Epistemic_Statements  

CORD-19:66d084a8ce6ce763a2039e411564d1aff4b0adf2 JSONTXT 8 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 104-196 Epistemic_statement denotes How can a material object became aware of the world around it and of its very own awareness?
T2 197-247 Epistemic_statement denotes Many scholars think this question is unanswerable.
T3 408-610 Epistemic_statement denotes We are now witnessing the explosive growth of a new field, called cognitive neuroscience which focuses on behavior and uses classical reaction-time paradigms together with new computer-based technology.
T4 819-956 Epistemic_statement denotes At the level of the brain it is possible to record PET and MRI and by using an animal model to analyse cellular and molecular mechanisms.
T5 1125-1289 Epistemic_statement denotes The brain basis of activation (A) input-output gaining (I) and modulation (M) can now be described in relation to the changes in consciousness associated with them.
T6 1290-1414 Epistemic_statement denotes The data can be used to create a three-dimensional model (AIM) which describes the brain-mind trajectory in its state space.
T7 1535-1694 Epistemic_statement denotes Such activity has generally been considered to fine tune connections that are initially made by axons responding to a complex array of molecular guidance cues.
T8 1695-1837 Epistemic_statement denotes However, chick and mouse spinal cords exhibit activity at early stages as motoneurons are still migrating and beginning to extend their axons.
T9 2010-2265 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly the type of pathfinding decision, the binary dorsal-ventral choice or the subsequent pool specific fasciculation and projection of axons to specific muscles, was differentially affected by decreasing or increasing the frequency respectively.
T10 2266-2504 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, activity generated by developing circuits interacts at early stages with the molecular signaling pathways that govern the formation of precise circuits and any drugs that alter this activity could adversely affect circuit formation.
T11 2910-3070 Epistemic_statement denotes Although each area has been defined based on anatomical and physiological criteria, functional roles played by each of them have been the matter of much debate.
T12 3570-3699 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is a mistake to ignore profound differences in the use of each area, depending on specific aspects of motor behavior.
T13 3700-3914 Epistemic_statement denotes In this lecture, I will describe such differences that could be clarified only when neural activities are examined properly, by studies designed to reveal individual aspects of functional significance of each area.
T14 4507-4867 Epistemic_statement denotes KIFs play essential roles on neuronal function and survival by transporting synaptic vesicle precursors (KIF1A/KIF1Bbeta), NMDA type(KIF17) and AMPA type(KIF5s) glutamate receptors and mRNAs(KIF5s) such as CaMKII ␤ mRNA and Arc mRNA with a large RNA-transporting protein complex containing at least 42 RNA related proteins such as hn RNP-U, Staufen, and FMRPs.
T15 5444-5751 Epistemic_statement denotes Tsukahara Award 2-1 What we can learn from the functional recovery after brain injury Tadashi Isa National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan It is believed that when a part of a neuronal system is damaged, some of the lost functions can be taken over by residual systems through training.
T16 5752-5881 Epistemic_statement denotes Such concept is considered as the basis of neurorehabilitation, however, the mechanism of the "take-over" is not well understood.
T17 5882-6008 Epistemic_statement denotes In this talk, I will present our recent progress in two lines of studies using non-human primate models related to this issue.
T18 6009-6150 Epistemic_statement denotes The first topic is on the recovery of dexterous finger movements after lesion of the lateral corticospinal tract at the cervical spinal cord.
T19 6151-6259 Epistemic_statement denotes After the virtually complete lesion, relatively independent finger movements can be recovered in 1-3 months.
T20 6786-6879 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the monkeys can perform surprisingly cognitively demanding tasks in the blind field.
T21 6880-6979 Epistemic_statement denotes I will discuss on our hypothesis on the bottom-up and top-down control of learning during recovery.
T22 7281-7500 Epistemic_statement denotes While barrel formation is an important model of the establishment of patterned topographic connections between the sensory periphery and the brain, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood.
T23 9089-9374 Epistemic_statement denotes Our result suggested that Celsr2 had a stronger activity as G-protein coupled receptor than Celsr3 did, most likely due to a difference of a single amino acid residue in the transmembrane domain, and this functional difference resulted in distinct effects in neurite growth regulation.
T24 10405-10640 Epistemic_statement denotes We present evidence that the heterophilic binding between axonal nectin-1 and dendritic nectin-3 is important for facilitating the axon-dendritic attachment; and cadherins seem to be required to stabilize the nectin-initiated contacts.
T25 10641-10758 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, multiple classes of adhesion molecules work together to ensure the correct linking between axons and dendrites.
T26 10759-10850 Epistemic_statement denotes Hitoshi Sakano Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
T27 10851-11034 Epistemic_statement denotes We have studied how the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing the same odorant receptor (OR) gene converge their axons to a specific set of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (OB).
T28 11035-11254 Epistemic_statement denotes Retrogradestaining of OSN axons indicated that the dorsal/ventral (D/V) arrangement of glomeruli in the OB is correlated with the expression areas of corresponding ORs along the dorsomedial/ventrolateral axis in the OE.
T29 11255-11424 Epistemic_statement denotes In contrast, the anterior/posterior (A/P) arrangement of glomeruli appears to be independent of the epithelial locations of OSNs and more dependent on the expressed ORs.
T30 11542-11754 Epistemic_statement denotes We also found that multiple sets of cell adhesion molecules, e.g., ephrin-As and Eph-As, are expressed in a complementary manner, whose transcription levels are uniquely correlated with the expressing OR species.
T31 11755-11918 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose that differential levels of repulsive/adhesive interactions of axon termini may regulate the sorting of like-axons during the process of OSN projection.
T32 12254-12374 Epistemic_statement denotes One important issue to be addressed is how individual axons are instructed to invade and arborize in particular laminae.
T33 13357-13514 Epistemic_statement denotes These control processes may reach adult levels at different rates, depending on the rate of functional development of the specific brain structures involved.
T34 13515-13603 Epistemic_statement denotes The structure most closely associated with cognitive control is prefrontal cortex (PFC).
T35 13604-13750 Epistemic_statement denotes PFC is composed of what are believed to be functionally distinct subregions, including ventrolateral, dorsolateral, rostrolateral, and medial PFC.
T36 13751-13938 Epistemic_statement denotes I will discuss the control processes associated with each of these regions, and how the functionality of these regions differs between school-aged children, adolescents, and young adults.
T37 13939-14111 Epistemic_statement denotes Three fMRI studies will be presented, focusing on (1) working memory maintenance and manipulation, (2) rule representation and task-switching, and (3) relational reasoning.
T38 14603-14762 Epistemic_statement denotes Some of these models can quantitatively reproduce subject behaviors given sensory inputs and reward and action sequences which subjects received and generated.
T39 15136-15322 Epistemic_statement denotes This new approach is very attractive and appealing since this is probably the only method with which we can explore neural representations remote from either sensory or motor interfaces.
T40 15323-15534 Epistemic_statement denotes But, sometimes limitation of mere temporal correlation between the theory and data became so apparent, and we started to develop a new paradigm 'manipulative neuroscience' where physical causality is guaranteed.
T41 15535-16068 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: NICT, KARC SY1-1-09-6 Neural mechanisms in Williams Syndrome-Insights from neuroimaging Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA Williams syndrome (WS), a rare disorder caused by hemizygous microdeletion of −25 genes on chromosome 7q11.23, has long intrigued neuroscientists with its unique profile of striking behavioural abnormalities, such as hypersociability, combined with a differential impact on cognitive functions, with some types of abilities only mildly affected while others are severely impaired.
T42 16069-16331 Epistemic_statement denotes WS, thus, raises fundamental questions about the neural mechanisms of social behaviour, the modularity of mind, and brain plasticity in development, and provides a privileged setting to understand genetic influences on complex brain function in a bottom-uph way.
T43 16332-16606 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent months have seen dramatic advances in uncovering the functional and structural neural substrates of WS and a beginning understanding of how these are related to dissociable genetic contributions characterized both in special participant populations and animal models.
T44 17101-17309 Epistemic_statement denotes The fruitless primary transcript is subject to sexually dimorphic splicing mediated by Transformer, and encodes a group of proteins that are putative transcription factors of the BTB-Zn finger protein family.
T45 17730-17917 Epistemic_statement denotes Fruitless supports the development of those neurons with male-specific dendritic fields, which are programmed to die during development in females as a result of the absence of Fruitless.
T46 17918-18088 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the Fruitless protein expression can produce a male-specific neural circuit likely used for heterosexual courtship by preventing cell death in identifiable neurons.
T47 18359-18555 Epistemic_statement denotes Thanks to the progress in understanding of the telencephalic development among different species, we can determine the correspondence of the parts between the teleost and mammalian telencephalons.
T48 18957-19245 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate whether such asymmetric neural circuits cause the laterality for emotional behaviors, we are now in the process of establishing the paradigms for combining the behavioral assay with genetic manipulations to control the activity of the emotional neural circuit in zebrafish.
T49 19582-19726 Epistemic_statement denotes However, neuroethological studies in songbirds have been limited by the lack of high-throughput molecular resources and gene manipulation tools.
T50 19727-19876 Epistemic_statement denotes To overcome this limitation, we generated a resource of full-length cDNAs for gene expression analyses and functional gene manipulation in songbirds.
T51 20614-20953 Epistemic_statement denotes -1-17-4 Stepping pattern learning using mice: Histochemical identification of activated neuronal circuits Takashi Kitsukawa Graduate school of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Identifying brain areas and neuronal circuits activated in a behavior is a critical step in understanding how the brain works in that behavior.
T52 21712-21867 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results indicate that particular types of stiriatal neurons are activated during this learning, suggesting that cortico-striatal circuits are involved.
T53 22198-22323 Epistemic_statement denotes We previously demonstrated that long-term potentiation was closely associated with structural plasticity of dendritic spines.
T54 22324-22404 Epistemic_statement denotes However, how STDP is associated with structural changes has not been elucidated.
T55 22665-22792 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results indicate that STDP is intimately associated with bidirectional structural plasticity at the level of single spines.
T56 23339-23430 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose that CaMKII ␤ acts as an actin stabilizing molecule to maintain spine structure.
T57 23431-23516 Epistemic_statement denotes CaMKII ␤ is not only an abundant F-actin binding protein, it can also make oligomers.
T58 23819-23948 Epistemic_statement denotes These experiments suggest that CaMKII ␤ plays a role as a major stabilizer of the actin cytoskeleton to maintain spine structure.
T59 24032-24132 Epistemic_statement denotes We will discuss how CaMKII ␤ maintains actin equilibrium in activity dependent dendritic plasticity.
T60 24533-24669 Epistemic_statement denotes Our studies indicate that calcium entry due to action potentials causes Ras to activate in a supra-linear manner (Yasuda et al., 2006) .
T61 24883-25054 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that nonlinear filtering by Ras regulators as well as the spatial spreading of Ras and Ras regulators shape spatiotemporal patterns of Ras signaling.
T62 26134-26275 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings, together with transcranial magnetic stimulation, suggest increased excitability of sensorimotor cortex in cortical myoclonus.
T63 26613-26797 Epistemic_statement denotes Abnormal inhibition appears to be the most direct cause of unwanted muscle contractions that make up both the involuntary spasms and the overflow movements also seen in this condition.
T64 26798-26926 Epistemic_statement denotes A loss of inhibition is seen in spinal and brainstem reflexes, but these changes are likely secondary to cortical abnormalities.
T65 27035-27111 Epistemic_statement denotes GABA content may be decreased as shown with magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
T66 27251-27381 Epistemic_statement denotes Studies are now in progress to determine the synaptic mechanisms of surround inhibition and how this becomes abnormal in dystonia.
T67 27382-27513 Epistemic_statement denotes Understanding about inhibition in dystonia has led to some new treatments including some non-invasive cortical stimulation methods.
T68 28168-28362 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, spontaneous phasic increases in beta activity in healthy subjects can be shown to be associated with a slowing of voluntary movements and a reinforcement of transcortical stretch reflexes.
T69 28363-28521 Epistemic_statement denotes Beta synchrony is also greatly exaggerated in untreated Parkinson disease, where it may bias against new movement and contribute to bradykinesia and rigidity.
T70 28522-28725 Epistemic_statement denotes Excessive dopaminergic stimulation, either during treatment for Parkinson disease, or in conditions such as dystonia, may overly suppress beta activity in BG-cortical loops leading to excessive movement.
T71 28726-28863 Epistemic_statement denotes Recordings of local field potentials in the basal ganglia of patients with movement disorders will be described that support this schema.
T72 29200-29483 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent studies revealed that long-term potentiation of corticostriatal synaptic transmission occurs dopaminedependent manner, and that neuronal firing related to external stimuli and body movements are modulated by whether the stimuli and movements are associated with reward or not.
T73 29852-29985 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest representation of action values in the striatum, which can guide action selection in the basal ganglia circuit.
T74 29986-30085 Epistemic_statement denotes Roles of the basal ganglia circuit in voluntary and involuntary action selection will be discussed.
T75 30086-30186 Epistemic_statement denotes In vivo reporter gene imaging is expected to be a powerful tool in gene and cell therapy monitoring.
T76 30187-30389 Epistemic_statement denotes We designed a new PET reporter gene system with F-18 fluoroestradiol (FES) and human estrogen receptor ligand binding domain (hERL), which would work in various tissues with little physiological effect.
T77 30390-30590 Epistemic_statement denotes We have been evaluating its potential in gene therapy monitoring constructing a plasmid co-expressing thymidine phosphorylase (hTP), a factor works for revascularization, as therapeutic gene and hERL.
T78 30909-31041 Epistemic_statement denotes Inducible hERL expression system was stably transfected into mouse ES cells and viable ES cells could be detected in vivo using FES.
T79 31042-31176 Epistemic_statement denotes These data support the prospect that our in vivo reporter gene system would be useful in gene/cell transplantation therapy monitoring.
T80 31405-31516 Epistemic_statement denotes Neurons and glias express various receptors and transporters and those can be a specific target of the imaging.
T81 31762-31962 Epistemic_statement denotes Because pronounced neuronal death is frequently heralded by microgliosis, in vivo analysis of glial activation in a quantitative manner could be a powerful means for assessing neuroglial degeneration.
T82 31963-32083 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, clinical finding of molecular imaging can also provide important cues for the basic research targets.
T83 32084-32287 Epistemic_statement denotes Since there is no ideal animal model for psychiatric disorders, the abnormal dopamine D1 receptor found in clinical research indicates a possible therapeutic target of negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
T84 32288-32443 Epistemic_statement denotes The bidirectional interaction between basic research and clinical research using the molecular imaging technique can expand our knowledge in brain disease.
T85 33138-33263 Epistemic_statement denotes SV exocytosis is triggered by conformational changes in the fusion proteins complex when Ca 2+ sensing protein was activated.
T86 33349-33501 Epistemic_statement denotes After transmitter release SVs are recycled: surprisingly, recycled SVs are shared between synaptic boutons regulated by cytoskeletal and motor proteins.
T87 33502-33604 Epistemic_statement denotes These new findings suggest fine mechanisms in presynatic terminals that regulates transmitter release.
T88 33887-34024 Epistemic_statement denotes neurotransmitter uptake and membrane fusion, they have to be equipped with specified proteins that play essential roles for each process.
T89 34362-34462 Epistemic_statement denotes However, a detailed picture of a vesicle membrane with all of its constituents is not yet available.
T90 34857-35386 Epistemic_statement denotes SY1-3-11-3 SAD: A novel kinase implicated in phosphoproteome at the presynaptic active zone Toshihisa Ohtsuka Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine/Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan SAD is a serine/threonine kianse, which has been shown to regulate various neuronal functions during development, including clustering synaptic vesicles, maturation of synapses, and axon/dendrite polarization: these have recently been revealed by genetic studies in C. elegans and mice.
T91 35563-35654 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, SAD localizes both on synaptic vesicles and at the presynaptic active zones.
T92 35655-35787 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, SAD, together with prominent active zone proteins CAST and Bassoon, is tightly associated with the active zone cytomatrix.
T93 35788-35985 Epistemic_statement denotes In accord with its unique localization at the nerve terminals, SAD appears to be involved in a late step of neurotransmitter release, via direct phosphorylation of another active zone protein RIM1.
T94 35986-36134 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, these results suggest that SAD regulates not only neural polarization during development but also neurotransmitter release at mature synapses.
T95 36624-36855 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously reported that tomosyn, a syntaxin-1-binding protein, works as a molecular clamp that controls free syntaxin-1 availability for the formation of the SNARE complex and thereby regulates synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
T96 37010-37212 Epistemic_statement denotes Conversely, ROCK phosphorylates syntaxin-1, which increases the affinity of syntaxin-1 for tomosyn and forms a stable complex with tomosyn, resulting in inhibition of the formation of the SNARE complex.
T97 37213-37358 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, tomosyn is likely to be an upstream regulator of the SNARE system, whose activity is regulated via well known signal transduction pathways.
T98 37359-37551 Epistemic_statement denotes Tei-ichi Nishiki Department of Physiology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan A synaptic vesicle membrane protein, synaptotagmin I is thought to be a Ca 2+ sensor for neurotransmitter release.
T99 37552-37659 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the physiological contributions of its Ca 2+ -binding domains (C 2 A and C 2 B) are still unclear.
T100 38120-38255 Epistemic_statement denotes Synaptotagmin I with mutations in the second or third Asp inhibited synchronous release, but still could suppress asynchronous release.
T101 38422-38627 Epistemic_statement denotes Suppressing of asynchronous release seems not to require Ca 2+ binding to the C 2 B because mutation in the second Asp inhibits Ca 2+ binding, yet still allows the protein to suppress asynchronous release.
T102 39448-39654 Epistemic_statement denotes Our findings indicate that synaptic vesicle recycling is not confined to individual presynaptic terminals but rather a substantial proportion of synaptic vesicles are shared constitutively between synapses.
T103 40035-40218 Epistemic_statement denotes In the past decade, we have systematically screened BDNF, NT-3 and its low-affinity receptor P75 genes for polymorphisms and their possible association with neuropsychiatric diseases.
T104 40219-40698 Epistemic_statement denotes As a result, three polymorphisms of the BDNF gene (C270T in the 5 noncoding region, BDNF-linked polymorphic region, and Val66Met), three polymorphisms of the NT-3 gene (G-3004A, microsatellite in intron 1, and Gly-63Glu) and a missene polymorphism of the p75 gene (Ser205Leu) have been found to be associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, or Alzheimer's disease, although some contradictive negative results have also been reported.
T105 40699-40896 Epistemic_statement denotes Here I summarize these findings, review the relevant literature, and discuss future directions of the promising role of the genetic variations of neurotrophins and p75 in neuropsychiatric diseases.
T106 40897-41185 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism (Val66Met) in the BDNF gene resulting in a prodomain substitution at position 66 from a valine (Val) to methionine (Met) has been shown to lead in humans to altered hippocampal size and function, and susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders.
T107 41401-41608 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to determine whether these trafficking defects are responsible for impaired hippocampal functioning, we have developed a transgenic knock-in mice containing the genetic variant BDNF (BDNF Met/Met ).
T108 41609-41834 Epistemic_statement denotes We have determined that there is a regulated secretion defect for BDNF Met , as well as altered hippocampal structure and function in these BDNF Met mice, in a manner similar to that reported in humans with this variant BDNF.
T109 41835-41994 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, this BDNF Met/Met mouse may provide an in vivo model system to inform human studies focused on associations of this variant BDNF with clinical disorders.
T110 41995-42149 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: NIH Grant# NS052819 SY1-3-19-6 Processing of BDNF and brain disorders Masami Kojima 1,2 1 AIST, Osaka, Japan; 2 SORST, JST, Saitama, Japan
T111 42150-42416 Epistemic_statement denotes The fact that pro-and mature neurotrophins elicit opposite effects through p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and Trks, respectively suggests that proteolytic cleavage of proneurotrophins is an important mechanism that controls the direction of neurotrophin actions.
T112 43758-43974 Epistemic_statement denotes Although this finding establishes GDNF as an essential extracellular signal acting at the initial stage in ENS development, little is known about whether and how ENCCs continue to depend on GDNF later in development.
T113 44120-44372 Epistemic_statement denotes We will show how GDNF signal influences cell migration, differentiation, proliferation and survival of developing enteric neurons, and discuss the biological significance of the findings in development and regeneration of the nervous system in general.
T114 44610-44868 Epistemic_statement denotes We present using replicationincompetent HSV-1 vector that MSC population can be efficiently engineered to secrete a series of various cytokines in the large quantities and in long term in vivo to be able to treat the ischemic stroke of the brain potentially.
T115 45055-45669 Epistemic_statement denotes Each growth factor gene-transferred MSCs achieved the remarkable amelioration of neurological symptoms and apparent decreasing of infarct volume comparison with native Research funds: KAKENHI (14657350) SY1-4-04-4 HGF gene therapy for the treatment of spinal cord injury Masaya Nakamura 1 , Akio Iwanami 1 , Kazuya Kitamura 1,2 , Yoshiaki Toyama 1 , Hideyuki Okano 2 1 Department of Ophthalmology Surgery, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; 2 Department of Physiology, Keio University, Japan Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has recently been reported to exhibit neurotrophic activity and to play a role in angiogenesis.
T116 46533-46604 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that HGF could have therapeutic effects for SCI.
T117 47270-47423 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, it is possible to speculate that HGF could play an important role in the retardation or regeneration of neurons in neurodegenerative diseases.
T118 47620-47714 Epistemic_statement denotes We also present the possible application of HGF in modifying the neurogenesis for the disease.
T119 48664-48813 Epistemic_statement denotes The findings suggest that cortical motor reorganization as well as recovery from reversible injury plays a role in the restoration of motor function.
T120 48814-48973 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the time period during which reorganization occurred was limited to first 1-2 months after stroke, suggesting the presence of a critical period.
T121 49000-49159 Epistemic_statement denotes (1977) first demonstrated that disynaptic pyramidal excitation in forelimb motoneurons can be mediated via propriospinal neurons located in the C3-C4 segments.
T122 49160-49313 Epistemic_statement denotes In contrast, recently it has been shown that polysynaptic pyramidal EPSPs are only rarely observed in forelimb motoneurons of macaque monkeys and humans.
T123 49948-50061 Epistemic_statement denotes Stimulation of the pyramidal tract in the medulla could also produce multiple peaks, though in a lower frequency.
T124 50495-50675 Epistemic_statement denotes Many recent findings have supported the idea that astrocytes, which are a subpopulation of glial cells, play a critical role in neuronal transmission in the central nervous system.
T125 51038-51179 Epistemic_statement denotes This phenomenon may, at least in part, contribute to the enhancement by BPA of the development of psychological dependence on drugs of abuse.
T126 51810-51994 Epistemic_statement denotes We discussed genotype and phenotype correlations, a striking correlation between the mutation class and the severity of symptoms and molecular basis of severity of developmental delay.
T127 51995-52279 Epistemic_statement denotes The loss of extracellular domain functions like L1-mediated cell adhesion and cell migration is considered to be responsible for molecular genesis of ventricular dilatation and disturbance of the functions of cytoplasmic domain would cause symptoms related axon growth in L1 syndrome.
T128 52563-52628 Epistemic_statement denotes Hypofunction of the brainstem monoaminergic neurons is suggested.
T129 52744-52832 Epistemic_statement denotes Types of mutation at different functional domains are correlated to clinical severities.
T130 52888-53050 Epistemic_statement denotes MeCP2 was thought as a global transcriptional repressor, but finding of BDNF as a target gene suggest its role in the neuronal activity-dependent gene regulation.
T131 53051-53184 Epistemic_statement denotes Genetic heterogeneities have been suggested and the mutation of cyclin dependent kinase-like 5 gene (CDKL5) manifest as atypical RTT.
T132 53532-53683 Epistemic_statement denotes In our previous studies, we have proposed that ROS and/or ROS-mediated signal play(s) an essential role in 6-OHDA-induced, caspase-dependent apoptosis.
T133 54101-54278 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, we have identified that degradation of several important proteins by activated calpain and proteasome system is linked to MPP+-mediated dopaminergic neuronal death.
T134 54279-54447 Epistemic_statement denotes As such, we have found that one of onconeural proteins seems to play a role as a potential survival factor, degradation of which is involved in MPP+-induced cell death.
T135 54558-54688 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, novel strategies interfering activation of these proteases may contribute to prevention of dopaminergic neuronal death.
T136 55074-55340 Epistemic_statement denotes The role of ER stress in dopaminergic neuronal vulnerability was highlighted by their enhanced death in mice deficient in the ubiquitin-protein ligase Parkin and the ER chaperone ORP150, suggesting parkin dysfunction result in ER-stress mediated neuronal cell death.
T137 55341-55637 Epistemic_statement denotes Conversely, transgenic rats overexpressing megsin (Tg meg), a newly identified serine protease inhibitor (serpin), demonstrated intraneuronal periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) positive inclusions, which distributed throughout the deeper layers of cerebral cortex, hippocampal CA3, and substantia nigrta.
T138 55843-55950 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that enhanced ER stress causes selective vulnerability in a set of neuronal populations.
T139 56066-56203 Epistemic_statement denotes Accumulating evidence has suggested that the central NA system modulates consolidation and reconsolidation of long-term emotional memory.
T140 56750-56911 Epistemic_statement denotes Our findings indicate that the amygdalar NA system, primarily through ␣1and ␤-adrenergic receptors, acts to improve the retrieval of reconsolidated memory trace.
T141 56912-57235 Epistemic_statement denotes Shigeru Morinobu, Shigeto Yamamoto, Shigeto Yamawaki Departmnet of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan As psychophysiological reactivity on exposure to cues resembling an aspect of the trauma is the major symptom in PTSD, it is hypothesized that impaired extinction may be involved in PTSD.
T142 57420-57531 Epistemic_statement denotes We examined whether extinction of fear memory was impaired in SPS rats, using the contextual fear conditioning.
T143 57949-58131 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on these findings, it is speculated that the increase in other types of glutamate transporters or NMDA receptor modification may play a role in impaired extinction in SPS rats.
T144 58594-58787 Epistemic_statement denotes Electron-microscopic analyses revealed that photoreceptive membranes are severely disorganized in the tli mutants, suggesting that Tli is required for the formation of photoreceptive membranes.
T145 58788-58898 Epistemic_statement denotes In the els mutant, photoreceptors seem normal in morphology, suggesting that phototransduction is compromised.
T146 59009-59164 Epistemic_statement denotes Since genetic mutations of PDE6C have not been reported in human, the els mutant provides a good model for studying roles of cone-PDE6 in visual functions.
T147 59565-59804 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously shown that Wnt2b, a signaling molecule expressed in a region neighboring the stem cell area, functions as a putative stem cell factor that endows undifferentiated retinal cells with the characteristics of the stem cells.
T148 59805-59965 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, Wnt2b inhibits cellular differentiation in the absence of Notch activity, a well-known signaling receptor that inhibits neuronal differentiation.
T149 59966-60112 Epistemic_statement denotes Wnt2b antagonizes proneural gene functions independent of the Notch signaling pathway, presumably through unidentified transcriptional repressors.
T150 61248-61470 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the number of SSEA-1-positive cells was augmented by beta-catenin signal, c-kit-positive cells were positively regulated by Notch signaling, suggesting that c-kit and SSEA-1 have intrinsically distinct characters.
T151 61471-61671 Epistemic_statement denotes Prolonged expression of c-kit by a retrovirus resulted in promotion of proliferation and the appearance of nestin-positive cells in response to SCF, suggesting a role for c-kit in retinal development.
T152 61873-61997 Epistemic_statement denotes We have been demonstrated that transcription factors, Otx2 and Crx play critical roles in retinal photoreceptor development.
T153 62293-62565 Epistemic_statement denotes Our investigation of a role of aPKC, which has been proposed to play a critical role in the establishment of epithelial and neuronal polarity, in differentiating photoreceptors has shown that aPKC is required for the formation of outer & inner segments and ribbon synapse.
T154 62681-62755 Epistemic_statement denotes We would like to present our recent analysis of photoreceptor development.
T155 62756-62811 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (16790070, 16027257, 17024061)
T156 62812-62874 Epistemic_statement denotes Raj Ladher RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
T157 62875-63025 Epistemic_statement denotes The inner ear translates mechanical energy into neural signals that the appropriate centers of the brain can decode into balance or sound information.
T158 63335-63446 Epistemic_statement denotes We find that although FGF19 can induce the inner ear, it is unable to support differentiation of the inner ear.
T159 63876-63981 Epistemic_statement denotes We have been trying to understand how integration occurs and present one model by which this could occur.
T160 64463-64700 Epistemic_statement denotes To study how the OR-dependent axonal wiring is conducted, we analyzed the gene expression profile in the olfactory epithelium of the transgenic mouse in which the majority of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) express a particular OR gene.
T161 64895-65014 Epistemic_statement denotes The expression level of Kirrel2 in each OSN is found to be correlated with the type of OR species expressed in the OSN.
T162 65119-65354 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we propose that the information of which type of OR is expressed in the OSN is converted to the expression level of Kirrel2 which determines the adhesiveness of axon termini, contributing to OR-dependent segregation of OSN axons.
T163 65355-65620 Epistemic_statement denotes In spite of its morphological similarity to the other species in the melanogaster species subgroup, Drosophila sechellia has evolved distinctive physiological and behavioral characters adapting to its host plant Morinda citrifolia, known as the Tahitian Noni fruit.
T164 66401-66677 Epistemic_statement denotes SY1-6-14-4 An approach of dissociating complex traits into fine genetic elements using consomic strains of mouse Aki Takahashi 1,2 , Akinori Nishi 1,2 , Toshihiko Shiroishi 1,2 , Tsuyoshi Koide 1,2 1 SOKENDAI, Kanagawa, Japan; 2 National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
T165 66678-66829 Epistemic_statement denotes Much of the genetic variation that underlies most behavioral traits is complex and is regulated by loci that have quantitative effect on the phenotype.
T166 66830-66971 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously shown that laboratory strain C57BL/6 (B6) and wild-derived strain MSM/Ms have great differences in many behavioral traits.
T167 67379-67569 Epistemic_statement denotes One strain B6-17MSM, which have MSM chromosome 17, showed increased fear responses and riskassessment behavior, and thus it is thought that there is a locus/loci related to the emotionality.
T168 67927-67987 Epistemic_statement denotes However, sensitivity to capsaicin differs among individuals.
T169 68649-68796 Epistemic_statement denotes This study is the first genetic dissection associated with capsaicin/heat resistance in a nature strain and shows a novel binding protein to TRPVs.
T170 68797-68927 Epistemic_statement denotes SY1-6-14-6 Comprehensive behavioral analysis of genetically-engineered mice Tsuyoshi Miyakawa HMRO, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
T171 68928-69078 Epistemic_statement denotes One of the major challenges in the life sciences of the post-genome era is to elucidate the functions of the genes at the level of individual animals.
T172 69257-69416 Epistemic_statement denotes In our laboratory, we use a "comprehensive behavioral test battery" for genetically-engineered mice to reveal causal relationships between genes and behaviors.
T173 69603-69789 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, more than 90% of the strains showed at least one significant behavioral phenotype, suggesting that a large part of the genes expressed in the brain may have some functions.
T174 69790-69915 Epistemic_statement denotes Representative results for a few strains of mutant mice and the meta-analytic results of the combined data will be presented.
T175 69916-70005 Epistemic_statement denotes Also, a potential impact of our approach to "large-scale neuroscience" will be discussed.
T176 70248-70373 Epistemic_statement denotes At least 28 genes and 12 loci have been associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and related inherited neuropathies.
T177 70743-70850 Epistemic_statement denotes Their discovery should pave the way for dramatic progress in the understanding of peripheral nerve biology.
T178 71308-71598 Epistemic_statement denotes SY1-6-22-2 Gangliosides are important for the maintenance of the nodes of Ranvier Nobuhiro Yuki, Keiichiro Susuki Department of Neurology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan Gangliosides are abundant in vertebrate nervous system, but the function has yet to be elucidated.
T179 71746-71810 Epistemic_statement denotes Sensitization of rabbits with GM1 can produce the disease model.
T180 73116-73298 Epistemic_statement denotes In this and following studies we proposed that the demyelination of nociceptive fibers reorganizes the nociceptive spinal inputs through sprouting and electrical synapses (ephapses).
T181 73653-73687 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (17109015)
T182 73688-73974 Epistemic_statement denotes Toshihide Yamashita Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan Axons of adult central nervous system are capable of only a limited amount of regrowth after injury, and an unfavorable environment plays major roles in the lack of regeneration.
T183 73975-74045 Epistemic_statement denotes Some of the axon growth inhibitory effects are associated with myelin.
T184 74469-74559 Epistemic_statement denotes Our experiments suggest that several new candidate proteins may be axon growth inhibitors.
T185 74687-74909 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that agents that block the multiple signals elicited by these axon growth inhibitors may provide efficient tools that produce functional regeneration following injuries to the central nervous system.
T186 75016-75156 Epistemic_statement denotes In neurons, LINGO-1 mediates the inhibition of axonal growth as a component of the NgR1/p75/LINGO-1 and NgR1/Troy/LINGO-1 signaling complex.
T187 76736-76876 Epistemic_statement denotes A computer simulated the activities of thalamic neurons and calculated the net synaptic conductance that would be generated by their firing.
T188 77331-77621 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: NIH DC005787-01A1 SY1-7-15-2 Neuronal avalanches reveal neuronal wirings of layer 2/3 cell assemblies Jun-nosuke Teramae, Tomoki Fukai Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Japan How cortical neurons process information crucially depends on how their local circuits are organized.
T189 77622-77791 Epistemic_statement denotes Spontaneous synchronous neuronal activity propagating through neocortical slices displays highly diverse, yet repeatable, activity patterns called 'neuronal avalanches'.
T190 77792-77923 Epistemic_statement denotes They obey power-law distributions of the event sizes and lifetimes, presumably reflecting the structure of local cortical networks.
T191 77924-78016 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the explicit network structure underlying the power-law statistics remains unclear.
T192 78476-78611 Epistemic_statement denotes We investigate how the resultant power laws depend on the details of the cell-assembly formation as well as on the inhibitory feedback.
T193 78612-79236 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (17700318) SY1-7-15-3 Spike-timing dependent and homeostatic plasticity from an optimality viewpoint Taro Toyoizumi 1 , Jean-Pascal Pfister 2 , Kazuyuki Aihara 1,3 , Wulfram Gerstner 2 1 Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan; 2 School of Computer and Communication Science & BMI, EPFL, Japan; 3 Aihara Complexity Modelling Project, ERATO, JST, Japan Maximization of information transmission by a spiking neuron model predicts changes of synaptic connections that depend on timing of pre-and postsynaptic spikes as well as on the postsynaptic membrane potential.
T194 80247-80401 Epistemic_statement denotes The first neurons in the auditory pathway to receive input from both ears can distinguish interaural time differences (ITDs) in the sub-millisecond range.
T195 81158-81303 Epistemic_statement denotes However, if relative spike timings at the scale of milliseconds would carry information, neuronal circuits could have large information capacity.
T196 81994-82100 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggests the spike patters are not determined sorely by slowly modulating instantaneous firing rates.
T197 82101-82246 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose that the retina encodes multiple features in hundreds of milliseconds of input into burst spike patterns at the scale of milliseconds.
T198 82247-82488 Epistemic_statement denotes Accumulating evidence reveals that the generalized seizure activity can produce regenerative, in addition to degenerative, structural changes in the hippocampus, including the enhancement of progenitor cell division of dentate granule cells.
T199 82489-82771 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the regulatory mechanisms underlying such neurogenesis are unknown, we hypothesized that newly generated granule cells may contribute to the reorganization of the hippocampal formation in the early course of seizures, constituting a possible substrate for epileptogenicity.
T200 82926-83114 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicate that initial limbic seizures trigger the enhancement of dentate progenitor cell division, but progenitor cells may become unreactive to prolonged generalized seizures.
T201 83190-83327 Epistemic_statement denotes It is also suggested that newly generated granule cells may play a role in the network reorganization that occurs during epileptogenesis.
T202 84453-84555 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the effect of LC ablation how it affects the behavioral and stress responses will be elucidated.
T203 84950-85122 Epistemic_statement denotes However, prolonged glucocorticoid secretion has deleterious effects on metabolism, immune function and behavior, making control of HPA activity a priority for the organism.
T204 85196-85307 Epistemic_statement denotes Our studies indicate that the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex play major roles HPA axis regulation.
T205 85422-85607 Epistemic_statement denotes The role of the prefrontal cortex is considerably more complex; its prelimbic region is primarily stress inhibitory, whereas the infralimbic region may participate in stress activation.
T206 86173-86342 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the pathogenesis of these diseases may be in sharp contrast, since the former is featured by cell death, whereas, the latter is associated with immortalization.
T207 86577-86683 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent study provides evidences of the inverse relationship of PD and some cancers at the molecular level.
T208 86684-86826 Epistemic_statement denotes For example, loss of neuroprotection of DJ-1 is causative for familial PD, while increased expression of this molecule stimulates oncogenesis.
T209 86827-87004 Epistemic_statement denotes In this context, we show that proteasomal inhibition by ␣-synuclein, which has been thought as one major pathogenic mechanism for PD, may induce differentiation of cancer cells.
T210 87005-87168 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, unifying approach on the basis of the opposite pathogenic mechanism to neurodegenerative disease and cancer might uncover unexpected findings in both fields.
T211 87382-87625 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is well known that critical periods of some malignancies are in fetal period, which are (1) leukemia in patients exposed with atomic bomb during the IInd World War, and (2) brain tumors in rats with ethylnitrosourea administration.
T212 88200-88383 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings indicate that not only certain malignant tumors but also some sporadic neurodegenerative diseases may be induced originally by the insults in embryonic stage/childhood.
T213 88919-89107 Epistemic_statement denotes When the RP58 gene is disrupted, apoptosis is enhanced, and a-Synuclein, but not b-Synclein, is upregulated in the mutant cortex, suggesting that a-Synuclein is involved in the cell death.
T214 89108-89310 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, in the mutant cortex the expression of S-phase marker, PCNA increased, suggesting that RP58 mutant mice are useful to analyze the relation among neurodegeration, Synuclein and cell cycle.
T215 89744-89807 Epistemic_statement denotes This result suggests a causal relationship between PKA and AMI.
T216 89808-89936 Epistemic_statement denotes Of particular interest, IGF/PI3K/Akt signaling, which results in decreased GSK3 activity, has also been shown to ameliorate AMI.
T217 90056-90196 Epistemic_statement denotes While IGF signaling suppresses activity of GSK3 at young ages, declining IGF levels during aging may increase GSK3 activity in aged animals.
T218 90280-90451 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesize that similar to the mechanisms occurring in neurodegenerative diseases, tau phosphorylation by PKA and GSK3 causes neuronal dysfunction during normal aging.
T219 90783-91051 Epistemic_statement denotes ␣Synuclein is involved in the formation of pathologically insoluble deposits characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease, whereas overexpression of ␥Synuclein is associated with progression of breast and ovarian cancer.
T220 91052-91128 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the normal cellular function of Synucleins remains largely unknown.
T221 92467-92662 Epistemic_statement denotes We showed that hyperphosphorylated ShcC detected in some of neuroblastoma cell lines is associated with constitutively activated anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) caused by the gene amplification.
T222 93464-93551 Epistemic_statement denotes One of the first identified genes is the estrogen-responsive RING finger protein (Efp).
T223 93703-93885 Epistemic_statement denotes We revealed that Efp targets proteolysis of 14-3-3 sigma, a negative cell cycle regulator that causes G2 arrest and that Efp is an essential oncogenic factor in breast cancer growth.
T224 94051-94213 Epistemic_statement denotes These estrogen responsive genes could mediate roles of estrogen action in specific organs, utilizing differential mechanisms as well as sharing common mechanisms.
T225 94214-94681 Epistemic_statement denotes Keiji Tanaka 1 , Hossein Esteky 2 , Kiani Roozbeh 2 , Tadashi Sugihara 1 , Gang Wang 3 1 RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan; 2 Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Tehran, Iran; 3 Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan Individual cells in the monkey inferotemporal cortex, which is the final unimodal stage along the ventral visual pathway, respond to moderately complex features, but not to objects nor to object categories.
T226 94682-94777 Epistemic_statement denotes Then, questions arise where and how view-general objects and object categories are represented.
T227 94778-94854 Epistemic_statement denotes A possibility is the representation by a population of inferotemporal cells.
T228 95083-95295 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that a population of inferotemporal cells represent object categories and their relational structure, and that the representation is common to nearby views of objects with up to 60 • rotation.
T229 95296-95328 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI 17022047
T230 95329-95664 Epistemic_statement denotes Alexander Thiele 1 , Gene Stoner 2 , Louise S. Delicato 1 , Mark Roberts 1 1 University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; 2 The Salk Institute, Japan A variety of different roles of synchronized activity for sensation and perception have been proposed, ranging from object binding, through attentional enhancement, to mechanisms of learning.
T231 95822-96076 Epistemic_statement denotes Using two different tasks and stimulus conditions, well suited to probe the role of feature binding in the motion domain, we found no support for the idea that neuronal synchrony in macaque area MT underlies the binding of an object's component features.
T232 96161-96315 Epistemic_statement denotes We will discuss the role of synchronized activity in primate V1 while attentional load was varied, and how it could be mediated by cholinergic mechanisms.
T233 96316-96679 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: HFSP, Wellcome Trust, BBSRC SY2-1-01-3 Context-dependent changes in noise correlation in MT William Newsome, Marlene R. Cohen Stanford University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA Changes in the correlated firing of a pair of neurons may provide a metric of changes in functional circuitry within the nervous system during ongoing behavior.
T234 97078-97201 Epistemic_statement denotes We found that identical visual stimuli indeed give rise to differences in noise correlation in the two behavioral contexts.
T235 97299-97416 Epistemic_statement denotes This result suggests that MT neurons receive inputs of central origin whose strength changes with the task structure.
T236 97417-97634 Epistemic_statement denotes The changes in correlation appear to reflect differences in how MT neurons are pooled for the purpose of perceptual discrimination, and may derive from higher-level cognitive processes such as feature-based attention.
T237 97635-98080 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: Howard Hughes Medical Institute SY2-1-01-4 Effects of task demands on color processing in area TE of the monkey Hidehiko Komatsu 1,2 , Kowa Koida 1 1 National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; 2 SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan Color vision has two different functions, namely, categorization and discrimination, and the same color stimulus can be processed according to these two functions depending on task demands.
T238 98081-98304 Epistemic_statement denotes Lesion studies suggested that inferior temporal (IT) cortex of the monkey plays a key role in color vision, and we have recently found that color selective neurons are concentrated in a small region in area TE of IT cortex.
T239 98305-98557 Epistemic_statement denotes To study how the color selective responses in this region are affected by the task demands, we trained monkeys a color categorization task and a color discrimination task using the same set of color stimuli, and analyzed how the responses are affected.
T240 98770-98974 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that color signals are gated by the top-down signal representing task demands in area TE and color channels specific to different tasks are formed at this level of the visual cortex.
T241 99352-99466 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, I show exposure only to monochromatic illumination in infancy results in the disruption of color perception.
T242 99739-99858 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, they had deficits in color constancy; they could not compensate for the changes in wavelength composition.
T243 99859-99954 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that early visual experience is also indispensable for color perception.
T244 102015-102220 Epistemic_statement denotes Our studies have suggested a unique role of activation of ER-␤ in the hypothalamic and limbic brain areas, dorsal raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus in the regulation of socio-sexual and emotional behaviors.
T245 102221-102402 Epistemic_statement denotes In this talk, our findings from behavioral studies using ER-␣ and ER-␤ knockout mice along with possible brain mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects will be first overviewed.
T246 102585-102920 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (17330151, 17051001) SY2-2-02-3 Sex steroid receptor function in sexual behavior Shigeaki Kato 1,2 , Takashi Sato 1 , Takahiro Matsumoto 1,2 1 IMCB, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 2 ERATO, JST, Saitama, Japan Androgen actions are believed to mediate nuclear androgen receptor (AR)-mediated gene regulations.
T247 104787-104930 Epistemic_statement denotes This process is effected via a non-genomic mechanism and is dependent upon phosphorylation, lipidation and a transport protein, possibly ABCA1.
T248 105058-105214 Epistemic_statement denotes The nature of the ANXA1 receptor is unclear but, increasing data suggest that members of the formal peptide receptor family may be important in this regard.
T249 106108-106343 Epistemic_statement denotes Our studies demonstrate that OXTR plays a critical role in regulating several aspects of social behavior and the other physiological function, and may have important implications for developmental psychiatric disorders, such as autism.
T250 106632-106726 Epistemic_statement denotes A network of parietal and frontal motor areas is thought to play a key role in this behaviour.
T251 106727-106835 Epistemic_statement denotes Our work shows that: hand shape can be unambiguously determined from EMG activity of hand and digit muscles.
T252 107484-107556 Epistemic_statement denotes Paired-pulse TMS can probe the excitability of these pathways in humans.
T253 107557-107703 Epistemic_statement denotes Facilitation of MEPs is both object and muscle specific and indicates that activity in these pathways is selectively enhanced during object grasp.
T254 108017-108130 Epistemic_statement denotes It is generally accepted that the brain can resolve the order of two stimuli that are separated in time by 30 ms.
T255 108258-108348 Epistemic_statement denotes However, crossing the arms caused misreporting (that is, inverting) of the temporal order.
T256 108785-108961 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that tactile stimuli are ordered in time only after they are referred to relevant locations in space, where multiple modalities of sensory signals converge.
T257 108962-109012 Epistemic_statement denotes Results from functional imaging support this idea.
T258 109396-109512 Epistemic_statement denotes We've employed the illusory flash effect, where a single flash appears to be doubled when accompanied by two sounds.
T259 109590-109707 Epistemic_statement denotes Partial Directed Coherence was applied to see if there was a causal influence by the auditory on the visual cortices.
T260 109708-109894 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicate a strong causal influence in A-V direction in Alpha (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) and ranges only in the illusion-reported trials, while stimulus parameters were identical.
T261 110169-110306 Epistemic_statement denotes While such results enable the same causality analysis, it also raises a question as to what determines active/passive nature of decision.
T262 110498-110627 Epistemic_statement denotes Studies in humans show that when we look at a scene, our initial fixation patterns can be predicted to a high degree of accuracy.
T263 110628-110711 Epistemic_statement denotes Our eyes go to the most salient locations where local feature contrast is greatest.
T264 110928-111042 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent research has begun to unravel the components of this syndrome, demonstrating several underlying mechanisms.
T265 111522-111648 Epistemic_statement denotes Parietal and medial frontal gaze regions appear to play different, complementary roles in controlling why we look where we do.
T266 111649-111925 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: Wellcome Trust (061140) SY2-2-08-5 Recognizing self actions through externalized eyes Atsushi Iriki 1,2 1 Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan; 2 Cognitive Neurobiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
T267 111926-112008 Epistemic_statement denotes We can recognize ourselves and our own actions through the mirror or video images.
T268 112009-112183 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, human can use such apparatus as externalized eyes (sensory tools), while non-human animals can normally use tools as extension of their effectors (motor tools) at most.
T269 112424-112648 Epistemic_statement denotes Japanese monkeys could be trained to use a hand-held video camera as a manipulable extension of their eyes only when their own vision was gradually transferred to the distant cues via motor-tools to extend their body images.
T270 112883-113027 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, presence of a self-objectification mechanism is suggested for acquisition of sensory tools as externalized eyes to recognize self actions.
T271 113765-113955 Epistemic_statement denotes GABAergic inputs were rarely observed in spines innervated by VGLUT1-expressing terminals (n = 289), but were found in-10% of spines innervated also by VGLUT2-expressing terminals (n = 444).
T272 114062-114226 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicated that some thalamocortical inputs are likely selectively inhibited at the spine level by GABAergic synapses from cortical nonpyramidal cells.
T273 114227-114438 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI SY2-3-03-2 GABAergic recruitment of excitation by cortical axo-axonic cells Gabor Tamas, Csaba Varga, Gabor Molnar, Szabolcs Olah, Pal Barzo, Janos Szabadics University of Szeged, Hungary
T274 114439-114710 Epistemic_statement denotes The axon has the lowest threshold for action potential generation and axons in the cerebral cortex receive input only at the axon initial segment exclusively from axo-axonic cells (AACs), which use the dominant inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
T275 114819-115069 Epistemic_statement denotes We applied multiple patch clamp recordings in slices of rat and human neocortex and found that single spikes in AACs can trigger action potentials in pyramidal cells and initiate stereotyped series of multiple synaptic events in the cortical network.
T276 115070-115249 Epistemic_statement denotes The excitatory action of AACs is based on a depolarized reversal potential for axonal relative to perisomatic GABAergic inputs as determined in paired perforated patch recordings.
T277 115250-115510 Epistemic_statement denotes Powerful axo-axonic depolarization from the resting membrane potential is supported by a ∼44-fold decrease in the potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2) expression from somatic to axon initial segment membranes detected by quantitative immunogold labeling.
T278 115786-115884 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous studies have most often reported global linear or sublinear summation in these dendrites.
T279 116734-116850 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we tested whether inhibitory cells are incorporated into the fine-scale specificity of excitatory connections.
T280 117269-117395 Epistemic_statement denotes Adapting inhibitory cells shared little or no common input with neighboring pyramids, regardless of their direct connectivity.
T281 118479-118643 Epistemic_statement denotes Irregular-spiking basket cells also receive strong excitatory input from layers 2/3 and 4, but they often have a gap at the top of layer 4, with little or no input.
T282 119154-119262 Epistemic_statement denotes Presumably, these phenotypic differences are orchestrated and maintained by unique transcriptional programs.
T283 119860-120046 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on this diversity of expression we constructed a taxonomic tree using an unsupervised clustering algorithm, that correctly reflects known relationships between cortical cell types.
T284 121214-121450 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicate that growth cone attraction is driven by asymmetric membrane dynamics and that growth cone repulsion is driven by different mechanisms, not simply by changing the left/right polarity of the same molecular machinery.
T285 122538-122736 Epistemic_statement denotes Plexin-A1 forms a receptor complex with Off-track in the ventricle or with VEGF receptor type 2 in the conotruncal segment, which are responsible for the effects of Sema6D on the respective regions.
T286 122737-122960 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: CREST SY2-3-09-3 Axonal transport elicited by axon guidance molecules Yoshio Goshima Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
T287 122961-123223 Epistemic_statement denotes For the wiring of individual neurons together into an orderly network, control by axon guidance molecules of navigation to their targets is a critical event, and molecular components destined for specific subcellular domains of neuron must be targeted correctly.
T288 123708-123782 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, Sema3A accelerated the anterograde transport of TrkA::EGFP.
T289 123783-123980 Epistemic_statement denotes These facts suggest that Sema3A selectively facilitates the transport of its own signaling components and that Sema3A may modulate NGF-sensitivity of neurites by accelerating the transport of TrkA.
T290 124216-124289 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it remains largely unknown how neuronal polarity is established.
T291 124290-124438 Epistemic_statement denotes We previously showed that collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) is enriched in growing axon, and play a crucial role in axon specification.
T292 124611-124781 Epistemic_statement denotes CRMP-2 links kinesin-1 to tubulin dimmers and Sra-1, and participates in the kinesin-1-dependent transport of tubulin dimmers and the Sra-1/WAVE complex to growing axons.
T293 124906-125087 Epistemic_statement denotes Akt appears to phosphorylate GSK-3b and inactivates its kinase activity downstream of Ras/PI3-kinase, thereby increasing non-phosphorylated active CRMP-2 which promotes axon growth.
T294 126201-126269 Epistemic_statement denotes The mutants also contain little if any cortical axonal fiber tracts.
T295 127135-127239 Epistemic_statement denotes In this presentation, we will introduce our study using this method to epilepsy and to other EEG events.
T296 127757-127845 Epistemic_statement denotes We used this method to examine the relationship between an EEG rhythm and a BOLD signal.
T297 127846-128004 Epistemic_statement denotes Some studies have hypothesized that the hemodynamic response for a change in power of certain EEG frequency bands, such as alpha waves, is canonical in shape.
T298 128005-128106 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the appropriate response shape for a change in the rhythmic EEG has not yet been determined.
T299 128203-128411 Epistemic_statement denotes We applied nonlinear regression analysis using an artificial neural network to detect correlations between the changes in rhythmic EEG waves and fMRI signals without a priori hypothesis of the response shape.
T300 128745-128807 Epistemic_statement denotes However the origin of this nonlinearity still remains unclear.
T301 129608-129741 Epistemic_statement denotes And hence we conclude that the non-linearity of BOLD responses to the neural activity is mainly due to the nonlinear response of OEF.
T302 130062-130279 Epistemic_statement denotes In one series of experiments, we combined transcranial magnetic stimulation with near-infrared imaging in order to clarify how changes in deoxy-Hb concentration (the inverse of BOLD) is related to neuronal inhibition.
T303 131172-131300 Epistemic_statement denotes Nevertheless, many neurodegenerative lesions are associated with activated microglia and low-grade, but sustained, inflammation.
T304 131541-131626 Epistemic_statement denotes However, these cellular and humoral responses to Abeta may be toxic to neurons in AD.
T305 131627-131688 Epistemic_statement denotes Neuroinflammation could be a double-edged sword in the brain.
T306 131689-131968 Epistemic_statement denotes In patients with neurodegenerative diseases, complication of systemic inflammatory diseases, depletion of some neurotransmitters such as catecholamines, and the presence of brain lesions may adjunctly upregulate neuroinflammation, which further accelerates neuronal degeneration.
T307 132299-132409 Epistemic_statement denotes They are thought to be originated from mesoderm, and to be similar cells to other tissue-resident macrophages.
T308 132410-132783 Epistemic_statement denotes Activated microglia have been shown to remove potentially deleterious debris and promote tissue repair by secreting neurotrophic factors at the neuronal injury sites, however, they can release potentially cytotoxic substances in vitro, and at least so-called fully activated form of microglia which are observed at the injury site in AIDS dementia is completely neurotoxic.
T309 132784-132918 Epistemic_statement denotes These suggest that some factor(s) may contribute to change microglial phenotype from protective to toxic, but the detail is not clear.
T310 132986-133110 Epistemic_statement denotes They are found to increase both the potential to produce O2-and MPO-like peroxidase activity resulting in the neurotoxicity.
T311 133111-133215 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, the target protein(s) of nef might to be involved in the control of microglial neurotoxicity.
T312 133308-133426 Epistemic_statement denotes The focus of attention now is on the possibility that ATP receptor of microglia might be involved in neuropathic pain.
T313 133922-134161 Epistemic_statement denotes More recently, we have reported that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) released from microglia by the stimulation of P2X4 causes the depolarizing shift in reversal potential of anion in LI neurons of rats with nerve injury (2005 ( .
T314 134189-134306 Epistemic_statement denotes Understanding the key roles of these ATP receptors may lead to new strategies for the management of neuropathic pain.
T315 134598-134739 Epistemic_statement denotes The response is thought to be an important step in the pathophysiology of traumatic, inflammatory, neoplastic and degenerative brain disease.
T316 135041-135459 Epistemic_statement denotes Using 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET in inflammatory and neurodegenerative brain disease as well as receptor autoradiography, we have shown that distributed regional PBBS up-regulation correlates with clinical deficit and mirrors the histologically described activation of microglia in the penumbra of focal lesions, but importantly also in the distant, anterograde and retrograde projection areas of the lesioned neural pathway.
T317 136585-136765 Epistemic_statement denotes The simulation of NIRS imaging indicates that the intensity and size of activated region in the functional image depend on the relative position of activated region to fibre pairs.
T318 136766-136960 Epistemic_statement denotes Yoko Hoshi Integrated Neuroscience research Team, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan Quantification of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data has been a central issue in the NIRS field.
T319 136961-137233 Epistemic_statement denotes Over the past 25 years, many approaches to quantification have been tried, and in the case that Hb concentration changes are global within the tissue, the quantitative accuracy of time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS) and phase-resolved spectroscopy (PRS) has been established.
T320 137234-137483 Epistemic_statement denotes When the changes are localized, however, as with functional brain activation, the difficulty of quantification has not yet been fully overcome because elimination of the effects of hemodynamic changes in the extracerebral tissue is also challenging.
T321 137687-137794 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, several time-domain methods to determine absorption changes with depth resolution have been proposed.
T322 137795-137927 Epistemic_statement denotes Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is also a potential technique for quantitative detection of focal changes in cerebral hemodynamics.
T323 137980-138176 Epistemic_statement denotes SY2-5-10-3 Brain functional imaging in cerebral ischemic disorders: Comparison of NIRS and fMRI Kaoru Sakatani Department of Neurological surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
T324 138177-138375 Epistemic_statement denotes We compared the evoked cerebral blood oxygenation (CBO) responses measured by NIRS and activation maps of BOLD-fMRI in stroke patients with mild and severe (misery perfusion) cerebral ischemia (CI).
T325 138855-139053 Epistemic_statement denotes The mild CI caused only slight reduction of the activation volumes of BOLD imaging on the lesion side; however, the severe CI, caused markedly reduction of the activation volumes on the lesion side.
T326 139054-139199 Epistemic_statement denotes Misery perfusion caused marked reductions of activation volumes of BOLD imaging associated with an increase of deoxyhemoglobin during activation.
T327 139200-139291 Epistemic_statement denotes BOLD-fMRI should be performed, giving consideration to the baseline circulatory conditions.
T328 140021-140394 Epistemic_statement denotes The unipolar depression was characterized by smaller [oxy-Hb] increase, the bipolar depression by comparable but delayed [oxy-Hb] increase, and the schizophrenia by reduced [oxy-Hb] increase during the task period followed by [oxy-Hb] re-increase during the post-task period, suggesting reduced, preserved but delayed, and inefficient frontal lobe reactivity, respectively.
T329 141096-141290 Epistemic_statement denotes A longitudinal study revealed that locomotor recovery was associated with improvement of asymmetrical activation in the sensorimotor cortex as well as enhanced activation in the premotor cortex.
T330 141435-141639 Epistemic_statement denotes Partial body weight support and speed-dependent exercise decreased sensorimotor activation, suggesting relative shift of locomotor control to the hierarchically lower structures including the spinal cord.
T331 141640-141728 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus NIRS may contribute to establishing brain-based strategies for neurorehabilitation.
T332 141729-142172 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: Funds for comprehensive research of aging and health SY2-5-10-6 Measurement of language related brain activities during recovery from aphasia Eiju Watanabe 1 , Yumiko Muroi 2 , Chizuru Nakajima 2 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Tokyo Mechanism which supports the recovery of language after aphasia is not well understood.
T333 142173-142370 Epistemic_statement denotes It has long been discussed that language related areas including the regions surrounding the language area and compatible cortex on non-dominant side could be candidates which support the recovery.
T334 142371-142446 Epistemic_statement denotes Several studies suggest the compensation by these areas using fMRI and PET.
T335 142916-143123 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings showed dynamic participation of non-dominant frontal lobe during the recovery phase suggesting that the rehabilitation protocol should be changed according to the area activated in each phase.
T336 143413-143698 Epistemic_statement denotes For example, the consequences of the progress of non-invasive neuroimaging technologies, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) show the possibility to read the mind of others, which may lead the criminal and commercial applications.
T337 143699-143849 Epistemic_statement denotes Brain-machine interface (BMI) technology and pharmacological manipulation of the human brain can cause the unpredictable enhancement of human ability.
T338 143850-144043 Epistemic_statement denotes In advance to the expansion of "Applied Neuroscience", neuroscientists should consider "what the ethical problem is in the current neuroscience" and "how we learn and interact with the ethics".
T339 144169-144342 Epistemic_statement denotes We will also discuss the future perspective of the neuroethics in Japan and world in terms of sharing the problems across neuroscientists, ethicists, mass media, and public.
T340 144343-144954 Epistemic_statement denotes Judy Illes Stanford University, USA Akin to genetic testing in the 1990s, the translation of neuroimaging capabilities from the laboratory to the clinical setting has raised ethical questions about how new diagnostic and predictive information will be managed in the absence of effective treatments for certain diseases, about the timing of technology transfer and handling of technology that falls in the regulatory gray zone between research and clinical use, and what impact increasing opportunities for selfreferral to health care will have on patient-physician relationships, medicine, and society overall.
T341 144955-145137 Epistemic_statement denotes Potential off-label uses of advanced neuroimaging outside the health care setting -in law, education, employment and even for national security -are already being tested and debated.
T342 145138-145328 Epistemic_statement denotes We will discuss how these issues converge in 21st century neuroethics, the presence of neuroethics in the international domain, and the critical role of ethics in neuroscience in the future.
T343 145329-145443 Epistemic_statement denotes SY2-6-06-3 Neuroethics from primate's eyes Naotaka Fujii BSI, Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, Japan
T344 145444-145545 Epistemic_statement denotes Neurophysiologists working on monkeys have been trying to understanding how their brains are working.
T345 145546-145706 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of the studies was not merely revealing functions of primate's brain but also trying to extrapolate the findings in primates onto human brain functions.
T346 145707-145866 Epistemic_statement denotes This was true but not really true due to technical limitations which prevented us from expanding the findings in primates directly to the human brain function.
T347 145867-145931 Epistemic_statement denotes However, recent advancement of technology has changed the world.
T348 145932-146033 Epistemic_statement denotes Findings in primates can be directly applied to human studies with or without researcher's intention.
T349 146318-146561 Epistemic_statement denotes As an experienced primate neurophysiologist but with little ethical training, I will discuss 'what is ethically correct primate research' and 'how our scientific contribution has to be made' from very practical and ground level of neuroethics.
T350 146905-147113 Epistemic_statement denotes Unraveling mechanisms that limit such dramatic plasticity to early life would pave the way for novel paradigms or therapeutic agents for rehabilitation, recovery from injury or improved learning in adulthood.
T351 147114-147348 Epistemic_statement denotes Conversely, a deeper insight into early postnatal brain development will provide valuable inspiration for effective brain-based education methods for our children-perhaps the greatest potential contribution of neuroscience to society.
T352 147349-147472 Epistemic_statement denotes This raises urgent and important ethical questions for our consideration: is there an "ideal" brain we should be nurturing?
T353 147473-147591 Epistemic_statement denotes To what extent can/should drugs be used not merely to correct developmental disorders but also to enhance performance?
T354 147592-147655 Epistemic_statement denotes How do we determine what is good or bad for the maturing brain?
T355 147656-147990 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: RIKEN BSI SY2-6-06-5 Neuroethics beyond laboratories and across cultures Daofen Chen National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, USA Recent progress in systems and cognitive neuroscience poses new ethical challenges to both investigators and to the funding agencies that support scientific investigations.
T356 147991-148085 Epistemic_statement denotes Potential uses of many of these recent advances go beyond their intended medical applications.
T357 148290-148426 Epistemic_statement denotes While it once might had been possible to conduct research with naive ignorance of its societal implications, this is no longer the case.
T358 148427-148605 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, we need to be cognizant that modern brain science is profoundly influenced by the distinct cultural and social values held by different sectors of the world population.
T359 148886-149145 Epistemic_statement denotes SY2-6-06-6 Bridging neuroscience and public: Neuroethics in cultural contexts Osamu Sakura 1,2 1 Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 2 Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX), JST, Japan
T360 149146-149251 Epistemic_statement denotes To bridge between neurosciences and public society-it should be one of the important aims of Neuroethics.
T361 149252-149341 Epistemic_statement denotes For this purpose we need to draw the outline of neuroscience within the cultural context.
T362 149342-149477 Epistemic_statement denotes The method and the result of natural sciences are universal, of course, but its social consequences are highly variable among cultures.
T363 149478-149751 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the systematic comparative researches are open to the future, we should discuss how the neurosciences could create the healthy relationship between the public society, especially focusing on the method for public participation and on the previous successful cases.
T364 149752-150254 Epistemic_statement denotes Mitsuru Kawamura 1,2 , Akira Midorikawa 3 , Yoshiki Kaneoke 4 , Shinichi Koyama 1 , Masato Taira 5 , Argye Hillis 6 1 Showa University School of Medicine, Japan; 2 CREST, JST, Saitama, Japan; 3 National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan; 4 National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; 5 Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan; 6 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA This symposium aims to provide an opportunity to talk between clinical neuropsychologists and neuroscientists.
T365 151520-151710 Epistemic_statement denotes Although she could recognize pictures of famous people, she frequently failed to decide the races of unfamiliar faces and occasionally failed to see the hollow-face illusion (Gregory 1970) .
T366 152549-152813 Epistemic_statement denotes Basically, it is thought that the parietal association cortex processes 3D visual information by binocular disparity cues and the temporal association cortex processes that by pictorial cues in the concept of two visual information processing systems in the brain.
T367 152814-152933 Epistemic_statement denotes However, recent studies have suggested that there are many crosstalk of 3D information between these association areas.
T368 153118-153269 Epistemic_statement denotes Functional MRI data in human also suggest that pictorial cues, such as attached and cast shadow, are processed in the parietal cortex in 3D perception.
T369 153270-153429 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, human psychophysical data gives us some insights of how the pictorial cues influence 3D information processing in the parietal association cortex.
T370 153430-153899 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI 17022038 SY2-6-11-4 Case report of a patient with posterior cortial atrophy who relatively preserved perception of moving objects Akira Midorikawa 1 1 National Center of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan It has been presented that severe type of Bálint syndrome behaves like a blind person; however, it also reported that there are some cases who behave like a blind person but could walk without collision.
T371 153900-154016 Epistemic_statement denotes Up to today several cases have been reported, but the underlying mechanism of the phenomenon has not been mentioned.
T372 154017-154273 Epistemic_statement denotes In this report, I will talk about a patient with Bálint syndrome due to degenerative disease known as posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), who could not only walk around without collision but also play catch very well, nevertheless having blind like behavior.
T373 154429-154521 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, discrepancy between the patients who could walk and not walk will be discussed.
T374 154954-155125 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, it will show us another aspect of the neural activity related to the specific brain function that would not be revealed by the recording of single neuronal activity.
T375 155698-155836 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on the results, scalar fields theory for the spatial integration of motion is proposed to explain various complex motion perception.
T376 155837-156527 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (15500221) SY2-6-11-6 Neural correlates of visual attention Argye Hillis 1 , Mitsuru Kawamura 2 , Akira Midorikawa 3 , Yoshiki Kaneoke 4 , Shinichi Koyama 2 , Masato Taira 5 1 Johns Hopkins University, USA; 2 Showa University, Tokyo, Japan; 3 National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan; 4 National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; 5 Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan In this paper I report a series of studies of Unilateral Spatial Neglect (USN) in acute stroke, demonstrating a frequent double dissociation between stimulus-centered neglect and viewer-centered neglect, and showing that these types of neglect can be modality-specific.
T377 156528-156657 Epistemic_statement denotes Other data reveal that different types of USN are observed when there is hypoperfusion of temporal cortex versus parietal cortex.
T378 156658-156837 Epistemic_statement denotes Still other data provide evidence that severity of neglect depends on the volume of hypoperfused tissue in acute stroke, and that reperfusion results in early recovery of neglect.
T379 157270-157323 Epistemic_statement denotes This is one of fundamental questions in neuroscience.
T380 157324-157440 Epistemic_statement denotes Several lines of evidences have suggested that genes are more strictly controlled in the brain than in other organs.
T381 157732-157961 Epistemic_statement denotes It has recently been demonstrated that the epigenetic system is affected by an environmental stress after birth, and that the system is associated with neural differentiation and cell fate determination and human brain diversity.
T382 158508-158622 Epistemic_statement denotes Abnormal expression of some genes due to MeCP2 dysfunction is thought to be the first step of RTT pathophysiology.
T383 158623-158776 Epistemic_statement denotes To understand how MeCP2 mutation makes RTT, we have two approaches that are morphological investigation of brain and discovery of MeCP2-downstream genes.
T384 158919-158987 Epistemic_statement denotes Premature synaptogenesis may be the initial neuronal changes of RTT.
T385 159268-159352 Epistemic_statement denotes Over-expression of IGFBP3 due to lack of MeCP2 may lead to delayed brain maturation.
T386 159353-159590 Epistemic_statement denotes Growing evidence suggests that alterations in the epigenetic status such as DNA methylation and histone modifications in brain are involved in the behavioral response to environmental factors and the pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases.
T387 159591-159720 Epistemic_statement denotes However, in contrast to mRNA profiling, there are few established methods for profiling the genomewide epigenetic status to date.
T388 159922-160124 Epistemic_statement denotes In this symposium, general picture of the genes that are heavily methylated or non-methylated in human brain, and the relationship between DNA methylation and mRNA expression patterns will be presented.
T389 160580-160798 Epistemic_statement denotes The fact that L1 can retrotranspose in a defined window of neuronal differentiation, changing the genetic information in single neurons in an arbitrary fashion, allows the brain to develop in distinctly different ways.
T390 160799-160902 Epistemic_statement denotes This characteristic of variety and flexibility may contribute to the uniqueness of an individual brain.
T391 160903-160977 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the extent of the impact of L1 on the neuronal genome is unknown.
T392 160978-161277 Epistemic_statement denotes The characterization of somatic neuronal diversification will not only be relevant for the understanding of brain complexity and neuronal organization in mammals but may also shed light on the differences in cognitive abilities, personality traits and many psychiatric conditions observed in humans.
T393 161278-161456 Epistemic_statement denotes SY2-7-07-6 Notch-induced acquisition of astrocyte differentiation potential of neural stem cells Kinichi Nakashima 1 , Jun Kohyma 1 , Tetsuya Taga 2 , Masakazu Namihira 1 1 Grad.
T394 161517-161708 Epistemic_statement denotes Genet., Kumamoto Univ., Kumamoto, Japan Neurons and astrocytes are generated from common neural stem/precursor cells, however, neurogenesis precedes astrocytogenesis during brain development.
T395 161709-161836 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously reported that GFAP-positive astrocyte differentiation is dependent on the transcriptional activity of STAT3.
T396 162257-162454 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we report that neurons, which are generated earlier than astrocytes can potentiate neural precursors at midgenstation to differentiate into astrocyte through the activation of Notch-signaling.
T397 163846-163949 Epistemic_statement denotes Gene transfer technique may be applicable to the treatment of serious types of cerebrovascular disease.
T398 164056-164194 Epistemic_statement denotes Several experimental studies have revealed potential usefulness of gene therapy for prevention of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
T399 164363-164544 Epistemic_statement denotes Our recent studies of post-ischemic gene transfer have provided promising results in attenuation of ischemic damages by inhibiting apoptosis, inflammation and vascular permeability.
T400 164545-164675 Epistemic_statement denotes Approaches to cerebral ischemia using gene transfer for angiogenesis and neurogenesis appear to be novel and promising strategies.
T401 164676-164760 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, gene therapy has a potential for the future therapy against cerebral ischemia.
T402 164761-164949 Epistemic_statement denotes Isao Date Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan Cerebral ischemia is one of the neurological disorders that cell transplantation is expected to be applied.
T403 165077-165185 Epistemic_statement denotes It is now possible to make several types of neurotrophic factor secreting cell line by genetic manipulation.
T404 165307-165487 Epistemic_statement denotes We transplanted several types of neurotrophic factor secreting cell line into the middle cerebral artery occlusion model and could confirm the histological and behavioral efficacy.
T405 165488-165613 Epistemic_statement denotes We have also been using adultderived neural stem cells as donor cells because they have merits to make autografitng possible.
T406 165614-165708 Epistemic_statement denotes As donor tissue, neural protection can be expected similar to fetus-derived neural stem cells.
T407 165843-165964 Epistemic_statement denotes Cell transplantation is considered a new therapeutic approach for cerebral ischemia and clinical application is expected.
T408 165965-166429 Epistemic_statement denotes We now know that (1) motor function may recover after minor injury to the primary motor cortex, (2) this recovery is, at least in part, associated with reorganization of cortical motor representation, (3) the molecular mechanism for synaptic plasticity and axonal regrowth is being elucidated, and (4) recent clinical experience revealed that the motor function in patients with spinal cord injury is improved after transplantation of her/his own olfactory mucosa.
T409 166430-166569 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, recent neuroimaging techniques can display the cortical functions as we as the specific fiber connections in individual brain.
T410 166570-166694 Epistemic_statement denotes Virtually any part of the brain can be approached with the accuracy of millimeters by the current image-guided neurosurgery.
T411 166695-166806 Epistemic_statement denotes Those theoretical and technical backgrounds suggest we might be ready for the reconstruction of brain function.
T412 166989-167148 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, misfolding has come to be considered one of the primary factors for pQ protein aggregation, although, the nature of misfolding is not yet well known.
T413 167771-167935 Epistemic_statement denotes This structure could be closely involved in recruitment of various functional proteins into aggregates, leading to the cellular dysfunction that causes pQ diseases.
T414 167936-168254 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore using cellular model system we also studied the aggregates interacting proteins (AIPs) by analyzing the purified polyglutamine inclusions and the lists of AIP including chaperones, proteasome subunits, ubiquitin interacting proteins and others suggest the pathological role of AIPs in the disease cascades.
T415 169095-169324 Epistemic_statement denotes Neuropathological studies revealed progressive brain atrophy without obvious neuronal loss and an age-dependent increase in neuronal intranuclear accumulation of mutant proteins with the regional distribution vulnerable to DRPLA.
T416 169418-169561 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that "neuronal dysfunction", but not the "neuronal cell death", is the essential mechanism of neurodegeneration in DRPLA.
T417 169747-169938 Epistemic_statement denotes Using a transgenic mouse model of HD, we have shown that environmental factors can dramatically modify the disease process and delay the onset and progression of motor and cognitive symptoms.
T418 169939-170254 Epistemic_statement denotes Further, we have attempted to correlate these behavioural findings with changes in gene expression, neuronal morphology, neurogenesis, and cortical plasticity, in an attempt to elucidate cellular and molecular mediators in HD, and understand how gene-environment interactions can modulate these pathogenic pathways.
T419 170255-170532 Epistemic_statement denotes Our findings indicate that the modulatory effects of environmental manipulations are mediated by amelioration of specific molecular and cellular deficits, and provide experimental paradigms for the identification of novel therapeutic targets for HD and related brain disorders.
T420 171153-171362 Epistemic_statement denotes The analyses of these distinct neuronal subtypes allowed us to identify several candidate molecules and cellular interactions that might contribute to the laminar and areal organization of the cerebral cortex.
T421 171363-171585 Epistemic_statement denotes In the first part of my talk, I would like to deal with the issue of ontogeny of Cajal-Retzius cells, and present the way Cajal-Retzius cells are generated, migrate and finally distribute in the developing cerebral cortex.
T422 172189-172505 Epistemic_statement denotes To determine whether the migration from the ventricular zone (VZ) to beneath the marginal zone (MZ) is essential for neuronal segregation into layers, we investigated whether migrating neurons have different cell aggregation properties in vitro depending on their birth-dates, even before they arrive beneath the MZ.
T423 172734-172873 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that cortical neurons acquire a birth-date-dependent segregation property (or fate) before their somas reach the MZ.
T424 172874-173094 Epistemic_statement denotes In silico experiments of the reaggregation culture supported that this mechanism might indeed contribute to the layer formation in the developing cerebral cortex in concert with other mechanisms such as Reelin signaling.
T425 173866-174044 Epistemic_statement denotes We also provide evidence that Shh produced by the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI), which abuts the prethalamus and thalamus, is likely to be a cue for this directed migration.
T426 174045-174263 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that local production of prespecified neurons coupled with distinct migration properties and local guidance cues such as compartment boundaries could be principle elements for the nucleus formation.
T427 174415-174492 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite their importance, mechanisms for nucleogenesis are poorly understood.
T428 175252-175417 Epistemic_statement denotes Perturbation experiments such as introduction of dominant negative constructs and siRNA suggested involvement of several molecules in the migration of these neurons.
T429 175418-175570 Epistemic_statement denotes The brains of fetal alcohol syndrome patients exhibit impaired neuronal migration, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying this abnormality.
T430 176090-176435 Epistemic_statement denotes Each second-messenger has multiple but distinct downstream targets, including CaMKII, calcineurin, PP1, Rho GTPase, MAPK and PI 3 K. These results demonstrate that the aberrant migration of immature neurons in the fetal brain caused by maternal alcohol consumption may be corrected by controlling the activity of these second-messenger pathways.
T431 176736-176826 Epistemic_statement denotes In the mid 1980s it was shown that water diffusion in the brain could be imaged using MRI.
T432 177185-177306 Epistemic_statement denotes This feature can be exploited to map out the orientation in space of the white matter tracks and image brain connections.
T433 177307-177419 Epistemic_statement denotes More recently, it was discovered that diffusion MRI could detect transient swelling of activated cortical cells.
T434 177556-177750 Epistemic_statement denotes This approach will bridge the gap between invasive optical imaging techniques and current functional neuroimaging approaches in humans, which are based on indirect and remote blood flow changes.
T435 178289-178420 Epistemic_statement denotes DTI of the brain can be reconstructed to display 3D macroscopic fiber tract architecture, in a process known as fiber tractography.
T436 178573-179012 Epistemic_statement denotes We have demonstrated that depiction of most fiber tracts was improved on 3-T tractography compared to 1.5 T. We have also established an integration of tractography and intraoperative subcortical motor-evoked potential, and demonstrated that diffusion tensor tractography of the corticospinal tract using 3-T MR was able to provide interactive information on fiber tracts, depicting the course of eloquent fiber tracts during an operation.
T437 179013-179164 Epistemic_statement denotes To test whether MR tractography is reproducible and reliable, we used this technique to assess acute tiny infarcts located in the supratentorial brain.
T438 179260-179381 Epistemic_statement denotes There was an excellent correlation between the location of the infarct as assessed by tractography and clinical symptoms.
T439 179716-179809 Epistemic_statement denotes Finally, we studied whether the use of tractography could help predict a patient's prognosis.
T440 179917-180038 Epistemic_statement denotes We analyzed the correlation between the extent of CST involvement within the infarcts and the severity of motor deficits.
T441 180039-180138 Epistemic_statement denotes The data indicated that the tractographic technique could be useful to predict a patient's outcome.
T442 180139-180496 Epistemic_statement denotes SY3-2-02-4 Anatomical and functional tractography: A combined approach with diffusion tractography and corticocortical evoked potential Riki Matsumoto Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan Recent advances in diffusion-weighted imaging have raised the possibility of in vivo investigations of brain circuitry in humans.
T443 180497-180735 Epistemic_statement denotes The probabilistic tractography provides estimates of the likelihood of a pathway between two brain regions without tensor estimation and thus could trace the fiber pathways beyond regions of low diffusion anisotrophy into the grey matter.
T444 180736-180834 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the results depend merely on anisotropic movement of water molecules and need validation.
T445 180835-181191 Epistemic_statement denotes For presurgical evaluation of epilepsy patients, we developed an in vivo tracking method, cortico-cortical evoked potential, to electrically track the cortico-cortical connections by stimulating a part of the brain through epicortical electrodes and recording the cortical evoked potentials that emanate from a distant region of the cortex via projections.
T446 181192-181372 Epistemic_statement denotes Combined with preoperative diffusion analysis, this invasive evaluation provides a unique opportunity to study the cortico-cortical connectivity both functionally and anatomically.
T447 181953-182248 Epistemic_statement denotes Epidemiological studies revealed numbers of environmental factors that are positively correlated with increased risk of PD; such factors include pesticide, herbicides, rural living, well water drinking, metals such as manganese and iron, fuel oil, industrial chemicals, and hydrocarbon solvents.
T448 182249-182452 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, certain employments were reported to be associated with increased risk of PD; these include steel/alloy industry, wood/pulp plant, farming, carpentry, cleaning, orchard, mining, and welding.
T449 182453-182537 Epistemic_statement denotes These studies suggest importance of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of PD.
T450 182538-182587 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent progress in these areas will be discussed.
T451 182588-182816 Epistemic_statement denotes Masami Ishido National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan There are getting much public concerns about children health since environmental factors such as industrial chemicals cause deficit in developing brains.
T452 182817-182919 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been suggested that they may be incident of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism.
T453 182920-183057 Epistemic_statement denotes Epidemiologic studies also suggested that Parkinson's disease was found in the peoples who were exposed to pesticides in their childhood.
T454 183334-183646 Epistemic_statement denotes Immunohistochemical analyses of the brain tissues at 8 weeks of age revealed a large reduction of immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase, but not for glutamic acid decarboxylase, both of which are localized in the substantia nigra, suggesting the specific degeneration by the chemical of dopaminergic neurons.
T455 183703-183787 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, environmental insults in early life may be of particular etiologic importance.
T456 183788-184005 Epistemic_statement denotes SY3-2-07-3 Non-thermal effects of mobile phones upon the rat brain Leif G. Salford, B. Persson, J. Eberhardt, G. Grafstrom, L. Malmgren, A. Brun Dept of Neurosurgery and the Rausing Laboratory, Lund University, Sweden
T457 184006-184159 Epistemic_statement denotes We have shown that RF electromagnetic fields can cause significant leakage of albumin through the BBB of exposed rats as compared to non-exposed animals.
T458 184319-184503 Epistemic_statement denotes If the reversed situation were at hand, we feel that the risk of cellular telephones, base-stations and other RF emitting sources could be managed by reduction of their emitted energy.
T459 184682-184882 Epistemic_statement denotes Another remarkable observation in our studies is the fact that a significant (p < 0.002) neuronal damage is seen in rat brains 50 days after a 2 hour exposure to GSM at SAR values 200, 20 and 2 mW/kg.
T460 185199-185342 Epistemic_statement denotes Our findings may support the hypothesis that albumin leakage into the brain is the cause for the neuronal damage observed after 28 and 50 days.
T461 185654-185805 Epistemic_statement denotes The mechanisms underlying the preferential degeneration of the striatum, the most striking neuropathological change in Huntington disease, are unknown.
T462 185806-186073 Epistemic_statement denotes The behavioral and anatomical similarities found between Huntington disease and animal models of striatal degeneration using the environmental toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) support the hypothesis that mitochondrial defects could play a role in Huntington disease.
T463 186209-186369 Epistemic_statement denotes In particular, we show that mutated Huntingtin can alter the expression of mitochondrial complex II, the respiratory chain enzyme specifically inhibited by 3NP.
T464 186370-186560 Epistemic_statement denotes In summary, the 3NP story is a good example showing how the study of environmental toxins can greatly help to elucidate the complex mechanisms underlying chronic neurodegenerative disorders.
T465 187596-187860 Epistemic_statement denotes SY3-2-07-6 Environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease Joanna L. Jankowsky California Institute of Technology, USA Epidemiological studies indicate that environmental factors significantly influence the risk of developing Alzheimer's dementia.
T466 187941-188127 Epistemic_statement denotes Although not universal, most studies have found that individuals with greater education, more challenging occupation, or active leisure hobbies show relative protection against dementia.
T467 188128-188230 Epistemic_statement denotes Animal models for Alzheimer's disease have recently been used to explore the mechanism of this effect.
T468 188403-188593 Epistemic_statement denotes Both enriched housing and exercise modify the level of amyloid-beta in the brains of transgenic mice, demonstrating that environmental factors can significantly influence brain biochemistry.
T469 188594-188864 Epistemic_statement denotes Intriguingly, traditional environmental enrichment can improve cognitive behavior while paradoxically elevating amyloid-beta levels in transgenic mice, suggesting that environmental stimulation may alter amyloid metabolism and cognitive function by competing mechanisms.
T470 188977-189327 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we have elucidated the role of PRIP (PLC-related inactive protein) in trafficking of the receptors by analyzing PRIP knockout (KO) mice; the sensitivity to diazepam was reduced as assessed by biochemical, electrophysiological and behavioral analyses of KO mice, suggesting the dysfunction of the ␥2 subunit-containing receptors.
T471 190224-190523 Epistemic_statement denotes This LTP requires a postsynaptic Ca 2+ rise for induction and spike firing of presynaptic cells for maintenance, although the necessary frequency is low, suggesting that LTP is expressed presynaptically and some information must be sent backwards from the post-to presynaptic cells during induction.
T472 190524-190608 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we investigated whether BDNF could act as such retrograde messengers.
T473 191074-191197 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that BDNF released from postsynaptic cells activates presynaptic TrkB, enabling the induction of LTP.
T474 192330-192481 Epistemic_statement denotes Our study suggests that autocrine mGluR1 activation provides a powerful homeostatic mechanism to dynamically regulate inhibitory synaptic transmission.
T475 193016-193118 Epistemic_statement denotes The balance of activities of protein kinases and phosphatases determines whether RP is induced or not.
T476 193190-193397 Epistemic_statement denotes Using both electrophysiological experiments and computational kinetic simulation of biochemical reactions, we demonstrate how the long-term potentiation of GABA A receptormediated responses is brought about.
T477 193666-193787 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that structural alteration of GABARAP caused by calpain activity is critical for establishment of RP.
T478 194101-194170 Epistemic_statement denotes This book has been one of the most influential books in neuroscience.
T479 194171-194307 Epistemic_statement denotes Around the time of the 50th anniversary of this book, special issues and articles concerned with this book appeared in several journals.
T480 194625-194704 Epistemic_statement denotes However, he also made some mistakes, for example he advocated frontal lobotomy.
T481 194705-195042 Epistemic_statement denotes In this symposium, I will briefly review how influential this book has been on basic and practical neurosciences, and will re-consider the importance and limitation of studying mental processes, such as emotion, memory and thought by exploring brain mechanisms, in reference to the idea of cell assembly, phase sequence and Hebb synapse.
T482 195043-195287 Epistemic_statement denotes SY3-3-08-2 Detection of cell assembly in neuroscience experiments and brain-machine interfaces Yoshio Sakurai 1,2 , Susumu Takahashi 2 1 Department of Psychology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; 2 CREST, Japan Science & Technology Agency, Japan
T483 195288-195464 Epistemic_statement denotes The reality of cell-assembly coding in the working brain depends on how we could detect specific properties of cell assembly from multi-neuronal activities in behaving animals.
T484 195465-195742 Epistemic_statement denotes First in the present paper, we show experimental results indicating some of the properties, i.e., functional overlapping of individual neurons and connection dynamics among multiple neurons, that depend on tasks and events being processed and on the distance among the neurons.
T485 196242-196319 Epistemic_statement denotes How relevant is it in protein synthesis-dependent late-phase plasticity (LP)?
T486 196320-196434 Epistemic_statement denotes Synaptic tagging hypothesis explains how new proteins reach the activated synapses to establish input-specific LP.
T487 196652-196967 Epistemic_statement denotes VE trapping conforms to the Hebb's rule in a sense that it required both presynaptic activity and postsynaptic NO-PKG pathway, but their coincident time window was far wider (∼h) than that of early-phase plasticity, suggesting an involvement of persistently synchronized rather than transiently coincident activity.
T488 196968-197188 Epistemic_statement denotes NO spreading from the activated synapses may persistently prime the postsynaptic tag components at the surrounding synapses, during which brief inputs to these synapses will establish associative and heterosynaptic tags.
T489 197189-197278 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, tagging one synapse would lead surrounding synapses to multiple metaplastic states.
T490 197279-197375 Epistemic_statement denotes Tomoki Fukai Laboratory for Neural Circuit Theory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
T491 197376-197531 Epistemic_statement denotes In the cell-assembly hypothesis, cortical neurons are considered to form functional subnetworks depending on a particular demand of information processing.
T492 197532-197668 Epistemic_statement denotes Such cell assemblies may be organized through synchronous firing of the constituent neurons and synapses modifiable by Hebbian learning.
T493 197669-197828 Epistemic_statement denotes In this talk, I will overview recent in vivo and in vitro experimental findings that provide new evidence for synchronous or precisely timed neuronal activity.
T494 197985-198074 Epistemic_statement denotes In this model, multiple cell assemblies can be defined by the pattern of neuronal wiring.
T495 198075-198174 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the same experimental findings can lead us to a different type of cortical network models.
T496 198175-198346 Epistemic_statement denotes In this type of models, cortical networks may self-organize to develop a critical dynamical state, which may be useful for realizing a hypothetical "liquid-state machine".
T497 198347-198471 Epistemic_statement denotes I will discuss the characteristic properties of both types of models and the possible implications in cortical computations.
T498 198472-198824 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (17022036) SY3-3-08-5 Impact of Hebbian hypothesis on neuroscience Keisuke Toyama Shimadzu Institute of Basic Technology, Seikacho, Hikaridai, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan Hebb has seeded two major concepts in the modern neuroscience, i.e., cell assembly hypothesis for perception, and Hebbian synapses to construct that cell assembly.
T499 199206-199436 Epistemic_statement denotes Cell assembly that was originally assumed to be static, became dynamic and opened a new possibility for the neural computation, combined with dynamic Hebbian synapses conceptualized as the spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP).
T500 200376-200474 Epistemic_statement denotes The magnitude of the conductance is regulated by efficiency of GABA uptake and membrane potential.
T501 201118-201323 Epistemic_statement denotes of Med., Yamagata, Japan Glial cells, in addition to their supportive roles in the nervous system, make up a functional unit with neurons and have been suggested to play novel roles in neuronal activities.
T502 201783-202069 Epistemic_statement denotes Since interneurons in the hippocampus are mainly inhibitory and the terminals of a single interneuron make a large number of synapses on a group of pyramidal cells, direct inhibitory regulation via PG would have marked effects on the information processing of neurons in the CA1 region.
T503 202566-202683 Epistemic_statement denotes Carbachol can induce beta oscillation as well while carbachol can induce theta, and gamma oscillations in the slices.
T504 203227-203330 Epistemic_statement denotes It is indicated that the character of beta oscillations are different from those of theta oscillations.
T505 203741-203997 Epistemic_statement denotes We have found that (1) most entorhinal and subicular neurons displayed bimodal active (up) and quiet (down) states of membrane potential, in synchrony with neocortical slow oscillations, (2) no bimodal up-down transition was present in hippocampal neurons.
T506 204262-204455 Epistemic_statement denotes These observations suggest that entorhinal and subicular regions are "neocortex-like" and hippocampal networks can generate self-organized activity independent of neocortical slow oscillations.
T507 204456-204662 Epistemic_statement denotes The cholinergic neurons in the mesopontine reticular formation (MPRF) seem to control sleep-wake cycle and hippocampal activity, because stimulation of the MPRF elicits REM sleep and hippocampal theta wave.
T508 205144-205273 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that cholinergic neuron in the MPRF is important in generation and maintenance of REM sleep and theta wave.
T509 205274-205411 Epistemic_statement denotes Because hippocampal theta waves are involved in memory consolidation during REM sleep, our findings might help to clarify this mechanism.
T510 206276-206437 Epistemic_statement denotes The phase relations of Per1 and Per2 rhythms suggest that light-on resets Per1 rhythms in both light conditions, while Per2 rhythm also relates to the light-off.
T511 206630-206742 Epistemic_statement denotes The finding suggests that two distinct oscillators, which respond to the day-length, reside in the anterior SCN.
T512 206825-206984 Epistemic_statement denotes Tissue transplantation of the SCN restores the behavioral circadian rhythm in SCN-lesioned mice in spite of the impaired neural connection with the host brain.
T513 206985-207170 Epistemic_statement denotes We have investigated whether grafted SCN regulates the circadian oscillator in peripheral organs using the SCN-transplanted mice that have a limited time information transmission paths.
T514 207297-207466 Epistemic_statement denotes Many of clock genes showed dynamic oscillations with identical phase relationship as shown in intact animals, however, Per1 and Per2 showed low amplitude of oscillation.
T515 207467-207673 Epistemic_statement denotes The findings suggest that diffusible signal molecules released from the transplanted SCN entrain the circadian clock in peripheral organs and that they differentially modulate the expression of clock genes.
T516 208847-209129 Epistemic_statement denotes Hitoshi Okamura Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan Light is a powerful synchronizer of the circadian rhythms, and bright light therapy is known to improve metabolic and hormonal status of circadian rhythm sleep disorders, although its mechanism is poorly understood.
T517 209454-209668 Epistemic_statement denotes The abolishment after SCN-lesioning, and the day-night difference of light-induced adrenal gene expression and corticosterone release, clearly indicate that this phenomenon is closely linked to the circadian clock.
T518 209669-209839 Epistemic_statement denotes The surge of plasma corticosterone after light exposure indicates that environmental light signals are instantly converted to glucocorticoid signals in the blood and CSF.
T519 211786-211952 Epistemic_statement denotes This adenovirus-meditated gene transfer technique will enable us to examine the properties of each subset of progenitor cells that share the same neuronal birth date.
T520 211953-212062 Epistemic_statement denotes I will explain directions how to use an adenoviral vector and application of an adenoviral vector in my talk.
T521 213495-213657 Epistemic_statement denotes of Med., The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Virus vectors can efficiently deliver genes to neurons and other cells in the nervous systems in vitro and in vivo.
T522 214083-214219 Epistemic_statement denotes These facts indicate that the vector is a powerful tool for the robust expression of target genes in the specific population of neurons.
T523 214220-214482 Epistemic_statement denotes In this symposium, we will introduce our recent topics on the synaptic functions in the cerebellar systems revealed by visualization and manipulation of signaling molecules, such as nitric oxide and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, in the cerebellar Purkinje cells.
T524 214984-215166 Epistemic_statement denotes A transgene-based rescue approach is one of the powerful methods to decipher the mechanisms of actions of an orphan receptor; however, it is quite labor intensive and time consuming.
T525 215344-215556 Epistemic_statement denotes By introducing a Sindbis virus carrying a wild-type GluR␦2 into GluR␦2-null cerebellum in vivo, we could rescue abnormal phenotypes, such as impaired long-term depression at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses.
T526 215557-215713 Epistemic_statement denotes By examining whether a mutant GluR␦2 lacking a specific domain could similarly rescue the phenotypes, we could evaluate functional importance of the domain.
T527 215714-215942 Epistemic_statement denotes Alternatively, by introducing a partial sequence of the gene of interest into wild-type brain and examining its dominant-negative effect, we will be able to identify the region of the gene product that is functionally important.
T528 217023-217248 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that HIV-derived lentiviral vectors are useful for the study of gene function in Purkinje cells as well as for application as a gene therapy tool for the treatment of diseases that affect Purkinje cells.
T529 218585-218739 Epistemic_statement denotes Consequently, various symptoms appear, such as cardinal symptoms, those in the advanced stage and those as the side effects of long-term levodopa therapy.
T530 218943-219164 Epistemic_statement denotes Stimulation by chronically implanted electrodes in the brain, that is, deep brain stimulation (DBS), has recently been applied and has been shown to have marked effects on the symptoms resisted to conventional treatments.
T531 219261-219357 Epistemic_statement denotes Much basic research on the function of STN has been reported, but STN function is still unclear.
T532 219524-219963 Epistemic_statement denotes SY3-7-11-3 Firing patterns of basal ganglia neurons and effects of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease Takao Hashimoto Center for Neurological Diseases, Aizawa Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan High-frequency electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and thalamus can improve motor signs in patients with Parkinson's disease, however, its mechanism of action remains unclear.
T533 219964-220245 Epistemic_statement denotes A leading hypothesis regarding the development of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin suggests that hyperkinetic and hypokinetic disorders occur as a result of changes in the mean discharge rate in the GPi and substantia nigra, which in turn suppress thalamocortical output.
T534 220509-220665 Epistemic_statement denotes Synchronous oscillation in the basal ganglia may break down independent processing in the motor circuit and disrupt signal processing at the cortical level.
T535 220955-221110 Epistemic_statement denotes However, we are largely unaware of the automatic control processes of rhythmic limb movements, muscle tone and postural reflexes that accompany locomotion.
T536 221111-221291 Epistemic_statement denotes Because each process is seriously impaired in Parkinsonian patients, the basal ganglia must play a crucial role in integrating the volitional and automatic processes of locomotion.
T537 221415-221630 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, recent our findings suggest the importance of the direct basal ganglia outflow to the brainstem where fundamental neuronal networks for controlling postural muscle tone and locomotion are located.
T538 221631-221823 Epistemic_statement denotes In this presentation we discuss the role of the basal ganglia in the integration of volitional and automatic movements during locomotion, which has been less understood aspect of gait control.
T539 221824-222487 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific research (C) and Priority Area (Area No.454) SY3-7-11-5 Characteristics of neuronal activity within the globus pallidus interna (GPi) in patients with dystonia Yoichi Katayama 1,2 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; 2 Division of Applied System Neuroscience, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan Dystonia represents disordered muscular tonicity of the trunk and/or extremities, and is often dramatically controlled by chronic GPistimulation in humans, indicating that dystonia is attributable to certain abnormal activity of GPi neurons.
T540 222488-222600 Epistemic_statement denotes Little is yet known, however, regarding characteristics of neuronal activity within the GPi underlying dystonia.
T541 223091-223206 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that dystonia may be related to unstable movement-related sensory processing within the GPi.
T542 223207-223395 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been considered that dystonia, which is generally characterized by postural abnormalities and involuntary movements including torsion, is caused by dysfunction of the basal ganglia.
T543 224068-224173 Epistemic_statement denotes In this symposium, the possible correlation between these data and dystonic phenotypes will be discussed.
T544 224771-224908 Epistemic_statement denotes Pulse mode seems much more robust than surge, because estrogen can induce a surge under a certain condition when the pulse is suppressed.
T545 224909-225047 Epistemic_statement denotes The following four papers aim to unveil the physiological mechanism underlying two modes of GnRH secretion in various experimental models.
T546 225527-225648 Epistemic_statement denotes The central mechanism of positive feedback action of estrogen on GnRH/LH secretion, however, is not fully understood yet.
T547 226125-226318 Epistemic_statement denotes The present paper focuses on the role of metastin in regulating GnRH/LH surge based on our recent study in rats and discusses possible mechanism underlying positive feedback action of estrogen.
T548 227016-227140 Epistemic_statement denotes GABAergic neurons form a major input to GnRH neurons, and activation of the GABAA receptor can be excitatory in these cells.
T549 227431-227557 Epistemic_statement denotes Together these data indicate one mechanism by which E induces the GnRH surge is by altering GABA transmission to GnRH neurons.
T550 227968-228175 Epistemic_statement denotes To study the both types of GnRH neurons, we use a fish model system in which we can easily identify both of them in intact brain preparations in vitro, which is a great advantage over most other vertebrates.
T551 228632-228742 Epistemic_statement denotes in hand, simultaneous multidisciplinary approaches should be possible to study the physiology of GnRH neurons.
T552 228743-229031 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI 15370032 SY3-8-05-5 Metabolic regulation of puberty onset using the prepubertal rat model Helen I'Anson Biology Department and Neuroscience, Washington and Lee University, USA We hypothesize that glucose availability determines the timing of puberty onset in rats.
T553 229032-229198 Epistemic_statement denotes Abdominal fat stores are low in dieted, prepubertal female rats with delayed puberty, suggesting that such rats may be particularly sensitive to dietary fuel changes.
T554 229299-229388 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesized that such daily hypoglycemic bouts delay onset of puberty during dieting.
T555 229652-229930 Epistemic_statement denotes Blood glucose levels during glucose-supplementation which induced first estrus, and during glucoprivation and re-feeding which delayed first estrus, were similarly elevated, suggesting that central, rather than peripheral, glucose levels are monitored in the prepubertal animal.
T556 229931-230020 Epistemic_statement denotes In summary, central glucose availability may be an important signal timing puberty onset.
T557 230868-231013 Epistemic_statement denotes Although precise mechanism of the TH action for brain development has not been fully clarified, these cofactors may be involved in these actions.
T558 231014-231127 Epistemic_statement denotes TH affects brain development only during a limited period, which is referred as the critical period of TH action.
T559 231128-231231 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, it has been speculated that environmental chemicals may cause the abnormal brain development.
T560 231232-231310 Epistemic_statement denotes Possible mechanism of action of such chemicals on TR system will be discussed.
T561 232432-232514 Epistemic_statement denotes These two transporters may play a role in regulation of brain levels of T4 and T3.
T562 232515-233039 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: The Advanced and Innovational Research program in Life Sciences from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology SY3-8-12-3 Alterations of gene expression profiles in the developing brain by chemicals disrupting thyroid hormonedependent signals Takayuki Negishi 1 , Masaki Takahashi 1 , Yasuhiro Yoshikawa 2 , Tomoko Tashiro 1 1 Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan; 2 Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
T563 233040-233283 Epistemic_statement denotes There is increasing concern about the possibility that environmental chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and its hydroxylated metabolites interfere with normal brain development through acting as thyroid hormone disrupting agents.
T564 233661-233953 Epistemic_statement denotes Among genes whose mRNA expression levels were affected by these compounds, a number of genes essential for the establishment of synaptic networks were detected, suggesting that long-lasting effects on higher brain functions may result from exposure of the developing brain to these compounds.
T565 234555-234701 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, 4OH-CB187 promoted dendritic development of Purkinje cells in the absence of TH and increased significantly their survival numbers.
T566 234702-234847 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that OH-PCB congeners may disrupt normal brain development by different mechanisms depending on their chemical structures.
T567 234848-235172 Epistemic_statement denotes We have reported that rat pups exposed to an antithyroid agent, propylthiouraci l (PTU), via maternal milk exhibit hyperactivity, impairment in spatial learning and social interaction, and audiogenic hypersensitivity extending to audiogenic seizures, thus this PTU rat can be a possible candidate of animal model for autism.
T568 235777-235925 Epistemic_statement denotes However, because grafts of neural stem cells derived from ES cells may contain residual undifferentiated cells, there would be a risk for teratomas.
T569 236446-236545 Epistemic_statement denotes Suicide gene delivery might increase the safety of the use of ES cells in cell replacement therapy.
T570 237181-237325 Epistemic_statement denotes In these animals, chondroitin sulfate immunoreactivity was remarkably decreased and the formation of a fibrotic scar was unexpectedly prevented.
T571 237326-237572 Epistemic_statement denotes These results support our previous supposition that chondroitin sulfate does not act as an obstacle to regenerating axons, but involved in the repair process of the brain injury including the formation of the fibrotic scar (Kawano et al., 2005) .
T572 238569-238890 Epistemic_statement denotes An ␣1 receptor agonist (phenylephrine or methoxamine) increased the firing rate during SWS or PS, but had no effect when applied during W. In PS-off type DR neurons, cessation of firing during PS was recovered by bicuculline, however in the DR neurons that did not stop firing during PS, bicuculline had almost no effect.
T573 238891-239240 Epistemic_statement denotes OS2A-8-04 Correlation between regional grey matter volume and proficiency increase in second language: A VBM study Arihito Nauchi 1,2 , Kazuyoshi Hirano 2,3 , Yukimasa Muraishi 2,3 , Kuniyoshi L. Sakai 1,2 1 Department of Basic Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 2 CREST, JST, Japan; 3 Secondary Education School, University of Tokyo, Japan
T574 239241-239422 Epistemic_statement denotes Although neuroimaging studies have contributed to clarify the brain function, the neural basis of individual variation in cognitive abilities such as language still remains unknown.
T575 239423-239767 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), a whole-brain unbiased technique for detecting regional differences in MR images, we examined the relationship between the proficiency increase in second language (L2) and grey matter volume among students aged 13-17, who received special classroom training in the use of English verbs.
T576 239768-240030 Epistemic_statement denotes In specific regions including the left lateral premotor cortex and the left inferior frontal gyrus (the grammar center), we found a positive correlation between the regional grey matter volume and improved performance for the grammaticality of English sentences.
T577 240031-240185 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest an anatomical basis for the language faculty, such that the capacity of a specific region is related to proficiency increases in L2.
T578 240186-240565 Epistemic_statement denotes OS2A-8-05 Grammar center activation in honorification judgment of Japanese sentences Kanako Momo 1,2 , Kuniyoshi L. Sakai 1,2 1 Department of Basic Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 2 CREST, JST, Japan One linguistic theory proposes that Japanese honorification is a syntactic feature, because syntactic agreement is required between subject/object and honorific forms.
T579 240566-240790 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate whether such syntactic processing is actually realized in the brain, we examined cortical activation using fMRI under several types of normal/anomalous judgment for Japanese sentences including honorification.
T580 241133-241328 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that syntactic process is required for Japanese honorification and that activation in these regions shows modulation according to performance level, even in native language.
T581 241894-241990 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we examined whether M140 was induced by deviation from a memorized melody.
T582 242152-242242 Epistemic_statement denotes Subjects learned these songs and judged whether there were one or two deviations in notes.
T583 242375-242549 Epistemic_statement denotes However, while M140 without the deviation showed no significant effect of lateralization, M140 with the deviation resulted in significant enhancement in the right hemisphere.
T584 242550-242687 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest the existence of memory-induced, i.e., top-down modulation for melody-related activity in the right auditory areas.
T585 242688-242956 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: CREST, JST OS2A-8-07 Cortical plasticity in adulthood for learning phonics rules for English orthography and phonology Makiko Muto 1,2 , Kuniyoshi L. Sakai 1,2 1 Department of Basic Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 2 CREST, JST, Tokyo, Japan
T586 242957-243126 Epistemic_statement denotes Although matching English orthography with correct pronunciation is difficult for second language learners, learning phonics rules may rapidly improve their performance.
T587 243631-243833 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the plasticity of functional systems involving these critical regions is essential for establishing phonics rules and for forming a new link between orthography and phonology.
T588 244227-244351 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it remains unclear how syntactic information of preceding words is integrated into the ongoing sentence processing.
T589 244506-244640 Epistemic_statement denotes Sentence stimuli consisted of one noun phrase and one verb, where the noun phrase had either an objective or nominative case particle.
T590 244939-245157 Epistemic_statement denotes These results are consistent with the current linguistic theory (the Minimalist Program), which holds that a noun phrase with an objective case particle is directly merged with a verb, to form a new hierarchical level.
T591 245890-246021 Epistemic_statement denotes Then, the subject answered questions about the false belief and the fact that constitutes the false belief during the test session.
T592 246152-246325 Epistemic_statement denotes The individual differences of the MPFC and the STS activity were correlated with psychodiagnostic indices that represent controlled and automatic idealization, respectively.
T593 246326-246440 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the two indices represent distinct neural mechanisms participating in social cognition.
T594 246814-246826 Epistemic_statement denotes Kyoto, Japan
T595 246827-247008 Epistemic_statement denotes Relationship between parents and children is special, and affective facial recognition between them should evoke specific neural activity not shared by other personal relationships.
T596 247492-247693 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown that the lateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices are associated with familial facial recognition, whereas the middle temporal cortex is related to happy facial recognition.
T597 247694-247808 Epistemic_statement denotes The activity in the striatum and anterior insula might be related to positive affection and empathy, respectively.
T598 248129-248151 Epistemic_statement denotes of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
T599 248152-248389 Epistemic_statement denotes We have functionally identified the left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the left lateral premotor cortex, and the triangular/orbital part of the left IFG (F3t/F3O) as regions associated with sentence and discourse level processing.
T600 248390-248531 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we examined whether there are direct anatomical connections among these regions by using diffusion tensor tractography.
T601 248699-248948 Epistemic_statement denotes The central coordinates of these regions were (−54, 27, 21) , (−39, 3, 42) , and (−51, 27, −6) in the standard brain, which are associated with syntactic processing (the first and second coordinates) or sentence comprehension (the third coordinate).
T602 249035-249143 Epistemic_statement denotes This result suggests a critical network among multiple regions that are associated with sentence processing.
T603 250412-250484 Epistemic_statement denotes We call this capability, the structural sensitivity for prototype (SSP).
T604 250625-250821 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the quantitative mechanisms of how calcium elevations are translated into spatial and temporal patterns of biochemical reactions leading to modifications of synaptic strength are unclear.
T605 250822-250987 Epistemic_statement denotes Identifying and following the spatiotemporal activation of molecules necessary for synaptic plasticity is crucial for a better understanding of this complex process.
T606 252014-252323 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we here employed the non-stationary fluctuation analysis to estimate the number (N) and single channel conductance (I) of GABA A receptors in PCs using whole-cell recordings of evoked IPSCs in PCs of rat cerebellar slices before and 5-15 min after application of ATP.
T607 252324-252588 Epistemic_statement denotes The ATP-induced enhancement of the IPSC amplitude was associated with a significant increase in the single channel conductance, but not the number, of GABA A receptors in PCs: I and N after ATP treatment were 160 ± 9.9% and 94 ± 6.1% of the controls, respectively.
T608 253468-253699 Epistemic_statement denotes This signal transduction occurs in a functional complex of activin receptors, NMDARs, and Src family tyrosine kinase, Fyn formed on a multimer of postsynaptic scaffolding PDZ protein, activin receptor interacting protein 1 (ARIP1).
T609 254730-254890 Epistemic_statement denotes The increased CaMKI-Thr177 phosphorylation was closely associated with prolonged increases in phosphorylation of CREB and myosin light chains in the CA1 region.
T610 254891-254970 Epistemic_statement denotes This is in contrast with transient increases in CaMKIV and ERK phosphorylation.
T611 255122-255259 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, CaMKI likely mediates the late phase of CREB phosphorylation and an increased MLC phosphorylation in the hippocampal LTP.
T612 255260-255517 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate how the excitatory postsynaptic inputs of the proximal dendrite effect the information processing of synaptic inputs at the distal dendrite, stimulation was applied to induce BAP and EPSP at the alveus and the proximal dendrite, respectively.
T613 255817-255993 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the magnitude of BAP delivered to the distal dendrite can be amplified or attenuated depending on the relative timing between proximal input and BAP.
T614 255994-256135 Epistemic_statement denotes This may be due to an effect on the coding process at the distal dendrite and could support the basis for a novel learning rule in the brain.
T615 256855-257136 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, this exacerbated lesion formation was suggested to be, at least partly, due to the enhanced excitotoxicity after injury, because NMDA-induced lesion formation was also extensively enhanced in the cerebral cortex of the mutants without altered NMDA receptor expression.
T616 258216-258323 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that GABA A receptors regulate the migration of newborn GCs in early postnatal days.
T617 258921-259016 Epistemic_statement denotes Molecular mechanisms regulating the directional long-distance migration remain largely unknown.
T618 259554-259661 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that Cdk5 has a cell autonomous function in neuroblast migration in the adult brain.
T619 262208-262339 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that ␤-catenin signaling plays a role in the proliferation of transitamplifying cells in the adult mouse SVZ.
T620 262507-262616 Epistemic_statement denotes Wnt2b is expressed in CMZ, and has been shown to control the differentiation of the retinal progenitor cells.
T621 263158-263267 Epistemic_statement denotes Our result suggests that C-TSK controls the proliferation of retinal progenitor cells interacting with Wnt2b.
T622 263773-263931 Epistemic_statement denotes To examine a possibility that neural activity is involved in the translocation, firing activity of cultured neurons was examined using multi-electrode dishes.
T623 264047-264126 Epistemic_statement denotes However, TTX addition to the culture medium produced the inverse translocation.
T624 264127-264273 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that activity-dependent intracellular localization of HDAC9 contributes to neuronal differentiation in cortical development.
T625 264535-264701 Epistemic_statement denotes The fraction of open channels in gap junctions were evaluated with techniques of dual patch-clamp, connexin immunocytochemistry, and high-voltage electron microscopy.
T626 264755-264885 Epistemic_statement denotes In high-voltage electron microscopy (Hitachi1250M, NIPS, 2005 , gap junctions (average size 0.86 m long) were present in contacts.
T627 264886-265015 Epistemic_statement denotes In confocal laser-scanning imaging, connexin36 localization at contacts counted gap junctions (seven sites in a pair on average).
T628 265016-265164 Epistemic_statement denotes Assuming that the density of connexons would be 5180/m 2 and a single channel conductance is 15 pS, the conductance of each junction would be 45 nS.
T629 265165-265261 Epistemic_statement denotes The presence of seven junctions between a pair will lead to estimate a total junction of 315 nS.
T630 265262-265347 Epistemic_statement denotes The measured conductance could allow to estimate a fraction of open channels as 0.8%.
T631 265348-265485 Epistemic_statement denotes The open fraction is small, when we consider whether electronic transmission acts to synchronize the spikes in the intercellular network.
T632 265602-265819 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite their significance for visual processing, the molecular mechanism underlying the physiological stream formation is largely unknown, partially because these physiological streams have not been reported in mice.
T633 267317-267401 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose that GR is regulating genes essential for light adaptation in the retina.
T634 267719-267831 Epistemic_statement denotes But the signal propagation pattern induced by electrical stimuli in the visual cortex is not fully investigated.
T635 268704-269020 Epistemic_statement denotes OS2P-4-05 Presence of two phases in the sensitive period of orientation plasticity Shigeru Tanaka 1 , Toshiki Tani 1 , Kazunori O'hashi 1,2 , Jerome Ribot 1 1 Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; 2 Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kita-kyushu, Japan
T636 269021-269169 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently we have revealed that orientation-restricted visual experience induces drastic reorganization of orientation maps in the cat visual cortex.
T637 269170-269356 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we examined the effect of release from single orientation exposure on once reorganized orientation maps during the sensitive period using intrinsic signal optical imaging.
T638 269575-269786 Epistemic_statement denotes On the contrary, when the goggle rearing started around the age of 5 weeks and then the animals were returned to the normal visual environment, orientation maps rapidly changed to represent orientations equally.
T639 269787-269983 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings indicate that the sensitive period of orientation plasticity consists of two phases: orientation map reorganization is irreversible in an early phase and reversible in a late phase.
T640 270885-271077 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that without geniculo-striate pathway, online compensation for the variation of the initial saccadic command is not fully functional, thus leading to inaccurate saccades.
T641 271078-271195 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose that the residual visuomotor processing of monkeys with V1 lesion is unlike normal, near-threshold vision.
T642 271196-271344 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI 13854029, KAKENHI 16700343 and CREST, JST OS2P-4-07 Comparison of the angle representation in macaque visual areas V1 and V2
T643 271345-271605 Epistemic_statement denotes Minami Ito 1,2 , Hidehiko Komatsu 1,2 1 National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; 2 The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Japan Previously, we have reported that fairly large number of area V2 neurons has angle selectivity.
T644 272398-272546 Epistemic_statement denotes We suggest that area V1 neurons largely contribute to representing line components (lines and line-ends) and to sending such information to area V2.
T645 273065-273215 Epistemic_statement denotes However, population activity of ganglion cells usually showed particular spatiotemporal pattern, in response to a specific velocity of the moving bar.
T646 273216-273537 Epistemic_statement denotes Differing from single direction-selective ganglion cell (DSGC), which responds to its preferred direction of movement by firing at its maximal rate, population activity of non-direction-selective ganglion cells may encode the motion information in a temporally ranked manner, independent to their individual firing rates.
T647 273538-273817 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that an efficient and economical coding mechanism may be employed by the retina, where the firing rate of individual neurons and spatiotemporal pattern of population neuronal responses could act in parallel to encode different aspects of visual information.
T648 273818-273973 Epistemic_statement denotes Yasuto Tanaka, Satoru Miyauchi, Masaya Misaki Brain Information Group, NICT, Kobe, Japan Visual long-range interaction was reported to be limited in space.
T649 274535-274776 Epistemic_statement denotes The reduction was specific to orientation, phase, and horizontal direction, the results indicate long-range mirror symmetrical interaction across vertical meridian, suggesting symmetrical neuronal communication between early visual cortices.
T650 275245-275403 Epistemic_statement denotes We investigated whether attentive visual object tracking across vertical meridian of the visual field is possible for a posterior callosotomized patient (MD).
T651 275964-276115 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data suggest that inter-hemispheric transfer of position information required for spatial attention is preserved without posterior corpus callosum.
T652 276116-276304 Epistemic_statement denotes Pei Sun, Justin L. Gardner, Mauro Costagli, Kenichi Ueno, R. Allen Waggoner, Keiji Tanaka, Kang Cheng Laboratory for Cognitive Brain Mapping, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Japan
T653 276305-276535 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the preference for stimulus orientations in human visual cortex has been inferred indirectly in a few studies using fMRI, tuning to particular stimulus orientations has not been directly demonstrated using this technique.
T654 276904-277022 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results provide the first demonstration that orientation selectivity in humans can be directly studied using fMRI.
T655 277542-277714 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been proposed that classifier analysis exploits small but robust orientation biases in voxels that are created by local inhomogeneities in the columnar organization.
T656 278078-278273 Epistemic_statement denotes We suggest that large draining veins with orientation specific responses, rather than local inhomogeneities in orientation maps, may provide a basis for classifier performance using large voxels.
T657 278274-278566 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: NRSA fellowship from the NIH (1F32EY016260-01) OS2P-4-13 Relationship between horizontal connections and functional structure in macaque anterior inferotemporal cortex (area TE) Hisashi Tanigawa, Kathleen S. Rockland, Manabu Tanifuji RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
T658 278567-278741 Epistemic_statement denotes We have studied the relationship between horizontal connections and functional structure in TE using a combination of optical imaging, unit recording, and anatomical tracing.
T659 279217-279309 Epistemic_statement denotes However, these regions and the injection site were not always connected by horizontal axons.
T660 279450-279638 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that horizontal axons can connect regions with different stimulus preferences in TE, in contrast to like-to-like connectivity, as understood in early visual cortices.
T661 280516-280694 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that stimulus selectivity of inferotemporal cells depends on the stimulus presentation duration and the time window that is used to measure the firing rate.
T662 281239-281389 Epistemic_statement denotes We asked whether perceptual learning could improve the myopic blurred vision, using the new instrument of the lateral masking technology, NEUROVISION.
T663 283040-283316 Epistemic_statement denotes The demonstration of a role for neuroepithelial cells in excluding differentiated neurons from the neuroepithelial layer may provide new insights into the general mechanisms underlying formation of the layered structures in the mammalian brain, such as in the cerebral cortex.
T664 283317-283620 Epistemic_statement denotes OS2P-5-02 Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) regulates the transport of the NUDEL/LIS1 complex to axons via direct interaction with Kinesin-1 Shinichiro Taya, Kozo Kaibuchi Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan DISC1 is a candidate gene for susceptibility to schizophrenia.
T665 283713-283787 Epistemic_statement denotes DISC1 is reported to interact with NUDEL, which forms a complex with LIS1.
T666 283788-284000 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the functional significance of this complex in axon growth and neuronal development has been reported, the transport mechanism of the complex into axons and the functions of DISC1 remain largely unknown.
T667 284103-284227 Epistemic_statement denotes Kinesin-1 interacted with the NUDEL/LIS1 complex through DISC1, and these molecules accumulated at the distal part of axons.
T668 284434-284594 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, these results indicate that DISC1 links Kinesin-1 to the NUDEL/LIS1 complex and regulates its transport as a cargo receptor for axon elongation.
T669 285176-285255 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the mechanism of controlled recruitment of receptors remains unsolved.
T670 285256-285347 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we report that synaptotagmin-like protein 1 (Slp1) can mediate the vesicle transport.
T671 285348-285386 Epistemic_statement denotes Slp1 is known to associate with Rab27.
T672 285514-285624 Epistemic_statement denotes Slp1 could form the trimeric complex with Rab27B and CRMP-2, and also associate with Kinesin-1 through CRMP-2.
T673 285743-285869 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that Slp1 functions as a mediator of recruitment of certain receptor depending on CRMP-2 and Kinesin-1.
T674 285870-286189 Epistemic_statement denotes OS2P-5-04 Absolute quantification of mdr1a, mrp1, mrp4 and bcrp proteins at the mouse brain blood barrier by LC-MS/MS Junichi Kamiie 1,2 , Yuki Katsukura 1,2 , Sumio Ohtsuki 1,2 , Xiao-Kun Cai 1,2 , Tetsuya Terasaki 1,2 1 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; 2 SORST, JST, Japan
T675 286190-286311 Epistemic_statement denotes The ABC transporter proteins are thought to limit permeability across the blood-brain barrier as the efflux transporters.
T676 286312-286391 Epistemic_statement denotes However, contribution of each transporter to the BBB function is not clarified.
T677 286925-287060 Epistemic_statement denotes This quantitative profile suggests that mrp4 and bcrp function as the efflux transporter at mouse blood-brain barrier as well as mdr1a.
T678 288156-288337 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that claudin-5 is a dominant TJs protein in BCECs, and expression of claudin-1 and -12, which was reported as TJ protein in BCECs, are not restricted in BCECs.
T679 288338-288505 Epistemic_statement denotes OS2P-5-06 Effects of hydrogen peroxide towards gap junction communication in astrocytes and permeability of blood brain barrier F. Ahmad 1 , A. Pauzi M. Yusof 1 , P.D.
T680 288896-289036 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, we look into the effects of H 2 O 2 towards the gap junction communication in astrocytes and permeability of blood brain barrier.
T681 292044-292165 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicated that the changes in RSNA were not always correlated with the changes in sodium excretion in rats.
T682 292760-292906 Epistemic_statement denotes Cross correlation between integrated C4 ventral root (C4VR) activity and each pixel was calculated after cycle-triggered averaging and detrending.
T683 292907-293058 Epistemic_statement denotes The maximum of cross correlation coefficients and the lag at which the cross correlation became maximal (LAGmax) were displayed as 3D pseudocolor maps.
T684 293059-293285 Epistemic_statement denotes In all preparations, two respiratory-related regions were consistently identified: (1) a continuous column extending from the para-facial region to the pre-Bötzinger complex, and (2) a region corresponding to the ventral horn.
T685 293888-293964 Epistemic_statement denotes For this type of firing, GnRH neurons may have a certain intrinsic property.
T686 294630-294744 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicate that rat GnRH neurons exhibit an apaminsensitive I sAHP , which regulates the firing pattern.
T687 295006-295046 Epistemic_statement denotes Japan; 3 Nara City Medical Clinic, Japan
T688 295047-295155 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been known that testosterone or estrogen protects nervous system and regulates cell death in a brain.
T689 295359-295426 Epistemic_statement denotes However, It has been pointed out that HRT has serious side effects.
T690 295971-296111 Epistemic_statement denotes From above, there might be possibility that through a steroid hormone music participates in protection and improvement of function on brain.
T691 296217-296302 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite the magnitude of the problem, the general diagnostic outlook is discouraging.
T692 297724-297928 Epistemic_statement denotes Results from the present study provide evidences for a direct involvement of mitochondria and are suggestive of existence of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in dopaminergic neuronal death.
T693 298266-298287 Epistemic_statement denotes Univ., Taipei, Taiwan
T694 298288-298461 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study investigated whether the induction of thioredoxin (Trx) involves in the cytoprotective mechanisms of (−)-deprenyl which is known as the inhibitor of MAO-B.
T695 299458-299569 Epistemic_statement denotes Med., Japan Prostaglandin D 2 (PGD 2 ) is abundant in the brain, but its neuropathologic role has been unclear.
T696 299649-299724 Epistemic_statement denotes However, a PGD 2 receptor blocker did not suppress neurotoxicity of PGD 2 .
T697 299725-299825 Epistemic_statement denotes Little PGD 2 receptor was detected, suggesting an involvement of PGD 2 metabolites in the apoptosis.
T698 299958-300190 Epistemic_statement denotes Although 15d-12,14 -PGJ 2 is an endogenous ligand for peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor ␥ (PPAR␥), PPAR␥ activators did not kill neurons, suggesting that 15d-12,14 -PGJ 2 induces apoptosis independently of PPAR␥ activation.
T699 300276-300382 Epistemic_statement denotes There was a close correlation between the neurotoxicity of various eicosanoids and their affinity for JBS.
T700 300383-300591 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, we demonstrated that PGD 2 induced apoptosis via 15d-12,14 -PGJ 2 in rat cortical neurons, and suggested that JBS in the plasma membrane was involved in the 15d-12,14 -PGJ 2 -induced apoptosis.
T701 300592-300717 Epistemic_statement denotes Yoshiki Iwamoto, Daisuke Umetsu, Shigeru Ozaki, Naohito Terui Department of Physiology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
T702 300718-300821 Epistemic_statement denotes Stability of a driver's head is crucial for clear vision and consistent, smooth operation of a vehicle.
T703 300988-301085 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we analyzed the relationship between SCM activity and vehicle acceleration.
T704 301626-301758 Epistemic_statement denotes We suggest that the jerk-related muscle activity may be necessary to quickly restore proper head position after sudden acceleration.
T705 301827-301965 Epistemic_statement denotes In contrast to the well-known involvement of cerebral cortex, role of spinal neurons in controlling this behavior has never been examined.
T706 301966-302064 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we show the first direct evidence suggesting the significant contribution of spinal neurons.
T707 302462-302675 Epistemic_statement denotes Spike-triggered averaging of muscle activities revealed some neurons had post-spike effects to hand muscles, suggesting that spinal neurons were capable to generate and modulate muscle force during precision grip.
T708 302676-302789 Epistemic_statement denotes We suggest that primate spinal neurons have a significant role in preparation and execution of grasping movement.
T709 303016-303044 Epistemic_statement denotes & Dental Univ., Tokyo, Japan
T710 303045-303249 Epistemic_statement denotes The cerebellar cortex is compartmentalized into more than 20 longitudinal stripes by the aldolase C (=zebrin) expression pattern, which is tightly correlated with the topographic olivocortical projection.
T711 303250-303334 Epistemic_statement denotes However, no equivalent compartmentalization has been known in the cerebellar nuclei.
T712 305149-305285 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesized that PPTN may play an important role for relaying necessary components of reward prediction error signals to DA neurons.
T713 305653-305788 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, PPTN neurons may relay both reward and reward prediction signals, sufficient for computation of reward prediction error.
T714 306221-306261 Epistemic_statement denotes How do we deal with timing in the brain?
T715 306987-307103 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that SEF is involved in timing the onset of the go-signal during the saccadic eye movement task.
T716 307104-307179 Epistemic_statement denotes In reaching, a spatial visuomotor transformation should occur in our brain.
T717 307180-307376 Epistemic_statement denotes We can make the transformation not only when the relationship between visual and motor coordinates is default, but also when a gain for the relationship is changed, for example, in a microsurgery.
T718 308087-308194 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicate that the PMv contributes to gain control of reaching during visuomotor transformation.
T719 308972-309071 Epistemic_statement denotes The human sensorimotor processing may be hierarchical and similar to an artificial neural computer.
T720 309389-309540 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, we conducted this study to reveal whether there are Vor neurons that receive cortical projections and project to the JC or JO nucleus in the rat.
T721 309964-310042 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that SI neurons control jawreflexes through Vor neurons.
T722 310267-310483 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate how the fast escape is established during early developmental stages, we examined motor performance of the escape in zebrafish embryos or larvae, and the contribution of Mcell activity on the behavior.
T723 310907-311137 Epistemic_statement denotes M-cell activity monitored with confocal Ca 2+ imaging during the tail flip (>80 hpf) tightly correlated with the initiation of fast escape, whereas delayed escapes without M-cell firing appeared in some cases (<25%) after 100 hpf.
T724 311354-311459 Epistemic_statement denotes We here report that lacking neural JPs subtypes exhibit an irregular hindlimb reflex and impaired memory.
T725 311991-312122 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, JP-mediated JMC formation likely plays an essential role in neural excitability underlying neural plasticity and memory.
T726 312640-312822 Epistemic_statement denotes The distributions of ␣ 2 ␦-1, -2, -3 mRNA have been intensively investigated in the rat central nervous system by in situ hybridization, but that of ␣ 2 ␦-4 remains to be determined.
T727 313305-313448 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that ␣ 2 ␦-4 subunit may play an important role in learning and memory, neuroendocrine secretion and somatic motor control.
T728 313449-313534 Epistemic_statement denotes The mushroom bodies of insect brains are essential in associative olfactory learning.
T729 313907-314008 Epistemic_statement denotes Glomeruli therefore potentially transmit specific sensory inputs to a large fraction of Kenyon cells.
T730 314009-314167 Epistemic_statement denotes Quantitative analysis of dendritic termini of single larval-born Kenyon cells suggests that they arborize in about 6 glomeruli in an apparently random manner.
T731 314168-314366 Epistemic_statement denotes This pattern of connectivity is consistent with a model in which Kenyon cell dendrites process olfactory input by a combinatorial mechanism that allows the discrimination of a large number of odors.
T732 315126-315316 Epistemic_statement denotes These observations suggest that the excitation and inhibition are mediated by orexin-containing fibers, which contact Purkinje cells directly and also indirectly via other GABAergic neurons.
T733 316369-316511 Epistemic_statement denotes This synapse elimination from the ventral side was blocked by APV application from 6 DIV, indicating that this process is also NMDA-dependent.
T734 318228-318327 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, lipid modifications of CLICK-III seemed to contribute to fully elicit such an effect.
T735 318328-318517 Epistemic_statement denotes We thus uncovered a novel signaling mechanism by which lipid raft insertion and local activation of a CaMK can be efficiently coupled to actin cytoskeletal signaling during dendritogenesis.
T736 318518-318693 Epistemic_statement denotes OS3A-5-06 Transcription factor control of dendrite arbor ultrastructure Adrian Moore, Reiko Amikura, Shiho Nakao, Andrew Liu, Emi Kinameri RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Japan
T737 318694-318823 Epistemic_statement denotes The different functions of neurons in a complex nervous system are reflected in a large diversity of dendrite arbor morphologies.
T738 319336-319588 Epistemic_statement denotes Using this method we illustrate that the dendrites of class I neurons, with a simple arbor, contain a high density parallel array of microtubules; on the other hand class IV neurons, with a complex arbor, contain a low density meshwork of microtubules.
T739 319589-319737 Epistemic_statement denotes We are presently investigating how these differences in ultrastructure are controlled by the transcription factors making up the combinatorial code.
T740 319985-320080 Epistemic_statement denotes Little is known about the mechanism underlying the development of the somatotopic organization.
T741 322077-322168 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the number of axons did not increase in the brainstem and the upper cervical cord.
T742 322169-322318 Epistemic_statement denotes These suggest that the second wave of innervation is explained mainly by branching of CS axons just before and after entering the spinal gray matter.
T743 322566-322782 Epistemic_statement denotes In higher organisms, however, the molecular basis of the growth cone is poorly understood for the present, since the information on the protein localization there is insufficient to explain the growth cone functions.
T744 322783-322997 Epistemic_statement denotes Proteomics is a powerful strategy for identifying the protein composition in a given cell or a subcellular compartment, and the application of this method to the growth cone should help us solve the above question.
T745 323402-323517 Epistemic_statement denotes Axonal branching is thought to be regulated by not only genetically specified molecules but also neuronal activity.
T746 323518-323594 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the interplay between these two mechanisms remains largely unknown.
T747 324246-324421 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that synaptic activity modifies layer-specific TC axon branching by regulating the remodeling process with molecular cues expressed in the target layer.
T748 325439-325524 Epistemic_statement denotes We would like to discuss the mechanism of pain relief with high frequency rTMS of M1.
T749 326650-326800 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that P2X 3 R plays an important role in pressure pain, and mechanical hyperalgesia caused by excessive muscular contraction of MM.
T750 327499-327676 Epistemic_statement denotes The present data suggest that the hypothalamus can be received by SNL-induced concomitant nociceptive signals, leading to continuous activation of neurons projecting to the PAG.
T751 328154-328247 Epistemic_statement denotes However, our mathematical model is too abstract to describe physiological feature of neurons.
T752 328344-328519 Epistemic_statement denotes Temporally associated and non-associated electrical stimulations were delivered to Schaffer collaterals, and membrane potentials were recorded by patch-clamp recording method.
T753 329127-329366 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings show that the memory of tutor syllables still exists well beyond the normal age of song crystallization (d90 of age) and that zebra finches can develop songs using the memory well after the normal period of song development.
T754 329486-329583 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, different schedules and processes may govern the learning of syllable phonology and syntax.
T755 329734-329976 Epistemic_statement denotes A tracer study revealed that there is an interconnection between the dorsal part of the TGL and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, suggesting a functional implementation of TGL neurogenesis in amygdala-dependent emotional memory processing.
T756 329977-330169 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate this possibility, we performed a TGL region-specific low-dose irradiation, which can selectively kill proliferating cells and hence can reduce neurogenesis, using a gamma knife.
T757 331090-331191 Epistemic_statement denotes The time series of events, which could be output from CA3, may be encoded in CA1 in an efficient way.
T758 331375-331468 Epistemic_statement denotes However, our mathematical model is too abstract to describe physiological feature of neurons.
T759 331642-331728 Epistemic_statement denotes It is known that neurons can propagate action potentials with high temporal precision.
T760 331729-331845 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is unclear how precisely closely neighbouring neurons synchronize and whether they can code information.
T761 331846-331958 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we show that sub-millisecond synchronization can code information as well as the discharge rate modulation.
T762 332514-332652 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, our results suggest that sub-millisecond synchronization plays an important role in propagating information in the hippocampus.
T763 332653-332799 Epistemic_statement denotes The alterations of cerebral motor function by chronic ischemia are poorly understood, since no motor symptoms are noticeable in most of the cases.
T764 333456-333582 Epistemic_statement denotes Ipsilateral beta-ERD may be a new indicator of subclinical functional alteration in motor cortices caused by chronic ischemia.
T765 333583-333998 Epistemic_statement denotes OS3A-7-02 Hypothermia protects against cerebral ischemia by suppressing ␦PKC activation Takayoshi Shimohata 1,2 , Heng Zhao 2 , Gary Steinberg 2 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, USA Hypothermia protects the brain from ischemia, but the underlying mechanisms of this effect are not fully elucidated.
T766 334849-334909 Epistemic_statement denotes This effect might contribute to hypothermic neuroprotection.
T767 334910-334970 Epistemic_statement denotes Calcium responses in situ following ischemia remain unclear.
T768 335876-335920 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI #16390407, #16047212
T769 335921-336103 Epistemic_statement denotes OS3A-7-04 Reevalution of classical view on resident microglia: Neutrophils may play more critical roles than resident microglia at acute phase of ischemic and traumatic brain insults
T770 336104-336212 Epistemic_statement denotes Hiroaki Matsumoto 1 , H. Watanabe 1 , Y. Kumon 1 , T. Ohnishi 1 , Chi Ii 2 , Y. Imai 2 , J. Tanaka 2 1 Dept.
T771 336260-336318 Epistemic_statement denotes Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University, Japan
T772 336319-336554 Epistemic_statement denotes Resident quiescent microglia (MG) are thought to respond quickly to a variety of pathologic events in the brain, by proliferating and producing a number of bioactive substances including proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO).
T773 336555-336719 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, however, we found that the majority of resident MG died through apoptosis within 36 h after the onset of ischemic and traumatic brain insults.
T774 337723-337925 Epistemic_statement denotes Since epidemiologic investigations suggest the high incidence of Alzheimer's disease in diabetes mellitus, the purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of insulin on the hepatic clearance of A␤ .
T775 338398-338568 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that insulin induces translocation of LRP-1 to the plasma membrane of hepatocytes, leading to increase of A␤ hepatic clearance from the circulation.
T776 338569-338886 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: SORST, JST OS3A-7-06 MR images of intra-arterially administered microglia surrounding ␤-amyloid deposit in the rat brain The therapeutic use of microglial cells has recently received some attention for the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD), but few noninvasive techniques exist for monitoring cells.
T777 339269-339441 Epistemic_statement denotes This study demonstrates the usefulness of MRI for non-invasive monitoring of exogenous microglia, and suggests a promising future for microglia as therapeutic tools for AD.
T778 339442-339688 Epistemic_statement denotes Extravasation of protease-activated receptor (PAR) activators, such as thrombin, into brain parenchyma can occur after blood-brain barrier breakdown in a number of CNS disorders, which causes pathophysiological changes in neurons and glial cells.
T779 340286-340425 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that refilling of Ca 2+ store by Ca 2+ entry play an important role in the cytoskeletal dynamics of astroglial cells.
T780 340832-341137 Epistemic_statement denotes Although there was no SP, various numbers of NFT were observed in the following structures: claustrum 85, caudate 9, globus pallidus 6, hypothalamus 22, Meynert's nucleus 4, thalamus 74, substantia nigra 6, central gray 12, locus ceruleus 6, Purkinje cells 0, posterior root ganglion 0, adrenal medulla 3.
T781 342540-342650 Epistemic_statement denotes Such regulation of AR expression might influence androgen action and consequently brain function during aging.
T782 342839-342980 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown in various synapses that postsynaptic and glial excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) contribute to glutamate removal.
T783 342981-343036 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the role of presynaptic EAATs remains unclear.
T784 343479-343650 Epistemic_statement denotes Model simulations suggest that rod EAATs are densely packed near the release site, and that rods are equipped with an almost self-sufficient glutamate recollecting system.
T785 343814-343957 Epistemic_statement denotes Since TRPV4 was firstly cloned as an osmotically activated channel, we hypothesized TRPV4 might be involved in volume regulation of the spines.
T786 344933-345043 Epistemic_statement denotes The use of focused laser beam for uncaging can provide fine spatial resolution to analysis of neural function.
T787 345044-345153 Epistemic_statement denotes However, most experiments were carried out either at spatial locations or in a very simple scanning patterns.
T788 345533-345653 Epistemic_statement denotes Simultaneously, imaging of neurons are obtained by 2-photon microscopy and electrophysiological experiments can be done.
T789 346039-346088 Epistemic_statement denotes Their functions, however, remain largely unknown.
T790 346796-346943 Epistemic_statement denotes This technique might be promising in analyzing the function of specific molecules involved in transmitter release regulation at the brain synapses.
T791 347987-348093 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is recently reported that it also regulate ionic channel activity at the cytoplasmic membrane.
T792 348094-348339 Epistemic_statement denotes To examine possible involvement of Arf and subsequent PLD in regulation of receptor-induced responses in neurons, we recorded K + -current response to dopamine (DA) in the ganglion cells of Aplysia under conventional two-electrode voltage clamp.
T793 348623-348727 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that Arf1 and subsequent PLD may regulate the K + -current response induced by DA.
T794 349229-349347 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the signaling pathways that link NMDAR activity to the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton are poorly understood.
T795 349348-349443 Epistemic_statement denotes We identified a brain-enriched RhoGAP, p250GAP, which interacts with the NR2B subunit of NMDAR.
T796 349864-349998 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, the results suggest that p250GAP is likely to be involved in NMDAR activity-dependent actin re-organization in spines.
T797 350434-350545 Epistemic_statement denotes To characterize how a macroscopic neural population behave, the simulation method provide an indirect approach.
T798 350546-350674 Epistemic_statement denotes Many single neuron simulation runs need to be performed first before extracting macroscopic features by statistically averaging.
T799 350854-351030 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite the lasting interests in firing correlation in coding and conveying information, theoretical studies on it have been largely confined to complicated simulation studies.
T800 351031-351274 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we provide a first non-static FP analysis to directly calculate how correlation and population rates are transferred from one population to another and elaborate a dynamical interplay between these macroscopic quantities at work in time.
T801 351485-351535 Epistemic_statement denotes of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan
T802 351536-351715 Epistemic_statement denotes To examine whether convergence across spatial frequency channels contribute to stereoscopic processing, we recorded single neuron activity from area V4 of awake, fixating monkeys.
T803 352246-352368 Epistemic_statement denotes The disparity tuning of most V4 neurons was consistent across a range of spatial frequencies to which they were sensitive.
T804 352369-352515 Epistemic_statement denotes We suggest that V4 neurons pool disparity signals across spatial frequency channels to create an unambiguous representation of stereoscopic depth.
T805 352839-352987 Epistemic_statement denotes Most disparity-selective neurons in V4 are sensitive to small changes in disparity near zero, suggesting that they might contribute to stereoacuity.
T806 352988-353092 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the role of these neurons in stereoscopic depth discrimination has not been directly addressed.
T807 353227-353388 Epistemic_statement denotes The monkey was trained to report by saccadic eye movement whether the center region of a random-dot stereogram was nearer or farther than its immediate surround.
T808 353389-353512 Epistemic_statement denotes Trial-to-trial fluctuation of visual responses of V4 neurons was correlated with the monkey's subsequent behavioral choice.
T809 353513-353663 Epistemic_statement denotes Given the cell's disparity preference, an ideal observer can predict the monkey's upcoming behavioral response from the visual response of V4 neurons.
T810 353664-353739 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that V4 neurons are involved in mediating stereoacuity.
T811 354121-354201 Epistemic_statement denotes We addressed how the energy and correspondence computations underlie stereopsis.
T812 354843-354961 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that the correspondence and energy computations underlie fine and coarse stereopsis, respectively.
T813 354962-355138 Epistemic_statement denotes We introduce a novel receptive field (RF) analysis, LSRC, which can reveal various aspects of visual receptive fields that were undetectable previously in a single measurement.
T814 355444-355687 Epistemic_statement denotes Both simulations and recordings from cat V1/V2 neurons demonstrate that LSRC is capable of revealing details of complex cell RFs, cross-orientation suppression, variations of orientation tuning within RFs that might lead to shape selectivites.
T815 355688-355931 Epistemic_statement denotes Since the stimuli can cover a wide visual field area, and few assumptions are made regarding specific shapes or features in stimuli, LSRC is highly suitable for multi-neuron, multi-area studies spanning retina, V1, and especially areas beyond.
T816 356308-356391 Epistemic_statement denotes Such a center-surround organization may be considered as a unified higher-order RF.
T817 356930-357025 Epistemic_statement denotes Estimated sizes of center and surround were well correlated with those from size tuning curves.
T818 357092-357291 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that neurons with surround suppression are capable of coding various spatial forms of higher-order features (figure-ground borders), but are insensitive to motion of such stimuli.
T819 357477-357523 Epistemic_statement denotes School of Frontier Biosci., Osaka Univ., Japan
T820 357524-357770 Epistemic_statement denotes Little is known about the quantitative internal structure of the receptive fields (RF) of complex cells, although this is crucial for understanding how a complex cell acquires its function by collecting inputs from neurons in the preceding stage.
T821 357771-357904 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, we have analyzed the relationship between the spatial 2nd-order interaction kernels and the RF envelopes of complex cells.
T822 358017-358165 Epistemic_statement denotes gray, dark, and bright) dynamic white noise stimulus with 51 × 51 dots was presented over an area 2 to 4 times larger than the RF of a complex cell.
T823 358919-358950 Epistemic_statement denotes Sch., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan
T824 358951-359379 Epistemic_statement denotes We examined the orientation selectivity of LGN neurons of anesthetized cats and found that although about 19% LGN neurons showed significantly orientation-biased response to the grating with optimal size and spatial frequency (SF), and that 97% of LGN neurons exhibited significant orientation selectivity to gratings with diameter larger than its classical receptive field (CRF) and SF higher than the optimal for CRF response.
T825 359568-359728 Epistemic_statement denotes However, high SF grating caused stronger surround suppression for response to the orthogonally oriented stimulus than that to the optimally orientated stimulus.
T826 359729-359828 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggested that elliptic CRF center produces orientation-biased response of LGN neurons.
T827 361077-361235 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, modulation of early response seems to reflect whether stimulus is larger than CRF size or not, and late response to reflect how wide area is stimulated.
T828 362451-362586 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that multiple mechanisms with different SF-and temporal characteristics are involved in the surround suppression.
T829 364274-364401 Epistemic_statement denotes We examined whether the suppression varied according to spatial configuration of SRF stimuli in V1 neurons of anesthetized cat.
T830 364995-365126 Epistemic_statement denotes However, 2-fk stimulation of end position to CRF had strong and long-lasting suppression on responses during 80-200 ms after onset.
T831 365591-365715 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we examined how temporal frequency (TF) of grating stimulus affects size-tuning properties of cat V1 neurons.
T832 365716-366067 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results showed that, when the TF was higher than the optimal, the strength of surround suppression became weak and receptive field size became larger, suggesting that V1 neurons change their spatial property according to TF in such a way that neurons integrate wide visual field for fast moving stimulus, whereas localized field for slow stimulus.
T833 366286-366466 Epistemic_statement denotes In the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), we obtained basically similar results to those of V1 neurons, suggesting that the subcortical TF tuning property contributes to that in V1.
T834 366467-366688 Epistemic_statement denotes Ryo Sasaki, Takanori Uka Department of Physiology (I), Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan A few studies have shown that basic tuning functions in early visual cortex change during visual perceptual learning (Schoups et al.
T835 366721-366846 Epistemic_statement denotes The change in neuronal sensitivity in these studies, however, is small compared to the improvement in behavioral sensitivity.
T836 366847-366949 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we hypothesized that the read out of information from sensitive neurons was modified by learning.
T837 366950-367129 Epistemic_statement denotes To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether learning modifies neuronal sensitivity or read out of middle temporal (MT) neurons during learning of a depth discrimination task.
T838 367363-367547 Epistemic_statement denotes In contrast, the sensitivity of MT neurons did not change, whereas the correlation between neuronal activity and the monkey's behavioral choice increased during the course of training.
T839 367548-367664 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that plasticity due to perceptual learning occurs within the neural pathway following area MT.
T840 369163-369338 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the magnitude of the signal change (around 1%) was smaller than that of BOLD (>2%), the temporal profile showed a constant precedence of the diffusion signal by 2.4s.
T841 370262-370391 Epistemic_statement denotes These new methods are used in ongoing studies to probe the nature of global brain activity in different states of awareness (e.g.
T842 370392-370560 Epistemic_statement denotes different stages of sleep) and explore the relationship between estimates of electrophysiological activity derived from MEG with hemodynamic measures of brain activity.
T843 370852-371055 Epistemic_statement denotes However, this is difficult to achieve in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) because fNIRS data is primary obtained from the head surface and lacks structural information of the measured brain.
T844 371418-371720 Epistemic_statement denotes This means that if the spatial registration error is within an acceptable tolerance limit, it is possible to perform multisubject fNIRS analysis to make inference at the population level and to provide information on positional variability in the population, even when subjects' MRIs are not available.
T845 371721-371953 Epistemic_statement denotes Stochastic perturbation in scale is a basic property of biological systems and generates scale-independent structuration and functional dynamics in spatial and temporal patterns, which can be characterized by fractal dimensionality.
T846 372628-372790 Epistemic_statement denotes The implications are that stochastic structuration and fractal dimension may be useful to track temporal progression of disease and assess therapeutic management.
T847 373617-373825 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that MAPK pathways play important roles in thrombin-induced brain injury and they should be therapeutic targets against neurodegeneration associated with blood-brain barrier destruction.
T848 374597-374748 Epistemic_statement denotes The cerebellar vermis engages in postural balance both in mind and reality, and the precuneus may play a more important role in postural control in PD.
T849 375067-375085 Epistemic_statement denotes Med., Tokyo, Japan
T850 375086-375271 Epistemic_statement denotes To elucidate the mechanism underlying the selective vulnerability of motoneurons (MNs) to metabolic failures (MFs), we compared the membrane current responses of MNs and non-MNs to MFs.
T851 375857-376041 Epistemic_statement denotes These pre-and postsynaptic responses to MFs in MNs might play a role in their selective vulnerability in various neurodegenerative diseases including the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
T852 376274-376548 Epistemic_statement denotes Sci., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a recreational drug of abused which has been shown to increase serotonin (5-HT) release and cause degeneration of 5-HTergic nerve terminals via 5-HT transporter, although the mechanisms are unclear.
T853 377196-377361 Epistemic_statement denotes The mesencephalic slice culture including the 5-HTergic raphe nuclei may be useful to examine the mechanisms underlying 5-HTergic neurotoxic effect of MDMA in vitro.
T854 378424-378641 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that the stimulation of -opioid receptors in the VTA by morphine leads to the activation of PDGF receptor, which may be directly responsible for the morphine-induced rewarding effect in rodents.
T855 379490-379592 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that PGD 2 is a key molecule of neuroinflammation involved in the demyelination.
T856 379825-379987 Epistemic_statement denotes Informatics, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan Some auditory neurons, such as the owl's Nucleus Laminaris (NL) cells, can sense very high frequency signals (up to 8 kHz).
T857 379988-380145 Epistemic_statement denotes From the theoretical point of view, it seems exceptionally difficult to handle these high frequency signals because the membrane time constant is far longer.
T858 380643-380773 Epistemic_statement denotes Some biological evidences indicate that sodium channels in the NL neuron are distributed mainly in the nodes but less in the soma.
T859 380774-380950 Epistemic_statement denotes By using an NL neuron model, we show that a neuron with low somatic sodium conductance and high nodal sodium conductance can achieve fine sensitivity to high frequency signals.
T860 381079-381159 Epistemic_statement denotes However, little is known about the cellular mechanisms of coincidence detection.
T861 382396-382515 Epistemic_statement denotes Localization ability was assessed whether the subjects are able to discriminate two sound sources or not in each trial.
T862 382765-382910 Epistemic_statement denotes It was suggested that a peculiar 'object perception' of blind persons is not able to measure by means of 'two-sound sources discrimination test.'
T863 382911-383255 Epistemic_statement denotes OS3P-8-01 Autocrine BMP signaling in astroglia sensitizes the glial scarring Masahisa Yamada 1 , Runa Araya 1 , Naoto Kitamura 1 , Yuji Mishinsa 2 1 Yamada Unit, RIKEN BSI, Saitama, Japan; 2 NIHS, NIEH, NC, USA Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) affect growth of glial cells however, contribution of BMPs during glial scar formation is unknown.
T864 384920-385166 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results indicate that the increase in astrocyte or microglia in the cingulate cortex or hippocampus may lead to emotional disorders including aggravated anxiety under aging, chronic pain-like state or exposure to chronic psychological stress.
T865 385668-385766 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, control of precursor cell migration into the right position may be crucially important.
T866 387011-387188 Epistemic_statement denotes It is found that the bHLH-PAS transcription factor Single-minded (Sim) is induced by Hh in the lamina neurons and is required for the association of lamina neurons with R axons.
T867 387189-387303 Epistemic_statement denotes In sim mutant brains, lamina neurons undergo the first step of differentiation but fail to associate with R axons.
T868 387929-388032 Epistemic_statement denotes Although this notion has been supported by various studies in vitro, evidence in vivo has been lacking.
T869 388398-388543 Epistemic_statement denotes Genetic and deletion analysis implied that trans-synaptic interaction with presynaptic Fas2 is crucial for the postsynaptic localization of Fas2.
T870 388823-388953 Epistemic_statement denotes Gaudilliere Brice Harvard Medical School, USA Postsynaptic differentiation of dendrites is an essential step in synapse formation.
T871 389488-389645 Epistemic_statement denotes Our findings define a mechanism underlying postsynaptic differentiation that may modulate activity-dependent synapse development and plasticity in the brain.
T872 389646-389677 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: NS4102, AG11085
T873 389678-389982 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1A-A002 Characterization of mRNA species that are associated with postsynaptic density fraction by gene chip microarray analysis We previously reported the partial identification by random sequencing of mRNA species that are associated with the postsynaptic density (PSD) fraction (Tian et al., 1999) .
T874 390139-390330 Epistemic_statement denotes We confirmed that a large number of mRNA species are associated with the PSD fraction and found that mRNAs encoding various postsynaptic proteins were highly concentrated in the PSD fraction.
T875 390563-390704 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data suggested that the PSD fraction-associated mRNAs are a very useful resource, in which as yet uncharacterized genes are concentrated.
T876 391298-391364 Epistemic_statement denotes SNAP-25b was low at the birth and increased remarkably thereafter.
T877 391900-392096 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that expression and distribution of SNAP-25 protein are regulated differently in isoformspecific manners, and SNAP-25a and SNAP-25b play different functional roles in brain.
T878 392365-392491 Epistemic_statement denotes Translocation and targeting of this kinase to appropriate subcellular compartments are crucial for its physiological function.
T879 392492-392596 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously suggested that postsynaptic CaMKII is also localized in lipid raft microdomain (2001.
T880 392933-393020 Epistemic_statement denotes CaMKII targeted to lipid raft microdomain possibly through protein-protein interaction.
T881 393021-393187 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data suggest that lipid raft microdomain is a major site of CaMKII distribution, as well as postsynaptic density and cytoplasmic region, at the postsynaptic site.
T882 393822-394047 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results indicate that glial glutamate transporters can retain the fast decay kinetics of CF-EPSCs in the normal range if a small proportion (approximately 20%) of functional transporters, GLAST and/or GLT-1, is preserved.
T883 394124-394258 Epistemic_statement denotes How glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission is controlled in neural circuit of live animal, however, remains to be poorly understood.
T884 394440-394695 Epistemic_statement denotes Thermotaxis defect of eat-4 mutant was caused by malfunction of both thermosensory neuron AFD and its downstream interneuron RIA, suggesting that thermal signals from AFD or RIA to their downstream neurons are transmitted by glutamate through EAT-4 VGLUT.
T885 394770-394931 Epistemic_statement denotes We are trying to investigate whether AVR-14 functions in the downstream neurons of AFD or RIA, and to identify other glutamate receptors involved in thermotaxis.
T886 396049-396223 Epistemic_statement denotes To further characterise the specific properties of the transporters we make use of the VGLUT1-KO mouse which gives us the opportunity to investigate a brain devoid of VGLUTl.
T887 396453-396722 Epistemic_statement denotes Histological investigations have revealed that the distribution of three VGLUT isoforms in the CNS is largely complementary with limited overlap, suggesting that differential expression of VGLUT isoforms may contribute to functional diversity in glutamatergic synapses.
T888 396723-396801 Epistemic_statement denotes However, functional differences among the isoforms remained poorly understood.
T889 397254-397338 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of this study is to investigate the molecular basis for lactate utilization.
T890 398139-398292 Epistemic_statement denotes Results suggested that increased MCT2 expression of neurons may lead to utilization of lactate to sustain synaptic function via calcium-dependent manner.
T891 398879-399093 Epistemic_statement denotes The calpain-cleaved N-terminal Amph I fragment lost its ability to bind dynamin and inhibited transferrin uptake as overexpressed in COS-7 cells, indicating that the calpain cleavage of Amph I inhibits endocytosis.
T892 399175-399396 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the second administration of kainate caused less severe seizure activity than the first one, this relieved second seizure was not observed in pre-treatment with a calpain inhibitor, ALLM during the first seizure.
T893 399397-399513 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the proteolytic activity of calpain could protect neurons from excitotoxicity by inhibiting vesicle recycling.
T894 399616-399799 Epistemic_statement denotes Previously, we have suggested that a high level of synaptic transmission is maintained by recycling of SVs through two types of endocytosis operating coordinately (27th this meeting).
T895 400279-400407 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously shown that baclofen, a GABA B receptor agonist, inhibits exocytosis in synapses of mouse hippocampal neurons.
T896 400981-401136 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that GABA B receptor shares part of the mechanism involved in modulation of exocytosis with syntaxin 1A in mouse hippocampal neurons.
T897 401137-401271 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously shown a transient localization of tubulin (TUB) during synaptic vesicle (SV) cycling in Drosophila nerve terminals.
T898 401959-402061 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that presynaptic dynamic TUB, especially non-Acetyl TUB, controls ECP formation.
T899 402062-402158 Epistemic_statement denotes Presynaptic TUB dynamics may regulate functional presynaptic plasticity by controlling SV pools.
T900 402326-402482 Epistemic_statement denotes PREGS increased the amplitude of evoked EPSCs, without affecting that of spontaneous miniature EPSCs, indicating that the site of its action is presynaptic.
T901 402483-402687 Epistemic_statement denotes PREGS facilitated presynaptic voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel (VGCC) currents via accelerating their activation kinetics, but had no effect on K + currents, resting conductance, or action potential waveforms.
T902 402688-402919 Epistemic_statement denotes In simultaneous pre-and postsynaptic recordings PREGS did not change the relationship between presynaptic Ca 2+ influx and EPSCs, suggesting that exocytotic machinery downstream of Ca 2+ influx was not involved in the PREGS effect.
T903 403817-403887 Epistemic_statement denotes However, DAGL␣ was excluded from the main body of spine neck and head.
T904 403989-404212 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that DAGL␣ is essentially targeted to postsynaptic spines in cerebellar and hippocampal neurons, but its fine distribution within and around spines is differently regulated between the two cell types.
T905 404213-404288 Epistemic_statement denotes Synprint site of voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels interacts with synaptotagmin.
T906 404289-404343 Epistemic_statement denotes However, its physiological role is not entirely clear.
T907 404344-404414 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we report that AP-2 subunit can directly bind with synprint site.
T908 405671-405777 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the physiological significance and the molecular mechanism of the remodeling are largely unknown.
T909 405778-405932 Epistemic_statement denotes To address these questions, we focused on evolutionarily conserved acyltransferase like genes in C.elegans acl-1˜14, and generated their deletion mutants.
T910 406047-406196 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the mutants exhibited severe movement abnormalities in fat-3 mutant background in which long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are depleted.
T911 406303-406519 Epistemic_statement denotes These abnormalities were rescued by neuron specific acl-4 expression, suggesting that certain phospholipid species produced by acl-4 are involved in maintaining normal synaptic transmission and motility of C.elegans.
T912 407018-407168 Epistemic_statement denotes Little is known, however, about what regulates the expression of the PDZ proteins and how the levels of these proteins influence synaptic development.
T913 408279-408449 Epistemic_statement denotes Although other members of the Cbln family, Cbln2-4, are known to be expressed in the brain, their precise expression patterns and biochemical properties remained unclear.
T914 408551-408660 Epistemic_statement denotes All Cbln family members could form both homomeric and heteromeric complexes each other in heterologous cells.
T915 408778-408909 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that each Cbln member is potentially involved in synapse development and plasticity in various brain regions.
T916 409019-409121 Epistemic_statement denotes It interacts with various synaptic components including NMDA receptor subunits, PSD-95 and neuroligin.
T917 409206-409264 Epistemic_statement denotes S-SCAM forms a ternary complex with neuroligin and PSD-95.
T918 409526-409629 Epistemic_statement denotes We have here examined whether S-SCAM is indeed localized at inhibitory synapses in hippocampal neurons.
T919 411042-411066 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: 12324122
T920 411067-411326 Epistemic_statement denotes Izumi Kawabata, Shigeo Okabe Department of Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan Coordinated development of excitatory and inhibitory synapses is critical for both stability and temporal fidelity of neuron network in the hippocampus.
T921 411327-411435 Epistemic_statement denotes However, there have been few analyses on postsynaptic molecular assembly in interneurons during development.
T922 411845-412010 Epistemic_statement denotes The higher rate of cluster turnover in excitatory neurons, together with their higher rate of net cluster increase, may explain the delayed boost of cluster density.
T923 412011-412184 Epistemic_statement denotes Photobleaching of PSD-95-GFP revealed similar kinetics in two neuron types, suggesting additional determinants of cluster dynamics apart from the steady-state assembly rate.
T924 412185-412292 Epistemic_statement denotes Possible involvement of other postsynaptic molecules in interneuron PSD dynamics is now being investigated.
T925 412293-412410 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1A-C025 Two-photon imaging of immature dendritic protrusions and astroglial processes in hippocampal slice cultures
T926 412411-412517 Epistemic_statement denotes Hideko Nishida, Shigeo Okabe Department of Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
T927 412518-412656 Epistemic_statement denotes Several lines of evidences indicate roles of astroglia in synaptogenesis, possibly mediated by either cell adhesion or diffusible factors.
T928 412657-412830 Epistemic_statement denotes However, structural evidences supporting this claim are virtually lacking, mainly due to technical limitations in simultaneous imaging of neuronal and astroglial structures.
T929 413469-413596 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest an involvement of direct astroglia-filopodia contacts in subsequent maturation of dendritic protrusions.
T930 413865-413996 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently accumulated evidence indicates that astrocytes affect the neuronal excitability by releasing gliotransmitters such as ATP.
T931 413997-414100 Epistemic_statement denotes This study was performed to determine whether such astrocyte-neuron interaction takes place in the NTS.
T932 414618-414732 Epistemic_statement denotes These results provide supports for the possible interaction between astrocytes and neuronal presynaptic terminals.
T933 415215-415294 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the precise spatio-temporal PF-PC interaction has not been elucidated.
T934 415872-416057 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the filopodial attachment of the juvenile PC dendrites to the axons of granule cells may induce rapid formation of presynaptic terminals via local clustering of synaptic vesicles.
T935 417084-417308 Epistemic_statement denotes Our imaging approach enables linking single-cell behaviors to their communal dynamics, and we discovered that, even in a relatively simple CA1 circuit, neurons could collectively be engaged in complex information processing.
T936 417504-417673 Epistemic_statement denotes To prove this possibility, we investigated wild-type mouse retinas immunohistochemically and confirmed their co-localized immunopositive labels at the respective places.
T937 417674-417841 Epistemic_statement denotes Next, we examined which scaffold protein would connect with mGluR7 that was known to be ectopicly expressed in the dendrites of mGluR6-deficient ON cone bipolar cells.
T938 418002-418132 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that mGluR7 connects with syntenin in place of mGluR6 that was knockout from the ON cone bipolar dendrites.
T939 418835-418943 Epistemic_statement denotes The processing of noxious and moderate thermal radiation stimuli may depend on the TRPV1 and 4 respectively.
T940 418944-419369 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (17657052) PS1A-C032 Generation and biochemical analysis of a GluR␣2 knockout mouse Hirotsugu Azechi 1 , Manabu Abe 1 , Rie Natsume 1,2 , Kenji Sakimura 1,2 1 Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; 2 SORST/JST, Saitama, Japan GluR␣2(GluR2) is a key subunit of AMPA receptors, since it is a critical determinant of their calcium permeability.
T941 420951-421053 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that GISP is involved in the forward trafficking and stabilisation of GABA B Rs.
T942 421054-421185 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus GISP is an novel GABA B 1-binding protein potentially involved in the cell surface and/or synaptic targeting of the GABA B Rs.
T943 421444-421590 Epistemic_statement denotes Mammalian pineal melatonin-secreting cells, pinealocytes, contain numerous SLMVs which likely accumulate glutamate to inhibit melatonin synthesis.
T944 421591-421660 Epistemic_statement denotes VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 seem to participate in this glutamate accumulation.
T945 421929-422153 Epistemic_statement denotes These data indicate that there are some subpopulations of SLMVs which differ in the kind of VGLUT isoforms contained and/or in their combinations, suggesting VGLUT isoform-dependent sorting of SLMVs to pinealocyte processes.
T946 423036-423181 Epistemic_statement denotes Western-blot analysis showed that VGAT protein was absent in the homozygous embryos, indicating that the mutation had generated in a null allele.
T947 423283-423394 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that VGAT plays essential roles in both palate formation and ventral body wall development.
T948 424628-424756 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results indicate that the colocalization of VGluTs in the neocortex is regulated in an age-, area-and layer-specific manner.
T949 425373-425587 Epistemic_statement denotes Given the role of AMPK as a sensor of cellular stress this potential mechanism may be relevant in regulating the efficacy of synaptic inhibition under anoxic conditions and during periods of high synaptic activity.
T950 426624-426796 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that serotonergic system may be functionally expressed to regulate mechanisms underlying cellular differentiation and maturation in mouse osteoblasts.
T951 427107-427292 Epistemic_statement denotes However, because only genomic DNA was available for most hotfoot mutants, it was unclear whether truncated forms of GluR␦2 were actually translated and involved in the ataxic phenotype.
T952 427293-427502 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we report that a newly identified hotfoot mutant, ho15J, was caused by a new type of intragenic deletion of the Grid2 gene, which was indeed translated as GluR␦2 lacking 52-amino acids in the N-terminus.
T953 427667-427849 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, these mice exhibited sustained innervation of Purkinje cells by multiple climbing fibers, and impaired long term depression, which is thought to underlie motor learning.
T954 427850-427958 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate the importance of the N-terminal domain in GluR␦2 signaling and cerebellar functions.
T955 428186-428272 Epistemic_statement denotes Sch., Saitama, Japan; 2 International University of Health and Welfare, Tochigi, Japan
T956 428273-428424 Epistemic_statement denotes Considerable attention has been focused on the functional importance of the highly conserved DRY triplet in class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR).
T957 428552-428724 Epistemic_statement denotes In transfected cells, mutation of Asp (D/A) resulted in nonfunctional receptor despite of showing moderate level of cell surface expression and an apparent affinity to MCH.
T958 428725-428843 Epistemic_statement denotes D/A mutation occurred with no increase in basal signaling pathway, suggesting no indication for constitutive activity.
T959 429105-429252 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that a function for DRY motif different from that widely accepted for class A GPCRs in regulating MCH1R-mediated signal pathway.
T960 429585-429771 Epistemic_statement denotes It was also observed that the heteromultimers can activate G q/11 pathway by ATP analogue and also G i/o pathway by adenosine analogue, maintaining the features of the original subunits.
T961 430554-430662 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we investigated whether or not these cytoskeletal proteins regulate the multi path signaling of mGluR1.
T962 430663-430791 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the functional couplings of mGluR1 to Gq and Gs pathways were altered by co-expression of 4.1G, but not by homer.
T963 430792-430964 Epistemic_statement denotes Deletion of the C-terminal tail abolished the effect of 4.1G, indicating that the interaction of 4.1G with the C-terminal tail of mGluR1 regulates the multi path signaling.
T964 431485-431544 Epistemic_statement denotes However, its physiological function remains almost unknown.
T965 432104-432235 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the EAAC1-mediated glutamate transport activity may be regulated by a PKC-dependent phosphorylation at Serine 18 in addicsin.
T966 432569-432699 Epistemic_statement denotes Although their physiological functions and subunit compositions have been inferred from various studies, they are still not clear.
T967 433122-433424 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that native kainate receptors might function as heteromeric channels (GluR␤/␥) and the GluR␤2 subunit might determine subcellular localization of the GluR␥ subunits, similar to the roles of NMDA receptor GluR subunits determining stability and distribution of the GluR subunits.
T968 435336-435468 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, it was suggested that HOPS had roles in synaptic transmission enhancement by stabilization of surface GluR2 via GRIP1 binding.
T969 436177-436282 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest the significant contribution of Asc-1 and SNAT2 to the neuronal uptake of L-serine.
T970 436283-436388 Epistemic_statement denotes SNAT2 might also accumulate L-serine in astrocytes from the extracellular spaces including blood and CSF.
T971 436874-436950 Epistemic_statement denotes We here examined possible roles of glutamate transporters in this CF action.
T972 437286-437607 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that EAAT4 plays a major role in regulating the concentration of CF transmitters, possibly glutamate, in the route of its extrasynaptic diffusion, and determining the degree of CF-induced inhibition of GABA release from BCs depending on the regional difference of EAAT4 expression in postsynaptic PCs.
T973 437884-438140 Epistemic_statement denotes This developmental shift from depolarization to hyperpolarization may be caused by decreasing of the intracellular chloride ion concentration regulated by two chloride ion co-transporters, Na-K-2Cl co-transporter 1 (NKCC1) and K-Cl co-transporter 2 (KCC2).
T974 438624-438815 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that formation of synapses might induce KCC2-expression and localization, and GABAergic transmission might shift from excitation to inhibition after synapse formation.
T975 439636-439763 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, we also identified that the 3i loop domain of D1R interfere with Gs coupled beta2 adrenergic receptor signaling.
T976 439764-439896 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the third intracellular loop of the D1 receptor is a primary determinant in its coupling to Gs signaling.
T977 440594-440744 Epistemic_statement denotes DA also decreased AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory post synaptic currents to 29% in the second postnatal week, when glutamate responses first appear.
T978 441019-441216 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the activation of PI-linked D1-like receptor profoundly suppresses the excitatory transmission during the early period of synapse formation in the developing hippocampus.
T979 442167-442424 Epistemic_statement denotes These results show that VGLUT1ir corticofugal fibers appose to elongating VGLUT2-ir thalamocortical fibers, suggesting that VGLUT may play a crucial role in glutamatemediated axon guidance to determine thalamic innervation patterns in the developing cortex.
T980 442714-442926 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate the mechanisms underlying swelling of brain cells in association with neuronal activity, we analyzed interactions between changes in cell volume and synaptic activities in mouse hippocampal slices.
T981 443138-443343 Epistemic_statement denotes In adult mice, repetitive stimulation of afferent fibers induced transient increases in IRT at both somatic and dendritic regions in a frequency-dependent manner, which was temporally associated with fEPs.
T982 443437-443604 Epistemic_statement denotes However, in mice under 15 days old, the optical signals did not follow by high-frequency stimulation of inputs, and were not affected by an application of bicuculline.
T983 443605-443748 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that GABA-dependency in the mechanisms of cell volume regulation developmentally changes in the hippocampal CA1 region.
T984 444373-444544 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the development of morphine-induced CPP may be related to NMDA and MK-801 receptors in that the glutamatergic system can modulate opiate reward.
T985 444793-444838 Epistemic_statement denotes Med., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan; 3 CREST, JST
T986 444839-445109 Epistemic_statement denotes The majority of neostriatal neurons are medium-sized projection neurons with spiny dendrites and have so far been classified into three groups: striatonigral neurons producing PPD, and striatopallidal neurons producing PPE, and striatoinnominatal neurons producing PPTB.
T987 445479-445681 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, the double-labeling method combining in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry revealed how these five dopamine receptor subtypes are distributed among three projection neuron groups.
T988 446819-447336 Epistemic_statement denotes This downregulation is possibly due to proteolysis by tPA, since (1) tPA immunoreactivity was observed at neurosecretory granules of vasopressin dendrites and terminals, (2) Salt loading increased protein and mRNA levels of tPA in the somata and dendrites in the supraoptic nucleus but reduced protein levels of it in the terminals of the neurohypophysis, (3) Depolarizing agent released tPA from isolated neurosecretosomes, (4) tPA knockout mice revealed lower ability of osmotic homeostasis and vasopressin release.
T989 447337-447461 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, it is probable that tPA is participated in regulating structural plasticity of vasopressin neurons by degrading CSPGs.
T990 448326-448521 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the CS structural domains generated by these CS sulfotransferases are involved in the regulation of the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and neuronal migration.
T991 449579-449742 Epistemic_statement denotes These observations suggest that D-type structure in CS is important for the signaling of pleiotrophin, which play roles in Purkinje cell-Bergmann glia interaction.
T992 450817-450940 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that PTP participate in the PC-BG interaction by regulating tyrosine phosphorylation level of DNER.
T993 451815-452089 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose that (i) glutamate secreted by granule cells and diffused through the porous membrane of the cell culture insert promotes the dendrite development of Purkinje cells and (ii) astrocytes inhibit the effect of glutamate through their glutamate transporting activity.
T994 452240-452431 Epistemic_statement denotes An extracellular endosulfatase, SulfFP1, has been implicated in the regulation of growth factor/morphogen signaling through HS remodeling in vitro, but its physiological roles remain unknown.
T995 452432-452521 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we generated knockout mice lacking the SulfFP1 gene, and examined the motor control.
T996 452522-452583 Epistemic_statement denotes Homozygotes appeared to be normal, showing no sign of ataxia.
T997 453020-453172 Epistemic_statement denotes These interactions are mediated by the specific sulfation patterns in HS, but the mechanism generating such modifications has not been fully elucidated.
T998 453270-453402 Epistemic_statement denotes The mice deficient in either SulfFP1 or SulfFP2 appeared to be normal, while most of the double knockout mice died soon after birth.
T999 453403-453545 Epistemic_statement denotes Mutant brains had higher content of 6-O-sulfated disaccharide units in HS, suggesting a role of SulfFPs in heparan sulfate remodeling in vivo.
T1000 453758-453897 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent studies have suggested monoamine affects neural development, but it is unclear which receptor subtypes mediate actions of monoamine.
T1001 454508-454705 Epistemic_statement denotes By using receptor agonists and antagonists, it was suggested that dendritic outgrowth may be promoted by 5-HT 1A receptor, ␣ 2A receptor and D 2 receptor, while inhibited by 5-HT 2A and ␤receptors.
T1002 455052-455205 Epistemic_statement denotes Several proteins have been implicated in the establishment of neuronal polarity; however, the mechanism for neuronal polarization is not well understood.
T1003 455523-455673 Epistemic_statement denotes In 293T cell, Singar associated with p85 and p110, the subunits of PI3Kinase which is considered as one of the key molecules in neuronal polarization.
T1004 455779-455915 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that Singar ensures the formation and maintenance of neuronal polarity by suppressing the formation of surplus axons.
T1005 455916-456020 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1A-E068 Lrfn2, a neuronal leucine-rich repeatcontaining transmembrane protain can interact with PSD-95
T1006 456021-456147 Epistemic_statement denotes Naoko Morimura, Takashi Inoue, Kei-ichi Katayama, Jun Aruga Laboratory for Comparative Neurogenesis, RIKEN BSI, Saitama, Japan
T1007 456148-456267 Epistemic_statement denotes In a variety of organisms, proteins with leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR) function significantly in neural development.
T1008 456827-456985 Epistemic_statement denotes We revealed that Lrfn2 associated with PSD-95/NMDA receptor complex in the brain extracts and Lrfn2 directly bound to PSD-95 via its PDZ domain-binding motif.
T1009 456986-457090 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we suggest that Lrfn2 may play an important role in the regulation of synaptic functions.
T1010 457536-457621 Epistemic_statement denotes Although little attention has been paid to protein methylation in the nervous system.
T1011 457904-458002 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that the PRMT3 relates to the neural function in the young and adult brain.
T1012 458806-459018 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the proteins have been determined using the powerful methods, the localization of each protein in the neuron should be confirmed; thus, we checked the immunostaining in the cultured rat cortical neurons.
T1013 460028-460176 Epistemic_statement denotes Netrin-1 is known to be a chemorepellent for a subset of axons, the role of netrin-1 for ventral spinal cord-derived repulsion is, however, unknown.
T1014 460663-460811 Epistemic_statement denotes Together, these findings suggest that the ventral spinal cord repels DRG axons by secreting netrin-1 to shape the initial trajectories of DRG axons.
T1015 461219-461296 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the property of postsynaptic cells to CS input is poorly understood.
T1016 462397-462550 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is not known whether netrin-1 also exerts chemoattractive effect on ventral-ward migrating dorsal interneurons in the developing spinal cord.
T1017 462551-462741 Epistemic_statement denotes To test this hypothesis, we examined dorsal interneuron migration in netrin-1 −/− background, using Olig3-lacZ knockin allele, which marks most of ventral-ward migrating dorsal interneurons.
T1018 462943-463064 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that netrin-1 exerts chemoattractive effects on ventral-ward migrating dorsal interneurons in vivo.
T1019 463065-463246 Epistemic_statement denotes Netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 are vertebrate-specific membrane-anchored members of the UNC-6/netrin family that have no affinity to classic netrin receptors and their function is unknown.
T1020 463895-464097 Epistemic_statement denotes Together, these results suggest that axonal netrin-G proteins transneuronally regulate the localization of distinct receptors on dendrites, and thereby determine the properties of subdendritic segments.
T1021 464474-464534 Epistemic_statement denotes The neuronal function of Cas, however, is poorly understood.
T1022 464883-465043 Epistemic_statement denotes The axon extension of granule cells is inhibited by either RNA interference knockdown of Cas or overexpression of the Cas mutant lacking the Crk binding motifs.
T1023 465646-465772 Epistemic_statement denotes Since -Agatoxin IVA and -conotoxin MVIIC abolished the prolonged response, we suggest the involvement of P/Q type Ca channels.
T1024 466003-466179 Epistemic_statement denotes The parallel development of P/Q type channels, primary dendrites, and the occurrence of prolonged parallel fiber-Purkinje cell transmission suggests their causal relationships.
T1025 466844-466979 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that mMahya-1 is involved in either the migration of granule cells or the dendritic maturation of Purkinje cells.
T1026 466980-467082 Epistemic_statement denotes We will further report the analysis of the functions of mMahya-1 for the early cerebellum development.
T1027 468185-468325 Epistemic_statement denotes This imaging method is believed to be a powerful tool for observation of neuronal development, as neither fixation nor staining is required.
T1028 468646-468779 Epistemic_statement denotes of Med., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan A mutant mouse, cerebelles (cbll), lacks the entire cerebellar cortex but survives into the adult.
T1029 469228-469421 Epistemic_statement denotes After the injection of BDA into the cbll lumbar cord, spinocerebellar terminals projecting to the deep cerebellar nuclei were anterogradely labeled in spite of absence of the cerebellar cortex.
T1030 469422-469576 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that afferent and efferent systems of the cerebellar nuclei of the cbll are preserved in spite of absence of the cerebellar cortex.
T1031 469961-470130 Epistemic_statement denotes As the muscarinic agonist, pilocarpine, can induce similar morphological changes, hippocampal slices treated with this drug have been widely used as a model of epilepsy.
T1032 470536-470748 Epistemic_statement denotes This result suggests that Na + channel dependent neuronal excitation and following activitydependent BDNF releases are essential in the biphasic morphological changes induced by pilocarpine in hippocampal slices.
T1033 471666-471779 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the MFs extended into the DG when forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, was chronically applied.
T1034 471780-471941 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the DG has a mechanism supporting anterograde MF projections to CA3, which is regulated by the levels of adenylate cyclase activation.
T1035 472083-472241 Epistemic_statement denotes CGRP is expressed from early developmental stage in rat brain, suggesting that CGRP may be involved in not only neurotransmission but also neural development.
T1036 472242-472334 Epistemic_statement denotes But roles of CGRP in neuronal development of cerebral cortex and hippocampus remain unclear.
T1037 472748-472808 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the number of dendritic branching was not affected.
T1038 472809-472892 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that CGRP promotes dendritic outgrowth and synapse formation.
T1039 472893-473041 Epistemic_statement denotes Chisako Kanamaru, Kazunori Suda, Kouji Senzaki, Takashi Shiga University of Tsukuba, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
T1040 473042-473181 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent studies have suggested monoamine affects neural development, but it is unclear which receptor subtypes mediate actions of monoamine.
T1041 473863-474033 Epistemic_statement denotes By using receptor agonists and antagonists, it was suggested that ␣ 2A receptor promotes dendritic outgrowth, while ␤ receptor suppress dendritic outgrowth and branching.
T1042 474221-474419 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate possible etiology of the neonatal death, we examined the respiratory activity using whole body plethysmography and the C4 inspiratory activity using brainstem-spinal cord preparation.
T1043 474922-475105 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that Pre-Inspiratory neuronal network, which determines respiratory rhythm, does not develop normally in Dscam-KO mice and causes lethal respiratory dysfunction.
T1044 475391-475524 Epistemic_statement denotes We explored how hippocampal cells modify their extracellular environment when seeded onto collagen gel, a major component of the ECM.
T1045 475685-475809 Epistemic_statement denotes Initially, we thought that hippocampal cells were penetrating the gel, following partial degradation of the collagen matrix.
T1046 475810-476140 Epistemic_statement denotes However, (1) collagenasespecific inhibitor did not affect cell depth, (2) limiting gliosis by antimitotics reduced the thickness of the TGL by 40%, (3), neither glial nor neuronal cell body were found in the TGL by GFAP/MAP2 detection, (4) neurite outgrowth was observed only within this TGL, but not toward the bottom of the gel.
T1047 476141-476284 Epistemic_statement denotes To see whether the TGL is the remains of the initial collagen substrate, we embedded fluorescent beads in the collagen gel before cell seeding.
T1048 476285-476428 Epistemic_statement denotes The TGL was completely devoid of beads after 2 weeks, suggesting that the TGL is newly formed by ECM material, largely secreted by glial cells.
T1049 476695-476864 Epistemic_statement denotes However, under the intense stress, the glucocorticoid level is increased, and the high level of it is suggested to induce neuronal damage and to cause the mood disorder.
T1050 476865-477003 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, it is possible that the reduction of neuronal function mediated by BDNF is partly related to the cause of the disorder.
T1051 477197-477415 Epistemic_statement denotes We found that BDNF increased the expression of synaptic proteins including glutamate receptor and presynaptic protein, however, pretreatment with DEX significantly inhibited the up-regulation of these proteins by BDNF.
T1052 477416-477613 Epistemic_statement denotes Further, increase in release of glutamate and in intracellular Ca2+ by BDNF was suppressed after DEX pretreatment, suggesting that DEX inhibits the maturation of synaptic function mediated by BDNF.
T1053 478548-478646 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that neuronal activity in these areas is influenced by systemic androgen level.
T1054 478647-478736 Epistemic_statement denotes This may underlie the pathophysiology of partial androgen deficiency in aged men (PADAM).
T1055 479337-479530 Epistemic_statement denotes However, no strain difference was not found in vitro in the salivation rate, suggesting exsisting of a negative feedback loop between the central thermoregulation system and evaporation system.
T1056 480003-480088 Epistemic_statement denotes These changes can be considered to be results of genetically acquired heat-tolerance.
T1057 480338-480436 Epistemic_statement denotes Dysfunction of TTP has been shown to result in systemic deficiency of Vitamin E in human and mice.
T1058 480820-480967 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that Vitamin E does not play a major protective role in MPTP-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the brain.
T1059 480968-481209 Epistemic_statement denotes Priyanka Dikshit 1 , Anand Goswami 1 , Nobuyuki Nukina 2 , Nihar Ranjan Jana 1 1 National Brain Research Centre, India; 2 Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
T1060 481210-481422 Epistemic_statement denotes A major pathological hallmark of the polyglutamine diseases is the formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs) of the disease proteins, often associated with various chaperones and proteasome components.
T1061 481423-481521 Epistemic_statement denotes But, how the polyglutamine proteins are ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome is not known.
T1062 482502-482598 Epistemic_statement denotes 2858 of them matched known genes of rodents in the Genbank databases, but 2584 remained unknown.
T1063 482827-482951 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study will provide a refined genomic resource for molecular studies of animal models of stress-related disorder.
T1064 482952-483028 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
T1065 483029-483156 Epistemic_statement denotes Shinya Yanagita, Seiichiro Amemiya, Satoko Suzuki, Ichiro Kita Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
T1066 483157-483327 Epistemic_statement denotes Our previous study suggests that acute running is one stressor activating corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
T1067 483449-483584 Epistemic_statement denotes It is, thus, possible that housing in cages attached running wheel can alter activation of stress-related neurons during acute running.
T1068 484120-484232 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that prior wheel running influences stress-related neuronal activity during acute running.
T1069 484233-484510 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1A-F096 Transforming growth factor-␤ in the brain regulates fat metabolism during exercise Kazuo Inoue, Toma Ishikawa, Wataru Mizunoya, Tetsuro Shibakusa, Tohru Fushiki Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
T1070 484511-484763 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously reported that the concentration of transforming growth factor-␤ (TGF-␤) increases in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats during exercise and that an increase in fat oxidation was observed following intracisternal administration of TGF-␤.
T1071 484889-485142 Epistemic_statement denotes To test this hypothesis, we carried out respiratory gas analysis during exercise while inhibiting the effect of TGF-␤ in the brain using intracisternal administration of anti-TGF-␤ antibody or SB-431542, an inhibitor of the type 1 TGF-␤ receptor (T␤R1).
T1072 485216-485431 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that brain TGF-␤ has a role in enhancing fatty acid oxidation in peripheral tissues during endurance exercise, and this regulation is executed at partly via the T␤R1 signal transduction system.
T1073 485432-485542 Epistemic_statement denotes Yoshii Takanobu It has been demonstrated that vasopressin (AVP) might play a role in anxiety-related behavior.
T1074 485543-485644 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesized that traumatic stress changes AVP activity and AVP contribute to the symptom of PTSD.
T1075 486271-486403 Epistemic_statement denotes Mumeko Tsuda, Takaaki Ozawa, Aosa Fukushi, Sonoko Ogawa Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
T1076 486404-486562 Epistemic_statement denotes Neonatal maternal separation (MS) is known to affect anxiety and fear responses in adult whereas its effect on socio-sexual behaviors is not fully understood.
T1077 487299-487477 Epistemic_statement denotes During the SIT, social investigation time and general activity in MS females were much lower than those in NS females suggesting MS females may be more fearful to social stimuli.
T1078 488299-488477 Epistemic_statement denotes Present results indicated that the effect of the environmental stress on the learning activity of the adolescent mice might be dependent on the period of the stress manipulation.
T1079 488792-488804 Epistemic_statement denotes Coll., Japan
T1080 488805-488980 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent studies have suggested that occlusal disharmony is related to temporomandibular arthorosis and braxism, which may come from a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
T1081 488981-489225 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, aged mice with masticatory dysfunction show deficits in spatial memory, being due to various pathological changes in the hippocampus, suggesting the link between malocclusion induced by abnormal occlusion and hippocampal pathology.
T1082 489226-489431 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, to prove this hypothesis, we examined the effect of this malocclusion on plasma corticosterone levels, the numbers of hippocampal neurons and spatial performance in water maze in SAMP8 mice.
T1083 489610-489748 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that abnormal occlusion may progress hippocampal neuron loss via stress, thereby leading to senile deficits in memory.
T1084 489749-489893 Epistemic_statement denotes Yurie Nakamoto, Go Mugishima, Mitsuko Sato, Masako Miwa, Mitsunobu Yoshii Division of Psychobiology, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
T1085 489894-490003 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown that PBR are increased after acute stress and decreased under chronic stressful conditions.
T1086 490004-490170 Epistemic_statement denotes In our previous studies, expression of PBR was significantly correlated with trait anxiety in normal human subjects, which might reflect polymorphism of the PBR gene.
T1087 490171-490262 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, males appeared to have higher PBR densities than females in their prime lives.
T1088 490727-490867 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicate that PBR responses to environmentally induced stress are much less in female, probably under the influence of estrogen.
T1089 491982-492113 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that endogenous brain putrescine and other polyamines have an anxiolytic-like effect in stressful conditions.
T1090 492428-492547 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been known that, under some stressful conditions, COX-2 is induced in some neurons and increases PGs production.
T1091 492548-492621 Epistemic_statement denotes But the roles of the increased PGs under stress are not fully elucidated.
T1092 493003-493053 Epistemic_statement denotes Indomethacin is expected to reduce PGs production.
T1093 493131-493220 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that PGs synthesized during stress may have anxiety-increasing effect.
T1094 493221-493677 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1A-G104 Imaging brain and immune association accompanying cognitive appraisal of acute stressor To investigate association between brain and immune systems accompanying cognitive appraisal of an acute stressor, we recorded 15O-water positron emission tomography, cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and immune indices, when 11 male subjects conducted a mental arithmetic task in a high controllability (HC) condition and a low controllability (LC) condition.
T1095 494264-494292 Epistemic_statement denotes Physiol., Chiba Univ., Japan
T1096 494293-494419 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously proposed that orexin plays as a master switch to elicit multiple efferent pathways of the defense response.
T1097 494420-494518 Epistemic_statement denotes It is still open question, however, how information of stressor activates the orexinergic neurons.
T1098 494519-494603 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we examined possible afferent nuclei to activate orexinergic neurons.
T1099 494988-495053 Epistemic_statement denotes However, dose-response curve was rightward shifted in the former.
T1100 495630-495874 Epistemic_statement denotes The early-weaned mice had higher levels of galactosyl ceramide at the age of 5 weeks, and an electron microscopic study suggested increased number of myelinated axon and reduced diameter of myelinated axon in the basolateral amyglaloid nucleus.
T1101 495875-496074 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the early weaning induces precocious myelin formation in the amygdale between 3 and 5 weeks of age, which would be related to higher anxiety state in the early-weaned mice.
T1102 496791-496854 Epistemic_statement denotes However, there was no difference of BDNF expression in females.
T1103 496968-497279 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the deprivation of mother-infant interaction during the late lactating period augments the anxiety in the adulthood by decreasing the level of BDNF in the pre-limbic system, and that these stress responses are sexually dimorphic, i.e., male is more vulnerable to early weaning stress.
T1104 497280-497313 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI #14760187
T1105 497314-497425 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1A-G108 A systematic analysis of genetic factors associated with behavioral diversity between MSM and C57BL/6
T1106 497426-497637 Epistemic_statement denotes Koide Tsuyoshi 1,2 , Aki Takahashi 1,2 , Toshihiko Shiroishi 2,3 , Akinori Nishi 1 1 MGRL, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan; 2 SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan; 3 Mammalian Genetics Lab, NIG, Mishima, Japan
T1107 497638-497805 Epistemic_statement denotes In the previous study conducting a multi-phenotype behavioral tests, we observed a great difference of the behavioral phenotype between mouse strains, MSM and C57BL/6.
T1108 499652-499763 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results lend further support for the involvement of glucocorticoid and BDNF in depression-related behavior.
T1109 500027-500109 Epistemic_statement denotes The gonadal steroid hormone estrogen (E2) has been associated with anxiety levels.
T1110 500110-500222 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we examine whether the effect of music on anxiety is related with ovarian steroid in female mice.
T1111 500806-500991 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that exposure to music reduce anxiety levels, and ovarian steroids may be, at least partially, involved in the anxiolytic effects of music observed in female mice.
T1112 500992-501027 Epistemic_statement denotes Tatsuhiro Yasuda Free, Tokyo, Japan
T1113 501028-501176 Epistemic_statement denotes Strength and periodicity of periodical air pressure ascent around ones' ears induced by others' respiration may impact upon ones' awaken level, i.e.
T1114 501651-501712 Epistemic_statement denotes Continuation of this may induce hyper ventilation or tension.
T1115 501713-501929 Epistemic_statement denotes If the input may be lasting with smaller strength and periodicity, insufficient diaphragm activity after hypoxia and gasping fade-out may induce afferent signal shortage that shrinks various cortical neural activity.
T1116 501930-501978 Epistemic_statement denotes Lasting this situation may fall into depression.
T1117 501979-502081 Epistemic_statement denotes Suitable timing of inspiration inducing may keep good mood, strong motivation and effective cognition.
T1118 502082-502189 Epistemic_statement denotes Body system is suggested to own inherent observer that detects alerting or safe state so called homunculus.
T1119 502190-502407 Epistemic_statement denotes Kenichi Sasaguri 1 , Takero In general, it has been proposed that the mandibular retrusive position resulted from either malocclusion or inadequate occlusal reconstruction is one of the causes of indefinite complaint.
T1120 502408-502501 Epistemic_statement denotes We determined whether the malocclusion model influences brain activities by using fMRI study.
T1121 502502-502688 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicated that in some of volunteers, significantly BOLD signals in the hypothalamus and the amygdala, being associated with emotion and/or stress increased during clenching.
T1122 502689-502828 Epistemic_statement denotes It is, therefore, suggested that malocclusion influences the whole body through emotional system, thereby causing the indefinite complains.
T1123 503924-504115 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study suggests that the ACe exerts inhibitory influences upon the non-dopaminergic RFp-projecting RRF neurons to control orofacial movements closely related to emotional behavior.
T1124 506030-506182 Epistemic_statement denotes Treatment with SSRI suppressed anxiety-related behavior of CaMKII mutant mice, suggesting that CaMKII mutant mouse is a mouse model of anxiety disorder.
T1125 506658-506768 Epistemic_statement denotes However, cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying behavioral changes by environment remain largely unknown.
T1126 507233-507488 Epistemic_statement denotes We compared properties of the MF synaptic transmission with the locomotor activity in individual mice used in all experiments and found that the magnitude of synaptic potentiation induced by dopamine was negatively correlated with the ambulation distance.
T1127 507489-507656 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that the modification of the hippocampal mossy fiber synaptic transmission could be involved in the environmental regulation of locomotor activity.
T1128 508537-508690 Epistemic_statement denotes These observations indicate that the arachidonic acid cascade is involved in inhibition of long-term ICSS and would be in weariness or fatigue sensation.
T1129 509545-509671 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that hypothalamic AVT might play some part in the central control of reproductive behavior in teleost.
T1130 510102-510261 Epistemic_statement denotes To study how ecological factors shaped underlying neural processes, we examined week-old chicks in four different tasks with identical economical consequences.
T1131 510966-511010 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (15370033, 17021018)
T1132 511011-511152 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1A-G120 Analysis of the brain regions associated with the dance language of the honeybees Taketoshi Kiya, Takekazu Kunieda, Takeo Kubo Dep.
T1133 511253-511354 Epistemic_statement denotes The worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) can transmit location of food sources by the dance language.
T1134 511355-511491 Epistemic_statement denotes In spite of the simple structure of the honeybee brain and the stereotyped dance behavior, its neural mechanisms remain totally unknown.
T1135 512048-512271 Epistemic_statement denotes These results imply that the activities of the sKCs in the dancer brain are neither due to dance presentation itself nor sensory inputs during foraging, but complex information processing accompanying the foraging behavior.
T1136 512878-512945 Epistemic_statement denotes Alcadein forms a stable tripartite complex with APP and X11L/Mint2.
T1137 512946-513034 Epistemic_statement denotes However, after dissociation of X11L, Alcadein is susceptible to cleavage by protease(s).
T1138 513123-513255 Epistemic_statement denotes We are now investigating the localization pattern of the GFP-tagged protein, and whether CASY-1 can also be proteolytically cleaved.
T1139 513256-513368 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1A-G122 Insulin-like signaling is required for association between temperature and feeding state in C. elegans
T1140 513369-513521 Epistemic_statement denotes Eiji Kodama 1 , Atsushi Kuhara 1 , Akiko Mohri 1,2 , Kotaro Kimura 1,3 , Masatoshi Okumura 1 , Masahiro Tomioka 4 , Yuichi Iino 4 , Ikue Mori 1,5 1 Div.
T1141 513722-513829 Epistemic_statement denotes for Advanced Res., Nagoya Univ., Japan C. elegans can associate cultivation temperature with feeding state.
T1142 514147-514238 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggests that INS-1 antagonizes DAF-2 insulin-like signaling for associative learning.
T1143 514239-514350 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, age-1 animals associate their cultivation temperature with feeding-state quicker than wild type.
T1144 514519-514641 Epistemic_statement denotes We suggest that insulin-like signaling modulates the neuronal activity of interneurons essential for associative learning.
T1145 514642-515063 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1A-G123 Analysis of ttx-8: Novel thermotaxis gene conserved among various organisms Akiko Miyara, Akane Ohta, Yoshifumi Okochi, Masatoshi Okumura, Ikue Mori Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan C. elegans can memorize the food condition in relation to the cultivation temperature and migrate to the cultivation temperature when looking for the food.
T1146 515116-515255 Epistemic_statement denotes Several neurons and genes required for thermotaxis have been identified, but molecular mechanism of thermotaxis is still poorly understood.
T1147 515256-515373 Epistemic_statement denotes The ttx-8(nj21) and ttx-8(nj34) mutants are obviously defective in thermotaxis and partially defective in chemotaxis.
T1148 515705-515924 Epistemic_statement denotes RIC-3 is thought to be required for the maturation of acetylcoline receptor (Halevi et al., 2002) , so TTX-8 may play a similar role such as folding, assembly, transmission or anchoring of some kind of membrane protein.
T1149 516318-516356 Epistemic_statement denotes for Advanced Res., Nagoya Univ., Japan
T1150 516357-516552 Epistemic_statement denotes The nematode C. elegans can associate cultivation temperature with feeding state: well-fed animals migrate to and starved animals avoid from the cultivation temperature on a temperature gradient.
T1151 516707-517005 Epistemic_statement denotes We isolated aho-3(nj15) mutants that were normal in thermotactic migration after cultivated well-fed state and normal in response to food in locomotion assay (Sawin et al., 2000) , indicating that they are normal in temperature and food recognition and may be defective in the associative learning.
T1152 517006-517180 Epistemic_statement denotes aho-3 gene encoded a predicted hydrolase and the molecular properties have not been characterized yet, although AHO-3 is a highly conserved protein throughout yeast to human.
T1153 517474-517630 Epistemic_statement denotes We measured the feeding response before and after pairing with the aversive stimulus to determine whether learning alters the innate preference for sucrose.
T1154 518217-518353 Epistemic_statement denotes This can interpret that the conditioning decreased the excitability of B3 neuron activity thus to decrease the fictive feeding behavior.
T1155 519231-519282 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggested the functional role in conditioning.
T1156 520234-520421 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus these data suggest that appetitive and aversive reinforcements stimulate different intracellular and/or intercellular signaling pathways generating distinct memory components in MBs.
T1157 521269-521458 Epistemic_statement denotes Since Klg protein localizes along the surface between neuropil and neuropil glia, we propose that klg mediates an interaction between neurons and glia that is required for memory formation.
T1158 522655-522732 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the cellular mechanisms underlying this conditioning remain obscure.
T1159 523490-523595 Epistemic_statement denotes These results are the first to suggest the classical conditioning of salivation in non-mammalian species.
T1160 524013-524175 Epistemic_statement denotes Drosophila can make clearout choice in visual flight simulator when facing conflicting visual cues based on the saliency of the cues previously trained to follow.
T1161 524176-524491 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we show this behaviour is impaired when the transmission of dopaminergic neurons or mushroom bodies (MB), was genetically silenced by Gal4/UAS-shi ts1 system, suggesting that this behaviour is mediated by dopaminergic system acting through MB, a structure shown to be densely innervated by dopaminergic fibers.
T1162 524492-524658 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the dopaminergic and MB synaptic activities were required only during the early choice period (<4 min), but not for the sustenance of the chosen flight path.
T1163 524659-524907 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus the dopaminergic system and MB are specifically devoted to the cognitive function exemplified by the flyǐs choice behaviour and further studies of the circuit in Drosophila may help to understand the neural basis of higher cognitive functions.
T1164 525108-525262 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous studies in insects suggested that octopamine (OA) and dopamine (DA) mediate various kinds of reward and punishment signals in olfactory learning.
T1165 525263-525375 Epistemic_statement denotes However, whether such roles can be generalized to learning of sensory signals other than odors remained unknown.
T1166 525723-526001 Epistemic_statement denotes Our finding that OA and DA participate in reward and punishment conditioning in visual learning, together with results of previous studies in olfactory learning, suggests ubiquitous roles of the octopaminergic reward system and dopaminergic punishment system in insect learning.
T1167 526002-526087 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggests conserved roles of aminergic reinforcing systems among different phyla.
T1168 526293-526454 Epistemic_statement denotes Cells labeled by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a cell birth marker, appear in the ventricular zone, migrate into HVC, and some of them mature into projection neuron.
T1169 526838-526946 Epistemic_statement denotes However, number of the BrdU-labeled cells decreased 2 months after deafening, when the songs had stabilized.
T1170 527057-527205 Epistemic_statement denotes Additionally, amount of singing in deafened birds, which may affect amount of neurogenesis, did not significantly differ from that in control birds.
T1171 527206-527296 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the amount of neurogenesis is related to adult song plasticity.
T1172 527960-528155 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we have focused our attention on the descending projections of RA, with a view to the presence of contralateral projections to XIIts and Ram, using in vivo tract-tracing technique.
T1173 528156-528321 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicated that Ipsilateral and contralateral projections of RA to respiratory-vocal nuclei in the brainstem were defined in adult male Bengalese finches.
T1174 528537-528618 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been focused what neural mechanism enables such a complex sequential rule.
T1175 528752-528851 Epistemic_statement denotes We collectively recorded the activities of HVC neurons driven by all possible element pair stimuli.
T1176 529157-529300 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, information of the entire song element sequence would be stored in the neural ensemble of these neurons as a population coding.
T1177 529734-529985 Epistemic_statement denotes If a young bird is raised without a tutor's song template (father) and/or social contacts with other birds, including its mother and siblings, it produces an abnormal isolated song, meaning that isolation delays the sensitive period for song learning.
T1178 530299-530377 Epistemic_statement denotes However, they were not able to imitate the syllable phonology from new tutors.
T1179 530378-530548 Epistemic_statement denotes The differences between two aspects of song organization suggest that the schedules and processes of the learning of phonology may be different from those of song syntax.
T1180 531326-531415 Epistemic_statement denotes Our studies have shown that plasticity in the OB is critical for this olfactory learning.
T1181 531416-531615 Epistemic_statement denotes Pups that received OT infusion into the OB in the presence of citral odor developed an aversion to the odor without shock, suggesting that OT infusion has a facilitatory effect on olfactory learning.
T1182 532885-533151 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the GABA A receptors in the VP play an important role in the expression of ingestive and/or aversive responses to saccharin CS during the retrieval of CTA so that the microinjection of bicuculline might increase the intake of saccharin CS.
T1183 534050-534240 Epistemic_statement denotes The present results suggest that the Fos-mediated signals in the PBN, amygdala or, IC plays key roles in the acquisition and/or consolidation, but not the retrieval, of long-term CTA memory.
T1184 535316-535443 Epistemic_statement denotes Various forms of synaptic plasticity are found in cerebellar circuits, but their significance in motor leaning remains unknown.
T1185 535444-535695 Epistemic_statement denotes In the cerebellum, Delphilin is expressed selectively in Purkinje cells (PCs) and localized exclusively at parallel fiber (PF) synapses, where it interacts with glutamate receptor ␦2 that is essential for long-term depression (LTD) and motor learning.
T1186 535866-535988 Epistemic_statement denotes This finding suggests that threshold regulation of LTD at PF-PC synapses is a limiting step for motor learning efficiency.
T1187 536965-537255 Epistemic_statement denotes Mice treated with muscimol showed depressed long-term adaptations, while the short-term adaptations were intact, suggesting that the neural activities of cerebellar cortex in a certain period after training are necessary for the transfer of memory trace from flocculus to vestibular nuclei.
T1188 537669-537703 Epistemic_statement denotes Tsukba, Japan; 4 SORST, JST, Japan
T1189 537704-537952 Epistemic_statement denotes We recently reported that the cerebellar LTD plays a crucial role for both acquisition and consolidation of memory trace of long-term motor learning using the adaptation paradigm of mouse horizontal optokinetic eye movements (Shutoh et al., 2006) .
T1190 539647-539711 Epistemic_statement denotes The rats could receive ICSS if it chased and approached the car.
T1191 540128-540284 Epistemic_statement denotes In a control experiment, the same car was introduced, but the rats could receive ICSS rewards without relation to relative distance between the rat and car.
T1192 540452-540589 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that HF encodes not only spatial information of own location, but also that of other moving object in an environment.
T1193 540933-541367 Epistemic_statement denotes It was found that an s-N, d-P potential, at about 40 ms latency from stimulus, in the caudal bank of the left arcuate sulcus (homolog of Broca's area) was related to recognition learning (association of stimulus with movement), and that an s-N, d-P potential in the motor and somatosensory cortices, and areas 5 and 7, contralateral to the operating hand, was related to skill learning (making movements quicker and more appropriate).
T1194 541368-541558 Epistemic_statement denotes In visuo-initiated hand movements, the left prefrontal cortex was related to recognition learning; the motor and somatosensory cortices, and area 5 to skill learning, as previously reported.
T1195 541559-541667 Epistemic_statement denotes This indicates that motor programming for somatosensory-initiated and visuo-initiated hand movement differs.
T1196 542174-542379 Epistemic_statement denotes During this task, we found that some CA1 neurons showed specific bursts when a predicted event did not occur or along the trajectories of their corrective movements from a wrong cite to a correct cued one.
T1197 542380-542493 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that CA1 plays an important role in the mismatch detecting and correcting process of behavior.
T1198 542617-542766 Epistemic_statement denotes This property is a molecular basis of NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation, which is thought to play a central role in learning and memory.
T1199 543320-543402 Epistemic_statement denotes The link between the behavioral anomaly and the hippocampal activity is discussed.
T1200 543669-543762 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the functional role of UCH-L1 in synaptic plasticity and behavior is not understood.
T1201 544265-544582 Epistemic_statement denotes The maintenance of TBSinduced LTP in the wild-type mice was impaired by actinomycin D, an inhibitor of transcription, whereas TBS-induced LTP in gad mice was insensitive to actinomycin D. These results suggest that UCH-L1 is a molecule participating in the synaptic plasticity elicited by TBS and the memory function.
T1202 544583-544829 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1A-I151 Learning stages in rat operant reversal task and cross-correlation between hippocampal and prefrontal local field potential powers Yoshinori Izaki, Tatsuo Akema Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Japan
T1203 544830-545103 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate whether the relationship between hippocampus (Hip) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) spontaneous local field potentials changes with leaning stages, we analyzed cross-correlation (CC) of these local field potential powers during operant reversal training sessions.
T1204 545662-545800 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that functional connection between Hip and PFC is reflected in this frequency-band and changes with learning stages.
T1205 546641-546846 Epistemic_statement denotes In the second fiber system, axonal terminations began to appear at the level of 1 mm apart from the injection level and were distributed in further full septotemporal extent of the dentate molecular layer.
T1206 548051-548133 Epistemic_statement denotes This result indicates that CREB is required for reconsolidation of spatial memory.
T1207 548308-548488 Epistemic_statement denotes BMAL1 functions by forming a heterodimer with either CLOCK or NPAS2, which has been known to play important roles in control of circadian rhythm and memory formation, respectively.
T1208 549171-549320 Epistemic_statement denotes Behavioral analyses showed that these mutant mice showed an impairment of memory formation, indicating crucial roles of BMAL1 in learning and memory.
T1209 549362-549406 Epistemic_statement denotes And chewing has been shown to reduce stress.
T1210 549407-549491 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the chewing-related mechanism in stress-induced memory deficits is unclear.
T1211 549852-550002 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest involvement of the amygdaloidmechanism by which chewing may prevent the stress-induced impairment of hippocampus-dependent memory.
T1212 550959-551112 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that BGN improve spatial performance by enhancing arousal following activation of cholinergic neurons in MT and BF, and LC neurons.
T1213 551113-551220 Epistemic_statement denotes However, higher BGN intensity could evoke over-arousal and stress responses, thereby prevent the maze task.
T1214 552316-552413 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that TDE could be beneficial as a possible novel therapeutic agent for AD.
T1215 553287-553356 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that TDE may be a short-acting AChE inhibitor.
T1216 553927-554158 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that these AChE inhibitors express their neuroprotective effects against glutamate neurotoxicity through nAChRs and that donepezil and galanthamine protect neurons through PI3K-Akt pathway via ␣4and ␣7-nAChRs.
T1217 554433-554458 Epistemic_statement denotes Suntory, Shimamoto, Japan
T1218 554459-554729 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous studies indicate that long-term dietary supplementation with arachidonic acid (AA) in 20-month-old rats (OA) effectively restores performance in a memory task and induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus to the level of young control animals (YC).
T1219 554996-555128 Epistemic_statement denotes Each of these parameters was significantly different between OC and YC, suggesting that membrane fluidity is lower in OC than in YC.
T1220 555129-555361 Epistemic_statement denotes In contrast, D and τ were almost comparable in OA and YC, indicating that hippocampal neuronal membranes supplemented with AA were more fluid than those in OC, whereas the fraction of available molecules remained smaller than in YC.
T1221 555362-555488 Epistemic_statement denotes Long-term administration of AA to senescent rats might help to preserve membrane fluidity and maintain hippocampal plasticity.
T1222 556646-556801 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that EP24.15 in the astroglia and microglia cells of rodent brain might in part control positive and/or negative schizophrenia symptoms.
T1223 557551-557632 Epistemic_statement denotes However, there is no significant variation in expression of PS1 and PS2 with sex.
T1224 557847-557993 Epistemic_statement denotes These modulatory effects of age, sex and gonadal hormones on PS proteins may explain the therapeutic interventions of hormone replacement therapy.
T1225 558457-558618 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the common neurogenesis of NSC cannot replace neuronal loss in Alzheimerǐs disease (AD) induced by amyloid deposits composed mainly of amyloid␤proteins.
T1226 559420-559518 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the role of microglia in AD is not clarified, their involvement in A␤ clearance is noted.
T1227 559599-559690 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, HMGB1 was associated with senile plaques and protein level was increased in AD brain.
T1228 560048-560181 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that HMGB1 released from dying neurons may inhibit microglial A␤ clearance and enhance the neurotoxicity of A␤.
T1229 560182-560339 Epistemic_statement denotes Perineuronal nets consisting of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) and hyaluronic acid (HA) are associated with distinct populations in mammalian brain.
T1230 561015-561147 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that perineuronal nets are participated in protecting neurons from cytotoxic substances such as beta-amyloid.
T1231 561717-561854 Epistemic_statement denotes X11-like protein (X11L) was identified as a molecule that interacts with the motif and regulates APP metabolism in cultured cells (1999 .
T1232 561915-562019 Epistemic_statement denotes There is no evidence, however, that endogenous X11L suppresses APP metabolism and A␤ generation in vivo.
T1233 562358-562474 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that X11L suppresses the production of A␤ by inhibiting ␤secretase-induced proteolysis of APP.
T1234 562475-562587 Epistemic_statement denotes It is still unknown how human's central nervous system (CNS) controls its body system to keep the body balanced.
T1235 562588-562759 Epistemic_statement denotes This study aims to analyze the characteristics of spectral response of body sway in eyes open and in eyes closed during static upright stance based on a PID control model.
T1236 563242-563465 Epistemic_statement denotes The results proved that the spectral characteristics of body sway is determined by the dynamics of body system and its controller's parameters, suggest the balance-keeping control in CNS can be modelled as a PID controller.
T1237 564218-564371 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that factor X1 and X2 are critical regulators of polyglutamine disease pathology and could be a target for developing therapeutics.
T1238 564372-564485 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1A-J170 BA1-42 was reduced in rat brains fed with coconut juice N. Radenahmad, P. Subhadhirasakul PSU, Thailand
T1239 564486-564765 Epistemic_statement denotes Young coconut juice (YCJ), Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae), believed to contain phytoestrogen and other sex hormone-like substances, was investigated for its possible beneficial effects on halting dementia in ovariectomized (ovx) rats, a model system for the postmenopausal condition.
T1240 565660-565720 Epistemic_statement denotes Amyloid deposition was correlated with E2 serum at r = −0.4.
T1241 566220-566287 Epistemic_statement denotes School of Med., Sendai, Japan; 3 NICHe, Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan
T1242 566288-566489 Epistemic_statement denotes The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between semantic memory and regional gray matter volume in community-dwelling normal elderly people by voxel-based morphometry.
T1243 566717-566859 Epistemic_statement denotes The volumes of the right superior and middle temporal gyri showed significant positive correlations with raw score in the Information subtest.
T1244 566860-566999 Epistemic_statement denotes Our study indicated that normal elderly individuals show a significant correlation between regional gray matter volume and semantic memory.
T1245 567000-567063 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: (H13-kenko-008), (H13-choju-007, H13-choju-023)
T1246 567064-567225 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1A-J172 Effects of fluoxetine on the cognition of patients with mild cognitive impairments Arash Mowla, Azadeh Pani Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
T1247 567226-567323 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent researches suggest a role for monoaminergic hypofunction in age related cognitive decline.
T1248 568272-568341 Epistemic_statement denotes However, this conclusion should be tempered by the small sample size.
T1249 568364-568616 Epistemic_statement denotes Goodenowe 1 , Y. Yamazaki 1 , J. Flax 2 1 Phenomenome Discoveries Inc., Saskatoon, Canada; 2 PrecisionMed Inc., San Diego, CA, USA Dementia affects about 10% of the population over the age of 65 and can result from various neuropathological conditions.
T1250 568758-569114 Epistemic_statement denotes PDI has discovered an 8-metabolite biomarker panel within the serum of patients with AD, non-AD dementia and healthy non-demented controls that can simultaneously differentiate the type of dementia and identify cognitive impairment using a non-targeted metabolomics technology based a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR-MS).
T1251 569334-569460 Epistemic_statement denotes The 8-metabolite biomarker panel could provide a non-invasive method to aid in the diagnosis of specific subtypes of dementia.
T1252 570386-570579 Epistemic_statement denotes It is suggested that the genetic expression of ChR2 is one of the most ideal photostimulation methods of a genetically identified neuron with defined activity patterns in intact nervous system.
T1253 571651-571839 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, we identified an adult neural-specific gene using the combined gene profiling method and our results suggest the usefulness of this method to identify tissue specific genes.
T1254 572951-573058 Epistemic_statement denotes Genetic methods for neuronal inactivation combined with cell-typespecific promoters will achieve this goal.
T1255 573740-573889 Epistemic_statement denotes Prospective purification of neural stem cells (NSC) through the specific cell surface marker is crucial for functional recovery of the damaged brain.
T1256 574347-574575 Epistemic_statement denotes Ligand blot analysis revealed the existence of the E-PHA binding proteins different from the known selective NSC markers in E14 days brain homogenate, suggesting that N-glycosylated proteins could be distinctive markers for NSC.
T1257 575075-575219 Epistemic_statement denotes 17-AAG is now in phase II as a potential anti-cancer agent because of its ability to selectively degrade several cancer-related client proteins.
T1258 575437-575574 Epistemic_statement denotes The ability of 17-AAG to preferentially degrade mutant protein would be directly applicable to SBMA and other neurodegenerative diseases.
T1259 575575-575702 Epistemic_statement denotes Modulation of Hsp90 function by 17-AAG has emerged as a candidate of molecular targeted therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.
T1260 575703-575852 Epistemic_statement denotes The avian embryo has long been a popular and an excellent model for studying vertebrate development because of its classical manipulative advantages.
T1261 576328-576597 Epistemic_statement denotes Approximately 5-20% of MN express GFP very intensely whereas the remaining MNs never express GFP, suggesting that, although the transgene is induced in limited numbers of MNs, once activated, cells express a large amount of the protein product of the experimental gene.
T1262 576598-576751 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, this strategy can be applicable for a variety of experiments that require specially and temporally regulated gene expression in the chicken embryo.
T1263 578104-578267 Epistemic_statement denotes Atg4B has been shown to play an important role in the processing of LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Atg8, but the tissue distribution of Atg4B remains unknown.
T1264 578589-578665 Epistemic_statement denotes The knockdown cell lysates, however, suppressed cleavage of proLC3 to LC3-I.
T1265 578886-579062 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that Atg4B plays a major role in the processing of LC3, while autophagy is deeply associated with the metabolism in neurons, especially in the cerebellum.
T1266 579726-579845 Epistemic_statement denotes On day 5 p.i., the viral infection became more extensive and complex, and neurological signs appeared from this period.
T1267 582219-582335 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, we developed recombinant rabies virus vectors which were expected to act as a potential neurotracing tool.
T1268 582611-582710 Epistemic_statement denotes It was expected that we could detect and visualize the divergence or convergence of a neurocircuit.
T1269 582711-582788 Epistemic_statement denotes In the study, we could demonstrate the efficiency of double labeling in vivo.
T1270 582789-582961 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we examined the potential of this technique particularly in terms of the quantitative detection of double labeled neurons in complicated neurocircuit.
T1271 583050-583197 Epistemic_statement denotes We could show that this technique is also useful for the quantitative analysis of neurons which forms projections to different region of the brain.
T1272 583503-583618 Epistemic_statement denotes In freshly dissociated cones, an inward current could be induced while glycine was focally applied to the terminal.
T1273 583619-583774 Epistemic_statement denotes The glycine-induced current was strychnine-sensitive and reversed in polarity at a membrane potential, close to the equilibrium potential of chloride ions.
T1274 583775-583915 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that glycine, which may be released by glycinergic inplexiform cells, could modulate functions of cone photoreceptors.
T1275 583993-584188 Epistemic_statement denotes In neurons, ␦-catenin is enriched in the postsynaptic density, where it serves as a link between the adherens junction and the post-synaptic protein complex including the NMDA and AMPA receptors.
T1276 584856-585132 Epistemic_statement denotes Inseon Song, Kunihiko Obata, Alexey Semyanov BSI, RIKEN, Japan GABA A receptor mediated tonic conductance is a major component of membrane conductance which determines the way how neuron integrates incoming synaptic signals as well as input-output characteristics of the cell.
T1277 585485-585586 Epistemic_statement denotes The total membrane conductance was similar in both types of animals suggesting adaptive compensation.
T1278 585894-586008 Epistemic_statement denotes The changes in inhibition which we have found may explain previously reported behavioral abnormalities in GAD65KO.
T1279 586200-586280 Epistemic_statement denotes Yet, their role in integration of odor information is only partially understood.
T1280 586888-587045 Epistemic_statement denotes Expression of DHPG-induced ON LTD was accompanied by an increase in paired-pulse ratio suggesting that ON LTD is caused by a decrease of release probability.
T1281 587046-587092 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose that mGluR1 is expressed at the ON.
T1282 587093-587266 Epistemic_statement denotes ON LTD may be important for establishment and maintenance of odor maps in the olfactory bulb but may also involve in the regulation of the sensitivity for specific odorants.
T1283 588619-588787 Epistemic_statement denotes In sensory cortices, synaptic maturation involves strengthening of sensory-evoked responses and development of receptive field (RF) maps with defined RF size and shape.
T1284 588788-588912 Epistemic_statement denotes Evoked activity is thought to shape synaptic maturation in sensory cortices by mechanisms of competitive Hebbian plasticity.
T1285 589910-589999 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that GABAergic system has an important role in synaptic plasticity.
T1286 590000-590096 Epistemic_statement denotes Also, these results indicated that GABAergic inhibition has been increased in Cap-treated group.
T1287 591831-591921 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that KARs differentially regulated release at the two CT synapses.
T1288 592089-592304 Epistemic_statement denotes Because reticular cells are the main source of inhibitory input to relay neurons, we suggested that endogenous KARs presynaptically regulate the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to thalamic relay neurons.
T1289 592772-592876 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that D2-NTR1 interaction regulates the extent of LTP in the mouse LA-BLA synapses.
T1290 592877-593090 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1P-A010 Facilitation of axonal plasticity in recovery from traumatic brain injury and the role of TNF␣ in mouse model Recent studies suggest axonal plasticity as possible mechanism of recovery from brain injury.
T1291 593091-593195 Epistemic_statement denotes Apart from that, TNF␣, an inflammatory cytokine, has also been suggested to serve neuroprotective roles.
T1292 593831-593970 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that TNF␣ is necessary for functional recovery after brain injury, and axonal plasticity may be the mechanism involved.
T1293 594305-594528 Epistemic_statement denotes Kinetics of short-term plasticity and unchanged apparent Ca 2+ sensitivity indicate that TTX-induced presynaptic modification is unlikely due to an increase in the fusion rate crucial for the Ca 2+ at the final fusion step.
T1294 595286-595362 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the mechanisms of GLP-2 effects on hippocampal neurons are unclear.
T1295 596049-596137 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that GLP-2 may play an inhibitory role in the DG-CA3 transmission.
T1296 596397-596416 Epistemic_statement denotes of Life Sci., Japan
T1297 596417-596503 Epistemic_statement denotes Both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms are proposed for the synaptic plasticity.
T1298 596504-596600 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the presynaptic mechanisms have been analyzed indirectly on the postsynaptic responses.
T1299 596601-596726 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been difficult to quantify the exocytosis at the presynaptic terminals, particularly those in vivo or in acute slices.
T1300 597355-597447 Epistemic_statement denotes This method would enable us to evaluate the presynaptic contribution to synaptic plasticity.
T1301 597448-597498 Epistemic_statement denotes Jyoti Parkash, Gurcharan Kaur GNDU Amritsar, India
T1302 597499-597875 Epistemic_statement denotes We have earlier reported that GnRH nerve terminals in the ME continue to express high levels of polysialylated form of neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in a cyclic fashion and PSA-NCAM covers both the GnRH axon surfaces and the associated glial cells in the proestrous phase rats indicating that PSA plays important role in the neurosecretory activity in hypothalamus.
T1303 598673-598754 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the roles and mechanisms for various types of LTP and LTD are not clear.
T1304 599443-599578 Epistemic_statement denotes LFS-induced LTD and TS-induced LTD occluded each other, suggesting that that both types of LTD share cellular and molecular mechanisms.
T1305 600174-600313 Epistemic_statement denotes After blocking action potential generation in the slice with tetrodotoxin (1 M), nicotine and capsaicin could still induce GABAergic IPSCs.
T1306 600314-600448 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, responses to capsaicin of the synaptic facilitation showed marked desensitization even after 5 min of rigorous washout.
T1307 600905-600924 Epistemic_statement denotes Univ., Tokyo, Japan
T1308 600925-601057 Epistemic_statement denotes The molecular mechanisms that target neurotransmitter receptors to the postsynaptic membrane and keep them clustered remain unknown.
T1309 601058-601205 Epistemic_statement denotes We investigated how the localization of glutamate receptors (GluRs) is regulated in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of Drosophila 3rd instar larvae.
T1310 601675-601830 Epistemic_statement denotes Although miniature EJP amplitude was reduced, EJP amplitude was normal in T287D expressing larvae, suggesting the existence of some homeostatic mechanisms.
T1311 601963-602202 Epistemic_statement denotes Notably, neuronal dNRs from dNR1* flies did not show Mg 2+ blockade, and dNR1* flies displayed significant impairment in transcription-dependent long-term memory (LTM) but not in transcription-independent acquisition and short-term memory.
T1312 602382-602432 Epistemic_statement denotes However, such increases were absent in dNR* flies.
T1313 603952-604080 Epistemic_statement denotes Yasuyuki Ishikawa, Sadao Shiosaka Division of Structural Cellular Biology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
T1314 604081-604215 Epistemic_statement denotes Long-term potentiation (LTP) is an enhancement of synaptic strength that may contribute to information storage in the mammalian brain.
T1315 604216-604315 Epistemic_statement denotes LTP expression can be regulated by previous synaptic activity, a process known as "metaplasticity."
T1316 604875-605014 Epistemic_statement denotes Although it has been known that PTP is induced by the elevation of presynaptic Ca 2+ , the molecular mechanism of PTP is poorly understood.
T1317 605483-605599 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, these data suggest that the N-type Ca 2+ channel-dependent component of PTP requires TrkB receptor activation.
T1318 605735-605778 Epistemic_statement denotes of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 2 JST, Tokyo, Japan
T1319 605779-605895 Epistemic_statement denotes Measuring fluctuations or population distributions of a system can be used to understand the dynamics of the system.
T1320 605982-606140 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we show that the shape of the population distribution of intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) may change because of nonsynaptic communication.
T1321 606276-606425 Epistemic_statement denotes The [Ca 2+ ] i distribution of unstimulated single cells had a long right tail, suggesting that [Ca 2+ ] i is usually low but sometimes becomes high.
T1322 606426-606750 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, the distributions of cell clumps and depolarized single cells were bell shaped, suggesting that many Ca 2+ -related mechanisms such as channels and pumps were activated by nonsynaptic communication or by depolarization to change the shape into a normal distribution according to the central limit theorem.
T1323 606751-606855 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that measuring the distributions is useful in researching intercellular interaction.
T1324 607144-607262 Epistemic_statement denotes However, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the sodium reception of the glial cells has not been elucidated.
T1325 607487-607632 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that Na x alters the state of energy metabolism of the glial cells by sensing a physiological increase of the sodium level.
T1326 608309-608443 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, it was observed that the level of spinesin mRNA was increased by a dibutyryl cyclic AMP treatment only in OS3 and KT-5.
T1327 608598-608686 Epistemic_statement denotes However, this region did not involve cAMP-dependent regulation of m-spinesin expression.
T1328 608687-608810 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that cell-specific expression and regulation of spinesin gene may play multifunctional roles in CNS.
T1329 608811-609146 Epistemic_statement denotes It has recently been elucidated that l-serine (L-Ser) is one of the glia-derived neurotrophic factors in the brain and its biosynthetic enzyme 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (Phgdh), which is the first committed enzyme of L-Ser biosynthesis in the phosphorylation pathway, is selectively expressed in glial cells, but not in neurons.
T1330 609147-609303 Epistemic_statement denotes Since L-Ser seems to be important in retinal functions as well, we investigated in the present study the cellular distribution of Phgdh in the mouse retina.
T1331 609575-609688 Epistemic_statement denotes It was suggested that Müller cells contribute in L-Ser synthesis and its transportation to neurons in the retina.
T1332 609689-609852 Epistemic_statement denotes Astrocytes frequently show spontaneous intracellular Ca 2+ signals, such as intra-and intercellular Ca 2+ waves; however, their physiological roles remain elusive.
T1333 610484-610611 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that spontaneous Ca 2+ signals in astrocytes are essential for glial cells to promote neurite outgrowth.
T1334 610671-610703 Epistemic_statement denotes Med., Japan; 2 CREST, JST, Japan
T1335 610704-610856 Epistemic_statement denotes Astrocytes are the most numerous cells in mammalian brain tissues, although factors regulating their structure and function are still poorly understood.
T1336 610857-610975 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously reported that Pax6 transcription factor is expressed in GFAP positive cells in the rat hippocampus.
T1337 611553-611757 Epistemic_statement denotes However, 6 and 24 h after dibutyryl-cAMP treatment, the majority of the WT astrocytes had undergone the conversion from a polygonal to stellate shape, while Sey/Sey astrocytes rarely showed this response.
T1338 611758-611877 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that Pax6 regulates the morphology of astrocytes, thereby being involved in astroglial functions.
T1339 612461-612564 Epistemic_statement denotes We discuss a possibility that the DIM21 Ag may be expressed in the radial glia/astrocyte lineage cells.
T1340 612565-612690 Epistemic_statement denotes The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors are thought to have a role in neural patterning of early neuronal development.
T1341 612794-612876 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the physiological roles of BMP signaling in mature brain remains obscure.
T1342 612877-613119 Epistemic_statement denotes To understand BMP function in CNS, we generated a transgenic mouse line that conditionally overexpresses BMP signaling through the type I receptor ALK2 (alternatively known as AVCRI) in a Purkinje cell-specific manner using a Cre-loxP system.
T1343 613758-613955 Epistemic_statement denotes Glial scar being considered as an impediment for axonal growth, it had been proposed in 1950s and 1960s that sub-febrile doses of pyrogen could be considered for spinal cord injury repair research.
T1344 613956-614243 Epistemic_statement denotes We tested this ignored hypothesis in paraplegic bonnet monkeys and found that such sub-febrile doses of bacterial pyrogen derived from Salmonella typhi was indeed effective in preventing the glial scar formation in short-term and at least prolong the formation of such scar in long term.
T1345 614244-614386 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, pyrogen therapy may be considered as an adjunct to other strategies such as transplantation approaches to treat spinal cord injury.
T1346 615334-615509 Epistemic_statement denotes The results of the present study suggest that 6-OHDA may impair glial cell functioning, which eventually affect neuronal fate making them more vulnerable toward toxic insults.
T1347 616240-616363 Epistemic_statement denotes The reversion of astrocytes in glomeruli to immature phenotype may reflect their involvement in reinnervation of glomeruli.
T1348 617136-617277 Epistemic_statement denotes These variety of antigens expressed by NG2+ MG in brain lesions may be related to their multipotentiality to regenerate damaged brain tissue.
T1349 619122-619276 Epistemic_statement denotes Since Dfak and CdGAPr interacted genetically, they are likely to act in the same signaling pathway to regulate cytoskeletal rearrangement via Rho-GTPases.
T1350 619366-619538 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that Dfak and CdGAPr regulate glial cell rearrangement to establish precise tubelike structure of the optic stalk and organized retinal axon projection.
T1351 619539-619644 Epistemic_statement denotes Astrocytes are thought to be active participants in synaptic plasticity in the developing nervous system.
T1352 619792-619931 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate whether astrocytes might be involved in this phenomenon, we examined developmental expression of GFAP, an astrocytic marker.
T1353 620362-620513 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings indicate that astrocytes may participate actively in regulating the postnatal differentiation of local neural network of the caudal NTS.
T1354 621009-621198 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, while astroglia around the hippocampus also expresses GR, the morphological and functional changes under different corticosteroid condition have not been well elucidated.
T1355 621298-621494 Epistemic_statement denotes Under the lack of corticosteroids, astroglia showed well developed morphology with the spread fibrous processes, however the changes recovered to the control level with corticosterone replacement.
T1356 621495-621627 Epistemic_statement denotes These suggested that the astroglia were directly regulated by glucocorticoids as associated with the changes of hippocampal neurons.
T1357 622725-622842 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that deficiency of S100B does not have a profound impact on neural activity in normal conditions.
T1358 622843-622953 Epistemic_statement denotes However, when neural activity was raised, activation of S100B related pathways could potentially be activated.
T1359 623403-623540 Epistemic_statement denotes To determine whether the mutation alters the node of Ranvier, we performed morphological analysis of myelinated nerves in Shambling mice.
T1360 624043-624194 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that the mutation disrupts the paranodal structure and may disturb salutatory conduction of myelinated nerves in Shambling mice.
T1361 624815-625064 Epistemic_statement denotes By combining the application of the glutamate receptor blockers (NBQX, AP5) and the GLT-1 blocker (DHK) with the signal subtraction, we could visualize the activity of GLT-1 as a slow, tonic rise of the optic signal following electrical stimulation.
T1362 625384-625630 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1P-D045 Monoclonal antibody rip specifically recognizes 2 , 3 -cyclic nucleotide 3 -phosphodiesterase in oligodendrocytes The antigen recognized with monoclonal antibody (mAb)-Rip has been used as marker for oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths.
T1363 625631-625677 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the Rip-antigen has been unknown yet.
T1364 626365-626450 Epistemic_statement denotes Until now, it has been established that BDNF pI is activated by Ca 2+ signal via CRE.
T1365 626952-627071 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that BDNF pI activity is regulated by CREB and NRSF through an alteration of chromatin structure.
T1366 627239-627399 Epistemic_statement denotes Singo Suzuki 1,2 , Hisatsugu Koshimizu 1 , megumi Kashihara 1 , Tomoko Hara 1 , Masami Kojima 1,2 1 Research Institute for Cell Engineering; 2 SORST, JST, Japan
T1367 627400-627535 Epistemic_statement denotes Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a crucial role in synapse development, especially, in the central nervous system (CNS) .
T1368 627536-627645 Epistemic_statement denotes Although this concept is now accepted extensively, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood.
T1369 628092-628232 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicated that BDNF treatment increased the amount of cholesterol and SV proteins in lipid rafts, but not in non-rafts fraction.
T1370 628233-628382 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggested a possibility that BDNF regulated synapse development by increasing the amount of cholesterol and SV proteins in synaptic rafts.
T1371 628973-629107 Epistemic_statement denotes This result suggests the involvement of p38 in the proliferation and/or survival of neural progenitor cells in developing mouse brain.
T1372 630174-630325 Epistemic_statement denotes Autocrine signal of PDGF may contribute to the regenerative processes, such as proliferation and differentiation of Schwann cells and axonal extension.
T1373 630597-630821 Epistemic_statement denotes However, because Cbln1 was previously shown to serve as a precursor of a PC-specific peptide cerebellin, it remains unclear whether Cbln1 needs to be processed before it trans-synaptically activates signaling pathways in PC.
T1374 631045-631264 Epistemic_statement denotes Although cerebellin peptide may also contribute to different aspects of signaling, these results indicate that Cbln1 released from GC directly bind to postsynaptic PC as a hexamer and activates signaling pathways in PC.
T1375 631415-631512 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, we found that specific kinds of mRNA can be stabilized in an activity-dependent manner.
T1376 632306-632468 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, it has been established that BDNF and PACAP regulate the expression of a group of genes which encode proteins involved in expressing neuronal functions.
T1377 633257-633432 Epistemic_statement denotes Although BMP4 expression has been well described in the early development of central nervous system (CNS), little information is available for its expression in the adult CNS.
T1378 633877-634121 Epistemic_statement denotes These data indicate that BMP4 is more widely expressed throughout the adult CNS than previously reported, and its continued abundant expression in the adult brain strongly supports the idea that BMP4 plays pivotal roles also in the adult brain.
T1379 634439-634548 Epistemic_statement denotes However, little is known about expression and biological activities of HGF in nigral-striatal system in vivo.
T1380 635342-635431 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, HGF may be a critical trophic factor for nigro-striatal DA system development.
T1381 635515-635633 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we examined whether G-CSF can protect dopaminergic neurons from MPTP-induced cell death in a PD.
T1382 635987-636190 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that G-CSF has therapeutic potentiality to protect MPTP-induced cell death through increasing the level of bcl-2 expression, decreasing the level of Bax expression in C57BL/6 mice.
T1383 636191-636206 Epistemic_statement denotes Kazue Takahata
T1384 636207-636378 Epistemic_statement denotes has been shown to increase the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and the activity of superoxide dismutase 1.
T1385 636782-636959 Epistemic_statement denotes (−)-BPAP may exert antiparkinsonian activity through neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic cells in addition to catecholaminergic enhancement in Parkinsonian substantia nigra.
T1386 637111-637386 Epistemic_statement denotes of Neurochem., National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan Astrocytes (Ast) are a cell type that supports CNS not only nutritionally but also neurotrophically, by supplying neurotrophic factors (NTF) required in the neuronal survival, maturation and protection.
T1387 637387-637468 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the ability of Ast to produce/secrete NTF has not been accurately known.
T1388 638010-638133 Epistemic_statement denotes These profiles of Ast were different from those of microglia, suggesting the differential regulation of NTF by glial cells.
T1389 639310-639515 Epistemic_statement denotes Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the possible beneficial effects of Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) compared to methylprednisolone (MP) in experimental spinal cord injury (SCI).
T1390 640160-640236 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that G-CSF is a possible neuroprotective agent in SCI.
T1391 641410-641579 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the activation of NMDA receptor by glutamate reduces mtRNA level probably through enhanced expression of RNase-L in cultured cortical neurons.
T1392 641706-641863 Epistemic_statement denotes Although exact functional significance of DJ-1 has still unknown, it is thus proposed that DJ-1 is protective against neural damage under oxidative stresses.
T1393 642667-642764 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that DJ-1 is enhanced in the dentate astrocytes activated by TMT treatment.
T1394 642957-643024 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously shown that an injection of TMT (2.8 mg/kg, i.p.)
T1395 643768-643939 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, these results suggest that glucocorticoid released from adrenal cortex may be capable of protection against TMT-induced dentate granule cell death in mice.
T1396 644603-644662 Epistemic_statement denotes Activation of caspase-3/7 was associated with this process.
T1397 644663-644803 Epistemic_statement denotes A fluorescence rationing technique using mitochondrial dye revealed that maneb altered mitochondrial membrane potential of the neural cells.
T1398 644804-644999 Epistemic_statement denotes However, melatonin (1 nM) could largely prevent the neural cells from the neural toxicant by inhibition of both caspase-3/7 activation and disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
T1399 645000-645119 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, melatonin could be a powerful free radical scavenger against manebcaused mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells.
T1400 646259-646397 Epistemic_statement denotes We suggested that KIF4 controls the activity-dependent survival of postmitotic neurons by regulating PARP-1 activity in brain development.
T1401 647588-647697 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, the high-molecular-weight HSPs may be involved in neuronal survival and damage caused by TMT.
T1402 647766-647871 Epistemic_statement denotes However, little has been known about radiosensitivity of neurons, especially in the developmental stages.
T1403 648401-648513 Epistemic_statement denotes This indicates that the radiosensitivity of 7-DIV immature neurons is higher than that of 21-DIV mature neurons.
T1404 648514-648619 Epistemic_statement denotes Glutamate receptors are believed to be involved in various neurological disorders via its excitotoxicity.
T1405 648884-648978 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, GluR␦2 is also suggested to regulate autophagy via its association with Beclin.
T1406 648979-649111 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is unclear how excitation caused by constitutive channel activities is related to the autophagic pathway and cell death.
T1407 649394-649671 Epistemic_statement denotes Junko Taniguchi A major pathological hallmark of the polyglutamine diseases is the formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs) of the disease proteins that are ubiquitinated and often associated with various transcription factors, chaperones and proteasome components.
T1408 649672-649822 Epistemic_statement denotes But, how the expanded polyglutamine proteins or their aggregates elicit a complex pathogenic responses in the neuronal cells are not fully understood.
T1409 650083-650239 Epistemic_statement denotes We have also found that various NF-kB subunits and IkB-a aberrantly interacts with the expanded polyglutamine proteins and associates with their aggregates.
T1410 651114-651209 Epistemic_statement denotes We are analyzing the function of Maxcell protein that might relate to SCA1 molecular pathology.
T1411 651931-652136 Epistemic_statement denotes The present findings imply that the general features of mPT are similar in brain and spinal cord mitochondria and that mPT may be an important pharmacological target in disorders affecting the spinal cord.
T1412 652137-652289 Epistemic_statement denotes The role of cyclophosphamide monohydrate (CP), which is known as an immunosuppression drug, in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been elucidated.
T1413 652540-652644 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly the up-regulation of Bcl-2, a survival promoting molecule was observed after CP treatment.
T1414 652645-652763 Epistemic_statement denotes These observations suggest that CP protects CNS neurons from neuronal damage through intracellular signaling pathways.
T1415 652826-652892 Epistemic_statement denotes However, cell death is an inherently difficult process to measure.
T1416 653160-653260 Epistemic_statement denotes Using this probe, we could monitor the activation of caspase-3 at the singleneuron level in culture.
T1417 654406-654563 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that TMT-induced neuronal death is involved in caspases and DNase II activated by mitochondria-independent pathway in cortical neurons.
T1418 655268-655483 Epistemic_statement denotes These results revealed the age-dependent vulnerability of mice hippocampal neurons to TMT administration, and suggest that massive activation of polyamine metabolism is associated with TMT-induced neurodegeneration.
T1419 656051-656238 Epistemic_statement denotes Brief interruption of vision for 0.3-1.0 s during any actions by a liquid crystal shutter disrupted the ongoing actions, indicating that each action needed visual information as guidance.
T1420 656807-656881 Epistemic_statement denotes Masahiko Nishimura, Yoshihiko Yoshii University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
T1421 656882-657038 Epistemic_statement denotes We have experienced that the patients with arm impairments by brain disorder were difficult to manipulate the tools with the paralyzed arm, and healthy arm.
T1422 657118-657219 Epistemic_statement denotes However, nobody knows a neural network contributed to suitability for a purpose of toolsmanipulation.
T1423 658019-658105 Epistemic_statement denotes Next, we examined relationship between neuronal synchrony and task-related activities.
T1424 658106-658285 Epistemic_statement denotes We found that the relationship between neuronal synchrony and response selectivity of PFC neurons was more distinct during the preparatory period than during the execution period.
T1425 658286-658379 Epistemic_statement denotes We would discuss dynamical roles in neuronal synchrony in planning multiple steps of actions.
T1426 658380-658488 Epistemic_statement denotes The functional significance of primate medial prefrontal cortex in the selection of action has been unclear.
T1427 658886-658966 Epistemic_statement denotes The activity of neurons in this newly identified area was dependent on conflict.
T1428 659079-659383 Epistemic_statement denotes We found that the local field potential in this area, but not in other areas, differed when congruent and incongruent trials were intermixed, and when only the congruent trials were presented repeatedly, suggesting the involvement of this area in the selection of actions is dependent on the task demand.
T1429 660100-660207 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly leftward movement latency was longer to peak-velocity and showed more complex MI interactions.
T1430 660543-660624 Epistemic_statement denotes These could be related to eye velocity changes with the higher cognitive loading.
T1431 661333-661450 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the decreased activity of Purkinje cells may be responsible for movement disorders in WMS.
T1432 661733-661879 Epistemic_statement denotes Muscle voltage recordings confirmed that muscles on both sides of the trunk in beo are likely to receive simultaneous synaptic input from the CNS.
T1433 662073-662214 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that clustering defect of GlyRs at synapse causes the impairment of glycinergic transmission and abnormal behavior in beo.
T1434 662415-662612 Epistemic_statement denotes Since glycine receptor mutations in humans lead to hyperekplexia, a motor disorder characterized by startle responses, zebrafish bandoneon mutant should be a useful animal model for this condition.
T1435 663257-663387 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that local GABAergic input may play an important role in fine tuning of striatal projection neuron activity.
T1436 664078-664244 Epistemic_statement denotes Among possible underlying mechanisms for the abnormal activity, the characteristic membrane properties of STN neurons is likely to be one of the most crucial origins.
T1437 664516-664681 Epistemic_statement denotes In particular, how the stability depends on temporal characteristics of afferent inputs to the neurons as well as the intrinsic membrane properties are investigated.
T1438 664943-665025 Epistemic_statement denotes We investigated the correlation between personality and these oscillatory changes.
T1439 665528-665667 Epistemic_statement denotes It was suggested that individuals with high NS trait may have less inhibition after the movement and higher readiness during resting state.
T1440 665668-665817 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite the emerging methodology of combined fMRI and TMS, the quantitative relationship between TMS intensity and BOLD signals is poorly understood.
T1441 666298-666433 Epistemic_statement denotes BOLD signals were weakly but significantly correlated with TMS intensity adjusted by the resting motor threshold (R = 0.46, P = 0.001).
T1442 667678-667858 Epistemic_statement denotes This result suggests that the functional recovery from post-stroke hemiparesis may be attributed to neuronal reorganization of sensorimotor areas via recruiting ipsilateral cortex.
T1443 668125-668236 Epistemic_statement denotes This study was designed to test whether this directional tuning is observable at the voxel level in human fMRI.
T1444 668990-669127 Epistemic_statement denotes These data demonstrate that non-invasive neuroimaging is sufficiently sensitive to study the problem of coordinate system representation.
T1445 669221-669303 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the neural mechanism of behavioral thermoregulation is poorly understood.
T1446 669433-669519 Epistemic_statement denotes We investigated whether zebrafish perform behavioral thermoregulation against heating.
T1447 669732-669833 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the heat induced escape behavior is a part of behavioral thermoregulation.
T1448 669834-670019 Epistemic_statement denotes The heat induced escape behavior was observed stably in 3-5 days past fertilization, indicating that the neural mechanism which control behavioral thermoregulation is matured in 3 days.
T1449 670113-670391 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1P-F100 To learn with one limb or two: Limited transfer between unimanual and bimanual skills Recent studies on neural activity in primary motor cortex of nonhuman primates suggest that unimanual and bimanual movements are controlled by partially overlapping neural processes.
T1450 670501-670682 Epistemic_statement denotes First, motor adaptations to reach with a novel force field applied to a limb could not be fully transferred to the same limb across unimanual to bimanual conditions, and vice versa.
T1451 670683-670825 Epistemic_statement denotes Second, learning acquired during unimanual reaching could not be fully eliminated by repeated bimanual reaching with no loads, and vice versa.
T1452 670928-671066 Epistemic_statement denotes Lastly, two conflicting force fields can be learned simultaneously if they are separately associated with unimanual and bimanual reaching.
T1453 671067-671225 Epistemic_statement denotes These results support the view of partially overlapping neuronal processes and illustrate the intimate relationship between neural control and motor learning.
T1454 671226-671256 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: JSPS and NSERC
T1455 671257-671463 Epistemic_statement denotes Rieko Osu 1 , Ken-ich Morishige 2 , Jun Nakanishi 1,3 , Hiroyuki Miyamoto 2 , Mitsuo Kawato 1 1 ATR Computational Neuroscience Labs, Kyoto, Japan; 2 Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan; 3 JST-ICORP, Japan
T1456 671464-671579 Epistemic_statement denotes Human can execute multiple motor tasks by using the same limbs, which makes human different from industrial robots.
T1457 671580-671876 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently the optimal feedback control hypothesis has given a significant impact on the motor control community because it produces an optimal behavior for a given task by avoiding offline computation of optimal desired trajectory that would result in suboptimal behavior in the presence of noise.
T1458 671877-671991 Epistemic_statement denotes It, however, requires considerable amount of resources and learning to realize multiple tasks on nonlinear system.
T1459 671992-672191 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, a desired trajectory enables the brain to share resources with multiple tasks and save learning time by dividing a difficult problem into easier sub-problems of plan and execution.
T1460 672368-672517 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we experimentally demonstrate that the hand variance modulation during multiple via-point tasks supports the existence of a desired trajectory.
T1461 673501-673779 Epistemic_statement denotes Of particular interest were the findings that the rates of the amounts of milk intake in the unilateral XII nerve-injured P1 pups of the surviving cases increased greatly between P4 (30% of the control value) and P7 (52%), suggesting adaptive tongue movement during development.
T1462 674389-674640 Epistemic_statement denotes Previously we reported that decorticated rats showed abnormal righting movements in the air when dropped from the supine position, while the air righting reflex (ARR) could be evoked purposefully (180 • turn around the body axis) in decerebrated ones.
T1463 674641-674742 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the basal ganglia might send interference signals to the ARR center via the midbrain tegmentum.
T1464 675394-675483 Epistemic_statement denotes The ablated region may relay cortical signals that give a top priority to the ARR center.
T1465 675686-675720 Epistemic_statement denotes Sci., Toho Univ., Funabashi, Japan
T1466 675721-675864 Epistemic_statement denotes Rhythmic motor activities seen in the animal behaviors can be generated by specific neural circuits termed the central pattern generator (CPG).
T1467 675865-676005 Epistemic_statement denotes In the feeding system of Aplysia kurodai, the LE neuron we identified produces the long-lasting plateau potentials and may be a CPG element.
T1468 676308-676647 Epistemic_statement denotes And various depolarizing pulses tended to produce the stable plateau potentials with almost constant depolarizing size and duration, suggesting that the LE can supply the constant long-lasting depolarizing outputs to the follower neurons even when it receives various length and intensity of excitatory inputs from the presynaptic neurons.
T1469 676648-676773 Epistemic_statement denotes The LE may be an important CPG element to determine the size and duration of the basic depolarization of many buccal neurons.
T1470 677233-677331 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, a few animals with the Cortico-Medullary Projection Path can learn a new sound.
T1471 677436-677554 Epistemic_statement denotes It is known that degus have fifteen kinds of vocal repertoires, and that their courtship song has a complex structure.
T1472 677555-677746 Epistemic_statement denotes We verified the hypothesis by electrical stimulation of the PAG that the neural mechanism of degus that enables complex vocalization differs from that of guinea pigs with simple vocalization.
T1473 677870-678023 Epistemic_statement denotes In degus, however, multiple sounds are controlled by the same area, and the different sound was occasionally evoked by the different kind of stimulation.
T1474 678572-678700 Epistemic_statement denotes As for changes in R-R, the HF increased after application, suggesting that the parasympathetic nerve system had become dominant.
T1475 678772-678975 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on the above findings, we concluded that the application of an HSG sheet to the lumbar or abdominal region may lead to dominant parasympathetic nerve activity and improve gastrointestinal motility.
T1476 679919-680043 Epistemic_statement denotes However, all PGE 2 -induced responses were blocked 10 min after the pretreatment with bicuculline, and recovered at ∼70 min.
T1477 680124-680240 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the GABA-receptive mechanism in the POA is required for the PGE 2 -induced thermogenesis.
T1478 680388-680442 Epistemic_statement denotes of Morphological Brain Sci., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan
T1479 680443-680733 Epistemic_statement denotes Although GABA-immunoreactive (ir) fibers in the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) were thought to originate in small cells located in the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST), almost all GABA-ir axon terminals showed markers for sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in our recent report.
T1480 681397-681489 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that GABA-containing fibers in SCG originate from SPNs in IML of TSC.
T1481 681700-681861 Epistemic_statement denotes Graduate School of Med., Nagoya, Japan Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is first found as a water-transporting protein and has been demonstrated in various organs and tissues.
T1482 682245-682364 Epistemic_statement denotes AQP1-IR neurons can be classified as Dogiel type I cells, which have several short processes and a single long process.
T1483 682440-682593 Epistemic_statement denotes Many AQP1-IR varicose fibers were closely associated with neuronal somata in the ganglia, whereas other AQP1-IR fibers penetrated into the muscle layers.
T1484 682594-682710 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that AQP1-IR neurons probably play a significant role within the ENS to control gut functions.
T1485 683362-683475 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the iliohypogastric nerve showed expiratory discharges, their amplitudes and shapes were not consistent.
T1486 683821-684038 Epistemic_statement denotes Since the post-inspiratory discharge was usually small or indistinguishable in the adult rat, the present results suggest that the pattern of abdominal expiratory activity will change during the postnatal development.
T1487 684160-684280 Epistemic_statement denotes We used GAD67-GFP knock-in mice in which we could identify GABAergic (i.e., GFP-positive) neurons in a living condition.
T1488 684607-684724 Epistemic_statement denotes We suggest that GABAergic inhibition in the RVM respiratory neuron network is mediated mainly by inspiratory neurons.
T1489 685600-685691 Epistemic_statement denotes It was shown, that individual features of IL performance are related to SPL lateralization.
T1490 685692-685822 Epistemic_statement denotes But the low of the relationships of SPL asymmetry in nasal zones depends on the level of emotional tension of investigated groups.
T1491 686170-686284 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study examined whether peripheral PCPA pretreatment affects hypercapnic ventilatory responses in mice.
T1492 686637-686850 Epistemic_statement denotes Hypercapniainduced increases in tidal volume and minute ventilation during 9% CO 2 inhalation were reduced by PCPA pretreatment; these results suggest that 5HT may increase tidal volume in hypercapnic ventilation.
T1493 687713-687849 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the interval and duration of bladder contractions were longer in the Gosha-jinki-gan diet group than in the control diet group.
T1494 687850-688039 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, it is suggested that Gosha-jinki-gan inhibits bladder activity by maintaining the balance of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system at a low level.
T1495 689020-689265 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that effect of NAI on sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity was induced by reducing the activity of the PVN and LC, whereas enhancing the NA activity, and that these effects of NAI was caused through vagus nerve.
T1496 689266-689354 Epistemic_statement denotes Yusuf O. Cakmak, Umit Suleyman Sehirli School of Medicine, University of Marmara, Turkey
T1497 689355-689483 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous assessments of the autonomic nerve supply of testis from vagus and brainstem nuclei were conflicting in the literature.
T1498 690093-690280 Epistemic_statement denotes Taking into account that brainstem structures could be labelled from the testis, it can be assumed that the areas detected might be involved in the neural control of testicular functions.
T1499 690281-690425 Epistemic_statement denotes The results of this study cautioned that innervation of the testis may not be fully explained by innervation from pelvic and paraaortic ganglia.
T1500 691635-691795 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that arterial baroreceptor significantly contribute to the differential control of RSNA and LSNA during freezing behaviour in conscious rats.
T1501 692270-692420 Epistemic_statement denotes Secondly, we indicated that some of the vlNST neurons innervate both the KF and the rVRG by way of axon collaterals, using the double-labeling method.
T1502 692630-692767 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that vlNST neurons may exert inhibitory influences upon the PhN-projecting KF/rVRG neurons for inspiratory control.
T1503 692768-692885 Epistemic_statement denotes We have examined whether the neurons of the DMV have direct synaptic contacts on the myenteric ganglia using WGA-HRP.
T1504 694013-694041 Epistemic_statement denotes School of Med., Tokyo, Japan
T1505 694042-694224 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been suggested that two distinct rhythm generators (pFRG-Pre-I and pre-Bötzinger Insp) for respiration in the medulla possess different sensitivity to various neuromodulators.
T1506 694225-694369 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesize that the dominancy of these rhythm generators to determine basic respiratory rhythm depends on the back ground stimulation level.
T1507 694370-694495 Epistemic_statement denotes To verify this hypothesis, we studied neuronal mechanisms of respiratory rhythm modulation induced by external [K + ] change.
T1508 694496-694582 Epistemic_statement denotes We recorded membrane potential of Pre-I neurons, C4 nerve and facial nerve activities.
T1509 694955-695097 Epistemic_statement denotes Results suggest that pFRG-Pre-I or pre-Bötzinger Insp rhythm generator is dominant in low or high back ground stimulation level, respectively.
T1510 695833-695925 Epistemic_statement denotes I-V curve suggested that voltage dependent current was both augmented and not changed by SP.
T1511 695926-696096 Epistemic_statement denotes Our previous studies have shown that administration of neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonist near the NA inhibited gastric and respiratory movement in anesthetized rat.
T1512 696097-696273 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicated that SP affect to both post and presynaptic NK1R and regulate the transmittance efficiency to generate the output signal of certain autonomic reactions.
T1513 696793-697041 Epistemic_statement denotes In the control experiment without the heat pack, LF/HF of HR variability (LF/HF-HR) and LF of BP variability (LF-BP) increased, while HF of HR variability (HF-HR) and skin temperature decreased, suggesting elevation of sympathetic nervous activity.
T1514 697274-697369 Epistemic_statement denotes Junichi Arai, Yasuhisa Endo, Ryouichi Yoshimura, Huan Wang Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan
T1515 697370-697558 Epistemic_statement denotes In the ventromedial hypothalamic-lesioned animals, the abnormal cell proliferation in liver and pancreas are thought to be due to the vagus hyperactivity and/or the sympathetic repression.
T1516 697986-698063 Epistemic_statement denotes We discuss the possible mechanism of their intracellular signal transduction.
T1517 698064-698393 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI To study the correlation between the trans-cranial oxy-and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) dynamics and sBP, we measured Hb dynamics (f-NIRS ® , OMM-3000, SHIMADZU Corp. Japan) over the frontal area and sBP (Finapres ® , BP monitor, Ohmeda 2300, USA) at the right middle finger from 12 volunteers (22.8 ± 2.1 years).
T1518 698394-698500 Epistemic_statement denotes Mild thermal stimuli (17 ± 1 • or 40 ± 1 • ) were administered every 2 min alternatively to the left hand.
T1519 698501-698618 Epistemic_statement denotes Some area showed positive correlation between the oxy-Hb and sBP, the other showed negative correlation between them.
T1520 698619-698696 Epistemic_statement denotes Hb dynamics over the frontal area have any correlation to sBP to some extent.
T1521 698697-698772 Epistemic_statement denotes So, trans-cranial NIRS should be discussed carefully for neural activation.
T1522 699970-700180 Epistemic_statement denotes As this occurs without any changes in the figures themselves, perceptual switching phenomena are eminently suitable to study how perceptual processes are influenced by the intrinsic dynamics of neural activity.
T1523 700342-700457 Epistemic_statement denotes We found that only blinks that appeared around the peak time led to a characteristic spatiotemporal pattern of EEG.
T1524 700458-700564 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results indicate that some, but not all, blinks play an active role in perceptual switching processes.
T1525 701754-701915 Epistemic_statement denotes Now we are analyzing hemodynamic images and EEG data related to social cognition, and the results indicated some heterogeneity of the cortex in social cognition.
T1526 703885-704037 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that these synchronized activities are involved in a higher-order process inducing spontaneous alternations in perceptual rivalry.
T1527 704690-704855 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that perceptual categorization was reflected in N1m source strength and location (linear or nonlinear), and in N1m latency (vocal or nonvocal).
T1528 705303-705599 Epistemic_statement denotes Distributed source model was used to infer the dynamic neural activities at the multiple regions and the structural equation modeling (SEM) was then used to compare two possible causal models underlying the generation of major event-related components, namely P3, related to the target detection.
T1529 705717-706259 Epistemic_statement denotes The results of the comparison of two possible SEM models, whose major difference was on the contribution of the activities in the parieto-temporal region to the generation of P3 components, suggested the involvement of frontal and anterior cingulate cortex in the early P3 component (P3a) and the contribution of the parietal and temporal regions to the later component (P3b In our study, we investigate whether or not bilinguals use distinct neural substrates to recognize words in their first and second languages (L1 and L2, respectively).
T1530 706720-706819 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that there are distinct neural substrates for word recognition of L1 and L2.
T1531 708697-708845 Epistemic_statement denotes The issue that whether meaning of kanji words is accessed from orthography, or from both orthography and phonology representations is still debated.
T1532 708846-709066 Epistemic_statement denotes The present fMRI study investigated brain areas underlying the use of orthography and/or phonology in kanji reading by engaging subjects in semantic categorization task with homophone and orthographic similarity effects.
T1533 709759-709848 Epistemic_statement denotes This might suggest the role of this area in character-to-sound conversion of kanji words.
T1534 710375-710396 Epistemic_statement denotes Toyama, Toyama, Japan
T1535 710397-710488 Epistemic_statement denotes An individual has a theory of mind (ToM) if he imputes mental states to himself and others.
T1536 711680-711788 Epistemic_statement denotes The present results suggest that these area may be involved in evaluation of ambiguously expressed emotions.
T1537 712560-712830 Epistemic_statement denotes Main effects of object-and direction-related risks were observed in the left ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and dorsolateral parieto-frontal network, respectively, suggesting that the object-and direction-related risk signals are separately processed in these networks.
T1538 712831-713058 Epistemic_statement denotes Significant positive correlation between self-evaluated risk and cortical activation was observed in the anterior part of the left superior frontal sulcus, suggesting an involvement of this region in phenomenal risk-perception.
T1539 713059-713267 Epistemic_statement denotes In this fMRI study, we identified cortical areas where activation during experience of risky situation is correlated with the Harm Avoidance (HA) scores, subscale of Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI).
T1540 713562-713710 Epistemic_statement denotes A significant positive correlation with the HA scores, was observed in activated areas in the right anterior insula in Risky versus Safe comparison.
T1541 713711-713841 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggested that activation in this region predicts the individual difference in behavioral response to risky situation.
T1542 713842-713950 Epistemic_statement denotes This finding indicates that the right insula underlies individual difference in response to risky situation.
T1543 714288-714306 Epistemic_statement denotes Sci., Tokyo, Japan
T1544 714307-714534 Epistemic_statement denotes One way to evaluate the behavioral outcome is in terms of absolute gain or loss (absolute value), but the evaluation can also be achieved by comparing the outcome with the possible outcomes of unchosen options (relative value).
T1545 714672-714899 Epistemic_statement denotes Subjects were instructed to compete with a computer to maximize the income in a task, in which they had to choose one option out of two, each of which were associated with either 0 yen or a gain or loss of 200, 400, or 800 yen.
T1546 715470-715508 Epistemic_statement denotes Systems Neurosci., Tohoku Univ., Japan
T1547 715509-715625 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of this study is to investigate neural activations when reasoning future events based on experienced events.
T1548 716288-716597 Epistemic_statement denotes The common activations between MR and M were identified in the right MTL, whereas a relatively posterior part of the left PFC was activated commonly between MR and R. The findings suggest that the network including bilateral PFC and right MTL may contribute to the experience-based reasoning of future events.
T1549 716971-717179 Epistemic_statement denotes When we analyzed the data to evaluate whether the subjects made aggressive or reconciliatory choices, the posterior STS showed that the counterpart had a reliable effect regardless of risky or safe decisions.
T1550 717274-717506 Epistemic_statement denotes It could be inferred that the posterior STS and the anterior PCC play differential roles in mentalizing; the former serves as a general mechanism for mentalizing, while the latter is exclusively involved in socially risky decisions.
T1551 717719-717902 Epistemic_statement denotes We used new artistic creativity task such as designing new tools, in which we could quantitatively evaluated the creativity by the originality (OS: originality score) of the products.
T1552 718028-718251 Epistemic_statement denotes We observed clear difference between two groups; in the trained highly creative group, the OS is correlated with the interhemispheric difference of neural activities of the prefrontal cortex with right hemisphere dominance.
T1553 718303-718475 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, our result supports the notion that both right prefrontal dominance and the increase of interhemispheric cooperativity could be the source of the artistic creativity.
T1554 719488-719587 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that a particular style of artwork may have commonly activated brain regions.
T1555 719588-719612 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: COE(J-3)
T1556 719613-719823 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1P-I157 Effects of chewing on the activity of the prefrontal cortex in working memory processing: An fMRI study In general, it has been proposed that chewing produces holding or enhancing effect on attention.
T1557 720240-720400 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicated that chewing tended to increase the BOLD signals in the prefrontal area including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during two-back task.
T1558 720401-720489 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggests the possibility that chewing may accelerate the process of working memory.
T1559 720490-720521 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI 17,6577
T1560 720522-720689 Epistemic_statement denotes PS1P-I158 The tip-of-the-tongue with an emotional reaction caused by recall of celebrities' names Hirohito M. Kondo 1 , Michio Nomura 2 , Jun Kawaguchi 3 1 NTT Commun.
T1561 721005-721138 Epistemic_statement denotes The TOT state generates emotional reactions, but it is not clear what neural mechanisms are involved in the awareness of frustration.
T1562 721475-721592 Epistemic_statement denotes Activity of the ACC and right AIC was positively correlated with the degree of frustration in unsuccessful retrieval.
T1563 721723-721827 Epistemic_statement denotes We suggest that the cinguloinsular circuit regulates the self-monitoring processes during the TOT state.
T1564 722286-722407 Epistemic_statement denotes We consider that the ability for statistical learning is not specific to language, but more general cognitive competence.
T1565 722408-722470 Epistemic_statement denotes And we ask whether this ability could be considered as innate.
T1566 722471-722640 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we measured ERPs for 18 neonates within 3 days, in order to examine whether neonates can learn transitional probabilities and statistically segment words.
T1567 722849-722960 Epistemic_statement denotes Since this potential is not evident during the first session, this is likely to be due to statistical learning.
T1568 722961-723085 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the ability to distinguish words based on statistical information is innately prepared in humans.
T1569 723297-723440 Epistemic_statement denotes In this task, subjects were required to appreciate abstract and representational paintings that appear one after another on a computer monitor.
T1570 723887-724010 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest the different cortical activity dependent on appreciation of abstract and representational paintings.
T1571 725890-726054 Epistemic_statement denotes The present findings suggest that deficits in speech audio feedback in autistic children and this could be one of the reasons for their delay in speech development.
T1572 726055-726298 Epistemic_statement denotes Since the mechanism underlying the effect of low power laser irradiation on the soft tissue is still unknown, we examined whether it can influence the muscle contraction as well as its fatigue in the frog (Xenopus laevis) gastrocnemius or not.
T1573 726809-726964 Epistemic_statement denotes However, comparing with no or cooling application during the rest periods, such laser irradiation case significantly delayed the muscle fatigue (p < 0.05).
T1574 726965-727094 Epistemic_statement denotes It is suggested that laser irradiation has a potential to more activate ATP synthesis during as well as after muscle contraction.
T1575 728238-728396 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, our results suggest that NEDL1 may play a critical role in neuronal cell death occurring in FALS through interacting with mutant SOD1 and p53.
T1576 728558-728776 Epistemic_statement denotes CHIP (carboxyl terminus of Hsc70interacting protein), U-box type E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been shown to interact with Hsp90 or Hsp70 and ubiquitylates unfolded proteins trapped by molecular chaperones and degrade them.
T1577 728777-728992 Epistemic_statement denotes We demonstrated in a neuronal cell model that transient over-expression of CHIP reduced the monomeric mutant AR more than the wild-type, suggesting that the mutant AR is more sensitive to CHIP than is the wild-type.
T1578 729104-729283 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that CHIP over-expression ameliorates SBMA phenotypes in mice by reducing nuclear-localized mutant AR, which probably due to enhanced mutant AR degradation.
T1579 729928-730091 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that muscle weakness in some patients with GBS might be induced by changes in P/Q-type calcium channel function within motor nerve terminals.
T1580 730092-730225 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of the present study was to explore the possible role of COX-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 40 mg/kg, i.p.
T1581 730840-730883 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: University Supportted study
T1582 730884-730958 Epistemic_statement denotes Ashish Dhir, Shrinivas Kulkarni UIPS, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
T1583 730959-731151 Epistemic_statement denotes The objective of the present study was to elucidate the effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced (80 mg/kg) convulsions in mice with possible mechanism of action.
T1584 732740-732794 Epistemic_statement denotes The cell proliferation was not associated with damage.
T1585 733500-733683 Epistemic_statement denotes Results showed that intra-hippocampal injection of Verapamil significantly decreased spatial learning, suggesting that only working memory impaired but reference memory remain intact.
T1586 733684-733814 Epistemic_statement denotes The results with this study suggest that intera-hippcampal injection of verapamil significantly impaired spatial learning in rats.
T1587 734102-734512 Epistemic_statement denotes Wild-type and MTH1-null mice, the latter lacking an ability to hydrolyze 8-oxo-dGTP and 8-oxo-GTP to the monophosphates to avoid their misincorporation into DNA or RNA, exhibited similar degree of the CA3 neuron loss after kainate administration, however, levels of 8-oxoG accumulated in mtDNA and cellular RNA in the CA3 microglia were significantly increased in MTH1null mice in comparison to wild-type mice.
T1588 735310-735454 Epistemic_statement denotes Since loss of Nrf2 has been reported to increase neuronal death under increased oxidative stress, Nrf2 seems to play a role for neuroprotection.
T1589 735835-736029 Epistemic_statement denotes We found that Nrf2-null mice exhibited an increased susceptibility to the kainate-induced seizure, and their loss of the pyramidal cells and gene expression profiles are now under investigation.
T1590 736889-737007 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, when AP-5 was applied from the ictogenesis period of the discharges, the discharges did not appear.
T1591 737008-737148 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity involves in the ictogenesis of 4-AP-induced epileptic discharges.
T1592 737402-737491 Epistemic_statement denotes Further studies showed that the loss of cell viability was due to apoptosis of the cells.
T1593 737562-737724 Epistemic_statement denotes The observed effect of morphine appears to be mediated through the opioid receptor since the opioid antagonist, naloxone, inhibited the decline in cell viability.
T1594 737725-737884 Epistemic_statement denotes 7NI, a specific inhibitor of nNOS, completely blocked loss of cell viability suggesting that morphine induced intracellular NO production, leads to cell death.
T1595 737885-737951 Epistemic_statement denotes Studies suggested that NO acts through a cGMP independent pathway.
T1596 737952-738079 Epistemic_statement denotes The involvement of NO induced cGMP independent pathway in morphineinduced apoptosis during TH deficiency has been investigated.
T1597 738637-738818 Epistemic_statement denotes A quantitative understanding of the dynamics of different cell types when responding to complex, natural inputs, is an important prerequisite for understanding the cortical network.
T1598 740285-740414 Epistemic_statement denotes ALS-CSF significantly decreased cytochrome oxidase activity in the rat spinal motor neurons, which may be a sign of degeneration.
T1599 740415-740603 Epistemic_statement denotes It is probable that, toxic factors present in the ALS patients CSF might induce the expression of P/Q-type channel observed in pre synaptic terminals synapsing on the spinal motor neurons.
T1600 741260-741374 Epistemic_statement denotes But, it has not been clear whether the profile of optical signal could be a measure of membrane potential profile.
T1601 741876-741968 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2A-A004 Overexpression of inwardly rectifying K + channel 2.1 in hippocampal slice culture
T1602 741969-742059 Epistemic_statement denotes Masayoshi Okada, Hiroko Matsuda Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, Japan
T1603 742060-742273 Epistemic_statement denotes The expressions of mRNAs for the inwardly rectifying K + channel (Kir) 2.1 have been reported in mammalian central nervous system, but regulation of expression or its role in synaptic transmission remains unknown.
T1604 742659-742885 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, the overexpression significantly reduced the raise in whole-cell membrane potential evoked by depolarizing current injection, suggesting that Kir plays a role of noise-filter for synaptic input in central neurons.
T1605 742940-742992 Epistemic_statement denotes Cerebral Circuitry & Structure, NIPS, Okazaki, Japan
T1606 742993-743124 Epistemic_statement denotes Layer 5 pyramidal cells are heterogeneous in morphological and physiological properties, and project to multiple subcortical areas.
T1607 743125-743304 Epistemic_statement denotes Although recent studies have addressed anatomical features of pyramidal cells identified projection regions, little is known about intrinsic membrane properties of these subtypes.
T1608 743727-743820 Epistemic_statement denotes However, CPn cells exhibited very little spike frequency adaptation during current injection.
T1609 743972-744094 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that physiological properties of layer 5 pyramidal cells are correlated with their subcortical target.
T1610 744756-744877 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study suggests that somatodendritic RyR1 expression in Purkinje cells was decreased in the cerebellum of RMN.
T1611 744878-744988 Epistemic_statement denotes This may suffer RyR1-mediated Ca 2+ release, contributing altered Ca 2+ homeostasis in the RMN Purkinje cells.
T1612 744989-745174 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2A-A007 Dopamine-based modulation of lateral amygdala neuron excitability: A possible involvement of potassium current Ryo Yamamoto, Yoshifumi Ueta, Noubuo Kato Integrative Brain Sci.
T1613 745470-745596 Epistemic_statement denotes Application of DA depolarized LA neurons, reduced the action potential threshold, and induced slow afterdepolarization (sADP).
T1614 745714-745798 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous reports have repeatedly suggested that sADP is triggered by calcium influx.
T1615 746057-746215 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the present DA-induced modulation of LA neuron excitability may depend on a potassium current that can be masked by calcium influx.
T1616 746555-746712 Epistemic_statement denotes There are two alternative hypotheses of such amplification mechanisms; one is activation of the Na channel and other is inactivation of the A-type K channel.
T1617 746713-746732 Epistemic_statement denotes Which is essential?
T1618 746733-746991 Epistemic_statement denotes In this talk, by mathematical analyses and the NEURON simulator, we demonstrate that the balance of inward and outward currents, which can be controlled by down/up-regulation of the A-type K channel induces a divergence of the membrane input resistance, i.e.
T1619 747932-748071 Epistemic_statement denotes To prove this hypothesis, we generated ␥4 subunit knockout (KO) mice using the Cre/loxP recombination system and analyzed their phenotypes.
T1620 748385-748492 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that ␥4 might regulate dynamics of AMPA receptor subunits during early development.
T1621 749150-749328 Epistemic_statement denotes Consequently, the Hv channel could open more easily over a wide range of the membrane potential during lactic acidosis, and may contribute to a quick relief of the cell acidosis.
T1622 749743-749813 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the molecular basis underlying this channel has been elusive.
T1623 750336-750499 Epistemic_statement denotes Neutralization of a positive charge in the S4-like segment caused shift of the voltage-conductance relationship, suggesting that it plays important role in gating.
T1624 751186-751322 Epistemic_statement denotes However, in the stratum radiatum, the amplitudes of the responses to the 3-10-Hz fields were larger than those to the other frequencies.
T1625 751323-751521 Epistemic_statement denotes The frequency preference in the dendritic region may be an underlying mechanism for the synchronization of the membrane potentials among large population of neurons within the theta frequency range.
T1626 751774-751855 Epistemic_statement denotes ASIC2positive fiber first appeared in brain stem and spinal cord at E17-18 stage.
T1627 752207-752375 Epistemic_statement denotes These results are suggested the hypothesis that the function of ASIC2 mediate the myelin formation in the developmental stages of central and peripheral nervous system.
T1628 753346-753500 Epistemic_statement denotes These suggest that the firing pattern of FIL neurons arises from activation of SK-type Kca channels induced by Ca 2+ influx through T-type Ca 2+ channels.
T1629 754430-754542 Epistemic_statement denotes The PX blockade of Ca + channels may decrease the activation of Ca 2+ dependent K + channels that underlies AHP.
T1630 754543-754747 Epistemic_statement denotes Blockade of these channels possibly makes the neurons susceptible for burst induction, while activation of metabotropic muscarinic receptor by PX underlies the depolarization shift with associated bursts.
T1631 754748-754909 Epistemic_statement denotes Dendritic membrane properties are reported to be non-uniformly distributed in a single neuron and the non-uniformity could be important for synaptic integration.
T1632 754910-754954 Epistemic_statement denotes However their distribution is still unclear.
T1633 755508-755637 Epistemic_statement denotes It is known that cooling-induced desensitization of cold receptors, however, its intracellular mechanism has remained unresolved.
T1634 755799-755915 Epistemic_statement denotes This desensitization was depended on extracellular Ca 2+ , indicating that involvement with Ca 2+ -dependent kinase.
T1635 756684-756757 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the molecular basis of the cold pain sensation is still unknown.
T1636 756807-756914 Epistemic_statement denotes If TRPA1 responded to cooling to noxious cold range, it could be candidate for evoking cold pain sensation.
T1637 756915-756992 Epistemic_statement denotes However, whether TRPA1 is activated by cooling or not is still controversial.
T1638 757717-758001 Epistemic_statement denotes Since they contribute to various physiological functions including neuronal pacemaking activity, setting of resting membrane potential and generation of paroxysmal discharge, we examined their expressions as well as functions in the PNS using the frog (Xenopus laevis) sciatic nerves.
T1639 758002-758272 Epistemic_statement denotes Western blot analyses for HCN1-4 demonstrated that samples from the nerve and the heart showed an HCN2 band whereas those from the dorsal part of skin and the gastrocnemius did not, and that immunoreactivities for HCN1, HCN3 and HCN4 could not be found in those samples.
T1640 758570-758679 Epistemic_statement denotes It is suggested that HCN2 channels exist in the PNS and they contribute to the burst or recurrent discharges.
T1641 758680-758836 Epistemic_statement denotes Ifenprodil, a clinically used cerebral vasodilator, interacts with several receptors, such as ␣ 1 adrenergic, N-methyl-d-aspartate, serotonin and receptors.
T1642 758837-758939 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the various effects of ifenprodil remain to be clarified.
T1643 759517-759701 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that inhibition of GIRK channels by ifenprodil, at submicromolar concentrations or more, may contribute to some of its therapeutic effects and adverse side effects.
T1644 760597-760752 Epistemic_statement denotes The real-time PCR method revealed that the expression level of the immediate early gene egr-1, which is involved in cell growth, was concomitantly reduced.
T1645 760910-761051 Epistemic_statement denotes These data indicate that Na + enters through Na C upon [Na + ] o increase, and [Na + ] i elevation itself is responsible for these phenomena.
T1646 761214-761338 Epistemic_statement denotes However, little is known about how distribution of Na + channels contributes to the activity and function of single neurons.
T1647 763764-763975 Epistemic_statement denotes Contrary to previous studies indicating a somato-dendritic Nav1.1 distribution, in the present study, higher magnification analysis revealed that Nav1.1 is predominantly distributed to axons in some brain parts.
T1648 763976-764141 Epistemic_statement denotes This apparent discrepancy may reflect the lack of specificity of anti-Nav1.1 antibodies used in these previous studies, none of which utilized Nav1.1-deficient mice.
T1649 764142-764253 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on our findings, we propose that Nav1.1 might be involved in propagating action potential to presynapses.
T1650 764679-764803 Epistemic_statement denotes A gamma distribution is a natural extension of Poisson process and it can generate spike trains with various irregularities.
T1651 765307-765411 Epistemic_statement denotes It may be possible to classify neurons into functional groups according to their spiking irregularities.
T1652 765988-766164 Epistemic_statement denotes The amount of [1-13 C] glucose in the cerebra was increased, however, the 13 C incorporation into glutamine, glutamate, GABA and Aspartate from [1-13 C] glucose were decreased.
T1653 766474-766649 Epistemic_statement denotes These data may suggest that the glycolysis of glucose is decreased and that the influx of glutamine from blood to brain occurs with neuronal dysfunction induced by colchicine.
T1654 766650-766753 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that A ␤ alters the bHLH gene expression in neural stem cells toward cell death.
T1655 766754-766917 Epistemic_statement denotes Ken Kojima, Akiko Nishida, Shinji Takebayashi, Jyuichi Ito Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
T1656 766918-767050 Epistemic_statement denotes Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play crucial roles in development of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
T1657 767292-767458 Epistemic_statement denotes In the inner ear, it is suggested that Hes1 or Hes5 regulate cell division and differentiation of sensory and supporting cell progenitors via notch signaling pathway.
T1658 767831-767939 Epistemic_statement denotes GFP-IR cells in pHes1-GFP tg mouse are candidates of sensory cell progenitors in mature mammalian inner ear.
T1659 768980-769113 Epistemic_statement denotes However, in the several types neurons mentioned above, ZFH-5 protein was not detected even when the zfh-5 mRNA was already expressed.
T1660 769114-769299 Epistemic_statement denotes This observation together with other data suggested that the ZFH-5 protein level is regulated by several mechanisms including suppression by the antisense RNA and translational control.
T1661 769635-769803 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite their partially overlapping expression profiles, mouse mutants for each Zic gene show distinct phenotypes, suggesting the functional redundancy of Zic proteins.
T1662 769804-769926 Epistemic_statement denotes It is expected that the common and specific roles of mouse Zic proteins can be clarified by studying compound mutant mice.
T1663 770356-770549 Epistemic_statement denotes These observations indicate that Zic1, in cooperation with Zic3, have an essential role in controlling proliferation and differentiation of the neuronal projenitors in the medial telencephalon.
T1664 770787-770937 Epistemic_statement denotes RP58 gene disrupted mice show severe abnormalities in brain cortical layer formation, suggesting that RP58 has a crucial role in cerebral development.
T1665 772164-772252 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that NZF family have a function regulate neuronal differentiation.
T1666 772449-772522 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, NZF-3 null mice are viable, fertile and appear normal.
T1667 773354-773575 Epistemic_statement denotes Shin Hisahara 1,2 , Susumu Chiba 2 , Hiroyuki Matsumoto 2 , Yoshiyuki Horio 1 1 Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; 2 Department of Neurology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
T1668 773576-773653 Epistemic_statement denotes In mammalian CNS, the function of histone deacetylase SIRT1 is still unclear.
T1669 773654-773829 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent studies indicated that SIRT1 interacts with nuclear receptor co-repressor (N-CoR) and N-CoR represses intracellular domain of Notch-ICD activation of the Hes1 promoter.
T1670 774143-774296 Epistemic_statement denotes Hes1 transcription was suppressed in overexpression of SIRT1 and N-CoR, suggesting that interaction between SIRT1 and N-CoR represses Hes1 transcription.
T1671 774410-774599 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, these results indicate that SIRT1 and N-CoR accelerate neural differentiation of the undifferentiated cells via binding Hes1 promoter site and repressing Hes1 transcription.
T1672 775341-775467 Epistemic_statement denotes Mosaic analysis demonstrates that cell autonomous activity of tll is crucial for maintenance of the MB neuroblast cell cycles.
T1673 775577-775785 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose that tll plays pivotal roles in proliferation of the MB neuroblasts and suggest a conserved mechanism of neural stem cell control with the tll/Tlx homologs in both Drosophila and vertebrate brains.
T1674 776739-776923 Epistemic_statement denotes We found the decrease of TrkC-expressing neurons in trigeminal ganglia of neonatal Runx3 knockout mice, however, we observe little change in the proportions of NueN-expressing neurons.
T1675 777049-777160 Epistemic_statement denotes Univ., Kashihara, Nara, Japan; 2 Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, NIPS, NINS, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
T1676 777161-777378 Epistemic_statement denotes Our previous study with double labeling of BrdU and cell lineage markers suggested that a number of astrocytes were differentiated from resident oligodendrocyte progenitor (OPCs)-like cells in the injured adult brain.
T1677 777953-778140 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results clarified that dormant OPCs in vivo differentiate into astrocytes in adult injured brain, and suggested that these cells participate in glia scar formation after brain injury.
T1678 778268-778352 Epistemic_statement denotes However, differentiation of Olig2 lineage cells in the forebrain is largely unknown.
T1679 778938-779148 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that Olig2 lineage cells generate three major types of neural cells with a stage dependent manner, and may have multiple functional roles on neural differentiation in the fetal forebrain.
T1680 780494-780600 Epistemic_statement denotes However, little is known about how species-specific pallial structures are generated during embryogenesis.
T1681 781053-781219 Epistemic_statement denotes In situ hybridization and immunohisitochemical studies indicated that these neuronal markers were expressed in discrete regions of the developing quail telencephalon.
T1682 781220-781440 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data suggest that early stages of cortex/pallium development are comparable between the mammalian and avian embryos, whereas neuronal specification in later stages is regulated by distinct mechanisms in each species.
T1683 782347-782503 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that protein expression was changed backward in normal differentiation course in hippocampal cells once matured in organotypic slices.
T1684 782795-782878 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is still unclear whether all NG2 + cells in the neocortex are the OPCs.
T1685 783228-783377 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that the nuclear GST-+ /NG2 + cells in the perineuronal territory are progenitor cells engaging in reproduction of cortical cells.
T1686 784272-784489 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, differentiation of L7 + /Calbindin-D28K + neurons (characteristic of Purkinje cells) is induced under similar culture conditions but exhibits a higher degree of enhancement by Fgf8 rather than by Wnt3a.
T1687 785631-785820 Epistemic_statement denotes Date suggest that prolonged p27 kip1 elevation is related to enhanced production of neuron from NPCs, and that cell cycle regulation in G1/S phase did not activate MAPK and PI3-K signaling.
T1688 786222-786277 Epistemic_statement denotes However, we also confirmed dividing cells in this area.
T1689 786764-786893 Epistemic_statement denotes We also purified nestin-GFP+ cells from Nestin-GFP transgenic mice using the FACS system, and confirmed their neuronal potential.
T1690 787004-787073 Epistemic_statement denotes We demonstrated neurogenic potential of adult cortical nestin+ cells.
T1691 787074-787506 Epistemic_statement denotes Mie Gangi 1 , Michiko Imanishi 2 , Teiko Kuroda 2 , Masao Tachibana 1 , Masahiko Takada 2 1 Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities & Sociology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 2 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan A Kv3 subfamily of voltage-gated K + channels is thought to play an important role in high-frequency repetitive firings.
T1692 787507-787664 Epistemic_statement denotes It is unknown which subtype of Kv3 channels is expressed in the frog retina where ␥-range oscillatory spikes are evoked presynaptically by light stimulation.
T1693 787769-787916 Epistemic_statement denotes However, a laminar pattern with two bands in the inner plexiform layer was displayed by Kv3.3 in the frog retina and by Kv3.1b in the mouse retina.
T1694 787917-787992 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown that mammalian cholinergic amacrine cells express Kv3.1b.
T1695 787993-788117 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the differential expression of Kv3 channels may reflect their functional diversity between the frog and mouse retinas.
T1696 788329-788366 Epistemic_statement denotes Rehabili., Seijoh Univ., Aichi, Japan
T1697 788367-788622 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to interpret the formation of receptive field surrounds in the retinal neurons, Hirasawa and Kaneko (2003) proposed a pHmediated mechanism to substitute for the GABA-mediated feedback hypothesis from horizontal cells (HCs) to cone photoreceptors.
T1698 788623-788832 Epistemic_statement denotes To verify the idea that the depolarized HCs release protons we measured, by a fluorescent ratio imaging technique, the pH of the immediate external surface (pH o ) of HCs isolated from carp or goldfish retina.
T1699 789146-789352 Epistemic_statement denotes Acidification of pHo was suppressed by 0.4 M bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of V-ATPase, suggesting that the HC depolarization enhanced an outward proton movement by the outward electrogenic H + pump.
T1700 789353-789603 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2A-E055 Analysis of spread of activity in the local circuit of superior colliculus by using multi-channel field potential recording system Penphimon Phongphanphanee, Katsuyuki Kaneda, Tadashi Isa National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan
T1701 789604-789970 Epistemic_statement denotes To study how the visual signal is processed in the local circuit of superior colliculus (SC) from the superficial layers (sSC) to the deeper layers (dSC), we analyzed the propagation of excitation following the electrical stimulation of the sSC by using a planar 64-channel field potential recording system in slice preparations obtained from 16 to 24 days old mice.
T1702 789971-790136 Epistemic_statement denotes Stimulation at sSC induced negative field potential with short latency and short duration (100-200 ms) at the recording site in sSC adjacent to the stimulating site.
T1703 790436-790658 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that when GABA A receptormediated inhibition is reduced, visual signal in the sSC propagates to the dSC as large response with long duration and NMDA receptors contribute to propagation of the response.
T1704 790900-791030 Epistemic_statement denotes Sci., Japan Amphiphysin Ir (amph Ir) is alternatively spliced variants of amphiphysin I which is specifically expressed in retina.
T1705 791225-791290 Epistemic_statement denotes Insert A may be a determinant for the retina-specific expression.
T1706 791531-791626 Epistemic_statement denotes ARPE-19 thus can be a useful tool for investigating the cellular function of amph Ir in retina.
T1707 791627-791850 Epistemic_statement denotes Immunofluorescence analyses with ARPE-19 cells revealed that amph Ir occasionally colocalized with mitochondria, raising the possibility that amph Ir may participate in structural or functional organization of mitochondria.
T1708 791851-791914 Epistemic_statement denotes Further characterization of the variant is under investigation.
T1709 792434-792609 Epistemic_statement denotes If ERK is involved in the mechanism of this plasticity, visual deprivation would change the activity of ERK in V1 and such change might be induced only in the critical period.
T1710 792610-792742 Epistemic_statement denotes To test this possibility, we examined effects of MD on the amount of phosphorylated (activated) ERK (pERK) in the rat visual cortex.
T1711 792994-793106 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that ERK signaling might be regulated by different mechanism between young and adult rats.
T1712 794033-794268 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, both signals in all layers were lower in the BZ contralateral to an eye injected with TTX than in the ipsilateral BZ, consistent with the stronger functional plasticity and rapid dendritic refinement as compared to 4dMD.
T1713 794269-794422 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that rapid and local weakening of excitatory inputs corresponds to dendritic spine pruning during experience-dependent competition.
T1714 794423-794580 Epistemic_statement denotes Reiko Meguro, Masao Norita Department of Sensory and Integrative Medicine, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
T1715 794581-794701 Epistemic_statement denotes We investigated how the geniculate and the extra-geniculate visual systems reorganize by monocular deprivation at birth.
T1716 795453-795608 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that major parts of visual system developed normally, but some developed cross talk between geniculate and extra-geniculate systems.
T1717 796249-796350 Epistemic_statement denotes It is not clear whether similar plasticity operates in other neural connections in the visual system.
T1718 797271-797447 Epistemic_statement denotes However, when MD is combined with continuous inactivation of the visual cortex by muscimol, cortical neurons lose their response to the open eye and the open eye axons retract.
T1719 797448-797703 Epistemic_statement denotes To clarify mechanisms underlying the two forms of ocular dominance (OD) plasticity in different direction, we examined other characteristics of them, (1) how rapidly the reverse OD shift proceeds and (2) whether the shift is induced only in young animals.
T1720 797994-798124 Epistemic_statement denotes The reverse OD shift might reflect a mechanism of developmental plasticity that has a slower time course than the normal OD shift.
T1721 798724-798839 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we addressed whether these coincidental events are essential for subsequent ocular dominance (OD) plasticity.
T1722 799270-799427 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, experience-dependent modification of AMPA receptors is not essential for plasticity in vivo, although GluR1 may contribute to the very earliest stages.
T1723 799681-799781 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the mechanisms to induce reporter expression in vivo often depend on gene-manipulated mice.
T1724 801757-801969 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to address the importance of the GABAergic projection neurons in the neocortical information processing, we need to know the branching pattern and postsynaptic elements of the GABAergic projection axons.
T1725 802226-802440 Epistemic_statement denotes After injection of the adenovirus into deep layers of the NPY-Cre mouse neocortex and immunoperoxidase staining of GFP in the brain section, we could reveal GABAergic neurons in a Golgi-like image with their axons.
T1726 802441-802528 Epistemic_statement denotes Also this method seemed to allow us to label GABAergic projection neurons retrogradely.
T1727 803112-803230 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we investigated whether a similar regional difference in the dendritic morphology was present in infant monkeys.
T1728 803566-803662 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, considerable heterogeneity in pyramidal cell structure already exists 3-weeks after birth.
T1729 803663-804007 Epistemic_statement denotes Hiroaki Matsushita 1 , Mahito Ohkuma 1 , Masami Watanabe 2 , Ei-ichi Miyachi 1 1 Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan; 2 Department of Perinatology, Institute Developmental Research, Aichi, Japan Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors are believed to be expressed in developmental and regenerative process of retinal neurons.
T1730 804260-804343 Epistemic_statement denotes However, these currents and spikes were not observed in the 50% of axotomized RGCs.
T1731 804445-804563 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the 85% of RGCs responded to carbachol at 3 days after axotomy, no responsive RGCs appeared during 7-15 days.
T1732 804627-804740 Epistemic_statement denotes Since pycnotic cells were observed few days after axotomy, ACh may modulate neurotrophic effect in survived RGCs.
T1733 804741-804850 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that ACh is an important marker for neuronal degeneration and regeneration in cat RGCs.
T1734 805935-806076 Epistemic_statement denotes The result suggests that the second motion processing underlying the smooth pursuit initiation is facilitated by the attention to the target.
T1735 807205-807262 Epistemic_statement denotes Possible mechanisms of the differences will be discussed.
T1736 808755-808926 Epistemic_statement denotes While, Goodale proposes the hypothesis that the roles of two visual streams (dorsal and ventral streams) are "vision for action" and "vision for perception", respectively.
T1737 809486-809631 Epistemic_statement denotes We concluded that grasping positions of visual estimation and motor execution are independent and these results support the Goodale's hypothesis.
T1738 810057-810298 Epistemic_statement denotes Multimodal properties of these neurons may be explained by three types of inputs: overlapped projections from the thalamus, projections from multi-modal sites, or overlapped horizontal projections from the modality-specific sensory cortices.
T1739 810299-810346 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we tested the third possibility.
T1740 810563-810839 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that cortical areas between the visual and auditory cortices receive horizontal projections originated in the visual and auditory cortices, suggesting that multimodal horizontal connections are important for the multimodal properties of sensory neurons.
T1741 813794-813829 Epistemic_statement denotes British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
T1742 813830-814115 Epistemic_statement denotes We describe here a highly effective method to improve visual acuity of children with myopia and adult with presbyopia by repeatedly offering a visual object at variable distances while keeping the apparent retinal projection size of the object constant using a novel electronic device.
T1743 814772-814945 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, MD has been shown to enhance head-tracking behavior induced by slow rotation of grating stimuli in adult mice and is critically dependent upon the integrity of V1.
T1744 814946-815057 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we addressed to what extent these two types of plasticity induced by the same MD share common mechanisms.
T1745 815058-815268 Epistemic_statement denotes Adult mice lacking a GABA-synthetic enzyme (GAD65 KO), which do not exhibit ocular dominance (OD) plasticity by brief MD during the critical period, showed normal optomotor acuity and enhancement with 4 day MD.
T1746 815269-815338 Epistemic_statement denotes OD shifts did not correlate with optomotor enhancement in these mice.
T1747 815453-815564 Epistemic_statement denotes These observations support the view that adult perceptual learning and classical OD plasticity are independent.
T1748 816542-816691 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest a key role of V2LM in integration of auditory and visual information to facilitate the behavioral reaction for bimodal stimuli.
T1749 817745-817896 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the double rivalry process has a hierarchical structure in which motion-type rivalry is resolved before interocular rivalry.
T1750 817981-818061 Epistemic_statement denotes The role of these brain potentials in visual object categorization is not clear.
T1751 818642-818829 Epistemic_statement denotes In ERP, the peak amplitude and latency of P1, N170 and area under curve of a late positive potential expanding from 300 to 500 ms were correlated with the subjects behavioral performance.
T1752 818830-819044 Epistemic_statement denotes The effect of backward masking on early ERP components may be due to altering sensory processing of visual stimuli while the effect on late ERP potential could be related to its impact on decision making processes.
T1753 819045-819214 Epistemic_statement denotes Yasushi Naruse 1 , Ayumu Matani 1,2 , Tomoe Hayakawa 2,3 , Norio Fujimaki 2 1 University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan; 2 NICT, Kobe, Japan; 3 Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
T1754 819215-819489 Epistemic_statement denotes To study the process of alpha rhythm resetting, we investigated the relationship between visual evoked potential and the seamlessness: how much the phase angle of prestimulus alpha rhythm and the backward-extrapolated phase angle from poststimulus alpha ringing synchronize.
T1755 819490-819576 Epistemic_statement denotes Alpha ringing is an evoked potential in alpha frequency band around 500 ms in latency.
T1756 820061-820187 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggested that a factor of the variability of the P100 amplitude is the amount of the prestimulus alpha rhythm resetting.
T1757 820613-820636 Epistemic_statement denotes Tech., Amagasaki, Japan
T1758 820637-820738 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently it has been shown that noise can improve detection of sensory stimuli in several modalities.
T1759 820739-820858 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we investigated whether visual contrast detection sensitivity can be improved by adding a certain amount of noise.
T1760 821173-821357 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings are consistent with our previous findings obtained by using another psychophysical method and confirm that noise can improve signal detection in human visual perception.
T1761 821358-821758 Epistemic_statement denotes Narumi Katsuyama 1 , Nobuo Usui 1 , Izuru Nose 1,2 , Masato Taira 1,3 1 Department of Applied System Neuroscience, Nihon University School of Medical Science, Tokyo; 2 Faculty of Human Science, Bunkyo University, Saitama, Japan; 3 ARISH, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan When an object is moving, perception of its 3D trajectory in depth can be strongly influenced by the trajectory of its cast shadow.
T1762 821759-822045 Epistemic_statement denotes For example, a ball moving in a diagonal trajectory can appear to rise in a frontal plane when the shadow moves along the horizontal trajectory (rising configuration) or to roll in depth when the shadow follows the same trajectory as the ball, while the trajectory of ball is identical.
T1763 822447-822622 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that cortical areas in the temporal and parietal cortex might be involved in the processing of apparent motion of ball induced by the moving cast shadow.
T1764 823062-823272 Epistemic_statement denotes In previous in vivo studies, the laser irradiation could focally inactivate neural activities in a few minutes after the irradiation started, while the activities recovered in a few minutes after its cessation.
T1765 823763-823865 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that there are functional connections within AI or AAF, and between AI and AAF.
T1766 824233-824332 Epistemic_statement denotes This result indicates that some neurons in gerbil's right AC represent the directions of FM sweeps.
T1767 824333-824448 Epistemic_statement denotes Actually, we could find direction-dependent neurons and these neurons were mainly in anterior auditory field (AAF).
T1768 824684-824825 Epistemic_statement denotes We made network models based on this structure of AAF and could gain similar responses to the actual responses of directiondependent neurons.
T1769 824826-824910 Epistemic_statement denotes This result suggests that AAF in gerbil's AC has good structure to process FM tones.
T1770 824962-825016 Epistemic_statement denotes from MEXT, Innovative Cluster Creation Project by MEXT
T1771 825017-825180 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been demonstrated that the auditory space, namely the direction of a sound source, is represented topographically in the mammalian superior colliculus (SC).
T1772 825181-825292 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is unclear as to how this auditory space map of the mammalian SC is formed in the auditory pathway.
T1773 825928-826033 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the spatial tuning width and preferred azimuth of the units depended markedly on stimulus level.
T1774 826034-826150 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicate that in mammals, the formation of a rigorous auditory space map is incomplete at the ICx level.
T1775 826667-826754 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings indicate that NB-2 is indispensable for the function of auditory system.
T1776 827179-827396 Epistemic_statement denotes Since GABAergic neurons play essential roles in the development and function of the auditory system, it is highly likely that NB-2 regulates the development and/or function of GABAergic neuron in the auditory pathway.
T1777 827397-827618 Epistemic_statement denotes Reiko Nagashima, Kiyokazu Ogita Department of Pharmacology, Setsunan University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan Sensorineural hearing loss can be caused by a variety of insults, including acoustic trauma.
T1778 827619-827737 Epistemic_statement denotes There is compelling evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed in the cochlea during acoustic stimulation.
T1779 828474-828583 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, AP-1 may participate in the expression of GCS gene in the cochlea after acoustic stimulation.
T1780 828761-829055 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously reported that bilateral lesions including in the auditory cortex (AC) of rats impaired discrimination learning between synthesized vowel-like sounds with multiple formants, while discrimination between stimuli of a single formant or pure tones was not significantly impaired.
T1781 829404-829535 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, local lesions in the primary AC or the ventral association cortex had no clear effect on the discrimination learning.
T1782 829616-829777 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings indicate that the dorsal auditory association cortex plays a critical role in discrimination learning of vowel-like sounds with multiple formants.
T1783 830313-830501 Epistemic_statement denotes Responses in the auditory cortex elicited by sound stimuli (5-26 kHz for 500 ms) exhibited mirrorsymmetrical tonotopic maps in the primary auditory cortex (AI) and anterior auditory field.
T1784 830600-830847 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the areas activated by 5 kHz were also activated by the mixture of 20 plus 25 kHz but not by that of 19 plus 26 kHz, suggesting that cortical responses to missing fundamentals in AI were visualized using flavoprotein fluorescence imaging.
T1785 831303-831514 Epistemic_statement denotes Comparing with PV staining in visual cortex, these six-levels suggested similar hierarchic and reciprocal structure, which are proposed by DeYoe and VanEssen by analysis of feed-forward and feedback connections.
T1786 831911-832042 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we determined how cortical and thalamic afferents intersect in the TRN with regard to tonotopic organization.
T1787 832043-832286 Epistemic_statement denotes In light of the fact that a subset of auditory cells in the TRN responds to visual or somatosensory stimulus, we also explored the potential sources of cortical and thalamic afferents that would set up polymodal sensory interaction in the TRN.
T1788 832579-832718 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicate anatomical nodes in the auditory TRN that would implement selective relay of auditory and/or polymodal sensory inputs.
T1789 833837-834034 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the responses of the belt fields are elicited mostly via connections from the core to the belt fields and the belt fields receive differential connections from AI and DC.
T1790 834410-834480 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the activity of the belt regions has not been fully examined.
T1791 835439-835512 Epistemic_statement denotes To sing complex sequences, they require auditory feedback during singing.
T1792 835917-836062 Epistemic_statement denotes Comparing selectivity of NIf and Field L, NIf showed stronger selectivity than Field L. However, NIf did not show sequence dependent selectivity.
T1793 836063-836151 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that NIf relays auditory information and enhances BOS selectivity.
T1794 836152-836250 Epistemic_statement denotes However, we did not observe a direct evidence that NIf related to generation of complex sequences.
T1795 836461-836562 Epistemic_statement denotes During this period, animals do not appear to sleep but be sensitive to the environmental disturbance.
T1796 836910-837020 Epistemic_statement denotes However, if all the trials are accumulated, there was global phase alternation every a few to tens of seconds.
T1797 837301-837851 Epistemic_statement denotes Masashi Sakai, Sohei Chimoto, Ling Qin, Yu Sato Department of Physiology, University of Yamanashi, Japan A periodic click train produces a continuum of several perceptual qualities: (i) at low repetition rate (<10 Hz), the individual clicks are clearly heard as discrete events so that the entire train produces "rhythm" percept, (ii) at high repetition rate (>100 Hz), the entire train is heard as a single continuous event leading to a strong "pitch" percept, and (iii) in the transition range, the periodicity can still be detected as "roughness".
T1798 837852-837972 Epistemic_statement denotes We physiologically explored how those perceptual qualities are represented in the primary auditory cortex in awake cats.
T1799 838526-838939 Epistemic_statement denotes Atsuhito Toyomaki 1,2,3,4,5,6 1 Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; 2 Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; 3 Sakushin Gakuin University, Utsunomiya, Japan; 4 Kobe Shoin Women's University, Kobe, Japan; 5 RIKEN, Wako, Japan; 6 Sakushin Gakuin University, Utsunomiya, Japan Gaps in a continuous sound play important roles for perception of voiceless consonants (i.e./k/,/p/,/t/) and Japanese special mora (sokuon).
T1800 838940-839077 Epistemic_statement denotes We recorded auditory evoked responses to short gaps and tones from children (8-12 years old, n = 8) and adults (19-23 years old, n = 12).
T1801 839277-839481 Epistemic_statement denotes The responses elicited by the onset of gaps differed between the children and the adults: the responses in children were significantly larger and more sustained than those in adults for all the durations.
T1802 839573-839668 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus development time course of neural process is conceivably different between gaps and tones.
T1803 840552-840678 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, a comparison between these conditions could neatly extract brain regions involved in auditory feedback control of pitch.
T1804 840882-840980 Epistemic_statement denotes This result suggests that auditory feedback of pitch is mainly controlled by the right hemisphere.
T1805 841379-841538 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we recorded cortical magnetic responses elicited by vowels and examined whether SF differs between native and non-native vowels (n = 11).
T1806 843766-843877 Epistemic_statement denotes If the flavoprotein fluorescence is photobleached, energy metabolisms and neural activities can be inactivated.
T1807 844212-844457 Epistemic_statement denotes After determination of tonotopic maps, the auditory cortex was irradiated with strong blue light derived from a xenon lamp for 40 min, while the surface either AAF or AI was covered with a piece of carbon paper for preventing photo-inactivation.
T1808 844606-844688 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest the presence of auditory signal transmission from AAF to AI.
T1809 845324-845584 Epistemic_statement denotes Several parameters such as the degree of phase-locking, the number of convergence and the time course of a unitary synaptic input affected the amplitude of SAP, the amplitude of DC depolarization and the spectral features of synaptic noise in a complex manner.
T1810 846205-846261 Epistemic_statement denotes The activation of the brain with a tumor is complicated.
T1811 846838-846926 Epistemic_statement denotes However, there are great inter-individual differences due to the locations of the tumor.
T1812 846927-847079 Epistemic_statement denotes Takayuki Iwano, Shinya Yamamoto National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Neuroscience Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
T1813 847080-847216 Epistemic_statement denotes To examine how body surface with low spatial resolution is represented in the brain, we conducted a tactile identification task on toes.
T1814 847488-847710 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, subjects tended to misidentify the second toe as the third (47.2%), and the third toe as the fourth (37.2%), while the reverse misidentification rarely occurred (third as second, 4.5%; fourth as third, 7.1%).
T1815 847711-847997 Epistemic_statement denotes This unidirectionality suggests that misidentification arises not only from large overlapping receptive fields associated with the toes, but from some additional factors such as a lack of experience with visuotactile integration, which could be used to reshape the toe receptive fields.
T1816 848498-848593 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we examined whether saccades affect temporal order judgments of tactile stimuli.
T1817 848971-849117 Epistemic_statement denotes However, they often misreported (i.e., inverted) the order when the stimuli were delivered just prior to the onset of the saccade (within 300 ms).
T1818 849118-849282 Epistemic_statement denotes The results show that the reversal effect of saccades is multimodal and further suggest that multimodal brain areas are involved in ordering sensory events in time.
T1819 850086-850424 Epistemic_statement denotes In the remaining 71 penetrations, however, 14% of adjacent pairs (311/2153) had RFs on discrete but functionally-related sets of oral portions, e.g., the lip and tongue tip, the cheek mucosa and lateral margin of the tongue, the corresponding portions of the upper and lower lips, the corresponding portions of the palate and tongue, etc.
T1820 850425-850548 Epistemic_statement denotes We speculated that such an organization in areas 3b and 1 might be responsible for forming composite RFs of area 2 neurons.
T1821 851106-851179 Epistemic_statement denotes suggesting that SII may be related to motor control of the hand movement.
T1822 851416-851546 Epistemic_statement denotes Among them (44% contra-, 55% bi-and 1% ipsilateral hand movements), we could determine receptive fields for only 43 neurons (25%).
T1823 851862-851953 Epistemic_statement denotes Those results suggest that SII hand neurons code the start or end of a certain act of hand.
T1824 852729-852866 Epistemic_statement denotes In the caudal part of the SpVi, about a half of neurons were mono-whisker-responsive neurons, which are thought as local circuit neurons.
T1825 853070-853164 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that the SpVi could be divided into two sectors by response properties.
T1826 853949-854121 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the responses appeared again within a few hours after the partial denervation, and almost complete recovery was observed a few weeks after the partial denervation.
T1827 854223-854378 Epistemic_statement denotes The rapid recovery of the responses observed in the present study may explain the mechanisms for allodynia and cortical plasticity in the somatotopic maps.
T1828 855459-855579 Epistemic_statement denotes This result suggests the specific involvement of the lemniscal pathway in the single-whisker directional discrimination.
T1829 856388-856459 Epistemic_statement denotes The bilaterally bulbectomized pups could not have access to the nipple.
T1830 856460-856622 Epistemic_statement denotes The bilaterally IO nerve-injured pups could have access to the nipple with no oral contact, while the bilaterally M nerve-injured pups showed successful suckling.
T1831 857652-857806 Epistemic_statement denotes Signal-to-noise ratio of observed signals decreased with probe impedance, suggesting that lower impedance is better for recording small action potentials.
T1832 857807-857966 Epistemic_statement denotes However, lower impedance makes more difficult to record local signals, because signals observed at probes with low impedance were highly correlated (r = 0.91).
T1833 860534-860603 Epistemic_statement denotes Dogiel's PCNs also have been observed in the DRG of rats and rabbits.
T1834 861304-861490 Epistemic_statement denotes However, there have been few reports about the role of STAT3 in the peripheral nervous system, despite its welldocumented activation in the central nervous system after injury or stress.
T1835 861491-861610 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of STAT3 in gene expression in the trigeminal ganglion after IAN injury.
T1836 861867-861964 Epistemic_statement denotes These results should help us understand injury-induced change mechanisms of the peripheral nerve.
T1837 862814-863022 Epistemic_statement denotes Effects of central administration of AM2 was stronger than those of AM and the effects of AM2 on OXT secreting neurons could not be blocked completely by pretreatment with CGRP or/and AM receptor antagonists.
T1838 863023-863109 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggested that AM2 would have unknown receptor except CGRP and AM receptor.
T1839 863110-863426 Epistemic_statement denotes Arata Oh-Nishi 1 , Makoto Saji 1 , Taku Uchida 1 , Sen-ichi Furudate 2 , Nobuyuki Suzuki 1 1 Division of Brain Science, Kitasato University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanagawa, Japan; 2 Division of Reproduction and Fetal Development, Kitasato University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanagawa, Japan
T1840 863427-863526 Epistemic_statement denotes The mechanism whereby neonatal hypothyroidism impairs cognitive function has not been well studied.
T1841 863527-863629 Epistemic_statement denotes In this respect, NMDA receptors are thought to be crucially involved in cognitive and memory function.
T1842 866716-866832 Epistemic_statement denotes Somatostatin may play a role in the establishment of the SDN-POA, which lacks classic nuclear receptor for estrogen.
T1843 866833-867333 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2A-G121 Short chain sugar acid, 2-buten-4-olide, activates oxytocin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus of rats Makoto Kawasaki 1 , Tatsushi Onaka 2 , Hirofumi Hashimoto 1 , Hiroaki Fujihara 1 , Yoichi Ueta 1 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; 2 Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan 2-Buten-4-olide (2-B4O), an endogenous sugar acid, which may be involved in the regulation of feeding.
T1844 867970-868136 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that peripherally administered high dose of 2-B4O activates OXT-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus through the activation of the NTS neurons.
T1845 868137-868349 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2A-G122 Estrogen receptor ␣ gene promoter activity is a marker for the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area Tomohiro Hamada, Yasuo Sakuma Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
T1846 868350-868534 Epistemic_statement denotes The volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus in the preoptic area (SDN-POA) is two to four times larger in male rat than in female, however function of this nucleus has not well known.
T1847 868814-868902 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we examined GFP expression could be used a marker for the SDN-POA.
T1848 869068-869247 Epistemic_statement denotes Both area and number of GFP expressed cells in the SDN-POA were larger in male than in female, however, female GFP cells in the SDN-POA showed concentrated distribution than male.
T1849 869248-869369 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that GFP labeled cells in SDN-POA could be useful marker to make clear the function of the SDN-POA.
T1850 869540-869802 Epistemic_statement denotes Although previous in vivo studies have demonstrated that these steroids increase the number of dendritic spines in neurons, it is still unclear whether each steroid has a direct effect on the modulation of the spatio-temporal patterns of dendritic morphogenesis.
T1851 870095-870338 Epistemic_statement denotes Testosterone but not estradiol increased the number of spines/filopodia of the dendrites within 4 h. These results obtained from in vitro studies suggested that testosterone affects dendritic morphogenesis of hippocampal neurons in short term.
T1852 870923-871013 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the full diagram of hippocampal neurosteroid synthesis has not been obtained yet.
T1853 871220-871497 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2A-G125 GABA depolarizes GnRH neurons isolated from adult GnRH-EGFP transgenic rats Chengzhu Yin, Nobuyuki Tanaka, Masakatsu Kato, Yasuo Sakuma Nippon Medical School, Department of physiology, Tokyo, Japan GnRH neurons are essential in the reproductive neuroendocrine system.
T1854 871498-871607 Epistemic_statement denotes In regulation of GnRH neurons, GABA may be one of the major players, especially in relation to GnRH/LH surge.
T1855 871973-872083 Epistemic_statement denotes The reversal potential of the response was ranged from −40 to -10 mV in identified GnRH neurons in both sexes.
T1856 872084-872168 Epistemic_statement denotes There was no difference in the reversal potential among the stages of estrous cycle.
T1857 872169-872286 Epistemic_statement denotes In unidentified neurons, however, the reversal potential was more negative than -50 mV and most of them were ∼−80 mV.
T1858 872287-872434 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, GnRH neurons isolated from adult rats express GABAA receptor and its reversal potential is more positive than the resting potential.
T1859 872435-872665 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the neural activation in the subfornical organ (SFO) by angiotensin II (ANGII) is widely regarded for the increments of ANGII-induced water intake and vasopressin release, galanin (GAL) have been reported to inhibit them.
T1860 872666-872740 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, GAL may inhibit neural activity of ANGII-sensitive SFO neurons.
T1861 873178-873324 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that GAL inhibits neural activity in SFO neurons through, at least partially, outward current following activation of GalR1.
T1862 874397-874512 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the expression of AVP-eGFP transgene does not disturb body fluid homeostasis in Tg rats.
T1863 875718-875848 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that PrRP is a potent and important mediator of stress response in the brain through the hypothalamic PVN.
T1864 877726-877861 Epistemic_statement denotes The possibility that P 2Y1 R mediates ATP induced [Ca ++ ] i increase in SON was further evaluated using a P 2Y1 R antagonist, MRS2179.
T1865 879463-879676 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that the rat hippocampus synthesizes estradiol more vigorously during the postnatal stage than in the adulthood, which may play an important role in the hippocampal development and function.
T1866 880281-880359 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the existence of estrogen receptor alpha (ER␣) still remains elusive.
T1867 880971-881164 Epistemic_statement denotes GnRH neurons have been reported to be contacted by various neuronal systems, suggesting that the biosynthesis and release of GnRH is controlled by a complex of excitatory and inhibitory inputs.
T1868 881165-881250 Epistemic_statement denotes However, anatomical studies which quantified the direct input on GnRH neuron are few.
T1869 882236-882357 Epistemic_statement denotes In parallel, a functional remodelling of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS) is observed but poorly understood.
T1870 883044-883134 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the precise mechanism of estrogen action upon these cells has not been clarified.
T1871 883678-883790 Epistemic_statement denotes We further examined whether E2 acted through ER ␣ or ER ␤ by using selective agonists PPT and DPN, respectively.
T1872 883906-884007 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that E2 increases the BK current by activating ER␤ without affecting the I K .
T1873 885181-885273 Epistemic_statement denotes The expression of P0 has been believed to be restricted to the peripheral myelin in mammals.
T1874 885274-885375 Epistemic_statement denotes Our result, however, indicates that P0 expresses more widely and participates in cell communications.
T1875 885806-885944 Epistemic_statement denotes While their disrupting effects on reproductive organs are well documented, their effects in the central nervous system are almost unknown.
T1876 886309-886562 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that estradiol and endocrine disrupters rapidly modulate synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and that the action of endocrine disrupters can be quantitatively analyzed by measuring the modulation of LTD of the hippocampal neurons.
T1877 888260-888359 Epistemic_statement denotes The result suggests that salusin-␤ may play a role of body fluid balance by regulating AVP release.
T1878 888360-888692 Epistemic_statement denotes Naoyuki Yamamoto 1 , Hao-Gang Xue 1 , Yuji Ishikawa 2 , Yoshitaka Oka 3 , Hitoshi Ozawa 1 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan; 2 National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan; 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
T1879 888693-888922 Epistemic_statement denotes The terminal nerve GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) system, an extrahypothalamic peptidergic system, is thought to modulate neural circuitries involved in the control of motivational status for certain behaviors in teleosts.
T1880 888923-889119 Epistemic_statement denotes The major afferent source to the GnRH neurons is a midbrain nucleus, the nucleus tegmento-terminalis in percomorph teleosts, while a comparable nucleus appears to be missing in cyprinids teleosts.
T1881 889418-889559 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the afferent pathway to the GnRH neurons is a character shared by "advanced" teleosts like medaka and percomorphs.
T1882 890716-890793 Epistemic_statement denotes TBT may modulate estradiol synthesis by alteration of expression of P450arom.
T1883 890895-890991 Epistemic_statement denotes Studies have indicated that GABAergic neurons and terminals at the mPOA are active during sleep.
T1884 891800-891874 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest the involvement of GABA-A receptors at the mPOA in SW.
T1885 891875-892240 Epistemic_statement denotes Yoshiaki Isobe 1 , Hiroyuki Tsuda 2 1 Department of Neuro-physiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; 2 Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan Locomotor activity in rodents shows free-running circadian rhythms even under the constant light.
T1886 892827-892926 Epistemic_statement denotes However, under the LL, phase delay accompanying the elongation of circadian period () was observed.
T1887 893848-894040 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the ␤-endorphin was transported to PON from ARC by axonal flow and then played an important role in maintenance of hypothermia via 1-opioid receptors in hibernation.
T1888 894508-894746 Epistemic_statement denotes To clarify what type of PGDS inhibition is involved in sleep reduction by selenium or whether selenium intoxication decreases sleep, we intraperitoneally injected SeCl 4 into L-PGDS and H-PGDS knockout (KO), and their wild-type (WT) mice.
T1889 895056-895274 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings indicate that PGD 2 plays an essential role in the maintenance of the sleep state under physiological conditions, and L-PGDS is a key enzyme for the production of PGD 2 involved in sleep-wake regulation.
T1890 895772-895921 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that H 1 R is involved in the regulation of behavioral state transitions from NREM sleep to wakefulness (Huang et al., 2006) .
T1891 897107-897251 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the most of the light responsive SCN neurons are driven by any inputs independent of the high sensitive optic fibers.
T1892 897453-897655 Epistemic_statement denotes SCN neurons generate circadian rhythms in action potential firings and neurotransmitter releases, and the core oscillation is thought to be driven by clock gene transcription-translation feedback loops.
T1893 897753-897930 Epistemic_statement denotes Since cytosolic Ca 2+ regulates diverse cellular systems, we have hypothesized that the cytosolic Ca 2+ rhythms may mediate the cellular output from the clock gene oscillations.
T1894 898785-898890 Epistemic_statement denotes Carbachol, a cholinergic agent, can induce ␤ oscillation in rat hippocampal slices like ␤ rhythm in vivo.
T1895 899490-899615 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the application of adrenaline will increase the frequency of hippocampal ␤ rhythm via ␣2 receptor.
T1896 899616-899741 Epistemic_statement denotes Attractor dynamics of recurrent neural network are believed to play an important role in information processing in the brain.
T1897 899984-900172 Epistemic_statement denotes It was found that number of spikes during twosite (pairing) stimuli is fewer than the total number of spikes during the single-site stimuli, suggesting synaptic interaction in the network.
T1898 900527-900641 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest the pairing stimuli would change attractor dynamics of the neural network in the CA3 region.
T1899 900891-901072 Epistemic_statement denotes Sci., Kyoto, Japan By insertion of a stainless-steel monopolar electrode to the head of planarian, continuous waveform of electrical potential could be first observed in microvolts.
T1900 901073-901198 Epistemic_statement denotes The frequency spectrum showed an almost monotonously decreasing distribution likely as 1/f, ranging from 10 − 1 to 10 + 2 Hz.
T1901 901755-901835 Epistemic_statement denotes However little response to light pulse stimuli was observed on the EEG spectrum.
T1902 902636-902834 Epistemic_statement denotes The results showed the high correlation between EEGPC and HbCC at the location of dorsolateral prefrontal area, both in the period of (i) dominance of alpha-wave and (ii) dominance of sleep spindle.
T1903 903563-903825 Epistemic_statement denotes Fasted Jvs −/− mice had fewer c-Fos + orexin neurons in their lateral hypothalamus and a reduced orexin-A content in their CSF, suggesting that the fasted Jvs −/− mice exhibited reduced LA and fragmented of wakefulness due to suppressed orexin neuronal activity.
T1904 904407-904577 Epistemic_statement denotes Applications of orexin depolarized the membrane potential of PPT neurons dose-dependently, and the depolarization was associated with the increase in membrane resistance.
T1905 904818-905088 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the ionic mechanism for orexininduced depolarization includes K + channel, non-selective cation channel and/or Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger, and that orexin participates in the regulation of sleep-wakefulness via the excitatory effect on PPT neurons.
T1906 905335-905529 Epistemic_statement denotes Texas, USA We examined whether the respiratory chemoreceptor reflex in prepro-orexin knockout mice (KO) was blunted or not, and if so, whether supplementation of orexin restored the abnormality.
T1907 905530-905649 Epistemic_statement denotes We also studied whether pharmacological blockade of orexin in the wildtype mice (WT) resulted in a similar abnormality.
T1908 906139-906244 Epistemic_statement denotes Our findings suggest that orexin plays a crucial role for CO2-sensitivity at least during waking periods.
T1909 906786-906868 Epistemic_statement denotes This is possibly due to changes in the biological activity of the TNFalpha system.
T1910 906869-907021 Epistemic_statement denotes Besides their important function in sleep regulation during acute immune response, cytokines also seem to be involved in physiological sleep regulation.
T1911 907022-907131 Epistemic_statement denotes Orexins (hypocretins) are recently identified neuropeptides that are derived from a common precursor peptide.
T1912 907132-907338 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent studies suggest that specific degeneration of orexincontaining neurons occurs in brains of human narcolepsy patients, suggesting critical roles of these neurons in the regulation of vigilance states.
T1913 907465-907548 Epistemic_statement denotes These effects might also possibly be involved in the pathophysiology of narcolepsy.
T1914 908653-908811 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that BPA impairs sexual differentiation of medial amygdala neurons which affect emotional responses to the olfactory cues of predators.
T1915 909915-910029 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that 1-BP is the potential candidate of endocrine disruptors which affect brain development.
T1916 910604-910686 Epistemic_statement denotes But the neurotoxcitiy induced by prenatal exposure has not been well investigated.
T1917 910969-911070 Epistemic_statement denotes Offspring, however, exhibited an enhancement of averaged S/R curve of PS in the CA1 at the PND 12-15.
T1918 911168-911320 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that 1-BP causes hyperexcitability in pregnant rats, and disrupts basic excitability in the CA1 of the offspring during development.
T1919 911689-911812 Epistemic_statement denotes Med, Kyoto, Japan Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely distributed xenoestrogen, has been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone function.
T1920 911813-911979 Epistemic_statement denotes We have thus studied whether prenatal exposure to low-doses of BPA affects morphology and the expression of thyroid hormone-dependent genes in murine fetal neocortex.
T1921 913616-913816 Epistemic_statement denotes In the medullary C1/A1 catecholaminergic field, the size of TH-ir neurons was smaller and the quantity of THir fibers were less in prenatally RCS rats, although there were not significant differences.
T1922 913817-913948 Epistemic_statement denotes It was suggested that prenatal RCS impaired development of catecholaminergic neurons, especially noradrenergic neurons of neonates.
T1923 915180-915317 Epistemic_statement denotes The present data suggest that PCP may affect central nervous system development, though stress response was not affected by PCP exposure.
T1924 916195-916519 Epistemic_statement denotes However, plasma corticosterone was elevated in PSY compared with C. These results suggest that the prenatal psychological stress might enhance reactivity to novel environment and depressive behavior induced by forced swim, and chronically elevated level of corticosterone might be involved in this neurobiological substrate.
T1925 917576-917695 Epistemic_statement denotes We suggest that the feeding abnormality may be caused by the stress-induced anxiety mediated by mesocortical DA system.
T1926 917955-918031 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, several studies have implicated NL3 and NL4 in autistic disorders.
T1927 918032-918252 Epistemic_statement denotes NLs have a relative identical structure (∼70%); NL1 and NL2 localize in the glutamatergic excitatory, and inhibitory synapses, respectively, while NL3 seems express in the olfactory glia, but NL4 distribution is unknown.
T1928 918638-918712 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that NL4 is important for neuroendocrine function.
T1929 918879-918941 Epistemic_statement denotes It suggested the unique activity of NL4 for synapse formation.
T1930 919143-919203 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be elucidated.
T1931 919603-919692 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that motopsin affects dendritic spine formation and/or stabilization.
T1932 919769-919973 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently the truncation of motopsin/neurotrypsin gene has been identified in Algerian family in which four out of eight children affected by a severe impairment of cognitive functions with an IQ below 50.
T1933 920305-920452 Epistemic_statement denotes In a social memory test, the KO mice showed significant elongation of sniffing time to an intruder, despite of normal performance of social memory.
T1934 920453-920586 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that the KO mice provide insights into the molecular mechanisms important for development of cognitive functions.
T1935 922031-922216 Epistemic_statement denotes This has been used as an index of impulsive behavior and is known to be susceptible to lesions of brain structures such as the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the nucleus accumbens (NA).
T1936 922217-922372 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown that the BLA and NA are involved in maintaining reward seeking behavior with a secondary reward when a secondary reinforcer is available.
T1937 922373-922554 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, a question arises as to how the behavioral response on the delayed lever is maintained through functions exerted by these structures when no secondary reinforcer is available.
T1938 923488-923603 Epistemic_statement denotes However, fundamental research related to such clinical phenotypes and their underlying mechanisms are little known.
T1939 924514-924686 Epistemic_statement denotes The activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs by glutamate escaping from the synaptic cleft during episodes of high synaptic activity suggests that they may have a different role.
T1940 925002-925127 Epistemic_statement denotes The molecular mechanisms involved are currently under investigation and these new data will be also presented at the meeting.
T1941 925755-925903 Epistemic_statement denotes The specific distribution of corticosteroid receptors in glia may be associated with the differences of MR and GR functions against ischemic damage.
T1942 926014-926124 Epistemic_statement denotes We determined whether treadmill exercise changes cellular expression of caspase-3 and midkine in the MCA area.
T1943 926779-926903 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study showed the exercise after cerebral infarction might have important implication for post-ischemic recovery.
T1944 927950-928200 Epistemic_statement denotes The present findings suggested that Ca 2+ paradox-induced accumulation of Na + in astrocytes was involved in the reperfusion-induced excitotoxic neuronal injury resulting from the reversed operation of astrocytic GLT-1 during the reperfusion episode.
T1945 928201-928459 Epistemic_statement denotes Common genetic mutation in Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) has been associated with missense mutations of Notch3 concerning cysteine residues within the extracellular amino-terminal region.
T1946 928834-929061 Epistemic_statement denotes New mutations had not changed the number of cysteine residues, but coding the extracellular amino-terminal region of the Notch3 receptor which may involve an alteration in the ligand binding or putative dimerisation properties.
T1947 929062-929554 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2A-J177 MCI -186, a radical scavenger, protected cortical neurons from cell death through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3kinase Madinyet Niyaz 1 , Tadahiro Numakawa 2 , Yoshinori Matsuki 1 , Emi Kumamaru 2 , Yuki Yagazaki 2 , Harumi Kitazawa 1 , Hiroshi Kunugi 2 , Motoshige Kudo 1 1 Pathology department of Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; 2 Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
T1948 929555-929664 Epistemic_statement denotes The role of MCI -186, a radical scavenger, in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been fully elucidated.
T1949 930093-930265 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that MCI -186 exerts a protective effect on CNS neurons via enhancing survival-signaling pathways in addition to a role such as a radical scavenger.
T1950 931170-931306 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that EP is effective in the reperfusion period and is more protective when administered before ischemic exposure.
T1951 931307-931386 Epistemic_statement denotes The importance of timing of administration of EP in clinical use was suggested.
T1952 932278-932376 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the cell proliferation in the LV was not affected with the acupoints PC6, Ex-HN3 and Sp6.
T1953 932377-932512 Epistemic_statement denotes The present findings indicate that the sensitivity on cell proliferation in the DG by acupuncture stimulation is higher than in the LV.
T1954 933603-933709 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that isolation rearing increases in exploratory and anxiety-like behaviors in mice.
T1955 933710-934047 Epistemic_statement denotes Tomonori Fujiwara 1 , Tatsuya Mishima 1 , Takefumi Kofuji 2 , Kimio Akagawa 1 1 Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan; 2 Radio Isotope Laboratory, Kyorin University School of Medincine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan HPC-1/syntaxin 1A is believed to regulate the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles.
T1956 934159-934308 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, the null mutant mice revealed normal development and basal synaptic transmission in cultured hippocampal neurons appeared to be normal.
T1957 934309-934442 Epistemic_statement denotes However, in conditioned fear memory test, consolidation of the memory was impaired in homozygous mutant mice but not in heterozygote.
T1958 934443-934543 Epistemic_statement denotes However, once memory consolidation was acquired, the extinction process was disturbed in homozygote.
T1959 934638-934780 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, LI was suppressed both in heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice unlike the case of conventional conditioned fear memory test.
T1960 935941-936255 Epistemic_statement denotes Perfusion with muscimol through the microdialysis probe decreased the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HIAA) concentration in the CA1 area, whereas baclofen perfusion had no effect, suggesting that the GABAergic system may exert to inhibit the serotonin release in the CA1 area through GABA A receptors.
T1961 937285-937463 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that GABAergic neurons in the LGP which project to the PPTg play a crucial role through the activation of GABA B receptors in the PPI of the startle reflex.
T1962 937810-937867 Epistemic_statement denotes The previous study suggests that EP1 modulates DA system.
T1963 938114-938220 Epistemic_statement denotes However, increase of locomotor activity in EP1KO mice was significantly lower than that in wild-type mice.
T1964 938221-938388 Epistemic_statement denotes Because locomotor activity is closely related to dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) signaling, we tested the density of D1R and D1R signaling with phosphorylation of DARPP-32.
T1965 938597-938717 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that PGE 2 has enhancing effects on locomotor activity via EP1 by potentiating the D1R signaling.
T1966 938718-938787 Epistemic_statement denotes Central serotonin (5-HT) function has been implicated in impulsivity.
T1967 938788-939067 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study examined rats with 5-HT depletion by parachloroamphetamine (PCA) in simple and reversal go/no-go visual discrimination tasks, and analyzed the relationships between learning performance and focal concentrations of 5-HT and its metabolites (5-HIAA) in the brain.
T1968 939068-939250 Epistemic_statement denotes For both tasks, significant negative correlations between learning performance and 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations were observed in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.
T1969 939433-939526 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest the regional difference of 5-HT roles on selective indices of impulsivity.
T1970 939860-940015 Epistemic_statement denotes However, in a considerable number of transplant recipients, cyclosporine causes neuropsychological side effects such as confusion, depression, and anxiety.
T1971 940146-940253 Epistemic_statement denotes It is thus possible that cyclosporine causes psychological side effects via disturbing social interactions.
T1972 940625-940738 Epistemic_statement denotes All these data suggest that impaired social interaction is a cause of psychological side effects of cyclosporine.
T1973 942198-942304 Epistemic_statement denotes However, neurons in the rostral half of spinal vestibular nucleus were activated only by utricular inputs.
T1974 942543-942823 Epistemic_statement denotes To determine whether perineuronal nets (PN) within the vestibular nuclei contribute to plasticity of central connectivity, we studied the presentation of PN within the vestibular nuclei during development (rats, P1 to adult) and after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) in the adult.
T1975 943790-944040 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, our findings indicate PN changes that suggest possible correlation with vestibular nuclear neuronal function both during postnatal development of normal rats as well as in adult rats following destruction of the ipsilateral inner ear.
T1976 946367-946428 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggests a presynaptic effect of Scrapper protein.
T1977 946831-946989 Epistemic_statement denotes A weak sustained depolarization (e.g., 10 mV, 1 s) of calyceal nerve terminal potentiated EPSCs despite that it diminished presynaptic action potential (a.p.)
T1978 947457-947627 Epistemic_statement denotes We conclude that the P/Q-type specific Ca 2+ channel facilitation plays an essential role in the facilitation of transmitter release following presynaptic depolarization.
T1979 947628-948169 Epistemic_statement denotes Hiroshi Takagi 1 , Koji Ikegami 1 , Ken Hatanaka 1,2,3 , Yoko Fujiwara-Tsukamoto 1 , Mineo Matsumoto 1 , Ikuko Yao 1 , Mitsutoshi Setou 1,2,4 1 Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, Japan; 2 PRESTO, Japan; 3 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan; 4 Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Japan A variety of post-translational modifications to the exposed Cterminal tails of tubulin, such as detyrosination/tyrosination, polyglycylation and polyglutamylation would play a crucial role in the neuron.
T1980 948170-948314 Epistemic_statement denotes However, evidence for the implication of these modifications in regulating the translocation of channels and receptors is currently unavailable.
T1981 948315-948507 Epistemic_statement denotes Of the modifications, polyglutamylation is highly abundant in the mammalian brain, thus, this modification might account for the translocation of channels and receptors in the mammalian brain.
T1982 949207-949337 Epistemic_statement denotes This type of response is produced by the activation of trimeric G-protein sensitive to cholera toxin (CTX) as previously reported.
T1983 949539-949684 Epistemic_statement denotes Intracellular application of Clostridium botulinum exoenzyme C3, a specific toxin to RhoA-C, also depressed the DA-induced response irreversibly.
T1984 949888-950012 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the DA-induced Na + -current response may be regulated by the activation of Rho family G-protein.
T1985 950013-950090 Epistemic_statement denotes The ␦2 glutamate receptor (␦2R) plays a crucial role in cerebellar functions.
T1986 950091-950283 Epistemic_statement denotes Although ␦2R has a putative channel pore domain, and ␦2R displayed Ca 2+ -permeable channel activities in lurcher mutant mice, it has been unclear whether wild-type ␦2R functions as a channel.
T1987 950451-950619 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, a mutant ␦2R transgene, as well as a wild-type transgene, rescued all abnormal phenotypes of ␦2 −/− mice, such as ataxia and loss of long-term depression.
T1988 950620-950807 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that Ca 2+ influx through ␦2R is not required for its function in the cerebellum in vivo, and that wild-type ␦2R may not function as a Ca 2+ -permeable ion channel.
T1989 952575-952691 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown that the synaptic transmission at both RG and CG synapses is mediated via AMPA and NMDA receptors.
T1990 952692-952799 Epistemic_statement denotes However, how AMPA and NMDA receptors are expressed in these two types of synapses have not been elucidated.
T1991 954167-954371 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, CGP55845 enlarged the amplitude of fast IPSCs, but not of EPSCs, that were evoked during the repetitive stimulation, suggesting an involvement of presynaptic GABA B receptors in GABA release.
T1992 954372-954507 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that synaptically released GABA and glutamate can evoke GABA B receptor-and mGluR1-mediated responses in the GP.
T1993 954873-954948 Epistemic_statement denotes Neurosci., Tokyo, Japan; 2 Neural Circuit Theory, RIKEN BSI, Saitama, Japan
T1994 954949-955114 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously shown that neuronal synchronization is achieved by excitatory GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs during a hippocampal seizure-like afterdischarge.
T1995 955115-955257 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it still remains unclear how the GABA response is converted from inhibitory to excitatory in the process of afterdischarge induction.
T1996 955258-955489 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we traced the time-course of amplitude and reversal potential of GABAergic transmission in pyramidal cells and interneurons entraining the afterdischarge, and examined influence of glutamate on the conversion of GABA response.
T1997 955490-955598 Epistemic_statement denotes The GABA reversal potential in pyramidal cells rose to spike-threshold levels for >20 s after the induction.
T1998 955857-955960 Epistemic_statement denotes The results show GABA and glutamate may cooperatively induce as well as maintain seizure-like activity.
T1999 956837-957049 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that GABA released from inhibitory interneurons and GABA A receptors on mossy fibers contribute to activity-dependent facilitation of the excitatory synaptic transmission during development.
T2000 957518-957644 Epistemic_statement denotes In immature LSO neurons postsynaptic GABA B R could activate K + channels, but this effect ceased by the third postnatal week.
T2001 958126-958216 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, GABA B receptor seems to play an important role in development of synaptic property.
T2002 958601-958833 Epistemic_statement denotes Labelings for these subunits were accumulated over clusters of intramembrane particles (IMP) on the protoplasmic face (P-face) of the plasma membrane, indicating that many IMP clusters of a certain size represent GABAergic synapses.
T2003 959071-959210 Epistemic_statement denotes In the cerebellar cortex, the effects of ␣-adrenoceptor activation on inhibitory synaptic transmissions have not yet been fully understood.
T2004 959749-960047 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that noradrenaline enhances inhibitory neurotransmitter release via ␣ 1 -adrenoceptors, which were expressed in presynaptic terminals and somatodendritic domains, whereas suppresses the excitability of INs via ␣ 2 -adrenoceptors, which were located in the presynaptic IN soma.
T2005 960658-960817 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the relationship between cerebellar LTD and constitutive AMPAR internalization in parallel fiber (PF)-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses remains unclarified.
T2006 960818-961250 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we demonstrated that tetanus toxin (TeTx, a blocker of exocytosis mediated by VAMP) infusion into PCs caused the rundown of PF-EPSC amplitude through the constitutive AMPAR internalization, and then addressed question whether intracellular signals involved in cerebellar LTD induction modify the constitutive AMPAR internalization at PF-PC synapses using electrophysiological and immunocytochemical techniques.
T2007 961251-961501 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that the regulation of actin polymerization is involved in the surface expression of AMPARs and the surface expressing AMPARs are constitutively internalized depending on both basal PKC and MEK-ERK1/2 activities at PF-PC synapses.
T2008 962448-962653 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that GLAST is essential for complete ensheathment of PC synapses and for the establishment of CF mono-innervation by suppressing local ectopic innervation between nearby PC dendrites.
T2009 963325-963426 Epistemic_statement denotes In some mutant PCs, a considerable part of the proximal dendrites lost association with CF terminals.
T2010 963717-963883 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that PKC␥ is crucial for strengthening innervation by a main CF and elimination of surplus CFs from proximal somatodendritc compartments of PCs.
T2011 965100-965216 Epistemic_statement denotes Bai-Chuang Shyu, Chia-Ming Lee, Wei-Chih Chang Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
T2012 965217-965426 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of the present study was to investigate synaptic transmission and organization of thalamus evoked activities in the Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) using a novel mouse brain slice preparation protocol.
T2013 966695-966936 Epistemic_statement denotes Such frequency filtering of the synaptic transmissions from the solitary tract (TS) to neurons in the SC depends on their short-term plasticity as evidenced by strong correlation between frequency-dependence and the paired-pulse ratio (PPR).
T2014 967377-967534 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the synaptic frequency filtering in the SC is under distinct control depending on the function of the postsynaptic target systems.
T2015 968247-968377 Epistemic_statement denotes Non-NMDA component of MSRs was eliminated completely at 1/s, but appeared in constant amplitudes in the presence of cyclothiazide.
T2016 968620-968764 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, incompleteness of transmitter release mechanisms could not be solely attributed to the feature of immature synaptic transmission.
T2017 970210-970248 Epistemic_statement denotes of Pharm., Tokyo, Japan; 3 JSPS, Japan
T2018 970249-970522 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to understand the mechanism how sensory information is transmitted to the brain, it is indispensable to identify the functional roles of already-identified molecules related to synaptic transmission between the afferent fibers and the central second-order neurons.
T2019 971134-971282 Epistemic_statement denotes This technique might enable to analyze the function of specific molecules in the transmitter release from the sensory afferent termini in the brain.
T2020 971609-971700 Epistemic_statement denotes Very little is known about connectivity of these cells with cells in other cortical layers.
T2021 972207-972371 Epistemic_statement denotes The presence of convergent excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs from multiple cortical layers suggests that the computations in layer 1 are highly integrative.
T2022 972731-972865 Epistemic_statement denotes A-P-1/Es-1 of these neurons respond to light with a depolarizing receptor potential, whereas light hyperpolarizes the other Ip-1/Ip-2.
T2023 973850-973940 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the details of ITD processing are well investigated, not much is known about ILD.
T2024 973941-974061 Epistemic_statement denotes In the barn owl, it is proposed that ILD is calculated in LLDp (posterior part of the dorsal lateral lemniscal nucleus).
T2025 974613-974743 Epistemic_statement denotes To understand the functional organization of the CNS, it is essential to know how sensory information is processed within the CNS.
T2026 975514-975738 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that the olfactory pathway is functionally generated at early stages of development when neural networks related to other visceral and general somatic sensory inputs are also in the process of developing.
T2027 976964-977431 Epistemic_statement denotes Akiyoshi Shimada 1 , Nyberg Tobias 1 , Nahoko Kasai 1 , Yuriko Furukawa 2 , Keiichi Torimitsu 1,2 , Kunihiko Obata 3 , Yuchio Yanagawa 2,4 , Tadaharu Tsumoto 2,3 1 NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan; 2 SORST, JST, Saitama, Japan; 3 Neuronal Circuit Mechanisms Research Group, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; 4 Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
T2028 977432-977574 Epistemic_statement denotes In the immature stage of cerebral cortex, GABA A receptor activation depolarizes rather than hyperpolarizes the membrane potential of neurons.
T2029 978017-978159 Epistemic_statement denotes These results and an additional analysis suggest that a portion of the spontaneous activity emerged through an activation of GABA A receptors.
T2030 979792-979938 Epistemic_statement denotes The synchronized Ca 2+ oscillations are primarily controlled by glutamate receptor activation, but may be modulated by a variety of other factors.
T2031 980439-980568 Epistemic_statement denotes Data will be presented on the P2 receptor mediated regulation of synchronized Ca 2+ oscillations in cultured hippocampal neurons.
T2032 980569-980799 Epistemic_statement denotes Mahomi Kuroiwa, Akinori Nishi Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan Presence of additional D1-like dopamine receptors that selectively couple to Gq/phospholipase C (PLC) has been proposed.
T2033 981776-982158 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2P-C033 Thiamylal may more effectively reduce neuronal excitability in cerebral cortex than that in hippocampus Naoshi Fujiwara Division of Medical Technology, Niigata University School of Health Sciences, Japan Effects of thiamylal (a barbital derivative anesthetic) on excitation propagation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were analyzed using membrane potential imaging.
T2034 982937-983051 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that thiamylal more effectively reduce neuronal excitation in cortex than that in hippocampus.
T2035 984229-984367 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest an important role of BDNF in the regulation of AMPAR trafficking by spatial and temporal Ca 2+ signaling regulation.
T2036 984718-984840 Epistemic_statement denotes Eng., Osaka, Japan Activation of Akt-mediated signaling pathways is crucial for injured neurons to survive and regenerate.
T2037 985530-985678 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that peripherin is a novel substrate for Akt in vivo and that its phosphorylation may play a role in motor nerve regeneration.
T2038 985807-985910 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is unclear whether T1 regulates the downstream of Rho signaling and the actin cytoskeleton.
T2039 986447-986541 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that T1 regulates the Rho signaling pathways and the actin cytoskeleton.
T2040 986794-986943 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown that STAT activated cellular transformation, occurs through transcription regulation of specific genes like c-Myc, Cyclin D1, Bcl2.
T2041 987320-987448 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, MAPK-erk, which is also known to activate CD1 in other systems, had no effect on the CD1 level in neuronal cells.
T2042 987551-987644 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus it appears that JAK/STAT is activated by PI3K, which in turn upregulates CyclinD1 level.
T2043 988344-988423 Epistemic_statement denotes But, the mechanism how GAL-1/Ox stimulates macrophages remains to be clarified.
T2044 988724-988876 Epistemic_statement denotes However, those of GDNF, NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4, IGF-I, and IGF-II scarcely detected in control condition were not changed by the application of GAL-1/Ox.
T2045 988877-989097 Epistemic_statement denotes Since IL -6, IL-1, and LIF can promote axonal regeneration in the in vitro axonal regeneration model, the up-regulation of these cytokines by the treatment with GAL-1/OX may enhance nerve regeneration after nerve injury.
T2046 989173-989265 Epistemic_statement denotes of Agriculture, Japan ␣CaMKII has been known to play essential roles in synaptic plasticity.
T2047 989647-989873 Epistemic_statement denotes In Hela cells, increase in Ca 2+ level induces continuous interaction between ␣CaMKII and CaM and conformational change of ␣CaMKII, indicating that the conformational change of ␣CaMKII mainly reflects the interaction with CaM.
T2048 989874-990220 Epistemic_statement denotes In SH-SY5Y cells, the increase in Ca 2+ level induces only transient interaction between ␣CaMKII and CaM but the conformational change of ␣CaMKII is maintained following the termination of the interaction with CaM, suggesting that conformational change of ␣CaMKII is induced by the interaction with CaM and then maintained by autophosphorylation.
T2049 990387-990615 Epistemic_statement denotes Sci., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is highly expressed in brain including dopaminergic neurons, however, the role of CaMKII in the dopaminergic neurons remains to be unclear.
T2050 993845-993949 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest the participation of annexin VI in the membrane cycling at the presynaptic region.
T2051 993950-994283 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2P-D043 Generation of dominant negative mutants of transcription factor CREST Takuzou Simo, Kenichi Kato, Hiroshi Hosoda, Satoshi Kida Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan Transcription factor calcium-responsive transactivator (CREST) has been shown to be required for dendritic growth of neuron.
T2052 994284-994523 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous studies have shown that CREST contains two functional domains; multifunctional domain (MFD; aa251∼322) required for transactivation, nuclear localization and homodimerization and C-terminal transactivation domain (CTD; aa238∼402).
T2053 995518-995640 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we determined the entire sequence of a partially identified cDNA (mKIAA0522) encoding a novel Sec 7 domain.
T2054 995722-995806 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, it contained a type I PDZ domain-binding motif at its Cterminal tail.
T2055 996191-996344 Epistemic_statement denotes Our present findings suggested that IQ-ArfGEF may play important roles in dendrites through activation of ARF6 and interaction with various PDZ proteins.
T2056 997247-997391 Epistemic_statement denotes In adults, JSAP1 was distributed in spines, dendrites, perikarya, and axons of various neurons, and often associated with sER and cell membrane.
T2057 997392-997544 Epistemic_statement denotes This wide spatiotemporal expression suggests its fundamental role in mediating external stimuli to JNK MAPK pathway and other intracellular machineries.
T2058 997950-998182 Epistemic_statement denotes By immunoblot analysis, we found that the immunoreactive bands for DGK␤, -␥ and -were detected in the light membrane/microsome enriched fraction of rat brains, suggesting that these isozymes localize to the internal membrane system.
T2059 998461-998647 Epistemic_statement denotes These data show that DGK isozymes localize differentially to the internal membrane system in neurons, suggesting that DGK isozymes play unique roles in distinct internal membrane system.
T2060 1000306-1000428 Epistemic_statement denotes However it is difficult to explain the relationship between the onset of the schizophrenia and only single genetic factor.
T2061 1000522-1000640 Epistemic_statement denotes Although little attention has been paid to the importance of both factors for the schizophrenia in the nervous system.
T2062 1000878-1000992 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, we further examine that these interactions regulate the expression level of particular genes in the neurons.
T2063 1001709-1001798 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is under investigation about the integration of chemical and thermal stimuli.
T2064 1002242-1002493 Epistemic_statement denotes Takashi Takekawa 1 , Masaki Nomura 2,3 , Toshio Aoyagi 2 , Tomoki Fukai 1 1 RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan; 2 Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; 3 CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
T2065 1002494-1002666 Epistemic_statement denotes The neuron model proposed by Izhikevich can exhibit a variety of firing patterns of cortical neurons and gives an efficient mean to conduct large-scale network simulations.
T2066 1002667-1002821 Epistemic_statement denotes However, simplified models may lose essential properties of real neurons, and hence their properties must be compared with those of more realistic models.
T2067 1002822-1003014 Epistemic_statement denotes In fact, our previous studies have shown that two neuron models with almost identical membrane potential profiles sometimes have quite different phase responses and synchronization properties.
T2068 1003225-1003340 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, its synchronization properties are consistent with those of realistic models in other firing patterns.
T2069 1003341-1003477 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, we may conclude that the model with tuned parameters is suitable for simulating the dynamic behavior of large-scale networks.
T2070 1003478-1003621 Epistemic_statement denotes Honghai Cui, Hirotaka Sakamoto, Mitsuhiro Kawata Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
T2071 1003622-1003724 Epistemic_statement denotes The amygdala plays a critical role in stress responses, especially for modulation of anxiety and fear.
T2072 1004236-1004389 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that SPS-induced structural plasticity of the BLA provides a cellular substrate for affective disorders that are triggered in PTSD.
T2073 1004991-1005175 Epistemic_statement denotes Although recent studies have revealed general principles in the primary projections, it has been largely unknown how the secondary projections from the olfactory bulbs are constructed.
T2074 1005430-1005591 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2P-D053 An essential role for CLICK-III/CaMKI␥ in regulation of neurite extension Natsumi Ishihara, Sayaka Takemoto-Kimura, Hiroyuki Okuno, Haruhiko Bito Dept.
T2075 1006229-1006365 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, CLICK-III localization in membrane fractions was regulated via sequential lipidification in an activity-dependent manner.
T2076 1006495-1006601 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results thus indicate a novel role of CLICK-III in activity-dependent neurite formation and extension.
T2077 1007577-1007708 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that ephrin-A5, Sema7a and kit ligand may contribute to regulating TC axonal growth in the developing cortex.
T2078 1008626-1008792 Epistemic_statement denotes Within the forebrain, sema3A was absent in the restricted region of the medial forebrain where GnRH neurons migrated in association with a subset of olfactory fibers.
T2079 1008931-1009072 Epistemic_statement denotes Many GnRH neurons expressed sema3A receptor neuropilin-1, suggesting that sema3A may act as a repellent during the migration of GnRH neurons.
T2080 1009594-1009747 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent studies have implicated Notch signal as a candidate for such a contact-dependent regulator of dendrite patterning in postmitotic cortical neurons.
T2081 1010321-1010443 Epistemic_statement denotes Because the binding of Reelin to ApoER2/VLDLR induces Dab1 phosphorylation, Dab1 is a critical component of Reelin signal.
T2082 1010444-1010574 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent studies suggested that Reelin signal is involved not only in neuronal migration but in other aspects of neural development.
T2083 1010575-1010671 Epistemic_statement denotes We investigated a possible function of the Reelin signal in the filopodia and neurite formation.
T2084 1010775-1010906 Epistemic_statement denotes PP2 suppressed effects of Reelin and BDNF on filopodia formation, suggesting that both signal pathways involve Src kinase function.
T2085 1010907-1011027 Epistemic_statement denotes In spite of these similarities of Reelin and BDNF functions in the filopodia formation, BDNF did not phosphorylate Dab1.
T2086 1011157-1011261 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the filopodia and neurite formation involves the Reelin-Dab1 signal pathways.
T2087 1012037-1012138 Epistemic_statement denotes Neonatal enucleation did not affect the development, suggesting no apparent role of retinal activity.
T2088 1012379-1012480 Epistemic_statement denotes Results suggest that certain stages of callosal axon development require neuronal activity in cortex.
T2089 1013515-1013601 Epistemic_statement denotes NPLP has a large extracellular domain that may interact with other membrane molecules.
T2090 1013672-1013771 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that NPLP plays an important role in the regeneration of injured motor neurons.
T2091 1014119-1014322 Epistemic_statement denotes In mammalian CNS we identified two members, Msi1 and Msi2, which are co-expressed in neural precursor cells including neural stem cells, suggesting Msi proteins regulate the immaturity of CNS stem cells.
T2092 1015018-1015282 Epistemic_statement denotes Youhei Koshimizu 1 , Satoshi Yamagoe 2 , Kazuo Suzuki 2 , Michiko Ohtomi 1 1 Department of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan; 2 Department of Bioactive Molecules, National Institute of Infections Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
T2093 1015283-1015499 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously suggested that LECT2 (leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2) is expressed in neurons and may play a role in the regulation of both dendritic extension and morphology of astrocytes in the mouse brain.
T2094 1015500-1015573 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the mechanisms of these regulations have not yet been clarified.
T2095 1016023-1016165 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest the possibility that LECT2 influences the extension of dendrites and axons from the early stage of neuritic development.
T2096 1016166-1016271 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, it is thought that LECT2 may regulate the dendritic and axonal morphology in mature neurons.
T2097 1017592-1017712 Epistemic_statement denotes Ayumi Kyuka, Ryoichi Yoshimura, Yasuhisa Endo Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
T2098 1017713-1017868 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to investigate the relationship between neurite outgrowth and target cells, NG108 cells were co-cultured with vascular smooth muscle cells (SM-3).
T2099 1018156-1018256 Epistemic_statement denotes Sema3A, a candidate of ligands for neuropilin-1, was found in NG108 cells rather than in SM-3 cells.
T2100 1018443-1018597 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that neuropilin-1 may be transferred from cytoplasmic pool to surface of NG108 cells by some soluble factors released by SM-3 cells.
T2101 1019761-1019889 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that the timing and direction of neurite outgrowth can be controlled with this functional culture system.
T2102 1020106-1020220 Epistemic_statement denotes Toca-1 was shown to be required for Cdc42 to activate N-WASP in vitro, although its physiological role is unknown.
T2103 1020563-1020717 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, knockdown of N-WASP also enhances neurite elongation in PC12 cells, in clear contrast to the previous report using dominant negative mutants.
T2104 1020913-1021051 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that a vesicle trafficking regulating protein Toca-1 regulates different aspects of neuronal morphology from N-WASP.
T2105 1021335-1021445 Epistemic_statement denotes Although Rnd1 and Rnd3 display an antagonistic action for RhoA, signaling pathways of Rnd2 are not well known.
T2106 1022160-1022274 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, these results suggest that Rnd2 controls neurite outgrowth by regulating RhoA activity through Pragmin.
T2107 1022924-1023000 Epistemic_statement denotes The local functions of CRMP-2 within growth cones, however, remains unclear.
T2108 1023001-1023139 Epistemic_statement denotes Chromophoreassisted laser inactivation (CALI) that can inactivate selectively a target protein with high spatial and temporal resolutions.
T2109 1023432-1023588 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that a spatial distribution of CRMP-2 activity within the growth cone can regulate growth cone motility and direct neurite outgrowth.
T2110 1024117-1024365 Epistemic_statement denotes Eph receptors are activated by autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues upon the binding of their ligands, ephrins, however, the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) responsible for the negative regulation of Eph receptors have not been elucidated.
T2111 1024535-1024731 Epistemic_statement denotes Using the retinotectal projection system, we show that Ptpro controls the sensitivity of retinal axons to ephrins, and thereby plays a crucial role in the establishment of topographic projections.
T2112 1025488-1025616 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, understanding of the molecular mechanisms of RGMa may be useful for developing methods to overcome the inhibitory signals.
T2113 1025932-1026066 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we examine how LPA 3 , third LPA receptor subtype, is involved in neuronal development by using pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells.
T2114 1026392-1026515 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the mean length of neurites was increased in PC12 cells expressing LPA3, compared with that in control PC12 cells.
T2115 1026516-1026620 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, multiple neurite sprouts were frequently observed in LPA-treated LPA 3 -expressing cells.
T2116 1026722-1026809 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicated that LPA 3 was involved in neuritogenesis and branch formation.
T2117 1027213-1027392 Epistemic_statement denotes In an attempt to address the question of how these glomeruli are stereotypically organized during development, we identified Wnt5 as a regulatory factor for glomerular patterning.
T2118 1027628-1027772 Epistemic_statement denotes In the ALs of drl mutants, however, some glomeruli were located at incorrect positions, with the pattern different from that in the Wnt5 mutant.
T2119 1027773-1027854 Epistemic_statement denotes This and other genetic data suggest that Drl is an antagonist for Wnt5 signaling.
T2120 1027855-1027978 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose that Wnt5 signal transmitted from ORNs to PNs provide one of mechanisms for glomerular patterning in Drosophila.
T2121 1032709-1032919 Epistemic_statement denotes Loss of function and gain of function studies of these clones, whose function are unknown, showed that these clones might be involved in the development of peripheral axons or the formation of neural circuitry.
T2122 1033251-1033400 Epistemic_statement denotes Freshwater planarians can proliferate by fission and decapitation, the anterior piece regenerates a tail, and the posterior piece regenerates a head.
T2123 1033401-1033563 Epistemic_statement denotes The planarian central nerve system (CNS) can be used as a model for studying neural regeneration and understanding how we can rebuild nervous system after injury.
T2124 1033945-1034058 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we will summarize these results and speculate their molecular actions during eye regeneration in planarians.
T2125 1034438-1034623 Epistemic_statement denotes Tokyo, Japan During brain development, a large amount of neural connections once formed undergo elimination, the mechanism and physiological significance of which are poorly understood.
T2126 1034624-1034780 Epistemic_statement denotes We previously showed that elimination of neurites occurs in the nematode C. elegans and that a novel transcription factor MBR-1 is involved in this process.
T2127 1034864-1035021 Epistemic_statement denotes The mbr-1 mutant is defective in odor adaptation, and we therefore hypothesized that neurite elimination is critical for maturation of the olfactory circuit.
T2128 1035022-1035159 Epistemic_statement denotes By executing cell-specific rescue experiments, we suggest that mbr-1 functions in a set of interneurons involved in olfactory processing.
T2129 1035160-1035253 Epistemic_statement denotes We are now examining whether neurite elimination occurs in these neurons using GFP reporters.
T2130 1035254-1035352 Epistemic_statement denotes We expect that our research provides a useful model for genetic dissection of neurite elimination.
T2131 1035934-1036010 Epistemic_statement denotes However, what molecules participate in the axon guidance is largely unknown.
T2132 1036392-1036525 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that Netrin/UNC-6 expressed in vulval precursor cells plays essential roles on axon guidance of the HSN neuron.
T2133 1036888-1037041 Epistemic_statement denotes Although it is well known how the retinal axons project to the tectum, it has not yet been well understood how the tectal axons project to the hindbrain.
T2134 1037581-1037675 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest a neuroanatomical and a molecular basis for the motor map in the tectum.
T2135 1038829-1038947 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that Sema6D repels specific types of the axons and functions in the nervous system development.
T2136 1039394-1039463 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is uncertain how OBCAM is involved in synaptic functions.
T2137 1040049-1040232 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that OBCAM, a spine-specific CAM, is a critical modulator of synaptogenesis and its surface expression is dynamically regulated in response to neuronal activity.
T2138 1041278-1041533 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, we conclude that R-Ras activity is critical for ECM-mediated ␤1 integrin activation and cell migration, and that inactivation of R-Ras by Sema4D/Plexin-B1-mediated R-Ras GAP activity control cell migration by modulating the activity of ␤1 integrins.
T2139 1041912-1042057 Epistemic_statement denotes The molecular features and synaptic localization of the clustered Pcdhs have raised the possibility that they are synaptic recognition molecules.
T2140 1042058-1042196 Epistemic_statement denotes We have demonstrated that overexpressed Pcdh␣ family proteins alone in several cell lines are rarely transported into the plasma membrane.
T2141 1042345-1042673 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we compared the transport properties of a series of the cytoplasmic region truncation mutants and found that truncation mutants lacking 34 or more C-terminal residues were detectable at the cellular surface suggesting a role for lysine-rich motif in the C-terminus of Pcdh␣s in the intracellular retention.
T2142 1042928-1043229 Epistemic_statement denotes Between E15.5 and late P0, stages that span the generation and radial migration of layer 2/3 neurons, MDGA is expressed in patterns consistent with its expression by migrating layer 2/3 neurons, suggesting a role for MDGA1 in controlling their migration and settling in the superficial cortical plate.
T2143 1043770-1043866 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is not clear whether and how activated microglia affect neurons via direct contacts.
T2144 1043867-1044135 Epistemic_statement denotes This study aimed at examining whether direct contacts between microglia and hippocampal neurons increase following CNS injury and whether telencephalin (TLCN), a dendrite specific adhesion molecule, which potentially binds to immune cells, mediates the direct contact.
T2145 1044431-1044543 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest the importance of direct contacts for the immune response of microglia to injured neurons.
T2146 1044544-1044690 Epistemic_statement denotes Similar contact formation was also observed in TLCN-deficient mice, indicating that the direct contacts are mediated by other molecules than TLCN.
T2147 1045382-1045492 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that Kilon is axonal cell adhesion molecule to control axonal guidance and/or extension.
T2148 1046601-1046743 Epistemic_statement denotes They displayed obvious abnormalities in Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests, suggesting that NGC is involved in learning and memory.
T2149 1047967-1048119 Epistemic_statement denotes The present results suggest that the descending modulation system was impaired in the aged rats, resulting in the abnormal pain sensation advancing age.
T2150 1048619-1048863 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we examined whether the newest member of the MAPK family of proteins, ERK5 (also known as big MAPK 1 or BMK1) is activated in the DRG and participate in pain-related behaviors in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) model.
T2151 1049178-1049289 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data suggest that activation of ERK5 in DRG neurons may contribute to the development of inflammatory pain.
T2152 1049917-1050069 Epistemic_statement denotes However, there has been no study examining ERK5 (also known as big MAPK 1 or BMK1) activation in DRG neurons after noxious stimulation of normal tissue.
T2153 1050395-1050511 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data suggest that activation of ERK5 in DRG neurons may contribute to acute pain induced by noxious stimulation.
T2154 1050899-1051157 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we examined whether the newest member of the MAPK family of proteins, ERK5 (also known as big MAPK 1 or BMK1) is activated in the DRG and spinal cord and participate in pain-related behaviors in the L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model.
T2155 1051421-1051543 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data suggest that activation of ERK5 in the DRG and spinal cord may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain.
T2156 1051544-1051852 Epistemic_statement denotes Atsushi Sakai 1 , Minoru Asada 1 , Naoki Seno 2 , Hidenori Suzuki 1 1 Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan; 2 Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Shizuoka, Japan Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been known to alleviate the neuropathic pain.
T2157 1051853-1051924 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the mechanisms of GDNFinduced analgesia remain almost unclear.
T2158 1052542-1052661 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that activation of NCAM signaling may provide a new strategy to relieve intractable chronic pain.
T2159 1052953-1052965 Epistemic_statement denotes Univ., Japan
T2160 1052966-1053181 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study was investigated whether activation of satellite glial cells modulates the excitability of trigeminal root ganglion (TRG) neuronal activity via the IL-1␤ paracrine mechanism following inflammation.
T2161 1053792-1053979 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that activation of TRG satellite glial cells modulates the excitability of TRG neuronal activity via the IL-1␤ paracrine mechanism following peripheral inflammation.
T2162 1055002-1055216 Epistemic_statement denotes The present results suggest that Ik, IA and Ih currents are involved in abnormal firing of TRG neurons in the rats with ION-CCI, resulting in neuropathic pain in trigeminal region following peripheral nerve injury.
T2163 1055217-1055504 Epistemic_statement denotes Hisako Urai, Munehiro Uda, Katsuya Kami Graduate Schools of Sport and Exercise Science, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan Mechanical hyperalgesia of skeletal muscles has been known to occur following intense eccentric contraction such as downhill running (DHR).
T2164 1055659-1055789 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, we investigated whether glial cells are activated in dorsal horn with excitation of secondary afferent neurons (SAN).
T2165 1056260-1056419 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that DHR generates mechanical hyperalgesia by increasing responsiveness of SAN, and moreover astrocytes may regulate excitability of SAN.
T2166 1056631-1056817 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study examined relationship between production of inflammatory cytokines in skeletal muscles and Fospositive neurons in spinal dorsal horn following downhill running in rats.
T2167 1057458-1057607 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicated that increased numbers of Fos-positive neurons in dorsal horn are induced prior to vigorous inflammation of skeletal muscles.
T2168 1058092-1058236 Epistemic_statement denotes We examined if there exist the diabetic rat (DM)-specific difference in nociceptive behavioral and c-Fos immunoreactivity (IR) by formalin test.
T2169 1058573-1058697 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that DM induced greater PRB and c-Fos expression following formalin injection into the rat upper lip.
T2170 1059354-1059454 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the pretreatment with a specific inhibitor of PKA, H-89 (1 M) restored the second response.
T2171 1059642-1059782 Epistemic_statement denotes It is likely that BK increases the level of intracellular cAMP, and thus activates PKA, resulting in the desensitization of the BK response.
T2172 1059783-1059903 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the desensitization of BKinduced increase in [Ca 2+ ] i was at least in part mediated by PKA.
T2173 1061091-1061216 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that peripheral 5HT2A and 5HT3/Rs play critical roles in mediating MM nociception during TMJ inflammation.
T2174 1062037-1062204 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that 5-HT inhibits excitatory neurons and excites inhibitory neurons in the SG through activation of 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 3 receptors, respectively.
T2175 1062205-1062417 Epistemic_statement denotes The reciprocal postsynaptic actions of 5-HT on SG neurons in addition to presynaptic inhibitory effects on primary afferents might play an important role in descending control of nociceptive transmission by 5-HT.
T2176 1062820-1062888 Epistemic_statement denotes However, A␤ fiber-evoked EPSCs were slightly inhibited in amplitude.
T2177 1063069-1063174 Epistemic_statement denotes However, IC 50 of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine on A␦ and C neurons were lower than that on A␤ neurons.
T2178 1063175-1063383 Epistemic_statement denotes The present results suggest that pure S (−) enantiomers especially levobupivacaine effectively inhibits noxious transmission to the spinal dorsal horn by the blockade of AP conduction through A␦ and C fibers.
T2179 1063639-1063815 Epistemic_statement denotes Fukui, Fukui, Japan NO plays an important role in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in spinal dorsal horn, which is believed to underlie hyperalgesia and allodynia.
T2180 1063816-1064040 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, to elucidate the relationship of NO to LTP, we measured the spatiotemporal distribution of NO signal with the NO-sensitive dye, and neuronal excitation with the voltagesensitive dye, in rat spinal cord slices.
T2181 1065582-1065816 Epistemic_statement denotes It is concluded that PLA 2 activation pre-and postsynaptically enhances glycinergic transmission in SG neurons, possibly not through metabolites of COX and LOX; this action would contribute to a modulation of nociceptive transmission.
T2182 1065817-1066141 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (17500275) PS2P-G105 Presynaptic P2Y 1 receptor-mediated enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the rat spinal dorsal horn Terumasa Nakatsuka, Shugo Koga, Tsugumi Fujita, Tao Liu, Masafumi Kosugi, Eiichi Kumamoto Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
T2183 1066142-1066330 Epistemic_statement denotes Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we examined whether the activation of P2Y receptors can modulate synaptic transmission in dorsal horn (DH) neurons of adult rat spinal cord slices.
T2184 1066834-1067002 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that the activation of presynaptic P2Y 1 receptors enhances inhibitory but not excitatory synaptic transmission in a subpopulation of DH neurons.
T2185 1067003-1067093 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, spinal P2Y 1 receptors can be involved in an inhibitory effect on pain transmission.
T2186 1067456-1067485 Epistemic_statement denotes Med., Saga Univ., Saga, Japan
T2187 1067486-1067675 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously reported that proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-1 but not PAR-2 agonist (each 1 M) enhances glutamatergic excitatory transmission in substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons.
T2188 1068123-1068290 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that the activation of PAR-1s existing in nerve terminals in the SG results in an increase in the spontaneous release of L-glutamate from there.
T2189 1068291-1068454 Epistemic_statement denotes It is suggested that PAR-1 activation in glutamatergic neuron terminals in the SG may be involved in the modulation of nociceptive transmission from the periphery.
T2190 1069663-1069778 Epistemic_statement denotes This effect of M1 would give a cellular basis for the antinociceptive effect of systemically-administered tramadol.
T2191 1070046-1070163 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest peripheral glutamate receptors contribute to nociceptive signaling and neurogenic inflammation.
T2192 1072683-1072768 Epistemic_statement denotes We examined the receptor mechanism underlying this depression of PFC neuron activity.
T2193 1073339-1073409 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that emotional condition modulates pain sensation.
T2194 1073410-1073767 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2P-G111 The Nav1.3 sodium channel pathologically reconfigures the thalamic pain amplifier-generator after spinal cord injury Bryan C. Hains, Stephen G. Waxman Yale University School of Medicine, USA Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces pain-related phenomena associated with the aberrant expression of Nav1.3, a rapidly repriming voltage-gated sodium channel.
T2195 1073768-1073905 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study we hypothesized that, following SCI, neurons in the thalamus undergo similar electrophysiological changes linked to Nav1.3.
T2196 1074438-1074683 Epistemic_statement denotes These results show, for the first time, a change in sodium channel expression within neurons in the thalamus after injury to the spinal cord, and suggest that these changes contribute to altered processing of somatosensory information after SCI.
T2197 1075039-1075139 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the exact cell spectrum that is affected by the toxin has not been thoroughly investigated.
T2198 1076104-1076331 Epistemic_statement denotes Sci., Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan Although microglial P2X4 receptor, a key molecule for the mechanical allodynia, is increased after peripheral nerve injury, the molecular mechanisms underlying its upregulation remain unknown.
T2199 1076679-1076897 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, intrathecal injection of ATP-stimulated microglia revealed that microglia cultured on fibronectin-coated dishes was more effective in the induction of allodynia than microglia cultured on control dishes.
T2200 1076898-1077110 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, our results suggest that spinal fibronectin is elevated after the peripheral nerve injury and it may be involved in the upregulation of the P2X4 receptor in microglia, leading to neuropathic pain.
T2201 1077527-1077611 Epistemic_statement denotes However it remained whether LPA has direct actions on myelinated Schwann cells (SC).
T2202 1078208-1078352 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, it is suggested that LPA has direct actions on myelinated and unmyelinated SCs to cause demyelination of A-fibers and to uncover C-fibers.
T2203 1079534-1079690 Epistemic_statement denotes All these findings suggest that the down-regulation of gene expression of myelin proteins is through RhoA-ROCK pathway underlying LPA-induced demyelination.
T2204 1080344-1080482 Epistemic_statement denotes The present data demonstrate that the SNI procedure result in severe changes in behavioral responses in whether hyperalgesia or allodynia.
T2205 1080483-1080579 Epistemic_statement denotes Coadministration of both drugs seems to be more effective to alleviate induced neuropathic pain.
T2206 1081572-1081744 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that visceral and somatic noxious stimuli-induced NA release within the BST contributes to the negative affective, but not sensory, component of pain.
T2207 1082669-1082787 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that maternal separation differentially modulates visceral pain sensation in stomach and colon.
T2208 1083440-1083535 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present experiment, we examined whether this hyperalgesia after LEC changes along aging.
T2209 1084064-1084160 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that hyperalgesia occurs in larger areas and lasts longer in aged animals.
T2210 1084161-1084269 Epistemic_statement denotes Tong Liu, Hong P. Wei, Chun Y. Yuan, Ai K. Guo Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
T2211 1084270-1084320 Epistemic_statement denotes Drosophila can display complex courtship behavior.
T2212 1084321-1084501 Epistemic_statement denotes Male-male courtship behavior shown in some fly mutants, but here we report for the first time that the male-male courtship behavior can be induced by disturbance of dopamine level.
T2213 1085068-1085197 Epistemic_statement denotes Our study shows that the high level or low level of dopamine can induce male-male courtship behavior in active or passive manner.
T2214 1086158-1086249 Epistemic_statement denotes These results might be due to the differences between LCAL and DCAL in the embryo toxicity.
T2215 1086250-1086401 Epistemic_statement denotes Yoshihisa Uenoyama, Kenji Takase, Junya Hirata, Hiroko Tsukamura, Kei-ichiro Maeda Laboratory of Reproductive Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
T2216 1086402-1086522 Epistemic_statement denotes The mechanisms underlying the pubertal increase in gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) secretion are poorly understood.
T2217 1086523-1086646 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, metastin was found to stimulate GnRH secretion and mutations of its receptor are associated with lack of puberty.
T2218 1087377-1087456 Epistemic_statement denotes Central metastin may be involved in timing the onset of puberty in female rats.
T2219 1088480-1088665 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that metastin expression increases in the ARC-ME and AVPV before vaginal opening, suggesting that metastin triggers the onset of GnRH/LH secretion in female rats.
T2220 1089592-1089722 Epistemic_statement denotes These waves may represent some of the hippocampal neural activities associated with switch manipulation for getting a food reward.
T2221 1090233-1090429 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, to examine whether d-cycloserine is applicable for the treatment with another type of fear memory, we investigated effects of d-cycloserine on extinction of aversive memory in mice.
T2222 1091036-1091068 Epistemic_statement denotes of Toyama, Japan; 3 CREST, Japan
T2223 1091069-1091277 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate a hippocampal (HF) involvement in the representation of temporal sequence in mice, neural responses were recorded during performance of a conditional delayed stimulus-response association task.
T2224 1091798-1091937 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest a crucial role of the HF in representation of serial events in episodic memory in mice as well as in rats and primates.
T2225 1091938-1092051 Epistemic_statement denotes Further studies will be conducted using genetic modified-mice to clarify the neural substrate in episodic memory.
T2226 1092486-1092589 Epistemic_statement denotes Vesl-1S is thought to play a critical role in the conversion from short-term to long-term memory (LTM).
T2227 1092590-1092713 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study we generated vesl-1S gene-targeting mice (KO) and examined whether Vesl-1S plays a role in the LTM formation.
T2228 1093541-1093674 Epistemic_statement denotes Activin ␤A mRNA increases following L-LTP induction in the hippocampus, suggesting that activin plays a role in the memory formation.
T2229 1094163-1094307 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, fear memory that was once acquired and consolidated tightly could be "erased" by inhibiting the activin function during maintenance phase.
T2230 1094353-1094687 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2P-H129 Sex differences in the effects of chronic estrogen treatment on fear conditioning in C57BL/6J mice Takaaki Ozawa, Mumeko Tsuda, Sonoko Ogawa Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan It has been suggested that estrogen may play a role in the regulation of learning and cognitive functions.
T2231 1094688-1094867 Epistemic_statement denotes Although most of previous studies have focused on elucidating facilitatory effects of estrogen on learning in females, estrogen is also known to affect various behaviors in males.
T2232 1095126-1095337 Epistemic_statement denotes Since it is possible that estrogen may indirectly modify learning by affecting general activity, emotionality and anxiety levels, we tested the mice in open-field and light dark transition paradigms prior to FC.
T2233 1095967-1096127 Epistemic_statement denotes Importantly, previous studies have shown that memory consolidation requires the function of transcription factor CREB whose activation induces c-fos expression.
T2234 1096128-1096291 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we tried to understand molecular mechanisms of consolidation of passive avoidance memory that has been known to be amygdala and hipocampusdependent.
T2235 1096544-1096730 Epistemic_statement denotes More interestingly, we also found this increase in prefrontal cortex, indicating that prefrontal cortex plays critical roles in memory consolidation in light-dark passive avoidance task.
T2236 1097361-1097507 Epistemic_statement denotes As memory retrieval triggers memory extinction and reconsolidation, we investigated whether extinction process is involved in this ethanol effect.
T2237 1097508-1097630 Epistemic_statement denotes Increasing retrieval time did not enhance freezing by ethanol, suggesting that ethanol had no effect on memory extinction.
T2238 1098922-1099137 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that distinct brain areas are activated in response to short or long re-exposure to CS and suggests that amygdala plays crucial roles in the interaction between reconsolidation and extinction.
T2239 1099450-1099651 Epistemic_statement denotes To understand the mechanisms for the regulation of memory stability after the retrieval, we have investigated the relationship between reconsolidation and extinction using contextual fear conditioning.
T2240 1099652-1099831 Epistemic_statement denotes We previously found that memory extinction is associated with regulation of fear memory stability, indicating the interaction between memory reconsolidation and extinction phases.
T2241 1100169-1100310 Epistemic_statement denotes More interestingly, blockade of either CB1 or LVGCCs function prevents the disruption of the original memory by protein synthesis inhibition.
T2242 1100311-1100448 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that CB1 and LVGCCs are required for not only memory extinction but also the destabilization of reactivated memory.
T2243 1100929-1101082 Epistemic_statement denotes This task is thought to allow us to discriminate between reconsolidation and extinction phases at the time point when mice enter dark box from light box.
T2244 1102863-1102960 Epistemic_statement denotes The present observation suggests that thalamostriatal connection is more plastic in patch region.
T2245 1103543-1103639 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, it has not been clarified which thalamic nuclei project to patch compartment.
T2246 1104692-1104850 Epistemic_statement denotes Univ., Japan; 3 CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan Dopamine transmission is thought to be important for rodents to perform operant behaviors such as lever pressing.
T2247 1105587-1105718 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the Acb dopamine system is important for the initiation and control of the operant behaviors in rodents.
T2248 1105938-1106078 Epistemic_statement denotes To understand more fully the functional roles played by area 29, it is essential to clarify the neural circuitry subserving these functions.
T2249 1106624-1106899 Epistemic_statement denotes The results show that the orbital, anterior cingulate, and primary and secondary motor cortices have a different pattern of projections to each subdivision of area 29, suggesting different functional roles played by each subdivision of area 29 in spatial memory and behavior.
T2250 1107091-1107308 Epistemic_statement denotes Univ., Japan It has been shown previously that the dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) selectively respond to a stimulus repeatedly paired with reward stimuli in a classical conditioning paradigm.
T2251 1107309-1107480 Epistemic_statement denotes Since the VTA receives dense projection from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), such response selectivity of VTA neurons may in part be produced by inputs from the mPFC.
T2252 1107481-1107561 Epistemic_statement denotes However, few studies have compared the firing pattern between these two regions.
T2253 1108909-1109115 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the VLPFC plays a role in holding information for object and their order of presentation and the IT receives information for object and their order of presentation from the VLPFC.
T2254 1109116-1109451 Epistemic_statement denotes Masao Yukie, Yasutaka Oosawa Department of Behavioral Physiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Japan Relational memory theory (Eichenbaum et al., 1994) has been proposed from evidence that the hippocampal damage in rats impairs learning of transverse patterning task (A+ versus B−; B+ versus C−; C+ versus A−).
T2255 1109452-1109620 Epistemic_statement denotes Very recent monkey study (Alvarado et al., 2005) demonstrated that lesion of the hippocampus produced a significant impairment in that task and supported such a theory.
T2256 1109621-1109764 Epistemic_statement denotes In our study, however, ischemic damage of the hippocampus has not impaired learning of such a transverse patterning task (Yukie et al., 2005) .
T2257 1109936-1110132 Epistemic_statement denotes Our three monkeys with perirhinal lesions failed to attain a learning criterion within a training limit of 75 sessions in phase 3, although they learned easily the four problems in phases 1 and 2.
T2258 1110133-1110307 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that the perirhinal cortex, but not the hippocampus, is important for learning of transverse patterning task, that is, for formation of relational memory.
T2259 1110438-1110650 Epistemic_statement denotes of Tsukuba Univ., Tsukuba, Japan A recent dopamine D2 receptor study using antisense cDNA showed that D2 receptor in rhinal cortex is crucial for learning associations between visual stimuli and reward schedules.
T2260 1110651-1110891 Epistemic_statement denotes Neuronal responses in the perirhinal cortex differentiate the visual cues only when the cues are associated with the schedule states, while those in area TE are related to physical attributes of the cue independently of the schedule states.
T2261 1111380-1111514 Epistemic_statement denotes The differential localization between area 36 and TE suggests the differential roles of the two areas in associative learning process.
T2262 1112300-1112411 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that there are two distinct neural systems in the retrosplenial-medial temporal network.
T2263 1112928-1113124 Epistemic_statement denotes The result shows that the increase of theta power at F3 and F4 was the highest and suggests that the theta rhythm at F3 and F4 may have a relationship to the process of English rhythm acquisition.
T2264 1113426-1113581 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the change of theta power at frontal areas may be more closely related to the Japanese EFL learners' English rhythm acquisition.
T2265 1114628-1114753 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, performance-based analysis suggested that the right hippocampus is associated with the accuracy of music memory.
T2266 1114842-1114977 Epistemic_statement denotes Sentences describing facts in natural and human science were visually presented, and subjects judged whether they know the fact or not.
T2267 1115077-1115192 Epistemic_statement denotes Positive correlation with the self-evaluated intellectual excitement for known facts and novel facts were analyzed.
T2268 1115193-1115440 Epistemic_statement denotes Significant correlation between cortical activation and self-evaluated intellectual excitement for novel facts was observed in the left and the right parahippocampal gyrus and for known facts was in the left orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus.
T2269 1115441-1115609 Epistemic_statement denotes It suggests the cortical areas related to self-evaluated intellectual excitement are different between getting of novel knowledge and recognition of existing knowledge.
T2270 1116705-1116854 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that this area plays a role in the memory transfer of foreign language words when the learning and retrieval modes are different.
T2271 1117231-1117447 Epistemic_statement denotes The S-cell network of the medicinal leech is a chain of electrically coupled interneurons spanning the nerve cord with distributed sensory input and motor output and is crucial for sensitization of reflex shortening.
T2272 1117557-1117703 Epistemic_statement denotes We tested the hypothesis that the initial burst of impulses from the S-cell in the stimulated segment suppresses initiations in adjacent segments.
T2273 1118065-1118092 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: NIH, U.S.A.
T2274 1118093-1118350 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2P-H150 Sensory/motor modules regulating the development of peer social relationship Mamiko Koshiba 1,2 , Shun Nakamura 2 1 JST, CREST, Japan; 2 NCNP Social intelligence is indispensable for animal's survival and could have evolved to language capability.
T2275 1118822-1118919 Epistemic_statement denotes The chick has a merit of being precocial and unique in higher animal with no need of parent-care.
T2276 1119032-1119285 Epistemic_statement denotes Meanwhile, the behavior study with the chicks deprived not sensory/motor function itself, but only social interaction in auditory, visual, olfactory or tactile system, suggested that vocal communication at least must play a key role for the development.
T2277 1120235-1120364 Epistemic_statement denotes However the pattern of temporal distribution of responses was not changed by the nicotine treatment as well as control condition.
T2278 1120365-1120495 Epistemic_statement denotes It suggests that the nicotine administration affects on the time perception that was reflected by the peak durations of responses.
T2279 1120496-1120987 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2P-I152 The effect of random practice schedule on arbitrary stimulus-response association learning Satoshi Tanaka 1,2 , Ritz Oshio 1,3 , Norihiro Sadato 1,4 , Manabu Honda 5,6 1 NIPS, Okazaki, Japan; 2 JSPS, Tokyo, Japan; 3 Nagoya Univ., Nagoya, Japan; 4 RISTEX, JST, Tokyo, Japan; 5 SORST, JST, Tokyo, Japan; 6 NCNP, Tokyo, Japan Previous studies suggest that randomly ordered practice facilitates retention and transfer of motor skills compared to blocked or regularly ordered practices.
T2280 1120988-1121123 Epistemic_statement denotes It remains unclear, however, whether the advantageous effects of random practice can be expended to cognitive skill learning in humans.
T2281 1121124-1121301 Epistemic_statement denotes We examined the simultaneous learning of multiple arbitrary stimulus-response (S-R) associations under three different practice schedules: blocked, random and regularly ordered.
T2282 1121302-1121511 Epistemic_statement denotes Behavioral data indicate that subjects performing the random practice showed better performance of the retention and transfer of learning compared to those performing the blocked or regularly ordered practice.
T2283 1121512-1121696 Epistemic_statement denotes The present result indicates that random practice schedule is effective also for S-R association learning, which are considered as a bridge between motor control and cognitive control.
T2284 1121697-1121855 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2P-I153 SPORTS rats show increased level of BDNF in the cerebellum, possibly learning and memorizing well Masaki Morishima, Sayuri Hara, Yutaka Nakaya Dept.
T2285 1122104-1122197 Epistemic_statement denotes This study assessed whether SPORTS show increased BDNF levels and better learning and memory.
T2286 1122768-1122997 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that BDNF signaling of SPORTS were activated from TrkB to MAPK and PI3K in the hippocampus and cerebellum, respectively, and that these signaling pathways might play an important role in learning and memory.
T2287 1123165-1123364 Epistemic_statement denotes of Electrical & Electronics Eng., Tokyo, Japan Though a number of experimental results suggest that working memory processes are controlled by the dopaminergic system, its mechanism is still unclear.
T2288 1123627-1123864 Epistemic_statement denotes The computer simulation with this model shows that D1 receptor activation mainly affect working memory activity itself, while D2 receptor activation affect the termination of working memory, being consistent with the experimental result.
T2289 1124150-1124303 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, this kind of simulation shows how dopamine controls working memory by using the synergism of the actions of dopamine, glutamate, and GABA.
T2290 1125796-1125990 Epistemic_statement denotes However, conventional IEG approaches that use immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization allow to detect neurons only shortly after their activation and does not enable genetic manipulations.
T2291 1127869-1128115 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, according to the results obtained in this study, insulin facilitates memory in intact rats but not in diabetic Sex differences in hippocampus-dependent memory formation are well documented, but the mechanisms are poorly understood.
T2292 1128264-1128390 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesized that sex differences in transcriptional regulation may account for the sexual dimorphisms in memory formation.
T2293 1128871-1129030 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, we show that there are malespecific mechanisms to regulate gene transcription that may explain sex differences in hippocampus-dependent memory formation.
T2294 1129731-1129952 Epistemic_statement denotes Frequency of S/N polymorphism was significantly high suggesting that exchange of serine to asparagine at position 167 of protein affects the secondary structure or hydrophobicity of the protein resulting in pathogenicity.
T2295 1130199-1130426 Epistemic_statement denotes Wanida Tripanichkul 1 , Kittisak Sripanichkulchai 2 , David Finkelstein 3 1 Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand; 2 Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; 3 University of Melbourne, Australia
T2296 1130427-1130562 Epistemic_statement denotes Emerging data suggests beneficial effect of estrogen for Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the exact mechanisms implicated remain obscured.
T2297 1130563-1130730 Epistemic_statement denotes Activated glia observed in MPTP mouse model and in PD may participate in the cascade of deleterious events that ultimately leads to dopaminergic nigral neuronal death.
T2298 1130731-1130859 Epistemic_statement denotes Estrogen can modify glial expression of inflammatory mediator, such as cytokines and chemokines implicated in neurodegeneration.
T2299 1130860-1131083 Epistemic_statement denotes To determine whether estrogen-elicited neuroprotection in PD is mediated through glia, adult male C57Bl/6 mice were pretreated with 17beta-estradiol (E2), injected with MPTP on the day 6 and brains were collected on day 11.
T2300 1131305-1131417 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings propose that E2 neuroprotection in MPTP mouse model may mediate through reactive glia inhibition.
T2301 1132348-1132475 Epistemic_statement denotes We could measure increased oxidative stress in the brain of MPTP and perindopril treatment mice using by in vivo ESR technique.
T2302 1132476-1132611 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results provide further evidence that the ACE inhibitor perindopril may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for Parkinsonǐs disease.
T2303 1133141-1133359 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on this notion, an attempt was made to test the hypothesis that parkinsonism may be suppressed by recruitment of calbindin into a subpopulation of nigral dopamine neurons that does not normally contain calbindin.
T2304 1133652-1133866 Epistemic_statement denotes Parkinsonian motor signs, such as muscular rigidity and flexed posture, appeared only on the side ipsilateral to the calbindin recruitment when cumulative doses of MPTP exceeded threshold for their bilateral onset.
T2305 1134859-1135025 Epistemic_statement denotes These suggest that the ␣S toxicity is not expressed in non-dopaminergic neurons but the ␣S-ablating effect of Parkin is exerted in all neurons introduced in primates.
T2306 1135214-1135436 Epistemic_statement denotes We investigated how their rigidity scored by UPDRS was related with ␤-band local field potentials (␤-waves) of the surgical targets in thalamic ventrolateral nucleus (VL) and posteroventral pallidal internal segment (PVP).
T2307 1136115-1136229 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that the pathology of aged parkinsonian rigidity develops beyond the pallido-thalamic pathway.
T2308 1137112-1137367 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that glutamatergic excitatory input from the STN contributes to the oscillatory activity of GPe/GPi neurons, and that intrapallidal injections of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists may ameliorate some of parkinsonian symptoms.
T2309 1137508-1137580 Epistemic_statement denotes And it has been known that ␣-synuclein is involved in the neuronal loss.
T2310 1137663-1137816 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesize that ␣-synuclein may play a role in microglial activation to migrate to the pathological regions and to perform the neuronal cytotoxicity.
T2311 1139216-1139357 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesize that, in Parkinson's disease, a part of administered L-DOPA is converted to dopamine in serotonergic fibers of the ST and SNR.
T2312 1139604-1139733 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, it is possible that serotonergic neurons may be involved in the therapeutic effects of L-DOPA for Parkinson's disease.
T2313 1139734-1139896 Epistemic_statement denotes In MPTP-induced PD monkey, reactive microglia are observed around neurons in nigra several years after MPTP treatment and may be related to the progression of PD.
T2314 1140564-1140720 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that reactive microglia are present for a long time after the treatment by MPTP and must play a role in the chronic progression of PD.
T2315 1141841-1141984 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that activated microglia in neonatal mice have neurotrophic potential, in contrast to the neurotoxic effect in aged mice.
T2316 1142066-1142116 Epistemic_statement denotes It may occur even before the motor symptoms start.
T2317 1142268-1142346 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, OB has attracted attention because of its unique regenerative potential.
T2318 1142347-1142628 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we established isolation of neurosphere forming cells (NSFCs) derived from adult mice OB, and examined proliferation potential in OB after dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by MPTP, a selective toxin for dopaminergic neurons, utilized frequently as PD model.
T2319 1142816-1143007 Epistemic_statement denotes The isolation of neural stem cells has helped to establish the cellular basis of neurogenesis and the exciting potential for transplant-mediated treatment of degenerative CNS disease like PD.
T2320 1144051-1144229 Epistemic_statement denotes The result suggests that the phosphorylation of ERp57 may have the key function to induce dopaminergic neuron degeneration and somehow relates to the pathogenesis of sporadic PD.
T2321 1145048-1145220 Epistemic_statement denotes In most of the regrowing DA neurons, one of the processes extended far longer than the rest, suggesting that severely injured neurons retain the capacity to reextend axons.
T2322 1145352-1145428 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, PSI-damaged DA neuron has strong regrowth potential in vitro.
T2323 1146524-1146699 Epistemic_statement denotes The expression of PAG608 in the motor nuclei of cranial nerves and its induction in the spinal cords suggests its possible involvement in motor dysfunction such as dyskinesia.
T2324 1146700-1147037 Epistemic_statement denotes PS2P-J176 An approach to the generation of AR-JP mouse model: Crossbreeding of Pael-R transgenic mice with parkin knockout mice Hua-Qin Wang 1,2 , Yuzuru Imai 2 , Haruhisa Inoue 1,2 , Ayane Kataoka 2 , Sachiko Iita 2 , Nobuyuki Nukina 2 , Ryosuke Takahashi 1,2 1 Neurology, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan; 2 BSI, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
T2325 1147038-1147198 Epistemic_statement denotes Since loss of parkin E3 activity appears to be causal of AR-JP, accumulation of potentially toxic parkin substrates should result in degeneration of DA neurons.
T2326 1147199-1147332 Epistemic_statement denotes However, parkin knockout mice show no different DA neuronal loss even at old ages, presumably due to relative short lifespan of mice.
T2327 1147646-1147799 Epistemic_statement denotes However, when Pael-R transgenic mice were crossbred with parkin knockout mice, the DA neuronal loss was induced in a Pael-R gene dosage-dependant manner.
T2328 1147800-1147925 Epistemic_statement denotes These results strongly support that Pael-R accumulation substantially contributes to dopaminergic neurodegeneration in AR-JP.
T2329 1149572-1149668 Epistemic_statement denotes We studied whether Hcy is neurotoxic to the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA)-ergic system in SD rats.
T2330 1150237-1150401 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate the toxic potential of Hcy to the DA-ergic system and suggest that chronic L-DOPA therapy in PD patients may further deteriorate the disease.
T2331 1150731-1151058 Epistemic_statement denotes Ctr., Kobe Univ., Kobe, Japan We have previously demonstrated that several mutant protein kinase C gamma (␥PKC), found in several families of spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14), are susceptible to cytoplasmic aggregation and cause cell death in CHO cells, indicating that this property is involved in the etiology of SCA14.
T2332 1151059-1151163 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the relationship between the aggregate formation of mutant ␥PKC and cell death remains unclear.
T2333 1151164-1151324 Epistemic_statement denotes Accumulating evidences indicate that the impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is related to the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders.
T2334 1151325-1151416 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, we examined whether the aggregate formation of mutant ␥PKC affects UPS function.
T2335 1151621-1151729 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that the aggregation of mutant ␥PKC exert cytotoxic effect via the impairment of UPS.
T2336 1151866-1152002 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, however, another type of stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has also been reported to be associated with such diseases.
T2337 1152561-1152685 Epistemic_statement denotes We speculate that this system could provide novel therapeutic targets to the ER stress and oxidative stressrelated diseases.
T2338 1153084-1153382 Epistemic_statement denotes We previously reported that increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) production by the overexpression of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase1 (Nmnat1) or exogenously applied NAD can protect neurites from degeneration caused by mechanical or neurotoxic injury of neuronal cells.
T2339 1153538-1153710 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we investigated whether overexpression of these enzymes or exogenous application of NAD precursors protects neurites from degeneration through increased supply of NAD.
T2340 1154315-1154601 Epistemic_statement denotes By contrast, some proteins such as drebrin were decreased after the peak at 2 h. Interestingly, the 20 S proteasome subunit demonstrated a dramatic upregulation at 2 h. These data suggest that the composition of PSD proteins is regulated by proteasome activity as well as actin cycling.
T2341 1154602-1154777 Epistemic_statement denotes It is possible that some proteins may be removed from PSD by proteasome following transient requirement for organizing PSD in the NAc of chronic cocaine-administrated animals.
T2342 1155455-1155542 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, MDMA-induced current response was also observed in DAT-expressing cells.
T2343 1155788-1155943 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that MDMA is transported not only by SERT but also by DAT, and that 5-MeO-DiPT suppresses the spontaneous transport activity of SERT.
T2344 1156975-1157127 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that clorgyline showed its inhibitory effect on morphine-induced hyperlocomotion, but not antinociception, through MAO inhibition.
T2345 1157846-1157937 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicated that clorgyline pretreatment did not influence METH reward in mice.
T2346 1158961-1159132 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that the inhibitory effect of lobeline (3.0-10 mg/kg) on METH-induced stereotypy did not attribute to the change in the brain monoamine metabolism.
T2347 1159927-1160033 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, it was unclear if UFP-101 suppressed behavioral sensitization to METH during chronic drug treatment.
T2348 1160034-1160176 Epistemic_statement denotes However, when challenged with METH after four or more days without treatment, UFP-101 co-administrated mice showed a lower locomotor response.
T2349 1160177-1160308 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that endogenous nociceptin facilitates the plastic changes induced by chronic treatment with addictive drugs.
T2350 1160906-1160941 Epistemic_statement denotes However, olanzapine (5 mg/kg, i.p.)
T2351 1161093-1161200 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, it seems that olanzapine reduced morphine effects in part via a nitric oxide (NO) mechanism.
T2352 1161566-1161704 Epistemic_statement denotes FFAL theory presumes that transferred memory from the cerebellar cortex to nucleus will serve as the maintenance of the previous learning.
T2353 1161705-1161830 Epistemic_statement denotes From this line, many aspects of saccadic adaptation are successfully demonstrated by computer simulation based on the theory.
T2354 1162045-1162180 Epistemic_statement denotes This problem naively leads to an idea of a dual redundant system for movement, one for execution and the other for error decomposition.
T2355 1162181-1162376 Epistemic_statement denotes FFAL theory naturally and simply resolves the credit assignment problem and demonstrates a computer simulation of motor learning of multi joint movement system, using the place-coding hypothesis.
T2356 1163056-1163302 Epistemic_statement denotes Neurophysiological and neuropharmacological studies said that CREB may regulate gene transcription and protein synthesis to maintain the long term and sustaining changing of synaptic efficiency during the long-term process of synaptic plasticity.
T2357 1164270-1164419 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that pCREB in limbic system regulated the FS process and the regulation was finished via exciting neurons, glutamate neurons.
T2358 1165396-1165548 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that AMPAR activities increase the binding capacity of drebrin in spines, and therefore promote drebrin clustering at spine synapses.
T2359 1165846-1165928 Epistemic_statement denotes However, ultrastructural localization of these mRNAs have not been well described.
T2360 1166355-1166578 Epistemic_statement denotes The increase was transient and returned to the basal level at 1 h. The alteration in the ␣ CaMKII mRNA localization in dendrites may reflect a functional change in the translational apparatus along with synaptic plasticity.
T2361 1167282-1167403 Epistemic_statement denotes SE-overexpression did not alter spine volume, but the amount of SE in spines positively correlated with the spine volume.
T2362 1167592-1167797 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that SYNPO synthesized in soma and transported into the activated spines following L-LTP induction stabilizes spine F-actin that may lead to the maintenance of increased spine volume.
T2363 1168236-1168379 Epistemic_statement denotes In spite of several attempts to identify these RNAs, the population of RNA species present in dendrites as a whole has not been well described.
T2364 1168518-1168660 Epistemic_statement denotes These analyses revealed the complex nature of the dendritic RNA population, which included RNAs that were not expected to be in the dendrites.
T2365 1168830-1168977 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that the redistribution of dendritic RNAs is one of the mechanisms regulating local translation in response to synaptic inputs.
T2366 1168978-1169234 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-A005 An activity that traps Vesl-1S protein into spines serves as synaptic tag Synaptic tagging hypothesis explains how new proteins reach the activated synapses to establish input-specific late-phase plasticity, but it has not yet been substantiated.
T2367 1169873-1170138 Epistemic_statement denotes However, their coincidence time window was far wider (hrs) than that of early-phase plasticity, suggesting a requirement of persistently synchronized, rather than transiently coincident, activities, and a possibility of metaplastic states for late-phase plasticity.
T2368 1171084-1171196 Epistemic_statement denotes However, even 1 h after the drug application, a subthreshold tetanus could induce LTP without alteration of PPF.
T2369 1171197-1171453 Epistemic_statement denotes This facilitating effect of DHEAS on LTP induction was blocked by a coapplication of a NMDA receptor antagonist with DHEAS for 10 min, suggesting that the DHEAS effect involves a sustained modulation of the postsynaptic signaling mediated by NMDA receptor.
T2370 1171686-1171716 Epistemic_statement denotes Physiol., NIPS, Okazaki, Japan
T2371 1171717-1171958 Epistemic_statement denotes To know whether 17␤-estradiol (E2) can protect CA1 neurons from functional deficit due to ischemia, adult male Wistar rats were subjected four-vessel occlusion (4VO) for 10 min, and the effect of E2 against this ischemic injury was examined.
T2372 1172509-1172645 Epistemic_statement denotes Above results suggest that E2 can protect neurons not only from cell death but also from functional damages caused by cerebral ischemia.
T2373 1173254-1173411 Epistemic_statement denotes Although these results imply that estradiol rapidly modulates synaptic plasticity through synaptic ER␣, there are few electrophysiological evidence about it.
T2374 1173836-1173914 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data suggested non-genomic rapid action of estradiol through synaptic ER␣.
T2375 1174950-1175106 Epistemic_statement denotes DEX significantly increased the density of thin and mushroom type spines, however only a slight increase was observed for stubby and filopodium type spines.
T2376 1175107-1175260 Epistemic_statement denotes Because the presence of 10 M cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, did not suppress the DEX effect, these responses are probably non-genomic.
T2377 1175261-1175444 Epistemic_statement denotes Hideki Tamura 1 , Yuji Ikegaya 2 , Sadao Shiosaka 1 1 Division of Structural Cell Biology, NAIST, Nara, Japan; 2 Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
T2378 1175445-1175672 Epistemic_statement denotes The capacity of activity-dependent synaptic modification is essential in processing and storing information, yet little is known about how synaptic plasticity alters the input-output (I-O) conversion efficiency at the synapses.
T2379 1177581-1177825 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, spine heads rapidly shrank when actin polymerization was blocked by latrunculin A, suggesting that the rate of actin polymerization in each spine actively and continuously determines the volume of spine head via the length of F-actin.
T2380 1177912-1177975 Epistemic_statement denotes Neurosci., TMDU, Tokyo, Japan; 2 Physiology, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
T2381 1177976-1178092 Epistemic_statement denotes The visual Wulst (VW) in the thalamofugal pathway in chicks is known to have a critical role in the visual learning.
T2382 1178885-1179076 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the glutamatergic as well as GABAergic neurons are active in the area including VW and that the neuronal activity of VW affects the learning ability for imprinting.
T2383 1180081-1180274 Epistemic_statement denotes The present results indicate that estrogen given at adult induces an enlargement of spine to mushroom type and generates new spines only in the female mice not treated with estrogen neonatally.
T2384 1180275-1180402 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, dendritic spine formation seems sexually dimorphic and depends on the sex steroid environment during the neonatal period.
T2385 1180852-1181157 Epistemic_statement denotes Although long-term efficacy changes lasting more than an hour at this synapse, i.e., long-term potentiation and depression, have been extensively studied, relatively short lasting synaptic efficacy changes, namely short-term potentiation (STP) lasting for tens of minutes, have not been discussed to date.
T2386 1181495-1181646 Epistemic_statement denotes This novel type of synaptic plasticity at the PF-PC synapse would be a clue for understanding the presynaptic mechanisms of plasticity at this synapse.
T2387 1181647-1181865 Epistemic_statement denotes Aya Ishida, Wataru Kakegawa, Michisuke Yuzaki Department of Physiology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is thought to be essential for the synaptic plasticity and learning.
T2388 1181866-1182208 Epistemic_statement denotes In the hippocampus, three different MAPK subfamilies, including extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK and c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK), have been shown to selectively regulate different forms of synaptic plasticity -long-term potentiation (LTP), longterm depression (LTD), and depotentiation after LTP, respectively.
T2389 1182209-1182356 Epistemic_statement denotes Although ERK was previously shown to play a role in cerebellar LTD in cultured Purkinje cells, the role of MAPKs has not been systemically studied.
T2390 1182686-1182828 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, unlike hippocampal LTD, cerebellar LTD was dependent on ERK, suggesting involvement of different intracellular downstream pathways.
T2391 1183898-1184001 Epistemic_statement denotes GluR2 Phospho-Ser880 promotes VCP complex dissociation, suggesting a relation with synaptic plasticity.
T2392 1184002-1184146 Epistemic_statement denotes Further, Pep2m-related peptides, thought to interfere specifically with NSF-regulated AMPAR trafficking, also blocked the GluR2-VCP interaction.
T2393 1184503-1184583 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous studies have clarified the molecular mechanism regulating RP induction.
T2394 1184584-1184732 Epistemic_statement denotes Whether RP is induced or not is determined by the balance of activities of protein kinases (CaMKII and PKA) and phosphatases (PP-1 and calcineurin).
T2395 1184733-1184896 Epistemic_statement denotes To understand the complex behavior of biochemical reactions systematically, a kinetic simulation model to analyze the behaviors of signaling network was developed.
T2396 1184897-1185074 Epistemic_statement denotes Computer simulation reproduced the bistable states of GABA A R phospholyration according to stimulation patterns, which apparently corresponded to whether RP was induced or not.
T2397 1185289-1185503 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-B020 Long-term depression of synaptic transmission in a songbird motor nucleus essential for song learning Yuki Haruta, Yachun Huang, Neal Hessler Vocal Behavior Mechanisms RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Japan
T2398 1185504-1185667 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to fully understand the neural basis of song learning, it is critical to characterize forms of synaptic plasticity that could be involved in this process.
T2399 1185875-1185973 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we tested whether synaptic function could be modified in a similar way by acute stimulation.
T2400 1186320-1186553 Epistemic_statement denotes No LTD could be induced in normal birds over 60 days old, when song learning is nearly complete, but LTD remained possible in birds over 60 days old who had been isolated from song tutors, and thus retained the capacity for learning.
T2401 1186554-1186785 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-B021 Involvement of Ca 2+ -permeable AMPAR in the repetitive-LTP induced synaptic enhancement (RISE) Yukiko Ueno, Keiko Tominaga-Yoshino, Akihiko Ogura Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan
T2402 1186786-1186978 Epistemic_statement denotes We showed previously that 3 exposures to Glu of cultured rat hippocampal slices at 24 h intervals produced a long-lasting enhancement in synaptic strength accompanied by synaptogenesis (RISE).
T2403 1186979-1187077 Epistemic_statement denotes We examined here whether the conversion of AMPAR subunits occurred during the development of RISE.
T2404 1187511-1187641 Epistemic_statement denotes This transient increase should represent the delivery of Ca 2+ -permeable (GluR2-lacking/GluR1-including) AMPAR to synaptic sites.
T2405 1187716-1187845 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the transient delivery of Ca 2+ -permeable AMPAR to synaptic sites is involved in the RISE production.
T2406 1187972-1188018 Epistemic_statement denotes Frontier Biosciences, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
T2407 1188019-1188144 Epistemic_statement denotes Long-lasting synaptic plasticity, the cellular basis of long-term memory, is assumed to be associated with protein synthesis.
T2408 1188639-1188879 Epistemic_statement denotes To know whether this synaptic decrement also requires protein synthesis, we induced LTD 3 times (24 h intervals) by applications of DHPG (a type I mGluR agonist), during or after which anisomycin (a protein translation blocker) was applied.
T2409 1189010-1189358 Epistemic_statement denotes Haruo Mizutani, Tetsuya Hori, Tomoyuki Takahashi Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Bath-application of 5-HT (10 M) attenuated the amplitude of evoked EPSCs and facilitated paired-pulse ratio without affecting the miniature EPSC amplitude, suggesting that its site of action is presynaptic.
T2410 1189448-1189610 Epistemic_statement denotes 5-HT 1B receptor antagonist NAS-181 reversed the 5-HT inhibitory effect, indicating that the 5-HT induced inhibitory effect occurs by mediating 5-HT 1B receptors.
T2411 1189970-1190203 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that 5-HT, upon activating 5-HT 1B receptors, inhibits presynaptic calcium channels thereby inhibiting transmitter release and induces receptor desensitization by calcium influx at the immature calyceal synapse.
T2412 1190787-1190882 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we report that NMDA receptors can also contribute to generation of endocannabinoid signal.
T2413 1191207-1191409 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that activation of NMDA receptors induces the endocannabinoid release, and suppresses the inhibitory synaptic transmission through activation of presynaptic cannabinoid receptors.
T2414 1192019-1192207 Epistemic_statement denotes To analyze this unique structure may provide valuable information on the basic neural cytoarchitecture and fiber connections of the spinal cord, particularly for the intraspinal circuitry.
T2415 1192359-1192505 Epistemic_statement denotes Adenosine has been known to be a neuro-modulator in the nervous systems and four types of adenosine receptor are identified (A1, A2a, A2b and A3).
T2416 1193251-1193382 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that adenosine A3 receptor may inhibit adenosine A1 receptor throughout a intracellular pathway in neurons.
T2417 1193962-1194019 Epistemic_statement denotes The radially migrating cells may affected by the actions.
T2418 1195127-1195328 Epistemic_statement denotes Although, in dorsal and median raphe nuclei, many VGLUT3-positive cells showed immunoreactivity for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), a significant proportion (12.3%) of VGLUT3-postive cells was 5HT-negative.
T2419 1195701-1195939 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, we found that these VGLUT3positive/5HT-negative neurons didn't show any immunoreactivities for GAD67 nor TH, and thus it is indicated that there is a group of exclusively glutamatergic VGLUT3-positive neurons in these nuclei.
T2420 1196422-1196452 Epistemic_statement denotes Graduate School of Med., Japan
T2421 1196453-1196594 Epistemic_statement denotes We studied how cortico-striatal (CS) and fast-spiking (FS) cells are modulated by slow-wave-sleep (SWS) oscillations and by serotonin (5-HT).
T2422 1196765-1196863 Epistemic_statement denotes FS displayed a highsuccess excitation to striatal stimulation, suggesting a control of CS over FS.
T2423 1197013-1197177 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, 60% of the CS were inhibited by 5-HT through 5-HT 1A R and 6% were excited through 5-HT 2A R. However, 44% of the FS cells were inhibited and 28% excited.
T2424 1197311-1197352 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: JSPS PE04061 and 15300110
T2425 1197353-1197486 Epistemic_statement denotes Ryohei Tomioka, Kathleen Rockland Laboratory for Cortical Organization and Systematics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
T2426 1197487-1197600 Epistemic_statement denotes In small mammals, GABAergic neurons have been shown to contribute to ipsi-and contralateral cortical projections.
T2427 1198342-1198557 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, we conclude that GABAergic projection neurons are phylogenetically conserved; but more work is needed to determine (1) their other features, (2) possible species variability, (3) their functional significance.
T2428 1199760-1199912 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that ACh may act to inhibit the output of cortical projection neurons while preserving information processing in superficial neurons.
T2429 1200320-1200446 Epistemic_statement denotes Another inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine could be transported into synaptic vesicles by VGAT, and be co-released with GABA.
T2430 1200447-1200644 Epistemic_statement denotes Several molecules related to GABAergic or glycinergic neurotransmission are expressed in nonneural tissues, suggesting that GABAergic and glycinergic systems exert their activities outside the CNS.
T2431 1200645-1200828 Epistemic_statement denotes VGAT-deficient mice die in the perinatal period, and display omphalocele, defect in ventral body wall closure, suggesting that GABA and/or glycine are involved in body wall formation.
T2432 1200829-1201008 Epistemic_statement denotes To further investigate whether GABA is essential for the ventral body wall formation or not, we have been examining how the body wall developed in the GAD67-deficient mouse fetus.
T2433 1201401-1201606 Epistemic_statement denotes During cerebellar development, GABA-mediated responses, GABA excitations, become depolarized inducing an increase in intracellular calcium concentrations, and are thought to have important trophic effects.
T2434 1202259-1202322 Epistemic_statement denotes We suggest that GABA excitation induces granule cell migration.
T2435 1202988-1203218 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, to elucidate the possibility that the re-arrangement of GABAergic circuits could be reproduced after neuronal injury, we examined the effect of axonal injury of the masseter axon on the GABAergic circuits in the Vm.
T2436 1203509-1203630 Epistemic_statement denotes This result suggest that GABAergic inputs may play one of important role for reorganization of afferent inputs in the Vm.
T2437 1203993-1204155 Epistemic_statement denotes This process depends also on glycinergic and/or GABAergic synaptic activity, as suggested by increased MN number in gephyrin-deficient mice (Banks et al., 2005) .
T2438 1204788-1204840 Epistemic_statement denotes GABA might control cell death in developing network.
T2439 1205015-1205159 Epistemic_statement denotes Distribution of GABA A receptor subunits is crucial for understanding physiology and pharmacology properties of these receptors in the amygdala.
T2440 1206931-1207107 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that phenylephrine may decrease postsynaptic currents through glutamate receptors and increase the release probability of GABA from presynaptic terminals.
T2441 1207108-1207234 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, isoproterenol may facilitate glutamate release and suppress GABA A receptor-mediated postsynaptic currents.
T2442 1207522-1207719 Epistemic_statement denotes Sci., Chiba, Japan Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), which is a well-known toxic gas and facilitates the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation, has been proposed as a neuromodulator in the brain.
T2443 1207720-1208029 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of this study is to understand the mechanism of regulation on synaptic transmission by H 2 S. We examined the effect of H 2 S on spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC) as well as paired-pulse facilitations using both whole-cell and field potential recordings from rat hippocampal slices.
T2444 1208193-1208517 Epistemic_statement denotes The frequency and the amplitude of sEPSC were initially reduced by Na 2 S then gradually increased, while the inward currents elicited by glutamate were not significantly suppressed by Na 2 S. These observations suggest that H 2 S may modulate glutamatergic synaptic transmission by suppressing the release of a transmitter.
T2445 1208518-1208639 Epistemic_statement denotes Several studies show that activation of Locus coeruleus (LC) play an important role in the symptoms of opiate withdrawal.
T2446 1208640-1208786 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study the effects of LC inactivation on self-administration of Morphine and on morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats has been investigated.
T2447 1209643-1209823 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that extracellular ATP plays a dual role in astrocytic Ca 2+ wave propagation with activation of distinct purinergic receptors in the hippocampus of the rats.
T2448 1212128-1212267 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate stimulatory effects of DEX on hypothalamic NPY production and suggest enhanced NPY influences on pituitary function.
T2449 1213450-1213789 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: Kampo Science Foundation, Japan PS3A-D046 Mechanism of central metabolic control by TGF-beta in the rat brain: using the rat with depletion of hypothalamic noradrenaline Teppei Fujikawa, Kazuo Inoue, Tohru Fushiki Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
T2450 1213790-1213918 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously reported that activated transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) increase in the rat brain during exercise.
T2451 1214042-1214167 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that activated TGF-beta in the rat brain participates in metabolic control of peripheral tissue by CNS.
T2452 1214168-1214247 Epistemic_statement denotes It is, however, not known how TGF-beta increases in specifically fat oxidation.
T2453 1214248-1214337 Epistemic_statement denotes Many investigations suggest that hypothalamus is essential for central metabolic control.
T2454 1214338-1214460 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, some reports suggest that noradrenergic system in the hypothalamus may play important role for fat oxidation.
T2455 1215467-1215644 Epistemic_statement denotes Electron microscopy demonstrated that the NPY immunoreactivities were mainly localized in the regions associated with accumulating synaptic or cored vesicles in CC nerve fibers.
T2456 1215880-1216080 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that NPY may play a key role in the neuronal regeneration, and BDNF takes part in the development of NPY neuron fibers as well as the increase of the number of NPY neurons in CC.
T2457 1216081-1216452 Epistemic_statement denotes Reiji Semba 1 , Kimi Watanabe 1 , Munekazu Komada 2 1 Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Aichi, Japan; 2 Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan D-serine is hypothesized to be a glia-derived neurotransmitter activating the NMDA receptor because D-serine was reported to be formed and localized exclusively in astrocytes.
T2458 1216453-1216524 Epistemic_statement denotes However, we reported strong immunoreactivity of D-serine in some axons.
T2459 1217038-1217172 Epistemic_statement denotes Present results suggest that D-serine will be a neurotransmitter activating the NMDA receptors produced in a specific type of neurons.
T2460 1217656-1217824 Epistemic_statement denotes of Neuropsychiat, Okayama Univ., Okayama, Japan Accumulating evidence from both genetic and clinical studies suggests a critical role of D-serine in schizophrenia (SZ).
T2461 1217946-1218179 Epistemic_statement denotes D-serine levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of PICK1 knockout mice were significantly lower than those of their wildtype littermates at age of p7, but not in adults, suggesting regulation of PICK1 on SR at developing stage.
T2462 1218180-1218312 Epistemic_statement denotes In case-control association study, we observed an association of the PICK1 gene with SZ, which is more prominent in disorganized SZ.
T2463 1218313-1218450 Epistemic_statement denotes Our findings suggest that PICK1 contributes to SR activity, D-serine production, and NMDA neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of SZ.
T2464 1218451-1218723 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-D050 Epileptiform activity is inhibited by taurine which can activate glycine and GABA A receptors in immature rat hippocampus Akihito Okabe 1,2 , Werner Kilb 2 , Ileana L. Hanganu 2 , Taizhe Qian 2 , Daiichiro Nakahara 3 , Atsuo Fukuda 1 , Heiko J. Luhmann 2 1 Dept.
T2465 1218800-1218829 Epistemic_statement denotes of Psychol., Hamamatsu, Japan
T2466 1218830-1218939 Epistemic_statement denotes Many studies indicate that the underlying mechanism of epileptic seizures differ between children and adults.
T2467 1218940-1219046 Epistemic_statement denotes The depolarizing GABAergic responses in immature neurons may contribute to higher epilepsy susceptibility.
T2468 1219047-1219309 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate whether taurine, a neurotransmitter found in high concentrations in the immature CNS, modulates epileptiform activity in immature hippocampus, we performed field-potential recordings in neonatal rat hippocampal CA3 region of an intact preparation.
T2469 1219625-1219778 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that taurine mediates an inhibition in immature hippocampus via glycine and GABA A receptors that suppresses epileptiform activity.
T2470 1221031-1221157 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that the response to PGE 2 , via EP1 and EP2 receptors, significantly decreased during differentiation.
T2471 1221940-1222058 Epistemic_statement denotes Under the current-clamp recording, 5-HT markedly depolarized and increased action potential discharges of DCN neurons.
T2472 1222059-1222198 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, these results suggest that 5-HT facilitates the voluntary activity in DCN neurons by both pre-and post-synaptic mechanisms.
T2473 1222464-1222478 Epistemic_statement denotes Fukuoka, Japan
T2474 1222479-1222582 Epistemic_statement denotes Trace amine receptors were discovered in mammals, but their endogenous ligands have not yet been found.
T2475 1223065-1223146 Epistemic_statement denotes The antibodies recognized specifically the monoamine-DMS part within the complex.
T2476 1224161-1224229 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the mechanism of such a role in CNS is not well understood.
T2477 1225055-1225286 Epistemic_statement denotes for Cortical Organization and Systematics, BSI, RIKEN, USA Synaptic zinc (Zn) is a neuromodulator used by a subset of nonthalamic glutamatergic connections, and associated with both experiencedependent and developmental plasticity.
T2478 1225775-1225865 Epistemic_statement denotes At P15, Zn + neurons first appeared in layer 6; and at P22, there is the adult lamination.
T2479 1225866-1226051 Epistemic_statement denotes As whisking and exploratory behavior commences in the second postnatal week, these transient Zn + terminations may play a role in experience-dependent adjustments in cortical circuitry.
T2480 1226613-1226703 Epistemic_statement denotes Systematic comparison of the invertebrate SIRNs has not been performed, on the other hand.
T2481 1226888-1227043 Epistemic_statement denotes In spite of the large variation in the size and cell numbers of the brain, the number and distribution of the SIRNs were highly consistent between species.
T2482 1227697-1227791 Epistemic_statement denotes However, task freedom was restricted by cables connecting the head and the measurement system.
T2483 1227792-1227928 Epistemic_statement denotes To overcome the difficulty we developed a wireless voltammetry system and examined its sensitivity in vitro (Kagohashi et al., JNS2005).
T2484 1228480-1228591 Epistemic_statement denotes The present wireless system would be applicable to measurement of neurotransmitters in various situations (e.g.
T2485 1229730-1229857 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that Spikar plays a role in the formation of dendritic spines, without affecting the filopodia formation.
T2486 1230995-1231121 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that translocation mechanism of drebrin from spines to shafts is different from that from shafts to spines.
T2487 1232383-1232475 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings indicate that MAL is involved in the formation or the stability of dendrites.
T2488 1233004-1233189 Epistemic_statement denotes kendrin was identified as a protein which interacts with DISC1 at centrosome and residues 446-533 of DISC1 (kendrin-binding region: KBR) were essential for the interaction with kendrin.
T2489 1233490-1233741 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the C-terminal region of the DISC1 is important to the DISC1-kendrin interaction and that a truncated form of DISC1 lacking the C-terminal downstream of the translocation breakpoint might affect the microtubule organization.
T2490 1233997-1234123 Epistemic_statement denotes The morphological changes in the cells are correlated with the rate of cell migration and ion transfer such as Ca 2+ or Cl − .
T2491 1234124-1234353 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the highly invasive migration of glioblastoma in the brain is known to be influenced by a variety of ion channels, there were a little evidence about the relationships among the morphological changes and ion homeostasis.
T2492 1234590-1234673 Epistemic_statement denotes The movement has the correlation with intracellular Ca 2+ oscillation in the cells.
T2493 1234674-1234761 Epistemic_statement denotes The relationship between cell movement and intracellular ion levels is further studied.
T2494 1234762-1234849 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-E063 Involvement of Ca 2+ influx in the unpolarized non-vesicular release of FGF-1
T2495 1234850-1235165 Epistemic_statement denotes Hayato Matsunaga, Hiroshi Ueda Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan Little is known of molecular basis mechanisms for the ER-Golgiindependent or non-vesicular release of FGF-1 lacking a conventional signal peptide sequence.
T2496 1235607-1235768 Epistemic_statement denotes The overexpression of S100A13 88-98 mutant lacking an ability of interaction with FGF-1 inhibited the their release, suggesting that S100A13 is a cargo molecule.
T2497 1235879-1235986 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that Ca 2+ influx may be involved in the unpolarized non-vesicular release of FGF-1.
T2498 1236374-1236463 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is unclear how [Ca 2+ ] i regulates neurite outgrowth via actin cytoskeleton.
T2499 1236809-1236890 Epistemic_statement denotes These effects could contribute to 5-HT induced enhancement of neurite elongation.
T2500 1236891-1237026 Epistemic_statement denotes The actin cytoskeleton is a complex protein network that not only provides cellular structure but is fundamental for cellular dynamics.
T2501 1238244-1238423 Epistemic_statement denotes of Medicine, Gunma Univ., Maebashi, Japan; 3 BSI, RIKEN, Wako, Japan; 4 SORST, JST, Japan Neuronal migration plays a critical role in constructing brain architecture organization.
T2502 1238424-1238499 Epistemic_statement denotes However, molecular mechanisms underlying this process still remain elusive.
T2503 1239168-1239293 Epistemic_statement denotes These results raise the possibility that they are expressed preferentially in subpopulations migrating cortical interneurons.
T2504 1239626-1239736 Epistemic_statement denotes The migratory behaviour and the underlying molecular mechanisms of tangential migration are poorly understood.
T2505 1239819-1239995 Epistemic_statement denotes Precerebellar neurons, born dorsally in the lower rhombic lip, migrate in close association with the pial membrane (except inferior olive neurons) ventrally or rostroventrally.
T2506 1240737-1240895 Epistemic_statement denotes of Frontier Biosci., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan; 2 SORST, JST, Saitama, Japan Neural cell migration plays a crucial role in central nervous system development.
T2507 1241580-1241744 Epistemic_statement denotes The expression level became weaker at P1, when PCNs stop the radial migration, raising the possibility that NEPH2/mKirre might be involved in the migration of PCNs.
T2508 1242539-1242641 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, centrosome positioning is thought to be one of the important factors for neuronal migration.
T2509 1244123-1244212 Epistemic_statement denotes We are now analyzing possible targets of K252a, aiming for dissection of these phenomena.
T2510 1244729-1244839 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite intensive researches in the past years, genetic mechanisms of axonal development still remain unclear.
T2511 1245211-1245353 Epistemic_statement denotes We also found that unc51 genetically interacts with Unc-76, an evolutionarily conserved cytoplasmic protein that binds to Kinesin Heavy Chain.
T2512 1245422-1245541 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that UNC51 coordinates kinesin-cargo interaction via UNC-76 to regulate dynamic axonal transport.
T2513 1245834-1245900 Epistemic_statement denotes The mechanism for the difference, however, is not well understood.
T2514 1246010-1246096 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we examined whether microtubule polarity changes during the conversion.
T2515 1246295-1246388 Epistemic_statement denotes This indicates that microtubules with their minus-ends distal disappeared during the culture.
T2516 1246389-1246548 Epistemic_statement denotes Microtubule movement along actin filaments is a candidate for this mechanism among several types of microtubule movement reported in neuronal processes so far.
T2517 1246549-1246679 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the change of microtubule polarity within dendrites was observed even in the presence of actin polymerization inhibitors.
T2518 1246680-1246783 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest a rearrangement of microtubules by a yet-unreported movement in neuronal processes.
T2519 1247327-1247457 Epistemic_statement denotes Nevertheless, physiological role of Rac1 in the CNS is poorly understood because of the embryonic lethality of Rac1 knockout mice.
T2520 1247760-1247909 Epistemic_statement denotes Emx1-Rac1 KO mice showed partially abnormal layering of cerebral cortex, indicating impaired migration of neuronal cells during cortical development.
T2521 1248052-1248155 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that Rac1 regulates neuronal cell migration and axonal growth in cerebral cortex.
T2522 1248545-1248619 Epistemic_statement denotes The interaction of tubulin and MAP1B N-terminal has not yet been reported.
T2523 1249050-1249169 Epistemic_statement denotes There might be some interference in interaction between MAP1B and tubulin in cells express MAP1B containing N-terminal.
T2524 1249170-1249706 Epistemic_statement denotes Otone Endo 1,2 , Masaaki Mizuno 3 , Yasukazu Kajita 2 , Jun Yoshida 2 1 Department of Neurosurgery, JA Kainan Hospital, Aichi, Japan; 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; 3 Department of Molecular Neurosurgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Primate ES cells have rather different character from rodent ones, but it is inevitable to elucidate mechanism for stable culture, purification and induction into object-oriented differentiation, because human ES cells might show wide similarity to cynomolgus ones.
T2525 1249841-1250261 Epistemic_statement denotes Our super selective induction method for dopaminergic neurons is also refined, and induced neurons transplanted in vivo which survive without forming tumor such as teratoma for long period, are evaluated not only immunohistologically but eletrophysiologically and ethologically suggesting its enough stability, activity, ability to make neural network system and potentiality to improve clinical symptom of Parkinsonism.
T2526 1250262-1250375 Epistemic_statement denotes Differentiation of other types of neurons and development of fully functional neural network must be established.
T2527 1250927-1251058 Epistemic_statement denotes Implantation of DCs into injured mouse spinal cord could improve the motor function through activation of endogenous NSPCs in vivo.
T2528 1251490-1251594 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that CD8␣ + DCs can be an effective subtype of mouse DCs for the treatment of SCI.
T2529 1253617-1253703 Epistemic_statement denotes However, transected nerves showed high and sustained levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
T2530 1253902-1254094 Epistemic_statement denotes Because of their structural similarity to E2, PM may have therapeutic potential in nerve injuries which as previously reported to enhance SFI following sciatic nerve crush in rats after day 7.
T2531 1254095-1254239 Epistemic_statement denotes This study suggested that PM as well as G could enhance nerve regeneration like E2 by interfering with the injury-induced ERK signaling pathway.
T2532 1254240-1254671 Epistemic_statement denotes Yasuhiro Kato 1 , Takafumi Suzuki 2 , Kunihiko Mabuchi 2 1 Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan; 2 Department of Information Physics and Computing, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan MEMS technologies have been established to fabricate a multichannel neural probe for interfacing with the nervous system.
T2533 1254672-1254756 Epistemic_statement denotes There is, however, no suitable probe for long-term neural recording and stimulation.
T2534 1255395-1255501 Epistemic_statement denotes Damage-induced neuronal endopeptidase (DINE) is a newly identified nerve regeneration-associated molecule.
T2535 1255632-1255765 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the precise mechanism of DINE including substrate is still unclear, DINE seems to play a protective role in damaged neurons.
T2536 1256354-1256483 Epistemic_statement denotes This combination of transcription factors may be pivotal to promote gene expression, which is responsible for nerve regeneration.
T2537 1256746-1256841 Epistemic_statement denotes We tested whether they play a role in inhibition of axon regeneration after spinal cord injury.
T2538 1257579-1257694 Epistemic_statement denotes Suppression of Wnt proteins may promote axon regeneration and improve locomotor behaviour after spinal cord injury.
T2539 1258785-1258897 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the goldfish have ability to reestablish correct projections after the spinal injury.
T2540 1259338-1259447 Epistemic_statement denotes Preparation of graft cells for cell therapy includes dissociation of cultured cells, which may cause anoikis.
T2541 1260079-1260174 Epistemic_statement denotes However, evidence for active functional involvement of neural stem cells is still very limited.
T2542 1260175-1260395 Epistemic_statement denotes This study was undertaken to know whether or not newly generated neurons are integrated in olfactory neuronal circuits in the neonatally bulbectomized rats that had been proved to show olfactory discriminative abilities.
T2543 1260630-1260792 Epistemic_statement denotes We will show cell dynamics of newly generated neurons in the neonatally bulbectomized olfactory nervous system, with special reference to their neuronal circuits.
T2544 1261903-1261996 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest possible enhancement of neurogenesis in the OB following TMT treatment.
T2545 1262394-1262501 Epistemic_statement denotes As Stem Cell technology appeared there is an arising hope for cell replacement therapy and definitive cure.
T2546 1262607-1262714 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of the study was to analyze the migratory potential of HUCB NSC transplanted into intact rat brain.
T2547 1263238-1263307 Epistemic_statement denotes In future we plan to study their lesion directed migratory potential.
T2548 1263420-1263499 Epistemic_statement denotes However, little is known about the function of HSPGs during nerve regeneration.
T2549 1263982-1264118 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that the synthesis of HSPG is upregulated in injured motoneuron and HSPG might be involved in nerve regeneration.
T2550 1264347-1264366 Epistemic_statement denotes Med., Nagoya, Japan
T2551 1264367-1264496 Epistemic_statement denotes We examined whether Rho/ROCK inhibitor, Y39983, can make injured RGC axons regenerate into the crushed optic nerve (OpN) of cats.
T2552 1265898-1266051 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that glutathione would positively regulate proliferative activity and/or survival in neural progenitor cells of murine hippocampus.
T2553 1267065-1267262 Epistemic_statement denotes These results demonstrate that DHA effectively promotes neurogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that it has the new property of modulating hippocampal function regulated by neurogenesis.
T2554 1269589-1269742 Epistemic_statement denotes The high performance would be due to the grouping of the dots presented in the central and side apertures that have the same or similar motion direction.
T2555 1269743-1269868 Epistemic_statement denotes The underlying motion grouping mechanism was suggested to integrate motion signals that have a certain directional variation.
T2556 1270984-1271180 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the neural mechanism determining the rotation direction of bistable SFM is strongly influenced by the 3D structure of surrounding stimuli defined by binocular disparity.
T2557 1271181-1271535 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-F095 Rotational motion aftereffect in positive direction for 3-dimensional random-dot pattern Masako Ono, Akitoshi Hanazawa Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan When viewing a unidirectionally moving pattern followed by a stationary pattern, we will see the stationary pattern moving in the direction opposite to the preceding movement.
T2558 1271969-1272062 Epistemic_statement denotes This aftereffect could not be perceived for uniformly distributed non-cylindrical random-dot.
T2559 1272230-1272479 Epistemic_statement denotes This finding suggests that the visual system has a mechanism that detect 3-dimensional rotation direction specifically, and this mechanism has a property that gives a bias to the perception of stereoscopic rotation direction in an adapted direction.
T2560 1273464-1273571 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, however, thresholds decreased when surround size was 9 and 12 degrees, relative to 6 degrees.
T2561 1273717-1274063 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-F097 Generation of receptive fields in higher visual areas based on V1 columnar structure: A model study Yoshitaka Toyoda, Yoshiyuki Shimizu, Izumi Ohzawa Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Neurons in higher cortical areas of the visual pathway, such as V2 and V4, respond to stimuli with complex shapes.
T2562 1274064-1274111 Epistemic_statement denotes How do these neurons integrate signals from V1?
T2563 1274249-1274322 Epistemic_statement denotes To explore these questions, we devised a feed-forward hierarchical model.
T2564 1274578-1274724 Epistemic_statement denotes Since there is no physiological data regarding possible forms for NRF, we have tested simple functional prototypes, Gaussians and Gabor functions.
T2565 1275277-1275458 Epistemic_statement denotes The relationship between the binocular receptive fields (BRFs) and SF tuning properties indicate that the early cortical neurons can signal slant-in-depth (Sanada and Ohzawa 2006) .
T2566 1275459-1275575 Epistemic_statement denotes However, their measurements of BRF were conducted in the spatial domain, and the SF tunings were tested monocularly.
T2567 1275848-1276002 Epistemic_statement denotes We predicted binocular SF (BSF) maps from monocular SF profiles, and compared the prediction and the actual BSF maps to assess the binocular interactions.
T2568 1276600-1276684 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is not known whether results from these methods are mutually consistent.
T2569 1277321-1277456 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, responses of a simple cell can be encapsulated in a concise framework of a linear filter followed by expansive nonlinearity.
T2570 1278614-1278797 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that cells with different firing patterns carry different aspects of visual information, and may perform different functions in the coding of visual object images.
T2571 1279322-1279504 Epistemic_statement denotes We investigated how SF of stimulus affects on stimulus-size tuning property of responses of neurons in V1 (n = 93) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) (n = 63) in anesthetized cats.
T2572 1279846-1280001 Epistemic_statement denotes Similar results were obtained for LGN neurons implying that the relationship between SF and area summation properties observed in V1 has its origin in LGN.
T2573 1280002-1280179 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the SF tuning of RF surround is broader than that of RF center and this center-surround mechanism reduces redundancy in visual information processing.
T2574 1280180-1280613 Epistemic_statement denotes Hiroyuki Nakamura 1 , Akichika Mikami 2 , Kazuo Itoh 1 1 Department of Morphological Neuroscience, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; 2 Department of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Section of Neurophysiology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan An extrastriate visual area V3A is considered to be involved in the dorsal stream visual areas, however, its connections are not understood.
T2575 1280747-1280849 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results indicated that the V3A has connections with the occipital, parietal and temporal cortices.
T2576 1280850-1280971 Epistemic_statement denotes The V3A may thus be involved in the visual information processing of both the dorsal and the ventral stream visual areas.
T2577 1281265-1281380 Epistemic_statement denotes These commissural connections may convey ipsilateral visual information near the vertical meridian representations.
T2578 1281381-1281622 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-G103 Activity of neurons in the isthmo-optic nucleus and its relationship with head movements Hiroshi Ohno, Hiroyuki Uchiyama Department of Information and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
T2579 1281623-1281731 Epistemic_statement denotes Retinopetal neurons in the isthmo-optic nucleus (ION) send their axons to the contralateral retina in birds.
T2580 1281732-1281836 Epistemic_statement denotes The centrifugal visual projection is thought to be involved in attentional modulation of retinal output.
T2581 1282461-1282582 Epistemic_statement denotes We will discuss the activity profiles of neurons in the ION in terms of their possible role in visually guided behaviors.
T2582 1283341-1283505 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we examined whether these and earlier FuG activities, which have been already identified by our team (within 100 ms), were selective for face.
T2583 1284907-1285042 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the responses of IT neurons represent different levels of categorical signals separated along the time axis.
T2584 1285541-1285636 Epistemic_statement denotes However, little is known about the relationship between the selectivity for different features.
T2585 1285786-1286019 Epistemic_statement denotes To study the relationship between the color selectivity and shape selectivity, we tested the responses of each neuron using all combinations of the sets of colors and shapes, and conducted SVD (singular value decomposition) analysis.
T2586 1286213-1286323 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest a possibility that color and shape informations interact at cellular level in this area.
T2587 1286665-1286790 Epistemic_statement denotes The monkey was required to judge whether or not a sample stimulus was presented immediately after a forward masking stimulus.
T2588 1286928-1287045 Epistemic_statement denotes Trial-totrial variation of firing rates of many IT neurons correlated with the monkey's seen versus not-seen choices.
T2589 1287438-1287549 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicate a link between the firing rates of IT neurons with conscious perception of stimulus shape.
T2590 1288224-1288399 Epistemic_statement denotes Since genetic mutations of PDE6C have not been reported in human patients of hereditary eye diseases, the els mutant is a good model for studying physiological roles of PDE6C.
T2591 1288400-1288527 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we investigated whether the structural integrity of photoreceptors and visual sensitivity are affected in the els mutants.
T2592 1288688-1288808 Epistemic_statement denotes However, we found that visual response to the contrast is slightly affected in larvae heterozygous for the els mutation.
T2593 1288809-1288904 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that the level of PDE6C activity is important for the sensitivity of vision.
T2594 1291666-1292010 Epistemic_statement denotes Sydney, Sydney, Australia; 4 UCL, London, UK When a moving border defined by small luminance changes (or by color changes) is shown in close proximity to moving borders defined by large changes in luminance, the low contrast border can appear to jitter at a characteristic frequency -a phenomenon we refer to as MISC (Arnold & Johnston, 2003) .
T2595 1292331-1292612 Epistemic_statement denotes As 10 Hz MEG responses were enhanced in the presence of illusory jitter relative to the presence of isoluminant motion and physical 10 Hz jitter, we believe that the activity is related to illusory jitter generation rather than to jitter perception or to isoluminant motion per se.
T2596 1292613-1292797 Epistemic_statement denotes These results support our hypothesis that MISC is generated within cortex by the dynamic characteristics of a cortical feedback circuit rather than by any physical stimulus properties.
T2597 1293102-1293244 Epistemic_statement denotes of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan; 3 BIRD, JST Visual information processing in the insect brain has so far been analyzed mainly within the optic lobe.
T2598 1293461-1293531 Epistemic_statement denotes The neural circuits in this area, however, remain essentially unknown.
T2599 1294129-1294454 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-G113 Dynamic reorganization of orientation maps in a late phase of the sensitive period Kazunori O'Hashi 1,2 , Toshiki Tani 2 , Shigeru Tanaka 1,2 1 Graduate School of Life Science & Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan; 2 Laboratory for Visual Neurocomputing, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Japan
T2600 1294455-1294602 Epistemic_statement denotes We have found that there are two phases in the sensitive period of orientation plasticity: an early irreversible phase and a late reversible phase.
T2601 1294603-1294791 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we attempted to elucidate how orientation maps are reorganized in the late reversible phase, performing intrinsic signal optical imaging several times from the same kittens.
T2602 1294929-1295142 Epistemic_statement denotes We also found that when the goggles were removed after 1 or 2 weeks of goggle rearing, drastically reorganized orientation maps returned to regular orientation maps that had been established before goggle rearing.
T2603 1295143-1295356 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that once established orientation maps in an early phase serve as template maps to which later rapidly reorganized orientation maps are restored by the release of single orientation exposure.
T2604 1295681-1295826 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we used Fourier analysis of flavoprotein fluorescence signals for constructing retinotopic maps in the mouse visual cortex.
T2605 1296102-1296162 Epistemic_statement denotes Retinotopic maps were constructed based on these components.
T2606 1296163-1296342 Epistemic_statement denotes Vascular artifacts could be removed when the stimulus frequency was higher than 0.3 Hz, since fluorescence signals but not vascular responses could follow up to these frequencies.
T2607 1296343-1296538 Epistemic_statement denotes Combination of flavoprotein fluorescence imaging and Fourier analysis is a powerful tool for investigating high-resolution retinotopic maps with short acquisition time in the mouse visual cortex.
T2608 1296634-1296668 Epistemic_statement denotes Inst, Niigata Univ., Nigata, Japan
T2609 1296669-1296831 Epistemic_statement denotes We have reported that ocular dominance plasticity induced by monocular deprivation can be visualized in mice using transcranial flavoprotein fluorescence imaging.
T2610 1296991-1297157 Epistemic_statement denotes However, this possibility has not been tested in mice, mainly because surgical operations for producing large and stable shifts in eye position are difficult in mice.
T2611 1297423-1297560 Epistemic_statement denotes Preliminary experiments suggested that the responses in the monocular zone of the visual cortex were not affected in the strabismic mice.
T2612 1297561-1297701 Epistemic_statement denotes However, binocular interaction, which was additive in the binocular zone of normal mice, turned to be more repulsive in the strabismic mice.
T2613 1297972-1298124 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose a new method to represent and sample topographic activities in the space of visual field by extending our previous study (Maeda et al., 2003.
T2614 1299208-1299375 Epistemic_statement denotes Neurobiol., Kuopio, Finland ON-OFF type amacrine cells are intensely connected with each other by gap junctions (GJs), forming a syncytium with a wide receptive field.
T2615 1299636-1299849 Epistemic_statement denotes By lowering pH 0 only 0.2 units from the baseline of 7.60, we found a remarkable reduction of the conduction velocity by 20-30%, an increase of the length constant and a hyperpolarisation of the resting potential.
T2616 1299850-1300047 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on our theoretical model, combined with measurements of conduction velocity and length constants of the receptive field, we could estimate both GJ and plasmamembrane conductances of the cell.
T2617 1300048-1300178 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, we suggest that protons could contribute to the reduction of conductances, especially at the plasmamembrane but also at GJs.
T2618 1300541-1300628 Epistemic_statement denotes However, biophysical mechanism underlying the band-pass filter is not fully understood.
T2619 1300758-1300960 Epistemic_statement denotes The model incorporates much of the known parameters in rods, i.e., the phototransduction cascade, ionic currents (I Ca , I Kv , I K(Ca) , I h , I Cl(Ca) ), calcium system and gap junctions between rods.
T2620 1301093-1301181 Epistemic_statement denotes The mechanism underlying the band-pass filter was examined by changing model parameters.
T2621 1301182-1301277 Epistemic_statement denotes The result suggests that I K(Ca) , I Cl(Ca) and I h are responsible for the bandpass filtering.
T2622 1301278-1301502 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (17500195) PS3A-G119 Stimulus selectivity and correlated spontaneous activity of distant neurons in monkey inferior temporal cortex Go Uchida, Mitsuhiro Fukuda, Manabu Tanifuji BSI, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
T2623 1301503-1301732 Epistemic_statement denotes In inferior temporal (IT) cortices of anesthetized macaque monkeys, we have previously shown that spontaneous spike activities (SAs) of 30% (17 of 57) of neuron pairs (inter-neuronal distance >500 m) are significantly correlated.
T2624 1301733-1302025 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, to investigate how the correlated SAs relate to functional structure in IT cortex, we measured stimulus selectivity for each neuron of the 57 pairs and explored similarity of stimulus selectivity by calculating correlation coefficients of responses to 28 visual stimuli.
T2625 1302163-1302358 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, model analysis showed that in 71% (12/17) of the pairs the correlation of SAs reflect synchronous transition between two activity states: periods with high and low mean firing rates.
T2626 1302359-1302542 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that a network underlying the synchronous state transition provides circuitry that functionally connects distant IT neurons showing similar stimulus selectivity.
T2627 1302613-1302778 Epistemic_statement denotes Biomolecular Science, Toho Univ., Japan Understanding the significance of single spikes can be of critical importance in the analysis of neuronal information coding.
T2628 1302856-1302974 Epistemic_statement denotes However, if fine temporal patterns of spikes would carry information, the system could have large encoding efficiency.
T2629 1303309-1303421 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggests that the spike patterns are not sorely determined by slowly modulating instantaneous firing rates.
T2630 1303422-1303669 Epistemic_statement denotes We also found that millisecond-scale structures in the spike patterns encode light intensity waveforms over 200 ms. We propose that the retina compresses hundreds of milliseconds of light sequences into spike patterns at the scale of milliseconds.
T2631 1304597-1304768 Epistemic_statement denotes The system can emulate the neural image of the binocular complex cells responding to natural scene in real-time and is useful to verify computational models of V1 neurons.
T2632 1305846-1305981 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that looping afferent fibers in the ventral root are involved in visceromotor function during colon inflammation.
T2633 1306720-1306847 Epistemic_statement denotes This is the first evidence with PET for a modulation of cerebral processing during visceral stimulation by hypnotic suggestion.
T2634 1306848-1306941 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest a role of DLPFC and mPFC in the cognitive control of the interoception.
T2635 1306942-1307063 Epistemic_statement denotes The participation of bladder receptors sensitive to cold temperature has been proposed in overactive bladder for decades.
T2636 1307064-1307254 Epistemic_statement denotes Bladder cooling reflex (BCR) which consists of immediate sense of urgency and detrusor contraction in response to ice water infusion may be a neuropathic cause of detrusor overactivity (DO).
T2637 1307803-1307917 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that BCR is enhanced in BOO by increasing TRPM8 on the urothelium cell of the urinary bladder.
T2638 1308973-1309191 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that visceral information modulates the portion of the striatum that has been implicated in cognitive function, and they implicate the caudate nucleus in the control of heart rate and respiration.
T2639 1309737-1309836 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it remained unclear whether or not a hypothalamo-telencephalic pathway exists in teleosts.
T2640 1310333-1310425 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that the mIL corresponds to hypothalamic relay zones in mammals (e.g.
T2641 1310637-1310730 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously shown that an icv injection of anti-PrRP antibodies increases food intake.
T2642 1310851-1310922 Epistemic_statement denotes It is thus possible that PrRP may mediate satiety signals in the brain.
T2643 1311199-1311380 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that PrRP may play an important role in the short-term control of food intake and are consistent with a hypothesis that PrRP is a satiety signal within the brain.
T2644 1312332-1312470 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that long-chin fatty acid regulates endocrine function in the anterior pituitary via GPR120 at least fasting period.
T2645 1313090-1313206 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study was aims to determine if the ependymocytes located on the wall of 4V respond to the change in 3HB.
T2646 1313642-1313737 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that the ependymocytes may sense 3HB through a MCT1-dependent mechanism.
T2647 1314208-1314404 Epistemic_statement denotes Circulating concentration of leptin is in proportion to body fat mass, however, in obese humans, elevated concentrations of endogenous leptin cannot prevent the accumulation of the adipose tissue.
T2648 1314654-1314813 Epistemic_statement denotes Leptin (1.3 mg/kg, ip) reduced food intake in normal mice but not in DIO mice, suggesting that DIO mice have resistance for exogenous leptin like obese humans.
T2649 1314931-1315072 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the lack of the activation of the histaminergic system partly contributes to obesity in leptin-resistant DIO mice.
T2650 1316004-1316075 Epistemic_statement denotes However, neural progenitor cells were not detected in substantia nigra.
T2651 1316076-1316215 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that transplantation of neural progenitor cells may better 6-OHDA-induced eating disorders via protection of neurons.
T2652 1316216-1316276 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists B 17791323
T2653 1316277-1316453 Epistemic_statement denotes Most tools used by nonhuman animals are extension of their effectors (motor-tools), while humans can use a kind of tools as substitute for their sensory organs (sensory-tools).
T2654 1317197-1317372 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, acquisition of using the externalized eyes can be achieved by gradual transfer of their own vision to the distant visual cues via motor-tools to extend their body image.
T2655 1318418-1318540 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that there are parallel streams of information flow from the temporal lobe to the prefrontal cortex.
T2656 1319418-1319602 Epistemic_statement denotes Three types of ON responses were noticed; C-type (n = 96) only at correct trial, I-type (n = 5) at around possible reward onset only at incorrect trials, and C-I type (n = 49) at both.
T2657 1319862-1319943 Epistemic_statement denotes I-type and Class II C-I type may represent error signals and reward anticipation.
T2658 1320379-1320520 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent psychological studies implied that shared body representation of self and other might be required in the brain for social interaction.
T2659 1320928-1321144 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggested that bimodal neurons in VIP may be related to matching mechanism between own body image and others, then we discussed that this area may contribute to the human social ability such as imitation.
T2660 1321145-1321550 Epistemic_statement denotes Daichi Hirai 1 , Takayuki Hosokawa 2 , Masato Inoue 1 , akichika Mikami 1 1 Section of Brain Sciences, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan; 2 Department of Psychology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan Amygdala is involved in stimulus-reinforcement association learning, and have neural responses related to prediction of rewarding and aversive outcomes.
T2661 1321551-1321700 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it remains unclear whether representation of reinforcement value in the amygdala depends on other available outcomes in a given trial block.
T2662 1321701-1321870 Epistemic_statement denotes To elucidate how rewarding and aversive infomation are coded in the amygdala, we recorded single neuronal activity in monkey amygdala during delayed color matching task.
T2663 1322561-1322743 Epistemic_statement denotes To examine a possible involvement of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in such functions, we recorded neuronal activity from the LPFC of monkeys that performed an oculomotor task.
T2664 1323231-1323368 Epistemic_statement denotes Cc type and Pc type activities may be neuronal correlates of expectation-evaluation based on current and previous contexts, respectively.
T2665 1323369-1323498 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, neuronal processes for expectation-evaluation based on previous and ongoing "contextual memories" may progress in the LPFC.
T2666 1323499-1323695 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-H141 Anterior insular cortex neurons in monkey are activated when reward might be delivered, such as occurs in gambling Takashi Mizuhiki 1 , Barry J. Richmond 3 , Munetaka Shidara 1,2 1 Grad.
T2667 1323781-1323948 Epistemic_statement denotes Neuropsychol., NIMH, Bethesda, USA The human insular cortex has attracted interest because it is activated during risk-taking or decision-making tasks in fMRI studies.
T2668 1323949-1324305 Epistemic_statement denotes To identify related neuronal signals, we recorded single insular neurons while two monkeys worked in a reward schedule task in 2 conditions: (1) a cue is picked at random so it is uncertain whether a correctly performed trial will be rewarded [uncertain condition], (2) a cue indicates whether the current trial will be rewarded or not [certain condition].
T2669 1324306-1324372 Epistemic_statement denotes In the uncertain condition 84/120 neurons responded in all trials.
T2670 1324571-1324663 Epistemic_statement denotes These insular neuron responses seem related to reward expectancy and recent reward delivery.
T2671 1324664-1324791 Epistemic_statement denotes These neuronal responses might underlie the activation identified in imaging studies during gambling and decision-making tasks.
T2672 1325307-1325469 Epistemic_statement denotes After monkeys could acquire the sequences, new pairs of stimuli (i.e., D1 and D2, E1 and E2, etc) were introduced to associated with B1 or B2 (D1-B1, D2-B2, etc).
T2673 1325659-1325878 Epistemic_statement denotes Monkeys could show reward predictive behavior for not only A1 and A2, which were associated with C1 and C2 in trained sequences, but also new pairs of stimuli, which were not directly associated either with C or reward.
T2674 1325879-1326049 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that monkeys could use reward predicting information by integration of association among trained sequences, C-reward association, and new stimuli.
T2675 1326482-1326635 Epistemic_statement denotes The main purpose of this study is to examine the PFC neuronal mechanism involved in predicting reward using learned associations among groups of stimuli.
T2676 1327170-1327270 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the preference was not based on visual properties of stimulus, but on stimulus-group.
T2677 1327271-1327426 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that about 10% of lateral prefrontal neurons predict reward based on stimulus-groups that were formed through the associative learning.
T2678 1327520-1327627 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it remains unknown whether the novelty is processed in a specific region of the prefrontal cortex.
T2679 1328260-1328353 Epistemic_statement denotes This result suggests that LPFC more contributes to coding of stimulus-novelty than does MPFC.
T2680 1328354-1328449 Epistemic_statement denotes When an outcome of action is uncertain, a top-down attention is directed to the coming outcome.
T2681 1329079-1329275 Epistemic_statement denotes Both MPFC and LPFC cells gradually increased their firing toward the visual feedback when the outcome was uncertain, while the onset of the activity was significantly earlier in MPFC than in LPFC.
T2682 1329276-1329391 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the top-down attention first occurs in MPFC and propagates to LPFC in individual trials.
T2683 1330184-1330264 Epistemic_statement denotes We found that neuronal activity in the pre-SMA rarely reflected muscle activity.
T2684 1330523-1330622 Epistemic_statement denotes We would demonstrate typical examples of pre-SMA neurons and discuss their functional implications.
T2685 1330623-1330786 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-H147 Neuronal activity in the putamen and CM thalamus during response bias and its complementary process Yukiko Hori, Takafumi Minamimoto, Minoru Kimura Dept.
T2686 1330820-1330831 Epistemic_statement denotes Med., Japan
T2687 1330832-1330956 Epistemic_statement denotes We showed previously that CM thalamus participates specifically in complementary process to response bias (Minamimoto et al.
T2688 1330965-1331199 Epistemic_statement denotes To study the roles of the putamen and CM in response bias and it complementary processes, we recorded activity of CM and putamen projection neurons from two macaque monkeys performing asymmetrically rewarded GO-NOGO button press task.
T2689 1331200-1331325 Epistemic_statement denotes Instruction of GO or NOGO activated CM neurons (n = 73) preferentially when the instruction was associated with small reward.
T2690 1331705-1331897 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that the putamen plays a major roles in both response bias and its complementary process while CM participates in the complementary process in concert with the putamen.
T2691 1332128-1332139 Epistemic_statement denotes Med., Japan
T2692 1332140-1332421 Epistemic_statement denotes To examine how dopamine (DA) neurons represent reward expectation and its error through a series of action choices, we recorded activity of DA neurons in two Japanese monkeys making trial-anderror and repetition choices to find a correct, rewarding target among three alternatives.
T2693 1333056-1333225 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the start cue responses may reflect expected total rewards through a series of action choices for a goal, while reinforcer beep responses may reflect their errors.
T2694 1334376-1334567 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggested that striatal neurons encode expected reward probability, schedule states to obtain multiple rewards and choice of actions during decision and action choices for a goal.
T2695 1335642-1335801 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that the TANs may encode reinforcement after reward-based action choices which is modified by reward expectation errors and motivation.
T2696 1336980-1337141 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggested that sub-populations of striate neurons process action values and selection of actions during rewardbased decision and action selection.
T2697 1338207-1338472 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that striatal neurons encode, in the delay periods, not only temporal information with monotonic dependence on cue durations to prepare a comparison to a forthcoming cue duration, but also encode discrimination results between two cue durations.
T2698 1339176-1339484 Epistemic_statement denotes Each association has a particular direction, either the 'face to pattern' direction in which a cue stimulus which is a face is associated with a test stimulus which is a pattern, or the 'pattern to face' direction in which a cue stimulus which is a pattern is associated with a test stimulus which is a face.
T2699 1339708-1339808 Epistemic_statement denotes This asymmetrical delay activity are indicative of the crucial role of the TEav area in face memory.
T2700 1339809-1340259 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (16500260 17021016) PS3A-I154 Reflexive social attention elicited by biological motion in monkeys and humans Yoshiya Mori 1 , Mikio Inagaki 1 , Wu Lisa 2 , Taijiro Doi 1 , Eishi Hirasaki 1 , Hiroo Kumakura 1 , Ichiro Fujita 1 1 Osaka Univ., Japan; 2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Determining where another individual is attending and preparing for his/her upcoming action is crucial for members of a social group.
T2701 1340399-1340551 Epistemic_statement denotes We examined how the reaction time to peripheral visual targets was affected by a prior, brief presentation of a walking biological motion (BM) stimulus.
T2702 1341018-1341118 Epistemic_statement denotes We believe the attention mechanisms driven by BM may be part of the intentionality inference system.
T2703 1341344-1341362 Epistemic_statement denotes Sci., Aichi, Japan
T2704 1341363-1341500 Epistemic_statement denotes The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is thought to be one of crucial areas to direct spatial attention toward the target in visual search.
T2705 1341534-1341635 Epistemic_statement denotes stimulus features) might be integrated in PPC to form a saliency map that controls spatial attention.
T2706 1341636-1341806 Epistemic_statement denotes To examine this hypothesis, we recorded the neural activity from the lateral intraparietal (LIP) and 7a areas of monkeys performing a multidimensional visual search task.
T2707 1342216-1342483 Epistemic_statement denotes The mixed existence of these two distinct types of activities suggests that PPC is one of critical stages that integrate feature-dependent signals to produce featureindependent signals identifying the target location toward which spatial attention should be directed.
T2708 1342544-1342813 Epistemic_statement denotes To elucidate visual function to categorize sexes, (1) performance of visually guided sex discrimination task and (2) neuronal activity during the task in orbitofrontal cortex (OBF), the region could be related to sex recognition and vision processes, were investigated.
T2709 1343251-1343364 Epistemic_statement denotes The present results suggest that visual information alone sufficiently contribute to discriminate sex in monkeys.
T2710 1343365-1343419 Epistemic_statement denotes OBF could be involved in visual categorization of sex.
T2711 1344196-1344401 Epistemic_statement denotes And we classified neurons whether they had burst episode or not, and then classified bursting neurons into fast spiking (FS), fast rhythmic bursting (FRB), and intrinsic bursting (IB) neurons (Katai et al.
T2712 1344571-1344739 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the bursting neurons have the significant role in the target selection and decision-making of the eye movement toward the specific direction.
T2713 1344740-1345046 Epistemic_statement denotes Atsushi Matsumoto 1 , Tetsuya Iidaka 2 1 Department of Psychology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; 2 Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Several studies indicated that gamma band activity (GBA: 30-80 Hz) reflects the process to form mental representation of objects or information.
T2714 1345047-1345172 Epistemic_statement denotes We investigated whether the GBA is observed during subliminal visual word processing as well as supraliminal word processing.
T2715 1345516-1345624 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that the unconscious lexical processing was reflected in the GBA at that time window.
T2716 1345798-1345947 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition we found the significant semantic priming effect, indicating that the information of briefly presented words was processed unconsciously.
T2717 1347023-1347144 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that the exposure of interpolated views significantly improved the association learning of the views.
T2718 1347145-1347386 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-I160 Brain regional activity during attention task ( The Kana Pick-out Test, treated as inspecting higher brain function, has been proposed to be suitable for screening dementia, which is widely used among public health nurses in Japan.
T2719 1347387-1347456 Epistemic_statement denotes However, few fMRI studies while demonstrating the test have reported.
T2720 1347779-1347991 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicate the existence of the attention pathway from and/or to prefrontal area as association mechanisms for execution of Kana Pick-out Test, suggesting that this test is useful in screening dementia.
T2721 1347992-1348232 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-I161 Obsessive compulsive symptoms in middle school students and its association with tic disorder, body dysmorphic disorder and trichotilomnia in Shiraz, Iran, 2005 Ashkan Mowla, Arash Mowla Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
T2722 1348233-1348404 Epistemic_statement denotes Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate OCD symptoms, Tic disorder, Body Dismorphic Disorder (BDD) and Trichotilomnia (TTM) among middle school students of Shiraz, Iran.
T2723 1348723-1348923 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: Students with more obsessional symptoms were more girls and demonstrated more positive family history.They were more likely to be from lower socioeconomic class and with lower school average.
T2724 1348924-1349005 Epistemic_statement denotes They also showed more association with Body Dysmorphic disorder and Tic disorder.
T2725 1349221-1349283 Epistemic_statement denotes It was seen that OCD symptoms would affect school performance.
T2726 1349559-1349592 Epistemic_statement denotes Kitasato Univ., Sagamihara, Japan
T2727 1349593-1349741 Epistemic_statement denotes Blockade of NMDA-R by antagonists causes psychomimetic effects, suggesting involvement of NMDA-R dysfunction in mental disorders like schizophrenia.
T2728 1349742-1349840 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the relationship between mental disorders and molecular abnormality has not been cleared.
T2729 1349967-1350160 Epistemic_statement denotes We confirmed that marked down-regulation (50%) of NR1 expression occurred only in the hippocampus among various brain regions 4-8 days after intra-ventricular injection of siRNA-vector complex.
T2730 1350497-1350608 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that hypofunction of hippocampal NMDA-R by siRNA-treatment causes a deficit of cognition.
T2731 1352278-1352368 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent studies have revealed abnormality in distribution of interneurons in these regions.
T2732 1353060-1353190 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that age-dependent decrease of PV-positive interneurons might underlie behavioral abnormalities in Sey/+ mice.
T2733 1353191-1353283 Epistemic_statement denotes Schizophrenia is a complex genetic disorder, characterized by multiple susceptibility genes.
T2734 1353347-1353491 Epistemic_statement denotes Genetic evidence for the association between the disorder and the dysbindin gene has repeatedly been reported in various populations world wide.
T2735 1354095-1354197 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that dysbindin might be involved in anxiety-related behavior in novel environment.
T2736 1354198-1354798 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: 16790712, 17025055 PS3A-I166 Gene expression analysis of dysbindin mRNA in peripheral blood in schizophrenia Sachie Chiba 1,2 , Satoko Hattori 1 , Hiroaki Hori 1 , Tetsuo Nakabayashi 3 , Hiroshi Kunugi 1 , Ryota Hashimoto 1 1 Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience; 2 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Koganei, Japan; 3 Musashi Hospital, NCNP, Kodaira, Japan Although many efforts have been spent to discover a biological marker of schizophrenia, no biological marker has been established.
T2737 1354799-1355085 Epistemic_statement denotes As genetic evidence suggested that dysbindin (DTNBP1) is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, we measured dysbindin mRNA expression level in peripheral blood samples of 38 patients with schizophrenia and 38 age-sex matched healthy controls by a quantitative real time RT-PCR method.
T2738 1355329-1355453 Epistemic_statement denotes Further examination measuring other dysbindin transcripts should be warranted to find a biological marker for schizophrenia.
T2739 1356167-1356330 Epistemic_statement denotes We examined the possible association between genetic variants in the dysbindin gene and memory and IQ in 165 healthy volunteers and 72 patients with schizophrenia.
T2740 1356331-1356607 Epistemic_statement denotes Individuals who did not carry a protective haplotype had lower performance in several memory domains WMS-R, although this haplotype did not affect IQ measured by WAIS-R. A risk independent polymorphism for schizophrenia influences both memory and IQ in the opposite direction.
T2741 1356608-1356801 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that dysbindin gene may have impact on the cognitive function such as memory and IQ and that memory might be an intermediate phenotype of dysbindin on risk for schizophrenia.
T2742 1357282-1357469 Epistemic_statement denotes The object of this study was to test that a schizophrenic cohort would show elevated AADC activity in the substantia nigra, midbrain raphe and locus coeruleus compared to normal controls.
T2743 1357979-1358171 Epistemic_statement denotes Our result suggests that an elevated presynaptic dopamine function is present in dopaminergic neurons that innervate striatal areas associated with enhanced dopamine activity in schizophrenia.
T2744 1358172-1358349 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, we analyzed the P300 component of the visual eventrelated potential in 14 patients with schizophrenia and 14 healthy controls, and also performed LORETA analysis.
T2745 1359052-1359141 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicated that the cognitive function was influenced by affective stimulus.
T2746 1359142-1359648 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-J170 Inappropriate input produces schizophrenialike working memory deficits in a simulated neural circuit Kensuke Nomura 1 , Shoji Tanaka 2 , Koki Yamashita 2 , Motoichiro Kato 1 , Haruo Kashima 1 1 Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University; 2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sophia University A number of studies indicate that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is intrinsically linked to working memory (WM) and that dopamine critically modulates WM activity.
T2747 1359649-1359817 Epistemic_statement denotes According to the hypothesis proposed by Goldman-Rakic and her colleagues, we constructed an electrophysiological circuit model for WM which represents eight directions.
T2748 1359818-1360014 Epistemic_statement denotes The computer simulation with this model shows that the working memory activity is dampened by cue-irrelevant inputs and greater noise inputs lose the directional selectivity of the representation.
T2749 1360015-1360124 Epistemic_statement denotes A lot of studies suggested that increase of noise was related to schizophrenia, especially in WM disturbance.
T2750 1360125-1360324 Epistemic_statement denotes Our study indicates that noise inputs cause WM impairment in patients with schizophrenia and that working memory performance is not always positively correlated with the neuronal activity of the PFC.
T2751 1361239-1361589 Epistemic_statement denotes Specific subtypes of receptors such as 5-HT6 are known to be localized to the plasma membrane of neuronal primary cilia in certain regions of the brain, and then our results raise the possibility that pericentrin dysfunction may result in perturbed chemosensory function of neuronal primary cilia and increased vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.
T2752 1361590-1361694 Epistemic_statement denotes Dysregulation of GR has been thought to play an important role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders.
T2753 1362087-1362216 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that dysregulation of alternative splicing play an important role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders.
T2754 1362910-1363032 Epistemic_statement denotes Electroconvulsive therapy is useful in treating drug-resistant depressive disorders, though its mechanism remains unclear.
T2755 1363033-1363143 Epistemic_statement denotes There have been a few reports that studied effects of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on long-term potentiation.
T2756 1363144-1363230 Epistemic_statement denotes However, its effects on long-term depression (LTD) have not been investigated to date.
T2757 1363723-1363919 Epistemic_statement denotes Homer 1a injection, as well as with ECS treatments, reduced LTD magnitude only at layer II/III-to-VI pyramidal cell synapses, implicating that Homer 1a may be a biological mediator of ECS effects.
T2758 1365004-1365084 Epistemic_statement denotes This decrease of zinc was correlated with weight loss but not hind paw swelling.
T2759 1365172-1365463 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-J175 Molecular cloning of a novel candidate for ethanol-responsive genes, YY1AP-related protein (YARP), in rat brain In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of EtOH action on the CNS, we investigated changes in gene expression in the adult rat brain after chronic EtOH treatment.
T2760 1365464-1365565 Epistemic_statement denotes By means of cDNA subtraction, we identified a candidate for EtOH-responsive genes in the hippocampus.
T2761 1366135-1366296 Epistemic_statement denotes Analogous to YY1AP as a co-activator of transcription factor YY1, it is postulated that YARP can regulate cerebral gene expression in response to EtOH treatment.
T2762 1367412-1367554 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, GABAergic inhibition may be decisive on survival of orexin neurons under excitotoxic stimuli mediated by NR2B-containing NMDA receptors.
T2763 1369254-1369301 Epistemic_statement denotes Electrode arrays can be purchased from vendors.
T2764 1369302-1369465 Epistemic_statement denotes However, economic considerations and the adjustment of the array alignment for experimental design still make it worthwhile to develop fabrication methods inhouse.
T2765 1371312-1371410 Epistemic_statement denotes In the meeting we will present the results in detail and will discuss the potential of our method.
T2766 1371676-1371832 Epistemic_statement denotes The production of birdsongs, a process which involves complex learned sequences, provides researchers with a good biological model to study this phenomenon.
T2767 1371833-1371915 Epistemic_statement denotes Bengalese finches (BF) learn highly complex songs that have grammatical structure.
T2768 1371916-1372024 Epistemic_statement denotes The underlying neural mechanisms that allow the birds to learn these songs are however not fully understood.
T2769 1372025-1372166 Epistemic_statement denotes To address this issue, we developed a neural network model of BF's songs that might explain how different regions of the brain work together.
T2770 1372247-1372413 Epistemic_statement denotes The model shows that complex grammatical songs can be replicated by simple interactions between deterministic dynamics of a recurrent neural network and random noise.
T2771 1373140-1373227 Epistemic_statement denotes Among the passerines, however, BFs sing complex song which follows finite state syntax.
T2772 1373426-1373507 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, Nif-HVC connection may play important role in generating song grammar.
T2773 1373829-1373903 Epistemic_statement denotes Part of the effects is possibly caused by disruption of auditory feedback.
T2774 1374023-1374229 Epistemic_statement denotes The reason for the emergence of reward expectancy neurons suggested by a model using reinforcement learning and an artificial neural network Katsunari Shibata 1 , Shinya Ishii 1 , Munetaka Shidara 2 1 Dept.
T2775 1374579-1374685 Epistemic_statement denotes It is difficult to explain directly by reinforcement learning why they do not respond in the reward trial.
T2776 1374961-1375156 Epistemic_statement denotes The simulation result suggests that the reward expectancy neurons emerge to realize smooth temporal increase of the state value by complementing the neurons that respond only in the reward trial.
T2777 1375549-1375780 Epistemic_statement denotes The monkey searched a correct action (left or right lever press) on the basis of the two kinds of visual feedback, one (CS+) paired with a liquid reward and the other (CS−) that did not appear in a preceding Pavlovian conditioning.
T2778 1376185-1376301 Epistemic_statement denotes This result suggests that MPFC contributes to behavioral adjustment by providing prediction errors of action values.
T2779 1377155-1377265 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous studies predict that the point of simultaneity would be shifted toward the peak of the Gaussian, i.e.
T2780 1377301-1377507 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the point of simultaneity was shifted away from the peak by about 50 ms. Our results disagree with the previous studies, but conforms to a contrasting prediction from a Bayesian integration theory.
T2781 1378094-1378325 Epistemic_statement denotes Thirty tasks were presented visually every 30 s, the subjects were asked to think about the question immediately following the sentences and asked not to think moreover if the question was difficult (e.g., How to cook curried rice?
T2782 1378326-1378361 Epistemic_statement denotes or How to fold paper into a turtle?
T2783 1378723-1378801 Epistemic_statement denotes The correlation should be considered in discussing neural activation for NIRS.
T2784 1379174-1379380 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the networks with a single stable synfire state is intensively analyzed by using several neuron models, the networks with several stable synfire states have not yet been investigated so thoroughly.
T2785 1379963-1380009 Epistemic_statement denotes We will report the details of those phenomena.
T2786 1380010-1380521 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (14084212) and (16500093) PS3A-K187 Auditory ERPs can be identified as corresponding stimuli by classifier with Naive Bayes method Akitoshi Ogawa 1,2 , Sachiko Koyama 1,2 , Takashi Omori 3 , Takashi Morotomi 4 1 Research Institue for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; 2 Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan; 3 Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; 4 Sakushin Gakuin University, Utsunomiya, Japan
T2787 1380522-1380660 Epistemic_statement denotes In an attempt to reversely estimate the input stimulus from measured ERPs, we developed computational classifier using naive Bayes method.
T2788 1380661-1380738 Epistemic_statement denotes Correct classification rates could be index values of the ERP characteristic.
T2789 1380816-1380994 Epistemic_statement denotes The ERPs were elicited by tones (500 Hz) with different durations (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 ms) and gaps (8, 16, 32, 64, 128 , 256 ms) embedded in a continuous pure tone (500 Hz).
T2790 1381176-1381316 Epistemic_statement denotes As a result, the correct rates for 32 and 64 ms were high both for the tones (32 ms, 38%; 64 ms, 61%) and the gaps (32 ms, 46%; 64 ms, 46%).
T2791 1381317-1381553 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-K188 Determination of channel parameters for construction of a neural model of Caenorhabditis elegans Kazumi Sakaa, Akane Andoh, Taro Ogurusu Laboratory of Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Morioka, Japan
T2792 1381554-1381795 Epistemic_statement denotes Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is one of the most suitable model animal for investigation of the relationship between the connection and the function of the neural network because its connection was revealed with the electronmicroscopy.
T2793 1381796-1381954 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, it has been difficult to build a precise model neuron because the neuronal electrophysiological data of C. elegans has not been sufficient.
T2794 1382367-1382465 Epistemic_statement denotes We report validity of obtained parameters and the possibility of the existence of unknown channel.
T2795 1382496-1382778 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3A-K189 Theoretical consideration about NMDA current change and its effect on synaptic plasticity Shigeru Kubota, Tatsuo Kitajima Department of Bio-System Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan It is well known that NMDAR plays an important role in learning and memory.
T2796 1382779-1382936 Epistemic_statement denotes Several experiments have shown that the property of NMDAR EPSC can change within a few weeks after birth, leading to the shortening of its decay time course.
T2797 1382937-1383124 Epistemic_statement denotes Since the calcium current through NMDAR is involved in LTP and LTD induction, it is possible that such change can work as the modulation of the plasticity rule or higher-order plasticity.
T2798 1383125-1383302 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we show by the biophysical compartmental model that the alteration of NMDAR property can modulate the calcium influx into the spine, which finally switches plasticity rule.
T2799 1383472-1383640 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that changing NMDAR time course is very useful for the developing animals in order to promote fast and stable formation of the polysynaptic circuit.
T2800 1383690-1384217 Epistemic_statement denotes Gardi Medical College, India Introduction: I want to inform you regarding the some of challenges coming across my practice with the person with the psychiatric disorder in social rehabilitation like education and training, work and employment, family, groups, social, sexual, environmental and regional, coordination with the other health group and care giver, insurance problems, medical, physical, occipital vocational, languages problems mostly how to give oppurtinies with in the society and many more to be come in future.
T2801 1384218-1384403 Epistemic_statement denotes Method: I keep the records with me since I join the medical college and my during practice but this is really challenging to calm down for question with their relatives and care givers.
T2802 1384679-1385282 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: There is big challenge in the for social rehabilitation for the persons with psychiatric disorder as multifactor involvement s are there in this groups with early intervention and long term rehabilitation so that we can produced many working induals with in the society among the person with psychiatric disorder the more interaction among the society and care giver working in this field as well as neuroseiencents working in this field so that we will able to achieve almost complete social rehabilitation as till today we are not able to achieve social rehabilitation up to 50% till now.
T2803 1386281-1386519 Epistemic_statement denotes Results from the present study demonstrate gross alterations in cerebral cortical membrane fatty acid composition and fluidity during TAA induced HE and their possible implications in the pathogenesis of this condition are also discussed.
T2804 1386722-1386822 Epistemic_statement denotes However, little is known about their distributions and their physiological functions in vertebrates.
T2805 1387424-1387576 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that Rho-GTPases in an active form accumulate in the apical surface of neural plate cells and play important roles in neurulation.
T2806 1387711-1387963 Epistemic_statement denotes Setsuko Sahara, Dennis DM O'Leary MNL-O, The Salk Institute, USA Gradients of morphogens are postulated to establish the initial patterning of the mammalian forebrain, but little is known about their downstream targets and the mechanisms of patterning.
T2807 1388389-1388493 Epistemic_statement denotes Sp8 and Fgf8 exhibit reciprocal induction, indicating that Sp8 is a positive feedback regulator of Fgf8.
T2808 1388494-1388706 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, though, ectopic expression of both Sp8 and its dominant active form shift cortical areas in the opposite manner to Fgf8, suggesting that Sp8 activates additional targets that overcome Fgf8 function.
T2809 1388707-1388815 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results indicate that Fgf10 is an additional target of Sp8, showing effect on patterning similar to Sp8.
T2810 1388816-1388913 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings indicate that Sp8 balance the proper cortical arealization through Fgf8 and Fgf10.
T2811 1389351-1389548 Epistemic_statement denotes Taking into account the defective formation of neocortical layers II-III in Fyn-deficient mice, Fyn-FAK signal transduction might be involved in the control of the migration of neocortical neurons.
T2812 1390110-1390255 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings strongly suggest that the coordination of Fyn and FAK is essential for the radial migration of late-generated neocortical neurons.
T2813 1390807-1391013 Epistemic_statement denotes A recently identified extracellular sulfatase, SulfFP1, has been implicated in the regulation of growth factor/morphogen signaling through HS remodeling in vitro, but its physiological roles remain unknown.
T2814 1391014-1391107 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we generated knockout mice lacking the SulfFP1 gene, and examined the brain development.
T2815 1391438-1391551 Epistemic_statement denotes Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans play a crucial role in mediating important signaling by Wnt, Hedgehog and FGF.
T2816 1391686-1391824 Epistemic_statement denotes Since these SulfFPs are detected in the extracellular space, SulfFPs are thought to regulate cell surface signaling through HS remodeling.
T2817 1392744-1392855 Epistemic_statement denotes CRMPs appear to play more complex roles in axonal differentiation, elongation and branching during development.
T2818 1393241-1393333 Epistemic_statement denotes However, their axonal patterns including direction, extension, and branching appears normal.
T2819 1393438-1393569 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that CRMPs may functionin keeping trigeminal neurons as a ganglia by mediating semaphorin-neuropilin signals.
T2820 1393816-1393849 Epistemic_statement denotes Sch., Japan; 3 Tokyo Univ., Japan
T2821 1393850-1394018 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose a novel interpretation of the embryonic origin of cells of diencephalic sensory relay nuclei in teleosts, based on our studies in the medaka embryonic brain.
T2822 1394019-1394102 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been proposed that the relay system in teleosts is unique among vertebrates.
T2823 1394322-1394495 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results show, however, that many pax6-or dlx2-positive cells migrate laterally and ventrocaudally from the diencephalic alar plate to the basal plate during development.
T2824 1394496-1394653 Epistemic_statement denotes Massive clusters of the migrated alar cells become localize in the mantle layer lateral to the PT neuroepithelium, from which the PG appear to differentiate.
T2825 1394795-1394896 Epistemic_statement denotes The organization of the diencephalic sensory relay system may have been conserved across vertebrates.
T2826 1396069-1396501 Epistemic_statement denotes Hiroyuki Koizumi, Teruyuki Tanaka, Joseph G. Gleeson University of California, San Diego, USA doublecortin (DCX), encoding a microtubule-associated protein, is critical for neuronal migration, as mutations result in X-linked lissencephaly in hemizygous males and subcortical band heterotopia in heterozygous females, whereas in mouse, RNAi-mediated knockdown but not germline knockout shows abnormal positioning of cortical neurons.
T2827 1397104-1397232 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate the DCX microtubuleassociated protein family is required for proper neuronal migration and axonal wiring.
T2828 1398239-1398489 Epistemic_statement denotes The expressional switching from BMP4 to BMP2 thus appears to play a key role in retinal patterning and consequently in topographic retinotectal projection, by changing the direction of the DV axis toward the posterior side during retinal development.
T2829 1399015-1399188 Epistemic_statement denotes Not a few known and novel genes were found to be expressed in parasagittal band pattern in the embryonic mouse cerebellum, which could be categorized as "early-onset-genes".
T2830 1399189-1399448 Epistemic_statement denotes Parasagittally expressed genes were classified in comparison with the band pattern of En2, Wnt7b and Pcp2/L7 gene expression in declival vermal lobule, to investigate the correlation between spatial expression profiles and transcriptional regulatory elements.
T2831 1399449-1399649 Epistemic_statement denotes Our accumulating data suggest that not only patterning genes like Engrailed and Wnts, also genes related in later events in neural development such as synaptogenesis are expressed as earlyonset-genes.
T2832 1400707-1400897 Epistemic_statement denotes These data elucidate that the Reelin may play a key role in fasciculuation and collateral formation of pontocerebellar projections in addition to cell positioning or migration of PN neurons.
T2833 1400898-1400971 Epistemic_statement denotes Kudoh Suguru 1,2 , Takahisa Taguchi 1 1 AIST, Ikeda, Japan; 2 PRESTO, JST
T2834 1400972-1401201 Epistemic_statement denotes The spatiotemporal patterns of spontaneous action potential were analyzed, using the multi-site recording system for extracellular potentials of neurons and the living neuronal network cultured on a 2-dimensional electrode array.
T2835 1401774-1401986 Epistemic_statement denotes These results strongly suggest that the network structure of the cultured hippocampal neurons is neither stable nor random, but is functionally dynamic and is suitable for certain types of information processing.
T2836 1402278-1402420 Epistemic_statement denotes Especially, the speech center and the center related to thought and emotion are located in the left and in the right hemisphere, respectively.
T2837 1402971-1403189 Epistemic_statement denotes Because of the longer A-P and the larger width of the medial surface in the left hemisphere, it appeared that the left hemisphere overspreads the medial-dorsal marginal surface of the right hemisphere by the naked eye.
T2838 1403704-1403824 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is unclear how the neurons read out the incoming spike synchronization in the dynamical behavior of network.
T2839 1404417-1404566 Epistemic_statement denotes This ability of the network may provide one of mechanisms by which a neuronal system can be trained to carry out tasks in a context-dependent manner.
T2840 1404817-1404992 Epistemic_statement denotes Nevertheless, the situation may be somewhat different as far as nicotine's effects on the neuronal progenitor cell, which is still on the way of differentiation are concerned.
T2841 1404993-1405171 Epistemic_statement denotes To clarify this problem, nicotine was intraperitoneally injected into 4 weekold Wistar strain rats in several doses followed by successive injections of BrdU for the next 4 days.
T2842 1406561-1406767 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the organotypic slice culture of postnatal rat forebrain is an efficient experimental system for pharmacological studies about migration and differentiation of neural progenitors.
T2843 1408495-1408636 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the cells forming sphere-like aggregates in vitro may function as a kind of progenitor cells in the injured brain.
T2844 1408637-1408750 Epistemic_statement denotes If this is a case, it would be tempting to transplant these sphere-forming cells to cure brain injury or disease.
T2845 1408802-1409511 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3P-D020 Localization of neurotrophin receptors TrkA in PC12 cells: 3D reconstruction analysis of membrane proteins Tomoki Nishida 1 , Hiroshi Jinnai 2 , Tatuo Arii 3 , Akio Takaoka 4 , Ryoichi Yoshimura 1 , Yasuhisa Endo 1 1 Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan; 2 Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan; 3 National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan; 4 Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan It was previously reported that TrkA (NGF receptor) was associated with caveolae, small invaginations on the cell membrane, but its subcellular localization is not clarified in detail.
T2846 1409703-1409982 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results indicated that localization of caveolin-1, known as an integral membrane protein of caveolae, was never found in the invagination structure in PC12 cells, but TrkA and caveolin-1 immunoreactivities were mainly found as a mesh-like structure in the cytoplasmic matrix.
T2847 1410410-1410592 Epistemic_statement denotes Ccd1 mRNA was mainly detected in the neural crest derivatives and differentiated neurons in mouse embryos, suggesting the importance of Ccd1 in the Wnt-mediated neuronal development.
T2848 1410720-1410851 Epistemic_statement denotes Mouse Ccd1A as well as zebrafish Ccd2A has a calponin homology domain which can mediate the interaction with the actin cytoskelton.
T2849 1411915-1412064 Epistemic_statement denotes 2000) , these findings lead us to the idea that Rspo2 may synergistically promote proliferation of cortical neuroepithlial cells together with Wnt3a.
T2850 1412372-1412510 Epistemic_statement denotes We are now monitoring incorporation of BrdU in neuroepithelial cells to know whether Wnt3a and Rspo2 directly promote their proliferation.
T2851 1412511-1412698 Epistemic_statement denotes Tae Sun Kim, Hideki Hida, Tomoko Narita, Sachiyo Misumi, Hitoo Nisino Department of Neurophysiology & Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
T2852 1412699-1413053 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate whether physiological low oxygen during development and cytokines expressed in the dopamine (DA)-depleted striatum increase the number of DA neurons from ES-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs), NPCs were treated with cytokine cocktail (IL-1␤, IL-11, LIF, GDNF) or lowered O2 (3.5%), followed by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining.
T2853 1413341-1413549 Epistemic_statement denotes Data suggest that physiologically relevant low oxygen in development and cytokines and trophic factors that were enhanced in DA-depleted striatum cause in the increase of DAergic neurons from ES-derived NPCs.
T2854 1415557-1415675 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that astrocyte-derived factor and cell-cell communication are necessary for the differentiation.
T2855 1415676-1415870 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously established ES cell differentiation system, by which we can derive neurospheres containing neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) with the identity of early caudal neural tube.
T2856 1416043-1416202 Epistemic_statement denotes This activity was more prominent when cultured at low cell density than when cultured at high cell density, suggesting that it supports the survival of NS/PCs.
T2857 1416203-1416476 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, RT-PCR analysis of regional identities of the CMSC treated neurospheres revealed elevated expression of pax3 and pax7 compared with those of untreated neurospheres, indicating that CMSC promotes dorsalization of NS/PCs or selective proliferation of dorsal NS/PCs.
T2858 1416477-1416657 Epistemic_statement denotes Elucidation of underlying mechanisms may provide important tools to derive early NS/PCs which can generate variety of projection neurons and be applicable to regenerative medicine.
T2859 1417047-1417124 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the role of Neudesin in neural development remains to be elucidated.
T2860 1417640-1417740 Epistemic_statement denotes The expression profile and activity indicate that Neudesin plays unique roles in neural development.
T2861 1418175-1418283 Epistemic_statement denotes We have previously shown that Pax6 is necessary for keeping neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus.
T2862 1419776-1419836 Epistemic_statement denotes PSA-NCAM is thought to be expressed in the immature neurons.
T2863 1420041-1420207 Epistemic_statement denotes By immuno-electron-microscopy it appeared that the endothelium were covered with very thin processes of cells of which outer surface was immunoreactive with PSA-NCAM.
T2864 1420208-1420358 Epistemic_statement denotes PSA-NCAM expressing cells may be involved in the development of the vascular system of the forebrain by supporting or guiding the growing capillaries.
T2865 1420916-1420934 Epistemic_statement denotes Sci., Tokyo, Japan
T2866 1420935-1421135 Epistemic_statement denotes As RANDAM-2 shows the highest expression level with the proliferating stage of neural stem cells (NSCs), it is thought that the isolation of NSCs based on the expression level of RANDAM-2 is possible.
T2867 1421212-1421364 Epistemic_statement denotes The RANDAM-2 high+ cells had the characteristics as the highly self-renewal capability and potential for multilineage differentiation into neural cells.
T2868 1422762-1423067 Epistemic_statement denotes Yusuke Tozuka 1 , Yuichi Tanaka 1 , Tatsuhiro Hisatsune 1 1 Department of Integrated Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan Recent work has shown that nestin + neural progenitor cells exist in the adult brain, and suggested that neural activity itself could act directly on these progenitor cells.
T2869 1423068-1423183 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been unclear, however, how do adult progenitor cells sense activity signals from surrounding neural circuit.
T2870 1423566-1423646 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, these progenitor cells also received excitatory GABAergic inputs.
T2871 1423706-1423982 Epistemic_statement denotes From these results, we here propose that adult progenitor cells are a direct target of GABAergic neuronal networks, and that this networkto-progenitor cell interaction influences progenitors development by regulating their cell proliferations and/or neuronal differentiations.
T2872 1424462-1424676 Epistemic_statement denotes Previously, we have suggested that the postnatal hilus contains astrocytic neural progenitors that divide and differentiate into neuroblasts, and that finally the neuroblasts settle in the granule cell layer (GCL).
T2873 1424677-1424816 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the questions remain how astrocytic progenitors divide and differentiate into neurons, and how the neuroblasts migrate to the GCL.
T2874 1425149-1425256 Epistemic_statement denotes This is inconsistent with the previous report suggesting simple radial migration (Rickmann, et al., 1987) .
T2875 1425257-1425311 Epistemic_statement denotes The dividing pattern is currently under investigation.
T2876 1426109-1426292 Epistemic_statement denotes Tracer experiments showed that CCK and Sema3E mRNA expression correlate well with corticocortical and corticothalamic connectivity, respectively, but the correlation was only partial.
T2877 1426293-1426410 Epistemic_statement denotes From this, we infer that subtypes defined by gene expression may not directly correspond to classical neuronal types.
T2878 1426411-1426529 Epistemic_statement denotes The implication of our findings will be discussed in terms of constancy of laminar structure across areas and species.
T2879 1426530-1426944 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI 17024055 PS3P-E035 RBP-J regulates the cortical laminar formation Kenji Tanigaki 1 , Kazue Muraki 1 , Norio Yamamoto 2 , Tasuku Honjo 2 1 Shiga Medical Center, Research Institute, Shiga, Japan; 2 Department of Medical Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Precise patterns of cell cycle exit and migration of neural progenitors are crucial for the formation of cortical layer structure.
T2880 1428388-1428550 Epistemic_statement denotes To overcome this problem, we randomly picked individual VZ/SVZ cells of mouse embryos, and constructed cDNAs from each of them by global PCR amplification method.
T2881 1428551-1428765 Epistemic_statement denotes We could classify these "single cell derived cDNAs" into several groups retrospectively based on the expression of marker genes, including cell cycle related genes, transcription factors, and regional marker genes.
T2882 1429614-1429742 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the proteomic analysis of neural stem cells and neurons differentiated in vitro from ES cells has not so proceeded yet.
T2883 1430187-1430283 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the neural stem cells have characteristic protein expression profile.
T2884 1430284-1430704 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3P-E038 Identification of SE90, a novel gene expressed in the nural progenitor cells Shin-ichi Sakakibara, Kazuhiko Nakadate, Shiichi Ueda Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan Identification of the genes regulating neural progenitor or neural stem cell functions is critical to understand the mechanisms of the adult neurogenesis and neurodegenerative disease.
T2885 1432604-1432810 Epistemic_statement denotes Further studies on a scale that includes the underlying expression of all genes and more detailed studies on their transcriptional regulation will shed light on the genetic basis for cerebellar development.
T2886 1433447-1433648 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to examine the molecular mechanism on the relationships between network, synapse formations and higher orders functions, we prepared Ig-NRG1 knock out mice (NRG1 type I and IV were disrupted).
T2887 1433871-1434036 Epistemic_statement denotes The study on cerebellum that is very clear in the network input information would give some suggestions to the relationship between synaptic functions and behaviors.
T2888 1435609-1435714 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent studies suggest that striatal interneurons play an important role in processing of cortical input.
T2889 1436299-1436475 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that GABAergic interneurons and cholinergic interneurons mutually influence their excitability and might modulate the activity of striatal local circuits.
T2890 1437209-1437388 Epistemic_statement denotes The result indicates that the visual region where the gain of the visuomotor transmission increased is not limited to a small region near the target but spreads to a larger field.
T2891 1437389-1437476 Epistemic_statement denotes In other words, the anticipation of upcoming SPEMs could affect the generation of OFRs.
T2892 1437477-1437773 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, directionally biased ocular responses to the brief background motion were observed when the animals repeatedly performed SPEMs toward one direction, implying that the prediction of the upcoming SPEM direction might cause the directional asymmetry of the visuomotor transmission gain.
T2893 1439582-1439680 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the majority of floccular Purkinje (P-) cells discharged after onset of vergence-pursuit.
T2894 1440061-1440195 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that most of vermal pursuit P-cells discharged for vergence and that about half of them had 3D pursuit signals.
T2895 1440196-1440382 Epistemic_statement denotes Majority (70%) of these P-cells discharged before onset of vergence eye movements with the typical lead time of 50 ms, suggesting their involvement in the initiation of vergence-pursuit.
T2896 1440973-1441087 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the functional characteristics of SP related FEF neurons that project to rNRTP have never been described.
T2897 1441372-1441467 Epistemic_statement denotes The neurons in FEF-rNRTP pathway carry signals that could play a primary role in SP initiation.
T2898 1441468-1441684 Epistemic_statement denotes Our antidromic studies may help address a fundamental question regarding whether basilar pontine nuclei integrate signals from multiple cortical areas or mostly relay signals with little transformation to cerebellum.
T2899 1441927-1441941 Epistemic_statement denotes Tsukuba, Japan
T2900 1441942-1442063 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous studies in monkeys suggest that the medial superior temporal (MST) area is involved in visual motion processing.
T2901 1442632-1442822 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that the MST is part of the direct pathway for the initial rapid rise in the OKN, but is not involved in the velocity storage mechanism for the steady state OKN and OKAN.
T2902 1443434-1443542 Epistemic_statement denotes Discharge modulation during head-pursuit and passive whole body rotation was not correlated in most neurons.
T2903 1443543-1443669 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that proprioceptive neck inputs or vestibular inputs are not the main origin of head-pursuit modulation.
T2904 1443670-1443745 Epistemic_statement denotes Rather, our results suggest that the main origin reflects pursuit commands.
T2905 1444183-1444295 Epistemic_statement denotes To decide between the two hypotheses one would need to stimulate pathways in between their putative comparators.
T2906 1445725-1445858 Epistemic_statement denotes This indicates that the role of visual information is different among subjects with various adaptation processes of postural control.
T2907 1446465-1446537 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggests that computational mechanism is shared for both responses.
T2908 1446538-1446666 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the neural basis of the MFR motor command generation remains unclear, while OFR is known to be generated subcortically.
T2909 1446978-1447075 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that MFR is generated through activity of interneuronal networks within M1.
T2910 1447184-1447424 Epistemic_statement denotes Naoki Saijo 1 , Hiroaki Gomi 1,2 1 NTT CS Labs., Kanagawa, Japan; 2 ERATO Shimojo Implicit Brain Function Proj, JST, Saitama, Japan When a visual target is suddenly shifted during a reaching movement, we can quickly adjust the arm movement.
T2911 1447425-1447508 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the computational mechanism to generate quick adjustment is still unclear.
T2912 1448098-1448413 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the on-line reaching adjustment would be generated by two different mechanisms: a reflexive controller which is induced by visual motion with short latency and generates spatially inaccurate response, and voluntary controller which generates spatially accurate response with long latency.
T2913 1448414-1448650 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3P-E053 Spatial relationship between gaze and reaching-target modulates manual following response Naotoshi Abekawa 1 , Hiroaki Gomi 1,2 1 NTT CS Labs., Kanagawa, Japan; 2 ERATO Shimojo Implicit Brain Function Proj, JST, Saitama, Japan
T2914 1448651-1448885 Epistemic_statement denotes To explore the functional mechanism of the manual following response (MFR) induced by a large-field visual motion during arm movement, we examine its modulation caused by the spatial relationships between gaze, target, and background.
T2915 1449601-1449700 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggests that the spatial relationship between gaze and target is important in modulating MFR.
T2916 1450239-1450364 Epistemic_statement denotes It is open question, however, if the brain correctly compensates the difference of the relative position of eyes to the head?
T2917 1450498-1450634 Epistemic_statement denotes The subjects, sitting in front of the monitor, were asked to point a remembered target as accurately as possible using a computer mouse.
T2918 1450751-1450929 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest either the eye-position doesn't affect how we recognize the target position, or the brain correctly compensates the eye-position with a fixed head position.
T2919 1450930-1451270 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3P-F055 Influence of the coupling of muscle activity on rhythmic movements of ipsilateral hand and foot Tetsuro Muraoka 1 , Takashi Obu 2 , Kazuyuki Kanosue 3 1 ASMeW, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan; 2 Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan; 3 Faculty of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
T2920 1451271-1451412 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the coupling of muscle activity on rhythmic movements of ipsilateral hand and foot.
T2921 1451862-1451997 Epistemic_statement denotes It was suggested that the in-phase muscle activity might be an important factor in a coordinated movement of ipsilateral hand and foot.
T2922 1453183-1453308 Epistemic_statement denotes It may be suggested that simultaneous muscle activity would make the movement easier regardless of the direction of movement.
T2923 1453532-1453595 Epistemic_statement denotes Integrative Sensory Physiology, Nagasaki Univ., Nagasaki, Japan
T2924 1453596-1453695 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent studies focused the functional relationships between the masticatory and the posture system.
T2925 1453696-1453855 Epistemic_statement denotes The hypothesis of our present study is an existence of functional connections between the masticatory system and the spinal muscles which maintain the posture.
T2926 1454258-1454365 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggested that there were some relationship between spinal muscle activities and jaw clenching.
T2927 1454366-1454687 Epistemic_statement denotes The effects of bipedal walking on the central nervous systems-influence of bipedal walking on the spinal reflex-Naomi Wada 1 , Sachiko Motoyama 1 , Futoshi Mori 1 , Shigemi Mori 2 1 Department of Veterinary Physiology, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan; 2 National Institute for Physiological Science, Okazaki, Japan
T2928 1454688-1454793 Epistemic_statement denotes The one of the biggest questions in the vertebrate evolution is how human got the highly developed brain.
T2929 1454794-1454930 Epistemic_statement denotes Many investigators suggest that upright posture and bipedal walking caused remarkable development of brain and produced the human being.
T2930 1456628-1456854 Epistemic_statement denotes All these results suggest that M1 output in monkeys directly and/or indirectly acts on spinal circuitries generating a basic pattern of rhythmic activity during simple locomotion in a manner different from that in subprimates.
T2931 1457411-1457623 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate how these inputs contribute to Put neuron activity in behaving monkeys, extracellular unit activity was recorded from identified Put neurons during the performance of a memory-guided reaching task.
T2932 1457624-1457839 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on orthodromic spikes evoked by cortical stimulation, individual Put neurons were defined in terms of whether they receive input from the primary motor cortex (MI), the supplementary motor area (SMA), or both.
T2933 1459059-1459165 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that RM and cerebral cortex directly inhibit main respiratory output neurons in VRG.
T2934 1460277-1460348 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that EAS muscle is controlled without gamma loop.
T2935 1460592-1460659 Epistemic_statement denotes One factor that might cause this variability is adaptation history.
T2936 1460660-1460774 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study aims to clarify whether preceding adaptation influences subsequent adaptation over several days.
T2937 1461480-1461604 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study suggests that the memory of saccadic adaptation is retained for days and facilitates following adaptation.
T2938 1461959-1462061 Epistemic_statement denotes These asymmetrical convergence may reflect asymmetries of central control of convergence eye movement.
T2939 1463926-1464011 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, most of RD-cells displayed activity with the clear directional tuning.
T2940 1464012-1464173 Epistemic_statement denotes These results demonstrate reward dependent activity specific to spatial direction in the SEF, and further suggest that SEF cells provide reinforcement mechanism.
T2941 1464669-1464844 Epistemic_statement denotes Role of cerebellar vermis and hemisphere in the adaptive control of smooth pursuit is suggested by lesion experiments, but the role of frontal pursuit area (FPA) is not known.
T2942 1464845-1465040 Epistemic_statement denotes To reveal possible involvement of FPA in the adaptation of smooth pursuit, we identifying FPA by unit recording and microstimulation, and reversibly inactivated it by local injection of muscimol.
T2943 1465041-1465302 Epistemic_statement denotes We found that inactivation of FPA not only reduced of the velocities of pursuit in the ipsi-and contra-versive directions to the inactivated FPA, but also appreciably depressed its adaptation, suggesting that FPA is involved in the adaptation of smooth pursuit.
T2944 1465815-1465957 Epistemic_statement denotes Distribution of these terminals was examined in reconstructed maps in which localization of the terminals was projected onto a sagittal plain.
T2945 1466403-1466500 Epistemic_statement denotes The centrifugal fibers may couple the activity of discrete and distant subsets of bulbar neurons.
T2946 1467684-1467792 Epistemic_statement denotes The terminals of the already identified sensory neurons appear to fall into specific subsets of these areas.
T2947 1467793-1468301 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: BIRD, JST PS3P-F069 Immunoreactivity and voltage-gated channels of mouse taste bud cells Kennji Kimura 1 , Yoshitaka Ohtubo 1 , Takashi Kumazawa 2 , Kiyonori Yoshii 1 1 Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan; 2 Department of Applied Chemistry, Saitama Institute of Technology, Fukaya, Japan Mammalian taste buds comprise four heterogeneous cell types, type I to IV, and their collaboration seems to generate taste sensation.
T2948 1468680-1468871 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that type II and III cells elicit action potentials with different ionic mechanisms, and that the difference results from the functional differences of these cell types.
T2949 1469227-1469397 Epistemic_statement denotes Neurobiol., Nagoya Univ., Japan; 2 Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya Univ., Japan Inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) is suggested to be relevant to bipolar disorder.
T2950 1469398-1469549 Epistemic_statement denotes Although Lithium is believed to exert therapeutic effect by inhibiting IMPase in patients, the mechanism underlying Lithium therapy is largely unknown.
T2951 1470135-1470303 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that IMPase is required in the mature nervous system for maintaining synapses of the central interneurons in order for animals to behave properly.
T2952 1470696-1470797 Epistemic_statement denotes However, little is known about development of these OB glutamatergic neurons in early postnatal life.
T2953 1471453-1471537 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite mitral VGLUT2 IR disappeared at P10, the mRNA signals were still detectable.
T2954 1471538-1471638 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that glutametergic neurons in the rat OB continue to develop even after birth.
T2955 1471913-1471936 Epistemic_statement denotes Neurosci., Tokyo, Japan
T2956 1471937-1472078 Epistemic_statement denotes In rodent, V1R gene family is expressed specifically in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and is thought to be responsible for pheromone reception.
T2957 1472079-1472199 Epistemic_statement denotes However, teleost fishes lacking for the VNO have a single V1R gene, which is expressed in the olfactory epithelium (OE).
T2958 1472538-1472707 Epistemic_statement denotes From these results, we speculate that the amphibian V1Rs get a chance to receive diverse odorants such as pheromones by gene multiplication and sequence diversification.
T2959 1472708-1472815 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results raise the possibility that pheromonal information is transmitted via the main olfactory system.
T2960 1473147-1473318 Epistemic_statement denotes But, mice lacking T1r3 showed diminished but not abolished behavioral and nerve responses to sugars, suggesting T1r3-independent sweetener binding site also exist in mice.
T2961 1473956-1474055 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that there may be at least five binding sites in human sweet receptor system.
T2962 1474056-1474131 Epistemic_statement denotes The individual differences in sweet sensitivities may be due to these SNPs.
T2963 1475230-1475394 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that fatty acids specifically inhibit responses to bitter stimuli by suppression of activation of T2R receptors which coupled with Ggustducin.
T2964 1475633-1475660 Epistemic_statement denotes of Miyamura Hospital, Japan
T2965 1475661-1475757 Epistemic_statement denotes Mothers are attracted to the body odor of newborn infants, but little is known about its reason.
T2966 1475758-1475878 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we examined whether the body odor of newborn infants exert effects on moods in postpartum mothers.
T2967 1476250-1476477 Epistemic_statement denotes The infant body odors significantly increased hedonics and friendliness scores, and significantly decreased anxiety, depression and fatigue scores, whether infant odors may be originated from their own infants or other infants.
T2968 1476478-1476613 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that body odors of newborn infants attract their mothers because they have calming effects on postpartum mothers.
T2969 1476614-1477053 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX) PS3P-F076 Human prefrontal activity in taste encoding: An fNIRS study Masako Okamoto 1 , Mari Matsunami 2 , Haruka Dan 1 , Tomoko Kohata 2 , Kaoru Kohyama 1 , Ippeita Dan 1 1 National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan; 2 Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Japan Taste remains one of the least-explored human senses.
T2970 1477487-1477728 Epistemic_statement denotes The activation pattern, which was in line with those that have been associated with intentional encoding of non-verbal materials of other senses, supported an amodal role of LPFC in intentional encoding, at least at a macro structural level.
T2971 1477729-1477890 Epistemic_statement denotes This study also demonstrates that, by using fNIRS, LPFC functions on taste can be examined with experimental paradigms comparable to those used for other senses.
T2972 1479605-1479705 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that there is a clear boundary between zone 1 and non-zone 1 areas in the OE.
T2973 1480049-1480562 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (16500196) PS3P-G079 Taste response characteristics of putative interneurons in the rat gustatory cortex Tatsuko Yokota, Kunihiro Eguchi, Katsunari Hiraba Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan Previous studies have indicated that the extracellular spike waveforms and discharge rate properties of cortical neurons differed between pyramidal cells and interneurons, the latter tending to have narrower spike-widths and higher discharge rates.
T2974 1481008-1481125 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that putative interneurons may play an important role in the coding of salt taste information.
T2975 1481178-1481290 Epistemic_statement denotes Yuki Sato, Nobuhiko Miyasaka, Yoshihiro Yoshihara Laboratory for Neurobiology of Synapse, RIKEN BSI, Wako, Japan
T2976 1481291-1481500 Epistemic_statement denotes In the fish olfactory system, individual olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are thought to express only one or at most a few different odorant receptors (ORs) from the large OR family consisting of ∼100 members.
T2977 1482174-1482376 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest the hierarchical regulation of OR gene choice, whereby an individual OSN may express one OR gene from a limited subpopulation that is chosen from the entire repertoire in advance.
T2978 1482850-1482947 Epistemic_statement denotes Granule cells (GCs) are major interneurons in the OB, but their diversity is not well understood.
T2979 1483606-1483732 Epistemic_statement denotes Characteristic morphology of perisomatic-targeting GCs indicates that they have functions distinct from typical GCs in the OB.
T2980 1484762-1484884 Epistemic_statement denotes These observations suggest that synapse formation of AOB neurons is modified by synaptic contact with vomeronasal neurons.
T2981 1485132-1485176 Epistemic_statement denotes of Dental Sci., Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan
T2982 1485177-1485472 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous electrophysiological studies showed that the chorda tympani nerve contains two types of NaCl-responsive fibers, amiloride sensitive (N-type) and insensitive (E-or H-type) fibers, suggesting the existence of amiloride sensitive and insensitive taste receptor cells in fungiform papillae.
T2983 1485986-1486085 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest the existence of at least two types of NaCl sensitive cells, AS and AI cells.
T2984 1486086-1486158 Epistemic_statement denotes N-or E-type fiber may selectively innervate AS or AI cells respectively.
T2985 1486159-1486593 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (15209061), KAKENHI (17791325) PS3P-G084 Integration of olfactory and oral sensory input in the rat insular cortex Hideki Kashiwadani, Kensaku Mori Department of Physiology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Axonal connections between olfactory cortex and insular cortex suggest that insular cortex integrates olfactory information and information originated from the oral cavity (taste, tactile, temperature).
T2986 1486594-1486692 Epistemic_statement denotes However cellular mechanisms underlying the integration of multimodality are poorly understood yet.
T2987 1487323-1487449 Epistemic_statement denotes The integration of olfactory and oral sensory information in the insular cortex might contribute to form the flavor sensation.
T2988 1487624-1487768 Epistemic_statement denotes of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Olfactory cortex is thought to integrate signals from different odorant receptors to form the olfactory image of objects.
T2989 1487769-1487875 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the manner of integration at the level of individual cortical neurons is not well understood yet.
T2990 1488466-1488658 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that individual neurons in the aPC can be characterized by the odor combination selectivity and that the aPC neurons may integrate signals from different odorant classes.
T2991 1489474-1489812 Epistemic_statement denotes By comparison a result of current source-density analysis with unit activity data, we confirmed that the initial component of odor-induced response has a characteristic temporal pattern, generated by a relatively weak direct afferent input, followed by an intracortical associative response, which was associated with a phasic inhibition.
T2992 1489813-1489899 Epistemic_statement denotes The beta oscillation might be generated by the repetition of these network activities.
T2993 1491013-1491193 Epistemic_statement denotes Interaction between informational pathways from different sensory inputs could be seen also in the presentation of an odorant spotted on chemoattractant background, and vice versa.
T2994 1491633-1491815 Epistemic_statement denotes This plasticity, called early adaptation, requires AIY interneurons, which receive synaptic inputs from olfactory neurons, indicating that early adaptation depends on neural circuit.
T2995 1492031-1492086 Epistemic_statement denotes GLR-1 appears to localize at postsynaptic sites in AIY.
T2996 1492223-1492313 Epistemic_statement denotes in vitro kinase analyses revealed the possibility that MAPK directly phosphorylates GLR-1.
T2997 1492314-1492444 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that the Ras-MAPK pathway controls odor adaptation by directly regulating GLR-1 localization in AIY neurons.
T2998 1492764-1492910 Epistemic_statement denotes Although it is reported that the difference is based on the genetic background, the molecular information involved in the difference is not known.
T2999 1493227-1493327 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, we found that one of the SNPs was correlated with NaCl preference among wild-type strains.
T3000 1493561-1493632 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, we suggest that the gene is a novel NaCl receptor gene.
T3001 1494342-1494407 Epistemic_statement denotes But the details of olfactory coding mechanisms are still unclear.
T3002 1494653-1494900 Epistemic_statement denotes I found that olfactory information is encoded by distributed spatiotemporal activity of a PN population and that there are no clear correlation between the similarity of slow temporal patterns of PNs and spatial distances of innervating glomeruli.
T3003 1495860-1495990 Epistemic_statement denotes Morphologically and physiologically heterogeneous MEA neurons seem likely to produce multiplex outputs of many instinct behaviors.
T3004 1496192-1496269 Epistemic_statement denotes Neuronal mechanisms for the olfactory afterimage are not well understood yet.
T3005 1496800-1496935 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that neuronal mechanism in the OB may be responsible for the induction of the post-stimulus sustained discharges.
T3006 1497573-1497712 Epistemic_statement denotes Since the olfactory bulb (OB) receives the modulatory inputs heavily, neuronal activity in the OB might change in a state-dependent manner.
T3007 1498241-1498361 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus the OB shows state-dependent synaptic modulation and presumably receives top-down periodic signals from the cortex.
T3008 1498362-1498809 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (17023012) PS3P-G094 REM sleep deprivation decreases Na-K ATPase phosphorylation Gitanjali Das, Birendra N. Mallick School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India It has been hypothesized that "One of the functions of REM sleep is to maintain brain excitability" REM sleep deprivation increases noradrenaline in the brain that increases the Na-K ATPase activity causing increased brain excitability.
T3009 1498810-1498979 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the molecular mechanism of such increased Na-K ATPase activity was unknown; although it was known that dephosphorylated state is the active form of Na-K ATPase.
T3010 1499478-1499604 Epistemic_statement denotes This confirms our hypothesis that REM sleep deprivation induced increased activity is due to dephosphorylation of Na-K ATPase.
T3011 1500713-1500922 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings indicate that M 3 , M 5 mAChR and ␣7 nAChR subtypes play major roles in Ca 2+ signals to acetylcholine in T cells, and suggest that these receptors are involved in regulation of immune function.
T3012 1501309-1501445 Epistemic_statement denotes of Med., Ehime, Japan Muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) is critical for the synaptic clustering of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR).
T3013 1501568-1501792 Epistemic_statement denotes Although autoantibodies against the ectodomain of MuSK have been found in a proportion of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (MG), it is unclear whether MuSK autoantibodies are the causative agent of generalized MG.
T3014 1503050-1503246 Epistemic_statement denotes Local injection of kynurenic acid, a glutamate receptor blocker, into the thalamus suppressed the HFO in the auditory cortex, indicating that the thalamus is involved in the generation of the HFO.
T3015 1503380-1503505 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested dynamic changes occurred in the thalamo-cortical system after thalamic neurodegeneration in pcd mice.
T3016 1503851-1503895 Epistemic_statement denotes of Neurology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
T3017 1503896-1504177 Epistemic_statement denotes Misfolding of mutant SOD1 protein is thought to be responsible for the selective loss of motoneurons in SOD1-related familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of such unusually folded SOD1 species are not yet clarified.
T3018 1504668-1504816 Epistemic_statement denotes These data strongly suggest that the toxic property of unusual SOD1 proteins is partially ascribable to the transport inhibition of specific cargos.
T3019 1504817-1505349 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research C (17590907) PS3P-H104 Relationship between the amount of the cathepsin D expression and the symptomatic manifestation of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis in a mouse model Masahiro Shibata, Masato Koike, Yasuo Uchiyama Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan Mice deficient in cathepsin D (CD), a representative lysosomal aspartic proteinase, have been shown to be an excellent model of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (NCL).
T3020 1505350-1505494 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we report that the phenotype of mice in which CD is partially expressed is decided depending on the amount of the protein expression of CD.
T3021 1505984-1506178 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that a threshold of the CD expression required for the manifestation of NCL symptoms in the mice may be present in the range from 30% to 50% of that in the wild-type mice.
T3022 1506725-1506847 Epistemic_statement denotes However, we did not rule out the possibility that such toxicity depends on the level of intracellular expression of polyQ.
T3023 1507285-1507454 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that the severity of cell damages depends on the type of intracellular distribution of polyQ tracts in cells expressing polyQ tracts at similar level.
T3024 1508047-1508102 Epistemic_statement denotes However pathogenesisi of this disease is still unclear.
T3025 1508542-1508672 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that dysfunction of neurotrophin signaling may cause the onset of neurodegeneration in G M1 -gangliosidosis.
T3026 1509587-1509851 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3P-H108 Development of a rodent behavioral model to study the direct interactions of reward and learning Adam Weitemier, Niall P. Murphy RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Japan Cognitive and reward processes often occur simultaneously, and perhaps interdependently.
T3027 1510115-1510194 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent studies have demonstrated shared neurobiology between memory and reward.
T3028 1510195-1510276 Epistemic_statement denotes A direct behavioral interaction between reward and memory has never been studied.
T3029 1510632-1510815 Epistemic_statement denotes We will introduce our recent progress with this new model, including two variations of the procedure designed to study the influence of reward on memory acquisition and memory recall.
T3030 1511241-1511255 Epistemic_statement denotes Baltimore, USA
T3031 1511256-1511504 Epistemic_statement denotes The disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) gene, originally identified at the breakpoint of a chromosome (1;11) (q42.1; q14.3) translocation in a Scottish schizophrenia pedigree, is a promising candidate gene for schizophrenia and affective disorder.
T3032 1511505-1511606 Epistemic_statement denotes However, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive impairments are yet to be elucidated.
T3033 1511903-1512057 Epistemic_statement denotes We anticipate that the Drosophila system will serve as a novel model system amenable to a variety of genetic manipulations for the study of schizophrenia.
T3034 1513804-1513956 Epistemic_statement denotes NCCHD; 5 UCSF, USA Although Down syndrome (DS) or Trisomy 21 is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation, its neuropathology remains unclear.
T3035 1514189-1514304 Epistemic_statement denotes Importantly, SOD1 and APP, which may contribute to the DS phenotype, are excluded from the Ts1Cje trisomic segment.
T3036 1514496-1514696 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that genes on the trisomic Ts1Cje segment other than APP and SOD1 can cause hyperphosphorylation of tau, which in turn may be critical in the pathogenesis of DS mental retardation.
T3037 1515417-1515584 Epistemic_statement denotes Since these mice show learning and behavioral abnormalities mimicking DS mental retardation, Ts1Cjespecific trisomic segment genes may be involved in the DS phenotype.
T3038 1515813-1516036 Epistemic_statement denotes Collectively, our results implicate dosage imbalanced genes other than Sod1 and App in both ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn possibly contribute to the Ts1Cje DS mental retardation-like phenotype.
T3039 1516037-1516580 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3P-H114 Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid injection in early pregnancy causes the hypomyelination in the hippocampus, but not in the cortex Manabu Makinodan 1,2 , Kouko Tatsumi 2 , Takayuki Manabe 2 , Takahira Yamauchi 1,2 , Eri Makinodan 2 , Juro Shimoda 1 , Toshifumi Kishimoto 1 , Akio Wanaka 2 1 Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan; 2 Department of 2nd Anatomy, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) elicits maternal immune response similar to anti-viral ones.
T3040 1516799-1516993 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we observed such behavioral abnormalities reproducibly in the experimental group born from poly I:C-injected mice, but not in the control group born from PBS-injected mice.
T3041 1517235-1517364 Epistemic_statement denotes The hypomyelinaton in the hippocampus at the juvenile period may be a possible cause for the behavioral changes in later periods.
T3042 1518838-1519054 Epistemic_statement denotes Immunohistochemical studies revealed significant degeneration of Purkinje cells that was associated with activated microgliosis in the cerebellar cortex, following administration of harmaline in rats but not in mice.
T3043 1519055-1519187 Epistemic_statement denotes However, in mice but not rats, microgliosis was induced following administration of harmaline in the inferior olivary nucleus (ION).
T3044 1519188-1519334 Epistemic_statement denotes Numbers of neurons in the mouse ION did not decrease, suggesting the possibility that microgliosis in ION might not be a simple neurotoxic effect.
T3045 1519335-1519535 Epistemic_statement denotes Presumably, differences in sensitivity of Purkinje cells between rats and mice may be related to differences in functional alterations in their respective olivocerebellar systems induced by harmaline.
T3046 1519536-1519673 Epistemic_statement denotes Recognition of these species-specific differences is an important consideration for experimental analysis of the rodent model of tremors.
T3047 1520804-1521213 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3P-H118 Dysregulation of sodium channel ␤4 subunit by expanded polyglutamine in huntington disease transgenic mice Fumitaka Oyama, Haruko Miyazaki, Kazumasa Okamura, Yoko Machida, Kurosawa Masaru, Takashi Sakurai, Nobuyuki Nukina Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology, RIKEN BSI, Wako-shi, Japan Sodium channel ␤4 (␤4) is a very recently identified auxiliary subunit of the voltage gated-sodium channels.
T3048 1521672-1521805 Epistemic_statement denotes Forskolin, an activator of the cAMP/PKA pathway, did not affect b4 promoter activity, indicating that ␤4 is not cAMP-responsive gene.
T3049 1521806-1521955 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings strongly suggest that sodium channel ␤4 subunit is a novel molecule, which is an upstream non-cAMP-responsive gene in HD pathogenesis.
T3050 1522973-1523286 Epistemic_statement denotes The Q113 mice, however, showed increased ratios of the activity during the light time to that during the total day at 8 weeks (115%) and 24 weeks (208%), suggesting that DRPLA mice display not only impaired motor coordination, but also changes in emotional behavior, and disrupted night and day activity patterns.
T3051 1523287-1523779 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3P-H120 The mice lacking Schnurri-2 show multiple behavioral abnormalities related to psychiatric disorders Keizo Takao 1 , Nobuyuki Yamasaki 1 , Keiko Toyama 1 , Tsuyoshi Takagi 2 , Shunsuke Ishii 2 , Tsuyoshi Miyakawa 1 1 HMRO, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; 2 RIKEN, Tsukuba, Japan Schnurri-2 (Shn-2) is a zinc finger transcription factor, a mouse homologue of human HIV-EP2, that binds to nuclear factor kappa B-binding site in the HIV long terminal repeat.
T3052 1523852-1523932 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the role of Shn-2 in the central nervous system (CNS) is still unknown.
T3053 1524422-1524563 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results demonstrate a critical role of Shn-2 in CNS and suggest that Shn-2 KO mice may serve as an animal model of psychiatric disorders.
T3054 1525782-1525894 Epistemic_statement denotes The potential involvement of CaMKII␣ in pathogenesis/pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders will be discussed.
T3055 1525895-1526281 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: KAKENHI (16680015, 16653065, 17017021, 17025023) , JST BIRD PS3P-H122 Effects of various factors on the results of a comprehensive behavioral test battery for genetically engineered mice: A factor analytic study Hiroshi Ougino, Nobuyuki Yamasaki, Koichi Tanda, Keiko Toyama, Keizo Takao, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa HMRO, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
T3056 1526282-1526387 Epistemic_statement denotes We have been using a behavioral test battery to reveal unknown phenotypes of genetically engineered mice.
T3057 1526388-1526620 Epistemic_statement denotes For the adequate experimental design and interpretation of data, it is essential to know experimental variables which may potentially influence results, and various kinds of factors which underlie many indices measured in the tests.
T3058 1526983-1527096 Epistemic_statement denotes Also, we conducted factor analyses of a large set of data to examine the relationship between behavioral indices.
T3059 1527097-1527209 Epistemic_statement denotes The potential implications of our findings for the improvement of the behavioral test battery will be discussed.
T3060 1527376-1527482 Epistemic_statement denotes CaMKIV has been hypothesized to play a significant role in synaptic plasticity and in learning and memory.
T3061 1527483-1527656 Epistemic_statement denotes However, functions of CaMKIV in a variety of behaviors, e.g., motor function, nociception, fear, anxiety, depression, learning and so on, have not yet been fully elucidated.
T3062 1529220-1529318 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest a role of RyR3 in regulating general locomotor activity and social behavior.
T3063 1530490-1530571 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that nNOS/NO is involved in regulation of their behaviors.
T3064 1530944-1531062 Epistemic_statement denotes Children with ADHD show hyperactive behavior and attention problems, suggesting prefrontal (PFC) contribution to ADHD.
T3065 1531358-1531457 Epistemic_statement denotes These suggest that DA-related dysfunction in PFC could be a candidate of biological causes of ADHD.
T3066 1531458-1531621 Epistemic_statement denotes To prove this notion, we injected 6-OHDA into bilateral PFC to destroy DA innervation in infant monkeys and examined whether these monkeys exhibited hyperactivity.
T3067 1531809-1531918 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that monkeys injected 6-OHDA into PFC are good candidates of the primate model of ADHD.
T3068 1533109-1533184 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggests that recovery of precision grip requires postlesion training.
T3069 1533398-1533630 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to develop numbers of novel behavioral mutants, we have been carrying out dominant behavioral screening in potential mouse mutants that was randomly induced point mutations by a chemical mutagen ENU (N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea).
T3070 1534021-1534144 Epistemic_statement denotes We will report the recent results of initial characterization and the progress of fine mapping in these ENUinduced mutants.
T3071 1534611-1534702 Epistemic_statement denotes Until recently, it remains unknown what signaling is essential for autophagosome formation.
T3072 1534703-1534999 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, in the conditional Atg7-knock-out mice where autophagy is absent specifically in the liver, numerous ubiquitinated aggregates are detected in the cytosol of hepatocytes (Komatsu et al., 2005) , suggesting that protein ubiquitination may serve as a signal to the autophagic process.
T3073 1535248-1535363 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that protein ubiquitination may be involved in signaling for autophagosome formation in NCLs.
T3074 1535788-1536038 Epistemic_statement denotes of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan It has been shown that tonic activation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a pivotal role in development of behavioral abnormalities induced by systemic phencyclidine (PCP).
T3075 1536039-1536224 Epistemic_statement denotes However, receptors mediating such activation are not clearly specified, though several studies indicate the increase of extracellular acetylcholine, dopamine, and glutamate in the mPFC.
T3076 1536681-1536795 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that PCPinduced activation of mPFC neurons be mediated primarily via AMPA/kainate receptors.
T3077 1536796-1537435 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3P-I131 Increased depressiveness and decreased sensitivity to antidepressants in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV)-knockout mice Jiro Kasahara 1 , Hiroyuki Sakagami 2 , Hisatake Kondoh 2 , Kohji Fukunaga 1 1 Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; 2 Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) is expressed abundantly in the nuclei of neurons and thought to regulate Ca-dependent gene expressions mediated by the transcriptional factors such as CREB.
T3078 1537436-1537659 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, we found that chronic treatments of the rats with antidepressants increased CaMKIV activity and CREB phosphorylation in the prefrontal cortex, suggesting the importance of CaMKIV in the effects of antidepressants.
T3079 1537830-1538061 Epistemic_statement denotes From the experiments, the increased depressiveness and decreased sensitivity to antidepressants were observed in the mice, suggesting the importance of CaMKIV for the regulation of depressiveness and the effects of antidepressants.
T3080 1538725-1538922 Epistemic_statement denotes To evaluate whether the genetic backgrounds influence on phenotype of the audiogenic seizure in our mice, we made C57BL/6 backcrossed Vlgr1-mutated mice and 129/SvS4 backcrossed Vlgr1-mutated mice.
T3081 1539176-1539382 Epistemic_statement denotes These observations suggest that genetic factors and environmental factors may modify the phenotype of seizures and our Vlgr1-mutated mice are good model of reflex epilepsies that are evoked by multifactors.
T3082 1540500-1540690 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that the behavioral sensitization regimen leads to the deterioration of inhibitory processes in the neural circuits in Cg 1 and MFC, particularly in layers II and III.
T3083 1540691-1541211 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3P-I134 Up-regulation of ␤ 2 -adrenergic receptor immunoreactivity in astrocytes in the spinal cord after dorsal rhizotomy Teruyoshi Kondo, Yoshihiro Ishibashi, Kei-Ichiro Nakamura Department of Anatomy, Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan Stimulation of ␤ 2 -adrenergic receptor (␤ 2 -AR) induces astroglial proliferation and activation after brain injury, but little is known concerning the potential role of adrenergic receptors in the spinal cord.
T3084 1541596-1541751 Epistemic_statement denotes A population of ␤ 2 -AR-immunoreactive cells were labeled with Ki-67, a marker of cell proliferation, indicating some of them went into cell mitotic state.
T3085 1541752-1541842 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, a major population of ␤ 2 -AR-immunoreactive cells also exhibited FGF-2-IR.
T3086 1541843-1542019 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that ␤ 2 -AR may play important roles in astrocytic activation and neuroprotection associated with induction of synthesis of growth factor such as FGF-2.
T3087 1543244-1543344 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that the excitatory PP synapse onto granule cells of DG is facilitated after FPI.
T3088 1545468-1545748 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, we confirmed the species-homology in intra-striatal topography of cortical connection by quantitatively analyzing the connectivity; however, we found that human striatum was more intensively connected to prefrontal cortex and less connected to extra-frontal cortices.
T3089 1545749-1545861 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that human striatum has a dominant and specific role in processing prefrontal information.
T3090 1546927-1547095 Epistemic_statement denotes These features are reminiscent of those of miniature EPSC in electrophysiological recordings and thus suggest that the spontaneous release is quantal vesicular release.
T3091 1547166-1547566 Epistemic_statement denotes Shingo Miyata 1,2 , Yasutake Mori 1,2 , Tsuya Taneda 1,2 , Hiroaki Okuda 1,2 , Masaya Tohyama 1,2 1 Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; 2 21st COE program, Tokyo, Japan Local protein synthesis in neuronal dendrites is one of the mechanisms that may mediate a rapid and synapse-specific mobilization of proteins from the resident mRNAs.
T3092 1547715-1547902 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the protein level cannot mirror the spatio-temporal alteration of translation, because it cannot be affected only by protein synthesis but also by other factors like degradation.
T3093 1547903-1548001 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, it is problematic to visualize the dynamic state of translation by the present methods.
T3094 1548002-1548323 Epistemic_statement denotes To solve the problem, we applied FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) technique to in situ detection of the assembly and disassembly cycle among a pair of translation initiation factors (eIFs), thereby showing that BDNF and ephrin could potentiate local protein synthesis in the dendrites of hippocampal neurons.
T3095 1548324-1549021 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3P-I140 A model selection of GLM applied to fMRI data using AIC Jobu Watanabe 1 , Fumikazu Miwakeichi 2 , Andreas Galka 3,4 , Ryuta Kawashima 4 , Tohru Ozaki 3 , Sunao Uchida 1,5 1 Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Japan; 2 Department of Medical System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; 3 Institute for Statistical Mathematics, Tokyo, Japan; 4 Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, Keil, Germany; 5 New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; 6 Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
T3096 1549022-1549180 Epistemic_statement denotes In the General Linear Model (GLM) that is widely used in analyses of functional neuroimaging data, several combinations of explanatory variables are possible.
T3097 1549676-1549796 Epistemic_statement denotes Ryuzo Shingai, Katsunori Hoshi, Tokumitsu Wakabayashi Department of Welfare Engineering, IwateUniversity, Morioka, Japan
T3098 1549797-1550018 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate the relationship between the behavior and function of the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans, quantitative analysis of behavior that indirectly represents the internal states of the worm is necessary.
T3099 1551041-1551251 Epistemic_statement denotes However, contribution of thalamo-cortical afferents in this plasticity was not clear, since specific stimulation of thalamo-cortical afferents was not possible in the coronal cortical slices obtained from rats.
T3100 1552709-1552870 Epistemic_statement denotes After the scanning, subjects were presented with the names of line drawings, and were required to judge whether or not line drawings with the names were learned.
T3101 1553082-1553219 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that encodingrelated activations of episodic memory may be modulated by the implicit primer with emotional valence.
T3102 1553835-1553960 Epistemic_statement denotes If the button is pressed correctly, 50 or 10 yen is provided with a probability of 0.8, but only with 0.2 if pressed wrongly.
T3103 1554118-1554381 Epistemic_statement denotes At the fractal onset, the putamen, lateral ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal cortices showed stronger activity correlated with the predicted reward (P < 0.01) in A, while it was more prominent in the caudate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in B.
T3104 1554382-1554568 Epistemic_statement denotes The striatum also showed a similar difference correlated with the reward prediction error at reward feedback, suggesting the different neural substrates for different reward predictions.
T3105 1555756-1555878 Epistemic_statement denotes The results suggest that these two regions play roles in the speechcontent production and feeling inference, respectively.
T3106 1555879-1556395 Epistemic_statement denotes Research funds: the 21st COE Program PS3P-J152 The construction of a brain-computer interface using the brain activity measured by near infrared spectroscopy Takafumi Miyoshi 1 , Yasuhisa Fujibayashi 2 , Yoshiharu Yonekura 2 , Tatsuya Asai 2 1 Department of Human and Intelligence Systems, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; 2 Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan People with severe motor disabilities can increase the quality of life if they can communicate with the external world.
T3107 1556822-1556903 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose that NIRS signals may be used to construct a brain-computer interface.
T3108 1556904-1557458 Epistemic_statement denotes PS3P-J153 Imaging of brain activity by near infrared spectroscopy in response to various sounds Tatsuya Asai 1 , Kuniyoshi Shinya 1 , Tetsuo Araki 2 , Masahiro Kusakabe 2 , Yasuhisa Fujibayashi 3 , Yoshiharu Yonekura 3 1 Department of Nuclear Power and Energy Safety Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; 2 Department of Human and Intelligence Systems, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; 3 Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan Brain activity can be monitored non-invasively by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
T3109 1557812-1557929 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that hemispheric sound dominance may exist in addition to language dominance in healthy humans.
T3110 1558571-1558672 Epistemic_statement denotes The same electrode can then be placed on the neuron under visual control to allow gigaseal formation.
T3111 1558838-1558940 Epistemic_statement denotes We also show that the method can be used for in vivo juxtacellular labelling in identified cell types.
T3112 1559361-1559584 Epistemic_statement denotes of Morphological Brain Science, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan; 2 CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan Whole cell clamp recording and intracellular staining in adult brain slices are technically difficult because of their low viability.
T3113 1559944-1560049 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the viability was lower after 3 h incubation in NMDG-based solution than in NaCl-based solution.
T3114 1560050-1560398 Epistemic_statement denotes Cutting at 0 • C did not reduce the number of GFP-positive cells, but decreased GFP fluorescence in single neurons as compared with cutting at 20 • C. The viability after 3 h incubation was better kept at 20 • C than at 0 or 37 • C. We thus recommend that slices be cut at 20 • C in Na-free solution, and incubated at 20 • C in NaCl-based solution.
T3115 1561492-1561636 Epistemic_statement denotes In vivo, the brains of healthy volunteers gave similar signals as the in vitro phantom solution, indicating that the signal originated from GSH.
T3116 1562214-1562387 Epistemic_statement denotes It is considered that making positive attempts to lose when presented with the gesture of a rock, paper, or scissors is associated with the inhibition of habitual responses.
T3117 1562854-1562948 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that these regions play a role in the inhibition of habitual responses.
T3118 1563702-1563835 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the territory corresponding to the interfrontal connectivity extended more posteriorly than suggested in the tracer studies.
T3119 1564558-1564773 Epistemic_statement denotes Although we are well aware that it is impossible to accurately estimate the 3-D neural cortical activity using the 2-D EEG/MEG surface potential topography, the upper limit of these techniques is not well described.
T3120 1564774-1564952 Epistemic_statement denotes During the past decades, various inverse approaches based on different criteria have been proposed, from the single dipole or multiple dipoles to the distributed current dipoles.
T3121 1564953-1565099 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is difficult to systematically evaluate their efficiencies due to the different criteria and regularizations adopted in these methods.
T3122 1565100-1565210 Epistemic_statement denotes In this paper, we ask the question whether there exists an optimal approach based on a systematical criterion.
T3123 1565211-1565361 Epistemic_statement denotes This motivation firstly seems to be conflicted with the primary knowledge that there is no unique solution for the bioelectromagnetic inverse problem.
T3124 1565795-1565843 Epistemic_statement denotes Health Sci., Fujita Health Univ., Toyoake, Japan
T3125 1565844-1566084 Epistemic_statement denotes To study the relationship between aging and levels of monoaminergic neurons, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP), an inhibitor of monoamine synthesis, was intraperitoneally administered to senescence-accelerated mouse-prone (SAMP8) mice.