Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
T1 |
0-935 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
DVP01 "Inactivated mycobacteria bead preparation" method for identification of mycobacteria by MALDI-TOF MS DVP02 MALDI-TOF MS for functional detection of ß-lactam resistance of positive blood cultures DVP03 Molecular typing of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from patients with cystic fibrosis by repetitive sequence-based PCR DVP04 Photochemical inactivation allows papid diagnostics of Alpha- and Poxviruses DVP05 Rapid detection and molecular differentiation of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans strains by LightCycler PCR DVP06 Use of recombinant proteins for optimized serodiagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections DVP07 MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of bacteria difficult to identify by standard procedures DVP08 Carbapenemase detection by phenotypic methods DVP09 Direct identification of uropathogens by MALDI-TOF-MS and interfering factors DVP10 Comparison of different methods for the isolation of tick DNA |
T2 |
946-1131 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Introduction: Next to the clinical important Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) Nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) are pathogens especially in immunocompromised and senior people. |
T3 |
5911-6053 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, only the decrease of the molecular peak of Ertapenem can be employed as indicator for resistance against carbapenems at the moment. |
T4 |
6054-6240 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Additional peaks appear in the spectra of the carbapenemase positive strains but these do not directly correspond to the hydrolyzed form of Ertapenem and have not been identified so far. |
T5 |
7643-7772 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A small proportion of isolates were clonally related (12%), suggesting either cross-transmissions or a common source of exposure. |
T6 |
8003-8289 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The objective of this study was to determine whether photochemical inactivation of viruses could be accomplished with high efficiency while preserving the molecular integrity of viral targets allowing subsequent diagnostic tests to be performed at a lower level of containment and cost. |
T7 |
8993-9277 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The presented data could assist in developing methods to inactivate in the field environmental and forensic samples suspected of contamination with high virulence virus, thus limiting the need for costly security and safety operations after an accidental or intentional viral release. |
T8 |
9786-9975 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Since the respective tox genes of C. diphtheriae and C. ulcerans differ in both DNA and amino acid sequence from each other, both tox genes should be covered by novel real-time PCR methods. |
T9 |
10263-10539 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Background: Detection of Enterobacteriaceae carrying carbapenemases is challenging since the MIC can be in the susceptible range and because differentiation between carbapenem resistance due to carbapenemases or other mechanisms is not possible by routine susceptible testing. |
T10 |
12027-12125 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: In contrast to recommendations by CLSI the MHT should also be performed for imipenem. |
T11 |
12126-12225 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Despite a lower specifity the importance of carbapenemase detection justifies a higher sensitivity. |
T12 |
12226-12342 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Caution should be used in choosing the test media since huge differences in metallobetalactamase detection are seen. |
T13 |
14024-14191 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These proteins are produced naturally in the body and cannot be removed simply by washing the filter residue because they closely interact with the bacterial membrane. |
T14 |
14278-14385 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In ticks different pathogens can be found that may cause serious infections in humans and domestic animals. |
T15 |
14628-14801 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Since the question regarding optimal DNA extraction from ticks is only poorly addressed so far, the present study compared different methods for isolation of DNA from ticks. |
T16 |
17054-17211 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these strains can be increased but below the standard CLSI-breakpoints, further confirmatory tests are required. |
T17 |
18320-18371 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
By PCR 26 ESBL-positive E. coli could be confirmed. |
T18 |
18898-18974 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, use of disk diffusion tests is often more staff-and time-intensive. |
T19 |
18975-19100 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Background: Enterobacteriaceae resistant to carbapenems are a growing problem in an increasing number of countries worldwide. |
T20 |
19101-19230 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In Germany, carbapenemase resistance is still rare, but appears to be rising, and several hospital outbreaks have been described. |
T21 |
20209-20360 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Random PCR (RAPD) was attempted to prove clonal origin of the isolates, yet, in case of these K. pneumoniae isolates the method was not discriminative. |
T22 |
20361-20689 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As an alternative for rapid typing, MALDI-TOF spectra of isolates were compared yielding an excellent spectrum identity between outbreak strains and a good discrimination towards other unrelated isolates, yet, automated calculation of the dendrogram by the biotyper software was not applicable for intra-species differentiation. |
T23 |
20849-20989 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
RAPD), the diagnostic use of MALDI-TOF spectra may be helpful for preliminary epidemiologic analysis of clinical outbreaks within few hours. |
T24 |
20990-21118 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The values and limitations of the method need to be further validated for different microorganisms by a standard procedure (e.g. |
T25 |
21119-21268 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
PFGE, MLST), yet, ease of applicability and low running costs make mass spectra analysis a promising tool for first line clinical outbreaks analysis. |
T26 |
24572-24786 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We examined whether the analysis of bacterial protein patterns by MALDI-TOF-MS (Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry) results in an unequivocal identification in those cases. |
T27 |
24787-25109 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Methods: Isolates obtained from tissues and fluids of patients in the clinical routine which could not be unambiguously identified by API ® or VITEK ® or by gas chromatography, respectively, were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS. A small number of bacterial cells from the culture plate was directly deposited onto a sample plate. |
T28 |
25483-25668 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: By using MALDI-TOF-MS analysis we could identify nearly 80 % of all isolates which previously had not given a clear result when standard identification procedures were applied. |
T29 |
25669-25776 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In most cases the bacteria could be identified at the species level, in some cases only at the genus level. |
T30 |
27296-27564 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although, studies dealing with cost effectiveness of PCR in the management of CDAD patients are sparse, the BD GenOhm Cdiff assay (PCR) has greater analytical sensitivity than a conventional toxin ELISA maintaining comparable specificity in samples from CADA patients. |
T31 |
27565-28021 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A. Halfmann* 1 , U. Geipel 1 , L. von Müller 1 , M. Herrmann 1 1 University Hospital of Saarland, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Homburg, Deutschland Background: Universal screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a valuable tool to estimate MRSA prevalence, yet, for a single institution, the laboratory challenges of a large campaign requiring quality-assured handling and processing of samples can be enormous. |
T32 |
29380-29634 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Subsequently, several modifications on the WASP specimen processing protocol (various vortexing times, quantities of medium plated or streaking patterns) were carried out with support of the readily available WASP technical team both on-line and on-site. |
T33 |
30902-31023 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Most people become infected with EBV at an early age, which is often asymptomatic but may cause infectious mononucleosis. |
T34 |
31111-31265 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis usually resolve in 1 or 2 months, EBV dormant or latent in a few cells in the throat and blood for life. |
T35 |
31266-31365 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Periodically, the virus can reactivate and is commonly found in the saliva of infected individuals. |
T36 |
33308-33507 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Several studies have been published that claimed to identify oxacillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus by whole cell matrix assisted laser desorption time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. |
T37 |
33652-33875 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Nevertheless, the study design in all of those studies was not suitable to achieve this goal, because only mecA/SCCmec isogenic strains could discriminate between strain specific-and mecA / SCCmec-dependent peak variations. |
T38 |
34295-34375 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The loss of the mecA gene during freezing culture has been previously described. |
T39 |
34656-34780 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In two out of 16 samples we could select a mecA containing strain and a corresponding isogenic strain lacking the mecA gene. |
T40 |
35472-35724 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In contrast to several reports in literature, we could show for the first time that whole cell MALDI-TOF MS-derived peak profiles are not suitable for the discrimination of mecA positive S. aureus strains in the mass-to-chargeratio of 2000 to 15000 Da. |
T41 |
36293-36403 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the resolution of complex mixtures, detection of antibiotic resistance markers are still unmet needs. |
T42 |
36404-36662 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In order to overcome these limitations, a new molecular technology, PCR coupled to Mass Spectrometry, was developed, allowing detection and identification of multiple pathogens and selected antibiotic resistance markers or virulence factors in a single test. |
T43 |
38474-38627 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Type II NADH dehydrogenases can occur either as internal enzymes, which utilize mitochondrial NADH, or as external enzymes, which utilize cytosolic NADH. |
T44 |
38628-38849 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We determined the orientation of both isoforms by applying a split GFP complementation approach and could demonstrate that both isoforms are internal enzymes, which face with their active site to the mitochondrial matrix. |
T45 |
39307-39524 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A functional complementation was possible by ectopic expression of the deleted gene, but not by expression of the heterologous isoform, suggesting that the two enzymes possess nonredundant, isotype-specific functions. |
T46 |
41190-41326 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Additionally, no parasite-induced cell lysis could be observed in differentiated C2C12 in contrast to nondifferentiated C2C12 or NIH3T3. |
T47 |
41620-41752 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, we also investigated whether MAPK might control T. gondii development in differentiated and undifferentiated C2C12 SkMCs. |
T48 |
42187-42316 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Together, these results suggest that the host cell type and the differentiation of SkMCs regulate T. gondii replication in vitro. |
T49 |
42317-42430 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This might also explain the different efficiencies of T. gondii to persist in differentiated tissues of the host. |
T50 |
42431-43054 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The Candida albicans factor H binding molecule Hgt1p also functions as complement receptor 3 (CR3) and HIV binding molecule EKP07 Caenorhabditis elegans as a host model system to screen novel antifungal benzimidazole derivatives A. Singh* 1 , W. Abu Rayyan 1 , T. Dietsche 1 , H. Eickhoff 2 , K.-H. Wiesmüller 2 , K. Schröppel 1 1 Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Tübingen, Deutschland 2 EMC microcollections GmbH , Tübingen, Deutschland Candida albicans, a commensal microorganism, is a causative agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. |
T51 |
43130-43350 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Treatment of invasive fungal infections is problematic due to several persisting therapeutic drawbacks, in particular development of resistance against the currently available drugs or toxic side effects for the patient. |
T52 |
43441-43596 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Previously, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been successfully used as a model host for human pathogens and to screen for novel antimicrobial drugs. |
T53 |
43597-43782 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It has been shown that C. albicans colonizes the intestinal tract of C. elegans and establishes a persistent lethal infection accompanied by deep tissue invasion of the entire organism. |
T54 |
44760-44930 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
During in vivo infection studies, we could demonstrate that EMC120B12 can inhibit filamentation of C. albicans and prolong survival of the C. albicans infected nematodes. |
T55 |
44931-45181 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
EMC120B12 identified in this screen can potentially be used as an effective antifungal agent and will be further investigated for its activity against other fungal species and also in a murine model to study its activity against systemic candidiasis. |
T56 |
45581-45785 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, these internal walls contain central pores allowing the exchange of molecules, nutrients and even organelles enabling the mycelium to respond as a functional entity to changes in the environment. |
T57 |
45786-45907 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The draw-back of this organization is that a local damage of the cell wall is a potential threat for the whole syncytium. |
T58 |
46060-46294 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In several fungi the Hex1 or HexA protein has been identified a major and essential component of the Woronin body and mutants generated in Neurospora crassa or Aspergillus oryzae show uncontrolled loss of cytoplasm after local damage. |
T59 |
46295-46484 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Loss of Hex1 in Magnaporthe grisea impairs the virulence of this plant pathogen, but no data are yet available on the role of Hex proteins in filamentous fungi causing infections in humans. |
T60 |
47483-47862 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Functional analysis of C. albicans infection-associated genes with unknown function during interaction with host cells and in complex infection models I. Jacobsen* 1 , D. Wilson 1 , F. Mayer 1 , B. Hube Mikrobielle Pathogenitätsmechanismen, Jena, Deutschland Introduction: Candida albicans is a common fungal pathogen in humans and able to cause a variety of clinical infections. |
T61 |
47863-48050 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We hypothesized that C. albicans unknown function genes, which are transcriptionally upregulated during infection ("infection associated genes") might contribute to the infection process. |
T62 |
48051-48165 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Aim and Methodology: We aimed to determine whether C. albicans infection associated genes contribute to virulence. |
T63 |
48166-48374 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, based on transcriptional profiling from oral infections, liver invasion and incubation in human blood, we selected a subset of infection-associated genes with unknown function for further analysis. |
T64 |
48375-48555 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Isogenic deletion mutants were constructed and subsequently tested in extensive in vitro screens, interaction with epithelial and endothelial cells and in complex infection models. |
T65 |
48556-48708 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: Twentyfour isogenic deletion mutants were constructed and subsequently analyzed both in vitro and in infection models of increasing complexity. |
T66 |
48965-49178 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To determine whether the deleted genes influenced virulence in more complex infections models, all 24 mutants were tested in ovo for their ability to kill chicken embryos infected on the chorio-allantoic membrane. |
T67 |
49179-49359 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We recently showed that mortality in this model depends on the fungal ability to invade the membrane and that the pro-inflammatory host response likely contributes to pathogenesis. |
T68 |
49360-49497 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Surprisingly, only seven mutants were attenuated in this model, of which five were also attenuated in damaging epithelial cells in vitro. |
T69 |
49781-49993 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion and Outlook: Our results demonstrate that genes essential for causing full damage of epithelial or endothelial cells in vitro are not necessarily crucial for full virulence in complex infection models. |
T70 |
49994-50257 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We conclude that either such damage potential is not critical for full virulence in the complex host setting or that the greater complexity of the environment in animal models stimulates additional fungal regulatory networks leading to compensation of the defect. |
T71 |
50258-50539 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Thiol-dependent redox networks: analysing the effects of the anti-malarial agent Methylene Blue Introduction: The development and spread of resistance against standard antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine (CQ) and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxin (PSD) has been a challenge for 25 years. |
T72 |
52643-52759 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: Taken together, our data suggest that MB could become a key factor in drug combination therapy efforts. |
T73 |
52760-52834 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This should be tested more as a promising local eradication strategy [3] . |
T74 |
54650-54797 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, the tec1/tec1 phenotype was rescued in a mutant containing an ORF with an additional 72 aa that spanned the region from 1 to 709 aa. |
T75 |
55555-55741 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Accumulating evidence indicates an involvement of RNA-binding proteins in regulating expression programmes underlying pathogenic development of the phytopathogenic fungi Ustilago maydis. |
T76 |
56156-56313 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Khd4 recognizes a distinct hexanucleotide motif which is present in almost 25% of all annotated transcripts, suggesting a large regulatory potential of Khd4. |
T77 |
56415-56478 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The precise role and function of Khd4 however is still unclear. |
T78 |
57256-57345 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The high mortality of these infections is largely due to the limited therapeutic options. |
T79 |
57346-57465 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Since A. fumigatus seems to lack sophisticated virulence traits, alternative therapeutic targets have to be identified. |
T80 |
57555-57676 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interference with signaling pathways helping the fungus to adapt to situations of stress is therefore a promising option. |
T81 |
57677-57798 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, this approach is hampered by the fact that many signaling pathways and molecules are conserved in fungi and men. |
T82 |
58141-58236 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A similar protein architecture has recently been proposed to constitute an osmo-sensing module. |
T83 |
58798-59059 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Mutants defective in genes of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway are significantly more sensitive to fludioxonil suggesting either a cross-talk between the HOG and the CWI pathway and/or a requirement for cell wall dynamics to bear fludioxonilinduced stress. |
T84 |
60309-60441 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
According to their homologues in S. cerevisiae, some of the genes deleted in mutants are presumably involved in cell wall integrity. |
T85 |
60442-60631 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Since cell wall integrity is crucial for stress resistance and virulence, further analysis of deletion mutant strains which are predicted to be part of one signalling network was performed. |
T86 |
61018-61223 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Similar behaviour could be observed while assaying cell wall stability and composition, with slg1 having considerably changed properties in comparison to the mutant strains mid2 and slt2 and the wild type. |
T87 |
61224-61493 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Comparing the trancriptomes of the deletion strains with the wild type in the presence or absence of congo red showed only very slight changes in the expression pattern of mid2 and slt2, whereas in slg1 a significantly changed transcriptional profile could be detected. |
T88 |
61494-61608 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The results obtained suggest that SLG1 has a different role in C. glabrata than in S. cerevisiae compared to MID2. |
T89 |
61609-61741 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The function of the inspected genes of the cell wall integrity pathway in S. cerevisiae might therefore be different in C. glabrata. |
T90 |
64333-64537 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Trypanosomal transmigration across the optimized ECV304-C6 model occurs in both directions underlining the possibility of a relapsing parasitemia after treatment with drugs that have no access to the CNS. |
T91 |
64538-64711 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This model promotes the analysis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the CNS invasion, which is urgently needed for therapy improvement and drug development. |
T92 |
65045-65225 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Tight junctional transmembrane proteins, notably claudins, regulate paracellular permeability of the intestinal barrier, constricting diffusion of small solutes and macromolecules. |
T93 |
65226-65314 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Barrier function can be affected by pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and other stimuli. |
T94 |
67440-67541 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Outlook: The results indicate an active participation of C. albicans in intestinal barrier breakdown. |
T95 |
67542-67656 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the relative impacts of host and fungus on barrier disturbance will have to be clarified in ongoing work. |
T96 |
68339-68604 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Immigrating immune cells are characterized by an increased glucose uptake, which can be used for non-invasive imaging: Fluorine labeled glucose (FDG -2-[ 18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose) is used as tracer for positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT). |
T97 |
68605-68748 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Alternatively, a fluorescence labeled glucose derivative (RediJect 2-DG-750 Probe, Caliper) is detectable by the In-Vivo-Imaging-System (IVIS). |
T98 |
68749-69064 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Since non invasive imaging tools to monitor inflammation have the potential to reduce the number of laboratory animals needed for the investigation of IA, we aimed to determine whether the above mentioned in vivo imaging systems are suitable for the quantification of the host's inflammatory response to IA in mice. |
T99 |
71004-71310 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Zipfel 2 , C. Skerka 2 , G. Pradel 1 1 Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Würzburg, Deutschland 2 Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Deutschland As part of the innate immune system, the human complement is a first line of defence against microbial infections. |
T100 |
72239-72376 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
FH comprises 20 complement control protein modules, and binding of FH to malaria gametes appears to be primarily mediated by modules 1-7. |
T101 |
72720-72812 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our findings might lead to novel approaches in the design of transmission blocking vaccines. |
T102 |
72813-72908 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Up to now there is only little data on the interaction of human NKC with the pathogenic fungus. |
T103 |
72909-73013 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, after NKC depletion mice have been shown to be more susceptible to systemic Candida infections. |
T104 |
73014-73148 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
On the basis of these observations we investigated if there are direct or indirect effects of human NK Cells against Candida albicans. |
T105 |
74816-74945 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Blocking experiments suggest that the cytotoxic effect is perforin dependent while FasL/TRAIL receptor pathways are not involved. |
T106 |
74946-75104 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In parallel to these direct effects, NKC may interact with other immune cells since cytokine release shows an upregulation of neutrophil activating cytokines. |
T107 |
75105-75231 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: Our observations suggest that NKC may play an important role in the first line defense of C. albicans infections. |
T108 |
75232-75330 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In this context, direct and indirect antifungal effects of NKC are currently further investigated. |
T109 |
75615-75773 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although the incidence of fungal sepsis has increased recently, diagnosis is still difficult and mainly relies on the detection of the pathogen (Candida spp.) |
T110 |
75955-76066 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These analyses will allow identifying immune markers which might be potentially useful in clinical diagnostics. |
T111 |
76389-76501 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further investigation included the characterisation of the whole blood transcriptome in response to C. albicans. |
T112 |
76502-76653 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The obtained data will be integrated using bioinformatic methods to generate a network of innate immune activation during early steps of fungal sepsis. |
T113 |
77018-77128 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As expected, myeloperoxidase from primary and lactoferrin from secondary granules could be detected in plasma. |
T114 |
78046-78181 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Advantages over isolated primary cells are the physiological conditions and the possible communication between immune cell populations. |
T115 |
78411-78460 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Protozoans like Leishmania can undergo apoptosis. |
T116 |
78761-78914 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the protein machinery mediating apoptosis in mammalian cells like caspases or members of the bcl-2 families are completely absent in Leishmania. |
T117 |
80365-80561 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In recent years, there has been increasing evidence for the occurrence of PCD in distinct unicellular organisms as well, however, there is only little information about putative PCD in Toxoplasma. |
T118 |
80562-80690 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, identification of apoptosis-like markers and molecules that might play a role in T. gondii PCD need to be elucidated. |
T119 |
82067-82207 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In order to unravel possible functions of T. gondii BI proteins in regulation of apoptosis, we heterologously expressed TgBIs in HeLa cells. |
T120 |
82866-83012 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These findings suggest the existence of apoptotic-like cell death in T. gondii and protective effects of TgBI proteins in regulation of apoptosis. |
T121 |
83410-83637 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Infection of individuals with premature or suppressed immunity can lead to lifethreatening toxoplasmosis whereas in immune competent hosts, infection is mostly asymptomatic but leads to parasite persistence for the host's life. |
T122 |
83638-83758 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Cell-mediated immunity including the production of IFN-is critical for control of the obligatory intracellular parasite. |
T123 |
83759-83968 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, by using genomewide transcriptome analysis, we have shown that T. gondii leads to global unresponsiveness of murine macrophages to IFN-and this may be essential for establishing a long-term infection. |
T124 |
85113-85306 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Together, these data unravel novel insights into the mechanisms by which T. gondii evades IFN-regulated immunity and open up novel strategies for therapeutic intervention against toxoplasmosis. |
T125 |
86753-87163 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In biofilm assays, the full length TEC1 ORF was able to restore the ability for biofilm formation ability in the tec1/tec1 mutant background after Tet induced gene expression, and the biofilm mass was similar to the biofilm formed by the wild type SC5314 strain, whereas the TEA domain mutant and mutants lacking the proposed C-terminal motif were impaired in biofilm formation under similar growth conditions. |
T126 |
87324-87555 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further in vivo investigations with C. elegans infection model revealed that the C. albicans TEC1 mutant lacking this C-terminal motif shows less virulence against nematodes in terms of hyphal invasion and killing of the nematodes. |
T127 |
87816-87985 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It can be demonstrated that this C-terminal motif of Tec1p is essential for yeast-hyphae transition, infection and killing of C. elegans nematodes and biofilm formation. |
T128 |
88039-88263 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Scharf 1 1 Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Institut für Hämostaseologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Düsseldorf, Deutschland Introduction: Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus that can switch between the yeast and hypha form. |
T129 |
88349-88408 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Platelets can bridge the innate with the adaptive immunity. |
T130 |
88516-88654 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Platelet integrins and their plasma ligands can govern both binding to the pathogen and activation of platelets to release their granules. |
T131 |
88655-88836 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Here we tested the hypothesis that fibronectin (which is also stored in platelet -granular and bound by platelet integrins) supports the host defense against C. albicans infections. |
T132 |
90319-90484 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Hence, platelets and fibronectin, with its intrinsic multivalent binding site can support the platelet mediated host defense and immune response against C. albicans. |
T133 |
90835-91298 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Its central MAP kinase module was subject of diverse studies and is conserved from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus spp.. On the contrary, components upstream of this MAP kinase module are well characterized in S. cerevisiae but largely unknown in Aspergillus spp.. We have identified, localized and functionally characterized homologues of the S. cerevisiae cell surface sensors ScWsc1 -ScWsc3 and ScMid2/ScMtl1 in A. fumigatus. |
T134 |
91551-91691 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In addition, our data indicate fundamental functional differences on the sensor level of the CWI pathways of S. cerevisiae and A. fumigatus. |
T135 |
91692-92176 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Trends in multidrug resistance among Escherichia coli and klebsiellae in Germany M. Kresken* 1,2 , D. Hafner 2,3 1 Antiinfectives Intelligence GmbH, Rheinbach, Deutschland 2 Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e.V., Rheinbach, Deutschland 3 Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Deutschland Introduction: Escherichia coli (ECO) and klebsiellae are among the most common pathogens causing infections in in-and outpatients. |
T136 |
92177-92334 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Antimicrobial agents such as 3rd generation cephalosporins (3GC), carbapenems (carba) and fluoroquinolones (FQ) are essential drugs to treat serious illness. |
T137 |
92335-92499 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Treatment outcome, however, has increasingly been threatened by the emergence and dissemination of resistant (R) strains (multi-drug R [MDR] strains in particular). |
T138 |
99328-99502 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
pathogens in Germany, all clinically used dosing regimens of CARBA are sufficient to achieve a probability of 95% or greater success against CRO-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. |
T139 |
101794-101897 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, there was an alarming increase of ESBL rates in outpatients from 1.3% in 2007 to 5.9% in 2010. |
T140 |
102066-102126 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Probably the outbreak was caused by contaminated vegetables. |
T141 |
103068-103165 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The isolated displayed an ESBL phenotype and blaTEM-1 as well as blaCTX-M-15 could be identified. |
T142 |
103548-103635 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
No co-resistance to tetracycline or sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim could be demonstrated. |
T143 |
103636-103838 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: Within two days after receipt of the EHEC outbreak isolate the molecular basis of its unusual ESBL phenotype could be clarified and was immediately reported to the German health authorities. |
T144 |
103905-104096 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The presence of resistance genes in diarrheagenic bacterial strains is worrisome since it might contribute to an enhanced spread of resistance determinants, e. g. by horizontal gene transfer. |
T145 |
104371-104473 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Data on the in vitro susceptibility of pathogens isolated from ocular infections, however, are scarce. |
T146 |
106823-106975 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa can be caused by a variety of mechanisms, however the worldwide spread of carbapenemases is especially important. |
T147 |
108347-108461 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
An unspecific result due to toxicity of EDTA could be excluded by a positive bioassay based on cell-free extracts. |
T148 |
108861-109010 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It clearly shows a MBL phenotype, while the MIC differences for imipenem are likely to be the result of additional mechanism for imipenem resistence. |
T149 |
109802-109906 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the correct identification of carbapenemases is challenging for the microbiological laboratory. |
T150 |
110177-110266 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A bioassay based on cell-free extracts allows the detection of still unknown -lactamases. |
T151 |
110517-110833 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Several different carbapenemases could be detected, including OXA-48 (n = 59), KPC-2 (n = 31), KPC-3 (n = 26), VIM-1 (n = 37), VIM-2 (n = 20), VIM-4 (n = 4), VIM-5 (n = 1), IMP-7 (n = 2), IMP-8 (n = 12), IMP-16 (n = 1), NDM-1 (n = 5), NDM-2 (n = 1), GIM-1 (n = 4), OXA-23 (n = 69), OXA-72 (n = 2) and OXA-58 (n = 6). |
T152 |
111106-111294 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the molecular epidemiology in Germany with a predominance of OXA-48 differs significantly from observations made in other countries like Greece, Israel, USA or the United Kingdom. |
T153 |
111410-111589 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Objectives: The successful worldwide dissemination of carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae is of special concern because of limited therapeutic options and higher mortality. |
T154 |
111590-111900 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
While the dissemination of carbapenemase KPC is predominantly bound to distinct Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, spread of OXA-48 and NDM-1 enzymes is mainly due to conjugative transfer of different plasmids carrying these carbapenemase genes and facilitating the transmission among many enterobacterial species. |
T155 |
113489-113687 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae are still rare in many European countries there is an urgent need of surveillance to prevent further spread of these multidrugresistant pathogens. |
T156 |
113688-113769 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
How should we treat double -and triple -resistant Helicobacter pylori in Germany? |
T157 |
113770-113903 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Background and Objective: Enterobacteriaceae have been shown to play a crucial role in the transmission of antimicrobial resistances. |
T158 |
114025-114306 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Dissemination of antibiotic resistance can be due to the transfer of resistant bacteria between different host organisms or by horizontal transfer of resistance properties between isolates of the same or different species and genera within and beyond the family Enterobacteriaceae. |
T159 |
114307-114629 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Especially, resistance to -lactams mediated by production of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and resistance to (fluoro)quinolones influenced by different plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants are of concern since they limit dramatically the therapeutic options in both, veterinary and human medicine. |
T160 |
115850-116067 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The RESET network includes different interacting and complementary studies on factors associated with the dissemination of emerging resistance properties in Enterobacteriaceae from humans, animals and the environment. |
T161 |
117049-117231 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our data show frequent co-resistances to therapeutically relevant antibiotics (ampicillin, aminoglycosides) for enterococci; resistances to antibiotics of last resort are still rare. |
T162 |
117232-117331 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Comparably high rates of vanB VRE suggest a changing epidemiology of van genotypes in recent years. |
T163 |
117695-117791 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, testing the activity of older and rarely used antibiotics is of high clinical impact. |
T164 |
119012-119194 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Applying a threshold of 16 mm as susceptible in disk diffusion (fosfomycin 200 μg) as recommended by CLSI for E. coli eleven very major errors (10.3%) and no major errors were found. |
T165 |
120326-120513 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Based on the whole genome data the mprF locus, which was previously shown to be associated with daptomycin resistance was re-sequenced in 64 daptomycin resistant and susceptible isolates. |
T166 |
120886-120995 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Sequence analysis of whole genome data revealed a small number of SNPs putatively associated with resistance. |
T167 |
120996-121203 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, after re-sequencing the corresponding loci in a larger number of resistant and susceptible isolates strong association of resistance to mutations in a certain locus could be confirmed only for mprF. |
T168 |
121301-121502 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: Results corroborate the role of mprF-mutations in resistance development towards daptomycin; however further studies must elucidate the complete mechanism leading to reduced susceptibility. |
T169 |
121975-122027 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Data regarding carbapenemases in Germany are scarce. |
T170 |
123180-123364 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Transconjugation experiments were successful only in one strain, however the presence of blaKPC on plasmids could be demonstrated by restriction with S1 endonuclease and Southern Blot. |
T171 |
123656-123763 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The low MIC for carbapenems in some strains emphasizes that detection of carbapenemases can be challenging. |
T172 |
124174-124394 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In this context it is of interest whether czrC and the already known resistance gene cadA (both code for an ATPase based efflux) are disseminated among different clonal lineages of MRSA prevalent in humans and livestock. |
T173 |
124695-124910 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: czrC was exclusively associated with MRSA ST398 (20/27 from pigs; 21/23 from humans exposed to pigs; 10/20 infections; 10/10 infections in humans) and contained by a defined SCCmec-element with tandem ccrC. |
T174 |
125349-125536 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: It can not be excluded that the previous use of zinkoxide ions in conjunction with organic acids as feed additives has selected for czrC and possibility coselected MRSA ST398. |
T175 |
125781-125986 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
With respect to multiresistant but methicillin susceptible S. aureus ST30 ("80/80 complex") in the past and use of zinkoxide ointments containing also boronic acid this situation might have been different. |
T176 |
125987-126160 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Introduction: The emergence of healthcare associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria has become an increasing problem over the past 20 years. |
T177 |
126161-126296 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Colistin, a 'forgotten' antibiotic, has attracted attention, because of its activity against multidrug-resistant Gramnegative bacteria. |
T178 |
126297-126358 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It is, however, not active against Proteeae and Serratia spp. |
T179 |
128351-128453 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: Overall, susceptibility to COL seems to be high among Gram-negative pathogens in Germany. |
T180 |
128454-128509 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
COL may be considered as an important treatment option. |
T181 |
129717-129801 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
MIC to penicillin depended on serogroup: using serogroup B and rare serogroups (e.g. |
T182 |
129983-130075 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, 51.9% of serogroup W-135 strains were intermediate susceptible to penicillin. |
T183 |
130192-130341 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although no resistance was observed for cefotaxime, cefotaxime MICs showed a weak yet significant linear correlation with penicillin MICs (r^2 0.23). |
T184 |
130490-130629 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Due to low rate of nonsusceptibility, no meaningful analyses were possible for antimicrobials rifampicin and ciprofloxacin in meningococci. |
T185 |
130779-130928 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Resistance was significantly more common in non-typeable H. influenzae lacking a polysaccharide capsule (13.0%) compared to capsulate strains (3.7%). |
T186 |
133443-133860 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: While the EARS-Net-Surveillance limited to invasive isolates from hospitalised patients captures the sector with highest levels of antimicrobial resistance in K. pneumoniae, the extended approach of ARS reveals an emerging problem in outpatient care that physicians should be aware of, even if resistance proportions might be overestimated as samples are more likely to be taken from pre-treated patients. |
T187 |
135252-135291 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
451 patients have been examined so far. |
T188 |
135680-135847 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
19% of the patients were still H. pylori positive after treatment, which might be explained by the high rate of clarithromycin resistance (29%) within this population. |
T189 |
135848-136040 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In conclusion, these results underline the hypothesis that development of resistance in H. pylori in contrast to other pathogens is dependent on treatment strategies in the individual patient. |
T190 |
136486-136736 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Stratification by federal states shows considerable regional differences (range:1.8-6.4/100,000 inhabitants/year), which were positively correlated to regional MRSA-rates (6.7%-27.3%) generated in ARS (spearman correlation coefficient: 0.74; p=0.04). |
T191 |
136737-136912 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: While mandatory reporting of MRSA-bacteraemia serves as an indicator of the situation in hospital care, ARS additionally provides a view on the outpatient setting. |
T192 |
137005-137117 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Nevertheless, the results indicate that in Germany MRSA plays a relevant role in the outpatient setting as well. |
T193 |
137118-137367 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Particularly, high resistance rates in urine samples suggest that further investigations about the epidemiological context in which infections occur and patient characteristics are necessary to assess possible consequences for antibiotic management. |
T194 |
137590-138007 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Wieler 1 , C. Ewers 1 1 Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Mikrobiologie u. Tierseuchen, Berlin, Deutschland 2 Vet Med Labor GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Halle, Deutschland Introduction: Several studies give evidence for the carriage of Extendedspectrum beta-Lactamases (ESBL) producing E. coli in the feces of wild birds even in remote areas, where the presence of antibiotic selection pressure is assumed to be very rare. |
T195 |
138708-138909 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Genotyping led to the frequent detection of virulence determinants associated with extraintestinal pathogenicity whereas genes associated with intestinal pathogenic pathovars were only rarely observed. |
T196 |
139172-139369 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Among the Mongolian samples we identified several STs, such as ST167 (ancestral group A) or ST648 (hybrid group ABD) which have previously been reported from human clinical ESBL producing isolates. |
T197 |
139596-139732 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: Our findings underline the urgent need to unravel the role of wild birds in the spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. |
T198 |
139733-139998 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Due to their migration behavior and with respect to the omnipresence of bird´s feces in wild and urban environments, wild birds might represent a non-point source of infection and could by that considerably contribute to the transmission of ESBL producing bacteria. |
T199 |
140564-140738 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The currently used methods require the use of experts to evaluate the result of noise removal, because the methods need some parameters which correlate to the detected noise. |
T200 |
140739-140805 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The adaption/calibration can only be executed by a manual process. |
T201 |
140899-141042 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The focus of this article lies in the development of automated pre-processing method which can reduce the significantly influence of the noise. |
T202 |
141043-141134 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Noise: Generally, in test results, two different types of noise can occur (Wilhelm, 2003) . |
T203 |
141236-141295 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The possible causes of the occurrence are not yet resolved. |
T204 |
141296-141419 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The effects of background noise and signal trend for the repeated execution of sample analysis may lead to varying results. |
T205 |
143535-143678 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: Comparing Ulifloxacin vs. Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin concordant results could be obtained in 250 of the 267 (93.6%) tested strains. |
T206 |
144320-144464 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For Enterococci following results could be found: Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Prulifloxacin was 38%, 42%, 28% respectively. |
T207 |
144559-144694 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Comparing the results of Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Ulifloxacin concordant results in 250 of 267 strains (93.6%) could be obtained. |
T208 |
144786-144947 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Against gram positive strains Ulifloxacin was slightly less active as Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin, but this statement is limited by the low number of isolates. |
T209 |
144948-145172 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Because of some minor differences in the interpretation of the susceptibility pattern testing of Ulifloxacin and/or other chinolones resistance testing seems to be noteworthy if therapy with this fluorochinolone in intended. |
T210 |
145173-145503 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Impact of thymidine on the antimicrobial activities of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, and rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus Objectives: A treatment option against S. aureus in general and MRSA in particular is trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) either alone or in combination with rifampicin (RIF). |
T211 |
145667-145878 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the antimicrobial activity of SXT can be antagonised by bacterial utilisation of thymidine, which can be present in infected and/or inflamed tissues such as the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. |
T212 |
145879-146132 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The aim of this study was to determine thymidine concentrations in the sputa of CF patients and to analyse the antimicrobial activity of SXT, 5-iodo-2´-deoxyuridine (IdUrd) and RIF alone and in combination against S. aureus in the presence of thymidine. |
T213 |
146906-147073 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: Our data suggest that SXT in combination with rifampicin may fail to cure clinical S. aureus infections in tissues with elevated thymidine concentrations. |
T214 |
147074-147220 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
SXT in combination with a thymidine kinase inhibitor, however, may become an interesting antimicrobial combination for this setting in the future. |
T215 |
147282-147582 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Non-nucleoside analogs as bacterial thymidine kinase inhibitors identified by multi-step virtual screening Objectives: The antimicrobial activity of folic acid antagonists can be antagonized by thymidine as detected in tissues with necrotic cells such as pus and sputum from cystic fibrosis patients. |
T216 |
147792-148025 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, several bacterial species including S. aureus possess an alternative pathway for synthesis of intracellular dTMP by uptake of extracellular thymidine and subsequent intracellular phosphorylation to dTMP via thymidine kinase. |
T217 |
148844-149023 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that multi-step virtual screening can help identify bioactive substances from a large screening compound pool with limited experimental effort. |
T218 |
149024-149182 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Rapid focusing on promising candidate structures was possible, so that inhibitors of bacterial thymidine kinase with non-nucleoside scaffolds were identified. |
T219 |
149615-149915 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Schmidt 1 1 ZMBE, Infektiologie, Münster, Deutschland 2 UKM, Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Münster, Deutschland Cell-permeable proteins such as 'cell-penetrating peptides (CPP)' have the ability to cross cellular membranes, either alone or in association with a bioactive cargo. |
T220 |
150244-150379 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This might contribute to systemic effects on innate immunity and, furthermore, suggests potential therapeutic applications of YopM e.g. |
T221 |
150414-150719 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Hence, we were interested to investigate whether YopM might have the potential to act as an immune modulating molecule by exhibiting beneficial effects on inflammation and the production of cytokines that maintain the inflammatory processes linked to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). |
T222 |
151256-151354 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
With respect to a potential in vivo application of YopM, we injected YopM intra-articularly (i.a.) |
T223 |
152114-152358 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These encouraging results combined with the possibility for focused topical applications in skeletal joints underline and strengthen the potential of YopM as a novel pathogen-derived immune modulatory agent for the treatment of inflammatory RA. |
T224 |
152359-152693 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Comparison of genotypic, proteotypic and phenotypic methods for the identification of bacteria M. Patel 1 , U. Herber* 1 1 Accugenix, Marketing, Newark, Deutschland Accurate classification of unknown bacterial isolates is an essential first step in understanding the impact these organisms have on an environmental monitoring program. |
T225 |
152694-152914 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
There are many methods, technologies, and strategies utilized to determine the identity of unknown microorganisms, however, the selection of these methods is often impacted by more than the performance of the technology. |
T226 |
153331-153471 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
When identifications are based on phenotypic characteristics, the methods are more subjective and results can be impacted by many variables. |
T227 |
154115-154219 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These microbial identification methods were used to analyze 60 unknown environmental bacterial isolates. |
T228 |
154946-155014 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The pathogenesis of psoriasis is complex and not clearly understood. |
T229 |
155015-155129 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Ongoing research indicates that immune T-cells appear to play a dominant role for the development of this disease. |
T230 |
155919-156017 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, YopM might be applicable as a topical therapeutic agent for the treatment of psoriasis. |
T231 |
156018-156183 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To investigate whether YopM might be functional as an immune-modulator for the treatment of psoriasis, we utilized the murine imiquimod (IMQ)induced psoriasis model. |
T232 |
156344-156449 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, this model could serve for the analysis of pathogenic mechanisms in psoriasis-like dermatitis. |
T233 |
157522-157662 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The genomic island is integrated within the tRNA Pro gene (lpc2778) and can exist in an integrated chromosomal or an episomal circular form. |
T234 |
157852-157976 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
By deleting the int-1 gene, we could demonstrate that the excision and forming of an episomal circle is integrase dependent. |
T235 |
157977-158149 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
First experiments with a mutant lacking the vir region, also indicate a growth dependent regulation of the alteration between the integrated and the circular form of Trb-1. |
T236 |
158150-158294 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The whole genomic island can be transferred to other Legionella strains and integrated site-specifically into the genome of the transconjugants. |
T237 |
158979-159114 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could demonstrate that both genomic islands can exist in an integrated chromosomal and an exercised episomal form, similar to Trb-1. |
T238 |
159862-160065 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although a substantial amount of information about the GSLreceptors for Shiga toxins (Stxs), the major virulence factors of EHEC, is available, less is known about the receptors for EHEC bacterial cells. |
T239 |
160730-160929 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In the present study the potential of GSL recognition by various EHEC O157 strains was investigated employing neutral GSLs and sialylated GSLs (=gangliosides) from different types of mammalian cells. |
T240 |
161549-161773 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In conclusion, this study may help to better understand host-pathogen interactions and in particular the adhesion process of EHEC toward target cells and, moreover, to develop strategies to prevent and treat EHEC infections. |
T241 |
162800-163002 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Microdomain association of GSLs is believed to be the linchpin in effective binding, internalization and subcellular routing of GSL-binding AB5-toxins such as Shiga toxin (Stx) to intracellular targets. |
T242 |
163796-163944 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Studies on the subcellular distribution of Stx receptors in both cell types showed their predominant association with and enrichment in lipid rafts. |
T243 |
167345-167467 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These promising initial data suggest further characterization of the compounds and an evaluation of putative applications. |
T244 |
167818-168112 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
EF-Tu from Escherichia coli has been shown to polymerize in vitro and a recent study provided evidence that the protein serves besides its function in translation another vital role in Bacillus subtilis: it affects cell morphology, apparently via interaction with the cytoskeleton protein MreB. |
T245 |
168113-168236 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In rod-shaped bacteria the actin-ortholog MreB is thought to direct incorporation of cell wall material into the side wall. |
T246 |
168237-168395 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Surprisingly, chlamydiae harbor, despite their spherical shape and the absence of a cell wall, MreB and we recently proved in vitro activity for this protein. |
T247 |
168607-168732 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Additionally, co-polymerization assays revealed interactions between the elongation factor and the cytoskeletal protein MreB. |
T248 |
169235-169337 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This ubiquitous bacterium can cause two forms of legionellosis -Legionellapneumonia and Pontiac fiver. |
T249 |
169446-169649 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although the failure in the therapy occurs from time to time, there are no reports about the isolation of the macrolide or quinolon-resistant Legionella mutants from the patients and environment to date. |
T250 |
170615-170775 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The reduced ecological fitness of the macrolide resistant mutants might be an explanation for the lack occurrence of resistant strains under natural conditions. |
T251 |
170776-170955 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For more than a hundred years, it has been known that patients with solid tumors who concomitantly suffer from a bacterial infection experience a regression of their tumor burden. |
T252 |
170956-171048 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Still, the phenomenon of bacterial tumor targeting and lysis remains only poorly understood. |
T253 |
171234-171360 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Amid several theoretically interesting approaches, we focused our efforts on immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory cytokines. |
T254 |
171361-171547 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The immunosuppressive cytokines are supposed to expand the inoculum in the tumor and should enable the bacteria to penetrate the host immune defense shielding the tumor from total lysis. |
T255 |
171548-171712 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
On the other hand, the proinflammatory cytokines should attract inflammatory cells, boost NK cell and CD8+ T-cell activity and eventually lead to tumor vaccination. |
T256 |
171713-171845 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Here, we are going to present first results with recombinant Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-12 fusion proteins expressed in E. coli. |
T257 |
173422-173545 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, while EDTA has found widespread application as a conservative, its clinical use is hampered by toxic side effects. |
T258 |
174995-175200 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As this antibiotic has been in clinical use over the last 50 years without serious side effects having been reported, it constitutes a promising candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies. |
T259 |
175503-175610 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Their mutual agreement and factors influencing the results have not been studied in detail in South Africa. |
T260 |
175611-175734 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Thus a study was conducted at 15 sampling sites in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa to address this knowledge gap. |
T261 |
177164-177302 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
If a suspension of the sediment matter on-site took place, this would lead to a change in the bacterial concentrations between 0 and 24 %. |
T262 |
177507-177618 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: Re-suspension of sediment particles can compromise the results of microbial water quality testing. |
T263 |
177619-177797 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Temperature fluctuations between 10 and 32 ºC are not expected to influence the applicability of the hydrogen-sulphide test in detection of faecal contamination of surface water. |
T264 |
178536-178766 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A sustainable in-time management of emulsion paint production should rely on fast quantitative MC analysis of products and their effective separation, thereby minimizing preservative input and waste of contaminated emulsion paint. |
T265 |
180392-180548 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: Further development effort would be needed to optimize sample preparation with special focus on removal of inhibitory emulsion paint compounds. |
T266 |
180549-180715 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
All methods should run on (or must easily be adaptable to) integrated sample and analysis robotics applying qRT-PCR, automated analysis and interpretation of results. |
T267 |
180716-180922 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This requirement is crucial since a final qRT-PCR based QC strategy should be able to manage the emulsion paint production without interaction of human PCR experts in a model environment at JWO in Coesfeld. |
T268 |
181308-181454 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
By performing studies on the interactions present in multispecies biofilms, basic knowledge on several aspects of sociomicrobiology can be gained. |
T269 |
181455-181577 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The aim of this work was to assess the role of interspecies interactions in species biofilm formation and characteristics. |
T270 |
182722-182875 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A range of interactions has been observed among microorganisms in biofilms, including competitive, mutualistic, antagonistic and commensal relationships. |
T271 |
184188-184334 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These proteins are presumably highly antigenic due to the exposure to the host's immune system and may be used as antigens in diagnostic purposes. |
T272 |
184335-184556 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In this study could be demonstrated that recombinantely produced Cj0069, one of the secreted proteins, has a similar sensitivity and specificity compared to the already and commercially established antigens OMP18 and P39. |
T273 |
185982-186193 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: This study reveals that hreP and the pyp genes are part of a complex regulatory network that is repressed by H-NS, further underlining our hypothesis that these genes have been acquired horizontally. |
T274 |
187135-187333 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Depending on the serovar, host species, age and immune status the course of disease can range from asymptomatic carriage or localized acute diarrhea to severe systemic infections with fatal outcome. |
T275 |
187334-187673 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To evaluate possible host differences in flagellin recognition in human and animal cells and subsequent induction of immunostimulatory signalling cascades, we have used the activation of transcription factor nuclear factor -B (NF-B) in NF-B reporter cell lines of different species origins that express a luciferase during NF-B activation. |
T276 |
188188-188370 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The varying behaviour and sensing of Salmonella flagellin in different host species might contribute to the different outcome of infection and host adaptation of Salmonella serovars. |
T277 |
188371-188537 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are secreted by Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) that cause diarrhea, bloody diarrhea and potentially lethal hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). |
T278 |
188930-189211 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although preferential Stxmediated damage of glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (GMVECs) is known as the major mechanism underlying HUS caused by STEC, the exact nature of the Stx receptor GSLs of GMVECs including the expression of different lipoforms remains to be defined. |
T279 |
190323-190424 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This higher sensitivity of GMVECs correlated with the enhanced expression of Stx-receptors in GMVECs. |
T280 |
190425-190863 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, as GSLs are believed to localize abundantly in lipid rafts tightly associated with cholesterol and raftassociated membrane proteins and since lipid raft association of Stx receptors is assumed as a functional prerequisite for Stx-mediated cytotoxicity, future investigations on the subcellular distribution of GSLs in GMVECs are required to explore the functional role of the molecular assembly of GSLs in microdomains of GMVECs. |
T281 |
191196-191355 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Together with the CagA effector protein, it is encoded on the cag pathogenicity island (cag-PAI), the presence of which is associated with more severe disease. |
T282 |
191819-191915 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, it is likely that H. pylori is able to modulate the immune response to its advantage. |
T283 |
192001-192149 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It has been shown before that macrophages aggregate under the influence of the Cag T4SS, and that CagA can be translocated into these cells as well. |
T284 |
192624-192774 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The migration assays suggest that H. pylori infection results in a chemotactic defect of phagocytic cells and in an inhibition of phagocyte migration. |
T285 |
192775-192912 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Infection with H. pylori mutants showed that the inhibitory effect on human granulocyte migration is likely to be caused by the Cag T4SS. |
T286 |
192913-193065 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In conclusion, our results suggest that interaction of the Cag T4SS with phagocytic cells may contribute to immune evasion and persistence of H. pylori. |
T287 |
193185-193387 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
New 027 outbreak strains with global spreading are characterised by toxin A, B and binary toxin expression, mutations of a potential toxin repressor gene (tcdC), and increased toxin production in vitro. |
T288 |
194433-194608 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, the rate of various C. difficile genotypes was different between children and adults with high percentage of non-toxigenic strains in the pediatric group (50%). |
T289 |
194609-194844 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Using an institutional database the genetic relationship between the various slpAST was analysed showing clustering in at least three major genetic groups subdivided in different subgroups with close association to known PCR ribotypes. |
T290 |
194929-195016 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could show that 027 rates recently decrease in our previously high-prevalent region. |
T291 |
195017-195138 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We hypothesize that the rates of epidemic strains and presumably also strain specific virulence may change over time e.g. |
T292 |
195139-195201 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
due to host adaptation and possibly also in different regions. |
T293 |
195202-195277 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Emergence of new epidemic C. difficile strains may occur at any time again. |
T294 |
195429-195569 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
SlpAST is a well standardized method to identify current epidemic C. difficile strains but also strains of still unknown epidemic relevance. |
T295 |
195853-196012 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This protein translocation results in altered host cell gene expression profiles and cytoskeletal rearrangements, and it has been linked to cancer development. |
T296 |
196191-196381 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Recently, it has been shown that the Cag type IV secretion apparatus binds to integrin molecules as receptors on host cells, and that several Cag components are involved in this interaction. |
T297 |
196479-196722 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Previous studies have identified the cagI gene as an essential gene for translocation of CagA into host cells, but there have been conflicting results as to its requirement for stimulation of interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion by epithelial cells. |
T298 |
196723-196976 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Since the cagI gene overlaps and is co-transcribed with the cagL gene encoding another integrin-interacting protein essential for Cag functionality, this discrepancy might be due to transcriptional effects of the resistance markers used for mutagenesis. |
T299 |
197132-197324 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The absence of several components of the secretion apparatus has an impact on CagI and CagL protein levels, indicating that (partial) assembly of the apparatus is required for their stability. |
T300 |
197524-197651 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Taken together, our results are consistent with the assumption that CagI and CagL form a complex at the bacterial cell surface. |
T301 |
198251-198416 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This was thought to be associated with the emergence of a more virulent strain, Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027, which was first reported in Germany in 20007. |
T302 |
199903-200033 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Hospital discharge diagnosis data for 2010 are not yet available (2009: 120.8 CDI diagnoses/100.000 discharged hospital patients). |
T303 |
200328-200430 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: The continuing increase of CDI cases that peaked in 2010 shows the urgent need for action. |
T304 |
200431-200481 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The nature of this increase is not yet understood. |
T305 |
200482-200540 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
An improved characterization of cases is therefore needed. |
T306 |
200742-200786 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This will help to focus preventive measures. |
T307 |
201902-202016 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Preliminary analysis of the data showed that the isolates can be grouped into approximately 50 distinct ribotypes. |
T308 |
202166-202284 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: Analysis of a large number of c. difficile from an expansive urban area has not been described in Germany. |
T309 |
202285-202620 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It is interesting to scrutinise such data as one may be able to determine if the increasing incidence of CDAD is perhaps, unlike the case in North Anmerica, not associated with a specific clonal spread and therby also determine if the change is perhaps due to changes in medical practice rather than a shift in the bacterial virulence. |
T310 |
202621-202952 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our results show that the vast majority of the isolates possesed both toxin A and B genes and that only few [12.6 the binary toxin gene, a disproportionate number of these [60.6 %] however were located in isolates positive for tcdA and negative for tcdB genes, which only accounted for 7.8 % of the total number of isolates tested. |
T311 |
203499-203573 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Thus, giardiasis is a major public and veterinary health concern globally. |
T312 |
203574-203673 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It remains unclear to what degree it is a zoonosis and what determines its pathogenicity to humans. |
T313 |
203674-203865 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To assess these issues a Gd biobank shall be generated to link epidemiological data with functional characteristics of clinical isolates and as a means to identify virulence associated genes. |
T314 |
203866-204029 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We hypothesize that potential virulence markers are enzymes released by Giardia upon colonization of the small instestine and interaction with the host epithelium. |
T315 |
204030-204285 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Especially the Gd arginine deiminase (ADI) that converts arginine to citrulline and ammonia shall be investigated as possible virulence and pathogenicity factor of Gd, because arginine plays a critical role in antimicrobial mechanisms and immune response. |
T316 |
204286-204508 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The sequencevariation of ADI will be determined by cloning adi from Gd isolates being collected in the biobank and sequence variants will be functionally characterized by expressing the respective recombinant ADI proteins. |
T317 |
204509-204652 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Finally, correlation between enzyme function and clinical pathology shall be investigated on basis of Gd isolates related epidemiological data. |
T318 |
204653-204704 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We will present the establishment of this workflow. |
T319 |
206911-207081 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Using a murine infection model we discovered distinct correlations between the metabolism of the tested amino acids and the persistence of C. jejuni in different tissues. |
T320 |
207219-207362 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Gaussia princeps luciferase (Gluc) can be used to monitor type I protein secretion in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium T. Wille 1 , R.G. |
T321 |
207606-207671 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Data about the applicability of Gluc in bacteria is very limited. |
T322 |
207672-207817 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Given the small size, high activity and co-factor independence of Gluc, it might be especially suited to monitor secretion of bacterial proteins. |
T323 |
208581-208741 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could show that a C-terminal moiety of SiiE including immunoglobulin (Ig) domain 53 is essential and sufficient mediating type I-dependent secretion of Gluc. |
T324 |
208847-208929 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: In conclusion, Gluc can be used to monitor protein secretion via T1SS. |
T325 |
209243-209417 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Helicobacter pylori BCS 100 genome variability and potential virulence determinants during an experimental human infection L. Kennemann* 1 , T. Aebischer 2 , S. Kuhn 1 , T.F. |
T326 |
209819-209932 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Much less is known about genomic adaptations that may occur in the first months of infection of a new human host. |
T327 |
209933-210210 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Here, we present the complete genome sequence of H. pylori strain BCS 100 (H1), a cagPAI deficient isolate that has been used for several human challenge studies in the US and Germany, and draft sequences of reisolates obtained from four volunteers after 3 months of infection. |
T328 |
210211-210361 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: The genome sequence of H. pylori challenge strain H1 was obtained by 454 sequencing and subsequent gap closure by targeted Sanger sequencing. |
T329 |
210984-211200 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Unexpectedly, a previously unknown variant of the input strain was detected in several volunteers which differed from the 454 sequenced input clone H1 by 86 SNPs and three clusters of nucleotide polymorphisms (CNPs). |
T330 |
211201-211368 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This variant was commonly detected among the additional reisolates from the study, suggesting strong in vivo selection favoring this subpopulation in some human hosts. |
T331 |
212616-212808 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We attempt to localize the distinct binding regions of these proteins within the receptor and we want to determine, whether binding of CagA to ITGB1 is an essential step in CagA translocation. |
T332 |
212999-213196 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These data can help to propose a new model of interaction between the pathogenic H. pylori and the eukaryotic cell, mediated by specific interactions of the cag-T4SS and the ITGB1 of the host cell. |
T333 |
213615-213747 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
ACI outbreak specific findings included an association to university hospitals, to intensive care units, and to surgery departments. |
T334 |
213748-213902 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
PAE outbreaks were associated with significantly less use of isolation precautions, less frequently closure of wards, and less use of protective clothing. |
T335 |
214572-214694 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, from our point of view currently there is no MRGN bacterium that should be totally disregarded with this respect. |
T336 |
214695-214891 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Essen, Deutschland 3 University Hospital Essen, Hospital Hygiene, Essen, Deutschland Introduction: Postoperative wound infections generally cause considerable extra morbidity, mortality and costs. |
T337 |
216511-216642 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Attention should be paid to antibiotic prophylaxis and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage treatment. |
T338 |
216643-216733 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In this study BMI >30 and high blood-glucose levels were associated with wound infections. |
T339 |
216734-216803 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Overall the rate of SSIs was low, but further surveillance is needed. |
T340 |
217015-217176 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Mikrobiologie u.Krankenhaushygiene, Hannover, Deutschland Background: Hand hygiene is the most effective measure for preventing infections related to healthcare. |
T341 |
217177-217510 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This study aims to evaluate the hand hygiene compliance in a German university hospital overall and in addiction to the professional status after implementation of the national hand hygiene campaign "Aktion Saubere Hände in 2008.This is the largest nationwide survey on intensive care units (ICU) in a university hospital in Germany. |
T342 |
218412-218511 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
No significant correlation between hand rub consumption and hand hygiene compliance was calculated. |
T343 |
219579-219824 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Effective and rapid analysis of nosocomial outbreaks using the DiversiLab semi-automated repetitive sequence-based PCR test system Objectives: Rapid and sensitive methods are essential for typing and monitoring of hospital associated infections. |
T344 |
219963-220252 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness and accuracy of the DiversiLab system for bacterial strain typing and determination of genetic relatedness of strains associated with nosocomial outbreaks and integration of the system in the workflow of a routine microbiological laboratory. |
T345 |
220830-221017 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The same result could be observed in the 26 multi-resistant A. baumannii strains, where strains showed identical cluster formation (into 3 separate clusters) and very similar dendrograms. |
T346 |
221967-222130 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
-Results on the DiversiLab system could be obtained in a short period (8-24h), which is an essential advantage in rapid analysis of hospital associated infections. |
T347 |
222380-222496 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, often their actual ability of killing germs and their overall practicability in daily life remains unknown. |
T348 |
222722-222861 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
According to the manufacturer's instructions the wand should be used as close as possible and no more than one-half inch above the surface. |
T349 |
222862-222978 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As stated in the operating manual, a 90% elimination of S. aureus would be expected within 12 sec by this procedure. |
T350 |
223969-224196 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, when using such a device for disinfection purpose in daily life, one has to keep in mind that 20 sec UV-C light exposition time was necessary in order to properly disinfect a rather small surface area from enterococci. |
T351 |
224290-224453 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
So there might be few opportunities when such a device could be a useful tool, but it seems less helpful on larger exterior due to time necessary for disinfection. |
T352 |
225028-225168 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Different factors can control the survival of enteric viruses in aquatic environments such as temperature, sunlight, pH, and organic matter. |
T353 |
225169-225277 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, little is known about the effect of the flow rate on the concentration of viruses in surface water. |
T354 |
226391-226475 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Moreover, no correlation between microbiological parameters and flow rate was found. |
T355 |
226476-226590 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further investigations are needed to characterize hydrological factors influencing enteric viruses in river water. |
T356 |
226812-227217 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Homogeneous distribution of phenotypic characteristics in clonally unrelated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from technical water systems H. Petry-Hansen* 1 , J. Hanke 1 , J. Heise 1 , H.-C. Flemming 1 , J. Wingender Biofilm Centre, Abteilung Aquatische Mikrobiologie, Essen, Deutschland P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen ubiquitously found in water environments where it can persist in biofilms. |
T357 |
227218-227372 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Cells released from biofilms contaminate the water phase and pose a potential threat to human health, especially when occurring in man-made water systems. |
T358 |
227373-227469 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The genotypic and phenotypic variability of P. aeruginosa in technical water systems is unknown. |
T359 |
227871-228255 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For 77 representative strains and all seven reference strains the following characteristics were analyzed in order to reveal possible correlations between water source and genotypic as well as phenotypic characteristics: colony morphology, pigment production, hemolysis, cell surface hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, resistance against antibiotics and occurrence of virulence genes. |
T360 |
229336-229470 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
No correlation between phenotypic and genotypic traits, and between these characteristics and the origin of the strains were detected. |
T361 |
229671-229791 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
There seem to be no selection of a specific genotypic or phenotypic variant of P. aeruginosa in technical water systems. |
T362 |
230116-230195 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Knowledge about the real frequency of nosocomial infections in Germany is rare. |
T363 |
230854-230921 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: Overall, 1,047 in-patients could be included in the study. |
T364 |
232380-232550 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Thorax-, Transplantationsund Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Deutschland Background: Hand hygiene is the most effective measure for preventing infections related to healthcare. |
T365 |
232551-232700 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This study aims to evaluate the hand hygiene behaviour of health care workers in a German university hospital in treatment of special patient groups. |
T366 |
232886-233043 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
They are high risk patients for developing healthcare associated infections due to the high number of devices, the long hospital stays and immunosuppression. |
T367 |
234647-234792 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Once the number of infected persons including hospital staff climbs to a threshold hospital departments may be closed or even the whole hospital. |
T368 |
234793-235004 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Medical and administrative staff members especially those responsible for hospital hygiene management and infection control have a need to know where infectious patients are situated or should be transferred to. |
T369 |
235178-235320 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In case of an outbreak admission, discharge and transfer (ADT) operations can be monitored, controlled and analysed retrospectively over time. |
T370 |
235532-235660 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The text code allows for displaying multiple infections and is likely to become the preferred standard of the hospital operator. |
T371 |
235661-235762 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
So far Norovirus, ESBL, MRSA, Clostriods and other infections can be differentiated in the dashboard. |
T372 |
236758-237009 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
PROHIBIT aims to analyse existing guidelines and practices to prevent healthcare associated infections (HAI) in Europe, to identify factors that influence compliance with best practices and to test the effectiveness of interventions of known efficacy. |
T373 |
237997-238104 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Seven of the 16 guidelines rate the scientific level of supporting evidence and strength of recommendation. |
T374 |
238105-238212 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
All but one guideline explicitly recommend placing symptomatic patients in a single room whenever possible. |
T375 |
238213-238302 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Cleaning or disinfection of frequently touched surfaces is recommended in all guidelines. |
T376 |
238303-238463 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, only 13 include specific recommendation about disinfectants; out of these 11 prefer chlorine based solutions as specified in the ECDC guidance of 2008. |
T377 |
238464-238515 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
There is variation in hand hygiene recommendations. |
T378 |
238876-239007 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In the UK and Ireland public reporting of CDI rates of individual hospitals has been established since 2007 and 2008, respectively. |
T379 |
239176-239264 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore, there is important variation in scope and detailing of the recommendations. |
T380 |
239265-239355 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The majority of guidelines do not rate the scientific level or strength of recommendation. |
T381 |
239687-239797 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, some technical challenges have to be taken into consideration to assure a safe use of these products. |
T382 |
239798-239880 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Recently, it has been shown, that active ingredients of surface disinfectants e.g. |
T383 |
239881-240010 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
quaternary ammonium compounds can adsorp to the fabrics of wipes and impair the efficacy of the disinfectants significantly (1) . |
T384 |
240110-240206 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, it was our aim to develop an easy and reproducible test method for this product type. |
T385 |
240315-240466 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
OR-tiles according to DGHM (2) were used as test surfaces and a standardized technique for direct application of the soaked wipes has been established. |
T386 |
240467-240679 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In addition, the amount of disinfectant applied to the surface has been investigated Results: Our results show that the suggested assay is suitable to test the practice like efficacy of disinfectant wipe systems. |
T387 |
240848-241027 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
There is a strong correlation between the amount of impregnation solution and the amount that can be transferred on the surface which is mandatory for the efficacy of the product. |
T388 |
241028-241251 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We were able to show that the amount of disinfectant that can be transferred from a wipe onto a surface is significant lower than the amounts that are applied on the test carriers in the current published standards (2, 3) . |
T389 |
241252-241389 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: Now, a reproducible and easy standard method is available that can be used to show the microbicidal efficacy of wipe systems. |
T390 |
241390-241572 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The authors strongly recommend testing the microbicidal efficacy of the wipe systems before practical use and before introducing these systems in positive lists such as VAH and SFHH. |
T391 |
241932-242178 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In May 2011, a large outbreak of an O104:H4 STEC strain (HUSEC 41) expressing an ESBL-positive phenotype occurred with a hot spot in Schleswig-Holstein leading to great challenges in the laboratory diagnosis and infection control in the hospital. |
T392 |
243086-243178 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For all patients displaying symptoms of HUS, STEC ESBL infection could be confirmed (18/18). |
T393 |
243269-243327 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
No causative pathogen could be identified in 16 specimens. |
T394 |
243791-243879 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Medical face masks were suggested only for procedures with potential aerosol production. |
T395 |
244595-244789 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To avoid misdiagnosis potentially guiding false initial therapy or infection control measures rapid screening diagnostic methods are required and have been developed by specialized laboratories. |
T396 |
244790-244993 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, taking into account the inflation-like increasing number of newly suspected cases, the majority of laboratories has become overloaded, and the risk of delayed diagnosis increases proportionally. |
T397 |
245219-245408 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Pathogens to be detected include Shiga-like Toxin producing E.coli, thus we assumed that also the novel variant which is Shigatoxin 1 negative but Shigatoxin 2 positive could be identified. |
T398 |
246026-246141 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Patients can be monitored more closely by the clinicians and test results associated to the clinical course of HUS. |
T399 |
246382-246458 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
or Clostridium difficile can be administered the correct antibiotic therapy. |
T400 |
246459-246767 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The Luminex technology is widely available and the assays procedure is rather simple with a total hands-on time of less than 5 hours and a sample capacity of up to 96 samples per run, the assays is suitable for high throughput analyses and thus will cover the peaks in the epidemiological outbreak situation. |
T401 |
249068-249188 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The phenotype with all antimicrobials tested sensitive may indicate a community rather than a nosocomial primary source. |
T402 |
249189-249334 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We assume that after introduction of the strain -maybe by the family of the twins first affected -further nosocomial transmissions have occurred. |
T403 |
249335-249372 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the parents were not tested. |
T404 |
249707-249866 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Objective: To perform a prospective in-hospital surveillance of salmonella infection in order to detect possible nosocomial cases in an acute hospital setting. |
T405 |
249867-250063 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Methods: In three tertiary care hospitals all patients with detection of salmonella species were investigated in respect to whether the detection occurred later than 48 h after hospital admission. |
T406 |
251164-251259 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: A systematic surveillance of all salmonella-cases identified rare nosocomial cases. |
T407 |
251260-251374 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Food available at food providers near the hospital should be considered if nosocomial salmonella infection occurs. |
T408 |
251618-251732 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Objective: Human Adenovirus (HAdV) can cause severe infections especially in haemato-oncologic pediatric patients. |
T409 |
251733-251836 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In our hospital contactand droplet-precautions are recommended when infections with HAdV are suspected. |
T410 |
251837-252026 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Despite this recommendation HAdV was identified in stool and nasopharyngeal secretion samples of five children in a pediatric haematooncology ward within a two week period in February 2010. |
T411 |
252093-252238 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As a high compliance with precautions in ward staff was observed, the theory of an outbreak with patient to patient transmissions was questioned. |
T412 |
253412-253551 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Possible reasons for the observed cluster may be transmission from parents or siblings or the reactivation of HAdV under immunosuppression. |
T413 |
253552-253678 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Improved education and information of parents and other family members might be a useful additional effort in pediatric wards. |
T414 |
253679-253818 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Objectives: The role of infected and/or colonized health care workers (HCWs) as a potential source of a nosocomial outbreak is yet unclear. |
T415 |
253819-253971 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The present study summarizes data from such outbreaks in order to elucidate areas of special interest and to clarify potential reasons for transmission. |
T416 |
255788-255913 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: Nosocomial outbreaks caused by staff are an important problem in the field of epidemiology and infection control. |
T417 |
255914-256038 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In the next step we will check for characteristics of HCWs that may predispose for an increased pathogen spread to patients. |
T418 |
256551-256657 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We propose that humoral memory, acquired during colonization, shapes the response to S. aureus bacteremia. |
T419 |
257313-257369 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This observation may be exploited for earlier diagnosis. |
T420 |
258186-258332 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, the clinical isolates inducing furunculosis frequently harbour the pvl-genes, encoding the toxin Panton-Valentine-Leukocidin (PVL). |
T421 |
258660-258832 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To test whether invasive S. aureus strains that cause chronic furunculosis differ from colonizing strains we investigated their ability to induce cell death in neutrophils. |
T422 |
259748-259829 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We can exclude indirect effects by modulating cytokines of contaminating T cells. |
T423 |
260038-260147 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, there were no differences between S. aureus cells from colonizing or furunculosis inducing isolates. |
T424 |
260773-260829 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Schmidt 1 1 ZMBE, Infektiologie, Münster, Deutschland 2 |
T425 |
260830-260954 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Cell-penetrating proteins (CPP) are able to cross cellular membranes, either alone or in association with a bioactive cargo. |
T426 |
261910-261982 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Free YopM could be detected throughout the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. |
T427 |
262742-262768 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Horn 2 , M. Lindemann 2 1 |
T428 |
262769-262963 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Introduction: Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae is recommended by the German advisory board for vaccination (STIKO) in immunocompromized patients such as kidney transplant recipients. |
T429 |
262964-263065 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
S. pneumoniae mainly infects the upper respiratory tract; it can cause lobar pneumonia or meningitis. |
T430 |
263140-263276 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It was the aim of the present study to define the long-term efficiency of vaccination in clinically stable kidney transplant recipients. |
T431 |
264489-264651 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that kidney transplant recipients can produce almost normal concentrations of antibodies against pneumococcal polysaccharides. |
T432 |
265380-265531 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the activation of CD95 further increases pulmonary ceramide levelsand results in a vicious cycle of CD95 activation and ceramide accumulation. |
T433 |
265852-266016 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These findings identify CD95 as an important regulator of lung functionsin cystic fibrosis and suggest that CD95 may be a novel target for treating cystic fibrosis. |
T434 |
266305-266394 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The adaptive immune system can mobilize different effector mechanisms to a given antigen. |
T435 |
269305-269396 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It appears that the cleavage of MyD88 uncouples the activation of TLR4 from NF-B signaling. |
T436 |
269397-269528 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Thus, the disruption of MyD88 signaling in the execution of apoptosis may render the dying cells less sensitive to TLR stimulation. |
T437 |
269529-269704 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This suggests that the cleavage of MyD88 is implicated in apoptotic death signaling by conferring immunogenic tolerance to the dying cell in response to microbial stimulation. |
T438 |
269874-270002 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A crucial step in host colonization is the adhesin-mediated binding of this pathogen to the cells of the respiratory epithelium. |
T439 |
270003-270199 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For cytadherence M. pneumoniae exhibits a complex membrane extension called attachment organelle which includes amongst other proteins the major adhesin P1 and the adherenceassociated protein P30. |
T440 |
270887-271075 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We used this chimeric protein as antigen for an immunization strategy to elicit an antibody response in the respiratory tract of guinea pigs which can reduce the adhesion of M. pneumoniae. |
T441 |
271737-271998 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The results are promising to achieve increased levels of M. pneumoniae-specific secretory IgA in comparison to the conventional systemic immunization by using the advantages of chitosan for the nasal vaccination of host organisms with the characterized antigen. |
T442 |
272711-272793 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Two fibrinogen binding adhesins have been previously described for S. lugdunensis. |
T443 |
272963-273043 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To date a fibronectin binding protein for S. lugdunensis has not been described. |
T444 |
273044-273236 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We sought to investigate whether S. lugdunensis is internalized into the epithelial and endothelial cell line cells (5637 and EA.hy 926) using a previously described FACS-based invasion assay. |
T445 |
273237-273402 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could show that clinical isolates of S. lugdunensis were internalized into human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line 5637 and the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926. |
T446 |
273403-273515 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, all strains that invade into human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line 5637 bound to fibronectin. |
T447 |
273800-274020 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The discovery of the internalization attribute of S. lugdunensis and its linkage to fibronectin binding suggests that the internalization of this important pathogen also occurs via a fibronectin mediated surface contact. |
T448 |
274021-274293 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
J. Elias* 1 , A. Tremmel 1 , U. Vogel 1 1 Universität Würzburg, Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Würzburg, Deutschland Laboratory staff working with Neisseria meningitidis should be offered immunization with available vaccines against serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y. |
T449 |
274294-274690 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As part of our biological safety management we have performed a crosssectional study with 20 individuals between 18 and 50 years, who were vaccinated once with quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine; the aims of the study were: estimation of the duration of protection by polysaccharide vaccine; and assessment whether revaccination with newly available quadrivalent conjugate vaccine was necessary. |
T450 |
275506-275580 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Mean protective duration, however, exceeded 100 months for all serogroups. |
T451 |
275737-275864 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In conclusion, our analyses might point to less effective immunization against serogroup W135 by a polysaccharide-only vaccine. |
T452 |
277143-277238 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The zymogen plasminogen can be converted by specific activators to the serine protease plasmin. |
T453 |
278608-278794 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A20, an ubiquitin-editing enzyme, can block the proximal NF-B signalling pathway under various stimulations and A20 knockout mice succumb prematurely from uncontrolled hyperinflammation. |
T454 |
280174-280314 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, mRNA levels of iNOS, which is responsible for producing anti-malarial NO, were also significantly higher in infected KO mice. |
T455 |
280315-280508 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our study demonstrates that A20 deletion in hepatocytes is beneficial for parasite clearance during malaria liver stage infection, presumably by inducing a stronger local inflammatory response. |
T456 |
280509-280616 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Augmenting anti-liver stage defense mechanisms may further improve experimental malaria vaccine strategies. |
T457 |
281020-281100 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It has been shown that Mycobacteria infect their host by various mechanisms, eg. |
T458 |
281224-281453 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our group has found a lipid (Phenolic glycolipid, PGL) in the outer cell wall of Mycobacterium marinum (Mmar, a model organism for the research of Mtb) which might interfere with the innate immune system (Robinson et al., 2008) . |
T459 |
281454-281561 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We are currently focused on establishing the link between PGL and the pathways of the innate immune system. |
T460 |
282755-282881 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: Our findings suggest that PGL is indeed able to interfere with the signaling pathways of the innate immune system. |
T461 |
282882-283007 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could show that PGL supresses the production of IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-a RNA in HMDM after stimulation with HK-BCG or LPS. |
T462 |
283129-283203 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It still remains elusive where exactly PGL interferes with these pathways. |
T463 |
283320-283418 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our work could therefore help to complete the picture of the infection mechanisms of Mycobacteria. |
T464 |
283419-283559 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii can invade the brain and cause a persistent infection, toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). |
T465 |
283560-283697 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
IFNproducing CD8 + T cells, activated microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes appear to be the major effector mechanisms in host immunity. |
T466 |
284099-284153 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Little is known about the role of ADAP in brain cells. |
T467 |
284154-284369 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Since we could demonstrate that ADAP-deficient (ADAP -/-) mice showed ameliorated disease progression in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, a function of ADAP in brain cells was hypothesized. |
T468 |
284841-285019 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although the number of IFN-producing lymphocytes was increased in the brains of ADAP -/mice, all ADAP -/mice died until 54 days post infection, while all wild-type mice survived. |
T469 |
285129-285350 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These data indicate an important role of ADAP for the activation of microglia cells during toxoplasmosis, whereas the integrin-mediated migration of T cells through the blood-brain-barrier seems to be independent of ADAP. |
T470 |
285616-285641 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Zipfel 1,2 , C. Skerka 1 |
T471 |
285642-285779 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen that lives as a human commensal but can also cause superficial and life-threatening infections. |
T472 |
287505-287710 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although IFN-l has been shown to predominantly act on mucosal organs such as the lung and gastrointestinal tract, studies using IFN-l receptor-deficient mice have failed to define a non-redundant function. |
T473 |
288087-288344 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Quantitative RT-PCR and simultaneous immunostaining of virus-infected cells and the antiviral Mx1 protein highlighted the distinct responsiveness of intestinal epithelial cells to IFN-l and its critical role to restrict epithelial viral replication in vivo. |
T474 |
288684-288837 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This defence mechanism works very efficiently despite the often low number of pathogens and the limited amount of mediators secreted per epithelial cell. |
T475 |
289167-289365 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Cell-to-cell communication was independent of gap junction formation, cytokine secretion, ion fluxes or nitric oxide synthesis, but required NADPH oxidase (Nox) 4-dependent oxygen radical formation. |
T476 |
290011-290125 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, tryptophan metabolites produced in the kynurenine pathway are able to inhibit the growth of immune cells. |
T477 |
290643-290774 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Detailed analyses indicate that this antiparasitic effect is due to a toxic effect of the tryptophan metabolites on the host cells. |
T478 |
291108-291182 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Quantitative analysis of the toxicity indicates that some tumor cells e.g. |
T479 |
291369-291585 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These metabolites might inhibit the activity of tumor specific T-cells, while the enhanced resistance of some tumor cells against the toxic effect of tryptophan metabolites might represent an immune escape mechanism. |
T480 |
291586-291769 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Background: Fibroblasts regulate epithelial cell differentiation, are responsible for wound healing, control inflammation process and seem to play an important role in cancerogenesis. |
T481 |
291914-291966 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The linkage might be the hyaluronan (HA) metabolism. |
T482 |
291967-292109 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Bacteria produce hyaluronidases and bacterial products interact with Toll-like-receptors (TLRs) which also seem to be linked to HA metabolism. |
T483 |
292110-292250 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We investigated how far microorganisms/microbial products influence the metabolism of HA in human dermal fibroblasts through TLR activation. |
T484 |
293475-293573 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, all microorganisms and the microbial products under study did not modulate HA metabolism. |
T485 |
293835-293933 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, a possible role of HA metabolism in host-microorganism interacting needs further studies. |
T486 |
294738-294898 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As to date, a constitutive expressed specific unique marker for human Treg cells is not available, an exact quantification on protein or RNA level is imprecise. |
T487 |
295964-296064 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Heterologous antigens can be expressed in Salmonella as fusions with recombinant or native proteins. |
T488 |
296065-296311 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This approach has been used mainly to direct the expression of the desired antigen to a particular location of the bacterial cell and to increase the immunogenicity of foreign antigens by fusing them to proteins that could exert a carrier effect. |
T489 |
296312-296522 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The type III secretion system (T3SS)-mediated translocation by Salmonella can be used for efficient delivery of heterologous antigens into the cytosol of APC, leading to stimulation of both CD4 and CD8 T-cells. |
T490 |
296649-296734 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These effectors proteins are associated with endosomal membranes after translocation. |
T491 |
297136-297414 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
By comparison of various attenuated carrier strains, we observed that the htrA/purD double mutant strain can be used efficiently as attenuated carrier for vaccination and observed the efficient stimulation invitro T-cell proliferation by the delta sifA mutant strain as carrier. |
T492 |
297642-297810 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Differential expression and inducibility of Dusp gene expression suggest that these phosphatases specify the outcome of MAPK activation in terms of cytokine production. |
T493 |
298411-298546 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, embryonic development of homozygous mice was grossly normal until E18.5, indicating that Dusp16trap/trap mice die perinatally. |
T494 |
299359-299490 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The cellular response of human monocyte derived macrophages to infection with genetically distinct M. tuberculosis complex strains |
T495 |
299491-299754 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Aim of the study: The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) was initially regarded as a highly homogeneous population; however, recent data suggest the causative agents of tuberculosis are genetically and functionally more diverse than appreciated previously. |
T496 |
299755-299877 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The impact of this natural variation on the virulence of the pathogen and clinical manifestations remains largely unknown. |
T497 |
300757-300936 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, additional data also demonstrate that a particular MTBC genotype translates into a distinct biological response profile when getting into contact with human immune cells. |
T498 |
301693-301786 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Nuclear localization was due to a so far unknown bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS). |
T499 |
302529-302627 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Limitation of p65 availability resulted in reduced expression of a subset of NFkB dependent genes. |
T500 |
303597-303734 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
How these unique transcriptional responses are generated, and which role they play for Th1 and Th17 induction is incompletely understood. |
T501 |
303920-304023 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, little is known about the TF profile induced downstream of these constitutively expressed TFs. |
T502 |
305610-305722 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Specifically IFIT2 may recognize and may prevent translation of capped viral mRNA lacking 2'-O methylation [3] . |
T503 |
305723-306010 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Stimulation of interferon / Receptor (IFNAR) -/bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) demonstrates that TLR3 and TLR4 ligands as well IFN-induced IFIT-2 protein expression is type I interferon receptor dependent, indicating that IFIT-2 can be directly induced by type I interferons only. |
T504 |
306190-306322 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In order to investigate a potential role of IFIT-2 in inflammatory responses, IFIT-2 -/and IFIT-2 +/+ BMDM were stimulated with LPS. |
T505 |
306323-306527 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
IFIT-2 -/-BMDM show significantly reduced TNF-, IL-6, MCP-1 and MIP-2 secretion, indicating that IFIT-2 contributes to type I interferon mediated amplification of the LPS induced proinflammatory response. |
T506 |
306528-306695 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In line with these findings, it could be demonstrated that IFIT-2 -/mice are less susceptible to LPS mediated endotoxin shock compared to littermate wildtype controls. |
T507 |
307101-307231 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Evidence is accumulating which implies that coagulation can also contribute to the early innate immune response against pathogens. |
T508 |
307232-307369 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, also known as the contact system, seems to play an important role in these processes. |
T509 |
307370-307558 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Previous work has shown that it can be activated on the surface of many pathogenic bacterial species, which in turn leads to the generation of antimicrobial peptides and bacterial killing. |
T510 |
308330-308434 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, in infected fXIII -/animals, bacteria were widespread and scattered over a large affected area. |
T511 |
309693-309901 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Given the high expression of LPLA2 in macrophages and its importance in membrane homeostasis and phospholipid turnover, we hypothesized that LPLA2 contributes to host responses against intracellular bacteria. |
T512 |
311186-311374 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Taken together, our data indicate that LPLA2 is involved in the clearance of bacteria by macrophages and the processing of bacterial antigens for subsequent generation of T cell responses. |
T513 |
311375-311681 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Though (IL)-17A/F-producing T helper (TH)17 cells are potent inducers of tissue inflammation and have been associated with several chronic and autoimmune inflammatory diseases, the main function of TH17 cells appears to be the clearance of pathogens, which are not appropriate affected by TH1 or TH2 cells. |
T514 |
311947-312135 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, Mtb-infected IL-17A -/mice efficiently generated interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-producing TH1 cells and IFNgammadependent effector responses after low dose (100 CFU) infection. |
T515 |
312136-312361 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, IL-17A -/mice were not able to control mycobacterial replication during the chronic phase of experimental TB after low dose infection and died earlier (200 days post infection (dpi)) than corresponding wildtype mice. |
T516 |
312486-312689 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The breakdown of controlling mycobacterial replication after low and high dose infection was associated with a modulation of gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. |
T517 |
312690-312898 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Especially the highly increased gene expression of IL-17F in IL-17A -/mice lead to the hypothesis that hypercompensation of IL-17A deficiency by IL-17F induce neutrophilia and susceptibility to Mtb infection. |
T518 |
313163-313245 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Hence, IL-17A appears to play no direct role for protection against Mtb infection. |
T519 |
313246-313507 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
(Supported by the Inflammation Research Excellence Cluster) Staphylococcus (S.) aureus is a frequent cause of severe skin and soft tissue infections in humans, the treatment of which is complicated by the emergence of multi-resistant and hyper-virulent strains. |
T520 |
314333-314443 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Surprisingly, the direct encounter of bacterial cells by PMN did not always lead to an uptake of the pathogen. |
T521 |
314960-315067 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Here, we observed that Agr activity could be localized to small areas at the margin of the infection focus. |
T522 |
317845-318027 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our observation that neutralisation of CYLD in WT mice by siRNA partially protected WT mice from lethal listerioses identifies CYLD as a potential therapeutic target in listerioisis. |
T523 |
318733-318853 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Surprisingly, following a phase of partial protection, all complement factor C3 -/mice died until day 17 post infection. |
T524 |
319480-319653 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In summary: Our data indicate that C3-effector functions are harmful early in C. psittaci infection; increased Chlamydia uptake mediated by C3b might be the reason for that. |
T525 |
319654-319845 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, later in infection, when specific immunity becomes essential for defence, complement activation seems to be necessary for the fine-tuning of an otherwise deleterious immune response. |
T526 |
320316-320461 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In order to cross the first line of host innate immune defence, P. aeruginosa has developed multiple strategies to escape host complement attack. |
T527 |
320462-320633 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Complement resistance is crucial for bacterial virulence and several pathogens acquire host complement inhibitors such as vitronectin and Factor H to modulate this attack. |
T528 |
321645-321821 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Lpd bound vitronectin in a dose-dependent manner and heparin inhibited the Lpd/vitronectin binding, suggesting that Lpd binds one of the heparin binding domains of vitronectin. |
T529 |
322728-323041 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further Yersinia is expected to release typical pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan fragments (PG), lipoprotein (LP) and the Yersinia V antigen (LcrV), which are recognized by the respective host receptors (PRRs) such as diverse TLRs or NOD1/2 receptors. |
T530 |
323042-323239 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
PRR signaling leads to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6) as the first step in host defense activation followed by an antiinflammatory response such as secretion of IL-10 and IL-1Ra. |
T531 |
323240-323510 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
From this, we suggest that the infection process can be separated in two different modes of pathogen -host cell communication: short-distance effect = silencing of contacted cells and long-distance effect = release of PAMPs with recruitment and activation of phagocytes. |
T532 |
323511-323798 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
With the aim to unravel which PAMP-receptor is involved in control of Yersinia-infection, we used different ko-mice with defined defects in innate immunity (TLRs-und NODs -signaling pathway and defects in IL-10 and IL1-Ra production) for susceptibility testing towards Y. enterocolitica. |
T533 |
324527-324724 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further more, we obtained evidence that Yersinia susceptibility of mice is closely associated with dynamics of neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection due to host cell chemokine production. |
T534 |
325158-325566 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Peptides derived from virulence factor of E.coli inhibit TLR signaling and are new promising candidates for treatment of autoimmune diseases and sepsis F. Roemmler* 1 , C. Cirl 1 , T. Miethke 1 1 Technical University Munich, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, München, Deutschland Toll like receptor signaling is known to be part of the first line defense of the innate immune system. |
T535 |
326223-326311 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
cyclophosphamide), which are limited in their efficiency and cause immense side effects. |
T536 |
327125-327251 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Moreover, peptides show promising effects in a murine LPS shock-model leading to significantly reduced TNF-alpha serum levels. |
T537 |
327252-327444 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In conclusion, the TcpC-derived peptides are able to inhibit TLR signaling without showing any side effects and are promising candidates for new therapeutics in autoimmune diseases and sepsis. |
T538 |
328246-328352 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, little is known about their direct interaction with fungi, especially with Aspergillus fumigatus. |
T539 |
329588-329715 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could also observe defined patterns of gene induction, especially regarding cytokine and chemokine gene expression profiles. |
T540 |
329716-329786 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
By multiplex ELISA assays gene expression patterns could be confirmed. |
T541 |
330075-330271 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The course of Plasmodium yoelii-infection is affected by CD4 + Foxp3 + regulatory T-cells Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a critical role in the control of a variety of different immune responses. |
T542 |
330272-330385 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, studies on the impact of Tregs during the course of Plasmodium-infection have shown conflicting results. |
T543 |
331288-331547 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, P. yoelii-infection of CD4IL10-KO mice leads to a reduced suppressive capability of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs and a significant enhanced inflammatory CD8 + T-cell response compared to WT mice, whereas the parasitic burden is only marginallyl affected. |
T544 |
331907-332134 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, when a T helper (Th)1-based immune response develops, interferon (IFN)-gammaactivated macrophages are the primary immune cells that control T. cruzi replication by the production of reactive nitric intermediates (RNI). |
T545 |
332374-332450 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, this susceptibility was not due to an impaired Th1 immune response. |
T546 |
333292-333470 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Taken together, our results suggest that the IL-23-IL-17A-axis is necessary for host protection against T. cruzi infection by stimulating antimicrobial mechanisms in macrophages. |
T547 |
333739-333953 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We investigated the potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms of the above mentioned compounds in a murine model of hyper-acute Th1-type ileitis following peroral infection with Toxoplasma gondii. |
T548 |
335532-335654 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These findings provide novel and potential prophylaxis and treatment options of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. |
T549 |
336145-336441 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As sepsis is one of the major causes of mortality that is partly due to an exaggerated pro-inflammatory immune response (3), we tested whether natural infection with the rodent filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis ameliorates a systemic inflammatory immune response that is induced via i.p. |
T550 |
336678-336978 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This correlated with significantly increased amounts of peritoneal bioactive TGF and IL-10 in infected mice compared to uninfected controls, whereas levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1 , IFN , and MIP2 were not decreased, rather trended to be increased in L. sigmodontis infected mice. |
T551 |
336979-337180 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Similarly, increased expression of CD80 and CD86 on peritoneal macrophages and neutrophils suggest a stronger activation of these cell types in L. sigmodontis infected mice 6 hours after LPS challenge. |
T552 |
337269-337463 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As L. sigmodontis infected animals had a stronger initial pro-inflammatory immune response, we evaluated whether challenge with vital E. coli may be more efficiently controlled in infected mice. |
T553 |
337720-338043 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our results suggest that L. sigmodontis induced modulation of the immune response may increase the survival rate after bacterial challenge by inducing a strong pro-inflammatory immune response that controls bacteremia, followed by a potent anti-inflammatory mechanism that reduces pathology due to exaggerated inflammation. |
T554 |
338044-338149 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Introduction: Effective therapy is vital in reducing mortality of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). |
T555 |
338670-338813 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, at the moment nothing is known about its usefulness for monitoring the patient's clinical course or for identifying treatment failure. |
T556 |
338814-338976 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Methods: We conducted a retrospective case control study to investigate whether consecutive serum BG-measurements can be used to assess treatment response in PCP. |
T557 |
340021-340161 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Separate analysis of the different subgroups showed that decreasing BG-levels are associated with a favourable outcome in 88% of cases (Fig. |
T558 |
340306-340480 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
One patient with a complex BG-kinetic had a clinically, radiologically and microbiologically proven treatment failure and his BG level increased 7 fold at the same time (Fig. |
T559 |
340486-340586 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: Decreasing BG-levels show a good correlation (88%) with a favourable treatment response. |
T560 |
340587-340695 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This may assist in deciding whether to continue first-line therapy in cases of missing clinical improvement. |
T561 |
340696-340801 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Under special circumstances, consecutive BG-measurements might be suitable to identify treatment failure. |
T562 |
340802-340952 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the overall correlation of increasing BG-levels with an adverse outcome is poor (44%) and its usefulness for follow-up in severe PCP limited. |
T563 |
343448-343688 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The results of the genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the MRSA collection analyzed here will be compared with those of matched controls of patients of the same risk-factors colonized with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains. |
T564 |
343689-343866 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Backround: Rapid detection of causative microorganisms in patients with bloodstream infections is crucial for the early initiation or adaption of adequate antimicrobial therapy. |
T565 |
343867-344118 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Objective: The goal of this prospective study was to evaluate a commercial PCR-based kit (SeptiFast, SF) for the detection of 25 clinically important pathogens in septic patients after liver transplantation (LTX) and major abdominal surgery (non-LTX). |
T566 |
345084-345313 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Objective: There is growing evidence that microgaps between dental implants and their abutments lead to bacterial contamination of the interior of the implants that might provide a reservoir for pathogens causing periimplantitis. |
T567 |
345314-345484 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The aim of this study was to investigate the intraimplant bacterial spectrum of two stage implants, and to compare the results of two different sample collection methods. |
T568 |
346713-346901 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Most taxa per implant found were detected by brush collection (median: 62 % of species), however, only combination of both methods allowed complete analysis of the intra-implant microbiom. |
T569 |
346902-347053 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: Our results suggest ubiquitous heavy contamination of internal spaces of dental implants, revealing a broad spectrum of bacterial species. |
T570 |
347054-347263 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For analysis of the intra-implant microflora the combined examination of both intra-implant fluid and cavity surface samples is recommended in order to cover biofilm-grown as well as planktonic microorganisms. |
T571 |
347780-347992 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although we do not have detailed knowledge about genomic alterations, S. aureus long-time persistence in the CF lung assumedly selects for phenotypes that are tightly adapted to this specific environmental niche. |
T572 |
348401-348723 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
By Sanger sequencing we could confirm mutations in a number of genes that are associated with virulence or antibiotic resistance, such as protein A (spa), the autoinducer sensor kinase (agrC), the allelic variants of bone sialoprotein-binding protein (bbp/sdrE), and DNA topoisomerases type II and IV (gyrA and parC/grlA). |
T573 |
348724-348833 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
All of these mutations are associated with amino acid changes and we currently analyze the potential outcome. |
T574 |
348834-349021 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The altered gyrA corresponds to an acquired resistance towards fluoroquinolones, whereas altered agrC is assumedly associated with different characteristics affecting S. aureus virulence. |
T575 |
349145-349286 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our preliminary data suggest that adaptation of persistent CF isolates include changes on DNA level and the regulation of protein expression. |
T576 |
349287-349425 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, detected mutations did not occur in all patients indicating that the host environment promotes individual adaptational processes. |
T577 |
349426-349558 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Resulting altered virulence may favor precise camouflage in response to the hostile environment under a specific clinical situation. |
T578 |
349559-349693 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our results may help to understand the complex pathogenesis of chronic infection against the background of host-pathogen interactions. |
T579 |
349694-349833 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Staphylococcus pettenkoferi is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) that has been recently described as a rarely isolated new species. |
T580 |
349834-349932 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Whether this new species is a harmful pathogen or an harmless bystander could not be answered yet. |
T581 |
349933-350012 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Nevertheless, a few case reports suggested an invasive role of S. pettenkoferi. |
T582 |
350013-350143 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Staphylococcus lugdunensis and S. pettenkoferi have been described as potentially related species as shown by biochemical methods. |
T583 |
350144-350333 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To determine whether this new species could be a putative pathogen similar to S. lugdunensis, the strains were characterized for the presence of fibrinogen and fibronectin binding adhesins. |
T584 |
350982-351211 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The lack of fibrinogen and fibronectin binding adhesins, and the lack of an internalization ability indicate that S. pettenkoferi is more likely a harmless colonizer of the human skin flora more than a harmful infective pathogen. |
T585 |
351462-351611 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Systemic dissemination of Cpn from the lung to peripheral organs and arteric vessels has been shown to be mediated by blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). |
T586 |
351742-351907 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It has been shown previously that intracellular morphology and growth characteristics of chlamydiae signficantly differ between human monocytes and epithelial cells. |
T587 |
351908-352025 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, phenotypic differences between isolates from different anatomical origins have not been investigated so far. |
T588 |
352980-353288 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion/Discussion: Clinical isolates of Cpn from the bood circulation (PBMC, coronary arteries) can be differentiated from lung isolates by nonsynonymous SNPs in 9 ORFs related with chlamydial metabolisms, bacterial transition, inclusion membrane formation, LPS synthesis and regulation of sigma factors. |
T589 |
353289-353482 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further studies will have to show whether these genetic differences are responsible for the observed phenotypic differences between the isolates with regard to intracellular growth and progeny. |
T590 |
353483-353559 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Detection of carbapenemases has only very rarely been reported from Germany. |
T591 |
353743-353944 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
VIM-1, VIM-2 and KPC-2 were detected in diverse enterobacterial species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates suggesting a more widespread prevalence of carbapenemases in Germany than currently believed. |
T592 |
354518-354621 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
One of the earliest pathogens which can be isolated from lungs of CF patients is Staphylococcus aureus. |
T593 |
354806-355007 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This project is aiming to further reveal the mechanisms underlying the adaptation of S. aureus during persistent colonization and infection to the hostile niche of CF patients using proteomic analysis. |
T594 |
355008-355096 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In addition the virulence potential was assessed in in vitro, as well as in vivo assays. |
T595 |
355504-355629 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Virulence potential of the strains was investigated in vitro by means of invasion assays using the epithelial cell line A549. |
T596 |
355630-355729 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore, the virulence potential was studied in vivo in a Caenorhabditis elegans killing assay. |
T597 |
355730-355857 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Preliminary results of invasion assays revealed different alterations in invasive properties comparing early and late isolates. |
T598 |
355858-356049 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For late isolates of two patients an increase of invasive properties compared to the early isolates could be observed whereas the properties of the late isolate of one patient were decreased. |
T599 |
356522-356834 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Since adaptation of bacteria can occur on genomic as well as on regulatory levels, it is of importance to investigate the alterations in late isolates compared to early isolates in a proteomic approach which allows the analysis of differences in protein expression as well as of post-translational modifications. |
T600 |
357679-357750 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: Chronic infections with E. faecalis are difficult to treat. |
T601 |
357899-358023 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The combination of vancomycin containig cement with systemic ampicillin therapy might be a useful option for these patients. |
T602 |
358421-358567 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Similarity between the mycobacterial and the eukaryotic TrxR system is low, therefore it may be used as a novel drug target to fight tuberculosis. |
T603 |
359460-359703 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although several important UPEC virulence factors and their role during pathogenesis have been described, many UPEC isolates cannot be unambiguously distinguished from commensal E. coli based on the presence of UPEC virulence-associated genes. |
T604 |
359987-360078 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
plasmids, bacteriophages or pathogenicity islands and can thus be horizontally transferred. |
T605 |
360266-360419 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, about 10 % of these isolates carried one or more known IPEC virulence genes, sometimes in combination with classical UPEC virulence genes. |
T606 |
360558-360680 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Notably, among the atypical urine E. coli isolates were strains carrying marker genes of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). |
T607 |
360802-360996 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our results indicate that nosocomial UTI due to E. coli may be caused by a diverse group of E. coli variants, some of which represent IPEC or carry virulence properties of diarrheagenic E. coli. |
T608 |
360997-361241 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The combination of typical ExPEC and IPEC virulence determinants also further supports the finding that E. coli exhibits a marked genome plasticity and that gene transfer may promote an evolutionary transition from IPEC to ExPEC -or vice versa. |
T609 |
361242-361462 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The relatively high prevalence of EAEC marker genes among urine isolates also demonstrates the heterogeneity of this pathotype and raises the possibility that some EAEC strains may have the potential to be uropathogenic. |
T610 |
361556-361862 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
& Parasitol., Lagos, Nigeria 2 Uniklinik Magdeburg, IMMB, Magdeburg, Deutschland Background: We investigated the association between the prevalent extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and the genetic lineage of Escherichia coli from two tertiary hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria within a period of 8 months in 2009. |
T611 |
362493-362545 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
They were however, all sensitive to the carbapenems. |
T612 |
362606-362812 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
All the CTX-M-15 producers carried the insertion sequence ISEcpI which has recently been demonstrated to mobilize 3'-adjacent genes to transfer between DNA replicons and is involved in spread of such ESBLs. |
T613 |
363515-363592 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The high diversity of STs is remarkable among the CTX-M-15 positive isolates. |
T614 |
364155-364264 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, the bacterial diversity in the human nose reaches from aerobic to strictly anaerobic bacteria. |
T615 |
364405-364570 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In order to investigate if bacteriocin production might play a role during nasal colonisation we analysed the bacteriocin production of nasal Staphylococcus strains. |
T616 |
364803-364951 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Transposon plasmids could be transformed into various strains and mutagenesis was performed to identify corresponding bacteriocinbiosynthetic genes. |
T617 |
365186-365345 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
One of these bacteriocins, produced by an S. epidermidis strain, could be characterized as a nukacin-like lantibiotic with activity against Micrococcos luteus. |
T618 |
365346-365519 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Extending our knowledge about the various interactions between staphylococcal and other nasal species could be important for finding new effective anti-S. aureus strategies. |
T619 |
365520-365884 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Humanisation of the murine anti-IsaA antibody -a potential target for an antibody-based therapy against multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains B. Oesterreich* 1 1 Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland Background: The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is the major cause of nosocomial infections. |
T620 |
365885-366179 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In particular, diseases caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are associated with higher morbidity, mortality and medical costs due to showing resistance to several classes of established antibiotics and their ability to develop resistance mechanisms against new antibiotics rapidly. |
T621 |
366180-366243 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel treatment options. |
T622 |
366244-366360 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Immunotherapy has the potential to close the gap in the treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant S. aureus. |
T623 |
368003-368136 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For an improved treatment of infectious diseases the identification of optimized combinations of antibiotics is a promising approach. |
T624 |
370421-370572 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Consequently, the novel non-toxic (S)-2-aminoalkyl benzimidazoles represent promising candidates for future developments in antimycotic drug discovery. |
T625 |
371206-371507 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As the interferon-gamma-release-assays (IGRA) have been shown to improve the diagnosis (better specificity and sensibility than TST) especially of latent tuberculosis infections (LTBI) this test has been increasingly requested with more than 8500 samples in 2010 by health care workers and clinicians. |
T626 |
371727-371921 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These M. tuberculosis specific antigens (ESAT-6, CFP-10 und TB7.7) are lacking in all BCG strains and almost all non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) except M. kansasii, M. szulgai and M. marinum. |
T627 |
373685-373810 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For belgium isolates, 3 strains had a ST638 profile, 8 strains had ST543 profile and one strain had an unknown sequence type. |
T628 |
374359-374636 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
M. Höck* 1 1 DRK Kliniken Berlin / Westend, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Berlin, Deutschland Objectives: ESBL producing E.coli strains have become a serious problem, as these strains often leave few therapeutic options, especially in intensive care units. |
T629 |
374637-374674 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The therapeutic options seem limited. |
T630 |
374899-375047 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The change for 2010 reads: Cephalosporin breakpoints for Enterobacteriaceae will detect clinically important resistance mechanisms (including ESBL). |
T631 |
375048-375222 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Some strains that produce beta-lactamases are susceptible or intermediate to 3rd or 4th generation cephalosporins with these breakpoints and should be reported as found, i.e. |
T632 |
377161-377213 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Three different strains could be clearly identified. |
T633 |
377440-377489 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Patient B was probably an already prevalent case. |
T634 |
377706-377844 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These results show great promise for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as an epidemiological tool for the real-time management of VRE outbreaks. |
T635 |
377968-378059 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: SAB is a common infection in German hospitals associated with a high mortality. |
T636 |
379274-379699 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Last, but not least we provided the rationale for a treatment of the typical HUS with a complement inhibitory antibody: although it is well established that the released EHEC shiga toxins have a direct deleterious effect on kidney cells, they also activate complement and bind factor H, its main regulator, leading to both a stronger activation and a weaker control of complement (Orth et al., J Immunol 2009; 182:6394-400) . |
T637 |
380446-380661 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Among the 77 microorganisms identified by multiplex-PCR, only 25 (32.5%) could be confirmed by blood culture, additional 17 could be confirmed by microbiological test results from other significant patient specimen. |
T638 |
380662-380951 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Positive blood samples independent of the detection method were characterized by significant elevated levels of procalcitonin ( Infection with S. aureus can result in a clinical condition ranging from Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome to Septic Shock with multiple organ dysfunction. |
T639 |
382474-382630 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These data indicate that membrane ceramide is an important mediator of immune system activation and pulmonary dysfunction in S. aureus induced septic shock. |
T640 |
383098-383194 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance can be mediated by production of metallo--lactamases (MBL). |
T641 |
385987-386100 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Biofilm formation on catheter or epithelial surfaces will further enhance the retention of these septic crystals. |
T642 |
386239-386311 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, due to severe side effects AHA has not been approved in Europe. |
T643 |
386312-386447 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The purpose of this study was to test the urinary antiseptic and cation chelator nitroxoline (NIT) as a possible non-toxic alternative. |
T644 |
387818-388005 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, when biofilm was preformed in the presence of urea, the subsequent NIT effect on precipitate formation was lower, thus indicating an additional effect of NIT on urease induction. |
T645 |
388269-388547 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Moreover, it was found to exhibit potent antimicrobial effects against all clinical isolates examined, and reduced precipitate formation in P. mirabilis biofilms, presumably by a combination of biofilm degradation, inhibition of urease induction and blockage of urease activity. |
T646 |
390772-391051 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Cronobacter bacteria, formerly classified as Enterobacter sakazakii, have been implicated in several incidents as the cause of meningitis and enterocolitis with high mortality rates in premature infants resulting from feeding with contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF) [1] . |
T647 |
391052-391205 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
PIF therefore is strictly recommended to be "sakazakii-free" which is defined as the absence of any colony forming unit in 30 samples of 10g of PIF [2] . |
T648 |
391829-391900 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Clean rooms are essential in aseptic pharmaceutical or food production. |
T649 |
393281-393377 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Listeria may be spread through the fishprocessing equipment and machinery and may persist there. |
T650 |
393378-393517 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Today, insufficient data exist whether the H1-lubricants applied in these machines are putative reservoirs and sources of L. monocytogenes. |
T651 |
393682-393773 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In a first step, the presence of L. monocytogenes in the native H1-lubricants was assessed. |
T652 |
394440-394559 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, the isolate from smoked salmon tolerated this environment better than the reference and the type strain. |
T653 |
394925-395066 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Outbreaks are rare, but in several of these cases contaminated powdered infant formula was identified as a source of C. sakazakii infections. |
T654 |
396796-396911 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
EHEC food-borne infections may lead to nonbloody diarrhea, bloody diarrhea and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). |
T655 |
397133-397208 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Exposure to different environments may cause a shift in metabolic pathways. |
T656 |
397209-397292 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In EHEC, this may also lead to a shift in the expression of virulence determinants. |
T657 |
397863-397978 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In TSB, we found a high amount of the flagellin protein FliC, suggesting that it is downregulated in SIEM and SCEM. |
T658 |
398458-398609 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The results of these analyses gave us a hint how environmental conditions affect the metabolism and virulence properties of EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933. |
T659 |
398938-399019 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Several species of Penicillium can grow in food that was given potassium sorbate. |
T660 |
399301-399445 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The aim of this research is to know antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum 1BL-2 and TSD-10 against Penicillium sp. |
T661 |
400005-400086 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
this suggests that the antifungal activity not only because of acidic conditions. |
T662 |
401390-401482 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Advantages and limitations of using MALDI-TOF technology for this application are discussed. |
T663 |
401483-401645 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This study showed that fewer than 70% of frequently seen environmental isolates could be accurately identified with the MALDI Biotyper™ system (Bruker Daltonics). |
T664 |
401646-401761 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The >30% that failed to be identified were largely due to limitations in the clinically focused Biotyper™ database. |
T665 |
402804-403158 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, PA possesses two isoenzymes of isocitrate dehydrogenase, namely dimeric Icd and the monomeric Idh that both catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to ketoglutarate, CO2 and NAD(P)H. Beside PA, only very few bacteria have two isoenzymes of isocitrate dehydrogenase suggesting a role during adaptation to environmental changes. |
T666 |
403975-404070 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, we will investigate these metabolic enzymes with a view to oxidative stress as well. |
T667 |
404623-404875 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could show that these genes are not translated as one protein, diminish the motility of the pathogen, alter the chemotactical behaviour of C. jejuni towards formic acid, but are not related to the utilization of formic acid by formate dehydrogenase. |
T668 |
405911-406006 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The crucial step of all of these methods is the localization of the transposon insertion sites. |
T669 |
406497-406584 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In the first step, the genomic DNA is cleaved with different restriction endonucleases. |
T670 |
406944-407087 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Finally, using the derived fragment size pattern the most probable genomic position of the transposon can be calculated by the InFiRe software. |
T671 |
407187-407288 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The method is potentially applicable to any virus or sequenced organisms with known genomic sequence. |
T672 |
408067-408240 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although the virulence of sigB deficient strains is often reported to be similar to that of wild type strains, the pathomechanism of different infection settings might vary. |
T673 |
408241-408384 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, the rationale of this study was to investigate whether the deletion of sigB would lead to a different reaction of the infected host. |
T674 |
408755-409054 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the results of this study did not provide any hints for differences in the pathomechanism of the S. aureus strains RN1HG Outer membrane vesicles are released from the outer membrane of pathogenic Neisseria and previous works suggested a role of OMVs in invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). |
T675 |
409164-409344 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Because meningococcal OMV can be purified from plasma of IMD patients, we asked whether they impact polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), which are a first line defence against IMD. |
T676 |
409725-409821 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These results suggested reduced PMN mediated killing of Nm in the presence of meningococcal OMV. |
T677 |
409822-410005 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As a possible causal effector protein we identified a ribosyl transferase that proved to be present in OMVs and whose knock-out reduced the above mentioned OMV effects on neutrophils. |
T678 |
410163-410364 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This might aid the rapid spread of the bacteria once the blood vessels are invaded and thus support the rapid development of septic shock in many patients suffering from invasive meningococcal disease. |
T679 |
411607-411862 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Inhibition of cortactin expression by siRNA silencing and mutation of critical amino acid residues within cortactin significantly reduced meningococcal invasion into brain endothelial cells indicating a critical role for cortactin in meningococcal uptake. |
T680 |
412005-412242 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Together, these results indicate that N. meningitidis exploits the integrin signal pathway for its entry and that FAK is an important signalling molecule that mediates the transfer of signals from activated integrins to the cytoskeleton. |
T681 |
412520-412734 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The fulminant septicemic course, named Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, with massive hemorrhage into the adrenal glands and widespread petechial bleeding suggest pathophysiological inhibition of platelet function. |
T682 |
413690-413811 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our study provides evidence that NO plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of septicemic meningococcal infection. |
T683 |
413812-413919 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Legionella pneumophila is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that can cause a severe form of pneumonia. |
T684 |
414798-414974 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Zymography and enzyme assays demonstrate that OMVs display proteolytic and lipolytic activities which may contribute to the destruction of the alveolar lining during infection. |
T685 |
414975-415095 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a spatial association between L. pneumophila OMVs and the host cell surface. |
T686 |
415096-415200 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It remains unclear if this indicates adhesion, binding or fusion events between OMVs and host membranes. |
T687 |
415201-415281 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The role of L. pneumophila OMVs in interbacterial communication is also unknown. |
T688 |
415508-415648 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The presence of the L. pneumophila major outer membrane protein (MOMP) could not be detected in any of the target cells by Western blotting. |
T689 |
415766-415909 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Ongoing studies address the effect of L. pneumophila OMVs on human macrophages in regard to metabolic activity and cytoskeleton rearrangements. |
T690 |
416024-416132 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
While B of S. aureus has been studied extensively, only little is known about the latter two sigma subunits. |
T691 |
416451-416639 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In S. aureus, this alternative sigma factor seems to control a very small regulon, which includes the operons SA1374-SA1371, SA1418-SA1416, and the prophageencoded integrase gene int only. |
T692 |
416640-416738 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, nothing is known to date, whether and under which condition H is active in this pathogen. |
T693 |
416739-416847 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To address this question we analyzed the expression of sigH and the Hdepended genes by different approaches. |
T694 |
417157-417495 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Monitoring the luciferase activity of a S. aureus Newman strain harboring pTF9 during growth in TSB, however, failed to identify significant levels of luciferase activity or Gfp formation at nearly any growth stage analyzed, confirming previous findings indicating that H is essentially not active during growth under in vitro conditions. |
T695 |
417907-418257 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, neither the overexpression of sigH in strain Newman did allow to enhance the transcription of the int gene, nor did the inoculation of Newman and its sigH-derivative into fresh medium reveal clear differences in int transcription between the wild-type and the mutant, strongly suggesting that the int gene is not a direct target of H . |
T696 |
418657-418799 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
While chemotaxis and cytokine induction are crucial for infections, the molecular basis of the recognition by leucocytes has remained unknown. |
T697 |
419285-419368 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Targeting FPR2 may help to manage severe infections induced by different pathogens. |
T698 |
420452-420625 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore, 27 different SGG-isolates (10 5 -10 6 CFU/ml) were compared concerning the potential for stimulation the TNF--synthesis in whole blood during 4 h of incubation. |
T699 |
421592-421726 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The comparison of the potential of different strains to stimulate TNF--synthesis in whole blood revealed significant differences (e.g. |
T700 |
421808-421970 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: SGG isolates revealed differences in the potential to stimulate IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1 and TNF-gene expression in both, endothelial cells and whole blood. |
T701 |
421971-422062 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These divergences could affect the dimension and progress of endothelial cell damage in IE. |
T702 |
424563-424791 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, the amino acid sequences, which are crucial for plasminogen binding seem to vary with respect to localization within the glycolytic proteins and with respect to charge properties required for specific interaction. |
T703 |
425830-425925 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the mechanism of pneumococcal endocytosis via the PspC-hpIgR interaction is not known. |
T704 |
426307-426458 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Similar, the knock-down of dynamin by shRNA also impaired pneumococcal internalization suggesting that pneumococcal uptake requires functional dynamin. |
T705 |
427087-427283 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In conclusion, the results suggest that pneumococci are internalized via the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway and then sorted into different endosomal compartments of the epithelial host cells. |
T706 |
427284-427379 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the intracellular fate after reaching the phago-lysosomes is still a matter of debate. |
T707 |
427889-428144 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Because -toxin caused a state of energy crisis, starvation, and translational arrest, and because inhibition of PI3K prevented replenishment of cellular ATP, we further proposed that autophagy serves to maintain metabolic homeostasis in target cells (2) . |
T708 |
428391-428547 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, eIF2 -phosphorylation was triggered by -toxin with similar kinetics as in HaCaT cells, but the response was markedly sustained in Huh7 cells. |
T709 |
428808-428971 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Since this effect was not due to a block of translation, sustained phosphorylation of eIF2 seems to promote killing of -toxintreated cells by an unusual mechanism. |
T710 |
428972-429204 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a heterogeneous mixture of adult stem cells that play an essential role in revascularization after vascular damage and have shown promising results in regenerative therapy for ischemic injury. |
T711 |
429205-429332 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In our work we investigated an unconventional method of improving the angiogenic potential of EPCs through bacterial infection. |
T712 |
430232-430457 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Finally, when culture plates are coated with a basement membrane which simulates the extra-cellular matrix (Matrigel TM ), infected EPCs proliferate and assemble into complex, lumen containing vessel-like structures in vitro. |
T713 |
430789-430944 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Cumulatively, our data demonstrate that infection with B. henselae can improve the angiogenic capacity of EPCs and even induce vessel-like growth in vitro. |
T714 |
431148-431253 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In this study we want to show how YadA, Invasin and 1-integrins contribute to Yop translocation in vitro. |
T715 |
431365-431483 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We will present evidence that (i) YadA and Invasin show striking differences how they contribute to Yop translocation. |
T716 |
431484-431739 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
(ii) For Invasin mediated Yop translocation an intact 1-integrin cytoplasmic domain and its connection to the actin cytoskeleton seems to be important in terms of the integrity of the whole receptor and its ability to perform high affinity ligand binding. |
T717 |
431740-431896 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
(iii) In contrast YadA does not require the 1-integrin cytoplasmic domain but might require additional factors beside integrins for effective Yop injection. |
T718 |
433579-433803 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In conclusion, the data will show the individual impact of the thioredoxin-like proteins and their additive effect on resistance of pneumococci against oxidative stress, which is essential for invasive pneumococcal diseases. |
T719 |
434689-434852 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A direct contribution to virulence has yet only been shown for the lipoprotein SlrA, which belongs to the family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases, and PpmA. |
T720 |
434853-435066 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The role of other lipoproteins for pneumococcal colonization, virulence and transmission has not been systematically investigated although functional genomic analysis points towards their implication in virulence. |
T721 |
435185-435325 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Hypothetical lipoproteins and lipoproteins with unknown function were selected to explore their role for pneumococcal fitness and virulence. |
T722 |
436982-437102 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
So far staphylococcal phages can be classified into 4 major sergroups A, B, D and F. They also differ in morphology e.g. |
T723 |
437170-437320 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly electron micrograph images revealed that serogroup L phage 187, a phage only infecting strain L is a doubleganger of serogroup B phages. |
T724 |
437912-438066 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To show that phage resistance is due to the loss of WTA phage susceptibility could be restored by complementation using a vector expressing the tagO gene. |
T725 |
438067-438241 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore phage adsorption assays were performed to analyse if the observed phage resistance is due to the loss of the receptor or due to unknown post adsorption processes. |
T726 |
438574-438712 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore the mutant produces lower amounts of biofilm so a possible role of L-type WTA in biofilm formation can not be excluded so far. |
T727 |
438713-438845 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Taken together and compared to known functions of RboP/GlcNAc WTA type our data suggesting a similar role of this unique L-type WTA. |
T728 |
439303-439422 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, there has been a controversy regarding the mechanism of phagosomal escape, which is only partially understood. |
T729 |
440802-440978 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: Our data suggest that PSM , but not PSM , -toxin, or PVL, are required for phagosomal escape of the staphylococcal strains 6850, LAC, and MW2 in 293 and HeLa cells. |
T730 |
440979-441041 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Surprisingly, -toxin appears not to be required in this model. |
T731 |
441296-441459 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: Binding of complement regulators CFHR1, CFHR2, and CFHR5 to immobilized CRASP-4 could be detected by Western blotting and ELISA using specific antibodies. |
T732 |
441563-441672 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, binding of serum-purified CFH to recombinant CRASP-4 was demonstrated by ELISA and Far Western blot. |
T733 |
442231-442337 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Seemingly, binding of different CFHRs is not sufficient to protect cells from complement-mediated killing. |
T734 |
442338-442466 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Thus, our data strongly suggest that CRASP-4 plays a subordinate but supporting role in complement resistance of B. burgdorferi. |
T735 |
443783-444090 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Two "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats" (CRISPRs) were identified having up to 19 spacers, some with homologies to S. pyogenes phages; this may explain the lack of complete phages in the AC-2713 genome and the low degree of rearrangements in SDSE genomes, in contrast to S. pyogenes. |
T736 |
444581-444862 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Comparative analyses revealed a high degree of homology and colinearity with the published S. dysgalactiae genomes and closer relationships to S. pyogenes (based on available genomes) than to other beta-hemolytic streptococci including groups C and G streptococci of animal origin. |
T737 |
444863-445122 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion/Discussion: AC-2713, an SDSE possessing Lancefield's group A antigen, is highly homologous to other S. dysgalactiae and more closely related to S. pyogenes than to other streptococcal species, including groups C and G streptococci of animal origin. |
T738 |
445390-445544 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The versatile interplay between pathogenic bacteria and its host depend on numerous interactions of bacterial surface structures and host matrix proteins. |
T739 |
446446-446540 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Nevertheless, the receptor on the bacterial side as well as on the host side is still unknown. |
T740 |
446820-447051 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies with TSP-1 immobilized on CM5 biosensors and ligand overlay assays revealed a potential proteinous binding partner on the bacterial side in Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. |
T741 |
447217-447304 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The results indicated binding candidates whose specific binding is under investigation. |
T742 |
447305-447575 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The interaction of TSP-1 with different Gram-positive bacteria via surface exposed proteins is most likely important during colonization and bacterial dissemination and could be beneficial in the development of severe infections like infective endocarditis or pneumonia. |
T743 |
447861-448082 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Lantibiotics (lanthionine containing antibiotics) are ribosomally produced bacterial peptide antibiotics that show interesting antibacterial activities even in the nanomolar range against (multiresistant) human pathogens. |
T744 |
448235-448451 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These rare amino acids form intramolecular rings that are essential for the three-dimensional structure of lantibiotics, their enhanced stability against proteases and oxidation and convey the antimicrobial activity. |
T745 |
448452-448619 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These features make lantibiotics interesting candidates or lead structures for novel antimicrobial applications in medical and food industry (Ross and Vanderas, 2011). |
T746 |
450482-450665 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Despite that, much less is known in detail about how bacteria control the interplay between degradation and new synthesis of peptidoglycan to coordinate cell division and cell growth. |
T747 |
450666-450892 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Two-component regulatory systems (TCSs), composed of a sensor histidine-kinase and a cognate response regulator protein, play a predominant role in the way how bacteria respond and adapt to environmental and stress conditions. |
T748 |
452085-452393 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, even heparin-naïve patients can generate IgG-antibodies specific for PF4/heparin complexes as soon as 4 days after exposure to heparin, presumably because these patients have encountered complexes similar to PF4/heparin before such as PF4 bound to anionic bacterial surfaces during infections. |
T749 |
452394-452541 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Likely candidates for negatively charged molecules on bacterial surfaces are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and teichoic acids (TA) as well as proteins. |
T750 |
452892-453024 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Surprisingly, E. coli and S. typhimurium mutants with successively shortened LPS-backbone displayed increasing PF4 binding capacity. |
T751 |
453149-453323 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the E. coli mutant waaA is additionally deficient in the 3deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acids (KDO) suggesting that Lipid A is the structure contributing to PF4-binding. |
T752 |
453805-454058 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Thus, by acting as a bacteria-opsonizing protein, PF4 is able to induce a humoral immune response specific for a wide variety of bacterial species and might therefore be an ancient host defense mechanism at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. |
T753 |
454059-454209 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
HIF-1 is the key transcriptional factor involved in the adaption process of mammals to hypoxia and plays a crucial role in, e.g., cancer angiogenesis. |
T754 |
454210-454299 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Recent evidence suggests a leading role of HIF-1 in inflammatory and infectious diseases. |
T755 |
455031-455297 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
One of the upregulated genes was lysyl oxidase, (lox), a copper-dependent amine oxidase, which catalyzes the cross linking of collagen and elastin molecules in the extracellular matrix and might be involved in the development of a fibrosis after S. aureus infection. |
T756 |
455558-455710 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The role of lox in abscess formation and, moreover, in chronic infections known to result in fibrous scarring of tissues needs to be further elucidated. |
T757 |
456059-456153 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Q-fever is a mild flu-like illness, but can be associated with chronic or even fatal outcomes. |
T758 |
456240-456422 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For intracellular pathogens such as C. burnetii, manipulation of host cell pathways is important to ensure a productive infection and may play a role in establishing chronic disease. |
T759 |
456534-456671 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
One of these substrate proteins, AnkG, inhibits pathogeninduced apoptosis, probably through binding to the host cell protein p32 (gC1qR). |
T760 |
456672-456779 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The mitochondrial matrix protein p32 seems to be a pro-apoptotic protein, however the mechanism is unknown. |
T761 |
457111-457235 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The p32 protein seems to be involved in bridging a signaling pathway that extends from the mitochondria to the cell nucleus. |
T762 |
457236-457348 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Here, we aim to investigate how the interaction of AnkG with p32 determines the anti-apoptotic activity of AnkG. |
T763 |
457349-457433 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, we tested whether the interaction of AnkG with p32 is direct or indirect. |
T764 |
457512-457699 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As p32 is a mitochondrial protein we hypothesized that if the anti-apoptotic activity of AnkG is mediated by p32, AnkG only inhibits the intrinsic and not the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. |
T765 |
457700-457767 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This hypothesis was confirmed using ectopic expression experiments. |
T766 |
457896-458010 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, ectopic expression showed that the N-terminus (AnkG1-69) is nuclear, while AnkG70-339 is cytosolic. |
T767 |
458084-458246 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These data suggest that nuclear localisation as well as binding to p32 is necessary for the antiapoptotic activity of the Coxiella burnetii effector protein AnkG. |
T768 |
458613-458704 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It is shown that DsdA enables S. saprophyticus to cleave Dserine into pyruvate and ammonia. |
T769 |
458705-458778 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This is probably a factor that enables colonization of the urinary tract. |
T770 |
459791-459906 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To take account of this results SSP1070 appears to be the major player in D-serine uptake in S. saprophyticus 7108. |
T771 |
459907-460051 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The knowledge of D-serine transport and metabolism will presumably offer us more insights in to the physiology of virulence of S. saprophyticus. |
T772 |
460600-460825 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
After synthesis in the cytosol and Sec-mediated transport across the inner membrane into the periplasm, the translocator domain forms a beta-barrel pore in the outer membrane, presumably with the help of the Bam complex (2) . |
T773 |
461402-461601 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Whereas the surface-localized parts of the protein are functionally well described, the topology and insertion of the N-terminal membrane domain and the translocation process have not been described. |
T774 |
461789-461930 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Herefrom we got a prediction of the signal peptide and twelve different -strands, which might build up the -barrel within the outer membrane. |
T775 |
462216-462438 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Moreover, we came to believe that Intimin (Int) and Invasin (Inv), two major pathogenicity factors of E.coli and Yersinia, are monomeric autotransporters, with the remarkable difference that their domain order is reversed. |
T776 |
462552-462693 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It has clinical significance in abscess formation and has recently been suggested to play a pathogenic role in patients with cystic fibrosis. |
T777 |
462827-462980 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
While a considerable percentage of S. anginosus strains display a prominent ß-haemolytic phenotype, the corresponding genes have not been identified yet. |
T778 |
462981-463107 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In different streptococcal species the ß-haemolysin is a modified short peptide (SLS) that is related to Class I bacteriocins. |
T779 |
463420-463591 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This library was screened for mutants showing a loss of the ß-haemolytic phenotype on blood agar plates and non-haemolytic mutants were selected for further investigation. |
T780 |
463914-463994 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
ORFs corresponding to all of the 9 sag genes (sagA to sagI) could be identified. |
T781 |
464299-464510 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Haemolytic activity was only observed with whole cells, but not in the supernatant, indicating that like SLS of S. pyogenes, the S. anginosus haemolysin is able to lyse erythrocytes only in cell-associated form. |
T782 |
464706-464975 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A magnetic isolation method to analyze differential Chlamydia pneumoniae interacting protein profiles in persistence infection Introduction: Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen and causes acute infections of the respiratory tract. |
T783 |
464976-465238 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further, Cpn can also cause prolonged or chronic infections which may be due to persistent infections in respiratory and non-respiratory tissues and have been implicated in the development of a number of chronic diseases such as asthma, COPD and atherosclerosis. |
T784 |
465358-465464 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, host-pathogen interacting proteins during persistent infection have not been investigated so far. |
T785 |
467205-467389 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion/Discussion: Our results indicate the suitability of the novel magnetic isolation method to identify pathogen-host interacting proteins in a targeted and untargeted approach. |
T786 |
467772-467885 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The reason why ABU-associated E. coli strains do not evoke symptoms in the host is not completely understood yet. |
T787 |
467886-468012 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Many ABU E. coli isolates seem to lack virulence associated phenotypes, although they carry many typical UPEC virulence genes. |
T788 |
468013-468187 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It has been shown that such isolates express less virulence factors and that there is an evolution towards commensalism because of virulence attenuation and genome reduction. |
T789 |
468188-468448 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Alterations in essential virulence genes including single base mutations, deletions or DNA rearrangements might be a general mechanism for long-term colonizing mucosal pathogens to evolve towards commensalism, consistent with a low immune response of the host. |
T790 |
468449-468570 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In this study, the importance of the two-component system (TCS) BarA/UvrY for urovirulence of E. coli should be analysed. |
T791 |
469075-469235 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This may indicate that uvrY is (i) a mutation hot spot and (ii) under positive selection during bacterial adaption during long-term growth in the urinary tract. |
T792 |
469236-469476 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To correlate uvrY nucleotide sequence variability with prolonged colonization of the urinary tract, the uvrY gene was sequenced in 216 E. coli strains representing ABU and acute UTI isolates as well as a control group of commensal variants. |
T793 |
469714-469923 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Despite being key for Staphylococcus epidermidis pathogenicity in implantassociated infections, large proportions of invasive Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates do not form biofilms under in vitro conditions. |
T794 |
469924-470092 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We here tested the hypothesis that this apparent paradox is related to the existence of superimposed regulatory systems suppressing a multi-cellular biofilm life style. |
T795 |
470814-471107 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Hence, our results provide first evidence that key regulator sarA, while promoting polysaccharide intercellular adhesin dependent biofilm formation on one hand, negatively controls S. epidermidis biofilm formation by suppressing Embp production and autolysis-related eDNA release on the other. |
T796 |
472770-472933 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although the interaction of pneumococci with vitronectin and its cellular consequences were demonstrated, the pneumococcal adhesin for vitronectin remains unknown. |
T797 |
473991-474148 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In conclusion, PspC possesses vitronectin-binding activity, however, its role in pneumococcal pathogenesis via vitronectin has to be assessed in more detail. |
T798 |
474168-474429 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Gerlach 1 1 Robert Koch-Institut, NG3, Wernigerode, Deutschland Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a facultative intracellular pathogen able to cause acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans and a typhoid fever-like disease in mice. |
T799 |
474783-474899 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
SiiA and SiiB are two additional SPI-4-encoded inner membrane-associated proteins that might regulate SiiE function. |
T800 |
474900-474983 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, expression of SPI-4 is controlled by regulators encoded outside the locus. |
T801 |
476626-476826 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could immunodetect distinct sets of protein complexes for C-terminal HBH-tagged SiiB and SirA using an antibody against the RGS-H6 peptide implying low cross-reactivity against non-tagged proteins. |
T802 |
476827-476993 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For MS analyses, we included two negative controls to eliminate the possibility of identifying background and non-specifically bound proteins as interacting partners. |
T803 |
476994-477128 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our results will provide new insights into the function of SPI-4 for successful adhesion to and subsequent colonization of host cells. |
T804 |
477129-477225 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Y. Novotny* 1 , L. Marlinghaus 1 , M. Korte 1 , S. Neumann 1 , S. Gatermann 1 , F. Szabados 1 1 |
T805 |
477226-477453 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) that can cause severe infections, like skin and soft tissue infections, sepsis and potentially fatal endocarditis, similar to diseases caused by S. aureus. |
T806 |
478445-478550 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This indicates that the SLUSH gene cluster was absent or the gene cluster was different in these strains. |
T807 |
478767-479006 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The high occurrence of the hemolysin genes also indicate that the hemolysis attribute is less likely determined by a single hemolysin gene but rather a supposed combined effect of several hemolysin genes or differences in their expression. |
T808 |
479169-479367 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We hypothesize that initial binding of FnBPs to apically located receptors increases the permeability of the endothelial barrier and thus facilitates access to the basolateral pool of 5 1 integrins. |
T809 |
481043-481220 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Partial protection by genistein and PP2 suggests that Src family kinases mediate an increased permeability of endothelial cells, supposedly by affecting tight junction proteins. |
T810 |
481221-481318 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This effect might be mediated by phosphorylation of either tight junction or regulatory proteins. |
T811 |
481319-481534 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further studies will include scanning electron microscopy to determine changes in cell morphology, immunodetection and localization of tight junction proteins and siRNA transfection to knock down Src family kinases. |
T812 |
481701-481842 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
They are thought to be implicated in colonization, bacterial adhesion to and invasion into host cells, and immune evasion mechanisms as well. |
T813 |
483139-483269 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Only a few lipoproteins are less abundant, however, the corresponding exoproteome of the lsp mutant showed no significant changes. |
T814 |
483600-483712 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
During delivery it can be transmitted from the mother to the newborn and cause sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis. |
T815 |
483821-483993 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The laminin receptor on brain endothelial cells has recently been shown to be crucial for the initiation of contact between meningeal pathogens and the blood brain barrier. |
T816 |
484656-484830 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A highly disordered loop spanning residues 123-138 has been observed and it has been shown to play a role in metal uptake and release of the protein in homologous structures. |
T817 |
485385-485660 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Being ubiquitous in all the serotypes of Group B Streptococcus (GBS), a detailed knowledge of the amino acid residues critical for laminin binding may allow the future development of targeted antimicrobial strategies interfering with the adhesion properties of S. agalactiae. |
T818 |
485954-486152 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Persistent infection is suggested to promote disease progression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which epithelial to mesenchymal cell transition (EMT) is known to be a key factor. |
T819 |
487386-487476 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, Cpn could be rescued from IFN-induced persistence under hypoxic conditions. |
T820 |
487969-488070 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Acute and persistent Cpn induce EMT in lung cells that is even more pronounced when oxygen is scarce. |
T821 |
488468-488610 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In Staphylococcus aureus, CcpA has been shown to modulate the expression of metabolic genes and virulence determinants in response to glucose. |
T822 |
489438-489699 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, transcription of hla (encoding a-hemolysin), and of RNAIII, the effector molecule of the agr locus, were significantly increased by the mutation, suggesting that NWMN_0641 acts as a repressor of hla and RNAIII, and as an activator of cap transcription. |
T823 |
490321-490463 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In S. aureus, ClpB and ClpC are both regulated by the repressor CtsR, with ClpC probably supporting the active conformation of this repressor. |
T824 |
490694-490822 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
ClpB, and to a lesser extent, ClpC have been shown to promote the intracellular multiplication of S. aureus in epithelial cells. |
T825 |
491770-491970 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In terms of invasiveness, however, the clpB and clpBC mutants possessed significantly decreased internalization capacities, probably due to lowered productions of fibronectin binding proteins A and B. |
T826 |
491971-492312 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These findings suggest that ClpB contributes to the invasiveness of this pathogen, but does not influence the persistence capacity of this organism, while a functional ClpC seems to decrease the intracellular survival capacity of S. aureus but does not affect the invasiveness of this organism, irrespective of its impact on clpB expression. |
T827 |
492313-492485 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative commensal bacterium of the oral cavity which has been associated with the pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis. |
T828 |
492486-492622 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, genetic mechanisms underlying host susceptibility to periodontal infection and to periodontitis progress are still ill-defined. |
T829 |
493914-494178 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our results indicate that NADPH oxidase is important for resistance of the murine oral cavity against A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization which is clearly associated with alveolar bone destruction and influx of inflammatory cells in NADPH oxidase-deficient mice. |
T830 |
494179-494327 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This model should give further insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms of the A. actinomycetemcomitans induced periodontitis development. |
T831 |
495464-495619 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These data show that all tested Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis YadA variants are capable to mediate comparable MV in Y. enterocolitica WA-314. |
T832 |
496189-496323 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Media, however, used for culture of Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis are quite complex and contain several carbon and nitrogen sources. |
T833 |
496324-496551 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Here we show that M. tuberculosis growing in minimal medium with glucose as carbon source also metabolizes other supplemented ingredients like the fatty acids contamination of albumine and surprisingly also the detergent tween. |
T834 |
496920-497057 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: Using minimal medium with fully 13 C-labelled glucose, we expected to measure 1 % at the most non labelled amino acids by GC-MS. |
T835 |
497058-497122 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However it turned out that 20 % of metabolites are not labelled. |
T836 |
497277-497586 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Improvement of the washing steps did not change the fraction of non labelled amino acids, however the substitution of albumine (contaminated with 1 % fatty acids) against highly purified albumine (contaminated with 0.02 % fatty acids) could decrease the fraction of non labelled amino acids to less than 10 %. |
T837 |
497587-497693 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
When we replaced tween with tyloxapol we could further diminish the non labelled amino acids to about 5 %. |
T838 |
497694-497929 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further improvement of the protocol for preparation of M. tuberculosis cell extracts by using cellulose nitrate filter instead of harvesting the cells by centrifugation could diminish the part of non labelled amino acids to almost 0 %. |
T839 |
498546-498718 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Identification and characterization of these interactions is one challenging task of the post-genomic era and crucial for understanding of the molecular bases of virulence. |
T840 |
500518-500681 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), luminescence measurements revealed significant higher signal with full length SipA compared to its truncated version lacking the CBD. |
T841 |
501305-501446 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Mutations of the cov gene have been associated with increased hemolytic activity, but impaired intracellular survival of GBS in granulocytes. |
T842 |
502213-502365 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, the nonhemolytic mutants were able to survive in the intracellular environment in significantly higher numbers than the hemolytic strain. |
T843 |
502447-502725 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To exclude the possibility that the observed differences in survival were due to host cell death induced by the hemolytic but not the non-hemolytic strain, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were carried out and confirmed the better survival capacity of the nonhemolytic strain. |
T844 |
502726-502822 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The ß-hemolysin of GBS has previously been described as a potent inducer of IL-8 in macrophages. |
T845 |
502922-503105 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
While a considerable release of IL-8 could be observed, however we could not find a significant difference in the ability of hemolytic or nonhemolytic strains to induce the chemokine. |
T846 |
503338-503612 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In conclusion, our results indicate that the S. agalactiae ßhemolysin has a strong influence on the intracellular survival of GBS and that a tightly controlled regulation of ß-hemolysin expression is required for the successful establishment of GBS in different host niches. |
T847 |
503613-503773 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In conclusion, the ability to express ZnuD upon zinc starvation was well conserved among meningococci, which argues for an essential role of meningococcal ZnuD. |
T848 |
503774-503880 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It is intriguing that inactivating ZnuD mutation events seem to be restricted to only two clonal lineages. |
T849 |
504014-504155 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In our work, we firstly describe that 1-L-MT, but not 1-D-MT, can act as a nutritive substrate that replaces tryptophan in in vitro cultures. |
T850 |
504498-504651 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A detailed analysis showed that 1-L-MT, in contrast to 1-D-MT, is incorporated in human T-cell proteins when tryptophan is lacking in the culture medium. |
T851 |
504652-504891 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In summary our data indicate that 1-L-MT inhibits the IDO-mediated antiproliferative activities via two independent effects: On the one hand 1-L-MT acts as a competitive enzyme inhibitor and therefore reduces tryptophan degradation by IDO. |
T852 |
504892-505027 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
On the other hand 1-L-MT can replace tryptophan in protein biosynthesis and therefore allows bacterial, parasitical or cellular growth. |
T853 |
505182-505578 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The hypothetical type VI secretion protein BPSS1504 is involved in virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei Background: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains, especially the Panton-Valentine-leukocidin (PVL) producing strain USA300, have been associated with severe necrotizing infections, such as necrotizing pneumonia, which have high mortality rates. |
T854 |
506932-507180 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, when we treated the epithelial cell monolayer with supernatants of human granulocytes, which were lysed by PVL and PR8, we found a dosedependent destruction of the epithelial cell monolayer, mainly caused by detachment of epithelial cells. |
T855 |
507448-507610 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The influenza virus has an activating impact on epithelial cells that could result in massive recruitment of granulocytes, which can be subsequently lysed by PVL. |
T856 |
507840-507992 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These results from our cell culture models suggest that PVL and influenza virus can act together and are possible agents to cause necrotizing pneumonia. |
T857 |
508763-508945 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The collaborative work between the Dandekar and Hensel groups should lead to a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic requirements of the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella. |
T858 |
509320-509597 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Towards an integrated model and profiting from SPP1316, we will do comparisons of the Salmonella lifestyle with other pathogens and their metabolic requirements during infection such as cytoplasmic lifestyle found in Listeria or within a membrane compartment as for Legionella. |
T859 |
510031-510117 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, it is also present in other uropathogenic bacteria like E. coli (UPEC). |
T860 |
510272-510384 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore the uncommon ability to degrade D-serine may play an important role for the virulence of uropathogens. |
T861 |
510385-510498 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In addition, the presence of D-serine may be used as a cue by uropathogens for the presence in the urinary tract. |
T862 |
511305-511501 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These results lead us to the hypothesis that D-serine indeed is used as a cue for the presence within the urinary tract and regulates pathways that are important for viability in this environment. |
T863 |
512317-512417 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Previous experiments have indicated that a SdrI mutant showed decreased fibronectin binding in vivo. |
T864 |
513249-513343 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Suprisingly, the UafA knock out mutant was also associated with decreased fibronectin binding. |
T865 |
513622-513872 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Staphylococcus aureus, the cause of a wide spectrum of severe communityacquired and nosocomial infections, is recently acknowledged as an intracellular pathogen, as it can be internalized and persist in nonprofessional phagocytic cells in vitro [1] . |
T866 |
514248-514448 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The aim of this study is to comparatively investigate the adaptive response of S. aureus RN1GH wild type and isogenic agr mutant cells upon co-internalization by human bronchial epithelial cells (S9). |
T867 |
514449-514614 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The accessory gene regulator (agr) is one of the major global regulators of S. aureus virulence, which positively influences the synthesis ofhemolysin and proteases. |
T868 |
515078-515246 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The striking advantage of a co-infection assay would be that both strains are being internalized simultaneously and adapt to the host under exactly the same conditions. |
T869 |
515379-515572 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
(C. trachomatis) are the most frequent transmitted sexually disease in women that may result in severe clinical sequelae like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), tubal occlusion and infertility. |
T870 |
515573-515791 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It is suggested that once the acute infection is not efficiently cleared by the immune system intracellular persistence of chlamydiae eventually occur, leading to chronic inflammatory processes within infected tissues. |
T871 |
515792-515969 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could recently show that IFN-induced persistence of C. trachomatis in human fallopian tube cells can be overcome by decreasing the environmental oxygen concentration (<3%O2). |
T872 |
516080-516259 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The aim of our study was to characterize hypoxia induced reactivation of intracellular chlamydial growth with respect to pro-inflammatory immune responses and MAPkinase signaling. |
T873 |
516811-516930 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Preliminary experiments suggest that ERK1/2 and p38 MAPkinases are activated under normoxic but not hypoxic conditions. |
T874 |
517301-517454 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Intracellular reactivation of formerly persistent chlamydiae might perpetuate inflammatory processes that result in chronic sequelea in diseased tissues. |
T875 |
518902-519092 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, mutation of the Walker A motif as well as deletion of the entire ATPase domain lead to a twofold enhanced binding to sulfated ECM structures, like heparin and dextran sulfate. |
T876 |
519393-519670 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The findings that the ecto-ATPase activity of OppA is essential for cytoadhesion of M. hominis whereas the CS1 region is more involved in ECM-binding suggest that these two functional regions play a different role in patho-physiological processes of host-pathogen interactions. |
T877 |
520144-520459 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In spite of variations in phage type, PFGE and resistance pattern within the emerging monophasic strains one type characterised by phage type DT193, PFGE pattern STYMXB.0131 and tetra-drugresistance towards antibiotics including ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamerazine and tetracycline clearly dominates in Germany. |
T878 |
520460-520550 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Meanwhile the same kind of strains is of increasing concern in various European countries. |
T879 |
520906-520946 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Transcripts have been shown for 24 ORFs. |
T880 |
521074-521190 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Protein BLAST analyses revealed several phage-related genes, indicating that the insertion might be of phage-origin. |
T881 |
521246-521325 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our experiments suggest that its product is secreted but probably not via T3SS. |
T882 |
521454-521598 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further, it had been shown that the island is able to form a circular intermediate and therefore seems to be mobilised under certain conditions. |
T883 |
523088-523230 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the latter acquired putative virulence and fitness associated factors, which may substitute the classical yersinial virulence traits. |
T884 |
523690-523763 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, it has suffered successive deletions in strains Y8265 and Y5307. |
T885 |
524098-524180 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The island has a functional integrase and can leave its tRNA-Asn integration site. |
T886 |
524314-524486 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The acquired putative virulence and fitness-associated determinants may play an important role in host pathoadaptation and support dissemination of this group of pathogens. |
T887 |
524487-524657 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Staphylococcus aureus adherence to host structures, which is a critical first step in S. aureus pathogenesis, is mediated by multiple adhesins with overlapping functions. |
T888 |
524658-524981 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The role of some adhesins, particularly the MSCRAMs (microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecule) is already well established, whereas the function of the secreted and rebinding SERAMs (secretable expanded repertoire adhesive molecule), such as Emp (extracellular matrix binding protein) is less clear. |
T889 |
525502-525604 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The C-terminus of the Emp protein (Emp2, Emp3) appears to be responsible for the binding to S. aureus. |
T890 |
525927-526055 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This could also be confirmed by Emp binding assays to different eukaryotic cell types, such as endothelial and epithelial cells. |
T891 |
526263-526392 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, Emp binding could not be broken down to short amino acid sequences, in fact, binding is mediated by the whole fragments. |
T892 |
526590-526685 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We hypothesize, that the contact to the binding partner is essential for the protein structure. |
T893 |
526686-526891 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Taken together, our results indicate that the N-terminal part of Emp mediates the binding to host structures, whereas the C-terminal part of Emp is responsible for the rebinding to the bacterial cell wall. |
T894 |
528401-528573 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Ongoing studies are aimed to identify the gene expression profiles of S. aureus strains persistent over a period of several years in the presence of P. aeruginosa isolates. |
T895 |
529280-529441 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although SIFs were identified long back, their role in the intracellular life of Salmonella and the molecular mechanism underlying the dynamics is not yet known. |
T896 |
529442-529593 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, work by others and our group has identified that SIFs lie next to the microtubule tracks and are often associated or linked to motor proteins. |
T897 |
529594-529756 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Because of these observations we hypothesized that the SIFs move along the microtubule tracks and require the activities of the motor proteins kinesin and dynein. |
T898 |
529939-530030 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, these approaches render the cells compromised even before the bacterial infection. |
T899 |
530719-530787 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
gallolyticus (Sgg) (former S. bovis biotype I) as a causative agent. |
T900 |
530788-530899 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore, the knowledge of virulence factors that contribute to the pathogenesis in Sgg IE is still limited. |
T901 |
533033-533275 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The alignment of microarray data and already evaluated phenotypic data, including ECM-binding, adhesion and invasion to host cells and biofilm formation capability of 41 strains, will substantiate the underlying genomic based pathomechanisms. |
T902 |
534835-535079 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, using far western experiments we identified an interaction of Pmp21 with itself as with all other Pmps tested possibly suggesting that homo-and/or heteromeric Pmp adhesion complexes might be formed on the chlamydial cell surface. |
T903 |
535398-535646 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Cell fractionation experiments revealed that cleaved Pmp-fragments are partially released from the chlamydial surface and may exist in the inclusion lumen and possibly in the host cytosol perhaps serving an additional function as effector proteins. |
T904 |
535647-535936 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Most interestingly, using immunofluorescence microscopy we detected that individual Pmp proteins were expressed only in a fraction of the inclusions analyzed possibly indicating a form of antigenic variation similar to what recently has been described for Pmp proteins from C. trachomatis. |
T905 |
536051-536202 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The human pathogen Chlamydia pneumoniae nucleates and stabilizes F-actin via the secreted Cpn0572 protein to support host cell entry R. Zrieq* 1 , J.H. |
T906 |
536467-536642 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Like other pathogenic bacteria, It is believed that Chlamydiae deliver effector proteins to recruit F-actin at the site of entry to trigger their own entry into the host cell. |
T907 |
537059-537164 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
About 20 minutes after infection Cpn0572 is secreted and could be found associated with the host F-actin. |
T908 |
537827-537995 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Indeed, we could show that in yeast Cpn0572 stabilizes F-actin against the actin destabilizing drug Latrunculin A implying that Cpn0572 inhibits actin depolymerization. |
T909 |
538150-538333 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These results were extended to in vitro experiments using mammalian F-actin and cofilin proteins, in which we could show that presence of Cpn0572 abrogates cofilin binding to F-actin. |
T910 |
538334-538563 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In line with these data the actin clumps in Cpn0572 transfected HEK-293 cells were resistant to the actin depolymerizing drug cytochalasin D suggesting that Cpn0572 is indeed able to inhibit actin depolymerization in human cells. |
T911 |
538700-538828 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Finally, a deletion analysis identified a central domain within Cpn0572 (DUF1547) which is crucial for interaction with F-actin. |
T912 |
539578-539688 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
During the first step of infection the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is located in phagosomes. |
T913 |
539863-540114 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
L. monocytogenes is equipped with a peptide sensing system which is homologous to the Staphylococcus aureus agr system and has been shown to be involved in the regulation of biofilm formation, in vitro and in vivo virulence and global gene expression. |
T914 |
540980-541084 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This strongly suggests that the agr system of L. monocytogenes is subject to an auto-regulatory circuit. |
T915 |
541523-541758 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, a putative AgrA-binding motif was identifies in promoter of -prfA, the major virulence regulator of L. monocytogenes which could explain the strong regulation of this gene in the agrD-deletion mutant observed previously. |
T916 |
542242-542334 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
ADEPs act via a yet unprecedented mechanism by dysregulating the caseinolytic protease ClpP. |
T917 |
542691-542867 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although the activity of ADEPs can be explained on the molecular level of its target ClpP, the specific events that finally lead to bacterial cell death still remained unknown. |
T918 |
544805-544905 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, MRSA strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin have emerged during the last decade. |
T919 |
544906-545024 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Due to increased antibiotic treatment failure, there is an obvious need to understand how bacteria develop resistance. |
T920 |
545414-545700 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In the current study, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of strain VC40 additionally revealed cross resistance against the lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin, which has recently been introduced for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI) caused by MRSA. |
T921 |
546314-546489 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Here, strain VC40 was characterized by an abnormal cell envelope morphology including an increased cell wall thickness that may result from deregulated VraRS or WalKR systems. |
T922 |
546490-546630 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Cell wall thickening has previously been linked to vancomycin resistance and even has been correlated with daptomycin cross resistance (4) . |
T923 |
546631-546727 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, these findings alone cannot explain the high-level resistance phenotype of strain VC40. |
T924 |
546728-546960 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further characterization of strain VC40 is necessary and will provide important information on how the accumulation of mutations resulted in the autonomous development of vancomycin and daptomycin high-level resistance in S. aureus. |
T925 |
547189-547339 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In vivo, the bacteria very likely face adverse replication conditions, in particular when the immune response is activated and cytokines are secreted. |
T926 |
547340-547466 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Such conditions can be mimicked in a number of ways, for instance by the addition of -lactam antibiotics to cultures in vitro. |
T927 |
547536-547839 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The persistent phenotype is characterized by enlarged, aberrant reticulate bodies (RBs; the replicative form of Chlamydia), which are neither able to divide nor to re-differentiate into infectious elementary bodies (EBs) but which can be re-activated upon withdrawal of the persistence-inducing reagent. |
T928 |
547840-548059 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As persistent infections are thought to be relevant for the outcome of chlamydial disease, especially in chronic infections, we are investigating the development of the chlamydial inclusion during this persistent state. |
T929 |
548314-548410 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although there were only few of these RBs per inclusion, the vacuole grew substantially in size. |
T930 |
548411-548532 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We have proposed that growth of the inclusion during productive infection requires the secreted chlamydial protease CPAF. |
T931 |
548932-549185 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These results suggest that even upon entry into the 'persistent' state during treatment with penicillin G, C. trachomatis can maintain the machinery for lipid acquisition and inclusion growth, very likely by maintaining production and secretion of CPAF. |
T932 |
549186-549277 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Understanding this chlamydial activity may help understanding persistent infection in vivo. |
T933 |
549802-549871 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Nevertheless, SCV isolates could be distinguished by spa-typing, e.g. |
T934 |
549916-550146 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, Western blot analysis of protein A expression revealed that the truncated spa gene was associated with a protein of decreased size, and that two SCV isolates could be distinguished by increased protein A expression. |
T935 |
550238-550368 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The results obtained indicated that increased SpA expression correlated with increased TLR2 activity and biofilm forming capacity. |
T936 |
550753-550852 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, we can only speculate that concomitant changes observed in the microbial environment (e.g. |
T937 |
550853-551072 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
infection and colonization with other microbial species), in the pulmonary and clinical status of the patient and in the antibiotic regimes may be responsible for the functional and genetic changes in the SCV phenotype. |
T938 |
551219-551384 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Acinetobacter baumannii, an often multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen, may profit from motility during infection or while persisting in the hospital environment. |
T939 |
551552-551660 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could identify two akinetic mutants carrying transposon insertions in the dat and ddc gene, respectively. |
T940 |
551913-552007 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The motility defect of both mutants could be cured by supplementing semi-solid media with DAP. |
T941 |
552275-552340 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Current work aims at elucidating how DAP contributes to motility. |
T942 |
552696-552793 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In addition, infections via vegetables are possible, as shown by the current outbreak in Germany. |
T943 |
552918-553045 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To date, systematic therapy is hampered by the fact that the detailed mechanism of pathogenicity is still not fully understood. |
T944 |
553046-553114 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
EHEC express a number of factors that might contribute to virulence. |
T945 |
553186-553338 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It has been shown that EspP might interact with hemostasis and immune response (1,2) but a systematic screening of relevant substrates is still lacking. |
T946 |
554202-554387 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Altogether, it has been shown that EspP cleaves several physiologically relevant proteins in plasma as well as in platelets including protease inhibitors and surface adhesion molecules. |
T947 |
554388-554530 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further studies will elucidate the contribution of the newly identified substrates to the role of EspP as a possible virulence factor of EHEC. |
T948 |
554997-555086 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the mechanism of translocation and post-translocation folding is not understood. |
T949 |
555267-555435 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This suggests that unlike recessive mutations which affect recognition of the translocation machinery, the hlyA99 mutation interferes with some later step in secretion. |
T950 |
555628-555848 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A second mutant (hlyAdel6), lacking the six C-terminal residues of HlyA, also showed reduced haemolytic activity and neither mutant protein regained normal haemolytic activity in in vitro unfolding/refolding experiments. |
T951 |
555992-556106 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These results suggested that the mutations affected the correct folding of both HlyA and the betalactamase fusion. |
T952 |
556107-556262 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Thus, we propose a dual function for the HlyA C terminus involving an important role in post-translocation folding as well as targeting HlyA for secretion. |
T953 |
556382-556432 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, not all fusions are secreted efficiently. |
T954 |
556605-556782 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Anticipating that folding kinetics might be limiting, we introduced the 'folding' mutation Y283D into MalE and indeed the fusion protein was now secreted at a much higher level. |
T955 |
558994-559207 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These results indicate that the LipA plays an important role in the regulation of the iron starvation sigma factor PvdS in P. aeruginosa thereby influencing the synthesis of pyoverdine and other virulence factors. |
T956 |
559727-559826 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Proteases are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds and can therefore degrade proteins and peptides. |
T957 |
559827-559981 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As proteins are one of the basic building blocks in nature, proteases can influence a broad range of biological functions including the infection process. |
T958 |
561175-561299 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
SprP carries, in addition to its signal peptide and the S8 domain, a domain of unknown function (DUF) between both elements. |
T959 |
562098-562179 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Initial results suggest a regulatory relationship in between these two proteases. |
T960 |
562180-562296 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Finally, these results indicate that the two novel proteases, SprP and SprS, play a role in P. aeruginosa virulence. |
T961 |
562476-562559 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The role of this molecule in the virulence of EHEC O157 is incompletely understood. |
T962 |
563444-563579 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These data suggest that Iha plays dual roles in the virulence and/or fitness of EHEC O157:H7, as an adhesin and a siderophore receptor. |
T963 |
564393-564560 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, proteolytic processing is of fundamental importance for Aap function, however, the underlying mechanisms and proteases involved have not been characterized. |
T964 |
565094-565204 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Experiments using protease inhibitors suggest that Aap cleavage could also occur through additional proteases. |
T965 |
565205-565349 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our results indicate that S. epidermidis uses specific proteases for the controlled and coordinated processing and functional activation of Aap. |
T966 |
565350-565569 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Given the importance of Aap-mediated S. epidermidis biofilm formation for pathogenesis of foreign-material associated infections our results could open new ways for the future development of therapeutic approaches, e.g. |
T967 |
566064-566178 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It could be shown, that in in vitro systems an IDO activity inhibits the growth of bacteria, parasites or viruses. |
T968 |
566379-566509 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Up to now, however, it remained unclear under which oxygen conditions IDO promotes its antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects. |
T969 |
566623-566735 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In recent studies we could show that the activity of IDO is inhibited under hypoxic conditions in vitro (1% O2). |
T970 |
566941-567138 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could find that the IDO-mediated inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus as well as group B Streptococcus growth was abrogated in IFN-stimulated human glioblastoma cells or HeLa-cells, respectively. |
T971 |
567377-567573 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These findings indicate that the influence of the oxygen concentration on IDO function could be important for the defense against several pathogens that affect organs with different oxygen supply. |
T972 |
567717-567913 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Only a few PLA are proven virulence factors 1,2 but the total number of known PLA is still limited and the details about host-pathogen interaction mechanisms involving PLA remain to be elucidated. |
T973 |
567914-568056 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a variety of virulence factors; however, a PLA has not been described so far. |
T974 |
568546-568652 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Subcellular localisation experiments revealed its association with the membrane fraction of P. aeruginosa. |
T975 |
568653-568797 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
More detailed localisation studies suggested that PlbF is most likely anchored to the bacterial inner membrane, as an integral membrane protein. |
T976 |
569089-569211 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This motif is required for helix-helix interactions of inner membrane proteins, suggesting that PlbF may exist as a dimer. |
T977 |
569501-569674 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Significant attenuation of the plbF negative mutant strain in killing of flies was observed confirming PlbF may represent a novel virulence factor produced by P. aeruginosa. |
T978 |
569675-569898 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further investigations of the cellular function of PlbF, particularly the relation of PlbF dimerisation and virulence of P. aeruginosa PAO1 might elucidate novel mechanisms of PLA-based pathogenicity mechanisms in bacteria. |
T979 |
570694-571033 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Bioinformatic analyses of the staphylococcal met leader RNA revealed homologies and predicted structural elements associated with Bacillus T-box systems which represent terminator/antiterminator transcription control elements of Gram-positive bacteria that undergo conformational change upon specific binding of charged or uncharged tRNAs. |
T980 |
571662-571883 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The pleiotropic repressor CodY seems to regulate the overall transcription of the T-box system, but does not interfere with the tight methionine-dependent regulation of the biosynthesis genes by the met leader RNA itself. |
T981 |
572153-572298 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The combined data demonstrate that in staphylococci de novo methionine biosynthesis is obviously under the control of a T-box regulatory element. |
T982 |
572299-572480 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This is unusual and in contrast to other Gram-positive bacteria which regulate this pathway mostly by S-box systems which represent S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-binding riboswitches. |
T983 |
572743-572819 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, knowledge regarding its intracellular accommodation remains sparse. |
T984 |
573825-573949 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
SiiE of the SPI4 is necessary for adhesion to polarized epithelial cells whereas BapA was associated with biofilm formation. |
T985 |
575285-575392 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
One could conclude that BapA transcript underground degradation so that no signal can be observed using WB. |
T986 |
575731-575821 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Altogether, these results showed that BapA may play a role in the surface of the bacteria. |
T987 |
575822-575946 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Its secretion pattern depending on the time and medium conditions could suggest a protective function to the bacterial cell. |
T988 |
575947-576109 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further analysis of regulation of the expression and its possible role of invasion/adhesion is currently in progress to understand the role of BapA in host cells. |
T989 |
576697-576808 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the underlying mechanism of Hp-induced epithelial barrier subversion is currently not well understood. |
T990 |
577413-577504 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, we identified HtrA as a secreted bacterial factor exhibiting proteolytic activity. |
T991 |
578296-578413 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We assume that blocking of HtrA activity might help combat Hp persistence in the early phases of bacterial infection. |
T992 |
578863-578939 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
fRMsr has been previously shown to be specific for free Met-R-SO in E. coli. |
T993 |
581044-581393 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Recently, we showed that high intracellular amounts of the secondary messenger c-di-GMP in S. typhimurium abolished stimulation of a pro-inflammatory immune response and inhibition of invasion of the gastrointestinal epithelial cell line HT-29 suggesting regulation of transition between biofilm formation and virulence by c-di-GMP in the intestine. |
T994 |
581764-581913 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Inhibition of the invasion phenotype by c-di-GMP is associated with inhibition of secretion of the type three secretion system effector protein SipA. |
T995 |
582287-582450 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A. Lüttich* 1 , S. Brunke 1,2 , I. Jacobsen 1 Candida albicans is both a successful commensal and a pathogen of humans that can infect a broad range of body sites. |
T996 |
582451-582606 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
During the infection process, C. albicans has the potential to adapt to different host niches and to survive the attack of phagocytes, such as macrophages. |
T997 |
582607-582691 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Previous evidence suggests that microevolution plays a central role in this process. |
T998 |
583061-583199 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Using this system, we also investigated whether C. albicans can utilise alternative signal transduction pathways under selective pressure. |
T999 |
583601-583741 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We therefore chose this strain for further investigation and monitored its adaptation to macrophages during a series of co-culture passages. |
T1000 |
583920-584107 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Surprisingly, the strain was also now able to form filaments under other conditions and, in contrast to the original efg1/cph1 mutant, has regained the ability to invade epithelial cells. |
T1001 |
584197-584363 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The phenotype was stable in the absence of selective pressure, indicating that microevolutionary events have bypassed the reliance on Cph1 and Efg1 for filamentation. |
T1002 |
584460-584668 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These and further investigations of the genetic cause of the adaptation will yield insights into the genomic and genetic plasticity of this important fungal pathogen during adaptation to specific host niches. |
T1003 |
584669-584896 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A. Koenigs* 1 , C. Hammerschmidt 1 , D. Barthel Introduction: Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agent of Lyme disease exploits an array of strategies in order to overcome the host immune response and establish an infection. |
T1004 |
585121-585232 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
OspA, OspC, CspA, ErpA, ErpC, and ErpP have previously been identified as ligands for host-derived plasminogen. |
T1005 |
585407-585655 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To verify whether bound plasminogen/plasmin is proteolytically active, we performed substrate degradation assays utilizing both a chromogenic substrate, D-valyl-leucyl-lysine-pnitroanilidedihydrocholride as well as the natural substrate fibrinogen. |
T1006 |
586626-586816 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
By utilizing several plasminogen constructs containing single or multiple Kringle domains, it was determined that the Kringle domain 4 most likely represents the major BopA interaction site. |
T1007 |
587173-587328 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Binding of plasminogen/plasmin might endow B. burgdorferi with the capability to resist opsonization and to degrade components of the extracellular matrix. |
T1008 |
587715-587838 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A limitation of this model is the restricted dimensionality which contrasts three dimensional (3D) host tissue environment. |
T1009 |
587839-588118 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Using a 3D collagen gel setup (3D-CoG), it has been shown that Yersinia enterocolitica as a prototype of an extracellularly replicating pathogen exhibits unusual growth behaviour in this system, resembling in vivo microcolony formation in infected tissues (Freund et al., 2008) . |
T1010 |
588119-588275 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Here we present first results of the growth behaviour of Staphylococcus aureus and its interaction with neutrophils in this model using confocal microscopy. |
T1011 |
588399-588506 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In a first approach we compared the growth behavior of strain Newman and the derived mutants saeRS and ica. |
T1012 |
588507-588658 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Surprisingly, we found that strain Newman and both mutants formed bacterial clusters similar to those observed in cell culture medium without collagen. |
T1013 |
590031-590188 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Fusion with lysosomes is avoided, but LCVs acquire endosomal markers and associate with mitochondria, early secretory vesicles and the endoplasmic reticulum. |
T1014 |
590418-590640 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The identification of the biochemical and cellular function of some of these Icm/Dot substrates is challenging, as the deletion of single or multiple effectors in many cases does not show an intracellular growth phenotype. |
T1015 |
591326-591515 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
First results indicate a high overlap of identified host proteins, yet also reveal a number of small GTPases and other host proteins that previously have not been identified as LCV markers. |
T1016 |
592295-592539 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Pulldown experiments with PI lipids coupled to agarose beads revealed that L. longbeachae SidC also specifically binds to PI(4)P. L. pneumophila modifies the PI pattern of LCVs in an Icm/Dot dependent manner, yet the mechanism remained elusive. |
T1017 |
592540-592839 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We recently discovered a bacterial PI phosphatase, which is translocated into the host via the Icm/Dot T4SS and preferentially hydrolyses poly-phosphorylated PIs yielding PI(4)P. This PI phosphatase, termed LppA, might shape the LCV PI pattern to promote binding of L. pneumophila effector proteins. |
T1018 |
594026-594282 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could demonstrate that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on host cell surfaces are involved in attachment and subsequent infection by C. pneumoniae and that the bacterial surface-associated OmcB protein is the GAG-binding adhesin (Moelleken and Hegemann 2008) . |
T1019 |
594447-594565 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In adhesion studies, using purified recombinant Pmp21 protein, we were able to show that it could bind to human cells. |
T1020 |
595273-595390 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Through mass spectrometry we identified the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR1) as a potential target for Pmp21. |
T1021 |
595581-595753 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Most importantly a knockdown of EGFR resulted in a diminished binding of fluorescently labeled bacteria, indicating that EGFR indeed serves as a receptor for C. pneumoniae. |
T1022 |
595754-595909 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Vice versa we could enhance the infection approximately by the factor two, when we overexpressed EGFR in cells deficient for this receptor tyrosine kinase. |
T1023 |
596360-596497 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The obligate intracellular bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis), however evolved mechanisms to use ROS for its own advantage. |
T1024 |
596718-596905 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Despite the positive effect of ROS on chlamydial development, it is incompletely understood how different cellular conditions that lead to altered ROS production affect chlamydial growth. |
T1025 |
597676-597941 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Consequent host cell signaling changes were followed by detection of hypoxia inducible factor, HIF-1 stabilization and phosphorylation of the acetyl-coenzym Acarboxylase (ACC) enzyme that might mediate the host cell metabolic changes that support chlamydial growth. |
T1026 |
598455-598589 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This organelle trafficking might escort the perinuclear clustering of inflammasomes that is required for their ROS-induced activation. |
T1027 |
599301-599429 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The possible interaction between these two types of pathogens and its influence on their fate inside host cell is still unknown. |
T1028 |
599805-599879 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, C. trachomatis favored enhanced entry and survival of HHV6. |
T1029 |
599880-600052 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In a co-infection model, both pathogens affected each other's entry, survival as well as infectivity and influenced the replication and transcription pattern of each other. |
T1030 |
600472-600608 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Vienna, Department of pathobiology, Vienna, Oesterreich As mycoplasmas are poorly understood pathogens, they are difficult to eradicate. |
T1031 |
600609-600825 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Despite considerable advances in the area of mycoplasma molecular genetics in the past decade, progress towards understanding their pathogenicity mechanisms is hindered by the paucity of available genetic tools (1) . |
T1032 |
600826-601045 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Mycoplasma agalactiae (MA) is an important ruminant pathogen for which the pathogenicity mechanisms are largely unknown, mainly because of the previous incapability to genetically manipulate it until the year 2005 (2) . |
T1033 |
601277-601604 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For the functional analysis of MA genes, the Tn mutants were subjected to several in vitro screening protocols, especially to those which could have a direct role in its pathogenicity, such as biofilm formation, growth, adherence and antibiotic sensitivity, in order to shortlist them for an experimental sheep infection study. |
T1034 |
601822-602002 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although reported for some mycoplasmas, direct genomic sequencing and other methods to sequence the Tn insertion sites are not always successful, or are rather costly or laborious. |
T1035 |
603260-603345 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Moreover, ULVWF is considered as a potential binding partner for pathogenic bacteria. |
T1036 |
603346-603471 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It is worth to emphasize that ULVWF fibers can be formed on an intact endothelial cell layer, independent of vascular damage. |
T1037 |
603472-603573 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Previous studies indicate that Staphylococcus aureus binds to VWF via staphylococcal protein A (SpA). |
T1038 |
603574-603633 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the influence of ULVWF fibers is not known so far. |
T1039 |
604205-604442 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To prove whether the binding of S. aureus to the endothelium is specifically mediated by ULVWF we used in some experiments the specific VWF degrading protease ADAMTS-13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 13). |
T1040 |
604555-604673 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
SpA supported the binding of S. aureus mainly to the globular form of VWF which is in agreement with previous studies. |
T1041 |
605116-605273 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: Within the context of clinical studies a significant contribution of VWF and ADAMTS-13 to vascular disease progression has been shown previously. |
T1042 |
605507-605609 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our data suggest an adhesion mechanism independent of secreted factors or surface associated adhesins. |
T1043 |
605610-605752 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the acting molecular mechanism that triggers strong binding of S. aureus to ULVWF is currently unknown and requires further research. |
T1044 |
608459-608657 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
H. Büttner 1 , M. Christner 1 , H. Rohde* Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Hamburg, Deutschland Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of foreign body associated infections. |
T1045 |
610652-610808 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, as heparin specifically binds to FnIII 12, this particular domain is obviously crucial for Embp mediated S. epidermidis adherence to fibronectin. |
T1046 |
610998-611110 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The underlying molecular basis of Embp -fibronectin interactions involves a novel, so far undescribed mechanism. |
T1047 |
611282-611422 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Ceramide, a bioactive sphingolipid involved in cell signalling, has been shown to assemble along the cell membrane of the airway epithelium. |
T1048 |
611534-611642 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Accumulation of domains has been directly correlated with patient maturation and vulnerability to infection. |
T1049 |
611643-611773 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Increased assemblages of ceramide are a molecular outlier of patients with CF and act as potential stages for aberrant signalling. |
T1050 |
611774-611993 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In this study we show that although commonly found along the basal lateral membrane, Beta 1 integrin maintains a permanent position on ceramide enriched domains on the luminal side of airway epithelial cells in CF mice. |
T1051 |
612565-612770 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our data indicates that ceramide enriched domains, and the Beta 1 integrin molecules they host, play an important role in the virulence of P. aeruginosa within the airways of patients with Cystic Fibrosis. |
T1052 |
612906-613169 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These two findings suggest the RGD binding domain of Beta 1 integrin may act as an adherence mechanism for P. aeruginosa and that increased clustering of this receptor in patients with CF may play an important role in the infectious manifestations of the disease. |
T1053 |
613170-613269 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Preliminary data indicates inhalation of RGD peptides may be a novel treatment option for patients. |
T1054 |
613465-613664 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Paraffin embeded tissue (A,B,C) and in situ stained paraffin embedded tissue (D,E) The type three secretion system (TTSS) of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) is crucial to evade the host immune response. |
T1055 |
614643-614891 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
After infection with a YadA mutant no Yop injection could be detected while a Inv mutant showed nearly similar Yop injection as a wildtype strain, indicating that YadA but not Inv is crucial for Yop injection into leukocytes during mouse infection. |
T1056 |
615352-615483 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Inv mediated Yop injection into leukocytes in contrast to YadA mediated Yop injection can occur in a 1 integrin independent manner. |
T1057 |
617681-618128 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To investigate the disruption of the brush border of polarized epithelial cells, SL1344 wild-type (WT), sipA, sopA, sopB, sopE, sopE2mutant strains, M712 strain, which lacks the five mentioned effector proteins, and their complemented derivates were used for invasion experiments in MDCK Pf and C2bbe1 cell lines, the later were also used to evaluate the disruption of the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) by the Salmonella infection. |
T1058 |
621145-621358 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore, in comparative radioactive binding assays using human or canine plasminogen, no differences in quality of interaction could be observed, a prerequisite for establishing infections across host species. |
T1059 |
622365-622599 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore, electron microscopic illustration and time lapse imaging demonstrated plasmin-mediated transmigration of fibrinous thrombi by S. canis and, therefore, may represent a mechanism for bacterial dissemination within the host. |
T1060 |
622600-622717 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: Although S. canis is a zoonotic pathogen, very little is known about its virulence factors or mechanisms. |
T1061 |
622882-622985 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, binding of SCM to mPlg presents a mechanistically different bacterial-plasminogen interaction. |
T1062 |
622986-623091 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The role of such interactions in the etiopathogenesis of these infections requires further investigation. |
T1063 |
623092-623284 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent of melioidosis, and Burkholderia thailandensis are closely related organisms mainly found in the soil in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. |
T1064 |
623620-623774 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The Burkholderia T6SSs present in a genome are evolutionarily distinct, leading us to hypothesize that each secretion system performs a discrete function. |
T1065 |
624003-624177 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This is likely due to a specific role T6SS-5 plays in the subversion of or resistance against MyD88 dependent immune response since T6SS-5 is highly virulent in MyD88 -/mice. |
T1066 |
624719-624816 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Data on T6S substrates are scarce and no Burkholderia T6S effectors have been identified to date. |
T1067 |
625295-625450 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, VgrG-5 contains a putative C terminal effector domain that does not display significant sequence similarity to proteins with known function. |
T1068 |
625625-625834 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Together the data suggest an important role of Burkholderia T6S in determining the outcome of an infection by directly targeting eukaryotic host cells or by allowing the bacteria to persist in the environment. |
T1069 |
626940-627013 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore, the shikimate pathway could be determined by GC/MS analysis. |
T1070 |
627735-627817 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the isotopologue profiles of these mutants were similar to the wild-type. |
T1071 |
628356-628575 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Recently, we could show that FPR2 is crucial for recruiting and activating PMN in staphylococcal infections, because it senses concentrations of the major staphylococcal cytolysins phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) peptides. |
T1072 |
629121-629179 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This effect could be inhibited by the FPR2antagonist WRW4. |
T1073 |
629491-629589 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, both species activated the FPR2 paralog FPR1, which senses bacterial formylated peptides. |
T1074 |
629590-629817 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The enterococcal genomes do not encode peptides with apparent similarity to PSM peptides and no peptides with PSM-like properties could be identified in enterococcal culture supernatants in sufficient quantitites for detection. |
T1075 |
629818-630095 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To further characterize the unknown FPR2 ligands produced by E. faecium supernatants were treated with proteases, which completely abolished the ability to stimulate FPR2 transfected HL-60 cells thereby indicating that the unknown FPR2 ligands of E. faecium represent peptides. |
T1076 |
630260-630668 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Structure-function relationship of zwitterionic cell wall polymer dependent immune modulatory mechanisms C. Weidenmaier* 1 , S. Wanner 1 , M. Rautenberg 1 , S. Baur 1 , L. Kull 1 1 Universität Tübingen, IMIT, Tübingen, Deutschland Recent advances on the field of glycobiology led to discovery of novel mechanisms by which bacterial cell wall glycopolymers can directly modulate the host immune response (1) . |
T1077 |
630889-631101 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could recently show that the important pathogenicity factor (2) cell wall teichoic acid (WTA) of S. aureus has a similar activity and is able to activate CD4-T cells in an MHCII presentation depended way (3) . |
T1078 |
631190-631538 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly mostly pathogenic Gram-positive bacterial species seem to exhibit the ribitol-Pi repeating units with D-alanine (however WTA structures differ in side chain sugar composition or contain additional repeating unit sugars), whereas non pathogenic species often have shorter glycerol-Pi repeating units or no D-alanine modifications (1) . |
T1079 |
632082-632223 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It is not known so far whether the amount of teichoic acids differs during the development of an infection or even between bacterial strains. |
T1080 |
632224-632339 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, we find that highly pathogenic S. aureus strains exhibit an elevated WTA amount in their cell walls. |
T1081 |
632340-632631 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Purified protein-free cell wall fractions from these strains induce T cell proliferation and cytokine production more efficiently than cell wall from less pathogenic strains In addition we could demonstrate that cell wall fractions of these strains are more active in skin abscess formation. |
T1082 |
633173-633308 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
S. aureus colonization of undomesticated sub-Saharan animals could pose a risk for inter-species transmission and infections in humans. |
T1083 |
633309-633506 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We therefore characterize S. aureus isolates from wild and captive animals from sub-Saharan Africa to obtain data for further investigations of cross-species transmission of S. aureus in this area. |
T1084 |
634298-634486 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Resistance to penicillin, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole was 12%, 6% and 1%, respectively and was significantly associated with captive animals (OR = inf., 95% CI = 32.48-inf., p < 0.001). |
T1085 |
635194-635302 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: Our results suggest that colonization of human and nonhuman primates with S. aureus is frequent. |
T1086 |
635432-635530 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This will provide an excellent tool to investigate potential cross-species transmission in future. |
T1087 |
637852-637975 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
But regarding international data there is an urgent need of active surveillance on carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. |
T1088 |
637976-638154 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Both local reports and linked data of national and international surveillance networks may be successful approaches to an effective containment of these multi-resistant bacteria. |
T1089 |
638591-638655 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Roe deer and red deer are regarded as potential reservoir hosts. |
T1090 |
638656-638831 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Considerable strain variation has been suggested to occur within this species, because isolates from humans and animals differed in their pathogenicity for heterologous hosts. |
T1091 |
639008-639117 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
237 samples from humans, domestic animals, potential reservoir hosts, and Ixodes ricinus ticks were analyzed. |
T1092 |
639187-639269 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
eBURST analysis revealed one clonal complex with sequence type (ST) 55 as founder. |
T1093 |
639417-639496 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
All samples from the US were ST 64, what might reflect their geographic origin. |
T1094 |
639687-639824 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As A. phagocytophilum strains infecting humans, dogs and horses belonged to one clonal complex, they seem to share the same epidemiology. |
T1095 |
639923-640185 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Because the concatenated sequences from I. ricinus ticks are found in both clusters, they might be involved in the transmission cycle of A. phagocytophilum strains that infect humans and domestic animals (cluster 1) and of those that infect roe deer (cluster 2). |
T1096 |
640186-640380 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In contrast to red deer, roe deer are probably not the reservoir for granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and domestic animals, as their concatenated sequences formed a clearly separated cluster. |
T1097 |
640643-640868 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Especially for the delineation of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) and commensal E.coli this is a challenging task, because certain ExPEC and commensal E.coli strains may be geno-and phenotypically similar. |
T1098 |
641320-641429 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore, we evaluated how additional markers improve the discriminatory potential of both typing methods. |
T1099 |
642540-642673 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the exact mode of transmission of this typically food-borne pathogen in that particular part of the world is widely unknown. |
T1100 |
644077-644353 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Eight S. enterica isolates that were isolated from one particular well were discriminated to 7 distinct clones by PFGE thus demonstrating that a single well can be colonized by different S. enterica strains and that individual clones can persist about several weeks in a well. |
T1101 |
644354-644475 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: PFGE data from the blood culture isolates indicate that endemic clones circulate within the local population. |
T1102 |
644620-644789 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The interpretation is limited because different distinct serotypes may colonize a well at the same time while only one individual clone was selected per isolation event. |
T1103 |
644790-644985 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The high number of isolates from the wells with no matches to blood culture isolates during the whole study interval is more likely to support the hypothesis of alternative modes of transmission. |
T1104 |
644986-645089 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further studies addressing the role of food for the transmission of S. enterica in Ghana should follow. |
T1105 |
645648-645758 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although the WHO region Europe has been certified polio-free in 2002, the risk of reintroduction remains (e.g. |
T1106 |
646229-646445 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In this context the enterovirus surveillance system was extended and can now be used for both, the enterovirus diagnostics in patients with aseptic meningitis / encephalitis and patients with acute flaccid paralysis. |
T1107 |
648188-648608 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Characterization of extended spectrum -lactamase producing Escherichia coli: comparison of phylogenetic grouping by the DiversiLab system, mononucleotide motifs and genetic markers T. Vollmer* 1 , C. Knabbe 1 , J. Dreier Bad Oeynhausen, Deutschland Introduction: Rapid and reliable methods to identify the molecular relatedness in clinical isolates are essentially needed to investigate potential routes of transmission. |
T1108 |
648609-648779 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA amplification (RAPD) techniques have been shown as a useful and comparatively simple tool for the discrimination of strain relatedness. |
T1109 |
650198-650272 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
ESBL-typing by these three different methods showed excellent correlation. |
T1110 |
650553-650717 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further investigations include the evaluation of the DL with an in house automated RAPD-PCR using different established primers followed by chip-gelelectrophoresis. |
T1111 |
652321-652422 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The data suggest that bactericidal antibodies will be effective only on a subset of cnl meningococci. |
T1112 |
652619-653001 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
C. Rohde* 1 , K. Selezska 2 , M. Kazmierczak 1,3 , J. Sikorski 1, 3, 4 1 DSMZ, Mikrobiologie, Braunschweig, Deutschland 2 HZI, Braunschweig, Deutschland 3 DSMZ, Braunschweig, Deutschland 4 Deutschland Introduction:The lytic potential of novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) phages against a large number of novel environmental and clinical PA isolates was challenging to be studied 1.) |
T1113 |
653091-653287 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
to find a possible relationship between lysis phenomena in the phylogenetic tree of these hosts and the allocation of clusters of lysed strains: a phylogenetic approach using lysis as "phenotype". |
T1114 |
653288-653434 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The latter addresses the potential role of phages in the microevolutionary diversification of PA strains into different genetic lineages (clades). |
T1115 |
653493-653584 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The large pool of new hosts and phages offered a test system to respond to these questions. |
T1116 |
654744-654799 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
All results finally suggest two unrelated phage groups. |
T1117 |
654910-654962 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Lysis phenotypes appeared to depend on the serotype. |
T1118 |
654963-655101 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Some serotypes showed large proportions of full lysis, others appeared to confer phage resistance, some were sensitive only to few phages. |
T1119 |
655419-655569 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: From the phage lysis patterns we conclude there is therapeutic potential of some of these highly lytic phages with broad PA host spectrum. |
T1120 |
655570-655930 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
From the lysis phenotypes we conclude that phages, via the diversity of host receptor types, have potential to contribute to the intraspecies microevolutionary diversification within PA. From additional own studies (not shown) we have reasons to believe that the population dynamics of PA were probably shaped by environmental forces, not by clinical habitats. |
T1121 |
656096-656337 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Friedrich 1 1 University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Microbiology, Groningen, Niederlande Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an increasing health problem in both hospital and community settings worldwide. |
T1122 |
656601-656770 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although, several PCR-based procedures were designed for typing the SCCmec cassettes, they were often found to be limited in their ability to characterize MRSA isolates. |
T1123 |
656771-656934 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The goal of our study was to compare the SCCmec typing results produced by well-established multiplex-PCR protocol with those obtained by a microarray-based assay. |
T1124 |
657477-657623 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: Using the multiplex-PCR protocol, 179 MRSA isolates were typeable whereas from 27 MRSA isolates, the SCCmec type could not be determined. |
T1125 |
658594-658763 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: The microarray approach appeared to be more efficient than the PCR-based protocol in identification of SCCmec types among genetically diverse MRSA isolates. |
T1126 |
658764-658922 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Moreover, the microarray-based method is an inexpensive and fast procedure, and can be easily implemented for investigations in routine clinical laboratories. |
T1127 |
659918-660178 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For several years now increasing infection rates of immunocompromized adult patients have been reported In rare cases an infection in neonates, pregnant women and immunocompromized elderly patients can lead to a toxic shock syndrome with necrotizing fasciitis. |
T1128 |
660308-660460 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It is typically caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and mutations of a general virulence regulator (cov) have been reported in association with STSS cases. |
T1129 |
661447-661598 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The two component cov regulator represses hemolysis and the mutation was associated with an increased hemolysis and pigmentation in the mutated strain. |
T1130 |
661599-661673 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Another strain harbored a 3 bp deletion that had previously been reported. |
T1131 |
661848-662030 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In conclusion virulence regulator gene mutations in strains causing streptococcal toxic shock syndrome as they have been described for S. pyogenes can also be found in S. agalactiae. |
T1132 |
662031-662259 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A detailed molecular epidemiologic characterization of STSS S. agalactiae strains by MLST, capsular typing and surface protein determination showed them to be heterogenous, despite a certain predominance of ST1 and ST23 strains. |
T1133 |
662754-662913 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Recently, an outbreak of a novel clone of E. coli bearing the rare serotype O104:H4 has threatened Northern Germany and challenged the health care authorities. |
T1134 |
663657-663746 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, EPEC were not only found in young children, but in adult patients as well. |
T1135 |
663814-663991 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The E. coli species responsible for the recent outbreak bears a combination of pathogenic factors that has not been found in our 20,000 stool probes during the past three years. |
T1136 |
663992-664230 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: According the microbiologic-infectiologic quality standards (MIQ) of the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology, screening of stool samples for pathogenic E. coli species should only be performed under certain conditions. |
T1137 |
664231-664335 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Following this standard, EHEC, STEC, EAEC and EPEC would not have been detected in most of our patients. |
T1138 |
664336-664506 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For example, the MIQ standard only considers EPEC a causative agent in adult patients if they are immunocompromised or have persisting diarrhea for more than three weeks. |
T1139 |
664507-664547 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our data contradict this recommendation. |
T1140 |
665815-665996 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In the present study, we investigated whether sand flies are prevalent in Bavaria and whether wild mice carry Leishmania parasites and therefore might function as reservoir animals. |
T1141 |
666660-666763 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, until now the involved hypothetical intermediate SF O157:H7 clone had not yet been identified. |
T1142 |
667702-667804 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Of these, certain SNPs or SNP genotypes could be determined to differentiate each serotype or cluster. |
T1143 |
667805-667925 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, SNP data enabled us to further differentiate amongst EHEC O157 subgroups, especially within EHEC O157:H7. |
T1144 |
668034-668172 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The SNP data was further investigated to elaborate new typing techniques using fewer loci in order to get a comparable rate of resolution. |
T1145 |
668594-668772 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In summary, SNP-based typing of EHEC O55 and O157enabled us to close the gap within the evolutionary model of EHEC O157 by identification of an isolate of the hypothetical clone. |
T1146 |
668773-669011 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Moreover, the identified SNPs and associated genotypes open up new prospects and challenges to develop alternative typing methods with less costs and comparable rates of resolution for epidemiological investigations and phylogeny studies. |
T1147 |
669206-669370 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
At present, MRSA is one of the major causes of wound infections in small animals and horses, and infected animals may provide a significant threat to public health. |
T1148 |
669371-669519 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Based on these findings, the aim of this study was to determine the proportion of LA-MRSA in wound swabs obtained from companion animals in Germany. |
T1149 |
670186-670287 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, the proportion of spa-types frequently associated with livestock-associated MRSA (e.g. |
T1150 |
670633-670841 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A similar trend was seen in wound infections due to MRSA in dogs, which in the past had frequently been associated with CC22-and CC5-strains, while currently we identified several cases associated with CC398. |
T1151 |
670842-671237 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: The detected proportions of CC398-associated MRSA in horses and dogs suggests a rapid spread of LA-associated strains into animals other than livestock and raise the question whether these EHSG-MRSA may harbour certain factors or abilities (genetic and/ or functional) mediating the obvious successful spread among different mammalian species apart from their methicillin-resistance. |
T1152 |
671777-671973 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Two pilus regions have been identified in the pneumococcal genome: PI-1 (Pilus Islet-1) and PI-2 (Pilus Islet-2) and, at least for PI-1, their role in pneumococcal pathogenesis has been suggested. |
T1153 |
672808-672928 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Surprisingly, the majority (71,4%) of the pilus-positive non-invasive isolates were positive for both pneumococcal pili. |
T1154 |
673360-673543 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The clonality of the pilus-containing isolates identified here is being determined by MLST analysis and their correlation with antibiotic resistance profiles will also be established. |
T1155 |
673544-673746 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Finally, these data show the scenario of pneumococcal pili distribution among pneumococcal clinical isolates in Germany and may support the potential of PI-1 and PI-2 constituents as vaccine candidates. |
T1156 |
673747-673883 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Background: Hospital-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) is a growing public health concern across the world. |
T1157 |
673884-673944 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Early detection of clusters is vital for patient protection. |
T1158 |
673945-674210 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is considered a 'gold standard' in detecting important outbreak events and widely used despite several limitations such as limited resolution and lack of digitized data, making intra-and interlaboratory comparisons difficult. |
T1159 |
674211-674484 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Spa typing, which relies on sequence variation within the S. aureus protein A gene (spa), has been proven to be a successful tool for investigating the relatedness of strains and the sequence data is easily stored in databases and communicated between researchers globally. |
T1160 |
674572-674813 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These maps can distinguish chromosomal events that are ~>1.5 kb in size, providing a higher resolution of data, as well as fragment organization within the genome, as compared to PFGE (~30 kb detection limit) and probably also to spa typing. |
T1161 |
675212-675369 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The remaining two isolates were different spa types, yet one had the same sequence type (multilocus sequence typing), as the epidemiologically related group. |
T1162 |
675739-675916 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The three unrelated isolates with identical spa types were more closely related to the epidemiologically-linked group (though not identical) than the 2 with different spa types. |
T1163 |
676305-676448 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
OM data corresponded with both the PFGE and spa typing results, yet with a higher resolution, providing more detailed phylogenetic information. |
T1164 |
676449-676643 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This increased resolution may be useful in tracking the progress of a cluster, though further investigations are needed to verify that OM alone is sufficient to identify the spread of pathogens. |
T1165 |
676644-677196 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
M. Merker* 1 , T. Kohl 2 , J. Kalinowski 2 , S. Ruesch-Gerdes 3 , L. Truebe 1 , A. Roetzer 1 , S. Niemann 1 1 Forschungszentrum Borstel, Molekulare Mykobakteriologie, Borstel, Deutschland 2 University of Bielefeld, CEBITEC, Bielefeld, Deutschland 3 Forschungszentrum Borstel, National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Borstel, Deutschland Background: Transmission and phylogenetic background of clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates can be analyzed by genotyping techniques (IS6110 DNA fingerprinting, spoligotyping, MIRU-VNTR typing). |
T1166 |
678430-678574 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, the emergence of SNPs in resistance genes coincides with the development of phenotypic resistance within the course of treatment. |
T1167 |
678782-678909 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: Our results reveal a striking diversity in serial patient isolates that cannot be captured by standard genotyping. |
T1168 |
678939-679035 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
as additional resistance mechanisms or compensatory evolution are currently under investigation. |
T1169 |
679044-679112 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore the existence of two different pathovars was hypothesized. |
T1170 |
679572-679718 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The 231 bi-allelic polymorphisms were used to construct a minimum spanning tree (MST) which was associated in 86 haplotypes among the 102 strains. |
T1171 |
679719-679850 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results indicate that two subpopulations have evolved into different pathovars that are associated with distinct clinical pictures. |
T1172 |
679851-680200 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In addition we could show that much of the population structure of ST121 is local, largely endemic and spread to other countries or continents occur only on rare occasions.Furthermore, and in agreement to prior results in ST5, ST22 and ST239, mapping of spa types onto the MST revealed several spa types whose patterns seemed to reflect homoplasies. |
T1173 |
680390-680585 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It is currently unclear, however, whether genomic variation may also enable the reconstruction of transmission chains between individual patients, e. g. during an outbreak of hospital infections. |
T1174 |
681125-681320 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, not each and every patient got infected by a unique MRSA, and MRSA genomes from several patients were indistinguishable or very closely related, suggesting potential transmission events. |
T1175 |
681321-681430 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It appears that genome sequencing holds promising potential for tracing MRSA spatial spread at a local scale. |
T1176 |
681562-681721 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In Germany, screening is recommended based on the guidelines of the Robert-Kochinstitute; yet, the screening intensity is largely varying between institutions. |
T1177 |
682712-682904 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These figures are higher than those previously determined in other German APS programs, and they also differ from those previously reported from other central European regions or institutions. |
T1178 |
682905-683009 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
spa type 003 (ST225) was most frequent among MRSA followed by spa type 504 (previously rarely reported). |
T1179 |
683010-683202 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A detailed risk assessment (multivariate analysis) revealed that previous MRSA history, chronic care, and presence of a skin wound/ulcer were significantly associated with MRSA carrier status. |
T1180 |
683953-684078 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To date, however, little is known about the rate of MLVA variation and hence its usefulness for the tracing of transmissions. |
T1181 |
685579-685593 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly. |
T1182 |
685899-686141 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our preliminary analyses describe the diversity of MLVA types in strains belonging to the same finetype obtained from different epidemiological settings; specifically, variation seems to increase according to presumed number of transmissions. |
T1183 |
687464-687718 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Of note, in the non-ICU setting, extended-spectrum penicillins (J01CA), cephalosporins (J01DB-DE), carbapenems (J01DH) and quinolones (J01M) accounted (2009/2010) for 2.8%/2.4%, 39%/41.7%, 1.9%/2.2% and 11.7%/8% of the total antibiotic use, respectively. |
T1184 |
688211-688363 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, between the hospitals, we observed a broad range of antibiotic use both with respect to the density and the types of antimicrobial agents used. |
T1185 |
688364-688535 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Together with regional data on bacterial antibiotic-resistance, this data can be used by the network hospitals for discussions aiming to improve local antibiotic policies. |
T1186 |
689253-689388 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However for the control of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) antibiotic stewardship with a focus on prudent use becomes necessary. |
T1187 |
689389-689583 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The aim of this study was to determine risk factors in order to develop an algorithm for optimal empirical treatment in those patients who are at risk of E. faecium blood stream infection (BSI). |
T1188 |
689946-690305 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: Significant associations of E. faecium BSI were found with age, hospital stay prior to blood culture, duration of hospitalization 1 year before admission, fever prior to blood culture, severity and duration of neutropenia, CRP (C-reactive protein) at time of blood culture withdrawal, colonization with E. faecium prior to blood culture and diarrhea. |
T1189 |
690306-690396 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
E. faecium BSIs were found associated with more severe disease and higher mortality rates. |
T1190 |
690715-690853 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: Empirical treatment should be considered in those hematologic patients who are at high risk for development of E. faecium BSI. |
T1191 |
690854-691030 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Using a prognostic model for risk stratification as designed in this study prudent use of glycopeptides becomes possible and might be helpful controlling further spread of VRE. |
T1192 |
691199-691281 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Molecular and phenotypical investigations of the clinical isolates were performed. |
T1193 |
692451-692578 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
ERIC-and REP-PCR analysis of the K. pneumoniae isolates of all patients showed an identical profile suggesting a clonal spread. |
T1194 |
692721-692875 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Prior to the emergence of the Oxa-48 expressing E. coli a less resistant E. coli with an ESBL phenotype could be isolated several times from this patient. |
T1195 |
693031-693130 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This strongly suggests the in vivo transfer of Oxa-48 from K. pneumoniae to E. coli in the patient. |
T1196 |
693229-693369 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Epidemiological, molecular and phenotypical data suggest a horizontal interspecies transfer of Oxa-48 from K. pneumoniae to E. coli in vivo. |
T1197 |
694349-694417 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
126/737 (22%) patients could be included in the follow-up screening. |
T1198 |
694418-694651 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Because 42/111 (37.8%) of the VRE-positive patients had been hospitalised for more than 72 hours before the first screening swabs, the distinction community vs. nosocomial acquisition could be made only for the remaining 69 patients. |
T1199 |
694885-694967 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, none of the VREpositive patients was previously known to carry VRE. |
T1200 |
695568-695649 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Reasons for the high VRE prevalence may be the previous Vancomycin therapy (33%). |
T1201 |
695709-695814 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Neither did colonisation predict consecutive infection, nor was the VRE status associated with mortality. |
T1202 |
696038-696185 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further studies are warranted to determine the role of the environmental contamination especially in a setting of moderate hand hygiene compliance. |
T1203 |
697563-697702 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The proportion of infections with secondary bloodstream infections were significantly associated with the spa type t003 (OR 6.75; p=0.004). |
T1204 |
697703-697801 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The spa type t032 was significantly less associated to secondary bloodstream infections (p=0.041). |
T1205 |
697802-697940 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: The molecular spa typing provided additional information to the epidemiological associations during routine MRSA surveillance. |
T1206 |
698027-698084 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further studies were needed to verify these observations. |
T1207 |
698645-698781 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We evaluated the incidence of MRSA carriage at hospital admission and we investigated some risk factors associated to MRSA colonisation. |
T1208 |
699617-699717 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, only few data about its overall prevalence in certain geographical areas are yet available. |
T1209 |
699904-700000 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In addition we checked for patient subgroups that may be at an increased risk for MRSA carriage. |
T1210 |
700921-701126 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Within healthcare institutions, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be transmitted from patient to patient or via healthcare workers' (HCW) hands, clothes, equipment and the environment. |
T1211 |
701127-701289 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Few studies have evaluated the prevalence of MRSA colonization among HCW outside outbreak situations and the importance of staff as a real source of transmission. |
T1212 |
702883-703007 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The therapy was successful after the first eradication cycle in 100 % of the cases and could be verified in follow-up swaps. |
T1213 |
703727-703909 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Objective: Rates of VREF remain constant or are declining in Germany in recent years, but molecular analyses suggest a genotype switch from vanAtype to vanB-type among hospital VREF. |
T1214 |
706112-706238 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: Reliable detection of low level vancomycin expression in vanB-type VREF is a challenge in the clinical laboratory. |
T1215 |
706239-706390 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Its delayed detection or unnoticed appearance may support further spread of vanB VREF and underestimate its true prevalence among the clinical setting. |
T1216 |
706716-706815 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Multiresistant Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa is an increasing problem in health care facilities [1] . |
T1217 |
706816-706934 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As one of the most important inhabitants of biofilms this Nonfermenter can consist in different reservoirs in clinics. |
T1218 |
706935-707064 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The siphon traps of washing basins are colonized by different germs and may be an underestimated source of pathogen distribution. |
T1219 |
707065-707279 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Long-term surveillance from 2007 to 2009 within a hemato-oncological setting with 24 isolation units for patients with allogenic stem cell transplantation revealed the association of emerging multiresistant P. spp. |
T1220 |
707546-707642 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
During this procedure it was very possible that the patients inhaled aerosols from siphon water. |
T1221 |
707643-707764 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Responsible for this outbreak two strains could be detected by RAPD-PCR and specific P. aeruginosa microarray genotyping. |
T1222 |
708151-708286 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The outbreak could be stopped by implementation of so called Hygiene siphons at the washing basin in all of the 24 isolation units (Fa. |
T1223 |
708525-708714 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Even with maximum barrier infection control measures undertaken to avoid nosocomial infections hidden reservoirs like siphon traps of washing basins can be the source of pathogen outbreaks. |
T1224 |
708715-708853 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The installation of Hygiene siphons in isolation units for high risk patients can help to reduce the distribution of multiresistant germs. |
T1225 |
708854-709024 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Early molecular-epidemiological analysis is urgently needed to verify outbreak situations and is essential to implement specific and effective infection control measures. |
T1226 |
709025-709138 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The gastrointestinal tract harbours a complex microbial ecosystem, engaged in continuous crosstalk with the host. |
T1227 |
709139-709374 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The balanced relationship between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and gut microbes can be disturbed, resulting in the activation of the mucosal immune system which contributes to the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). |
T1228 |
709528-709730 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As IBD may develop after defects of barrier function and based on our microarray data obtained with co-incubated IECs we focussed on proteins (ZO-2, PAR-3, PAR-6) of the apical junctional complex (AJC). |
T1229 |
710103-710245 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Even after barrier disruption by EPEC, barrier function could be restored by incubation with probiotic EcN as monitored by an increase in TER. |
T1230 |
710661-710813 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further insight into the molecular targets of specific miRNAs might foster the development of new strategies for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. |
T1231 |
711127-711330 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Besides commensal and probiotic microorganisms there are also bacterial pathogens such as enteropathogenic E.coli that can cause diarrhea by exploitation of host cells and subversion of defense measures. |
T1232 |
711331-711442 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
How these pathogens interact with and subvert (immune) cells of the intestinal barrier is not fully understood. |
T1233 |
712426-712500 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This is not observed with an EPEC mutant lacking the effector protein Tir. |
T1234 |
712501-712629 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, pedestal formation can be faintly detected also with mutants without functional type III secretion system (T3SS). |
T1235 |
713246-713433 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The comparison of effects of pathogenic and probiotic bacteria on immune cells might reveal further insights into the molecular mechanisms that are impaired in gastrointestinal disorders. |
T1236 |
714720-714843 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Surprisingly LP and MLN DCs of DSS mice expressed significantly higher amounts of TLR2 and TLR4 in comparison to mock mice. |
T1237 |
714844-715011 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Increased appearance of CD103 + DCs and higher amounts of TLR2 and TLR4 are likely to be a counter regulation of the host in order to suppress developing inflammation. |
T1238 |
715061-715231 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Introduction: The bacterial inventory of the human oral cavity is already fairly comprehensive and composed of about 800 different species many of which are uncultivated. |
T1239 |
715232-715354 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the dynamics and variability of the oral microflora in relation to health or disease are still poorly understood. |
T1240 |
715355-715544 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our aim was to test the hypothesis, that the development of oral symptoms after multiple stressing of the immunosystem is related to the composition and diversity of the initial microflora. |
T1241 |
716589-716796 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, when comparing Group I and II an interaction signal of about 3% was consistently observed (under varying analytical parameters) while this was not the case when the two time points of sampling (i.e. |
T1242 |
717084-717233 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Based on the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD) distinct bacterial taxa could be elucidated as key-components explaining the observed differences. |
T1243 |
717234-717545 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: The data indicate that there is a discernable relationship between susceptibility to clinical symptoms and the indigenous, pre-formed oral microbiota which means that the initial composition of the oral ecosystem determines whether or not symptoms develop upon exposure to various stress-parameters. |
T1244 |
717821-717918 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
But unlike all other I Bs, I B seems not only to be an inhibitor but more of a modulator of NF B. |
T1245 |
718077-718236 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We hypothesize that I B at least partially contributes to DC semimaturation, as this process was shown to be dependent on presence of IL-6 and absence of TNF-. |
T1246 |
718345-718433 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Due to this fact I B might play a crucial role in maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. |
T1247 |
718434-718715 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To clarify the role of which might lead to the development of new strategies in treatment of inflammatory bowl diseases we analysed and compared in a first step the I B mRNA and protein expression in naïve, semimature and mature DC using quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. |
T1248 |
718803-718936 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Future experiment will involve I B deficient mice, for generation of BMDC and the analysis of the impact of I B on acute DSS colitis. |
T1249 |
719756-719858 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could also show that all Symbioflor 2 E. coli clearly belong to the cluster of apathogenic E. coli. |
T1250 |
719859-720047 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, it is largely unknown which E. coli genotype is responsible for the products probiotic character and which genes and proteins are involved in the development of a probiotic trait. |
T1251 |
720048-720184 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
E. coli G3/10 has already attracted interest due to its ability of inducing defensin production in cell culture and in human volunteers. |
T1252 |
720185-720457 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Using an in vitro adherence assay with human intestinal epithelial cells we could further show that E. coli G3/10 significantly decreases the adhesion of enteropathogenic E. coli strain E2348/69 (EPEC) to host cells, comparable to the probiotic strain E. coli Nissle 1917. |
T1253 |
720574-720705 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The sequenced genomes together with in vitro data will help us to gain further insight into the probiotic behavior of Symbioflor 2. |
T1254 |
722047-722259 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
55 specific HaeIII T-RF signals could be assigned to various phylogenetic groups and we could show that microbial community structure was different between dental biofilms, saliva and interproximal dental plaque. |
T1255 |
723020-723168 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We conclude that characteristic signatures of microbiota can be found in saliva, interproximal dental plaque and also during oral biofilm formation. |
T1256 |
723169-723368 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Culture-independent analysis of microbiota may provide new insights into the microbial diversity in various communities which was shown here for different oral compartments and growing oral biofilms. |
T1257 |
723555-723749 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, when the balance of the normal flora is altered e. g. during antibiotic or hormonal therapy, C. albicans can cause painful cutaneous or subcutaneous infections including vulvovaginitis. |
T1258 |
723972-724046 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the role of lactobacilli in candidal vulvovaginitis is not known. |
T1259 |
724146-724300 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore we analyzed how far lactobacilli may influence the yeast-hyphal transition has been described as a factor that facilitates the invasion process. |
T1260 |
724606-724927 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We analyzed how far the different Lactobacillus strains influence the viability (XTT_reduction assay) of Candida as well as the expression of hyphae-specific genes (ALS3, HWP1, HYR1) Results: Only L. crispatus inhibited the growth of all Candida albicans isolates under study and diminished their viability significantly. |
T1261 |
725235-725304 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: From our results one may conclude that lactobacillus spp. |
T1262 |
725305-725368 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
may either favour or inhibit pathogenicity of Candida albicans. |
T1263 |
725523-725644 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The gut of mammalians is colonised by a complex flora of microorganisms containing 500 -1000 different bacterial species. |
T1264 |
725984-726022 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The mechanism however remains unclear. |
T1265 |
726785-727031 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, by the use of new culture-independent techniques unbiased semi-quantitative analysis of complex bacterial communities are now available which could help to better understand the role of microbiota in colonisation and pathogenicity of CF. |
T1266 |
727542-727990 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This finding was supported by the culture-independent analysis of bacterial nucleic acid in respiratory samples using T-RFLP, however, we also found new aspects of respiratory infections by the culture-independent method with increasing rates of anaerobic bacteria in CF patients at older age which potentially contribute to clinical progression of CF lung disease; however, prospective clinical studies are required to confirm this new assumption. |
T1267 |
728143-728406 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
High relative abundance of Staphylococci (24%), Neisseria / Haemophilus (16%), Streptococci (9%), Bacteroidetes (6%) and Veillonella (5%) were found whereas the Pseudomonas species were detected with surprisingly low frequencies in samples (1%) of all age groups. |
T1268 |
728459-728668 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
T-RFLP) will fundamentally change the current view of polymicrobial lung infection in CF patients due to the unbiased detection of potentially new respiratory pathogens and due to the new quantitative aspects. |
T1269 |
728669-728846 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We suppose that very soon culture-independent analysis of the respiratory microbiota could become a new diagnostic standard for optimized diagnostics and therapy of CF patients. |
T1270 |
728939-729119 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Yet, opposite to the upper respiratory tract and the gut, the lower respiratory tract including lung has been considered free of foreign microorganisms, so it is vastly unexplored. |
T1271 |
729120-729237 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To understand how lung micro-ecology affects host defense and infection, it is essential to identify lung commensals. |
T1272 |
730248-730387 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Notably, we detected bacterial communities on alveolar epithelia by eubacteria specific FISH in the absence of inflammatory lung pathology. |
T1273 |
730760-730955 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Ultimately, we expect that our lung isolates or major species by non-culture method can be introduced into mouse model experiment for lung commensalism as well as coinfection with lung pathogens. |
T1274 |
731118-731304 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The salivary microbiome as an indicator of human-microbe coevolution Introduction: Human-associated bacteria hold great potential for shedding light on the history of our ancestors (i.e. |
T1275 |
731463-731629 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We currently test the hypothesis that oral microbes may function as chronometer of human evolution thereby allowing a fine-scale differentiation of human populations. |
T1276 |
732134-732314 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: The ITS region of F. nucleatum and the gdh of mitis-streptococci could be directly PCR-amplified from saliva DNA-extract using newly designed as well as published primers. |
T1277 |
732637-732830 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Based on phylogenetic tree reconstruction most clusters consisted of sequence types which were representative for multiple countries, however, one country was typically dominating in a cluster. |
T1278 |
732939-733072 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: Oral microbes found in saliva may exhibit a clonal structure and thus be representative for a distinct geographic region. |
T1279 |
733073-733229 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Phylogenetic tools such as UniFrac are necessary to compute the distances within and between hosts in order to discern geographical and ethnic associations. |
T1280 |
733230-733700 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Given that saliva is increasingly preferred in sampling humans as a source of DNA for epidemiologic and population genetic studies, the salivary microbiome may hold additional valuable information for providing new perspectives on unsolved human migration patterns -an issue of great social, anthropological, and medical importance Introduction: Clinical studies revealed that the probiotic mixture VSL#3 is protective in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). |
T1281 |
734035-734170 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The aim of the present study was to identify the active probiotic structure triggering the loss of the proinflammatory chemokine IP-10. |
T1282 |
736235-736790 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The identification of lactocepin as a probiotic structure could enable a more structure-based evaluation of probiotic bacteria for therapeutical interventions in the context of chronic inflammation PWV05 Flagellin and tcpC are essential factors of the protective effect of E. coli Nissle strain 1917 in DSS-induced colitis S. Menz* 1 , K. Gronbach 1 , P. Adam 2 , A. Wieser 3 , S. Schubert 3 , U. Dobrindt 4 , T. (EcN) is as effective as mesalazine in maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis and shortens the duration of diarrhea in young children. |
T1283 |
736791-736955 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We studied in a preclinical model of acute colitis whether EcN protects from disease and analysed the bacterial mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory capacity. |
T1284 |
737654-737805 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However a second bacterial factor tcpC also contributes to the protective effect of EcN as the tcpC mutant strain was not able to protect from disease. |
T1285 |
737806-737885 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Administration of the double mutant fliC tcpC of EcN evidences this conclusion. |
T1286 |
737988-738097 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However contribution of further bacterial factors to the anti-inflammatory effect of EcN can not be excluded. |
T1287 |
738957-739100 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The observed discrepancy is most likely due to the lack of mucin on these cell lines, whereas mucus might still be present in the cryosections. |
T1288 |
739651-739805 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In contrast, the E. coli strain CFT073 harboring and expressing an identical fliC gene adhered as inefficient to mucin2 as EcN fliC for unknown reason(s). |
T1289 |
739931-740031 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This is in contrast to the general assumption, that E. coli are peritrichously flagellated bacteria. |
T1290 |
740180-740284 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, this organelle might be of importance for efficient, transient colonization of the human gut. |
T1291 |
740678-740737 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the underlying molecular networks are ill defined. |
T1292 |
741277-741512 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
While bacteria control the generation of B cell-containing isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF) from B cell-free cryptopatches, it is unknown whether the development of cryptopatches is programmed or also instructed by environmental cues. |
T1293 |
741513-741756 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The family of Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain-containing proteins is conserved throughout all eukaryotic species and it is believed that this group of proteins has evolved to control adaptation of multicellular organisms to environmental challenges. |
T1294 |
741999-742142 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although the role of the AhR in the response to environmental toxins is appreciated, its role in the mucosal immune system is not well defined. |
T1295 |
742143-742281 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We addressed the role of the AhR for development and function of ROR t + ILC by generating mice lacking the AhR in ROR t + ILC (Ahr LTi ). |
T1296 |
742282-742345 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, Ahr LTi lacked genesis of cryptopatches and ILF. |
T1297 |
743509-743640 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The aim of our study was to investigate whether proteases produced by commensal gut bacteria contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. |
T1298 |
744535-744731 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore, using LC-MS/MS analysis, we could indentify cleavage sites for GelE in the sequence of recombinant murine E-Cadherin suggesting the possibility for a direct GelE-mediated degradation. |
T1299 |
744961-745054 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The loss of barrier integrity was associated with reduced levels of extracellular E-Cadherin. |
T1300 |
745236-745437 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We could show specificity for the GelE-mediated loss of barrier function by using an E. faecalis lipoprotein as unrelated control and the broad spectrum MMP inhibitor Marimastat to block GelE activity. |
T1301 |
745746-745801 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Dendritic cells (DCs) can provide different phenotypes. |
T1302 |
745802-745892 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
They can display an immature DC (iDC) phenotype or an activated mature DC (mDC) phenotype. |
T1303 |
745893-745967 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Recently a third phenotype has been discovered, termed semimature (smDCs). |
T1304 |
746611-746811 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore we suggest that semi-maturation plays an important role in maintaining the intestinal homeostasis and that regulation of Cathepsin S could be a potential target for the treatment of colitis. |
T1305 |
746826-746971 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
An average number of 4202 sequences were obtained per tissue sample (mean length, 234 bp), and 98.5% of sequences could be classified into phyla. |
T1306 |
747620-747830 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These differences were associated with highly significant differences of microbiota composition, which are likely responsible for attenuating responses to H. hepaticus in mice housed at one of the institutions. |
T1307 |
748762-748860 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Thus they have not been the target for many commercial companies manufacturing these technologies. |
T1308 |
748861-749007 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
There is however a need for efficiency and improved quality provided by standardised procedures that are optimally furnished by automated systems. |
T1309 |
749008-749391 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Methods: A university diagnostic laboratory providing a service to approximately 1800 in-patient beds, most of which (1200) are in a tertiary care / university setting and the remainder in a satellite teaching hospital also providing tertiary care, underwent a trial of an automated inoculation apparatus, with a view to further automatisation and integration of advanced technology. |
T1310 |
750900-751098 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In this setting automatisation can be of great benefit by freeing technical staff for more tasks more appropriate to their training and also to the demands of a tertiary care / reference laboratory. |
T1311 |
751240-751414 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
As the spirochete resists conventional cultivation and to overcome test specific limitations, laboratory diagnosis is based on a stepwise approach using immunological assays. |
T1312 |
751415-751590 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, independent clinical evaluation of such tests is not mandatory within the EU and currently, a large number of assays of variable analytical quality are on the market. |
T1313 |
752963-753252 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In this study we confirm previous investigations that, although positive trends are obvious, the sensitivity and specificity of currently applied assays for syphilis diagnostics can still vary substantially, depending on the stage of disease, the type of test and the kind of manufacturer. |
T1314 |
753253-753508 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our results demonstrate that ongoing external quality control of routine diagnostic laboratories and in depth clinical evaluation of diagnostic assays is clearly needed to monitor test quality and to ensure a high level of quality in syphilis diagnostics. |
T1315 |
753509-753731 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
External quality control of immunodiagnostics in rare and fastidious pathogens (bordetella, mycoplasma, coxiella, campylobacter, and yersinia): a metaanalysis of proficiency testing trials K.-P. Hunfeld* 1 , I. Müller 1 1 |
T1316 |
753732-753926 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Introduction: There is a long tradition in the participation of medical laboratories in external quality control of well established parameters and diagnostic procedures in medical microbiology. |
T1317 |
753927-754029 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This tradition is now additionally enforced by the new guidelines of the German chamber of physicians. |
T1318 |
754030-754155 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Evaluations of proficiency testing trials of indirect detection methods for rare and fastidious pathogens however are sparse. |
T1319 |
754156-754346 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Most importantly the participation in such surveys is not mandatory in Germany although there is a lack of test standardization and very few data are available on the quality of such assays. |
T1320 |
756119-756410 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: Although, proficiency testing trials cannot fully substitute clinical evaluations of immunodiagnostic tests, the results of our metaanalysis demonstrate a very variable degree of standardization and assay quality in the serodiagnostics of rare and fastidious bacterial pathogens. |
T1321 |
756411-756771 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Most importantly, our observations provide interesting insights into the comparability of different assay systems the interpretation of quantitative and semi quantitative test results and the correct clinical interpretation of the serological findings pointing to limitations of these diagnostic procedures in the routine diagnostic microbiological laboratory. |
T1322 |
756883-756991 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It has been shown an association between nasal colonization of S. aureus and infection with the same strain. |
T1323 |
756992-757114 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Of particular concern is a worldwide increase in the number of infections caused by methicllin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). |
T1324 |
758745-759090 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We observed association the more predominant MRSA clone the more virulence genes were detected: t003 -15 genes (sea, sed, seg, sei, sej, selm, seln, selo, ser, selu, lukD, lukE, sak, chp, scn); t032 -12 genes (sec, sed, seg, sei, sel, selm, seln, selo, selu, sak, chp, scn); t004 -10 genes (sed, seg, sei, selm, seln, selo, selu, sak, chp, scn). |
T1325 |
759091-759305 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although, most of the la-MRSA carry no tested virulence factors, some la-MRSA harbour important virulence factors which shows the genomic plasticity of this MRSA subtype and possible adaptive changes in the future. |
T1326 |
759614-759797 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Originally associated with consumption of raw milk and dairy products or contact to cattle, C. ulcerans has increasingly been isolated from domestic animals such as pet dogs and cats. |
T1327 |
759929-760089 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Here we report the first case of proven transmission of a toxigenic C. ulcerans strain between a pet cat and a human causing pharyngeal diphtheria-like illness. |
T1328 |
760231-760514 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Objectives: Human infections due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the zoonotic germs C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis are rare but potentially life-threatening events requiring specific antibiotic treatment, and in cases suspicious for diphtheria the prompt antitoxin therapy. |
T1329 |
760731-760973 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Benzyl penicillin and erythromycin are still recommended for specific antibiotic treatment, to eradicate the pathogen in patients and to prevent infection among contacts, although only very few antimicrobial susceptibility data are available. |
T1330 |
761627-761819 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: Benzyl penicillin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin seem to be highly active substances in all three Corynebacterium species (susceptibility rates of 98.1, 98.1 and 96.2% respectively). |
T1331 |
762130-762300 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: Our data emphasize the need for an accurate species identification of potentially toxigenic corynebacteria and underscore the necessity of antibiotic testing. |
T1332 |
762301-762499 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although clindamycin is not a first-line drug in diphtheria therapy, it is favoured for the treatment of wound infections, but due to our results C. ulcerans is not surely covered by this substance. |
T1333 |
762500-762642 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Benzyl penicillin and erythromycin can be still recommended for specific antibiotic treatment in Germany, but antibiotic resistance may occur. |
T1334 |
763644-763734 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Following our phylogenetic analyses, this isolate can be identified as Helicobacter felis. |
T1335 |
763948-764060 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Infections in humans have been reported, but culture is difficult due to the fastidious nature of this organism. |
T1336 |
764400-764503 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore, culture of fastidious non-H. pylori helicobacters using our standard protocol is possible. |
T1337 |
764645-765001 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Stüger 2 , E. Glocker 1 , M. Kist 1 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, National Reference Centre for Helicobacter pylori, Freiburg, Deutschland 2 Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Graz, Oesterreich Introduction: Metronidazole is part of the Italian triple therapy, which is a recommended first line scheme for H. pylori eradication. |
T1338 |
765158-765320 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, phenotypic susceptibility testing is currently not approved by the FDA due to "variance in test results, lack of reproducibility and clinical relevance". |
T1339 |
765486-765653 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, the aim of our study is to evaluate factors that influence the precision and reproducibility of metronidazole susceptibility testing using the Etest method. |
T1340 |
766171-766331 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) detected on Mueller-Hinton and Isosensitest agar after 48h and 72h of incubation showed a high correlation. |
T1341 |
766688-766862 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: There is a small but systematic influence of culture media and incubation period on metronidazole testing using the Etest method, but correlation of MICs is high. |
T1342 |
766863-766919 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To evaluate the reproducibility further data are needed. |
T1343 |
766920-767464 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
J. Kolb* 1 , D. Hillemann 1 , J. Reetz 2 , S. Rüsch-Gerdes 1 , E. Richter 1 1 Forschungszentrum Borstel, Nationales Referenzzentrum für Mykobakterien, Borstel, Deutschland 2 Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, Deutschland Introduction: One of the most frequent isolated species within nontuberculous mycobacteria is M. avium, which is ubiquitously found in the environment and has been shown to be responsible for a variety of human diseases, mainly in immunocomprised patients, but also in patients with no obvious immune deficiencies. |
T1344 |
767617-767654 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Routes of infection are rarely known. |
T1345 |
767817-767939 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the applicability of MLST and MIRU-VNTR for distinguishing M. avium strains. |
T1346 |
768674-768775 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Various single nucleotide polymorphisms could be detected by MLST analysis in the genes investigated. |
T1347 |
768776-768894 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Differences in the genes concerning their variability were used to decide the applicability for future investigations. |
T1348 |
768972-769046 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Discussion: By molecular methods subspecies of M. avium can be identified. |
T1349 |
769047-769180 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
MLST enables typing of strains that in future may be used for example for analysis of transmission or reactivation vs. new infection. |
T1350 |
771035-771124 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, the serotype distribution among these isolates has changed considerably as well. |
T1351 |
771295-771418 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The observed reduction of IPD cases with vaccine serotypes in older children and adults indicates a herd protection effect. |
T1352 |
771710-771920 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Establishment of a red deer DNA banc as source for future studies on emerging zoonotic and vector borne pathogens C. Klier* 1 , J. Brenauer 1 , B. Fleischer 2 , E. Gerstmair 1 , M. Niedrig 3 , Y. Schulze 3 , A. |
T1353 |
771921-772398 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Sing 1 , V. Fingerle 1 1 LGL Bayern, NRZ Borrelien,, Oberschleißheim, Deutschland 2 Bernhard-Nocht-Institut , Nationales Referenzzentrum für tropische Infektionserreger, Hamburg, Deutschland 3 Robert Koch Institut, Konsiliarlabor für FSME , Berlin, Deutschland Background: Ongoing global warming is thought to cause environmental changes which could foster the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic as well as vectorborne infectious diseases affecting human and animal health. |
T1354 |
772515-772712 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To date there is little data available on the prevalence of zoonotic and vector borne pathogens such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Francisella tularensis, Babesia spp, Rickettsia spp, or TBE-Virus. |
T1355 |
772713-772928 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Data obtained in seroprevalence studies indicate that wild animals are susceptible to several zoonotic and vector borne pathogens, however do not provide informations to which extend wild animals serve as reservoir. |
T1356 |
772929-773136 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In this study we aim at 1) establishing a DNA banc from well defined material from red deer and 2) to perform first investigations on the prevalence of zoonotic and vector borne pathogens in these materials. |
T1357 |
773137-773303 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Standardized collected and stored DNA-samples may serve as a material collection for longitudinal studies on endemic and emerging zoonotic and vector borne pathogens. |
T1358 |
774173-774248 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further pathogenscreening actually is on the way and data will be provided. |
T1359 |
774373-774560 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: The detection of A. phagocytophilum DNA in the screened samples indicates that lymph nodes from red deer is suitable for screening purposes with respect to A. phagocytophilum. |
T1360 |
774561-774670 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The absence of F. tularensis DNA in lymph nodes however does not conclusively rule out red deer as reservoir. |
T1361 |
774671-774809 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Due to the high mobility and broad distribution of red deer, it might serve as a sentinel for emerging zoonotic and vectorborne pathogens. |
T1362 |
774810-774910 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The presented DNA banc is an important prerequisite for future investigations on emerging pathogens. |
T1363 |
774994-775232 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Infection with Borrelia can result in clinical manifestations of the skin (Erythema migrans, Borrelia lymphocytoma, Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans), nervous system (neuroborreliosis), joints (Lyme Arthritis) or heart (Lyme Carditis). |
T1364 |
775233-775310 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Currently concise data on the incidences of LB in European countries is rare. |
T1365 |
775674-775830 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Reporting regimens are very heterogenous among European countries and there is little information on the reliability of the employed reporting systems (e.g. |
T1366 |
776671-776781 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Longitudinal data on the incidence of LB in Europe indicate that some countries observe a clear increase, e.g. |
T1367 |
777284-777387 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
For the purpose of comparable data, well designed sentinels or prospective studies are urgently needed. |
T1368 |
777556-777726 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In case of infection with B. spielmanii or B. valaisiana the melting curve analysis could not differentiate between the two species because of overlapping melting curves. |
T1369 |
777920-778048 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Preliminary results suggest that there is a low risk to develop Lyme borreliosis after a Borrelia-infected tick bite in Romania. |
T1370 |
778581-778706 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Quantitative results were converted into IU/ml wherever possible using the suggestions from the producers of diagnostic kits. |
T1371 |
779527-779704 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: Many laboratories used methods that are not recommended by the EU reference laboratories and report results that cannot be related to the WHO reference preparation. |
T1372 |
779705-780079 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Retrospective performance of HRM-PCR to discover two outbreaks of listeriosis in Austria, 2008 -2010 Introduction: For public health laboratories in charge of listeriosis surveillance, high-resolution melting PCR (HRM-PCR) analysis is a promising new technique to get by with low specificity of serotyping and various disadvantages of pulsed field gelelectrophoresis (PFGE). |
T1373 |
781872-781998 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: HRM-PCR analysis appears to be a sensitive, fast and inexpensive screening method to discover possible outbreaks. |
T1374 |
782540-782630 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although particular clonal lineages were associated with particular geographic areas (e.g. |
T1375 |
783648-783714 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, a considerable portion of them was lacking arcA and mphB. |
T1376 |
783863-783980 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Although finding of the same rudimentary inverted repeat in the fosB vicinity and of sek and set suggest relatedness. |
T1377 |
784104-784308 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore CA-MRSA clones which belonged to ST1, ST5, ST22, ST152 The capsule-specific synthesis (cap) regions II of Haemophilus influenzae serotypes c and d (Hic and Hid) were unknown before this study. |
T1378 |
785159-785217 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Ccs2 seems to be a member of glycosyltransferase family 2. |
T1379 |
785811-785980 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Their putative role in the conversion of -D-GlcNAc to -D-ManANAc corresponds to the repetitive disaccharide units -D-GlcNAc and -D-ManANAc of the capsule polysaccharide. |
T1380 |
786104-786251 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
as well as to more distant genera including N. meningitidis suggest horizontal gene transfer during capsule evolution across the bacterial classes. |
T1381 |
787203-788067 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Within the year 2010, about 6000 bacterial samples from human disease cases were analyzed and among others the following interesting observations with respect to typing of the strains were made: 1) Reduction in occurrence of the formerly leading Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis 2) Increase in occurrence of monophasic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains 3) Increased observation of Salmonella infections in children caused by rare serotypes and the link to reptile presence in households 4) Virulence gene fingerprinting of disease-associated intestinal E. coli and characterization of intermediate E. coli strains which contain virulence genes or plasmids from different pathotypes 5) Work on outbreaks or family-associated cases due to Salmonella (75), E. coli (31, EHEC and EPEC), Campylobacter (10), Shigella sonnei (2) , and Listeria (2) . |
T1382 |
789140-789374 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Even though phenotypic susceptibility testing, as standardised by the NRC, has been shown to be reliable and reproducible, it may fail due to extra-long transport times, incorrect handling of gastric tissue samples and contaminations. |
T1383 |
789754-789978 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Since 2006, the NRC has been offering gastroenterologists a unique service: on request, they are sent individual treatment recommendations based on the antimicrobial resistance patterns of their patients' H. pylori isolates. |
T1384 |
789979-790180 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Data on the outcome of the so far more than 1500 therapy recommendations will be analysed and will provide precious data to work out optimised treatment recommendations for difficult-to-treat patients. |
T1385 |
790181-790582 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
10 years after being founded, the NRC for H. pylori established itself as an indispensable institution needed to (i) improve the diagnosis of H. pylori related infections; (ii) to control the development of antimicrobial resistance in H. pylori; (iii) to standardise antimicrobial susceptibility testing procedures; and (iv) to give treatment recommendations in difficultto-treat H. pylori infections. |
T1386 |
790583-791049 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Characterization of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) K. Brandt* 1 , A. Mellmann 1 , C. Jenke 1 , R. Köck 1 1 University Hospital Münster, Institute for Hygiene, Münster, Deutschland Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen and the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has become a major concern especially in healthcare settings. |
T1387 |
791452-791670 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, studies have shown that zoonotic MRSA-isolates from livestock mainly belong to the MLST clonal complex 398 and are mostly associated with a limited subset of spa types (predominantly with t011, t108 and t034). |
T1388 |
791671-791876 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
To assess the range of genetic diversity among these MRSA isolates, we investigate in whether multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) provides a greater resolution than spa-typing. |
T1389 |
792061-792253 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We aim to investigate the diversity of livestock-associated MRSA isolates derived between 2005 and 2010 from more than 50 pig stables comprising locations in various federal states of Germany. |
T1390 |
792254-792414 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
First results of MLVA show that by spa-typing indistinguishable strains of different geographic regions can be clustered into at least two different MLVA-types. |
T1391 |
792415-792544 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
MLVA discriminated isolates associated with spa-type t011 from two different pig farms assigning them to MLVA-types 398 and 2215. |
T1392 |
792545-792685 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Yet, the MLVA profiles identified so far differ in only one locus which supports the theory of a clonal origin of livestock-associated MRSA. |
T1393 |
792686-792840 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
MLVA typing of zoonotic MRSA might therefore contribute to a better understanding of its genetic diversity against a geographical and temporal background. |
T1394 |
792841-793006 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our findings will finally add valuable information to investigate the transmission dynamics of a zoonotic pathogen that has only recently overcome a species barrier. |
T1395 |
793158-793531 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Schmidt 1 , G. Schares 2 , P. Maksimov 2 , W. Däubener 1 1 Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Düsseldorf, Deutschland 2 Institut für Epidemiologie, Friedrich Löffler Institut, Wusterhausen, Deutschland Neospora caninum (N. caninum) is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite which is very close related to Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). |
T1396 |
794035-794211 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
After production of a N. caninum specific anti-GRA9 antiserum against the recombinant protein it could be shown by Western Blot that the NcGRA9 gene encodes a 40,2 kDa protein. |
T1397 |
794500-794640 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore, we could show that after invasion of the parasites into the host cell NcGRA9 is secreted into the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). |
T1398 |
794703-794944 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In sum, we could verify in this study that NcGRA9 and TgGRA9 are structurally similar, show immunological cross reactivity and are similar distributed within the respective parasites which indicate a close relationship between both proteins. |
T1399 |
795207-795324 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In host cells the parasite develops within a parasitophorous vacuole (PV), which causes handicaps in nutrient supply. |
T1400 |
795749-795949 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Recent coimmunoprecipitation data indicate that GRA9 is a major interaction partner of GRA7 and GRA3 which both were found to be important in nutrient transport between the host cell and the parasite. |
T1401 |
796167-796283 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Results indicate that the C-terminus of GRA9 is essential and sufficient for the correct GRA9 secretion into the PV. |
T1402 |
796284-796416 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
GRA9-proteins lacking the last one hundred amino acids, including two hydrophobic domains show an alteration in secretion behaviour. |
T1403 |
796417-796555 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The C-terminal truncated GRA9-protein was found exclusively within the cytoplasm of the parasites and could not enter the lumen of the PV. |
T1404 |
796556-796866 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Advances in the biomolecular interaction analysis of immunoglobulin-binding protein EibG from Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause diarrhea and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans and belong therefore to a group of pathogens of major interest. |
T1405 |
797097-797236 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Additionally to the potential evasion of host immune response, EibG is involved in bacterial adherence to host intestinal epithelial cells. |
T1406 |
797670-797865 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The possible functional role of glycosylation of IgG, harboring N-glycans in the CH2 domain of the Fc fragment, in EibG affinity was investigated with native and enzymatically deglycosylated IgG. |
T1407 |
798059-798325 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Next EibG affinity to IgG subtypes of different vertebrate species was determined by ELISA under variable conditions aimed at identification of Igs with high binding affinity to EibG that may facilitate efficient isolation and purification of EibG from cell lysates. |
T1408 |
798326-798506 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Pending determination of the amino acid sequences of EibG variants will be performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). |
T1409 |
798507-798665 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Thus, peptide mapping and comparison to sequences of other Eib-proteins should help to unravel the molecular mechanisms of IgG-binding and cellular adherence. |
T1410 |
798666-798897 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Furthermore, in search of the cellular receptors of epithelial cells, the potential affinity of EibG to glycosphingolipids of different biological origin will be explored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) overlay assay techniques. |
T1411 |
799191-799261 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Recently complement has also been shown to be involved in typical HUS. |
T1412 |
799262-799499 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In this study, mostly weakly significant associations with homozygosities of complement allotype C7 M and inversely with factor H 402H were found, suggesting that 402Y and C7 M allotypes predispose to (typical) hemolytic uremic syndrome. |
T1413 |
799864-800079 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Clinical signs are extremely variable, ranging from asymptomatic to chronic symptoms including severe diarrhoea and abdominal pain, and the contributing factors and mechanisms of pathophysiology are largely unknown. |
T1414 |
800080-800317 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The zoonosis potential of distinct Giardia intestinalis genotypes has been highlighted, however, definition of specific parasite virulence factors and host risk factors has been hampered by the lack of functional epidemiological studies. |
T1415 |
800318-800652 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The aim of this project is to built-up a unique database-linked biobank collection of Giardia intestinalis from human clinical cases and isolates from the field or from domestic animals and thus connecting epidemiological data and molecular characteristics with in-vitro functional test using the respective parasite isolate cultures. |
T1416 |
800653-800751 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Subsequently, we will exploit the data and clonal parasite collection for functional studies, e.g. |
T1417 |
800752-800857 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
to correlate genotype-specific variations in potential virulence factors with functional characteristics. |
T1418 |
801201-801448 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
First genotyping results of cloned parasites at the glutamate dehydrogenase gene locus indicate a successful establishment of assemblage B sub-cultures, which are more difficult to isolate than assemblage A due to slower growth behaviour in vitro. |
T1419 |
803789-803999 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Hence the here presented tool assist users strongly during their studies on novel aspects and hypotheses in their research field when providing the complete accessible knowledge in a fast and structured manner. |
T1420 |
804000-804050 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Now, knowledge is there where knowledge should be. |
T1421 |
805429-805649 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
If querying annotated genomes, the user may choose various output file formats such as a list of orthologous core ORFs, the sequence of the core ORFs for a reference strain, and/or these core ORFs sequences concatenated. |
T1422 |
806139-806311 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
All non-core ORFs are reported to the User in categorized files (e.g., multi-copy ORFs, alternative start and/or stop codons, gaps in alignments, <95% sequence similarity). |
T1423 |
806312-806481 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: The Microbial Core Genome analysis tool, MCGenome, can be used to comparatively analyze multiple annotated genomes or interrogate a single un-annotated one. |
T1424 |
807021-807114 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The spargana invade the brain, eye, viscera, and the subcutis, and can cause serious illness. |
T1425 |
807115-807283 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
A rare and complicated form, disseminated proliferative sparganosis, is caused by a branching, maldifferentiated plerocercoid provisionally termed Sparganum proliferum. |
T1426 |
808534-808678 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: Spirometra erinaceieuropaei has a cosmopolitan distribution, but most human cases occur in Asia possibly due to local eating habits. |
T1427 |
808679-808891 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
PCR analysis unambiguously identified the species responsible for the patient's disease and thus excluded the more pathogenic Sparganum proliferum, a larval cestode for which the adult strobilar stage is unknown. |
T1428 |
809822-810009 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: Human doctors as well as veterinarians should be prepared to come across cases of Dirofilariasis in Romania, as well as in other European countries regarded nonendemic so far. |
T1429 |
810783-811018 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The strains carried four different eae alleles ( , , and a) which were associated with particular serotypes/fliC types: strains O157:H -[fliCH7] carried eae-g, O157:H16/H -[fliCH16] and O157:H34 eae-, O157:H39 eae-, and O157:H45 eae-a. |
T1430 |
811427-811631 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Phylogenetic analysis of the 31 Stx-negative SF O157 strains using multilocus sequence typing demonstrated five different sequence types (STs 11, 10, 752, 1041, 593) and O157:H16 were associated with HUS. |
T1431 |
811632-811838 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our data demonstrate that the group of E. coli O157 pathogenic for humans is broader than previously thought and includes, besides classical nSF STEC O157:H7 also SF E. coli O157 of several other serotypes. |
T1432 |
812427-812598 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In contrast to the wellstudied EHEC O157:H7, only little is known about the genome content and genome plasticity (e. g. loss of Stx-encoding genes [stx]) of this serotype. |
T1433 |
813688-813785 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, the SNP in rpoS (position 443, TAG to TGG) resolved a stopcodon to an intact gene. |
T1434 |
813786-813929 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
RpoS plays a crucial role in survival against stress and controls a large regulon, among them KatE (catalase HPII), which is dependent on RpoS. |
T1435 |
814054-814168 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
MalT, the transcriptional activator of maltose-regulon genes, may be also involved in protection against stresses. |
T1436 |
814169-814339 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In contrast, the change in MreB, which is involved in cell division, chromosome segregation, and is responsible for the typical rod shape of cells, is not understood yet. |
T1437 |
814340-814561 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, synonymous SNPs, which usually represent the molecular clock and the normal mutation rate within a chromosome, were not detected indicating that external factors were responsible for the pathogens´ changes. |
T1438 |
814738-814838 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further studies will focus on the impact of the phenotypic changes to the host-pathogen interaction. |
T1439 |
815029-815157 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
D. repens can accidentally infect humans, which usually results in a subcutaneous nodule containing a single infertile parasite. |
T1440 |
815767-815903 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In the recent years we diagnosed more cases of human D. repens infections than ever before, suggesting an increasing rate of infections. |
T1441 |
815904-816026 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
It has been postulated that climate warming will lead to spread of D. repens infections even to regions north of the Alps. |
T1442 |
816273-816434 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion: The number of D. repens infections seems to be increasing and doctors should be prepared to diagnose and treat corresponding infections in travelers. |
T1443 |
816955-817096 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, PrP C is composed of several overlapping types in brain protein complexes but little is known about the composition of the subtypes. |
T1444 |
817913-818095 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Our findings demonstrate that heterogenous PrP C phenotypes overlapping in brains may be separated regarding their solubility characteristics and convey distinct solubility subtypes. |
T1445 |
818096-818347 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Protein differentiation by solubility experiments can therefore facilitate the separation of PrP C types, can provide detailed information on protein composition and can offer new prospects for transformation efficiency to PrP Sc by conversion assays. |
T1446 |
819433-819584 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Transcriptomic and proteomic characterisation of these strains suggested changes in expression of flagellar genes, which may explain the AAG phenotype. |
T1447 |
819752-819927 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
All mutants colonized the mouse intestine to similar levels as the wildtype strain, but differed in their potential to induce diarrhea and inflammatory responses in the colon. |
T1448 |
820094-820351 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusion/Significance: Although there are subtle phenotypes associated with these putative RNA-binding proteins, there is currently no proof that these proteins function as general RNA-chaperones, as the predicted pleiotropic phenotypes were not observed. |
T1449 |
820500-820738 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), which have been associated with Crohn's disease, show traits similar to human and animal extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) regarding their phylogenetic origin and virulence gene profile. |
T1450 |
820739-820988 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, previous studies have shown that human ExPEC strains rarely share the AIEC phenotype, whereas only limited data are available on the AIEC-like phenotype properties of animal E. coli strains, both from extraintestinal and intestinal sources. |
T1451 |
820989-821271 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
We therefore analyzed the AIEC phenotype of 79 ExPEC strains from birds, cats, dogs, and swine, which were selected with respect to multi locus sequence types (STs) that had previously been linked with AIEC strains from patients with Crohn's disease, including ST131, ST73 and ST10. |
T1452 |
821826-821978 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Interestingly, none of the STC73 ExPEC strains showed this phenotype, whereas 72.4% of STC73 strains from enteritis were confirmed as AIEC-like strains. |
T1453 |
821979-822234 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Due to the non-arbitrary strain selection no conclusion can be drawn considering the real prevalence of AIEC-like strains in the intestinal tract of animals, but their frequent detection provides support for a lack of host-specificity and a zoonotic risk. |
T1454 |
822235-822550 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Further studies including well characterized diseased animals are needed in order to detect putative reservoirs of AIEC strains, even in the intestine of asymptomatic carriers, and to evaluate the dimension of the risk with respect to the implementation of prevention and control measures and thus to public health. |
T1455 |
823492-823696 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These findings have implications in the pathogenesis of HUS, and suggest the existence of yet to be delineated Stx type-specific mechanisms of endothelial injury beyond inhibition of protein biosynthesis. |
T1456 |
823697-823947 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Simultaneous detection of eight potential bioterrorism agents by real time PCR The Bacillus anthracis attacks in the United States in 2001 demonstrated the need of fast and reliable diagnostic methods for the detection of potential biological agents. |
T1457 |
824428-824533 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, an assay for the simultaneous detection of eight different agents has not been developed so far. |
T1458 |
825389-825545 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
In total we designed a real-time PCR TaqMan assay combination for the detection of eight different potential bioterrorism specimen in one real-time PCR run. |
T1459 |
825546-825754 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
This assay is easily to handle because of lyophilizied primers and probes and for the first time, it is possible to detect all these highly virulent pathogens at the same time with very good detection limits. |
T1460 |
826317-826471 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
The persister state is reversible and dormant cells might be expected to form stochastically during growth of a culture, prior to the antibiotic exposure. |
T1461 |
827405-827513 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Challenging of HG001-003 with 10-fold tobramycin resulted in SCV-like cells upon cultivation on solid media. |
T1462 |
827514-827664 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
These results indicate that stationary-phase cells are more antibiotic tolerant than exponential-phase cells due to the elevated levels of persisters. |
T1463 |
827665-827803 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Thus, growth phase as well as strain background and genotype appear to be important factors in the formation of S. aureus persister cells. |
T1464 |
828215-828542 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic Background: The pattern recognition molecule NOD2 plays an important role in maintaining of intestinal homeostasis and mutation of the NOD2 gene has been associated in humans with increased susceptibility to Crohn's disease. |
T1465 |
828694-829029 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
However, several studies in mice have shown that NOD2 plays an important role in controlling the composition of the intestinal microbiota by regulating expression of antimicrobial peptides and in the host defense against several intestinal pathogens such as Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Citrobacter rodentium or Helicobacter hepaticus. |
T1466 |
830070-830249 |
Epistemic_statement |
denotes |
Conclusions: These results clearly demonstrate a link between E. faecalis stain specificity and the ability of this commensal to trigger disease in a genetically susceptible host. |