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Ring C, Atanassova V. Department of Food Hygiene and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany Aim of the study: Poultry meat is known to be often contaminated with Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens and thus has to be considered as a possible source for human infections.

T319

235683-235830

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the study was to monitor the resistance of Salmonella isolates from poultry meat of different European countries to various antibiotics.

T320

236780-236921

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The question arises whether the resistance of the isolates to various antibiotics is of clinical importance in the treatment of the patients.

T321

238482-238675

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Diagnostic criteria were positive blood culture for S. typhi or paratyphi and/or a somatic O agglutinin titer ]/ 1/160 as determined by the Widal test with symptoms suggestive of typhoid fever.

T322

240050-240242

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In order to specify its clinical, biological, radiological and evolutionary features, a retrospective study has been led in our service, on a period of 14 years (January 1988 Á/December 2001).

T323

240663-240854

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The diagnosis of psoas abscess, evoked on clinical data, has been confirmed by the imagery data: Ultra-Songraphy (16 cases), CT scanning (six cases), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (three cases).

T324

240855-241013

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The tubercular etiology has been confirmed in six cases, among which two were associated to Escherichia coli (one case) and to Brucella melitensis (one case).

T325

241531-241596

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, two patients had a relapse after stopping the treatment.

T326

241597-241726

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The diagnosis of the psoas abscess, difficult on the clinical data, is based on the imagery techniques (US, CT, RMI).

T327

241727-241830

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The percutaneous drainage guided by the imagery is recommended (in an etiological and therapeutic aim).

T328

241831-241911

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Associated to an adapted antibiotherapy, it allows to defer a surgical drainage.

T329

242769-242876

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Although frequent, abdominal changes seldom could be missed in patients with human brucellosis.

T330

242877-243011

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We recommend routine ultrasound examination with standard biochemical test for liver function, due to avoid unnecessary complications.

T331

243882-243992

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was a positive correlation between the grade of sacroiliitis and the value of CRP (P0/0.006, r 0/0.414).

T332

243993-244148

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In conclusion, it has been suggested that, CRP may be used as an auxiliary or a secondary parameter in grading sacroiliac joint involvement in Brucellosis.

T333

245497-245703

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This case illustrates the following point: in areas in which brucellosis is endemic when scrotal abnormalities are seen the possibility of genitourinary tract complications of Brucella should be considered.

T334

248658-248830

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Acute brucellosis is often accompanied by bone and joint ache, especially of the lumbar spine, still frank involvement in the form of arthritis and spondylitis is not rare.

T335

249601-249797

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Direct contact with animals was the reason for acquisition of the illness in 59% of patients, in 29% alimentary or aerogenous route was incriminated, and in 12% the route of aqisition was unknown.

T336

251616-251840

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The optimal treatment of Q fever endocarditis has not been well established: the most effective antimicrobials are fluoroquinolones and rifampin, but chloramphenicol, doxycycline and trimethoprim are also useful.

T337

251841-252019

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The role of chloroquine in combination with doxycycline seems to be promising, because chloroquine may increase the lysosomal pH, enhancing the doxycycline bactericidal activity.

T338

253070-253241

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Discussion: Although Coxiella burnetii infection is acquired via the respiratory tract, it is paradoxical that symptoms attributed to the lung are not invariably positive.

T339

254628-254769

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Complication rate was 35% (9/26) with one death (4%), and was associated with delay in effective treatment ( !/8 days of illness) (P B/0.05).

T340

255286-255433

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Other neurologic manifestations as confusion, stupor, nuchal rigidity and in severe cases delirium, extreme agitation or coma appear less commonly.

T341

256872-257034

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Almost a quarter of the patients presented conjunctivitis despite the fact, that this ocular manifestation is less severe than in other typhus and spotted fevers.

T342

258784-258927

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Advanced age and prolonged interval before administration of a specific anti-rickettsial treatment are correlated with severity of the disease.

T343

259859-259995

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In murine typhus the induction of hypovolaemia insufficiently corrected by normal homeostatic mechanisms may lead to prerenal azotaemia.

T344

262066-262219

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Positive test was more probable in patients with pronounced fever (more than 38 8C), headache, weakness and in cases associated with chronic tonsillitis.

T345

262940-263108

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The most common complication in children with varicella is superimposed cutaneous infections with pyogenic bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus ).

T346

263109-263227

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Varicella gangrenosum, a necrotising soft tissue infection complicating the vesicular eruption of chickenpox, is rare.

T347

263763-263973

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Widespread use of varicella vaccine may decrease invasive infections in children, adolescents, and adults, thus decreasing the burden the disease with its complications impose up on the family and the society .

T348

264022-264189

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this open, multicentre, non-comparative study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of cefprozil in the treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis.

T349

265197-265395

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Tsiara S, Militadou G, Milionis C, Elisaf M. Internal Medicine Department, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece Streptococcus group B Agalactiae (GBS) is a rare pathogen for healthy male adults.

T350

267101-267206

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We present this case because GBS infections are rare in the elderly in the absence of underlying disease.

T351

267332-267484

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although our patient had more than one site of involvement he responded well to medical treatment without surgical debriment or heart valve replacement.

T352

268454-268569

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In spite of the severity of the infection all pts recovered and do not experienced local or systemic complications.

T353

270110-270357

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In young children there is a prevalence of serogroup B meningococcal disease which can be explained by the immaturity of the immune system and by the fact the group B capsule synthesis is known to inhibit alternative complement pathway activation.

T354

270505-270750

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The etiological agents were: viral (n 0/26, 54.2%, mean ('x ) age0/28 years), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n 0/8, 16.6%,'x age0/53), Neisseria meningitidis (n0/7, 14.6%, 'x age0/28), S. viridans (n0/6, 12%, 'x age0/34), P. multocida (n0/1, age 75).

T355

271499-271610

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The case fatality rate of pneumococcal meningitis appear to be high regardless of susceptibility to penicillin.

T356

271673-271778

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Diagnosis and therapy of meningococcal meningitis */trend and particularities of a 'Romanian model' PS216

T357

271779-272051

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Lintmaer I, Moroti R, Popescu A, Popescu C. Institute of Infectious Diseases Matei Bals , Unit 5 , Bucharest, Romania Background: Newer diagnosis methods and antimicrobials are expected to change the management of menigococcal meningitis (MM) and to improve its prognosis.

T358

272823-272998

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The most important differences between our results and other studies are: monotherapy regimens are less frequent and therapy lengths are longer; however, prognosis is similar.

T359

272999-273157

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: The MM management has been modified in the last 3 Á/ 4 years: prognosis is improved, but the changes do not bring clear cost/ effective benefits.

T360

276660-276860

Epistemic_statement

denotes

During treatment chloramphenicol was switched for 3rd gen cephalosporin in seven of 23 patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis and in five of 28 patients with meningitis of unknown etiology.

T361

277007-277229

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Because of repeated necessity to switch chloramphenicol for 3rd gen cephalosporin during treatment of purulent meningitis of pneumococcal and unknown etiology the initial treatment strategy was changed in 2001.

T362

277230-277362

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Third gen cephalosporin is now used as a first choice antibiotic, what is in consent with international recommendation of treatment.

T363

277363-277493

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To evaluate and compare groups treated initially with chloramphenicol and with 3rd gen cephalosporin will need several more years.

T364

277494-277603

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Low prevalence of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Jerez de la Frontera-Cadiz (SPAIN) PS220

T365

277604-277871

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Alados JC, Aller AI, De Miguel C, De Francisco JL, Calbo L. Hospital del SAS-JEREZ , Microbiologia, Jerez de la Frontera, CADIZ, Spain Introduction and aim: Previous reports indicate that multi-drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is an worldwide problem.

T366

277872-277985

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to review the resistance of MTB to the first-line antimycobacterial agents in our area.

T367

278802-278881

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: (1) Multi-drug resistance is not an important problem in our area.

T368

279764-280292

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Though combined drug resistance rate may not be the most accurate tool as it includes previously treated cases which inflates the resistance rate, the observation of trends in the susceptibility of pulmonary tuberculosis in accompany with the increasing percentages of tuberculosis patients receiving complete treatment course and the decreasing percentages of cases lost of follow-up in Kaohsiung after the institution of new governmental regulations for case management in 1997 suggest the usefulness of intervention programs.

T369

280293-280462

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Lipid profile in patients with multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis PS223 Extrapulmonary tuberculosis may sometimes present with confusing clinical manifestations.

T370

281912-282170

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clinical data are in complete correlation with the findings of our experiments: 67% of experimental cultures developed resistance to streptomycin, isoniazid and less to rifampicin in the study of drug sensitivity under the effect of tobacco smoke condensate.

T371

282629-282709

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Thoracic actinomycosis may involve the lungs, pleura, mediastinum or chest wall.

T372

283479-283520

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Transbronchial biopsy was not conclusive.

T373

283998-284265

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Sismanoglio General District Hospital of Attica, Athens, Greece , b 2nd Department of Pneumology, Sismanoglio General District Hospital of Attica, Athens, Greece Introduction: Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a rare human pathogen.

T374

284376-284499

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It has been recently recognized as an emerging microorganism in Cystic Fibrosis (CF), whose its pathogenic role is unknown.

T375

285137-285262

Epistemic_statement

denotes

(2) Colistin which is used as aerolized antibiotic for CF patients seems to be effective in the half of the isolated strains.

T376

286686-286853

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Alafosfalin shows potential as a treatment for cystic fibrosis patients colonised with P. aeruginosa and/or B. cepacia , when applied in combination with these agents.

T377

287120-287230

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, it is accepted that identified based Á/based therapy is less expensive (and possibly more effective).

T378

288238-288370

Epistemic_statement

denotes

That is why we should include aetiology among the pneumonia severity criteria, especially at an 'after 3-day therapy' re-evaluation.

T379

290062-290184

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: (1) The prevalence of high resistance S. pneumoniae to Penicillin seems to be low in examined strains (5.5%).

T380

291458-291512

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Regimen D (64 pts)0/an association of two antibiotics.

T381

291776-291953

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our results confirm that oral antibiotic treatment is practical, safe, and effective, and can be considered as the first line regimen also in hospitalized patients with AE-COPD.

T382

292542-292792

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this ongoing placebo controlled, parallel group, mono center study trial is to evaluate beneficial effect of cefixim to reduce bacterial load and pulmonary inflammation in patients (n0/ 30) with acute bacterial exacerbation of severe COPD.

T383

294370-294570

Epistemic_statement

denotes

All the isolates were sent to a central Laboratory (Fundació n Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain) where susceptibility test was performed by broth microdilution (Sensititre) following NCCLS recommendations.

T384

295538-295621

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Vladivostok State Medical University, Epidemiology, Vladivostok, Russian Federation

T385

295622-295681

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Purpose: The etiology of pneumonia is still partly unknown.

T386

295682-295798

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We should like to clear up an etiological role of respiratory pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia among youth.

T387

295799-295982

Epistemic_statement

denotes

And we had chosen for it a model of a closed community both investigation of etiology of disease and for further investigation of mechanisms of transmission drug-resistant mechanisms.

T388

298364-298586

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These findings suggest that nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from children with upper respiratory infections can be used to conduct surveillance for antimicrobial resistance in a defined geographic area.

T389

298587-298698

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We were able to conclude also that penicillin intermediate resistent strains can be susceptible to amoxicillin.

T390

298755-298899

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Infectologia, Monterrey, Mexico , b Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Epidemiologia, Cuernavaca, Mexico

T391

298900-299081

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The emergence of penicillin-and multidrug-resistant pneumococcal strains has become a global concern, necessitating the identification of the epidemiological spread of such strains.

T392

301335-301532

Epistemic_statement

denotes

While choosing the antibiotics, the patient's age, the accompanying diseases, the volume of the lungs lesion and complications which define pneumonia seriousness are to be taken into consideration.

T393

302056-302405

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This questionnaire assessed their perception and management of LRTI, the indication for antibiotics (AB) in a case of LRTI in a healthy adult with no focal signs and no signs of severity, knowledge of the micro-organisms responsible for acute bronchitis and knowledge of the AFSSAPS (French Agency for the Safety of Health Products) recommendations.

T394

302745-302833

Epistemic_statement

denotes

According to GPs, ALP and whooping cough are rare, while atypical pneumonia is frequent.

T395

303018-303163

Epistemic_statement

denotes

GPs consider that they often delay prescription of antibiotics (41%) and declare that they tend to prescribe a macrolide as first-line treatment.

T396

303164-303339

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Finally, GPs have a poor knowledge concerning the micro-organisms responsible for acute bronchitis and the majority of GPs declare to be familiar with AFSSAPS recommendations.

T397

304468-304562

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In view of the frequency of the signs, the diagnosis of pneumonia appears to be overestimated.

T398

306011-306098

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The identification of the causative factor did not seem to have any impact on survival.

T399

306181-306357

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The high mortality of this entity seems to be influenced by the immediate use of the appropriate antibiotic combination and not by the identification of the causative organism.

T400

306358-306497

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This underscores the need for knowledge of topical microbiology which helps in designing an effective empirical initial antibiotic regimen.

T401

306885-307114

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Patients, treatment and physicians characteristics of 195 cases (2000 Á/2001) were collected and possible associations were examined with using defined daily doses methodology (DDD) and American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines.

T402

307373-307486

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In MANOVA certain ATS categories were associated with DDD/day, but not with frequency of definite antibiotic use.

T403

307664-307805

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Antibiotic prescriptions were associated with disease severity and physician personality rather then with empirical choice rules recommended.

T404

308224-308377

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of study was to reveal most frequent infecting agents and their susceptibility to the different types of penicillins in patients with AE of COPD.

T405

309086-309178

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, 70% of microorganisms were susceptible to amoxicillin combined with clavulone acid.

T406

310063-310155

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, treatment with 500 mg/day during 3 days was clinically effective in 93.7% of cases.

T407

311790-311903

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The higher cure rates in the bid group suggest a possible higher benefit from bid therapy in children 5/ 2 years.

T408

311904-312123

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Children attending family day-care (FDC) should be less exposed to upper respiratory tract infections than those in group day-care (GDC) and therefore to antibiotic treatment; fewer should thus carry resistant bacteria.

T409

312124-312413

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To test this hypothesis, NP carriage of SP and HI with reduced susceptibility to penicillin (PDSP and HI BL'/, respectively) was investigated among children in FDC (maximum three children) and in GDC (25 Á/100 children) in the Alpes Maritimes (France) between November 1999 and March 2000.

T410

313220-313307

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was no correlation between antibiotic use and carriage of PDSP or HI B'/ strains.

T411

313529-313654

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the proportion of PDSP and HI BL'/ is similar in both groups and comparable patterns of antibiotic use are observed.

T412

313655-313810

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Continued efforts must concentrate on parental education and enforcement of recommendations for management of pediatric upper respiratory tract infections.

T413

314797-314886

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Invasive Hi infections in tunisian children's were always associated with type b strains.

T414

314887-314953

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Introduction of a Hib vaccine programme in Tunisia is recommended.

T415

314954-315089

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical picture and treatment of neurological manifestations of neuroborreliosis in children.

T416

315775-315893

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Improvement was achieved after the second course in the patient with radiculitis, however, muscular atrophy persisted.

T417

315894-316016

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Irreversible, unilateral deafness was found in a child with VIII nerve palsy in spite of three courses of therapy applied.

T418

316585-316648

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Immunological disbalance could trigger autoaggressive diseases.

T419

316864-316967

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The authors consider that cystic changes are a consequence of double infection by C. and M. pneumoniae.

T420

318545-318806

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A study on antibiotic susceptibility and resistance factor transmissibility among antibiotic resistant salmonellae isolated from children affected to diarrhea PS251 Sharifzadeh A. Azad University of Shahrekord, Microbiology, Shahrekord, Islamic Republic of Iran

T421

318807-318940

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In spite of happened drug resistance, antibacterial therapy still is the best route of treatment of Salmonellosis in man and animals.

T422

320992-321068

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, other non A b-haemolytic Streptococcus (SBNA) could be responsible.

T423

321069-321233

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this work is to determine the part of each non A b hemolytic streptococci (SBNA) in acute pharyngitis and the related antibiotics susceptibility pattern.

T424

322908-323072

Epistemic_statement

denotes

According to available data, Penicillin G and Amoxicillin still the reference treatment of acute bacterial pharyngitis in spite of the new antibiotics introduction.

T425

324460-324574

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Ten days of a penicillin or amoxicillin therapy may not be the best therapeutic choice for all pediatric patients.

T426

324575-324746

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In developing countries where rheumatic fever is still an important problem to evaluate the bacterial eradication achieved with the different antibiotics may be important.

T427

326364-326495

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a School of Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia , b Postgraduate Academy of Medicine, Neonatal Clinic, Bratislava, Slovakia

T428

326496-326652

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to find out, whether artificial abortion of a mother has impact on neonatal infection of her future baby.

T429

327677-327823

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The conclusion reached: In conclusion, artificial abortion has not only direct impact to the health of the mother, but also on her next pregnancy.

T430

327934-328181

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Children's Hospital of Orange County, Infectious Disease, Orange, USA Purpose: This study will identify the factors that significantly contribute to mortality in patients with bloodstream infections (BSI) at a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

T431

328546-328794

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Patients who died were older (5.7 vs. 2.4 years; PB/ 0.01), more likely to have a nosocomial BSI (42.9 vs. 16.7%; PB/ 0.05), longer hospitalization prior to BSI (30.5 vs. 9.8 days; PB/ 0.05), and have a polymicrobial BSI (66.7 vs. 30.6%; PB/ 0.05).

T432

329173-329340

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: We found that being older, multiple organisms, and a longer hospitalization prior to the BSI were significantly associated with overall patient mortality.

T433

331102-331219

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Teicoplanin appears to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for serious Gram-positive infections in children.

T434

334370-334522

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In three midecamycin treated patients MR was selected during the therapy (one strain had erm (A), one */mef (A), one */ unknown resistance determinant).

T435

334523-334746

Epistemic_statement

denotes

mef (A)-strain obtained during follow-up visit had different PFGE pattern with mef (A) strain isolated at baseline, while both the baseline and follow-up strains with unknown mechanism of resistance had unique PFGE pattern.

T436

335881-335991

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Because of the production of a potent beta-lactamase by the bacteria, this association could not be efficient.

T437

337920-338067

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Moreover, the hLF(1-11)-induced activation of mitochondria was inhibited by NAC, indicating that internal thiols/ROS affect mitochondrial activity.

T438

338685-338980

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion : Conclusion drawn from the audit was that rapid rise in Ciprofloxacin resistance may possibly be attributed to the use of this fluoroquinolone as a single agent in dose of 250/500 mg [cut off patient weight 40 Kg] twice a day in neutropenic patients till neutrophils exceed 500/c.mm.

T439

339147-339220

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A prospective audit is proposed to test the benefits of this combination.

T440

339221-339378

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Rhinocerebral zygomycosis: diagnostic dilemma for emergency physician: can the associated morbidity and mortality in this rare but deadly disease be reduced?

T441

339410-339623

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Western Infirmary, Clinical Microbiology, Glasgow, United Kingdom Rhinocerebral zygomycosis [RCZ] is a rare, invasive, rapidly progressive opportunistic infection caused by ubiquitous fungi of the order mucorales.

T442

339828-340009

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The key markers like necrotic patch on hard palate, nasal septum or turbinate, marked facial pain, and cellulites with marked eye and neurological signs may present late in disease.

T443

340331-340452

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Despite an intensive antifungal therapy with AmBisome and Insulin sliding scale, patient rapidly succumbed within 4 days.

T444

340939-341172

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clinical audit in the haematology ward of a tertiary care hospital: study of degree of correlation between bacteraemia and oro-pharyngeal screens in immunocompromised patients over five years and role of antibiotic prophylaxis PS 267

T445

341173-341194

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Guleri AS, Butcher I.

T446

341555-341734

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective : It was aimed to establish the degree of correlation between bacterial isolates in oro-pharyngeal screen during bacteraemia episodes and role of antibiotic prophylaxis.

T447

341735-341924

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Methods Purpose : To assess whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) intensification, GM-CSF use and Remune initiation before stopping ART lead to viremia containment, and long periods off ART.

T448

344084-344374

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions : (1) The possible interference of acetaminophen in the amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (A/C) or erythromycin (ERY) efficacy in the treatment of acute otitis media (AOM), and its possible role in the evolution to otitis media with effusion (OME), were determined in a gerbil model.

T449

345009-345178

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clinical and microbiological efficacy was correlated with antibiotic concentrations in middle ear exudate ]/1.7 times the MIC of the microorganism, for both antibiotics.

T450

346742-346981

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Animals receiving AP showed less polymorphonuclear cells and more bacteria in ME than those receiving only antibiotics, suggesting that the anti-inflamatory drug diminish the phagocytes and therefore, the efficiency in bacterial clearance.

T451

348491-348875

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Increasing prevalence of amoxycillin Á/clavulanate-resistance among E. coli strains in a Hungarian university hospital PM104 Veréb I, Vígh A, Urbán E, Hajdú E, Nagy E. Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary Background: Amoxicillin Á/clavulanate resistance (ACR) is an emerging problem in Escherichia coli as reported from different parts of Europe.

T452

350188-350252

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The presence of ESBL could be proved only in three ACR isolates.

T453

351079-351208

Epistemic_statement

denotes

No drug related side effects have been reported in CEF and side effects were experienced by 5.40% of the patients receiving CFIX.

T454

351515-351742

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that CEF course is more effective than CFIX in producing a favourable clinical outcome and achieving higher bacteriologic eradication rate, furthermore CEF was better tolerated.

T455

352700-352814

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was a significant correlation between plasma and gall bladder tissue concentration (r0/0.771, P0/ B/0.0001).

T456

352815-352899

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A correlation between bile fluid and plasma cefepime concentration was not observed.

T457

352900-353135

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data from previous in vitro studies indicate that the cefepime concentration observed in plasma bile and tissue samples of this study would be adequate against typical biliary tract pathogens.

T458

353298-353524

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was also good correlation between delta time and plasma and tissue concentrations and if the dose were given closer to the time of surgery, cefepime concentration would be higher reducing the possibility of an infection.

T459

353525-353652

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: The use of antibiotics may lead to decreased colonization resistance and increased formation of resistant bacteria.

T460

354732-354841

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: According to our results the TRBL can maintain the large intestinal microflora almost unchanged.

T461

354842-355001

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These results indicate that TRBL is a promising novel approach for overcoming the ecological adverse effects on gut flora caused by b-lactam antibiotic agents.

T462

355002-355164

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Adamis Since broad-spectrum â-lactams combined with amikacin are often applied for nosocomial infections, their pharmacokinetic interactions might be interesting.

T463

356526-356733

Epistemic_statement

denotes

School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, UK b-Lactam antibiotics are peptide mimetics that act as suicide substrates for transpeptidase enzymes that cross link bacterial cellwall peptides.

T464

357350-357593

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, a significant difference in a critical backbone torsion between the two substrates, provides an explanation for the inability of the enzyme Á/antibiotic complex to undergo the deacylation step that causes inhibition of transpeptidase.

T465

357594-357826

Epistemic_statement

denotes

On the other hand, b-lactamases appear to have evolved molecular mechanisms that facilitate the deacylation reaction through compensating for the altered structural orientations in b-lactams caused by the different backbone torsion.

T466

357827-358053

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Finally, analysis of the conformer repertoires of blactams for structural features required for substrate uptake by peptide transporters, provides insights into how their structures can be tailored for optimal oral absorption.

T467

358054-358340

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) PM111 Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine in vitro susceptibility to antimicrobials of Proteus mirabilis isolated from urinary tract infections.

T468

360252-360372

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion reached: Comsumption of imipenem might lead to changes in resistance to imipenem among Acinetobacter strains.

T469

361712-361805

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The DDT seems to be a practical method for ESBL-screening; ATB-BLSE method is more sensitive.

T470

361903-361971

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Carbapenems seems to be the most active agents against A. baumanii .

T471

365079-365233

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It seems important to improve information of patients about LB and to focus on alcohol and psychiatric/depressive disorders management in such population.

T472

365315-365462

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Department of Environmental Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan , b National Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan

T473

365463-365638

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The purpose of the study: The aim of this prospective study was to explore the effect of HTLV-I co-infection on the development of HCC among patients with chronic HCV viremia.

T474

367572-367695

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Interestingly, patients with genotype C who became HBeAg negative by interferon treatment had high ALT abnormality (58.8%).

T475

367759-367948

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These findings indicate that HBV genotype C patients are more severe liver deterioration because of the delay of HBeAg disappearance and continued HBV replication after HBeAg disappearance.

T476

369193-369389

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It was shown that Glu-HA and Glu-II can protect or substantially prevent the decrease in NK cell activity and IFNs synthesis in post-stress period (so normally did not induce the IFNs' synthesis).

T477

369492-369681

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The immunomodulating activity and ability to normalize the IFN synthesis and NK cell activity depressed the post-stress period and probably play an essential role in the antiviral activity.

T478

370758-370945

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of molecular structure of macrocyclic pyridinophanes and their analogs on antiinfluenza and antiherpetic activity of these compounds.

T479

373054-373193

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Application of E-ACA for treatment influenza and other ARVI in children is recommended in Ukraine on the base of results of our researches.

T480

373499-373756

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We should we treat immediately all varicella patients with acyclovir if the patient is older than 20 years PM123 During past 2 years in Institute for Infectious and Tropical Diseases in Belgrade, 89 immunocompetent varicella patients were treated and cured.

T481

374064-374115

Epistemic_statement

denotes

At that time there is no need for specific therapy.

T482

374116-374243

Epistemic_statement

denotes

But in neonates, immunocompetent adults and in all immunocompromised patients it can be difficult and life-threatening disease.

T483

374339-374575

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Knowing the pathophysiology of primary varicella Á/zoster infection, specific therapy with acyclovir should be started immediately after making the diagnosis in patients older than 20 years, without waiting for X-ray proof of pneumonia.

T484

375699-375827

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Potentially treatment-related adverse events occurred in 7.7% of the brivudin recipients and in 10% of the acyclovir recipients.

T485

377174-377302

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These data show that the selectivity of ACV against resistant HSV 1 strains can increase when ACV is bond to a proper metal ion.

T486

378953-379105

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The purpose of the study: The aim of this presentation is to give an overview of recent studies demonstrating denotivir efficacy in herpetic infections.

T487

379635-379809

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was no huge difference in eythema and oedema scorings between studied groups, however in the group treated with denotivir, in contrast to others, no vesicles developed.

T488

380268-380331

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In the first step, each cow was located on one of three groups.

T489

381149-381365

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Laboratory markers of skeletal muscle toxicity in HIV-infected patients: a cross-sectional case-control survey of frequency, potential correlation with antiretroviral therapy, clinical significance, and outcome PM130

T490

381366-381424

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Manfredi R, Motta R, Patrono D, Calza L, Chiodo F, Boni P.

T491

381425-381725

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To assess skeletal muscle toxicity among Â/1000 HIV-infected outpatients (p), the 129 p who had ]/1 altered CPK assay ( !/195 U/l) between May and November 2001, were compared with 387 p randomly selected among those who had ]/2 laboratory exams in this 6-month interval, in a 1:3 case-control study.

T492

382932-382983

Epistemic_statement

denotes

mitochondrial) alterations, deserves investigation.

T493

382984-383176

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Poor efficacy of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)based salvage HAART in HIV-infected patients heavily pre-treated with all other classes of antiretroviral compounds PM131

T494

383177-383266

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F. Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

T495

383267-383392

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Poorly comparable literature series show conflicting results of NNRTI-based rescue HAART: 20 Á/70% rate of virologic success.

T496

384118-384538

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In a multivariate analysis, the concurrent introduction of novel PI(s) (32 p) and/or different NA(s) (19 p) acted favorably until the 9th month of follow-up (P B/0.04), while genotypic mutations conferring NNRTI cross-resistance, usually associated with a broad resistance profile, predicted failure in all p (P B/0.001), and the response did not vary according to duration and type of prior therapy, and selected NNRTI.

T497

384539-384705

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A deep salvage NNRTIbased HAART has a poor and transient virologic outcome also in NNRTI-naïve p, while a more evident and sustained immunologic response is expected.

T498

384706-384818

Epistemic_statement

denotes

P who can introduce novel PI/NA and have no mutations impairing NNRTI activity are entitled to a better outcome.

T499

384819-384958

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Fatal lactic acidosis without elevation of liver-enzymes during the treatment with stavudine, didanosine and efavirenz: a case report PM132

T500

384959-385264

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Winzer R, Langmann P, Väth T, Zilly M, Klinker H. Medizinische Poliklinik der Universität Würzburg, Schwerpunkt Hepatologie/Infektiologie, ürzburg, Germany Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) cause various side effects, many of which are thought to be due to their effects on mitochondria.

T501

385265-385779

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A 36-year-old HIV positive (HIV RNA: 6000 copies/ml, CD4 cell count: 359/ml), obese (body-mass-index: 40.9), therapy-naïve female patient, who after 7 months of well tolerated and effective antiretroviral therapy (stavudine, didanosine, efavirenz), had slight gastrointestinal discomfort and suddenly developed a lactic acidosis (arterial-pH 7.03 [7.36 Á/7.44 She died 4 days later despite intensive care (continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration, sodium-bicarbonate infusion, high doses of vitamins, respiration).

T502

385780-386026

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The pathologic examination showed an enlarged liver (2370 g) with yellowish appearance and pasty consistency, which microscopically appeared as a massive macro-and microvesicular fatty degeneration, and only slight signs of terminal pancreatitis.

T503

386027-386191

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This reported case gives evidence that a massive lactate acidosis may develop without previously disarranged laboratory parameters for liver or pancreatic function.

T504

386192-386258

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A fatal outcome may evolve without further accompanying-illnesses.

T505

386259-386745

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Efficacy and tolerability of atorvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART PM133 Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Introduction: Significant increases in plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels have been reported in patients treated with HAART, and prolonged metabolic imbalances could significantly act on the longterm prognosis and outcome of HIV-infected persons.

T506

387496-387637

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Mild gastroenteric symptoms were found in only one of the 13 treated patients, while no skeletal muscle and liver toxicity has been observed.

T507

387638-387865

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Discussion: In our study, pharmacological treatment with atorvastatin proved certainly effective in the management of diet-resistant hypercholesterolemia, and was associated with a favourable tolerability and adherence profile.

T508

388730-388896

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These results suggested that the population of the major clones may be affected when HIV-1 RNA levels reduce following combination regimens of antiretroviral therapy.

T509

390430-390609

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A suboptimal HAART including the less effective but better tolerated Shg may be effective for !/1 year, especially when novel NA are introduced, and specific mutations are absent.

T510

390610-390724

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Despite a lower potency, drugs with a good safety and compliance profile may be recovered for simplified regimens.

T511

393317-393545

Epistemic_statement

denotes

An HAART efavirenzbased regimen can result highly hepatotoxic when given in presence of a hepatosteatosis, of a recent hepatotoxicity caused by a nonantiretroviral treatment and of a previous idiosyncratic reaction to efavirenz.

T512

394064-394160

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The general status of patients has been evaluated by both subjective and objective surveillance.

T513

394868-395222

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Pfizer Global Research and Development, Department of Discovery Biology, Sandwich, UK Purpose: The present study was designed to determine whether the activity of voriconazole (VOR), a novel triazole, was reduced against candidal and cryptococcal infections by the addition of standard antifungal agents, amphotericin B (AMB) and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC).

T514

395414-395547

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The results indicate that the efficacy of VOR against Candida albicans and C. neoformans was not antagonised by AMB or 5-FC in vitro.

T515

395977-396235

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: These results suggest that VOR may be used in combination with standard antifungal agents, and future studies to elucidate the clinical potential of VOR combination therapies in the management of Candida and Cryptococcus infections are warranted.

T516

398286-398399

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, non-albicans species, C. glabrata (23.3%), C. tropicalis (20%) and C. krusei (13.3%) were also isolated.

T517

398506-398542

Epistemic_statement

denotes

CMA could not identify C. glabrata .

T518

398543-398605

Epistemic_statement

denotes

BIGGY agar could not adequately differentiate Candida species.

T519

398676-398805

Epistemic_statement

denotes

E -test on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) is simple method for MICs determination and could detect S-DD strains in case of azoles.

T520

401689-401697

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results:

T521

401698-401938

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The results indicate that the potency of VOR was not antagonised by AMB or 5-FC in vivo; indeed, at lower concentrations of VOR, significant improvements in reducing fungal burden in both in vivo models were achieved by the addition of AMB.

T522

402063-402311

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: These results from in vitro and in vivo models of aspergillosis suggest that VOR may be used in combination with standard antifungal agents and, therefore, justify further examinations of VOR combination therapies in a clinical setting.

T523

404835-404921

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These enzymes may contribute to the pathogenesis of this new emerging Candida species.

T524

405370-405451

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, only limited data are available on the susceptibility of Rhodotorula sp.

T525

406187-406437

Epistemic_statement

denotes

All strains were resistant to fluconazole (CMI!/64 mg/ml) and itraconazole (CMI!/1 mg/ml), and 29 out of 30 were resistant to miconazole, suggesting that antifungal therapy must be adapted when Rhodotorula yeasts are implicated in invasive infection.

T526

406781-407091

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Department of Microbiology, Mycology Reference Laboratory, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece , b Biology Department, Section Ecology and Systematics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece Aspergillosis in high risk groups of patients is still associated with high mortality rate (30 Á/90%).

T527

408022-408143

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Standardization of susceptibility testing would offer reliable assistance in selecting and monitoring antifungal therapy.

T528

408314-408494

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Because some of these species have potential resistance to antifungal agents, rapid presumptive species level identification is crucial in allowing for directed antifungal therapy.

T529

409551-409717

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Because the serodiagnosis of syphilis has significant limitations, the direct detection of T. pallidum in suspect blood may serve as an alternate diagnostic strategy.

T530

410169-410257

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A complex of serological tests: FTA-abs and TIT was used as the &rdqup; gold standard''.

T531

410459-410642

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In conclusion, the preliminary results of PCR in whole blood in syphilis detection revealed its high sensitivity and specificity; possibility to obtain rapid results in unclear cases.

T532

410643-410758

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) is an atypical pathogen whit intracellular location, whose eradication is very difficult.

T533

410759-410979

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In the past years it has been objects of many studies that lead to the demonstration of a relationship between its presence and the development of widespread multifactorial pathologies such as atherosclerosis and asthma.

T534

410980-411060

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The lack of its eradication can become an important clinical and social problem.

T535

411537-411765

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a peptide that can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in vitro inhibiting NF-kB, uninfected cells proliferation decreased of 35% in comparison whit the controls, while the one of infected decreased only of about 15%.

T536

411969-412075

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In conclusion, Cp could delay its elimination from the host inhibiting the apoptosis via NF-kB activation.

T537

412076-412311

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Hryniewiecki T a , Gzyl A b , Rawczynska-Englert I a , a Department of Acquired Valvular Heart Disease, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland , b Department of Sera and Vaccines, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland

T538

412312-412501

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Infective endocarditis (IE) frequently causes problems in diagnosis, especially where blood cultures are negative and with fungal etiology (also as a fungal superinfection in bacterial IE).

T539

413564-413680

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The method may be valuable in the identification of fungal superinfection of bacterial IE or diagnosis of fungal IE.

T540

413681-414073

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Rivanera D, Lilli D, Lozzi MA, Piunno M, Mancini C. Microbiology, Science and Public Health, Rome, Italy Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the EIA method for detection of antibody to TTV virus (TTV) and to investigate the anti-TT virus prevalence in patients with hepatitis B (HBV) virus, hepatitis C (HCV) virus, in group of 'high risk'subjects to hepatitis and in healthy subjects.

T541

414498-414688

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: The anti-TTV were detected in all groups studied, however, its positive rate was similar in patients with hepatitis B Á/C and in 'high risk' hepatitis respect to heathly people.

T542

414825-414950

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The positivity found in healthy adults included in our studies suggests that the virus might be transmitted non-parenterally.

T543

414951-415054

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The study of pattern of antibody to TTV may be an infectious marker of TTV similar to that of anti-HCV.

T544

416525-416829

Epistemic_statement

denotes

If further studies on additional Brucella isolates and strains from different geographical sources confirm the unique biochemical profiles identified here, it may be worthwhile to incorporate these into the database where they would be of considerable assistance in areas where brucellosis is widespread.

T545

418164-418388

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion reached: This suggested that the recombinant protein and its antibody may be useful for serodiagnosis in patients with AO or IA, and the protein may represent a good cell surface target for host humoral immunitiy.

T546

418960-419058

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Only one of these isolates was shown to carry sul1 and is thus probably also carrying an integron.

T547

420783-420997

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In 2000, serological tests were in favour of Echinococcus sp infection and the pathologist described a parasitic wall suggesting hydatidosis, but specific PCR from histological samples prompted the diagnosis of AE.

T548

421348-421431

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Antibiotic resistance in foodborne Salmonella is an emerging public health concern.

T549

421568-421814

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of class I integrons in resistant isolates of several serotypes of Salmonella isolated from poultry products and to determine their association with multidrug-resistance phenotypes.

T550

422379-422571

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our findings suggest that the uncontrolled use of the antimicrobial agents in food animals may have contributed to the development of the pattern of resistance observed in Salmonella isolates.

T551

422572-422766

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Also the presence of integrons in low prevalent human Salmonella serotypes but associated with food animals underscores the public health problem of antibiotic resistance acquisition and spread.

T552

424293-424421

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The enzyme preceding DHPS in this pathway, PPPK (dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase), is another interesting candidate drug target.

T553

424495-424624

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Earlier studies have suggested that PPPK and DHPS enzymes need to have physical contact with each other for full enzyme activity.

T554

424625-424699

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Studies of potential interactions between the enzymes have been initiated.

T555

424815-425014

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To confirm these results, we are currently developing a method to study substrate channeling, as interfering with such interactions could lead to impaired growth and thus be used as inhibitory drugs.

T556

425172-425315

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Comparisons revealed some isolates with a mosaic structure in the operon, suggesting that horizontal transfer of genetic material has occurred.

T557

426616-426759

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, after transposing a Tn916-related determinant into UW786, determinants became mobilizable with the help of the conjugative transposon.

T558

427001-427128

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Resistance genes in E. faecium could be arranged in a cluster and are mobile via mobilizable/transferable plasmids.

T559

427129-427477

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Lilli D, Rivanera D, Barbacini IG, Lozzi MA, Mancini C. Department of Science and Public Health, University La Sapienza, Microbiology, Rome, Italy Aim: Hepatitis G virus (HGV), a new RNA virus that is parenterally trasmitted has frequentley been found in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection but its role in chronic liver desease is unknown.

T560

427478-427579

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HGV infection in patients infected with HCV.

T561

428331-428482

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This association with HCV genotype 3a was indipendent of the source of infection, infact some of our patients have not history of intravenous drug use.

T562

429640-429724

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Isoelectric focusing was performed as a preliminary step in enzyme characterization.

T563

432432-432621

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Thirty thousand two hundred and ninety-eight single measurements testing 42 antibiotics on 352 staphylococci and 113 Enterobacteriaceae were done according to the DIN 58940 recommendations.

T564

435073-435240

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Method: Agar diffusion technique as recommended by DIN 58940 was used to determine IZS (read using AURA and manually) for 178 Staphylococci and 22 Enterobacteriaceae .

T565

436244-436358

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The use of screening agar plate with 8 mg/ml of metronidazole to detect possible resistance could be the solution.

T566

437320-437453

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Consistent results of two methods (DDST and DD) were obtained in the case of 166 from among 260 of examined strains (60.4%).

T567

437454-437600

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Consistent results concerned 161 out of 222 strains of enteric rods (72.5%) and only five from among 38 other strains (mostly nonfermenting rods).

T568

437754-437860

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Diagnostic disc test should be used as the basic one or to confirm the results of DDST in difficult cases.

T569

438200-438316

Epistemic_statement

denotes

An alternative method could be the E -test, which is compared with the reference agar dilution method in this study.

T570

439150-439436

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The first one was incubated under microaerophilic conditions (Oxoid) for 3 days; second and third series were incubated anaerobically (anaerobic system, Oxoid) for 8 and 18 h, respectively, and were then transferred to the microaerophilic enviroment up to complete 3 days of incubation.

T571

442263-442332

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Certain persons having AAD should be treated with anti-fungal agents.

T572

442756-442862

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This means that the proportion of erythromycin non-susceptible strains should increase from 35.1 to 62.9%.

T573

442863-443050

Epistemic_statement

denotes

At the same time, if erythromycin eliminate all susceptible strains to this antibiotic, the prevalence of penicillin non-susceptible strains would increase from the initial 33.2 to 59.4%.

T574

443051-443142

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These data can explain the co-selection results observed in different surveillance studies.

T575

446007-446181

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Although the antimicrobial susceptibility level has been decreasing P. aeruginosa isolates still show good susceptibility percentages for all antibiotics tested.

T576

447765-447957

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In addition, the good in-vitro potency of rifampicin, together with its great diffusion within the respiratory tract, suggests that rifampicin has potential clinical efficacy in pertussis too.

T577

447958-448133

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) with diminished susceptibility to penicillin G (PSDP) suggests the use of other antibiotics such as newer fluoroquinolones (FQ).

T578

448658-448793

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Methods used were performed according to the recommendations of the Comité de l'Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie.

T579

448966-449045

Epistemic_statement

denotes

FQ resistance phenotypes were not correlated to blactam agent susceptibilities.

T580

449358-449586

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to determine macrolide resistance phenotypes of SP isolated in three French departments (Alpes Maritimes, Doubs, Nord) from nasopharyngeal aspirates of children aged 3 months to 3 years attending a DCC.

T581

452033-452114

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Local resistance rates should be taken into account in test and treat strategies.

T582

452807-452936

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our studies indicate that this mutation is, at least in part, responsible for the observed chloramphenicol sensitivity phenotype.

T583

452937-453079

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The mutation seems also to influence the strain's susceptibility to ampicillin and tetA (C )-mediated (plasmid-borne) tetracycline resistance.

T584

453080-453255

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although the TetA(C) protein retained its biological function, there was a considerable growth impairment of the mutant strain when cultured in tetracycline containing medium.

T585

453925-454070

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The capacity of bacterial cells to cause outward flow of noxious agents was known, however, for a considerable time with respect to tetracycline.

T586

454244-454426

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We have found high level of resistance in pseudomonads towards cetrimide and other germicides for which no definite chromosomal/plasmid-mediated genes/mechanisms could be identified.

T587

454427-454709

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Likewise, occurrence of nonantibiotic sensitive vibrios, staphylococci and pseudomonads in the background of their high level of resistance to most of the common antibiotics suggest a mechanism of interference with the efflux pump, which accounts for such sensitivity in such cases.

T588

454710-455046

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Involvement of multiple resistance of marine isolates of V. parahaemolyticus to numerous clinically used antibiotics to which they have never been exposed also suggests a possible role of efflux pumps in determining such resistance */that these can simultaneously develop against multiple marine toxins/poisons and other noxious agents.

T589

456614-456807

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We concluded that combination of glycopeptides and oxacillin may be a possible alternative in the treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant, teicoplanin-resistant S. epidermidis .

T590

456808-457024

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Compositional changes in microcosm biofilms induced by application of minocycline: a preliminary study PM188 The aim of the study was to observe the effect of application of minocycline upon microcosm dental plaques.

T591

457610-457809

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, 24 h after introduction of the antibiotic, the total count had been reduced to 1.02)/10 9 CFU/biofilm whilst the number of minocycline-resistant bacteria had risen to 1.23)/10 6 CFU/biofilm.

T592

460689-460865

Epistemic_statement

denotes

How is expected gramnegative rods resistance to b-lactams with a b-L-I is lower than the b-lactam alone; furthermore the difference between both series, grows higher with time.

T593

462651-462765

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the most important tools we have today are prevention and antimicrobials, and we must make them suitable.

T594

463852-464043

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The obtained results suggest that strains isolated from raw drinking water have greater susceptibility to antimicrobial agents than pathogenic strains from hospital or outpatients infections.

T595

464044-464207

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The 'natural' antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, usually described for C. freundii and E. cloacae , only seem to apply to strains isolated from human infections.

T596

464593-464786

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal , b Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal

T597

464787-465010

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is well known that pathogenic bacteria, specially those resistant to antimicrobial agents and heavy metals poses public health risks of great concern, and its detection, namely in soils is generally related to pollution.

T598

465365-465477

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Parallelly, using ICP-AES, it was possible to ascertain the real heavy metal concentration for each soil sample.

T599

465478-465635

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We found that the percentage of plate growth covering from the used samples was closely linked to the level of chemical pollution measured for each location.

T600

465879-466083

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Furthermore, it was possible to observe that Pseudomonas spp., with a relatively high MIC for the studied metals, might become a relevant model for both public health issues and eco-toxicological studies.

T601

467637-467761

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: We can conclude that L. monocytogenes serotype 4b at least in fermentation of lactose shows different reactions.

T602

469134-469264

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Of concern is the presence of vanA genotype among these populations that may constitute a reservoir of vancomycin resistant genes.

T603

469265-469418

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Antimicrobial resistance in tetracycline-resistant oral bacteria PM196 Mercury release from dental amalgam may select for mercuryresistant oral bacteria.

T604

469419-469495

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Mercury resistance is often associated with multiple antibiotic resistances.

T605

469496-469696

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aims of this study were to determine whether tetracycline-resistant oral bacteria from children with and without amalgam fillings were also resistant to: (a) mercury; and (b) multiple antibiotics.

T606

472141-472371

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The conclusion reached: The results of the study have revealed that bacteria resistant to a wide range of antibiotics may be isolated from children who have not been administered these agents during the 3 months prior to sampling.

T607

476043-476107

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This is in agreement with a clinical study performed previously.

T608

478697-478806

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The relationship between effect and concentration at the effect site was best described by a spline function.

T609

479091-479259

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The delay observed between plasma concentrations and norfloxacin convulsant effect cannot be explained by a slow distribution of norfloxacin across the BBB.

T610

480819-481020

Epistemic_statement

denotes

University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Bonn, Germany Purpose: The intravenous form (IV) of 400 mg Moxifloxacin (MOX), one of the newer fluoroquinolones, has been recently approved by the FDA.

T611

481462-481610

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: The comparison of the pharmacological parameter AUC/ MIC shows an increase ( Table 1 ) that could predict an enhanced antibacterial effect.

T612

481611-481836

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the analysis of the killing curves with the following parameters, ka.max (maximal killing activity) and AAC (area above the killing curve between 0 and 24 h), reveals no major difference between the PO and IV dosage.

T613

481837-482067

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The serum concentration after oral administration is already sufficiently high to show the optimal bactericidal effect of MOX that can only be slightly increased by higher peak concentrations and higher AUC/MIC ratios.

T614

482068-482267

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Thus the concentration dependence is not linear but ends already at concentrations achievable by oral dosing and documents that AUC/MIC calculations cannot easily be translated into dosing schedules.

T615

482347-482479

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Whether the bactericidal activity of quinolones may be affected by an increase in generation time (g) was studied in batch cultures.

T616

484713-484804

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the analysis of the killing curves reveals no major difference between OD and BID.

T617

485669-485788

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: The absorption of amoxicillin (AUC 0-inf ) showed a linear dependence with a correlation coefficient of 0.975.

T618

485789-485895

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The correlation coefficient of the linear regression for the Cmax dependence on the actual dose was 0.909.

T619

485896-486117

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The respective TMIC for both dosage regimens were very similar, with largely overlapping confidence intervals, supporting a PD breakpoint of 2 mg/l for the 1 g 12-hourly regimen (TMIC ]/2 mg/l: 42.8%, 95% CI 38.6, 46.9%).

T620

486118-486301

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: This analysis shows the dose proportionality of amoxicillin over the dosage range of 250 Á/1000 mg and supports the pharmacodynamic rationale for a 1 g bid dosage regimen.

T621

486775-487042

Epistemic_statement

denotes

But, due to important bacterial inoculum and pharmacokinetic parameter modifications in intensive care patients, high doses of beta-lactamines seem to be necessary to obtain antibiotic concentrations above suspected bacteria's MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) .

T622

487524-487671

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Concerning P seric concentrations, the high dose pattern seems to be more adapted because of relatively high residual concentrations ( !/20 mg/ml).

T623

487776-487913

Epistemic_statement

denotes

First and second day residual bronchial concentrations of P seem to be sufficient although T concentrations are below activity threshold.

T624

487914-488136

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These results are to be correlated with the MIC determined by the bacteriological department, and only this correlation will make us able to conclude the better efficacy of the high dose pattern in intensive care patients.

T625

488305-488510

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a University of Sorocaba, Pharmacology, Sorocaba, Brazil , b School of Pharmacy, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil Antibiotics and anti-inflammatories are frequently associated in clinical practice.

T626

488511-488666

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There is some concern about the quantity of antibiotic that reaches the infection sites, which may be reduced in the presence of an anti-inflammatory drug.

T627

488667-488844

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The purpose of the present study was to analyse how steroids (dexamethasone (DEXA)) and AINES (celecoxib (CELE)) influence on the penetration of amoxicillin to inflamed tissues.

T628

489707-489854

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The results indicated that in inflamed tissue, a significant reduction of antibiotic penetration was induced by sinultaneous dexamethasone therapy.

T629

489855-490235

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Prediction of the optimal amoxicillin dose regimen based on coupling of pharmacokinetic data and bactericidal activity PM209 Background: Given its short half-life, amoxicillin (AMX) should be administered at least three times a day to patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, in order to achieve serum concentrations well above the MIC of the responsible pathogen.

T630

490236-490343

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, several authors have recommended twice-daily administration of a higher dose for a shorter period.

T631

490344-490490

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We assessed the relationship between AMX sputum concentrations and antibacterial activity following two treatment schedules in healthy volunteers.

T632

491357-491478

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The optimal amoxicillin treatment schedule cannot be established on the basis of serum pharmacokinetics only.

T633

491934-492068

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We conducted an in vitro and ex-vivo compatibility study designed to detect a possible interaction between mucolytics and antibiotics.

T634

492512-492595

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Amoxicillin could not be detected in the presence of the mucolytic agents.

T635

492596-492795

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: This mucolytic Á/amoxicillin interaction may be explained by amoxicillin fixation to fluidified mucoproteins, and should be taken into account when assessing antibiotic efficacy in vivo.

T636

492844-492952

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a University of Sorocaba, Pharmacology, Sorocaba, Brazil , b Uniso, School of Pharmacology, Sorocaba, Brazil

T637

492953-493072

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Physicians frequently recommend that macrolides should be administered with milk to decrease the discomfort they cause.

T638

496111-496390

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Excessive splenic platelet pooling has been suggested to play a role in uncomplicated cases of malaria, but a moderately shortened platelet life span during the period with decreasing parasitaemia seems the most plausible cause of the frequently observed thrombocytopenia (2, 3).

T639

496391-496516

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Consumption coagulopathy, eventually manifested as disseminated intravascular coagulation, has been described in malaria (4).

T640

496517-496610

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In uncomplicated malaria, however disseminated intravascular coagulation is rarely found (3).

T641

496789-496856

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In one patient with P. vivax malaria Platelet half live was 59.5 h.

T642

496857-497026

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: No significant differences in the sequestration of platelets when compared to healthy individuals could be detected by 111 In-labelled platelet scintigraphy.

T643

497027-497136

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Especially, no enhanced splenic sequestration, as previously expected, was the cause of the thrombocytopenia.

T644

499944-500016

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The ICU was reopened, however, MR-Ab was isolated from a fourth patient.

T645

500981-501035

Epistemic_statement

denotes

but may be presented in other Enterobacteriaceae, too.

T646

501036-501201

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of present study was to investigate the occurrence of ESBL-producing bacteria isolated from patients hospitalized at the neonatal Intensive Care Units (ICU).

T647

502546-502645

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Material and method: The wound swabs have been evaluated with standards microbiological techniques.

T648

502722-502829

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The susceptibility testing has been performed with strips with dilution technique, read by the same system.

T649

502830-502973

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: During the last 5 years (01 01 1997 Á/25 02 2002), a total of 1978 wound swabs have been evaluated in the Military Hospital in Skopje.

T650

502974-503416

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Positive bacterial finding have been determined in 1345 (68%) swabs with 1575 isolated bacterial species, from which 587 (37.3) were staphylococci: Staphylococcus aureus 460 (29.2%) isolations (173 methycillin resistant S. aureus ); S. epidermidis 79 (5.0%); S. haemolyticus 21 (1.3%); S. hominis 11 (0.7%); S. chromogenes and S. lugdunensis nine (0.6%); S. intermedius , S. lentus , S. sciuri and S. warneri all with seven (0.4%) isolations.

T651

505094-505379

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although the monitoring of MRSA susceptibility to antimicrobials once a year did not show any important change in antimicrobial resistance, the periodical monitoring of MRSA susceptibility to antimicrobials and revaluation of current treatment regimens of MRSA infections is necessary.

T652

505380-505603

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Staphylococcus aureus strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin among clinical isolates in University hospital in Warsaw PM219 The VISA and especially h-VISA are very difficult to be found in the routine laboratory.

T653

506054-506129

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In the aim of founding the h-VISA strains the population analysis was used.

T654

506812-506935

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of vancomycin, teicoplanin and oxacillin against staphylococci.

T655

507846-507910

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Staphylococcal infections are a major problem in many hospitals.

T656

509026-509108

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The MIC was determined by agar double-dilution method as recommended by the NCCLS.

T657

509370-509529

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The drug of choice in treatment of serious infections caused by MRSA was still vancomycin, however sometimes failures were observed, especially in monotherapy.

T658

509530-509638

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Some conflicting are present in literature about an effect of combined action of vancomycin and betalactams.

T659

515002-515148

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamydes, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol should not be used for the treatment of nosocomial S. aureus infections.

T660

515973-516187

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Etiological analysis showed that co-pathogens Escherichia coli and viridans streptococci were significantly more frequently associated with neonatal infection caused by S. aureus , in comparison to other organisms.

T661

516420-516604

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Mortality was similar to other infections, probably because: initial therapy in our centre contains an antistaphylococcaly active agent (cefuroxime or cefotaxime plus aminoglycosides).

T662

517041-517384

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: The aetiological structure of Enterococcus -infections showed the predominance of skin and soft tissue infections (39.4%), urinary tract infections (33.3%), bloodstream infection (10.6%), pneumoniae (4.5%), infection of central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, eye, surgical wound infections were of rare incidence (3 Á/ 1.5%).

T663

519169-519263

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Of the 3424 Enterococcus , have been identified 3298 E. faecalis and 126 E. faecium .

T664

520964-521028

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, strains belong to nine distinguished plasmids profiles.

T665

521444-521604

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Frequency and antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from patients suffering infectious complications following the implantation of prosthetic devices PM231

T666

521605-521704

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Kristó f K, Rozgonyi F. Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

T667

521705-521899

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For patients with indwelling joint prosthesis, early recognition and prompt therapy for infection in any location may be critical to reduce the risk of seeding the joint implant heamatogenously.

T668

522841-522936

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our results could be essential for the rational selection of treatment at our orthopedic wards.

T669

525372-525469

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Instrumental delivery has been needed more often for cases than controls (67 vs. 13%; P 0/0.062).

T670

525767-525939

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Smoking, receiving immunosuppressive treatment during pregnancy, and instrumental delivery were significantly associated with postpartum endometritis (PB/ 10%).

T671

525940-526017

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A midwife and a nurse might be involved in the transmission of the infection.

T672

526080-526252

Epistemic_statement

denotes

a Laboratory Microbiology, Cancer Research Center of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation , b Department of Oncogynecology, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation

T673

526253-526317

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the study was to assess efficacy of perioperative AP.

T674

530512-530615

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Early and late onset episodes of VAP were caused by 'potentially drug-resistant bacteria'.

T675

534994-535065

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This study suggests the necessity to improve MBR infection information.

T676

535066-535168

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Physicians and investigation assistants seem to be insufficiently aware of hospital infection control.

T677

535169-535325

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore, education strategies targeted at physicians and investigation assistants working at outpatient and investigation departments should be developed.

T678

535812-536177

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The vast majority of patients (89 and 87% of males and females, respectively) could be classified in the subgroups with lower scores (six points or less) which had a very limited risk of death (0 Á/2.5 and 0 Á/2.3% for men and women, respectively), whereas for patients in the highest score subgroup (11 points or more), the risk was 100% for men and 91% for women.

T679

536178-536296

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Risk stratification of patients with AP is possible from simple clinical variables available on admission.

T680

537824-537962

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: PCT is a good discriminating marker to characterize the level of inflammation caused by infection and can predict bacteremia .

T681

538702-538907

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Thirty-three patients were presented with fever of unknown origin (FUO) and 17 with localized bacterial infections (LBI; pneumonia 7, acute pyelonephritis 4, soft tissue infections 3, acute pharyngitis 3).

T682

539176-539263

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Similar differences are not observed with CRP, which lacks the appropriate specificity.

T683

539264-539474

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our study included 35 patients who were categorized as having proven (9), probable (11), or possible (5) systemic fungosis according to EORTC criteria; 10 showed no sign of infection, and were used as controls.

T684

539814-539900

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Six patients, however, showed significantly increasing titres preceding time of death.

T685

540209-540358

Epistemic_statement

denotes

PCT and antigens titres cannot reliably indicate early diagnosis of systemic fungal infections although may be used as a prognostic tool of severity.

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CORD-19:c654596857bce9cdd64ffc51842048643107348c JSONTXT 9 Projects

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CORD-19:c654596857bce9cdd64ffc51842048643107348c JSON TXT 9 Projects