Epistemic_Statements  

CORD-19:c1913023789309c69e0f3816e4146557cd486762 JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-87 Epistemic_statement denotes EMBRYO IMPORTATION AND CRYOBANKING STRATEGIES FOR LABORATORY ANIMALS ANDWlLDLIFEsPECIES
T2 98-355 Epistemic_statement denotes The transportation of embryos obtained from animal models, endangered species and nondomestic farmed animals (e.g., deer) can reduce/eliminate the need for shipping postnatal animals and thus has gamed the interest of the biomedical and conservation fields.
T3 593-670 Epistemic_statement denotes Recommended regulations for the movement of embryos from nontraditional (i.e.
T4 727-889 Epistemic_statement denotes Efforts are underway to establish domestic and international handling guidelines and to recommend suitable quarantine conditions to facilitate embryo importation.
T5 1013-1219 Epistemic_statement denotes Consideration of general guidelines and circumstances needing special attention to facilitate the international movement of embryos from laboratory animals and nondomestic species is timely and appropriate.
T6 1470-1821 Epistemic_statement denotes The efforts of a group of scientists, many of whom actively serve in the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) and its Import-Export Committee and Subcommittees, were critical to the establishment of and later acceptance internationally by government regulatory officials of standardized embryo washing and pathogen testing procedures (L23.31).
T7 2258-2477 Epistemic_statement denotes Due to cost constraints and physiological limitations (e.g., embryo availability) of wildlife species, it is improbable that the same degree of scientific investigation will occur before formulating regulatory policies.
T8 2478-2727 Epistemic_statement denotes Developing and promoting standardized embryo handling practices for these nontraditional snecies will be discussed and a rationale for establishing effective guidelines, based on the more limited information for nondomestic species, will be or&ined.
T9 2823-3041 Epistemic_statement denotes may support developing guidelines, and thus extensive embryo-pathogen interaction studies may not be necessary to meet regulatory requirements for the international movement of this valuable germ plasm (i.e., embryos).
T10 3042-3287 Epistemic_statement denotes Biomedical Research Demands and the Need for Embryo Cryobanking Laboratory animals in the Rodentia and Lagomorpha orders (e.g., mice, rats, cotton rats, guinea pigs, gerbils, hamsters, rabbits) play a vital role in biomedical research worldwide.
T11 3910-4069 Epistemic_statement denotes In the future, the cryobank will help minimize changes due to genetic drift by providing a resource from which defined genotypes can be periodically rederived.
T12 4070-4140 Epistemic_statement denotes This will allow for restandardization of foundation breeding colonies.
T13 4141-4302 Epistemic_statement denotes Also, rather than shipping postnatal animals, cryopreserved embryos would offer a simpler, more humane and easier method to transport requested models worldwide.
T14 4303-4423 Epistemic_statement denotes An equally important impact of embryo biotechnologies would be the prevention of vertical transmission of some diseases.
T15 4642-4753 Epistemic_statement denotes More reauests from laboratories located outside the NE-I could be filled if~~opreserved embryos were available.
T16 4843-4985 Epistemic_statement denotes Cryostored embryos, however, could be shipped year round but require that experienced personnel am present to receive and process the embryos.
T17 5754-5929 Epistemic_statement denotes As these biotechnologies become incorporated into laboratory animal breeding programs, embryos must be handled aseptically (29) to avoid any contamination or possible disease.
T18 6008-6067 Epistemic_statement denotes Considerinn the inherent oroblems associated with S~~DD~IE?
T19 6212-6391 Epistemic_statement denotes Guidelines (16) develooed at the NIH have been under review bv the IETS Import/Export Committee and focus on the need to establish recommendations for au' interested institutions.
T20 6392-6538 Epistemic_statement denotes The proposed guidelines are being considered for inclusion in the future edition of the Manual of the International Embryo Transfer Society (31) .
T21 6652-6750 Epistemic_statement denotes This approach is expected to be the preferred method for transporting NIHAGR models in the future.
T22 6751-6858 Epistemic_statement denotes Because the NIHAGR maintains small foundation colonies, postnatal animals may not be available immediately.
T23 7314-7395 Epistemic_statement denotes The health status of donor colonies is also a major concern for embryo shipments.
T24 7396-7501 Epistemic_statement denotes Testing for the presence of certain pathogens at each institution would facilitate embryo transportation.
T25 7502-7721 Epistemic_statement denotes Suggested agents to be tested for am listed below by species: Treuonema, SalmoneUa a., maenrginosa and coccidia Embryo transfer technologies have proven effective in eliminating pathogens from rodent and rabbit embryos.
T26 7722-7836 Epistemic_statement denotes In mice, embryo washing/transfer procedures have been shown to remove cytomegalovirus (22) , MVM (21), LDHV (22) .
T27 8267-8438 Epistemic_statement denotes These technologies can be invaluable when exporting clean embryos from a colony with a compromised health status to an existing, clean colony at the importing institution.
T28 8439-8555 Epistemic_statement denotes Colony management systems and health status must be considered before attempting to bank and rederive pathogen-free.
T29 8565-8804 Epistemic_statement denotes These related factors determine both the complexity of the procedure(s) to derive clean embryos, and the quarantine strategy needed to ensure clean, imported animals without compromising the health status of the existing facility colonies.
T30 9130-9273 Epistemic_statement denotes The proposed guidelines (16) will suggest standardized terms to define colony housing conditions and the extent to which pathogens are present.
T31 9378-9526 Epistemic_statement denotes Colonies are typically housed under conditions that can be placed into three broad categories: defined flora, conventional and undefined conditions.
T32 9527-9684 Epistemic_statement denotes Defined flora typically would be germfree or barrier mom (sterile) facilities and the animals would have a pathogen-free or microbiologically-defined status.
T33 9685-9847 Epistemic_statement denotes Barrier colonies may differ from germfree (pathogen-and nonpathogen-free) in that animals might be inoculated with a cocktail of a non-pathogenic microbial flora.
T34 9848-10019 Epistemic_statement denotes Embryos collected from defined flora animals would be considered pathogenfree and would reauire the least restrictive conditions to ensum that clean embryos are available.
T35 10020-10205 Epistemic_statement denotes The recommend&ons for handling such embryos reflect those stated in the LETS Manual for embrvos of domestic species (31), but for embryos in this category the need for washing is mini&.
T36 10206-10208 Epistemic_statement denotes -_
T37 10209-10362 Epistemic_statement denotes The health skus of the donor colony-must be documented in the cryobanking records so the importing institution can determine the quarantine requirements.
T38 10363-10498 Epistemic_statement denotes More restrictive measures am recommended for embryo recovery from conventionally housed (not maintained in sterile conditions) animals.
T39 10499-10658 Epistemic_statement denotes These closed colonies, with a known health status, would probably need to follow the lO-step washing procedure and other protocols outlined in the IETS Manual.
T40 10761-10877 Epistemic_statement denotes Q&antine"&&ements would n&d to be strickr than for defined flora embrvos due to the increased risk of contamination.
T41 10887-10993 Epistemic_statement denotes colonies in undetkd flora conditions would include animals from the wild or with an unknown health status.
T42 10994-11318 Epistemic_statement denotes These would require the most restrictive embryo handling conditions, including health testing the breeder male and the donor females, use of a biological safety hood, testing flush medium for pathogens, lo-step washing possibly with trypsin treatment and quarandne in the importing institution following transfer of embryos.
T43 11515-11726 Epistemic_statement denotes These may play a role in supporting the in-house need of some animal facilities, and may in the foreseeable future be a requirement for exchange of animal models between institutions, domestic and international.
T44 11727-11868 Epistemic_statement denotes Complying with the guidelines can reduce the risk of acquiring pathogens but further investigation of embryo-pathogen interactions is needed.
T45 11869-12007 Epistemic_statement denotes The skill and knowledge of those collecting and handling embryos is critical to the success of this type of animal model exchange as well.
T46 12008-12121 Epistemic_statement denotes As advances in the technologies occur, the guidelines should be modified to reflect the most current information.
T47 12276-12424 Epistemic_statement denotes Application of reproductive biotechnologies to wildlife populations may be beneficial for preserving this essential bit-and genetic diversity (28) .
T48 12578-13260 Epistemic_statement denotes Germ plasm repositories will 1) interactively support species populations, allowmg for the infusion of genetic diversity; 2) enhance captive breeding efforts and reduce risks of disease transmission by utilizing AI, embryo transfer and Ivp; 3) reduce animal numbers needed to ensure high levels of genetic diversity, thus decreasing captive breeding costs and space requirements; 4) transfuse wild germ plasm into captive programs without removing animals from indigenous habitats, thereby providing insurance against epidemics, natural disasters and social/political upheaval; 5) eliminate the risks and costs of animal transport; and 6) provide increased access to rare specimens.
T49 13261-13422 Epistemic_statement denotes Transporting healthy live animals can cause undesirable levels of shipmentassociated stress leading to an increased susceptibility to disease or death (11, 19) .
T50 13906-14101 Epistemic_statement denotes The spread of disease is of major concern (41) when transporting wildlife, especially when the point of origin harbors pathogens such as rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease and theileriosis (19) .
T51 14704-14813 Epistemic_statement denotes Many potential hazards of moving live animals can be attenuated or eliminated by shipping gametes or embryos.
T52 14814-15008 Epistemic_statement denotes It is generally believed that the potential for disease transmission via embryo transfer is much less than via semen (i.e., AI) or by the actual movement of potentirdly diseased animals (29.30).
T53 15009-15144 Epistemic_statement denotes Washing procedures have been shown to remove many pathogens common to domestic and wildlife species from zona-intact livestock embryos.
T54 15145-15207 Epistemic_statement denotes Such procedures also may prove effective for wildlife embryos.
T55 15208-15372 Epistemic_statement denotes The field of conservation biology, unlike animal agriculture, lacks the economic incentives to establish guidelines for obtaining and transporting wildlife embryos.
T56 15373-15616 Epistemic_statement denotes However, as interest grows in the use of semi-domestic farmed animals, such as deer and camelids (9, 18) , for agricultural production combined with an increased regard for species preservation, the need for such recommendations is increasing.
T57 16103-16382 Epistemic_statement denotes Categorization of wildlife diseases, unlike those of livestock, has not been attempted due to an absence of basic research but, because of an existing Permanent Post Entry Quarantine (PPEQ) policy for international live animal shipments such categorizations may not be necessary.
T58 16602-16757 Epistemic_statement denotes These animals am maintained perman&tly on the PPEQ zoo premises but Fl generation offspring (26 months old) may be moved after appropriate disease testing.
T59 17294-17457 Epistemic_statement denotes Embryo and gamete handling procedures and record keeping practices must adhere strictly to the IETS Manual (31) and must be supervised by an official veterinarian.
T60 17892-17988 Epistemic_statement denotes Bovine herpesvirus-l (BHVl) might be eliminated from sperm preparations by serial washing (14) .
T61 17989-18228 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, some believe that sperm transfected with certain viruses (i.e., bovine viral diarrhea, BVD) produce embryos which degenerate before blastulation (13) , representing an in situ control against transferring contaminated embryos.
T62 18229-18304 Epistemic_statement denotes These studies provide evidence suggesting that semen can be decontaminated.
T63 18305-18534 Epistemic_statement denotes Unfortunately, the current United States regulations do not accommodate IVM-IVF derived embryos generated from culled field sources (17) or acquired opportunistically from rare or endangered captive animals that die unexpectedly.
T64 18535-18605 Epistemic_statement denotes Regulatory concerns arise from the unknown health status of the donor.
T65 18681-18913 Epistemic_statement denotes standardized practices such k those &commended for bovine IVM-IVF embryo production in the OIE Animal Health Code (23) are advised when cryobanking these potentially valuable samples, pending future modifications in the regulations.
T66 19145-19461 Epistemic_statement denotes While similar studies for many nondomestic species are highly unlikely due to limited animal resources and research funds, studies using surplus wildlife eggs and embryos (e.g., spare zonae pellucidae) could provide preliminary data on the effectiveness of embryo washing and on zona adherence of selected nathoeens.
T67 19728-19994 Epistemic_statement denotes Future technological developments may reduce concern about possible transmission of infectious agents with embryos and spermatozoa but, meanwhile, tissue and fluid sampling and storage should become a routine practice of wildlife scientists involved in applying ART.
T68 19995-20162 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition to blood sampling of both patents, flushing or follicular fluids and samples from serial washing steps should be stored for subsequent tests for pathogens.
T69 20163-20362 Epistemic_statement denotes For specimens retrieved from culled animal sources, tissue samples should also be preserved and physical examination of the animal performed, as previously summarized for free-ranging wildlife (10) .
T70 20363-20458 Epistemic_statement denotes Non-transferable embryos and unfertilized oocytes should be preserved for future tests as well.
T71 20459-20578 Epistemic_statement denotes Such projects are both realistic and practical, and most importantly would provide an invaluable source of information.
T72 20579-20725 Epistemic_statement denotes If the approved importation of IVM-IVF derived embryos from wild sources is ever to occur, such associated biological materials must be available.
T73 20726-20904 Epistemic_statement denotes By using the PPEQ system it may be possible to conduct in vivo-in vivo studies in the future to definitively document the effectiveness of standardized embryo handling practices.
T74 20905-21204 Epistemic_statement denotes For the present, however, it is essential that scientists and embryo team vetetinarians using ART adopt routine practices maximizing data collection, emphasizing aseptic handling procedures and maintainmg detailed records as suggested in the IETS Manual (29.31) and the OIE Animal Health Code (23) .
T75 21378-21643 Epistemic_statement denotes Concurrently, it is vital that wildlife reproductive physiologists and veterinarians adopt stringent practices to avoid disease transmission via transported materials while adapting guidelines that comply with existing govermnental regulations for domestic species.