Epistemic_Statements  

CORD-19:5c0e34bf4f90c76993a32895fb0eb335dde787a4 JSONTXT 8 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 9-73 Epistemic_statement denotes Emergency infection control measures are essential in hospitals.
T2 205-347 Epistemic_statement denotes The actual preparedness level of hospitals can be determined by examining individual perceptions among the hospital healthcare workers (HCWs).
T3 1613-1771 Epistemic_statement denotes To achieve a higher level of preparedness for infectious diseases, institutions should designate and implement effective emergency infection control measures.
T4 1773-1867 Epistemic_statement denotes Epidemics of emerging and re-emerging infectious disease may cause health crises in hospitals.
T5 1868-2071 Epistemic_statement denotes Due to the high risk of exposure of healthcare workers (HCWs) to known and unknown infectious agents, and the modes of transmission of the latter, health crises may first occur among critical care staff.
T6 2909-3017 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the potential for future outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases is considerable.
T7 3513-3654 Epistemic_statement denotes As regards the first aim, we have shown in a previous report that individual perception is likely to be influenced by institutional measures.
T8 3815-4052 Epistemic_statement denotes It should be noted that most institutional infection control measures in Japan at the time of the SARS epidemic were voluntary, 8, 9 and differences could have existed which entailed strengths and weaknesses in the state of preparedness.
T9 4537-4702 Epistemic_statement denotes After excluding missing/invalid responses to questions on sex, age, job category, or discipline, 6929 responses were analyzed (valid response rate, 69.0%; Table 1 ).
T10 6000-6247 Epistemic_statement denotes Specifically, the I-score was the sum of the scores for three questions regarding "clear policies and protocols," "specialist available," and "adequate training," divided by 9 (full score of 3 for 3 questions), yielding possible scores of −1 to 1.
T11 6248-6373 Epistemic_statement denotes The E-score was the score for "effectiveness," divided by 3 (full score of 3 for 1 question), for possible scores of −1 to 1.
T12 6374-6578 Epistemic_statement denotes The K-score was the sum of correct responses to the 15 questions regarding the effectiveness of various preventive measures divided by 15 (full score of 1 for 15 questions), for possible scores of 0 to 1.
T13 6854-7026 Epistemic_statement denotes In contrast, Kscores ranging between 0 and +1 corresponded to the proportion of correct knowledge, and accounted for binary responses (correct response/incorrect response).
T14 7027-7136 Epistemic_statement denotes The Kscore thus reflected the mean rate of correct knowledge among respondents by institution and discipline.
T15 13157-13273 Epistemic_statement denotes The grand mean K-score was 0.66, indicating that the overall correct knowledge level of preventive measures was 66%.
T16 13818-13919 Epistemic_statement denotes We found that, for both institutions and disciplines, the I-rank correlated best with the total rank.
T17 13920-14060 Epistemic_statement denotes The E-rank correlated with the total rank, but was correlated to a lesser extent for institutions, and was correlated least for disciplines.
T18 14061-14149 Epistemic_statement denotes The Krank was correlated least for institutions but was correlated well for disciplines.
T19 14520-14756 Epistemic_statement denotes In particular, the collective perception of HCWs at each hospital was deemed to be a natural output of the study, which could be used for comparative purposes, and a preliminary analysis was fed back to each facility (unpublished data).
T20 14862-15116 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggested that the state of preparedness at the institutional level was more strongly associated with the perceived efficacy of the policies and measures at that institution than with the perception shared among HCWs belonging to common disciplines.
T21 15355-15515 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggested that particular institutions/disciplines could excel (or alternatively, lag behind) in various aspects of preparedness, as perceived by the HCWs.
T22 16068-16276 Epistemic_statement denotes It is plausible to assume that lower scores, and negative scores in particular, reflect poor institutional policy and countermeasures, as was observed in institutions A, B, and C, and the discipline "others".
T23 16590-16797 Epistemic_statement denotes A possible explanation is that the Japanese system for emergency infection control has not been tested, which may have caused the lack of confidence among HCWs in the effectiveness of institutional measures.
T24 17422-17618 Epistemic_statement denotes Indeed, if HCWs had acquired knowledge on a personal, as opposed to an institutional and/or disciplinary basis, the K-scores would be more randomly distributed across institutions and disciplines.
T25 17619-17749 Epistemic_statement denotes In this survey, 91% of all respondents answered positively to the question "learn as much as you can about SARS" (data not shown).
T26 17750-17882 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the individual acquisition of knowledge may have contributed to a narrowing of the differences among institutions/disciplines.
T27 18001-18350 Epistemic_statement denotes We expected that the ER/ICU HCWs would have higher scores, because staff engaged in critical care disciplines would have a higher risk of exposure to infectious agents, due to both the specific procedures they perform (e.g., endotracheal intubation, which increases the risk of SARS infection 13-fold) 12 and their exposure to severely ill patients.
T28 18351-18484 Epistemic_statement denotes 13 Under such circumstances, the implementation of emergency infection control measures is imperative, especially for ER/ICU workers.
T29 18818-18993 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, in the less-prepared hospitals (e.g., A and B), the implementation of emergency infection control measures should be stressed, especially among critical care staff.
T30 18994-19134 Epistemic_statement denotes Although inferences are limited relative to the type of institution, we found that institutions G and F ranked high-est on all three scores.
T31 19135-19268 Epistemic_statement denotes These two institutions are municipal hospitals, and one (F) has been designated to accommodate SARS patients if there is an outbreak.
T32 19269-19402 Epistemic_statement denotes It should be noted, however, that G, a municipal hospital not designated for the treatment of SARS, excelled in all three indicators.
T33 19557-19681 Epistemic_statement denotes Administrative support has been shown to enhance compliance with both universal precautions [14] [15] [16] and hand-washing.
T34 19682-20035 Epistemic_statement denotes 17, 18 In our analysis, there was a significant difference in the positive response rate for "clear policies and protocols" across institutions, from 92% for institution G to 48% for institution A (data not shown), suggesting that institutional policies contribute to improving the efficacy of emergency infection control measures, as perceived by HCWs.
T35 20036-20079 Epistemic_statement denotes There are several limitations to our study.
T36 20175-20306 Epistemic_statement denotes Second, there may have been responder bias, in that only workers with a strong interest in SARS may have been motivated to respond.
T37 20307-20391 Epistemic_statement denotes This idea is negated, however, by the quite high response rate to our questionnaire.
T38 20392-20574 Epistemic_statement denotes Third, there may have been a selection bias, in that the number of institutions surveyed was small, although we made an effort to select major hospitals distributed throughout Japan.
T39 20575-20655 Epistemic_statement denotes Fourth, the K-score may not accurately reflect knowledge of preventive measures.
T40 20656-20866 Epistemic_statement denotes HCWs who had accurate knowledge of preventive measures may have answered incorrectly to some items, due to conflicting information, e.g., alcohol rubs and shoe-covers were considered optimal in some guidelines.
T41 20867-20957 Epistemic_statement denotes However, such information was limited, and, hence, its effect should not have been strong.
T42 20958-21141 Epistemic_statement denotes Fifth, we evaluated the differences across institutions and disciplines from the viewpoint of HCWs, but we did not consider the organizational factors associated with this difference.
T43 21239-21354 Epistemic_statement denotes Such evaluations constitute a separate theme, warranting another study, which will be conducted in the near future.
T44 21601-21830 Epistemic_statement denotes Due to the potential for future epidemics of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, institutions should aim at higher levels of preparedness, by designating and implementing effective emergency infectious control measures.