CORD-19:4ca5d854d3f99440b507fd7dfae73c8ad6fc45d5 JSONTXT 9 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE Lectin_function

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-935 Epistemic_statement denotes DVP01 "Inactivated mycobacteria bead preparation" method for identification of mycobacteria by MALDI-TOF MS DVP02 MALDI-TOF MS for functional detection of ß-lactam resistance of positive blood cultures DVP03 Molecular typing of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from patients with cystic fibrosis by repetitive sequence-based PCR DVP04 Photochemical inactivation allows papid diagnostics of Alpha- and Poxviruses DVP05 Rapid detection and molecular differentiation of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans strains by LightCycler PCR DVP06 Use of recombinant proteins for optimized serodiagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections DVP07 MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of bacteria difficult to identify by standard procedures DVP08 Carbapenemase detection by phenotypic methods DVP09 Direct identification of uropathogens by MALDI-TOF-MS and interfering factors DVP10 Comparison of different methods for the isolation of tick DNA
T2 946-1131 Epistemic_statement denotes Introduction: Next to the clinical important Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) Nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) are pathogens especially in immunocompromised and senior people.
T3 5911-6053 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, only the decrease of the molecular peak of Ertapenem can be employed as indicator for resistance against carbapenems at the moment.
T4 6054-6240 Epistemic_statement denotes Additional peaks appear in the spectra of the carbapenemase positive strains but these do not directly correspond to the hydrolyzed form of Ertapenem and have not been identified so far.
T5 7643-7772 Epistemic_statement denotes A small proportion of isolates were clonally related (12%), suggesting either cross-transmissions or a common source of exposure.
T6 8003-8289 Epistemic_statement denotes The objective of this study was to determine whether photochemical inactivation of viruses could be accomplished with high efficiency while preserving the molecular integrity of viral targets allowing subsequent diagnostic tests to be performed at a lower level of containment and cost.
T7 8993-9277 Epistemic_statement denotes The presented data could assist in developing methods to inactivate in the field environmental and forensic samples suspected of contamination with high virulence virus, thus limiting the need for costly security and safety operations after an accidental or intentional viral release.
T8 9786-9975 Epistemic_statement denotes Since the respective tox genes of C. diphtheriae and C. ulcerans differ in both DNA and amino acid sequence from each other, both tox genes should be covered by novel real-time PCR methods.
T9 10263-10539 Epistemic_statement denotes Background: Detection of Enterobacteriaceae carrying carbapenemases is challenging since the MIC can be in the susceptible range and because differentiation between carbapenem resistance due to carbapenemases or other mechanisms is not possible by routine susceptible testing.
T10 12027-12125 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: In contrast to recommendations by CLSI the MHT should also be performed for imipenem.
T11 12126-12225 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite a lower specifity the importance of carbapenemase detection justifies a higher sensitivity.
T12 12226-12342 Epistemic_statement denotes Caution should be used in choosing the test media since huge differences in metallobetalactamase detection are seen.
T13 14024-14191 Epistemic_statement denotes These proteins are produced naturally in the body and cannot be removed simply by washing the filter residue because they closely interact with the bacterial membrane.
T14 14278-14385 Epistemic_statement denotes In ticks different pathogens can be found that may cause serious infections in humans and domestic animals.
T15 14628-14801 Epistemic_statement denotes Since the question regarding optimal DNA extraction from ticks is only poorly addressed so far, the present study compared different methods for isolation of DNA from ticks.
T16 17054-17211 Epistemic_statement denotes As minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these strains can be increased but below the standard CLSI-breakpoints, further confirmatory tests are required.
T17 18320-18371 Epistemic_statement denotes By PCR 26 ESBL-positive E. coli could be confirmed.
T18 18898-18974 Epistemic_statement denotes However, use of disk diffusion tests is often more staff-and time-intensive.
T19 18975-19100 Epistemic_statement denotes Background: Enterobacteriaceae resistant to carbapenems are a growing problem in an increasing number of countries worldwide.
T20 19101-19230 Epistemic_statement denotes In Germany, carbapenemase resistance is still rare, but appears to be rising, and several hospital outbreaks have been described.
T21 20209-20360 Epistemic_statement denotes Random PCR (RAPD) was attempted to prove clonal origin of the isolates, yet, in case of these K. pneumoniae isolates the method was not discriminative.
T22 20361-20689 Epistemic_statement denotes As an alternative for rapid typing, MALDI-TOF spectra of isolates were compared yielding an excellent spectrum identity between outbreak strains and a good discrimination towards other unrelated isolates, yet, automated calculation of the dendrogram by the biotyper software was not applicable for intra-species differentiation.
T23 20849-20989 Epistemic_statement denotes RAPD), the diagnostic use of MALDI-TOF spectra may be helpful for preliminary epidemiologic analysis of clinical outbreaks within few hours.
T24 20990-21118 Epistemic_statement denotes The values and limitations of the method need to be further validated for different microorganisms by a standard procedure (e.g.
T25 21119-21268 Epistemic_statement denotes PFGE, MLST), yet, ease of applicability and low running costs make mass spectra analysis a promising tool for first line clinical outbreaks analysis.
T26 24572-24786 Epistemic_statement denotes We examined whether the analysis of bacterial protein patterns by MALDI-TOF-MS (Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry) results in an unequivocal identification in those cases.
T27 24787-25109 Epistemic_statement denotes Methods: Isolates obtained from tissues and fluids of patients in the clinical routine which could not be unambiguously identified by API ® or VITEK ® or by gas chromatography, respectively, were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS. A small number of bacterial cells from the culture plate was directly deposited onto a sample plate.
T28 25483-25668 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: By using MALDI-TOF-MS analysis we could identify nearly 80 % of all isolates which previously had not given a clear result when standard identification procedures were applied.
T29 25669-25776 Epistemic_statement denotes In most cases the bacteria could be identified at the species level, in some cases only at the genus level.
T30 27296-27564 Epistemic_statement denotes Although, studies dealing with cost effectiveness of PCR in the management of CDAD patients are sparse, the BD GenOhm Cdiff assay (PCR) has greater analytical sensitivity than a conventional toxin ELISA maintaining comparable specificity in samples from CADA patients.
T31 27565-28021 Epistemic_statement denotes A. Halfmann* 1 , U. Geipel 1 , L. von Müller 1 , M. Herrmann 1 1 University Hospital of Saarland, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Homburg, Deutschland Background: Universal screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a valuable tool to estimate MRSA prevalence, yet, for a single institution, the laboratory challenges of a large campaign requiring quality-assured handling and processing of samples can be enormous.
T32 29380-29634 Epistemic_statement denotes Subsequently, several modifications on the WASP specimen processing protocol (various vortexing times, quantities of medium plated or streaking patterns) were carried out with support of the readily available WASP technical team both on-line and on-site.
T33 30902-31023 Epistemic_statement denotes Most people become infected with EBV at an early age, which is often asymptomatic but may cause infectious mononucleosis.
T34 31111-31265 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis usually resolve in 1 or 2 months, EBV dormant or latent in a few cells in the throat and blood for life.
T35 31266-31365 Epistemic_statement denotes Periodically, the virus can reactivate and is commonly found in the saliva of infected individuals.
T36 33308-33507 Epistemic_statement denotes Several studies have been published that claimed to identify oxacillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus by whole cell matrix assisted laser desorption time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry.
T37 33652-33875 Epistemic_statement denotes Nevertheless, the study design in all of those studies was not suitable to achieve this goal, because only mecA/SCCmec isogenic strains could discriminate between strain specific-and mecA / SCCmec-dependent peak variations.
T38 34295-34375 Epistemic_statement denotes The loss of the mecA gene during freezing culture has been previously described.
T39 34656-34780 Epistemic_statement denotes In two out of 16 samples we could select a mecA containing strain and a corresponding isogenic strain lacking the mecA gene.
T40 35472-35724 Epistemic_statement denotes In contrast to several reports in literature, we could show for the first time that whole cell MALDI-TOF MS-derived peak profiles are not suitable for the discrimination of mecA positive S. aureus strains in the mass-to-chargeratio of 2000 to 15000 Da.
T41 36293-36403 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the resolution of complex mixtures, detection of antibiotic resistance markers are still unmet needs.
T42 36404-36662 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to overcome these limitations, a new molecular technology, PCR coupled to Mass Spectrometry, was developed, allowing detection and identification of multiple pathogens and selected antibiotic resistance markers or virulence factors in a single test.
T43 38474-38627 Epistemic_statement denotes Type II NADH dehydrogenases can occur either as internal enzymes, which utilize mitochondrial NADH, or as external enzymes, which utilize cytosolic NADH.
T44 38628-38849 Epistemic_statement denotes We determined the orientation of both isoforms by applying a split GFP complementation approach and could demonstrate that both isoforms are internal enzymes, which face with their active site to the mitochondrial matrix.
T45 39307-39524 Epistemic_statement denotes A functional complementation was possible by ectopic expression of the deleted gene, but not by expression of the heterologous isoform, suggesting that the two enzymes possess nonredundant, isotype-specific functions.
T46 41190-41326 Epistemic_statement denotes Additionally, no parasite-induced cell lysis could be observed in differentiated C2C12 in contrast to nondifferentiated C2C12 or NIH3T3.
T47 41620-41752 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, we also investigated whether MAPK might control T. gondii development in differentiated and undifferentiated C2C12 SkMCs.
T48 42187-42316 Epistemic_statement denotes Together, these results suggest that the host cell type and the differentiation of SkMCs regulate T. gondii replication in vitro.
T49 42317-42430 Epistemic_statement denotes This might also explain the different efficiencies of T. gondii to persist in differentiated tissues of the host.
T50 42431-43054 Epistemic_statement denotes The Candida albicans factor H binding molecule Hgt1p also functions as complement receptor 3 (CR3) and HIV binding molecule EKP07 Caenorhabditis elegans as a host model system to screen novel antifungal benzimidazole derivatives A. Singh* 1 , W. Abu Rayyan 1 , T. Dietsche 1 , H. Eickhoff 2 , K.-H. Wiesmüller 2 , K. Schröppel 1 1 Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Tübingen, Deutschland 2 EMC microcollections GmbH , Tübingen, Deutschland Candida albicans, a commensal microorganism, is a causative agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans.
T51 43130-43350 Epistemic_statement denotes Treatment of invasive fungal infections is problematic due to several persisting therapeutic drawbacks, in particular development of resistance against the currently available drugs or toxic side effects for the patient.
T52 43441-43596 Epistemic_statement denotes Previously, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been successfully used as a model host for human pathogens and to screen for novel antimicrobial drugs.
T53 43597-43782 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown that C. albicans colonizes the intestinal tract of C. elegans and establishes a persistent lethal infection accompanied by deep tissue invasion of the entire organism.
T54 44760-44930 Epistemic_statement denotes During in vivo infection studies, we could demonstrate that EMC120B12 can inhibit filamentation of C. albicans and prolong survival of the C. albicans infected nematodes.
T55 44931-45181 Epistemic_statement denotes EMC120B12 identified in this screen can potentially be used as an effective antifungal agent and will be further investigated for its activity against other fungal species and also in a murine model to study its activity against systemic candidiasis.
T56 45581-45785 Epistemic_statement denotes However, these internal walls contain central pores allowing the exchange of molecules, nutrients and even organelles enabling the mycelium to respond as a functional entity to changes in the environment.
T57 45786-45907 Epistemic_statement denotes The draw-back of this organization is that a local damage of the cell wall is a potential threat for the whole syncytium.
T58 46060-46294 Epistemic_statement denotes In several fungi the Hex1 or HexA protein has been identified a major and essential component of the Woronin body and mutants generated in Neurospora crassa or Aspergillus oryzae show uncontrolled loss of cytoplasm after local damage.
T59 46295-46484 Epistemic_statement denotes Loss of Hex1 in Magnaporthe grisea impairs the virulence of this plant pathogen, but no data are yet available on the role of Hex proteins in filamentous fungi causing infections in humans.
T60 47483-47862 Epistemic_statement denotes Functional analysis of C. albicans infection-associated genes with unknown function during interaction with host cells and in complex infection models I. Jacobsen* 1 , D. Wilson 1 , F. Mayer 1 , B. Hube Mikrobielle Pathogenitätsmechanismen, Jena, Deutschland Introduction: Candida albicans is a common fungal pathogen in humans and able to cause a variety of clinical infections.
T61 47863-48050 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesized that C. albicans unknown function genes, which are transcriptionally upregulated during infection ("infection associated genes") might contribute to the infection process.
T62 48051-48165 Epistemic_statement denotes Aim and Methodology: We aimed to determine whether C. albicans infection associated genes contribute to virulence.
T63 48166-48374 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, based on transcriptional profiling from oral infections, liver invasion and incubation in human blood, we selected a subset of infection-associated genes with unknown function for further analysis.
T64 48375-48555 Epistemic_statement denotes Isogenic deletion mutants were constructed and subsequently tested in extensive in vitro screens, interaction with epithelial and endothelial cells and in complex infection models.
T65 48556-48708 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: Twentyfour isogenic deletion mutants were constructed and subsequently analyzed both in vitro and in infection models of increasing complexity.
T66 48965-49178 Epistemic_statement denotes To determine whether the deleted genes influenced virulence in more complex infections models, all 24 mutants were tested in ovo for their ability to kill chicken embryos infected on the chorio-allantoic membrane.
T67 49179-49359 Epistemic_statement denotes We recently showed that mortality in this model depends on the fungal ability to invade the membrane and that the pro-inflammatory host response likely contributes to pathogenesis.
T68 49360-49497 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, only seven mutants were attenuated in this model, of which five were also attenuated in damaging epithelial cells in vitro.
T69 49781-49993 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion and Outlook: Our results demonstrate that genes essential for causing full damage of epithelial or endothelial cells in vitro are not necessarily crucial for full virulence in complex infection models.
T70 49994-50257 Epistemic_statement denotes We conclude that either such damage potential is not critical for full virulence in the complex host setting or that the greater complexity of the environment in animal models stimulates additional fungal regulatory networks leading to compensation of the defect.
T71 50258-50539 Epistemic_statement denotes Thiol-dependent redox networks: analysing the effects of the anti-malarial agent Methylene Blue Introduction: The development and spread of resistance against standard antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine (CQ) and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxin (PSD) has been a challenge for 25 years.
T72 52643-52759 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: Taken together, our data suggest that MB could become a key factor in drug combination therapy efforts.
T73 52760-52834 Epistemic_statement denotes This should be tested more as a promising local eradication strategy [3] .
T74 54650-54797 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the tec1/tec1 phenotype was rescued in a mutant containing an ORF with an additional 72 aa that spanned the region from 1 to 709 aa.
T75 55555-55741 Epistemic_statement denotes Accumulating evidence indicates an involvement of RNA-binding proteins in regulating expression programmes underlying pathogenic development of the phytopathogenic fungi Ustilago maydis.
T76 56156-56313 Epistemic_statement denotes Khd4 recognizes a distinct hexanucleotide motif which is present in almost 25% of all annotated transcripts, suggesting a large regulatory potential of Khd4.
T77 56415-56478 Epistemic_statement denotes The precise role and function of Khd4 however is still unclear.
T78 57256-57345 Epistemic_statement denotes The high mortality of these infections is largely due to the limited therapeutic options.
T79 57346-57465 Epistemic_statement denotes Since A. fumigatus seems to lack sophisticated virulence traits, alternative therapeutic targets have to be identified.
T80 57555-57676 Epistemic_statement denotes Interference with signaling pathways helping the fungus to adapt to situations of stress is therefore a promising option.
T81 57677-57798 Epistemic_statement denotes However, this approach is hampered by the fact that many signaling pathways and molecules are conserved in fungi and men.
T82 58141-58236 Epistemic_statement denotes A similar protein architecture has recently been proposed to constitute an osmo-sensing module.
T83 58798-59059 Epistemic_statement denotes Mutants defective in genes of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway are significantly more sensitive to fludioxonil suggesting either a cross-talk between the HOG and the CWI pathway and/or a requirement for cell wall dynamics to bear fludioxonilinduced stress.
T84 60309-60441 Epistemic_statement denotes According to their homologues in S. cerevisiae, some of the genes deleted in mutants are presumably involved in cell wall integrity.
T85 60442-60631 Epistemic_statement denotes Since cell wall integrity is crucial for stress resistance and virulence, further analysis of deletion mutant strains which are predicted to be part of one signalling network was performed.
T86 61018-61223 Epistemic_statement denotes Similar behaviour could be observed while assaying cell wall stability and composition, with slg1 having considerably changed properties in comparison to the mutant strains mid2 and slt2 and the wild type.
T87 61224-61493 Epistemic_statement denotes Comparing the trancriptomes of the deletion strains with the wild type in the presence or absence of congo red showed only very slight changes in the expression pattern of mid2 and slt2, whereas in slg1 a significantly changed transcriptional profile could be detected.
T88 61494-61608 Epistemic_statement denotes The results obtained suggest that SLG1 has a different role in C. glabrata than in S. cerevisiae compared to MID2.
T89 61609-61741 Epistemic_statement denotes The function of the inspected genes of the cell wall integrity pathway in S. cerevisiae might therefore be different in C. glabrata.
T90 64333-64537 Epistemic_statement denotes Trypanosomal transmigration across the optimized ECV304-C6 model occurs in both directions underlining the possibility of a relapsing parasitemia after treatment with drugs that have no access to the CNS.
T91 64538-64711 Epistemic_statement denotes This model promotes the analysis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the CNS invasion, which is urgently needed for therapy improvement and drug development.
T92 65045-65225 Epistemic_statement denotes Tight junctional transmembrane proteins, notably claudins, regulate paracellular permeability of the intestinal barrier, constricting diffusion of small solutes and macromolecules.
T93 65226-65314 Epistemic_statement denotes Barrier function can be affected by pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and other stimuli.
T94 67440-67541 Epistemic_statement denotes Outlook: The results indicate an active participation of C. albicans in intestinal barrier breakdown.
T95 67542-67656 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the relative impacts of host and fungus on barrier disturbance will have to be clarified in ongoing work.
T96 68339-68604 Epistemic_statement denotes Immigrating immune cells are characterized by an increased glucose uptake, which can be used for non-invasive imaging: Fluorine labeled glucose (FDG -2-[ 18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose) is used as tracer for positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT).
T97 68605-68748 Epistemic_statement denotes Alternatively, a fluorescence labeled glucose derivative (RediJect 2-DG-750 Probe, Caliper) is detectable by the In-Vivo-Imaging-System (IVIS).
T98 68749-69064 Epistemic_statement denotes Since non invasive imaging tools to monitor inflammation have the potential to reduce the number of laboratory animals needed for the investigation of IA, we aimed to determine whether the above mentioned in vivo imaging systems are suitable for the quantification of the host's inflammatory response to IA in mice.
T99 71004-71310 Epistemic_statement denotes Zipfel 2 , C. Skerka 2 , G. Pradel 1 1 Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Würzburg, Deutschland 2 Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Deutschland As part of the innate immune system, the human complement is a first line of defence against microbial infections.
T100 72239-72376 Epistemic_statement denotes FH comprises 20 complement control protein modules, and binding of FH to malaria gametes appears to be primarily mediated by modules 1-7.
T101 72720-72812 Epistemic_statement denotes Our findings might lead to novel approaches in the design of transmission blocking vaccines.
T102 72813-72908 Epistemic_statement denotes Up to now there is only little data on the interaction of human NKC with the pathogenic fungus.
T103 72909-73013 Epistemic_statement denotes However, after NKC depletion mice have been shown to be more susceptible to systemic Candida infections.
T104 73014-73148 Epistemic_statement denotes On the basis of these observations we investigated if there are direct or indirect effects of human NK Cells against Candida albicans.
T105 74816-74945 Epistemic_statement denotes Blocking experiments suggest that the cytotoxic effect is perforin dependent while FasL/TRAIL receptor pathways are not involved.
T106 74946-75104 Epistemic_statement denotes In parallel to these direct effects, NKC may interact with other immune cells since cytokine release shows an upregulation of neutrophil activating cytokines.
T107 75105-75231 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: Our observations suggest that NKC may play an important role in the first line defense of C. albicans infections.
T108 75232-75330 Epistemic_statement denotes In this context, direct and indirect antifungal effects of NKC are currently further investigated.
T109 75615-75773 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the incidence of fungal sepsis has increased recently, diagnosis is still difficult and mainly relies on the detection of the pathogen (Candida spp.)
T110 75955-76066 Epistemic_statement denotes These analyses will allow identifying immune markers which might be potentially useful in clinical diagnostics.
T111 76389-76501 Epistemic_statement denotes Further investigation included the characterisation of the whole blood transcriptome in response to C. albicans.
T112 76502-76653 Epistemic_statement denotes The obtained data will be integrated using bioinformatic methods to generate a network of innate immune activation during early steps of fungal sepsis.
T113 77018-77128 Epistemic_statement denotes As expected, myeloperoxidase from primary and lactoferrin from secondary granules could be detected in plasma.
T114 78046-78181 Epistemic_statement denotes Advantages over isolated primary cells are the physiological conditions and the possible communication between immune cell populations.
T115 78411-78460 Epistemic_statement denotes Protozoans like Leishmania can undergo apoptosis.
T116 78761-78914 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the protein machinery mediating apoptosis in mammalian cells like caspases or members of the bcl-2 families are completely absent in Leishmania.
T117 80365-80561 Epistemic_statement denotes In recent years, there has been increasing evidence for the occurrence of PCD in distinct unicellular organisms as well, however, there is only little information about putative PCD in Toxoplasma.
T118 80562-80690 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, identification of apoptosis-like markers and molecules that might play a role in T. gondii PCD need to be elucidated.
T119 82067-82207 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to unravel possible functions of T. gondii BI proteins in regulation of apoptosis, we heterologously expressed TgBIs in HeLa cells.
T120 82866-83012 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest the existence of apoptotic-like cell death in T. gondii and protective effects of TgBI proteins in regulation of apoptosis.
T121 83410-83637 Epistemic_statement denotes Infection of individuals with premature or suppressed immunity can lead to lifethreatening toxoplasmosis whereas in immune competent hosts, infection is mostly asymptomatic but leads to parasite persistence for the host's life.
T122 83638-83758 Epistemic_statement denotes Cell-mediated immunity including the production of IFN-is critical for control of the obligatory intracellular parasite.
T123 83759-83968 Epistemic_statement denotes However, by using genomewide transcriptome analysis, we have shown that T. gondii leads to global unresponsiveness of murine macrophages to IFN-and this may be essential for establishing a long-term infection.
T124 85113-85306 Epistemic_statement denotes Together, these data unravel novel insights into the mechanisms by which T. gondii evades IFN-regulated immunity and open up novel strategies for therapeutic intervention against toxoplasmosis.
T125 86753-87163 Epistemic_statement denotes In biofilm assays, the full length TEC1 ORF was able to restore the ability for biofilm formation ability in the tec1/tec1 mutant background after Tet induced gene expression, and the biofilm mass was similar to the biofilm formed by the wild type SC5314 strain, whereas the TEA domain mutant and mutants lacking the proposed C-terminal motif were impaired in biofilm formation under similar growth conditions.
T126 87324-87555 Epistemic_statement denotes Further in vivo investigations with C. elegans infection model revealed that the C. albicans TEC1 mutant lacking this C-terminal motif shows less virulence against nematodes in terms of hyphal invasion and killing of the nematodes.
T127 87816-87985 Epistemic_statement denotes It can be demonstrated that this C-terminal motif of Tec1p is essential for yeast-hyphae transition, infection and killing of C. elegans nematodes and biofilm formation.
T128 88039-88263 Epistemic_statement denotes Scharf 1 1 Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Institut für Hämostaseologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Düsseldorf, Deutschland Introduction: Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus that can switch between the yeast and hypha form.
T129 88349-88408 Epistemic_statement denotes Platelets can bridge the innate with the adaptive immunity.
T130 88516-88654 Epistemic_statement denotes Platelet integrins and their plasma ligands can govern both binding to the pathogen and activation of platelets to release their granules.
T131 88655-88836 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we tested the hypothesis that fibronectin (which is also stored in platelet -granular and bound by platelet integrins) supports the host defense against C. albicans infections.
T132 90319-90484 Epistemic_statement denotes Hence, platelets and fibronectin, with its intrinsic multivalent binding site can support the platelet mediated host defense and immune response against C. albicans.
T133 90835-91298 Epistemic_statement denotes Its central MAP kinase module was subject of diverse studies and is conserved from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus spp.. On the contrary, components upstream of this MAP kinase module are well characterized in S. cerevisiae but largely unknown in Aspergillus spp.. We have identified, localized and functionally characterized homologues of the S. cerevisiae cell surface sensors ScWsc1 -ScWsc3 and ScMid2/ScMtl1 in A. fumigatus.
T134 91551-91691 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, our data indicate fundamental functional differences on the sensor level of the CWI pathways of S. cerevisiae and A. fumigatus.
T135 91692-92176 Epistemic_statement denotes Trends in multidrug resistance among Escherichia coli and klebsiellae in Germany M. Kresken* 1,2 , D. Hafner 2,3 1 Antiinfectives Intelligence GmbH, Rheinbach, Deutschland 2 Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e.V., Rheinbach, Deutschland 3 Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Deutschland Introduction: Escherichia coli (ECO) and klebsiellae are among the most common pathogens causing infections in in-and outpatients.
T136 92177-92334 Epistemic_statement denotes Antimicrobial agents such as 3rd generation cephalosporins (3GC), carbapenems (carba) and fluoroquinolones (FQ) are essential drugs to treat serious illness.
T137 92335-92499 Epistemic_statement denotes Treatment outcome, however, has increasingly been threatened by the emergence and dissemination of resistant (R) strains (multi-drug R [MDR] strains in particular).
T138 99328-99502 Epistemic_statement denotes pathogens in Germany, all clinically used dosing regimens of CARBA are sufficient to achieve a probability of 95% or greater success against CRO-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
T139 101794-101897 Epistemic_statement denotes However, there was an alarming increase of ESBL rates in outpatients from 1.3% in 2007 to 5.9% in 2010.
T140 102066-102126 Epistemic_statement denotes Probably the outbreak was caused by contaminated vegetables.
T141 103068-103165 Epistemic_statement denotes The isolated displayed an ESBL phenotype and blaTEM-1 as well as blaCTX-M-15 could be identified.
T142 103548-103635 Epistemic_statement denotes No co-resistance to tetracycline or sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim could be demonstrated.
T143 103636-103838 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: Within two days after receipt of the EHEC outbreak isolate the molecular basis of its unusual ESBL phenotype could be clarified and was immediately reported to the German health authorities.
T144 103905-104096 Epistemic_statement denotes The presence of resistance genes in diarrheagenic bacterial strains is worrisome since it might contribute to an enhanced spread of resistance determinants, e. g. by horizontal gene transfer.
T145 104371-104473 Epistemic_statement denotes Data on the in vitro susceptibility of pathogens isolated from ocular infections, however, are scarce.
T146 106823-106975 Epistemic_statement denotes Carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa can be caused by a variety of mechanisms, however the worldwide spread of carbapenemases is especially important.
T147 108347-108461 Epistemic_statement denotes An unspecific result due to toxicity of EDTA could be excluded by a positive bioassay based on cell-free extracts.
T148 108861-109010 Epistemic_statement denotes It clearly shows a MBL phenotype, while the MIC differences for imipenem are likely to be the result of additional mechanism for imipenem resistence.
T149 109802-109906 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the correct identification of carbapenemases is challenging for the microbiological laboratory.
T150 110177-110266 Epistemic_statement denotes A bioassay based on cell-free extracts allows the detection of still unknown -lactamases.
T151 110517-110833 Epistemic_statement denotes Several different carbapenemases could be detected, including OXA-48 (n = 59), KPC-2 (n = 31), KPC-3 (n = 26), VIM-1 (n = 37), VIM-2 (n = 20), VIM-4 (n = 4), VIM-5 (n = 1), IMP-7 (n = 2), IMP-8 (n = 12), IMP-16 (n = 1), NDM-1 (n = 5), NDM-2 (n = 1), GIM-1 (n = 4), OXA-23 (n = 69), OXA-72 (n = 2) and OXA-58 (n = 6).
T152 111106-111294 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the molecular epidemiology in Germany with a predominance of OXA-48 differs significantly from observations made in other countries like Greece, Israel, USA or the United Kingdom.
T153 111410-111589 Epistemic_statement denotes Objectives: The successful worldwide dissemination of carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae is of special concern because of limited therapeutic options and higher mortality.
T154 111590-111900 Epistemic_statement denotes While the dissemination of carbapenemase KPC is predominantly bound to distinct Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, spread of OXA-48 and NDM-1 enzymes is mainly due to conjugative transfer of different plasmids carrying these carbapenemase genes and facilitating the transmission among many enterobacterial species.
T155 113489-113687 Epistemic_statement denotes Although carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae are still rare in many European countries there is an urgent need of surveillance to prevent further spread of these multidrugresistant pathogens.
T156 113688-113769 Epistemic_statement denotes How should we treat double -and triple -resistant Helicobacter pylori in Germany?
T157 113770-113903 Epistemic_statement denotes Background and Objective: Enterobacteriaceae have been shown to play a crucial role in the transmission of antimicrobial resistances.
T158 114025-114306 Epistemic_statement denotes Dissemination of antibiotic resistance can be due to the transfer of resistant bacteria between different host organisms or by horizontal transfer of resistance properties between isolates of the same or different species and genera within and beyond the family Enterobacteriaceae.
T159 114307-114629 Epistemic_statement denotes Especially, resistance to -lactams mediated by production of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and resistance to (fluoro)quinolones influenced by different plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants are of concern since they limit dramatically the therapeutic options in both, veterinary and human medicine.
T160 115850-116067 Epistemic_statement denotes The RESET network includes different interacting and complementary studies on factors associated with the dissemination of emerging resistance properties in Enterobacteriaceae from humans, animals and the environment.
T161 117049-117231 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data show frequent co-resistances to therapeutically relevant antibiotics (ampicillin, aminoglycosides) for enterococci; resistances to antibiotics of last resort are still rare.
T162 117232-117331 Epistemic_statement denotes Comparably high rates of vanB VRE suggest a changing epidemiology of van genotypes in recent years.
T163 117695-117791 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, testing the activity of older and rarely used antibiotics is of high clinical impact.
T164 119012-119194 Epistemic_statement denotes Applying a threshold of 16 mm as susceptible in disk diffusion (fosfomycin 200 μg) as recommended by CLSI for E. coli eleven very major errors (10.3%) and no major errors were found.
T165 120326-120513 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on the whole genome data the mprF locus, which was previously shown to be associated with daptomycin resistance was re-sequenced in 64 daptomycin resistant and susceptible isolates.
T166 120886-120995 Epistemic_statement denotes Sequence analysis of whole genome data revealed a small number of SNPs putatively associated with resistance.
T167 120996-121203 Epistemic_statement denotes However, after re-sequencing the corresponding loci in a larger number of resistant and susceptible isolates strong association of resistance to mutations in a certain locus could be confirmed only for mprF.
T168 121301-121502 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: Results corroborate the role of mprF-mutations in resistance development towards daptomycin; however further studies must elucidate the complete mechanism leading to reduced susceptibility.
T169 121975-122027 Epistemic_statement denotes Data regarding carbapenemases in Germany are scarce.
T170 123180-123364 Epistemic_statement denotes Transconjugation experiments were successful only in one strain, however the presence of blaKPC on plasmids could be demonstrated by restriction with S1 endonuclease and Southern Blot.
T171 123656-123763 Epistemic_statement denotes The low MIC for carbapenems in some strains emphasizes that detection of carbapenemases can be challenging.
T172 124174-124394 Epistemic_statement denotes In this context it is of interest whether czrC and the already known resistance gene cadA (both code for an ATPase based efflux) are disseminated among different clonal lineages of MRSA prevalent in humans and livestock.
T173 124695-124910 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: czrC was exclusively associated with MRSA ST398 (20/27 from pigs; 21/23 from humans exposed to pigs; 10/20 infections; 10/10 infections in humans) and contained by a defined SCCmec-element with tandem ccrC.
T174 125349-125536 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: It can not be excluded that the previous use of zinkoxide ions in conjunction with organic acids as feed additives has selected for czrC and possibility coselected MRSA ST398.
T175 125781-125986 Epistemic_statement denotes With respect to multiresistant but methicillin susceptible S. aureus ST30 ("80/80 complex") in the past and use of zinkoxide ointments containing also boronic acid this situation might have been different.
T176 125987-126160 Epistemic_statement denotes Introduction: The emergence of healthcare associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria has become an increasing problem over the past 20 years.
T177 126161-126296 Epistemic_statement denotes Colistin, a 'forgotten' antibiotic, has attracted attention, because of its activity against multidrug-resistant Gramnegative bacteria.
T178 126297-126358 Epistemic_statement denotes It is, however, not active against Proteeae and Serratia spp.
T179 128351-128453 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: Overall, susceptibility to COL seems to be high among Gram-negative pathogens in Germany.
T180 128454-128509 Epistemic_statement denotes COL may be considered as an important treatment option.
T181 129717-129801 Epistemic_statement denotes MIC to penicillin depended on serogroup: using serogroup B and rare serogroups (e.g.
T182 129983-130075 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, 51.9% of serogroup W-135 strains were intermediate susceptible to penicillin.
T183 130192-130341 Epistemic_statement denotes Although no resistance was observed for cefotaxime, cefotaxime MICs showed a weak yet significant linear correlation with penicillin MICs (r^2 0.23).
T184 130490-130629 Epistemic_statement denotes Due to low rate of nonsusceptibility, no meaningful analyses were possible for antimicrobials rifampicin and ciprofloxacin in meningococci.
T185 130779-130928 Epistemic_statement denotes Resistance was significantly more common in non-typeable H. influenzae lacking a polysaccharide capsule (13.0%) compared to capsulate strains (3.7%).
T186 133443-133860 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: While the EARS-Net-Surveillance limited to invasive isolates from hospitalised patients captures the sector with highest levels of antimicrobial resistance in K. pneumoniae, the extended approach of ARS reveals an emerging problem in outpatient care that physicians should be aware of, even if resistance proportions might be overestimated as samples are more likely to be taken from pre-treated patients.
T187 135252-135291 Epistemic_statement denotes 451 patients have been examined so far.
T188 135680-135847 Epistemic_statement denotes 19% of the patients were still H. pylori positive after treatment, which might be explained by the high rate of clarithromycin resistance (29%) within this population.
T189 135848-136040 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, these results underline the hypothesis that development of resistance in H. pylori in contrast to other pathogens is dependent on treatment strategies in the individual patient.
T190 136486-136736 Epistemic_statement denotes Stratification by federal states shows considerable regional differences (range:1.8-6.4/100,000 inhabitants/year), which were positively correlated to regional MRSA-rates (6.7%-27.3%) generated in ARS (spearman correlation coefficient: 0.74; p=0.04).
T191 136737-136912 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: While mandatory reporting of MRSA-bacteraemia serves as an indicator of the situation in hospital care, ARS additionally provides a view on the outpatient setting.
T192 137005-137117 Epistemic_statement denotes Nevertheless, the results indicate that in Germany MRSA plays a relevant role in the outpatient setting as well.
T193 137118-137367 Epistemic_statement denotes Particularly, high resistance rates in urine samples suggest that further investigations about the epidemiological context in which infections occur and patient characteristics are necessary to assess possible consequences for antibiotic management.
T194 137590-138007 Epistemic_statement denotes Wieler 1 , C. Ewers 1 1 Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Mikrobiologie u. Tierseuchen, Berlin, Deutschland 2 Vet Med Labor GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Halle, Deutschland Introduction: Several studies give evidence for the carriage of Extendedspectrum beta-Lactamases (ESBL) producing E. coli in the feces of wild birds even in remote areas, where the presence of antibiotic selection pressure is assumed to be very rare.
T195 138708-138909 Epistemic_statement denotes Genotyping led to the frequent detection of virulence determinants associated with extraintestinal pathogenicity whereas genes associated with intestinal pathogenic pathovars were only rarely observed.
T196 139172-139369 Epistemic_statement denotes Among the Mongolian samples we identified several STs, such as ST167 (ancestral group A) or ST648 (hybrid group ABD) which have previously been reported from human clinical ESBL producing isolates.
T197 139596-139732 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: Our findings underline the urgent need to unravel the role of wild birds in the spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.
T198 139733-139998 Epistemic_statement denotes Due to their migration behavior and with respect to the omnipresence of bird´s feces in wild and urban environments, wild birds might represent a non-point source of infection and could by that considerably contribute to the transmission of ESBL producing bacteria.
T199 140564-140738 Epistemic_statement denotes The currently used methods require the use of experts to evaluate the result of noise removal, because the methods need some parameters which correlate to the detected noise.
T200 140739-140805 Epistemic_statement denotes The adaption/calibration can only be executed by a manual process.
T201 140899-141042 Epistemic_statement denotes The focus of this article lies in the development of automated pre-processing method which can reduce the significantly influence of the noise.
T202 141043-141134 Epistemic_statement denotes Noise: Generally, in test results, two different types of noise can occur (Wilhelm, 2003) .
T203 141236-141295 Epistemic_statement denotes The possible causes of the occurrence are not yet resolved.
T204 141296-141419 Epistemic_statement denotes The effects of background noise and signal trend for the repeated execution of sample analysis may lead to varying results.
T205 143535-143678 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: Comparing Ulifloxacin vs. Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin concordant results could be obtained in 250 of the 267 (93.6%) tested strains.
T206 144320-144464 Epistemic_statement denotes For Enterococci following results could be found: Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Prulifloxacin was 38%, 42%, 28% respectively.
T207 144559-144694 Epistemic_statement denotes Comparing the results of Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Ulifloxacin concordant results in 250 of 267 strains (93.6%) could be obtained.
T208 144786-144947 Epistemic_statement denotes Against gram positive strains Ulifloxacin was slightly less active as Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin, but this statement is limited by the low number of isolates.
T209 144948-145172 Epistemic_statement denotes Because of some minor differences in the interpretation of the susceptibility pattern testing of Ulifloxacin and/or other chinolones resistance testing seems to be noteworthy if therapy with this fluorochinolone in intended.
T210 145173-145503 Epistemic_statement denotes Impact of thymidine on the antimicrobial activities of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, and rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus Objectives: A treatment option against S. aureus in general and MRSA in particular is trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) either alone or in combination with rifampicin (RIF).
T211 145667-145878 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the antimicrobial activity of SXT can be antagonised by bacterial utilisation of thymidine, which can be present in infected and/or inflamed tissues such as the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients.
T212 145879-146132 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of this study was to determine thymidine concentrations in the sputa of CF patients and to analyse the antimicrobial activity of SXT, 5-iodo-2´-deoxyuridine (IdUrd) and RIF alone and in combination against S. aureus in the presence of thymidine.
T213 146906-147073 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: Our data suggest that SXT in combination with rifampicin may fail to cure clinical S. aureus infections in tissues with elevated thymidine concentrations.
T214 147074-147220 Epistemic_statement denotes SXT in combination with a thymidine kinase inhibitor, however, may become an interesting antimicrobial combination for this setting in the future.
T215 147282-147582 Epistemic_statement denotes Non-nucleoside analogs as bacterial thymidine kinase inhibitors identified by multi-step virtual screening Objectives: The antimicrobial activity of folic acid antagonists can be antagonized by thymidine as detected in tissues with necrotic cells such as pus and sputum from cystic fibrosis patients.
T216 147792-148025 Epistemic_statement denotes However, several bacterial species including S. aureus possess an alternative pathway for synthesis of intracellular dTMP by uptake of extracellular thymidine and subsequent intracellular phosphorylation to dTMP via thymidine kinase.
T217 148844-149023 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that multi-step virtual screening can help identify bioactive substances from a large screening compound pool with limited experimental effort.
T218 149024-149182 Epistemic_statement denotes Rapid focusing on promising candidate structures was possible, so that inhibitors of bacterial thymidine kinase with non-nucleoside scaffolds were identified.
T219 149615-149915 Epistemic_statement denotes Schmidt 1 1 ZMBE, Infektiologie, Münster, Deutschland 2 UKM, Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Münster, Deutschland Cell-permeable proteins such as 'cell-penetrating peptides (CPP)' have the ability to cross cellular membranes, either alone or in association with a bioactive cargo.
T220 150244-150379 Epistemic_statement denotes This might contribute to systemic effects on innate immunity and, furthermore, suggests potential therapeutic applications of YopM e.g.
T221 150414-150719 Epistemic_statement denotes Hence, we were interested to investigate whether YopM might have the potential to act as an immune modulating molecule by exhibiting beneficial effects on inflammation and the production of cytokines that maintain the inflammatory processes linked to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
T222 151256-151354 Epistemic_statement denotes With respect to a potential in vivo application of YopM, we injected YopM intra-articularly (i.a.)
T223 152114-152358 Epistemic_statement denotes These encouraging results combined with the possibility for focused topical applications in skeletal joints underline and strengthen the potential of YopM as a novel pathogen-derived immune modulatory agent for the treatment of inflammatory RA.
T224 152359-152693 Epistemic_statement denotes Comparison of genotypic, proteotypic and phenotypic methods for the identification of bacteria M. Patel 1 , U. Herber* 1 1 Accugenix, Marketing, Newark, Deutschland Accurate classification of unknown bacterial isolates is an essential first step in understanding the impact these organisms have on an environmental monitoring program.
T225 152694-152914 Epistemic_statement denotes There are many methods, technologies, and strategies utilized to determine the identity of unknown microorganisms, however, the selection of these methods is often impacted by more than the performance of the technology.
T226 153331-153471 Epistemic_statement denotes When identifications are based on phenotypic characteristics, the methods are more subjective and results can be impacted by many variables.
T227 154115-154219 Epistemic_statement denotes These microbial identification methods were used to analyze 60 unknown environmental bacterial isolates.
T228 154946-155014 Epistemic_statement denotes The pathogenesis of psoriasis is complex and not clearly understood.
T229 155015-155129 Epistemic_statement denotes Ongoing research indicates that immune T-cells appear to play a dominant role for the development of this disease.
T230 155919-156017 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, YopM might be applicable as a topical therapeutic agent for the treatment of psoriasis.
T231 156018-156183 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate whether YopM might be functional as an immune-modulator for the treatment of psoriasis, we utilized the murine imiquimod (IMQ)induced psoriasis model.
T232 156344-156449 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, this model could serve for the analysis of pathogenic mechanisms in psoriasis-like dermatitis.
T233 157522-157662 Epistemic_statement denotes The genomic island is integrated within the tRNA Pro gene (lpc2778) and can exist in an integrated chromosomal or an episomal circular form.
T234 157852-157976 Epistemic_statement denotes By deleting the int-1 gene, we could demonstrate that the excision and forming of an episomal circle is integrase dependent.
T235 157977-158149 Epistemic_statement denotes First experiments with a mutant lacking the vir region, also indicate a growth dependent regulation of the alteration between the integrated and the circular form of Trb-1.
T236 158150-158294 Epistemic_statement denotes The whole genomic island can be transferred to other Legionella strains and integrated site-specifically into the genome of the transconjugants.
T237 158979-159114 Epistemic_statement denotes We could demonstrate that both genomic islands can exist in an integrated chromosomal and an exercised episomal form, similar to Trb-1.
T238 159862-160065 Epistemic_statement denotes Although a substantial amount of information about the GSLreceptors for Shiga toxins (Stxs), the major virulence factors of EHEC, is available, less is known about the receptors for EHEC bacterial cells.
T239 160730-160929 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study the potential of GSL recognition by various EHEC O157 strains was investigated employing neutral GSLs and sialylated GSLs (=gangliosides) from different types of mammalian cells.
T240 161549-161773 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, this study may help to better understand host-pathogen interactions and in particular the adhesion process of EHEC toward target cells and, moreover, to develop strategies to prevent and treat EHEC infections.
T241 162800-163002 Epistemic_statement denotes Microdomain association of GSLs is believed to be the linchpin in effective binding, internalization and subcellular routing of GSL-binding AB5-toxins such as Shiga toxin (Stx) to intracellular targets.
T242 163796-163944 Epistemic_statement denotes Studies on the subcellular distribution of Stx receptors in both cell types showed their predominant association with and enrichment in lipid rafts.
T243 167345-167467 Epistemic_statement denotes These promising initial data suggest further characterization of the compounds and an evaluation of putative applications.
T244 167818-168112 Epistemic_statement denotes EF-Tu from Escherichia coli has been shown to polymerize in vitro and a recent study provided evidence that the protein serves besides its function in translation another vital role in Bacillus subtilis: it affects cell morphology, apparently via interaction with the cytoskeleton protein MreB.
T245 168113-168236 Epistemic_statement denotes In rod-shaped bacteria the actin-ortholog MreB is thought to direct incorporation of cell wall material into the side wall.
T246 168237-168395 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, chlamydiae harbor, despite their spherical shape and the absence of a cell wall, MreB and we recently proved in vitro activity for this protein.
T247 168607-168732 Epistemic_statement denotes Additionally, co-polymerization assays revealed interactions between the elongation factor and the cytoskeletal protein MreB.
T248 169235-169337 Epistemic_statement denotes This ubiquitous bacterium can cause two forms of legionellosis -Legionellapneumonia and Pontiac fiver.
T249 169446-169649 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the failure in the therapy occurs from time to time, there are no reports about the isolation of the macrolide or quinolon-resistant Legionella mutants from the patients and environment to date.
T250 170615-170775 Epistemic_statement denotes The reduced ecological fitness of the macrolide resistant mutants might be an explanation for the lack occurrence of resistant strains under natural conditions.
T251 170776-170955 Epistemic_statement denotes For more than a hundred years, it has been known that patients with solid tumors who concomitantly suffer from a bacterial infection experience a regression of their tumor burden.
T252 170956-171048 Epistemic_statement denotes Still, the phenomenon of bacterial tumor targeting and lysis remains only poorly understood.
T253 171234-171360 Epistemic_statement denotes Amid several theoretically interesting approaches, we focused our efforts on immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
T254 171361-171547 Epistemic_statement denotes The immunosuppressive cytokines are supposed to expand the inoculum in the tumor and should enable the bacteria to penetrate the host immune defense shielding the tumor from total lysis.
T255 171548-171712 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand, the proinflammatory cytokines should attract inflammatory cells, boost NK cell and CD8+ T-cell activity and eventually lead to tumor vaccination.
T256 171713-171845 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we are going to present first results with recombinant Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-12 fusion proteins expressed in E. coli.
T257 173422-173545 Epistemic_statement denotes However, while EDTA has found widespread application as a conservative, its clinical use is hampered by toxic side effects.
T258 174995-175200 Epistemic_statement denotes As this antibiotic has been in clinical use over the last 50 years without serious side effects having been reported, it constitutes a promising candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
T259 175503-175610 Epistemic_statement denotes Their mutual agreement and factors influencing the results have not been studied in detail in South Africa.
T260 175611-175734 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus a study was conducted at 15 sampling sites in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa to address this knowledge gap.
T261 177164-177302 Epistemic_statement denotes If a suspension of the sediment matter on-site took place, this would lead to a change in the bacterial concentrations between 0 and 24 %.
T262 177507-177618 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: Re-suspension of sediment particles can compromise the results of microbial water quality testing.
T263 177619-177797 Epistemic_statement denotes Temperature fluctuations between 10 and 32 ºC are not expected to influence the applicability of the hydrogen-sulphide test in detection of faecal contamination of surface water.
T264 178536-178766 Epistemic_statement denotes A sustainable in-time management of emulsion paint production should rely on fast quantitative MC analysis of products and their effective separation, thereby minimizing preservative input and waste of contaminated emulsion paint.
T265 180392-180548 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: Further development effort would be needed to optimize sample preparation with special focus on removal of inhibitory emulsion paint compounds.
T266 180549-180715 Epistemic_statement denotes All methods should run on (or must easily be adaptable to) integrated sample and analysis robotics applying qRT-PCR, automated analysis and interpretation of results.
T267 180716-180922 Epistemic_statement denotes This requirement is crucial since a final qRT-PCR based QC strategy should be able to manage the emulsion paint production without interaction of human PCR experts in a model environment at JWO in Coesfeld.
T268 181308-181454 Epistemic_statement denotes By performing studies on the interactions present in multispecies biofilms, basic knowledge on several aspects of sociomicrobiology can be gained.
T269 181455-181577 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of this work was to assess the role of interspecies interactions in species biofilm formation and characteristics.
T270 182722-182875 Epistemic_statement denotes A range of interactions has been observed among microorganisms in biofilms, including competitive, mutualistic, antagonistic and commensal relationships.
T271 184188-184334 Epistemic_statement denotes These proteins are presumably highly antigenic due to the exposure to the host's immune system and may be used as antigens in diagnostic purposes.
T272 184335-184556 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study could be demonstrated that recombinantely produced Cj0069, one of the secreted proteins, has a similar sensitivity and specificity compared to the already and commercially established antigens OMP18 and P39.
T273 185982-186193 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: This study reveals that hreP and the pyp genes are part of a complex regulatory network that is repressed by H-NS, further underlining our hypothesis that these genes have been acquired horizontally.
T274 187135-187333 Epistemic_statement denotes Depending on the serovar, host species, age and immune status the course of disease can range from asymptomatic carriage or localized acute diarrhea to severe systemic infections with fatal outcome.
T275 187334-187673 Epistemic_statement denotes To evaluate possible host differences in flagellin recognition in human and animal cells and subsequent induction of immunostimulatory signalling cascades, we have used the activation of transcription factor nuclear factor -B (NF-B) in NF-B reporter cell lines of different species origins that express a luciferase during NF-B activation.
T276 188188-188370 Epistemic_statement denotes The varying behaviour and sensing of Salmonella flagellin in different host species might contribute to the different outcome of infection and host adaptation of Salmonella serovars.
T277 188371-188537 Epistemic_statement denotes Shiga toxins (Stxs) are secreted by Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) that cause diarrhea, bloody diarrhea and potentially lethal hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS).
T278 188930-189211 Epistemic_statement denotes Although preferential Stxmediated damage of glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (GMVECs) is known as the major mechanism underlying HUS caused by STEC, the exact nature of the Stx receptor GSLs of GMVECs including the expression of different lipoforms remains to be defined.
T279 190323-190424 Epistemic_statement denotes This higher sensitivity of GMVECs correlated with the enhanced expression of Stx-receptors in GMVECs.
T280 190425-190863 Epistemic_statement denotes However, as GSLs are believed to localize abundantly in lipid rafts tightly associated with cholesterol and raftassociated membrane proteins and since lipid raft association of Stx receptors is assumed as a functional prerequisite for Stx-mediated cytotoxicity, future investigations on the subcellular distribution of GSLs in GMVECs are required to explore the functional role of the molecular assembly of GSLs in microdomains of GMVECs.
T281 191196-191355 Epistemic_statement denotes Together with the CagA effector protein, it is encoded on the cag pathogenicity island (cag-PAI), the presence of which is associated with more severe disease.
T282 191819-191915 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, it is likely that H. pylori is able to modulate the immune response to its advantage.
T283 192001-192149 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown before that macrophages aggregate under the influence of the Cag T4SS, and that CagA can be translocated into these cells as well.
T284 192624-192774 Epistemic_statement denotes The migration assays suggest that H. pylori infection results in a chemotactic defect of phagocytic cells and in an inhibition of phagocyte migration.
T285 192775-192912 Epistemic_statement denotes Infection with H. pylori mutants showed that the inhibitory effect on human granulocyte migration is likely to be caused by the Cag T4SS.
T286 192913-193065 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, our results suggest that interaction of the Cag T4SS with phagocytic cells may contribute to immune evasion and persistence of H. pylori.
T287 193185-193387 Epistemic_statement denotes New 027 outbreak strains with global spreading are characterised by toxin A, B and binary toxin expression, mutations of a potential toxin repressor gene (tcdC), and increased toxin production in vitro.
T288 194433-194608 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the rate of various C. difficile genotypes was different between children and adults with high percentage of non-toxigenic strains in the pediatric group (50%).
T289 194609-194844 Epistemic_statement denotes Using an institutional database the genetic relationship between the various slpAST was analysed showing clustering in at least three major genetic groups subdivided in different subgroups with close association to known PCR ribotypes.
T290 194929-195016 Epistemic_statement denotes We could show that 027 rates recently decrease in our previously high-prevalent region.
T291 195017-195138 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesize that the rates of epidemic strains and presumably also strain specific virulence may change over time e.g.
T292 195139-195201 Epistemic_statement denotes due to host adaptation and possibly also in different regions.
T293 195202-195277 Epistemic_statement denotes Emergence of new epidemic C. difficile strains may occur at any time again.
T294 195429-195569 Epistemic_statement denotes SlpAST is a well standardized method to identify current epidemic C. difficile strains but also strains of still unknown epidemic relevance.
T295 195853-196012 Epistemic_statement denotes This protein translocation results in altered host cell gene expression profiles and cytoskeletal rearrangements, and it has been linked to cancer development.
T296 196191-196381 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, it has been shown that the Cag type IV secretion apparatus binds to integrin molecules as receptors on host cells, and that several Cag components are involved in this interaction.
T297 196479-196722 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous studies have identified the cagI gene as an essential gene for translocation of CagA into host cells, but there have been conflicting results as to its requirement for stimulation of interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion by epithelial cells.
T298 196723-196976 Epistemic_statement denotes Since the cagI gene overlaps and is co-transcribed with the cagL gene encoding another integrin-interacting protein essential for Cag functionality, this discrepancy might be due to transcriptional effects of the resistance markers used for mutagenesis.
T299 197132-197324 Epistemic_statement denotes The absence of several components of the secretion apparatus has an impact on CagI and CagL protein levels, indicating that (partial) assembly of the apparatus is required for their stability.
T300 197524-197651 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, our results are consistent with the assumption that CagI and CagL form a complex at the bacterial cell surface.
T301 198251-198416 Epistemic_statement denotes This was thought to be associated with the emergence of a more virulent strain, Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027, which was first reported in Germany in 20007.
T302 199903-200033 Epistemic_statement denotes Hospital discharge diagnosis data for 2010 are not yet available (2009: 120.8 CDI diagnoses/100.000 discharged hospital patients).
T303 200328-200430 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: The continuing increase of CDI cases that peaked in 2010 shows the urgent need for action.
T304 200431-200481 Epistemic_statement denotes The nature of this increase is not yet understood.
T305 200482-200540 Epistemic_statement denotes An improved characterization of cases is therefore needed.
T306 200742-200786 Epistemic_statement denotes This will help to focus preventive measures.
T307 201902-202016 Epistemic_statement denotes Preliminary analysis of the data showed that the isolates can be grouped into approximately 50 distinct ribotypes.
T308 202166-202284 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: Analysis of a large number of c. difficile from an expansive urban area has not been described in Germany.
T309 202285-202620 Epistemic_statement denotes It is interesting to scrutinise such data as one may be able to determine if the increasing incidence of CDAD is perhaps, unlike the case in North Anmerica, not associated with a specific clonal spread and therby also determine if the change is perhaps due to changes in medical practice rather than a shift in the bacterial virulence.
T310 202621-202952 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results show that the vast majority of the isolates possesed both toxin A and B genes and that only few [12.6 the binary toxin gene, a disproportionate number of these [60.6 %] however were located in isolates positive for tcdA and negative for tcdB genes, which only accounted for 7.8 % of the total number of isolates tested.
T311 203499-203573 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, giardiasis is a major public and veterinary health concern globally.
T312 203574-203673 Epistemic_statement denotes It remains unclear to what degree it is a zoonosis and what determines its pathogenicity to humans.
T313 203674-203865 Epistemic_statement denotes To assess these issues a Gd biobank shall be generated to link epidemiological data with functional characteristics of clinical isolates and as a means to identify virulence associated genes.
T314 203866-204029 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesize that potential virulence markers are enzymes released by Giardia upon colonization of the small instestine and interaction with the host epithelium.
T315 204030-204285 Epistemic_statement denotes Especially the Gd arginine deiminase (ADI) that converts arginine to citrulline and ammonia shall be investigated as possible virulence and pathogenicity factor of Gd, because arginine plays a critical role in antimicrobial mechanisms and immune response.
T316 204286-204508 Epistemic_statement denotes The sequencevariation of ADI will be determined by cloning adi from Gd isolates being collected in the biobank and sequence variants will be functionally characterized by expressing the respective recombinant ADI proteins.
T317 204509-204652 Epistemic_statement denotes Finally, correlation between enzyme function and clinical pathology shall be investigated on basis of Gd isolates related epidemiological data.
T318 204653-204704 Epistemic_statement denotes We will present the establishment of this workflow.
T319 206911-207081 Epistemic_statement denotes Using a murine infection model we discovered distinct correlations between the metabolism of the tested amino acids and the persistence of C. jejuni in different tissues.
T320 207219-207362 Epistemic_statement denotes Gaussia princeps luciferase (Gluc) can be used to monitor type I protein secretion in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium T. Wille 1 , R.G.
T321 207606-207671 Epistemic_statement denotes Data about the applicability of Gluc in bacteria is very limited.
T322 207672-207817 Epistemic_statement denotes Given the small size, high activity and co-factor independence of Gluc, it might be especially suited to monitor secretion of bacterial proteins.
T323 208581-208741 Epistemic_statement denotes We could show that a C-terminal moiety of SiiE including immunoglobulin (Ig) domain 53 is essential and sufficient mediating type I-dependent secretion of Gluc.
T324 208847-208929 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: In conclusion, Gluc can be used to monitor protein secretion via T1SS.
T325 209243-209417 Epistemic_statement denotes Helicobacter pylori BCS 100 genome variability and potential virulence determinants during an experimental human infection L. Kennemann* 1 , T. Aebischer 2 , S. Kuhn 1 , T.F.
T326 209819-209932 Epistemic_statement denotes Much less is known about genomic adaptations that may occur in the first months of infection of a new human host.
T327 209933-210210 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we present the complete genome sequence of H. pylori strain BCS 100 (H1), a cagPAI deficient isolate that has been used for several human challenge studies in the US and Germany, and draft sequences of reisolates obtained from four volunteers after 3 months of infection.
T328 210211-210361 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: The genome sequence of H. pylori challenge strain H1 was obtained by 454 sequencing and subsequent gap closure by targeted Sanger sequencing.
T329 210984-211200 Epistemic_statement denotes Unexpectedly, a previously unknown variant of the input strain was detected in several volunteers which differed from the 454 sequenced input clone H1 by 86 SNPs and three clusters of nucleotide polymorphisms (CNPs).
T330 211201-211368 Epistemic_statement denotes This variant was commonly detected among the additional reisolates from the study, suggesting strong in vivo selection favoring this subpopulation in some human hosts.
T331 212616-212808 Epistemic_statement denotes We attempt to localize the distinct binding regions of these proteins within the receptor and we want to determine, whether binding of CagA to ITGB1 is an essential step in CagA translocation.
T332 212999-213196 Epistemic_statement denotes These data can help to propose a new model of interaction between the pathogenic H. pylori and the eukaryotic cell, mediated by specific interactions of the cag-T4SS and the ITGB1 of the host cell.
T333 213615-213747 Epistemic_statement denotes ACI outbreak specific findings included an association to university hospitals, to intensive care units, and to surgery departments.
T334 213748-213902 Epistemic_statement denotes PAE outbreaks were associated with significantly less use of isolation precautions, less frequently closure of wards, and less use of protective clothing.
T335 214572-214694 Epistemic_statement denotes However, from our point of view currently there is no MRGN bacterium that should be totally disregarded with this respect.
T336 214695-214891 Epistemic_statement denotes Essen, Deutschland 3 University Hospital Essen, Hospital Hygiene, Essen, Deutschland Introduction: Postoperative wound infections generally cause considerable extra morbidity, mortality and costs.
T337 216511-216642 Epistemic_statement denotes Attention should be paid to antibiotic prophylaxis and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage treatment.
T338 216643-216733 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study BMI >30 and high blood-glucose levels were associated with wound infections.
T339 216734-216803 Epistemic_statement denotes Overall the rate of SSIs was low, but further surveillance is needed.
T340 217015-217176 Epistemic_statement denotes Mikrobiologie u.Krankenhaushygiene, Hannover, Deutschland Background: Hand hygiene is the most effective measure for preventing infections related to healthcare.
T341 217177-217510 Epistemic_statement denotes This study aims to evaluate the hand hygiene compliance in a German university hospital overall and in addiction to the professional status after implementation of the national hand hygiene campaign "Aktion Saubere Hände in 2008.This is the largest nationwide survey on intensive care units (ICU) in a university hospital in Germany.
T342 218412-218511 Epistemic_statement denotes No significant correlation between hand rub consumption and hand hygiene compliance was calculated.
T343 219579-219824 Epistemic_statement denotes Effective and rapid analysis of nosocomial outbreaks using the DiversiLab semi-automated repetitive sequence-based PCR test system Objectives: Rapid and sensitive methods are essential for typing and monitoring of hospital associated infections.
T344 219963-220252 Epistemic_statement denotes Aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness and accuracy of the DiversiLab system for bacterial strain typing and determination of genetic relatedness of strains associated with nosocomial outbreaks and integration of the system in the workflow of a routine microbiological laboratory.
T345 220830-221017 Epistemic_statement denotes The same result could be observed in the 26 multi-resistant A. baumannii strains, where strains showed identical cluster formation (into 3 separate clusters) and very similar dendrograms.
T346 221967-222130 Epistemic_statement denotes -Results on the DiversiLab system could be obtained in a short period (8-24h), which is an essential advantage in rapid analysis of hospital associated infections.
T347 222380-222496 Epistemic_statement denotes However, often their actual ability of killing germs and their overall practicability in daily life remains unknown.
T348 222722-222861 Epistemic_statement denotes According to the manufacturer's instructions the wand should be used as close as possible and no more than one-half inch above the surface.
T349 222862-222978 Epistemic_statement denotes As stated in the operating manual, a 90% elimination of S. aureus would be expected within 12 sec by this procedure.
T350 223969-224196 Epistemic_statement denotes However, when using such a device for disinfection purpose in daily life, one has to keep in mind that 20 sec UV-C light exposition time was necessary in order to properly disinfect a rather small surface area from enterococci.
T351 224290-224453 Epistemic_statement denotes So there might be few opportunities when such a device could be a useful tool, but it seems less helpful on larger exterior due to time necessary for disinfection.
T352 225028-225168 Epistemic_statement denotes Different factors can control the survival of enteric viruses in aquatic environments such as temperature, sunlight, pH, and organic matter.
T353 225169-225277 Epistemic_statement denotes However, little is known about the effect of the flow rate on the concentration of viruses in surface water.
T354 226391-226475 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, no correlation between microbiological parameters and flow rate was found.
T355 226476-226590 Epistemic_statement denotes Further investigations are needed to characterize hydrological factors influencing enteric viruses in river water.
T356 226812-227217 Epistemic_statement denotes Homogeneous distribution of phenotypic characteristics in clonally unrelated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from technical water systems H. Petry-Hansen* 1 , J. Hanke 1 , J. Heise 1 , H.-C. Flemming 1 , J. Wingender Biofilm Centre, Abteilung Aquatische Mikrobiologie, Essen, Deutschland P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen ubiquitously found in water environments where it can persist in biofilms.
T357 227218-227372 Epistemic_statement denotes Cells released from biofilms contaminate the water phase and pose a potential threat to human health, especially when occurring in man-made water systems.
T358 227373-227469 Epistemic_statement denotes The genotypic and phenotypic variability of P. aeruginosa in technical water systems is unknown.
T359 227871-228255 Epistemic_statement denotes For 77 representative strains and all seven reference strains the following characteristics were analyzed in order to reveal possible correlations between water source and genotypic as well as phenotypic characteristics: colony morphology, pigment production, hemolysis, cell surface hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, resistance against antibiotics and occurrence of virulence genes.
T360 229336-229470 Epistemic_statement denotes No correlation between phenotypic and genotypic traits, and between these characteristics and the origin of the strains were detected.
T361 229671-229791 Epistemic_statement denotes There seem to be no selection of a specific genotypic or phenotypic variant of P. aeruginosa in technical water systems.
T362 230116-230195 Epistemic_statement denotes Knowledge about the real frequency of nosocomial infections in Germany is rare.
T363 230854-230921 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: Overall, 1,047 in-patients could be included in the study.
T364 232380-232550 Epistemic_statement denotes Thorax-, Transplantationsund Gefäßchirurgie, Hannover, Deutschland Background: Hand hygiene is the most effective measure for preventing infections related to healthcare.
T365 232551-232700 Epistemic_statement denotes This study aims to evaluate the hand hygiene behaviour of health care workers in a German university hospital in treatment of special patient groups.
T366 232886-233043 Epistemic_statement denotes They are high risk patients for developing healthcare associated infections due to the high number of devices, the long hospital stays and immunosuppression.
T367 234647-234792 Epistemic_statement denotes Once the number of infected persons including hospital staff climbs to a threshold hospital departments may be closed or even the whole hospital.
T368 234793-235004 Epistemic_statement denotes Medical and administrative staff members especially those responsible for hospital hygiene management and infection control have a need to know where infectious patients are situated or should be transferred to.
T369 235178-235320 Epistemic_statement denotes In case of an outbreak admission, discharge and transfer (ADT) operations can be monitored, controlled and analysed retrospectively over time.
T370 235532-235660 Epistemic_statement denotes The text code allows for displaying multiple infections and is likely to become the preferred standard of the hospital operator.
T371 235661-235762 Epistemic_statement denotes So far Norovirus, ESBL, MRSA, Clostriods and other infections can be differentiated in the dashboard.
T372 236758-237009 Epistemic_statement denotes PROHIBIT aims to analyse existing guidelines and practices to prevent healthcare associated infections (HAI) in Europe, to identify factors that influence compliance with best practices and to test the effectiveness of interventions of known efficacy.
T373 237997-238104 Epistemic_statement denotes Seven of the 16 guidelines rate the scientific level of supporting evidence and strength of recommendation.
T374 238105-238212 Epistemic_statement denotes All but one guideline explicitly recommend placing symptomatic patients in a single room whenever possible.
T375 238213-238302 Epistemic_statement denotes Cleaning or disinfection of frequently touched surfaces is recommended in all guidelines.
T376 238303-238463 Epistemic_statement denotes However, only 13 include specific recommendation about disinfectants; out of these 11 prefer chlorine based solutions as specified in the ECDC guidance of 2008.
T377 238464-238515 Epistemic_statement denotes There is variation in hand hygiene recommendations.
T378 238876-239007 Epistemic_statement denotes In the UK and Ireland public reporting of CDI rates of individual hospitals has been established since 2007 and 2008, respectively.
T379 239176-239264 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, there is important variation in scope and detailing of the recommendations.
T380 239265-239355 Epistemic_statement denotes The majority of guidelines do not rate the scientific level or strength of recommendation.
T381 239687-239797 Epistemic_statement denotes However, some technical challenges have to be taken into consideration to assure a safe use of these products.
T382 239798-239880 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, it has been shown, that active ingredients of surface disinfectants e.g.
T383 239881-240010 Epistemic_statement denotes quaternary ammonium compounds can adsorp to the fabrics of wipes and impair the efficacy of the disinfectants significantly (1) .
T384 240110-240206 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, it was our aim to develop an easy and reproducible test method for this product type.
T385 240315-240466 Epistemic_statement denotes OR-tiles according to DGHM (2) were used as test surfaces and a standardized technique for direct application of the soaked wipes has been established.
T386 240467-240679 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, the amount of disinfectant applied to the surface has been investigated Results: Our results show that the suggested assay is suitable to test the practice like efficacy of disinfectant wipe systems.
T387 240848-241027 Epistemic_statement denotes There is a strong correlation between the amount of impregnation solution and the amount that can be transferred on the surface which is mandatory for the efficacy of the product.
T388 241028-241251 Epistemic_statement denotes We were able to show that the amount of disinfectant that can be transferred from a wipe onto a surface is significant lower than the amounts that are applied on the test carriers in the current published standards (2, 3) .
T389 241252-241389 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: Now, a reproducible and easy standard method is available that can be used to show the microbicidal efficacy of wipe systems.
T390 241390-241572 Epistemic_statement denotes The authors strongly recommend testing the microbicidal efficacy of the wipe systems before practical use and before introducing these systems in positive lists such as VAH and SFHH.
T391 241932-242178 Epistemic_statement denotes In May 2011, a large outbreak of an O104:H4 STEC strain (HUSEC 41) expressing an ESBL-positive phenotype occurred with a hot spot in Schleswig-Holstein leading to great challenges in the laboratory diagnosis and infection control in the hospital.
T392 243086-243178 Epistemic_statement denotes For all patients displaying symptoms of HUS, STEC ESBL infection could be confirmed (18/18).
T393 243269-243327 Epistemic_statement denotes No causative pathogen could be identified in 16 specimens.
T394 243791-243879 Epistemic_statement denotes Medical face masks were suggested only for procedures with potential aerosol production.
T395 244595-244789 Epistemic_statement denotes To avoid misdiagnosis potentially guiding false initial therapy or infection control measures rapid screening diagnostic methods are required and have been developed by specialized laboratories.
T396 244790-244993 Epistemic_statement denotes However, taking into account the inflation-like increasing number of newly suspected cases, the majority of laboratories has become overloaded, and the risk of delayed diagnosis increases proportionally.
T397 245219-245408 Epistemic_statement denotes Pathogens to be detected include Shiga-like Toxin producing E.coli, thus we assumed that also the novel variant which is Shigatoxin 1 negative but Shigatoxin 2 positive could be identified.
T398 246026-246141 Epistemic_statement denotes Patients can be monitored more closely by the clinicians and test results associated to the clinical course of HUS.
T399 246382-246458 Epistemic_statement denotes or Clostridium difficile can be administered the correct antibiotic therapy.
T400 246459-246767 Epistemic_statement denotes The Luminex technology is widely available and the assays procedure is rather simple with a total hands-on time of less than 5 hours and a sample capacity of up to 96 samples per run, the assays is suitable for high throughput analyses and thus will cover the peaks in the epidemiological outbreak situation.
T401 249068-249188 Epistemic_statement denotes The phenotype with all antimicrobials tested sensitive may indicate a community rather than a nosocomial primary source.
T402 249189-249334 Epistemic_statement denotes We assume that after introduction of the strain -maybe by the family of the twins first affected -further nosocomial transmissions have occurred.
T403 249335-249372 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the parents were not tested.
T404 249707-249866 Epistemic_statement denotes Objective: To perform a prospective in-hospital surveillance of salmonella infection in order to detect possible nosocomial cases in an acute hospital setting.
T405 249867-250063 Epistemic_statement denotes Methods: In three tertiary care hospitals all patients with detection of salmonella species were investigated in respect to whether the detection occurred later than 48 h after hospital admission.
T406 251164-251259 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: A systematic surveillance of all salmonella-cases identified rare nosocomial cases.
T407 251260-251374 Epistemic_statement denotes Food available at food providers near the hospital should be considered if nosocomial salmonella infection occurs.
T408 251618-251732 Epistemic_statement denotes Objective: Human Adenovirus (HAdV) can cause severe infections especially in haemato-oncologic pediatric patients.
T409 251733-251836 Epistemic_statement denotes In our hospital contactand droplet-precautions are recommended when infections with HAdV are suspected.
T410 251837-252026 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite this recommendation HAdV was identified in stool and nasopharyngeal secretion samples of five children in a pediatric haematooncology ward within a two week period in February 2010.
T411 252093-252238 Epistemic_statement denotes As a high compliance with precautions in ward staff was observed, the theory of an outbreak with patient to patient transmissions was questioned.
T412 253412-253551 Epistemic_statement denotes Possible reasons for the observed cluster may be transmission from parents or siblings or the reactivation of HAdV under immunosuppression.
T413 253552-253678 Epistemic_statement denotes Improved education and information of parents and other family members might be a useful additional effort in pediatric wards.
T414 253679-253818 Epistemic_statement denotes Objectives: The role of infected and/or colonized health care workers (HCWs) as a potential source of a nosocomial outbreak is yet unclear.
T415 253819-253971 Epistemic_statement denotes The present study summarizes data from such outbreaks in order to elucidate areas of special interest and to clarify potential reasons for transmission.
T416 255788-255913 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: Nosocomial outbreaks caused by staff are an important problem in the field of epidemiology and infection control.
T417 255914-256038 Epistemic_statement denotes In the next step we will check for characteristics of HCWs that may predispose for an increased pathogen spread to patients.
T418 256551-256657 Epistemic_statement denotes We propose that humoral memory, acquired during colonization, shapes the response to S. aureus bacteremia.
T419 257313-257369 Epistemic_statement denotes This observation may be exploited for earlier diagnosis.
T420 258186-258332 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the clinical isolates inducing furunculosis frequently harbour the pvl-genes, encoding the toxin Panton-Valentine-Leukocidin (PVL).
T421 258660-258832 Epistemic_statement denotes To test whether invasive S. aureus strains that cause chronic furunculosis differ from colonizing strains we investigated their ability to induce cell death in neutrophils.
T422 259748-259829 Epistemic_statement denotes We can exclude indirect effects by modulating cytokines of contaminating T cells.
T423 260038-260147 Epistemic_statement denotes However, there were no differences between S. aureus cells from colonizing or furunculosis inducing isolates.
T424 260773-260829 Epistemic_statement denotes Schmidt 1 1 ZMBE, Infektiologie, Münster, Deutschland 2
T425 260830-260954 Epistemic_statement denotes Cell-penetrating proteins (CPP) are able to cross cellular membranes, either alone or in association with a bioactive cargo.
T426 261910-261982 Epistemic_statement denotes Free YopM could be detected throughout the cytoplasm and in the nucleus.
T427 262742-262768 Epistemic_statement denotes Horn 2 , M. Lindemann 2 1
T428 262769-262963 Epistemic_statement denotes Introduction: Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae is recommended by the German advisory board for vaccination (STIKO) in immunocompromized patients such as kidney transplant recipients.
T429 262964-263065 Epistemic_statement denotes S. pneumoniae mainly infects the upper respiratory tract; it can cause lobar pneumonia or meningitis.
T430 263140-263276 Epistemic_statement denotes It was the aim of the present study to define the long-term efficiency of vaccination in clinically stable kidney transplant recipients.
T431 264489-264651 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that kidney transplant recipients can produce almost normal concentrations of antibodies against pneumococcal polysaccharides.
T432 265380-265531 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the activation of CD95 further increases pulmonary ceramide levelsand results in a vicious cycle of CD95 activation and ceramide accumulation.
T433 265852-266016 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings identify CD95 as an important regulator of lung functionsin cystic fibrosis and suggest that CD95 may be a novel target for treating cystic fibrosis.
T434 266305-266394 Epistemic_statement denotes The adaptive immune system can mobilize different effector mechanisms to a given antigen.
T435 269305-269396 Epistemic_statement denotes It appears that the cleavage of MyD88 uncouples the activation of TLR4 from NF-B signaling.
T436 269397-269528 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the disruption of MyD88 signaling in the execution of apoptosis may render the dying cells less sensitive to TLR stimulation.
T437 269529-269704 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggests that the cleavage of MyD88 is implicated in apoptotic death signaling by conferring immunogenic tolerance to the dying cell in response to microbial stimulation.
T438 269874-270002 Epistemic_statement denotes A crucial step in host colonization is the adhesin-mediated binding of this pathogen to the cells of the respiratory epithelium.
T439 270003-270199 Epistemic_statement denotes For cytadherence M. pneumoniae exhibits a complex membrane extension called attachment organelle which includes amongst other proteins the major adhesin P1 and the adherenceassociated protein P30.
T440 270887-271075 Epistemic_statement denotes We used this chimeric protein as antigen for an immunization strategy to elicit an antibody response in the respiratory tract of guinea pigs which can reduce the adhesion of M. pneumoniae.
T441 271737-271998 Epistemic_statement denotes The results are promising to achieve increased levels of M. pneumoniae-specific secretory IgA in comparison to the conventional systemic immunization by using the advantages of chitosan for the nasal vaccination of host organisms with the characterized antigen.
T442 272711-272793 Epistemic_statement denotes Two fibrinogen binding adhesins have been previously described for S. lugdunensis.
T443 272963-273043 Epistemic_statement denotes To date a fibronectin binding protein for S. lugdunensis has not been described.
T444 273044-273236 Epistemic_statement denotes We sought to investigate whether S. lugdunensis is internalized into the epithelial and endothelial cell line cells (5637 and EA.hy 926) using a previously described FACS-based invasion assay.
T445 273237-273402 Epistemic_statement denotes We could show that clinical isolates of S. lugdunensis were internalized into human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line 5637 and the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926.
T446 273403-273515 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, all strains that invade into human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line 5637 bound to fibronectin.
T447 273800-274020 Epistemic_statement denotes The discovery of the internalization attribute of S. lugdunensis and its linkage to fibronectin binding suggests that the internalization of this important pathogen also occurs via a fibronectin mediated surface contact.
T448 274021-274293 Epistemic_statement denotes J. Elias* 1 , A. Tremmel 1 , U. Vogel 1 1 Universität Würzburg, Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Würzburg, Deutschland Laboratory staff working with Neisseria meningitidis should be offered immunization with available vaccines against serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y.
T449 274294-274690 Epistemic_statement denotes As part of our biological safety management we have performed a crosssectional study with 20 individuals between 18 and 50 years, who were vaccinated once with quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine; the aims of the study were: estimation of the duration of protection by polysaccharide vaccine; and assessment whether revaccination with newly available quadrivalent conjugate vaccine was necessary.
T450 275506-275580 Epistemic_statement denotes Mean protective duration, however, exceeded 100 months for all serogroups.
T451 275737-275864 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, our analyses might point to less effective immunization against serogroup W135 by a polysaccharide-only vaccine.
T452 277143-277238 Epistemic_statement denotes The zymogen plasminogen can be converted by specific activators to the serine protease plasmin.
T453 278608-278794 Epistemic_statement denotes A20, an ubiquitin-editing enzyme, can block the proximal NF-B signalling pathway under various stimulations and A20 knockout mice succumb prematurely from uncontrolled hyperinflammation.
T454 280174-280314 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, mRNA levels of iNOS, which is responsible for producing anti-malarial NO, were also significantly higher in infected KO mice.
T455 280315-280508 Epistemic_statement denotes Our study demonstrates that A20 deletion in hepatocytes is beneficial for parasite clearance during malaria liver stage infection, presumably by inducing a stronger local inflammatory response.
T456 280509-280616 Epistemic_statement denotes Augmenting anti-liver stage defense mechanisms may further improve experimental malaria vaccine strategies.
T457 281020-281100 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown that Mycobacteria infect their host by various mechanisms, eg.
T458 281224-281453 Epistemic_statement denotes Our group has found a lipid (Phenolic glycolipid, PGL) in the outer cell wall of Mycobacterium marinum (Mmar, a model organism for the research of Mtb) which might interfere with the innate immune system (Robinson et al., 2008) .
T459 281454-281561 Epistemic_statement denotes We are currently focused on establishing the link between PGL and the pathways of the innate immune system.
T460 282755-282881 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: Our findings suggest that PGL is indeed able to interfere with the signaling pathways of the innate immune system.
T461 282882-283007 Epistemic_statement denotes We could show that PGL supresses the production of IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-a RNA in HMDM after stimulation with HK-BCG or LPS.
T462 283129-283203 Epistemic_statement denotes It still remains elusive where exactly PGL interferes with these pathways.
T463 283320-283418 Epistemic_statement denotes Our work could therefore help to complete the picture of the infection mechanisms of Mycobacteria.
T464 283419-283559 Epistemic_statement denotes The intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii can invade the brain and cause a persistent infection, toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE).
T465 283560-283697 Epistemic_statement denotes IFNproducing CD8 + T cells, activated microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes appear to be the major effector mechanisms in host immunity.
T466 284099-284153 Epistemic_statement denotes Little is known about the role of ADAP in brain cells.
T467 284154-284369 Epistemic_statement denotes Since we could demonstrate that ADAP-deficient (ADAP -/-) mice showed ameliorated disease progression in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, a function of ADAP in brain cells was hypothesized.
T468 284841-285019 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the number of IFN-producing lymphocytes was increased in the brains of ADAP -/mice, all ADAP -/mice died until 54 days post infection, while all wild-type mice survived.
T469 285129-285350 Epistemic_statement denotes These data indicate an important role of ADAP for the activation of microglia cells during toxoplasmosis, whereas the integrin-mediated migration of T cells through the blood-brain-barrier seems to be independent of ADAP.
T470 285616-285641 Epistemic_statement denotes Zipfel 1,2 , C. Skerka 1
T471 285642-285779 Epistemic_statement denotes Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen that lives as a human commensal but can also cause superficial and life-threatening infections.
T472 287505-287710 Epistemic_statement denotes Although IFN-l has been shown to predominantly act on mucosal organs such as the lung and gastrointestinal tract, studies using IFN-l receptor-deficient mice have failed to define a non-redundant function.
T473 288087-288344 Epistemic_statement denotes Quantitative RT-PCR and simultaneous immunostaining of virus-infected cells and the antiviral Mx1 protein highlighted the distinct responsiveness of intestinal epithelial cells to IFN-l and its critical role to restrict epithelial viral replication in vivo.
T474 288684-288837 Epistemic_statement denotes This defence mechanism works very efficiently despite the often low number of pathogens and the limited amount of mediators secreted per epithelial cell.
T475 289167-289365 Epistemic_statement denotes Cell-to-cell communication was independent of gap junction formation, cytokine secretion, ion fluxes or nitric oxide synthesis, but required NADPH oxidase (Nox) 4-dependent oxygen radical formation.
T476 290011-290125 Epistemic_statement denotes However, tryptophan metabolites produced in the kynurenine pathway are able to inhibit the growth of immune cells.
T477 290643-290774 Epistemic_statement denotes Detailed analyses indicate that this antiparasitic effect is due to a toxic effect of the tryptophan metabolites on the host cells.
T478 291108-291182 Epistemic_statement denotes Quantitative analysis of the toxicity indicates that some tumor cells e.g.
T479 291369-291585 Epistemic_statement denotes These metabolites might inhibit the activity of tumor specific T-cells, while the enhanced resistance of some tumor cells against the toxic effect of tryptophan metabolites might represent an immune escape mechanism.
T480 291586-291769 Epistemic_statement denotes Background: Fibroblasts regulate epithelial cell differentiation, are responsible for wound healing, control inflammation process and seem to play an important role in cancerogenesis.
T481 291914-291966 Epistemic_statement denotes The linkage might be the hyaluronan (HA) metabolism.
T482 291967-292109 Epistemic_statement denotes Bacteria produce hyaluronidases and bacterial products interact with Toll-like-receptors (TLRs) which also seem to be linked to HA metabolism.
T483 292110-292250 Epistemic_statement denotes We investigated how far microorganisms/microbial products influence the metabolism of HA in human dermal fibroblasts through TLR activation.
T484 293475-293573 Epistemic_statement denotes However, all microorganisms and the microbial products under study did not modulate HA metabolism.
T485 293835-293933 Epistemic_statement denotes However, a possible role of HA metabolism in host-microorganism interacting needs further studies.
T486 294738-294898 Epistemic_statement denotes As to date, a constitutive expressed specific unique marker for human Treg cells is not available, an exact quantification on protein or RNA level is imprecise.
T487 295964-296064 Epistemic_statement denotes Heterologous antigens can be expressed in Salmonella as fusions with recombinant or native proteins.
T488 296065-296311 Epistemic_statement denotes This approach has been used mainly to direct the expression of the desired antigen to a particular location of the bacterial cell and to increase the immunogenicity of foreign antigens by fusing them to proteins that could exert a carrier effect.
T489 296312-296522 Epistemic_statement denotes The type III secretion system (T3SS)-mediated translocation by Salmonella can be used for efficient delivery of heterologous antigens into the cytosol of APC, leading to stimulation of both CD4 and CD8 T-cells.
T490 296649-296734 Epistemic_statement denotes These effectors proteins are associated with endosomal membranes after translocation.
T491 297136-297414 Epistemic_statement denotes By comparison of various attenuated carrier strains, we observed that the htrA/purD double mutant strain can be used efficiently as attenuated carrier for vaccination and observed the efficient stimulation invitro T-cell proliferation by the delta sifA mutant strain as carrier.
T492 297642-297810 Epistemic_statement denotes Differential expression and inducibility of Dusp gene expression suggest that these phosphatases specify the outcome of MAPK activation in terms of cytokine production.
T493 298411-298546 Epistemic_statement denotes However, embryonic development of homozygous mice was grossly normal until E18.5, indicating that Dusp16trap/trap mice die perinatally.
T494 299359-299490 Epistemic_statement denotes The cellular response of human monocyte derived macrophages to infection with genetically distinct M. tuberculosis complex strains
T495 299491-299754 Epistemic_statement denotes Aim of the study: The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) was initially regarded as a highly homogeneous population; however, recent data suggest the causative agents of tuberculosis are genetically and functionally more diverse than appreciated previously.
T496 299755-299877 Epistemic_statement denotes The impact of this natural variation on the virulence of the pathogen and clinical manifestations remains largely unknown.
T497 300757-300936 Epistemic_statement denotes However, additional data also demonstrate that a particular MTBC genotype translates into a distinct biological response profile when getting into contact with human immune cells.
T498 301693-301786 Epistemic_statement denotes Nuclear localization was due to a so far unknown bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS).
T499 302529-302627 Epistemic_statement denotes Limitation of p65 availability resulted in reduced expression of a subset of NFkB dependent genes.
T500 303597-303734 Epistemic_statement denotes How these unique transcriptional responses are generated, and which role they play for Th1 and Th17 induction is incompletely understood.
T501 303920-304023 Epistemic_statement denotes However, little is known about the TF profile induced downstream of these constitutively expressed TFs.
T502 305610-305722 Epistemic_statement denotes Specifically IFIT2 may recognize and may prevent translation of capped viral mRNA lacking 2'-O methylation [3] .
T503 305723-306010 Epistemic_statement denotes Stimulation of interferon / Receptor (IFNAR) -/bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) demonstrates that TLR3 and TLR4 ligands as well IFN-induced IFIT-2 protein expression is type I interferon receptor dependent, indicating that IFIT-2 can be directly induced by type I interferons only.
T504 306190-306322 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to investigate a potential role of IFIT-2 in inflammatory responses, IFIT-2 -/and IFIT-2 +/+ BMDM were stimulated with LPS.
T505 306323-306527 Epistemic_statement denotes IFIT-2 -/-BMDM show significantly reduced TNF-, IL-6, MCP-1 and MIP-2 secretion, indicating that IFIT-2 contributes to type I interferon mediated amplification of the LPS induced proinflammatory response.
T506 306528-306695 Epistemic_statement denotes In line with these findings, it could be demonstrated that IFIT-2 -/mice are less susceptible to LPS mediated endotoxin shock compared to littermate wildtype controls.
T507 307101-307231 Epistemic_statement denotes Evidence is accumulating which implies that coagulation can also contribute to the early innate immune response against pathogens.
T508 307232-307369 Epistemic_statement denotes Activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, also known as the contact system, seems to play an important role in these processes.
T509 307370-307558 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous work has shown that it can be activated on the surface of many pathogenic bacterial species, which in turn leads to the generation of antimicrobial peptides and bacterial killing.
T510 308330-308434 Epistemic_statement denotes However, in infected fXIII -/animals, bacteria were widespread and scattered over a large affected area.
T511 309693-309901 Epistemic_statement denotes Given the high expression of LPLA2 in macrophages and its importance in membrane homeostasis and phospholipid turnover, we hypothesized that LPLA2 contributes to host responses against intracellular bacteria.
T512 311186-311374 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, our data indicate that LPLA2 is involved in the clearance of bacteria by macrophages and the processing of bacterial antigens for subsequent generation of T cell responses.
T513 311375-311681 Epistemic_statement denotes Though (IL)-17A/F-producing T helper (TH)17 cells are potent inducers of tissue inflammation and have been associated with several chronic and autoimmune inflammatory diseases, the main function of TH17 cells appears to be the clearance of pathogens, which are not appropriate affected by TH1 or TH2 cells.
T514 311947-312135 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, Mtb-infected IL-17A -/mice efficiently generated interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-producing TH1 cells and IFNgammadependent effector responses after low dose (100 CFU) infection.
T515 312136-312361 Epistemic_statement denotes However, IL-17A -/mice were not able to control mycobacterial replication during the chronic phase of experimental TB after low dose infection and died earlier (200 days post infection (dpi)) than corresponding wildtype mice.
T516 312486-312689 Epistemic_statement denotes The breakdown of controlling mycobacterial replication after low and high dose infection was associated with a modulation of gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and their receptors.
T517 312690-312898 Epistemic_statement denotes Especially the highly increased gene expression of IL-17F in IL-17A -/mice lead to the hypothesis that hypercompensation of IL-17A deficiency by IL-17F induce neutrophilia and susceptibility to Mtb infection.
T518 313163-313245 Epistemic_statement denotes Hence, IL-17A appears to play no direct role for protection against Mtb infection.
T519 313246-313507 Epistemic_statement denotes (Supported by the Inflammation Research Excellence Cluster) Staphylococcus (S.) aureus is a frequent cause of severe skin and soft tissue infections in humans, the treatment of which is complicated by the emergence of multi-resistant and hyper-virulent strains.
T520 314333-314443 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, the direct encounter of bacterial cells by PMN did not always lead to an uptake of the pathogen.
T521 314960-315067 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we observed that Agr activity could be localized to small areas at the margin of the infection focus.
T522 317845-318027 Epistemic_statement denotes Our observation that neutralisation of CYLD in WT mice by siRNA partially protected WT mice from lethal listerioses identifies CYLD as a potential therapeutic target in listerioisis.
T523 318733-318853 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, following a phase of partial protection, all complement factor C3 -/mice died until day 17 post infection.
T524 319480-319653 Epistemic_statement denotes In summary: Our data indicate that C3-effector functions are harmful early in C. psittaci infection; increased Chlamydia uptake mediated by C3b might be the reason for that.
T525 319654-319845 Epistemic_statement denotes However, later in infection, when specific immunity becomes essential for defence, complement activation seems to be necessary for the fine-tuning of an otherwise deleterious immune response.
T526 320316-320461 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to cross the first line of host innate immune defence, P. aeruginosa has developed multiple strategies to escape host complement attack.
T527 320462-320633 Epistemic_statement denotes Complement resistance is crucial for bacterial virulence and several pathogens acquire host complement inhibitors such as vitronectin and Factor H to modulate this attack.
T528 321645-321821 Epistemic_statement denotes Lpd bound vitronectin in a dose-dependent manner and heparin inhibited the Lpd/vitronectin binding, suggesting that Lpd binds one of the heparin binding domains of vitronectin.
T529 322728-323041 Epistemic_statement denotes Further Yersinia is expected to release typical pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan fragments (PG), lipoprotein (LP) and the Yersinia V antigen (LcrV), which are recognized by the respective host receptors (PRRs) such as diverse TLRs or NOD1/2 receptors.
T530 323042-323239 Epistemic_statement denotes PRR signaling leads to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6) as the first step in host defense activation followed by an antiinflammatory response such as secretion of IL-10 and IL-1Ra.
T531 323240-323510 Epistemic_statement denotes From this, we suggest that the infection process can be separated in two different modes of pathogen -host cell communication: short-distance effect = silencing of contacted cells and long-distance effect = release of PAMPs with recruitment and activation of phagocytes.
T532 323511-323798 Epistemic_statement denotes With the aim to unravel which PAMP-receptor is involved in control of Yersinia-infection, we used different ko-mice with defined defects in innate immunity (TLRs-und NODs -signaling pathway and defects in IL-10 and IL1-Ra production) for susceptibility testing towards Y. enterocolitica.
T533 324527-324724 Epistemic_statement denotes Further more, we obtained evidence that Yersinia susceptibility of mice is closely associated with dynamics of neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection due to host cell chemokine production.
T534 325158-325566 Epistemic_statement denotes Peptides derived from virulence factor of E.coli inhibit TLR signaling and are new promising candidates for treatment of autoimmune diseases and sepsis F. Roemmler* 1 , C. Cirl 1 , T. Miethke 1 1 Technical University Munich, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, München, Deutschland Toll like receptor signaling is known to be part of the first line defense of the innate immune system.
T535 326223-326311 Epistemic_statement denotes cyclophosphamide), which are limited in their efficiency and cause immense side effects.
T536 327125-327251 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, peptides show promising effects in a murine LPS shock-model leading to significantly reduced TNF-alpha serum levels.
T537 327252-327444 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, the TcpC-derived peptides are able to inhibit TLR signaling without showing any side effects and are promising candidates for new therapeutics in autoimmune diseases and sepsis.
T538 328246-328352 Epistemic_statement denotes However, little is known about their direct interaction with fungi, especially with Aspergillus fumigatus.
T539 329588-329715 Epistemic_statement denotes We could also observe defined patterns of gene induction, especially regarding cytokine and chemokine gene expression profiles.
T540 329716-329786 Epistemic_statement denotes By multiplex ELISA assays gene expression patterns could be confirmed.
T541 330075-330271 Epistemic_statement denotes The course of Plasmodium yoelii-infection is affected by CD4 + Foxp3 + regulatory T-cells Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a critical role in the control of a variety of different immune responses.
T542 330272-330385 Epistemic_statement denotes However, studies on the impact of Tregs during the course of Plasmodium-infection have shown conflicting results.
T543 331288-331547 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, P. yoelii-infection of CD4IL10-KO mice leads to a reduced suppressive capability of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs and a significant enhanced inflammatory CD8 + T-cell response compared to WT mice, whereas the parasitic burden is only marginallyl affected.
T544 331907-332134 Epistemic_statement denotes However, when a T helper (Th)1-based immune response develops, interferon (IFN)-gammaactivated macrophages are the primary immune cells that control T. cruzi replication by the production of reactive nitric intermediates (RNI).
T545 332374-332450 Epistemic_statement denotes However, this susceptibility was not due to an impaired Th1 immune response.
T546 333292-333470 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, our results suggest that the IL-23-IL-17A-axis is necessary for host protection against T. cruzi infection by stimulating antimicrobial mechanisms in macrophages.
T547 333739-333953 Epistemic_statement denotes We investigated the potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms of the above mentioned compounds in a murine model of hyper-acute Th1-type ileitis following peroral infection with Toxoplasma gondii.
T548 335532-335654 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings provide novel and potential prophylaxis and treatment options of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.
T549 336145-336441 Epistemic_statement denotes As sepsis is one of the major causes of mortality that is partly due to an exaggerated pro-inflammatory immune response (3), we tested whether natural infection with the rodent filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis ameliorates a systemic inflammatory immune response that is induced via i.p.
T550 336678-336978 Epistemic_statement denotes This correlated with significantly increased amounts of peritoneal bioactive TGF and IL-10 in infected mice compared to uninfected controls, whereas levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1 , IFN , and MIP2 were not decreased, rather trended to be increased in L. sigmodontis infected mice.
T551 336979-337180 Epistemic_statement denotes Similarly, increased expression of CD80 and CD86 on peritoneal macrophages and neutrophils suggest a stronger activation of these cell types in L. sigmodontis infected mice 6 hours after LPS challenge.
T552 337269-337463 Epistemic_statement denotes As L. sigmodontis infected animals had a stronger initial pro-inflammatory immune response, we evaluated whether challenge with vital E. coli may be more efficiently controlled in infected mice.
T553 337720-338043 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results suggest that L. sigmodontis induced modulation of the immune response may increase the survival rate after bacterial challenge by inducing a strong pro-inflammatory immune response that controls bacteremia, followed by a potent anti-inflammatory mechanism that reduces pathology due to exaggerated inflammation.
T554 338044-338149 Epistemic_statement denotes Introduction: Effective therapy is vital in reducing mortality of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP).
T555 338670-338813 Epistemic_statement denotes However, at the moment nothing is known about its usefulness for monitoring the patient's clinical course or for identifying treatment failure.
T556 338814-338976 Epistemic_statement denotes Methods: We conducted a retrospective case control study to investigate whether consecutive serum BG-measurements can be used to assess treatment response in PCP.
T557 340021-340161 Epistemic_statement denotes Separate analysis of the different subgroups showed that decreasing BG-levels are associated with a favourable outcome in 88% of cases (Fig.
T558 340306-340480 Epistemic_statement denotes One patient with a complex BG-kinetic had a clinically, radiologically and microbiologically proven treatment failure and his BG level increased 7 fold at the same time (Fig.
T559 340486-340586 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: Decreasing BG-levels show a good correlation (88%) with a favourable treatment response.
T560 340587-340695 Epistemic_statement denotes This may assist in deciding whether to continue first-line therapy in cases of missing clinical improvement.
T561 340696-340801 Epistemic_statement denotes Under special circumstances, consecutive BG-measurements might be suitable to identify treatment failure.
T562 340802-340952 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the overall correlation of increasing BG-levels with an adverse outcome is poor (44%) and its usefulness for follow-up in severe PCP limited.
T563 343448-343688 Epistemic_statement denotes The results of the genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the MRSA collection analyzed here will be compared with those of matched controls of patients of the same risk-factors colonized with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains.
T564 343689-343866 Epistemic_statement denotes Backround: Rapid detection of causative microorganisms in patients with bloodstream infections is crucial for the early initiation or adaption of adequate antimicrobial therapy.
T565 343867-344118 Epistemic_statement denotes Objective: The goal of this prospective study was to evaluate a commercial PCR-based kit (SeptiFast, SF) for the detection of 25 clinically important pathogens in septic patients after liver transplantation (LTX) and major abdominal surgery (non-LTX).
T566 345084-345313 Epistemic_statement denotes Objective: There is growing evidence that microgaps between dental implants and their abutments lead to bacterial contamination of the interior of the implants that might provide a reservoir for pathogens causing periimplantitis.
T567 345314-345484 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of this study was to investigate the intraimplant bacterial spectrum of two stage implants, and to compare the results of two different sample collection methods.
T568 346713-346901 Epistemic_statement denotes Most taxa per implant found were detected by brush collection (median: 62 % of species), however, only combination of both methods allowed complete analysis of the intra-implant microbiom.
T569 346902-347053 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: Our results suggest ubiquitous heavy contamination of internal spaces of dental implants, revealing a broad spectrum of bacterial species.
T570 347054-347263 Epistemic_statement denotes For analysis of the intra-implant microflora the combined examination of both intra-implant fluid and cavity surface samples is recommended in order to cover biofilm-grown as well as planktonic microorganisms.
T571 347780-347992 Epistemic_statement denotes Although we do not have detailed knowledge about genomic alterations, S. aureus long-time persistence in the CF lung assumedly selects for phenotypes that are tightly adapted to this specific environmental niche.
T572 348401-348723 Epistemic_statement denotes By Sanger sequencing we could confirm mutations in a number of genes that are associated with virulence or antibiotic resistance, such as protein A (spa), the autoinducer sensor kinase (agrC), the allelic variants of bone sialoprotein-binding protein (bbp/sdrE), and DNA topoisomerases type II and IV (gyrA and parC/grlA).
T573 348724-348833 Epistemic_statement denotes All of these mutations are associated with amino acid changes and we currently analyze the potential outcome.
T574 348834-349021 Epistemic_statement denotes The altered gyrA corresponds to an acquired resistance towards fluoroquinolones, whereas altered agrC is assumedly associated with different characteristics affecting S. aureus virulence.
T575 349145-349286 Epistemic_statement denotes Our preliminary data suggest that adaptation of persistent CF isolates include changes on DNA level and the regulation of protein expression.
T576 349287-349425 Epistemic_statement denotes However, detected mutations did not occur in all patients indicating that the host environment promotes individual adaptational processes.
T577 349426-349558 Epistemic_statement denotes Resulting altered virulence may favor precise camouflage in response to the hostile environment under a specific clinical situation.
T578 349559-349693 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results may help to understand the complex pathogenesis of chronic infection against the background of host-pathogen interactions.
T579 349694-349833 Epistemic_statement denotes Staphylococcus pettenkoferi is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) that has been recently described as a rarely isolated new species.
T580 349834-349932 Epistemic_statement denotes Whether this new species is a harmful pathogen or an harmless bystander could not be answered yet.
T581 349933-350012 Epistemic_statement denotes Nevertheless, a few case reports suggested an invasive role of S. pettenkoferi.
T582 350013-350143 Epistemic_statement denotes Staphylococcus lugdunensis and S. pettenkoferi have been described as potentially related species as shown by biochemical methods.
T583 350144-350333 Epistemic_statement denotes To determine whether this new species could be a putative pathogen similar to S. lugdunensis, the strains were characterized for the presence of fibrinogen and fibronectin binding adhesins.
T584 350982-351211 Epistemic_statement denotes The lack of fibrinogen and fibronectin binding adhesins, and the lack of an internalization ability indicate that S. pettenkoferi is more likely a harmless colonizer of the human skin flora more than a harmful infective pathogen.
T585 351462-351611 Epistemic_statement denotes Systemic dissemination of Cpn from the lung to peripheral organs and arteric vessels has been shown to be mediated by blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
T586 351742-351907 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown previously that intracellular morphology and growth characteristics of chlamydiae signficantly differ between human monocytes and epithelial cells.
T587 351908-352025 Epistemic_statement denotes However, phenotypic differences between isolates from different anatomical origins have not been investigated so far.
T588 352980-353288 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion/Discussion: Clinical isolates of Cpn from the bood circulation (PBMC, coronary arteries) can be differentiated from lung isolates by nonsynonymous SNPs in 9 ORFs related with chlamydial metabolisms, bacterial transition, inclusion membrane formation, LPS synthesis and regulation of sigma factors.
T589 353289-353482 Epistemic_statement denotes Further studies will have to show whether these genetic differences are responsible for the observed phenotypic differences between the isolates with regard to intracellular growth and progeny.
T590 353483-353559 Epistemic_statement denotes Detection of carbapenemases has only very rarely been reported from Germany.
T591 353743-353944 Epistemic_statement denotes VIM-1, VIM-2 and KPC-2 were detected in diverse enterobacterial species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates suggesting a more widespread prevalence of carbapenemases in Germany than currently believed.
T592 354518-354621 Epistemic_statement denotes One of the earliest pathogens which can be isolated from lungs of CF patients is Staphylococcus aureus.
T593 354806-355007 Epistemic_statement denotes This project is aiming to further reveal the mechanisms underlying the adaptation of S. aureus during persistent colonization and infection to the hostile niche of CF patients using proteomic analysis.
T594 355008-355096 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition the virulence potential was assessed in in vitro, as well as in vivo assays.
T595 355504-355629 Epistemic_statement denotes Virulence potential of the strains was investigated in vitro by means of invasion assays using the epithelial cell line A549.
T596 355630-355729 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, the virulence potential was studied in vivo in a Caenorhabditis elegans killing assay.
T597 355730-355857 Epistemic_statement denotes Preliminary results of invasion assays revealed different alterations in invasive properties comparing early and late isolates.
T598 355858-356049 Epistemic_statement denotes For late isolates of two patients an increase of invasive properties compared to the early isolates could be observed whereas the properties of the late isolate of one patient were decreased.
T599 356522-356834 Epistemic_statement denotes Since adaptation of bacteria can occur on genomic as well as on regulatory levels, it is of importance to investigate the alterations in late isolates compared to early isolates in a proteomic approach which allows the analysis of differences in protein expression as well as of post-translational modifications.
T600 357679-357750 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: Chronic infections with E. faecalis are difficult to treat.
T601 357899-358023 Epistemic_statement denotes The combination of vancomycin containig cement with systemic ampicillin therapy might be a useful option for these patients.
T602 358421-358567 Epistemic_statement denotes Similarity between the mycobacterial and the eukaryotic TrxR system is low, therefore it may be used as a novel drug target to fight tuberculosis.
T603 359460-359703 Epistemic_statement denotes Although several important UPEC virulence factors and their role during pathogenesis have been described, many UPEC isolates cannot be unambiguously distinguished from commensal E. coli based on the presence of UPEC virulence-associated genes.
T604 359987-360078 Epistemic_statement denotes plasmids, bacteriophages or pathogenicity islands and can thus be horizontally transferred.
T605 360266-360419 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, about 10 % of these isolates carried one or more known IPEC virulence genes, sometimes in combination with classical UPEC virulence genes.
T606 360558-360680 Epistemic_statement denotes Notably, among the atypical urine E. coli isolates were strains carrying marker genes of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC).
T607 360802-360996 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results indicate that nosocomial UTI due to E. coli may be caused by a diverse group of E. coli variants, some of which represent IPEC or carry virulence properties of diarrheagenic E. coli.
T608 360997-361241 Epistemic_statement denotes The combination of typical ExPEC and IPEC virulence determinants also further supports the finding that E. coli exhibits a marked genome plasticity and that gene transfer may promote an evolutionary transition from IPEC to ExPEC -or vice versa.
T609 361242-361462 Epistemic_statement denotes The relatively high prevalence of EAEC marker genes among urine isolates also demonstrates the heterogeneity of this pathotype and raises the possibility that some EAEC strains may have the potential to be uropathogenic.
T610 361556-361862 Epistemic_statement denotes & Parasitol., Lagos, Nigeria 2 Uniklinik Magdeburg, IMMB, Magdeburg, Deutschland Background: We investigated the association between the prevalent extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and the genetic lineage of Escherichia coli from two tertiary hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria within a period of 8 months in 2009.
T611 362493-362545 Epistemic_statement denotes They were however, all sensitive to the carbapenems.
T612 362606-362812 Epistemic_statement denotes All the CTX-M-15 producers carried the insertion sequence ISEcpI which has recently been demonstrated to mobilize 3'-adjacent genes to transfer between DNA replicons and is involved in spread of such ESBLs.
T613 363515-363592 Epistemic_statement denotes The high diversity of STs is remarkable among the CTX-M-15 positive isolates.
T614 364155-364264 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the bacterial diversity in the human nose reaches from aerobic to strictly anaerobic bacteria.
T615 364405-364570 Epistemic_statement denotes In order to investigate if bacteriocin production might play a role during nasal colonisation we analysed the bacteriocin production of nasal Staphylococcus strains.
T616 364803-364951 Epistemic_statement denotes Transposon plasmids could be transformed into various strains and mutagenesis was performed to identify corresponding bacteriocinbiosynthetic genes.
T617 365186-365345 Epistemic_statement denotes One of these bacteriocins, produced by an S. epidermidis strain, could be characterized as a nukacin-like lantibiotic with activity against Micrococcos luteus.
T618 365346-365519 Epistemic_statement denotes Extending our knowledge about the various interactions between staphylococcal and other nasal species could be important for finding new effective anti-S. aureus strategies.
T619 365520-365884 Epistemic_statement denotes Humanisation of the murine anti-IsaA antibody -a potential target for an antibody-based therapy against multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains B. Oesterreich* 1 1 Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland Background: The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is the major cause of nosocomial infections.
T620 365885-366179 Epistemic_statement denotes In particular, diseases caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are associated with higher morbidity, mortality and medical costs due to showing resistance to several classes of established antibiotics and their ability to develop resistance mechanisms against new antibiotics rapidly.
T621 366180-366243 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel treatment options.
T622 366244-366360 Epistemic_statement denotes Immunotherapy has the potential to close the gap in the treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant S. aureus.
T623 368003-368136 Epistemic_statement denotes For an improved treatment of infectious diseases the identification of optimized combinations of antibiotics is a promising approach.
T624 370421-370572 Epistemic_statement denotes Consequently, the novel non-toxic (S)-2-aminoalkyl benzimidazoles represent promising candidates for future developments in antimycotic drug discovery.
T625 371206-371507 Epistemic_statement denotes As the interferon-gamma-release-assays (IGRA) have been shown to improve the diagnosis (better specificity and sensibility than TST) especially of latent tuberculosis infections (LTBI) this test has been increasingly requested with more than 8500 samples in 2010 by health care workers and clinicians.
T626 371727-371921 Epistemic_statement denotes These M. tuberculosis specific antigens (ESAT-6, CFP-10 und TB7.7) are lacking in all BCG strains and almost all non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) except M. kansasii, M. szulgai and M. marinum.
T627 373685-373810 Epistemic_statement denotes For belgium isolates, 3 strains had a ST638 profile, 8 strains had ST543 profile and one strain had an unknown sequence type.
T628 374359-374636 Epistemic_statement denotes M. Höck* 1 1 DRK Kliniken Berlin / Westend, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Berlin, Deutschland Objectives: ESBL producing E.coli strains have become a serious problem, as these strains often leave few therapeutic options, especially in intensive care units.
T629 374637-374674 Epistemic_statement denotes The therapeutic options seem limited.
T630 374899-375047 Epistemic_statement denotes The change for 2010 reads: Cephalosporin breakpoints for Enterobacteriaceae will detect clinically important resistance mechanisms (including ESBL).
T631 375048-375222 Epistemic_statement denotes Some strains that produce beta-lactamases are susceptible or intermediate to 3rd or 4th generation cephalosporins with these breakpoints and should be reported as found, i.e.
T632 377161-377213 Epistemic_statement denotes Three different strains could be clearly identified.
T633 377440-377489 Epistemic_statement denotes Patient B was probably an already prevalent case.
T634 377706-377844 Epistemic_statement denotes These results show great promise for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as an epidemiological tool for the real-time management of VRE outbreaks.
T635 377968-378059 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: SAB is a common infection in German hospitals associated with a high mortality.
T636 379274-379699 Epistemic_statement denotes Last, but not least we provided the rationale for a treatment of the typical HUS with a complement inhibitory antibody: although it is well established that the released EHEC shiga toxins have a direct deleterious effect on kidney cells, they also activate complement and bind factor H, its main regulator, leading to both a stronger activation and a weaker control of complement (Orth et al., J Immunol 2009; 182:6394-400) .
T637 380446-380661 Epistemic_statement denotes Among the 77 microorganisms identified by multiplex-PCR, only 25 (32.5%) could be confirmed by blood culture, additional 17 could be confirmed by microbiological test results from other significant patient specimen.
T638 380662-380951 Epistemic_statement denotes Positive blood samples independent of the detection method were characterized by significant elevated levels of procalcitonin ( Infection with S. aureus can result in a clinical condition ranging from Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome to Septic Shock with multiple organ dysfunction.
T639 382474-382630 Epistemic_statement denotes These data indicate that membrane ceramide is an important mediator of immune system activation and pulmonary dysfunction in S. aureus induced septic shock.
T640 383098-383194 Epistemic_statement denotes In Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance can be mediated by production of metallo--lactamases (MBL).
T641 385987-386100 Epistemic_statement denotes Biofilm formation on catheter or epithelial surfaces will further enhance the retention of these septic crystals.
T642 386239-386311 Epistemic_statement denotes However, due to severe side effects AHA has not been approved in Europe.
T643 386312-386447 Epistemic_statement denotes The purpose of this study was to test the urinary antiseptic and cation chelator nitroxoline (NIT) as a possible non-toxic alternative.
T644 387818-388005 Epistemic_statement denotes However, when biofilm was preformed in the presence of urea, the subsequent NIT effect on precipitate formation was lower, thus indicating an additional effect of NIT on urease induction.
T645 388269-388547 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, it was found to exhibit potent antimicrobial effects against all clinical isolates examined, and reduced precipitate formation in P. mirabilis biofilms, presumably by a combination of biofilm degradation, inhibition of urease induction and blockage of urease activity.
T646 390772-391051 Epistemic_statement denotes Cronobacter bacteria, formerly classified as Enterobacter sakazakii, have been implicated in several incidents as the cause of meningitis and enterocolitis with high mortality rates in premature infants resulting from feeding with contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF) [1] .
T647 391052-391205 Epistemic_statement denotes PIF therefore is strictly recommended to be "sakazakii-free" which is defined as the absence of any colony forming unit in 30 samples of 10g of PIF [2] .
T648 391829-391900 Epistemic_statement denotes Clean rooms are essential in aseptic pharmaceutical or food production.
T649 393281-393377 Epistemic_statement denotes Listeria may be spread through the fishprocessing equipment and machinery and may persist there.
T650 393378-393517 Epistemic_statement denotes Today, insufficient data exist whether the H1-lubricants applied in these machines are putative reservoirs and sources of L. monocytogenes.
T651 393682-393773 Epistemic_statement denotes In a first step, the presence of L. monocytogenes in the native H1-lubricants was assessed.
T652 394440-394559 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the isolate from smoked salmon tolerated this environment better than the reference and the type strain.
T653 394925-395066 Epistemic_statement denotes Outbreaks are rare, but in several of these cases contaminated powdered infant formula was identified as a source of C. sakazakii infections.
T654 396796-396911 Epistemic_statement denotes EHEC food-borne infections may lead to nonbloody diarrhea, bloody diarrhea and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).
T655 397133-397208 Epistemic_statement denotes Exposure to different environments may cause a shift in metabolic pathways.
T656 397209-397292 Epistemic_statement denotes In EHEC, this may also lead to a shift in the expression of virulence determinants.
T657 397863-397978 Epistemic_statement denotes In TSB, we found a high amount of the flagellin protein FliC, suggesting that it is downregulated in SIEM and SCEM.
T658 398458-398609 Epistemic_statement denotes The results of these analyses gave us a hint how environmental conditions affect the metabolism and virulence properties of EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933.
T659 398938-399019 Epistemic_statement denotes Several species of Penicillium can grow in food that was given potassium sorbate.
T660 399301-399445 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of this research is to know antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum 1BL-2 and TSD-10 against Penicillium sp.
T661 400005-400086 Epistemic_statement denotes this suggests that the antifungal activity not only because of acidic conditions.
T662 401390-401482 Epistemic_statement denotes Advantages and limitations of using MALDI-TOF technology for this application are discussed.
T663 401483-401645 Epistemic_statement denotes This study showed that fewer than 70% of frequently seen environmental isolates could be accurately identified with the MALDI Biotyper™ system (Bruker Daltonics).
T664 401646-401761 Epistemic_statement denotes The >30% that failed to be identified were largely due to limitations in the clinically focused Biotyper™ database.
T665 402804-403158 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, PA possesses two isoenzymes of isocitrate dehydrogenase, namely dimeric Icd and the monomeric Idh that both catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to ketoglutarate, CO2 and NAD(P)H. Beside PA, only very few bacteria have two isoenzymes of isocitrate dehydrogenase suggesting a role during adaptation to environmental changes.
T666 403975-404070 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, we will investigate these metabolic enzymes with a view to oxidative stress as well.
T667 404623-404875 Epistemic_statement denotes We could show that these genes are not translated as one protein, diminish the motility of the pathogen, alter the chemotactical behaviour of C. jejuni towards formic acid, but are not related to the utilization of formic acid by formate dehydrogenase.
T668 405911-406006 Epistemic_statement denotes The crucial step of all of these methods is the localization of the transposon insertion sites.
T669 406497-406584 Epistemic_statement denotes In the first step, the genomic DNA is cleaved with different restriction endonucleases.
T670 406944-407087 Epistemic_statement denotes Finally, using the derived fragment size pattern the most probable genomic position of the transposon can be calculated by the InFiRe software.
T671 407187-407288 Epistemic_statement denotes The method is potentially applicable to any virus or sequenced organisms with known genomic sequence.
T672 408067-408240 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the virulence of sigB deficient strains is often reported to be similar to that of wild type strains, the pathomechanism of different infection settings might vary.
T673 408241-408384 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, the rationale of this study was to investigate whether the deletion of sigB would lead to a different reaction of the infected host.
T674 408755-409054 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the results of this study did not provide any hints for differences in the pathomechanism of the S. aureus strains RN1HG Outer membrane vesicles are released from the outer membrane of pathogenic Neisseria and previous works suggested a role of OMVs in invasive meningococcal disease (IMD).
T675 409164-409344 Epistemic_statement denotes Because meningococcal OMV can be purified from plasma of IMD patients, we asked whether they impact polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), which are a first line defence against IMD.
T676 409725-409821 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested reduced PMN mediated killing of Nm in the presence of meningococcal OMV.
T677 409822-410005 Epistemic_statement denotes As a possible causal effector protein we identified a ribosyl transferase that proved to be present in OMVs and whose knock-out reduced the above mentioned OMV effects on neutrophils.
T678 410163-410364 Epistemic_statement denotes This might aid the rapid spread of the bacteria once the blood vessels are invaded and thus support the rapid development of septic shock in many patients suffering from invasive meningococcal disease.
T679 411607-411862 Epistemic_statement denotes Inhibition of cortactin expression by siRNA silencing and mutation of critical amino acid residues within cortactin significantly reduced meningococcal invasion into brain endothelial cells indicating a critical role for cortactin in meningococcal uptake.
T680 412005-412242 Epistemic_statement denotes Together, these results indicate that N. meningitidis exploits the integrin signal pathway for its entry and that FAK is an important signalling molecule that mediates the transfer of signals from activated integrins to the cytoskeleton.
T681 412520-412734 Epistemic_statement denotes The fulminant septicemic course, named Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, with massive hemorrhage into the adrenal glands and widespread petechial bleeding suggest pathophysiological inhibition of platelet function.
T682 413690-413811 Epistemic_statement denotes Our study provides evidence that NO plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of septicemic meningococcal infection.
T683 413812-413919 Epistemic_statement denotes Legionella pneumophila is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that can cause a severe form of pneumonia.
T684 414798-414974 Epistemic_statement denotes Zymography and enzyme assays demonstrate that OMVs display proteolytic and lipolytic activities which may contribute to the destruction of the alveolar lining during infection.
T685 414975-415095 Epistemic_statement denotes Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a spatial association between L. pneumophila OMVs and the host cell surface.
T686 415096-415200 Epistemic_statement denotes It remains unclear if this indicates adhesion, binding or fusion events between OMVs and host membranes.
T687 415201-415281 Epistemic_statement denotes The role of L. pneumophila OMVs in interbacterial communication is also unknown.
T688 415508-415648 Epistemic_statement denotes The presence of the L. pneumophila major outer membrane protein (MOMP) could not be detected in any of the target cells by Western blotting.
T689 415766-415909 Epistemic_statement denotes Ongoing studies address the effect of L. pneumophila OMVs on human macrophages in regard to metabolic activity and cytoskeleton rearrangements.
T690 416024-416132 Epistemic_statement denotes While B of S. aureus has been studied extensively, only little is known about the latter two sigma subunits.
T691 416451-416639 Epistemic_statement denotes In S. aureus, this alternative sigma factor seems to control a very small regulon, which includes the operons SA1374-SA1371, SA1418-SA1416, and the prophageencoded integrase gene int only.
T692 416640-416738 Epistemic_statement denotes However, nothing is known to date, whether and under which condition H is active in this pathogen.
T693 416739-416847 Epistemic_statement denotes To address this question we analyzed the expression of sigH and the Hdepended genes by different approaches.
T694 417157-417495 Epistemic_statement denotes Monitoring the luciferase activity of a S. aureus Newman strain harboring pTF9 during growth in TSB, however, failed to identify significant levels of luciferase activity or Gfp formation at nearly any growth stage analyzed, confirming previous findings indicating that H is essentially not active during growth under in vitro conditions.
T695 417907-418257 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, neither the overexpression of sigH in strain Newman did allow to enhance the transcription of the int gene, nor did the inoculation of Newman and its sigH-derivative into fresh medium reveal clear differences in int transcription between the wild-type and the mutant, strongly suggesting that the int gene is not a direct target of H .
T696 418657-418799 Epistemic_statement denotes While chemotaxis and cytokine induction are crucial for infections, the molecular basis of the recognition by leucocytes has remained unknown.
T697 419285-419368 Epistemic_statement denotes Targeting FPR2 may help to manage severe infections induced by different pathogens.
T698 420452-420625 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, 27 different SGG-isolates (10 5 -10 6 CFU/ml) were compared concerning the potential for stimulation the TNF--synthesis in whole blood during 4 h of incubation.
T699 421592-421726 Epistemic_statement denotes The comparison of the potential of different strains to stimulate TNF--synthesis in whole blood revealed significant differences (e.g.
T700 421808-421970 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: SGG isolates revealed differences in the potential to stimulate IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1 and TNF-gene expression in both, endothelial cells and whole blood.
T701 421971-422062 Epistemic_statement denotes These divergences could affect the dimension and progress of endothelial cell damage in IE.
T702 424563-424791 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the amino acid sequences, which are crucial for plasminogen binding seem to vary with respect to localization within the glycolytic proteins and with respect to charge properties required for specific interaction.
T703 425830-425925 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the mechanism of pneumococcal endocytosis via the PspC-hpIgR interaction is not known.
T704 426307-426458 Epistemic_statement denotes Similar, the knock-down of dynamin by shRNA also impaired pneumococcal internalization suggesting that pneumococcal uptake requires functional dynamin.
T705 427087-427283 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, the results suggest that pneumococci are internalized via the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway and then sorted into different endosomal compartments of the epithelial host cells.
T706 427284-427379 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the intracellular fate after reaching the phago-lysosomes is still a matter of debate.
T707 427889-428144 Epistemic_statement denotes Because -toxin caused a state of energy crisis, starvation, and translational arrest, and because inhibition of PI3K prevented replenishment of cellular ATP, we further proposed that autophagy serves to maintain metabolic homeostasis in target cells (2) .
T708 428391-428547 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, eIF2 -phosphorylation was triggered by -toxin with similar kinetics as in HaCaT cells, but the response was markedly sustained in Huh7 cells.
T709 428808-428971 Epistemic_statement denotes Since this effect was not due to a block of translation, sustained phosphorylation of eIF2 seems to promote killing of -toxintreated cells by an unusual mechanism.
T710 428972-429204 Epistemic_statement denotes Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a heterogeneous mixture of adult stem cells that play an essential role in revascularization after vascular damage and have shown promising results in regenerative therapy for ischemic injury.
T711 429205-429332 Epistemic_statement denotes In our work we investigated an unconventional method of improving the angiogenic potential of EPCs through bacterial infection.
T712 430232-430457 Epistemic_statement denotes Finally, when culture plates are coated with a basement membrane which simulates the extra-cellular matrix (Matrigel TM ), infected EPCs proliferate and assemble into complex, lumen containing vessel-like structures in vitro.
T713 430789-430944 Epistemic_statement denotes Cumulatively, our data demonstrate that infection with B. henselae can improve the angiogenic capacity of EPCs and even induce vessel-like growth in vitro.
T714 431148-431253 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study we want to show how YadA, Invasin and 1-integrins contribute to Yop translocation in vitro.
T715 431365-431483 Epistemic_statement denotes We will present evidence that (i) YadA and Invasin show striking differences how they contribute to Yop translocation.
T716 431484-431739 Epistemic_statement denotes (ii) For Invasin mediated Yop translocation an intact 1-integrin cytoplasmic domain and its connection to the actin cytoskeleton seems to be important in terms of the integrity of the whole receptor and its ability to perform high affinity ligand binding.
T717 431740-431896 Epistemic_statement denotes (iii) In contrast YadA does not require the 1-integrin cytoplasmic domain but might require additional factors beside integrins for effective Yop injection.
T718 433579-433803 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, the data will show the individual impact of the thioredoxin-like proteins and their additive effect on resistance of pneumococci against oxidative stress, which is essential for invasive pneumococcal diseases.
T719 434689-434852 Epistemic_statement denotes A direct contribution to virulence has yet only been shown for the lipoprotein SlrA, which belongs to the family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases, and PpmA.
T720 434853-435066 Epistemic_statement denotes The role of other lipoproteins for pneumococcal colonization, virulence and transmission has not been systematically investigated although functional genomic analysis points towards their implication in virulence.
T721 435185-435325 Epistemic_statement denotes Hypothetical lipoproteins and lipoproteins with unknown function were selected to explore their role for pneumococcal fitness and virulence.
T722 436982-437102 Epistemic_statement denotes So far staphylococcal phages can be classified into 4 major sergroups A, B, D and F. They also differ in morphology e.g.
T723 437170-437320 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly electron micrograph images revealed that serogroup L phage 187, a phage only infecting strain L is a doubleganger of serogroup B phages.
T724 437912-438066 Epistemic_statement denotes To show that phage resistance is due to the loss of WTA phage susceptibility could be restored by complementation using a vector expressing the tagO gene.
T725 438067-438241 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore phage adsorption assays were performed to analyse if the observed phage resistance is due to the loss of the receptor or due to unknown post adsorption processes.
T726 438574-438712 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore the mutant produces lower amounts of biofilm so a possible role of L-type WTA in biofilm formation can not be excluded so far.
T727 438713-438845 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together and compared to known functions of RboP/GlcNAc WTA type our data suggesting a similar role of this unique L-type WTA.
T728 439303-439422 Epistemic_statement denotes However, there has been a controversy regarding the mechanism of phagosomal escape, which is only partially understood.
T729 440802-440978 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: Our data suggest that PSM , but not PSM , -toxin, or PVL, are required for phagosomal escape of the staphylococcal strains 6850, LAC, and MW2 in 293 and HeLa cells.
T730 440979-441041 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, -toxin appears not to be required in this model.
T731 441296-441459 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: Binding of complement regulators CFHR1, CFHR2, and CFHR5 to immobilized CRASP-4 could be detected by Western blotting and ELISA using specific antibodies.
T732 441563-441672 Epistemic_statement denotes However, binding of serum-purified CFH to recombinant CRASP-4 was demonstrated by ELISA and Far Western blot.
T733 442231-442337 Epistemic_statement denotes Seemingly, binding of different CFHRs is not sufficient to protect cells from complement-mediated killing.
T734 442338-442466 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, our data strongly suggest that CRASP-4 plays a subordinate but supporting role in complement resistance of B. burgdorferi.
T735 443783-444090 Epistemic_statement denotes Two "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats" (CRISPRs) were identified having up to 19 spacers, some with homologies to S. pyogenes phages; this may explain the lack of complete phages in the AC-2713 genome and the low degree of rearrangements in SDSE genomes, in contrast to S. pyogenes.
T736 444581-444862 Epistemic_statement denotes Comparative analyses revealed a high degree of homology and colinearity with the published S. dysgalactiae genomes and closer relationships to S. pyogenes (based on available genomes) than to other beta-hemolytic streptococci including groups C and G streptococci of animal origin.
T737 444863-445122 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion/Discussion: AC-2713, an SDSE possessing Lancefield's group A antigen, is highly homologous to other S. dysgalactiae and more closely related to S. pyogenes than to other streptococcal species, including groups C and G streptococci of animal origin.
T738 445390-445544 Epistemic_statement denotes The versatile interplay between pathogenic bacteria and its host depend on numerous interactions of bacterial surface structures and host matrix proteins.
T739 446446-446540 Epistemic_statement denotes Nevertheless, the receptor on the bacterial side as well as on the host side is still unknown.
T740 446820-447051 Epistemic_statement denotes Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies with TSP-1 immobilized on CM5 biosensors and ligand overlay assays revealed a potential proteinous binding partner on the bacterial side in Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
T741 447217-447304 Epistemic_statement denotes The results indicated binding candidates whose specific binding is under investigation.
T742 447305-447575 Epistemic_statement denotes The interaction of TSP-1 with different Gram-positive bacteria via surface exposed proteins is most likely important during colonization and bacterial dissemination and could be beneficial in the development of severe infections like infective endocarditis or pneumonia.
T743 447861-448082 Epistemic_statement denotes Lantibiotics (lanthionine containing antibiotics) are ribosomally produced bacterial peptide antibiotics that show interesting antibacterial activities even in the nanomolar range against (multiresistant) human pathogens.
T744 448235-448451 Epistemic_statement denotes These rare amino acids form intramolecular rings that are essential for the three-dimensional structure of lantibiotics, their enhanced stability against proteases and oxidation and convey the antimicrobial activity.
T745 448452-448619 Epistemic_statement denotes These features make lantibiotics interesting candidates or lead structures for novel antimicrobial applications in medical and food industry (Ross and Vanderas, 2011).
T746 450482-450665 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite that, much less is known in detail about how bacteria control the interplay between degradation and new synthesis of peptidoglycan to coordinate cell division and cell growth.
T747 450666-450892 Epistemic_statement denotes Two-component regulatory systems (TCSs), composed of a sensor histidine-kinase and a cognate response regulator protein, play a predominant role in the way how bacteria respond and adapt to environmental and stress conditions.
T748 452085-452393 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, even heparin-naïve patients can generate IgG-antibodies specific for PF4/heparin complexes as soon as 4 days after exposure to heparin, presumably because these patients have encountered complexes similar to PF4/heparin before such as PF4 bound to anionic bacterial surfaces during infections.
T749 452394-452541 Epistemic_statement denotes Likely candidates for negatively charged molecules on bacterial surfaces are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and teichoic acids (TA) as well as proteins.
T750 452892-453024 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, E. coli and S. typhimurium mutants with successively shortened LPS-backbone displayed increasing PF4 binding capacity.
T751 453149-453323 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the E. coli mutant waaA is additionally deficient in the 3deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acids (KDO) suggesting that Lipid A is the structure contributing to PF4-binding.
T752 453805-454058 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, by acting as a bacteria-opsonizing protein, PF4 is able to induce a humoral immune response specific for a wide variety of bacterial species and might therefore be an ancient host defense mechanism at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity.
T753 454059-454209 Epistemic_statement denotes HIF-1 is the key transcriptional factor involved in the adaption process of mammals to hypoxia and plays a crucial role in, e.g., cancer angiogenesis.
T754 454210-454299 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent evidence suggests a leading role of HIF-1 in inflammatory and infectious diseases.
T755 455031-455297 Epistemic_statement denotes One of the upregulated genes was lysyl oxidase, (lox), a copper-dependent amine oxidase, which catalyzes the cross linking of collagen and elastin molecules in the extracellular matrix and might be involved in the development of a fibrosis after S. aureus infection.
T756 455558-455710 Epistemic_statement denotes The role of lox in abscess formation and, moreover, in chronic infections known to result in fibrous scarring of tissues needs to be further elucidated.
T757 456059-456153 Epistemic_statement denotes Q-fever is a mild flu-like illness, but can be associated with chronic or even fatal outcomes.
T758 456240-456422 Epistemic_statement denotes For intracellular pathogens such as C. burnetii, manipulation of host cell pathways is important to ensure a productive infection and may play a role in establishing chronic disease.
T759 456534-456671 Epistemic_statement denotes One of these substrate proteins, AnkG, inhibits pathogeninduced apoptosis, probably through binding to the host cell protein p32 (gC1qR).
T760 456672-456779 Epistemic_statement denotes The mitochondrial matrix protein p32 seems to be a pro-apoptotic protein, however the mechanism is unknown.
T761 457111-457235 Epistemic_statement denotes The p32 protein seems to be involved in bridging a signaling pathway that extends from the mitochondria to the cell nucleus.
T762 457236-457348 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, we aim to investigate how the interaction of AnkG with p32 determines the anti-apoptotic activity of AnkG.
T763 457349-457433 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, we tested whether the interaction of AnkG with p32 is direct or indirect.
T764 457512-457699 Epistemic_statement denotes As p32 is a mitochondrial protein we hypothesized that if the anti-apoptotic activity of AnkG is mediated by p32, AnkG only inhibits the intrinsic and not the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.
T765 457700-457767 Epistemic_statement denotes This hypothesis was confirmed using ectopic expression experiments.
T766 457896-458010 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, ectopic expression showed that the N-terminus (AnkG1-69) is nuclear, while AnkG70-339 is cytosolic.
T767 458084-458246 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that nuclear localisation as well as binding to p32 is necessary for the antiapoptotic activity of the Coxiella burnetii effector protein AnkG.
T768 458613-458704 Epistemic_statement denotes It is shown that DsdA enables S. saprophyticus to cleave Dserine into pyruvate and ammonia.
T769 458705-458778 Epistemic_statement denotes This is probably a factor that enables colonization of the urinary tract.
T770 459791-459906 Epistemic_statement denotes To take account of this results SSP1070 appears to be the major player in D-serine uptake in S. saprophyticus 7108.
T771 459907-460051 Epistemic_statement denotes The knowledge of D-serine transport and metabolism will presumably offer us more insights in to the physiology of virulence of S. saprophyticus.
T772 460600-460825 Epistemic_statement denotes After synthesis in the cytosol and Sec-mediated transport across the inner membrane into the periplasm, the translocator domain forms a beta-barrel pore in the outer membrane, presumably with the help of the Bam complex (2) .
T773 461402-461601 Epistemic_statement denotes Whereas the surface-localized parts of the protein are functionally well described, the topology and insertion of the N-terminal membrane domain and the translocation process have not been described.
T774 461789-461930 Epistemic_statement denotes Herefrom we got a prediction of the signal peptide and twelve different -strands, which might build up the -barrel within the outer membrane.
T775 462216-462438 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, we came to believe that Intimin (Int) and Invasin (Inv), two major pathogenicity factors of E.coli and Yersinia, are monomeric autotransporters, with the remarkable difference that their domain order is reversed.
T776 462552-462693 Epistemic_statement denotes It has clinical significance in abscess formation and has recently been suggested to play a pathogenic role in patients with cystic fibrosis.
T777 462827-462980 Epistemic_statement denotes While a considerable percentage of S. anginosus strains display a prominent ß-haemolytic phenotype, the corresponding genes have not been identified yet.
T778 462981-463107 Epistemic_statement denotes In different streptococcal species the ß-haemolysin is a modified short peptide (SLS) that is related to Class I bacteriocins.
T779 463420-463591 Epistemic_statement denotes This library was screened for mutants showing a loss of the ß-haemolytic phenotype on blood agar plates and non-haemolytic mutants were selected for further investigation.
T780 463914-463994 Epistemic_statement denotes ORFs corresponding to all of the 9 sag genes (sagA to sagI) could be identified.
T781 464299-464510 Epistemic_statement denotes Haemolytic activity was only observed with whole cells, but not in the supernatant, indicating that like SLS of S. pyogenes, the S. anginosus haemolysin is able to lyse erythrocytes only in cell-associated form.
T782 464706-464975 Epistemic_statement denotes A magnetic isolation method to analyze differential Chlamydia pneumoniae interacting protein profiles in persistence infection Introduction: Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen and causes acute infections of the respiratory tract.
T783 464976-465238 Epistemic_statement denotes Further, Cpn can also cause prolonged or chronic infections which may be due to persistent infections in respiratory and non-respiratory tissues and have been implicated in the development of a number of chronic diseases such as asthma, COPD and atherosclerosis.
T784 465358-465464 Epistemic_statement denotes However, host-pathogen interacting proteins during persistent infection have not been investigated so far.
T785 467205-467389 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion/Discussion: Our results indicate the suitability of the novel magnetic isolation method to identify pathogen-host interacting proteins in a targeted and untargeted approach.
T786 467772-467885 Epistemic_statement denotes The reason why ABU-associated E. coli strains do not evoke symptoms in the host is not completely understood yet.
T787 467886-468012 Epistemic_statement denotes Many ABU E. coli isolates seem to lack virulence associated phenotypes, although they carry many typical UPEC virulence genes.
T788 468013-468187 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown that such isolates express less virulence factors and that there is an evolution towards commensalism because of virulence attenuation and genome reduction.
T789 468188-468448 Epistemic_statement denotes Alterations in essential virulence genes including single base mutations, deletions or DNA rearrangements might be a general mechanism for long-term colonizing mucosal pathogens to evolve towards commensalism, consistent with a low immune response of the host.
T790 468449-468570 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, the importance of the two-component system (TCS) BarA/UvrY for urovirulence of E. coli should be analysed.
T791 469075-469235 Epistemic_statement denotes This may indicate that uvrY is (i) a mutation hot spot and (ii) under positive selection during bacterial adaption during long-term growth in the urinary tract.
T792 469236-469476 Epistemic_statement denotes To correlate uvrY nucleotide sequence variability with prolonged colonization of the urinary tract, the uvrY gene was sequenced in 216 E. coli strains representing ABU and acute UTI isolates as well as a control group of commensal variants.
T793 469714-469923 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite being key for Staphylococcus epidermidis pathogenicity in implantassociated infections, large proportions of invasive Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates do not form biofilms under in vitro conditions.
T794 469924-470092 Epistemic_statement denotes We here tested the hypothesis that this apparent paradox is related to the existence of superimposed regulatory systems suppressing a multi-cellular biofilm life style.
T795 470814-471107 Epistemic_statement denotes Hence, our results provide first evidence that key regulator sarA, while promoting polysaccharide intercellular adhesin dependent biofilm formation on one hand, negatively controls S. epidermidis biofilm formation by suppressing Embp production and autolysis-related eDNA release on the other.
T796 472770-472933 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the interaction of pneumococci with vitronectin and its cellular consequences were demonstrated, the pneumococcal adhesin for vitronectin remains unknown.
T797 473991-474148 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, PspC possesses vitronectin-binding activity, however, its role in pneumococcal pathogenesis via vitronectin has to be assessed in more detail.
T798 474168-474429 Epistemic_statement denotes Gerlach 1 1 Robert Koch-Institut, NG3, Wernigerode, Deutschland Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a facultative intracellular pathogen able to cause acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans and a typhoid fever-like disease in mice.
T799 474783-474899 Epistemic_statement denotes SiiA and SiiB are two additional SPI-4-encoded inner membrane-associated proteins that might regulate SiiE function.
T800 474900-474983 Epistemic_statement denotes However, expression of SPI-4 is controlled by regulators encoded outside the locus.
T801 476626-476826 Epistemic_statement denotes We could immunodetect distinct sets of protein complexes for C-terminal HBH-tagged SiiB and SirA using an antibody against the RGS-H6 peptide implying low cross-reactivity against non-tagged proteins.
T802 476827-476993 Epistemic_statement denotes For MS analyses, we included two negative controls to eliminate the possibility of identifying background and non-specifically bound proteins as interacting partners.
T803 476994-477128 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results will provide new insights into the function of SPI-4 for successful adhesion to and subsequent colonization of host cells.
T804 477129-477225 Epistemic_statement denotes Y. Novotny* 1 , L. Marlinghaus 1 , M. Korte 1 , S. Neumann 1 , S. Gatermann 1 , F. Szabados 1 1
T805 477226-477453 Epistemic_statement denotes Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) that can cause severe infections, like skin and soft tissue infections, sepsis and potentially fatal endocarditis, similar to diseases caused by S. aureus.
T806 478445-478550 Epistemic_statement denotes This indicates that the SLUSH gene cluster was absent or the gene cluster was different in these strains.
T807 478767-479006 Epistemic_statement denotes The high occurrence of the hemolysin genes also indicate that the hemolysis attribute is less likely determined by a single hemolysin gene but rather a supposed combined effect of several hemolysin genes or differences in their expression.
T808 479169-479367 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesize that initial binding of FnBPs to apically located receptors increases the permeability of the endothelial barrier and thus facilitates access to the basolateral pool of 5 1 integrins.
T809 481043-481220 Epistemic_statement denotes Partial protection by genistein and PP2 suggests that Src family kinases mediate an increased permeability of endothelial cells, supposedly by affecting tight junction proteins.
T810 481221-481318 Epistemic_statement denotes This effect might be mediated by phosphorylation of either tight junction or regulatory proteins.
T811 481319-481534 Epistemic_statement denotes Further studies will include scanning electron microscopy to determine changes in cell morphology, immunodetection and localization of tight junction proteins and siRNA transfection to knock down Src family kinases.
T812 481701-481842 Epistemic_statement denotes They are thought to be implicated in colonization, bacterial adhesion to and invasion into host cells, and immune evasion mechanisms as well.
T813 483139-483269 Epistemic_statement denotes Only a few lipoproteins are less abundant, however, the corresponding exoproteome of the lsp mutant showed no significant changes.
T814 483600-483712 Epistemic_statement denotes During delivery it can be transmitted from the mother to the newborn and cause sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis.
T815 483821-483993 Epistemic_statement denotes The laminin receptor on brain endothelial cells has recently been shown to be crucial for the initiation of contact between meningeal pathogens and the blood brain barrier.
T816 484656-484830 Epistemic_statement denotes A highly disordered loop spanning residues 123-138 has been observed and it has been shown to play a role in metal uptake and release of the protein in homologous structures.
T817 485385-485660 Epistemic_statement denotes Being ubiquitous in all the serotypes of Group B Streptococcus (GBS), a detailed knowledge of the amino acid residues critical for laminin binding may allow the future development of targeted antimicrobial strategies interfering with the adhesion properties of S. agalactiae.
T818 485954-486152 Epistemic_statement denotes Persistent infection is suggested to promote disease progression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which epithelial to mesenchymal cell transition (EMT) is known to be a key factor.
T819 487386-487476 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, Cpn could be rescued from IFN-induced persistence under hypoxic conditions.
T820 487969-488070 Epistemic_statement denotes Acute and persistent Cpn induce EMT in lung cells that is even more pronounced when oxygen is scarce.
T821 488468-488610 Epistemic_statement denotes In Staphylococcus aureus, CcpA has been shown to modulate the expression of metabolic genes and virulence determinants in response to glucose.
T822 489438-489699 Epistemic_statement denotes However, transcription of hla (encoding a-hemolysin), and of RNAIII, the effector molecule of the agr locus, were significantly increased by the mutation, suggesting that NWMN_0641 acts as a repressor of hla and RNAIII, and as an activator of cap transcription.
T823 490321-490463 Epistemic_statement denotes In S. aureus, ClpB and ClpC are both regulated by the repressor CtsR, with ClpC probably supporting the active conformation of this repressor.
T824 490694-490822 Epistemic_statement denotes ClpB, and to a lesser extent, ClpC have been shown to promote the intracellular multiplication of S. aureus in epithelial cells.
T825 491770-491970 Epistemic_statement denotes In terms of invasiveness, however, the clpB and clpBC mutants possessed significantly decreased internalization capacities, probably due to lowered productions of fibronectin binding proteins A and B.
T826 491971-492312 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings suggest that ClpB contributes to the invasiveness of this pathogen, but does not influence the persistence capacity of this organism, while a functional ClpC seems to decrease the intracellular survival capacity of S. aureus but does not affect the invasiveness of this organism, irrespective of its impact on clpB expression.
T827 492313-492485 Epistemic_statement denotes Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative commensal bacterium of the oral cavity which has been associated with the pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis.
T828 492486-492622 Epistemic_statement denotes However, genetic mechanisms underlying host susceptibility to periodontal infection and to periodontitis progress are still ill-defined.
T829 493914-494178 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results indicate that NADPH oxidase is important for resistance of the murine oral cavity against A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization which is clearly associated with alveolar bone destruction and influx of inflammatory cells in NADPH oxidase-deficient mice.
T830 494179-494327 Epistemic_statement denotes This model should give further insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms of the A. actinomycetemcomitans induced periodontitis development.
T831 495464-495619 Epistemic_statement denotes These data show that all tested Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis YadA variants are capable to mediate comparable MV in Y. enterocolitica WA-314.
T832 496189-496323 Epistemic_statement denotes Media, however, used for culture of Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis are quite complex and contain several carbon and nitrogen sources.
T833 496324-496551 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we show that M. tuberculosis growing in minimal medium with glucose as carbon source also metabolizes other supplemented ingredients like the fatty acids contamination of albumine and surprisingly also the detergent tween.
T834 496920-497057 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: Using minimal medium with fully 13 C-labelled glucose, we expected to measure 1 % at the most non labelled amino acids by GC-MS.
T835 497058-497122 Epistemic_statement denotes However it turned out that 20 % of metabolites are not labelled.
T836 497277-497586 Epistemic_statement denotes Improvement of the washing steps did not change the fraction of non labelled amino acids, however the substitution of albumine (contaminated with 1 % fatty acids) against highly purified albumine (contaminated with 0.02 % fatty acids) could decrease the fraction of non labelled amino acids to less than 10 %.
T837 497587-497693 Epistemic_statement denotes When we replaced tween with tyloxapol we could further diminish the non labelled amino acids to about 5 %.
T838 497694-497929 Epistemic_statement denotes Further improvement of the protocol for preparation of M. tuberculosis cell extracts by using cellulose nitrate filter instead of harvesting the cells by centrifugation could diminish the part of non labelled amino acids to almost 0 %.
T839 498546-498718 Epistemic_statement denotes Identification and characterization of these interactions is one challenging task of the post-genomic era and crucial for understanding of the molecular bases of virulence.
T840 500518-500681 Epistemic_statement denotes Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), luminescence measurements revealed significant higher signal with full length SipA compared to its truncated version lacking the CBD.
T841 501305-501446 Epistemic_statement denotes Mutations of the cov gene have been associated with increased hemolytic activity, but impaired intracellular survival of GBS in granulocytes.
T842 502213-502365 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the nonhemolytic mutants were able to survive in the intracellular environment in significantly higher numbers than the hemolytic strain.
T843 502447-502725 Epistemic_statement denotes To exclude the possibility that the observed differences in survival were due to host cell death induced by the hemolytic but not the non-hemolytic strain, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were carried out and confirmed the better survival capacity of the nonhemolytic strain.
T844 502726-502822 Epistemic_statement denotes The ß-hemolysin of GBS has previously been described as a potent inducer of IL-8 in macrophages.
T845 502922-503105 Epistemic_statement denotes While a considerable release of IL-8 could be observed, however we could not find a significant difference in the ability of hemolytic or nonhemolytic strains to induce the chemokine.
T846 503338-503612 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, our results indicate that the S. agalactiae ßhemolysin has a strong influence on the intracellular survival of GBS and that a tightly controlled regulation of ß-hemolysin expression is required for the successful establishment of GBS in different host niches.
T847 503613-503773 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, the ability to express ZnuD upon zinc starvation was well conserved among meningococci, which argues for an essential role of meningococcal ZnuD.
T848 503774-503880 Epistemic_statement denotes It is intriguing that inactivating ZnuD mutation events seem to be restricted to only two clonal lineages.
T849 504014-504155 Epistemic_statement denotes In our work, we firstly describe that 1-L-MT, but not 1-D-MT, can act as a nutritive substrate that replaces tryptophan in in vitro cultures.
T850 504498-504651 Epistemic_statement denotes A detailed analysis showed that 1-L-MT, in contrast to 1-D-MT, is incorporated in human T-cell proteins when tryptophan is lacking in the culture medium.
T851 504652-504891 Epistemic_statement denotes In summary our data indicate that 1-L-MT inhibits the IDO-mediated antiproliferative activities via two independent effects: On the one hand 1-L-MT acts as a competitive enzyme inhibitor and therefore reduces tryptophan degradation by IDO.
T852 504892-505027 Epistemic_statement denotes On the other hand 1-L-MT can replace tryptophan in protein biosynthesis and therefore allows bacterial, parasitical or cellular growth.
T853 505182-505578 Epistemic_statement denotes The hypothetical type VI secretion protein BPSS1504 is involved in virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei Background: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains, especially the Panton-Valentine-leukocidin (PVL) producing strain USA300, have been associated with severe necrotizing infections, such as necrotizing pneumonia, which have high mortality rates.
T854 506932-507180 Epistemic_statement denotes However, when we treated the epithelial cell monolayer with supernatants of human granulocytes, which were lysed by PVL and PR8, we found a dosedependent destruction of the epithelial cell monolayer, mainly caused by detachment of epithelial cells.
T855 507448-507610 Epistemic_statement denotes The influenza virus has an activating impact on epithelial cells that could result in massive recruitment of granulocytes, which can be subsequently lysed by PVL.
T856 507840-507992 Epistemic_statement denotes These results from our cell culture models suggest that PVL and influenza virus can act together and are possible agents to cause necrotizing pneumonia.
T857 508763-508945 Epistemic_statement denotes The collaborative work between the Dandekar and Hensel groups should lead to a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic requirements of the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella.
T858 509320-509597 Epistemic_statement denotes Towards an integrated model and profiting from SPP1316, we will do comparisons of the Salmonella lifestyle with other pathogens and their metabolic requirements during infection such as cytoplasmic lifestyle found in Listeria or within a membrane compartment as for Legionella.
T859 510031-510117 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, it is also present in other uropathogenic bacteria like E. coli (UPEC).
T860 510272-510384 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore the uncommon ability to degrade D-serine may play an important role for the virulence of uropathogens.
T861 510385-510498 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, the presence of D-serine may be used as a cue by uropathogens for the presence in the urinary tract.
T862 511305-511501 Epistemic_statement denotes These results lead us to the hypothesis that D-serine indeed is used as a cue for the presence within the urinary tract and regulates pathways that are important for viability in this environment.
T863 512317-512417 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous experiments have indicated that a SdrI mutant showed decreased fibronectin binding in vivo.
T864 513249-513343 Epistemic_statement denotes Suprisingly, the UafA knock out mutant was also associated with decreased fibronectin binding.
T865 513622-513872 Epistemic_statement denotes Staphylococcus aureus, the cause of a wide spectrum of severe communityacquired and nosocomial infections, is recently acknowledged as an intracellular pathogen, as it can be internalized and persist in nonprofessional phagocytic cells in vitro [1] .
T866 514248-514448 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of this study is to comparatively investigate the adaptive response of S. aureus RN1GH wild type and isogenic agr mutant cells upon co-internalization by human bronchial epithelial cells (S9).
T867 514449-514614 Epistemic_statement denotes The accessory gene regulator (agr) is one of the major global regulators of S. aureus virulence, which positively influences the synthesis ofhemolysin and proteases.
T868 515078-515246 Epistemic_statement denotes The striking advantage of a co-infection assay would be that both strains are being internalized simultaneously and adapt to the host under exactly the same conditions.
T869 515379-515572 Epistemic_statement denotes (C. trachomatis) are the most frequent transmitted sexually disease in women that may result in severe clinical sequelae like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), tubal occlusion and infertility.
T870 515573-515791 Epistemic_statement denotes It is suggested that once the acute infection is not efficiently cleared by the immune system intracellular persistence of chlamydiae eventually occur, leading to chronic inflammatory processes within infected tissues.
T871 515792-515969 Epistemic_statement denotes We could recently show that IFN-induced persistence of C. trachomatis in human fallopian tube cells can be overcome by decreasing the environmental oxygen concentration (<3%O2).
T872 516080-516259 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of our study was to characterize hypoxia induced reactivation of intracellular chlamydial growth with respect to pro-inflammatory immune responses and MAPkinase signaling.
T873 516811-516930 Epistemic_statement denotes Preliminary experiments suggest that ERK1/2 and p38 MAPkinases are activated under normoxic but not hypoxic conditions.
T874 517301-517454 Epistemic_statement denotes Intracellular reactivation of formerly persistent chlamydiae might perpetuate inflammatory processes that result in chronic sequelea in diseased tissues.
T875 518902-519092 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, mutation of the Walker A motif as well as deletion of the entire ATPase domain lead to a twofold enhanced binding to sulfated ECM structures, like heparin and dextran sulfate.
T876 519393-519670 Epistemic_statement denotes The findings that the ecto-ATPase activity of OppA is essential for cytoadhesion of M. hominis whereas the CS1 region is more involved in ECM-binding suggest that these two functional regions play a different role in patho-physiological processes of host-pathogen interactions.
T877 520144-520459 Epistemic_statement denotes In spite of variations in phage type, PFGE and resistance pattern within the emerging monophasic strains one type characterised by phage type DT193, PFGE pattern STYMXB.0131 and tetra-drugresistance towards antibiotics including ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamerazine and tetracycline clearly dominates in Germany.
T878 520460-520550 Epistemic_statement denotes Meanwhile the same kind of strains is of increasing concern in various European countries.
T879 520906-520946 Epistemic_statement denotes Transcripts have been shown for 24 ORFs.
T880 521074-521190 Epistemic_statement denotes Protein BLAST analyses revealed several phage-related genes, indicating that the insertion might be of phage-origin.
T881 521246-521325 Epistemic_statement denotes Our experiments suggest that its product is secreted but probably not via T3SS.
T882 521454-521598 Epistemic_statement denotes Further, it had been shown that the island is able to form a circular intermediate and therefore seems to be mobilised under certain conditions.
T883 523088-523230 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the latter acquired putative virulence and fitness associated factors, which may substitute the classical yersinial virulence traits.
T884 523690-523763 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it has suffered successive deletions in strains Y8265 and Y5307.
T885 524098-524180 Epistemic_statement denotes The island has a functional integrase and can leave its tRNA-Asn integration site.
T886 524314-524486 Epistemic_statement denotes The acquired putative virulence and fitness-associated determinants may play an important role in host pathoadaptation and support dissemination of this group of pathogens.
T887 524487-524657 Epistemic_statement denotes Staphylococcus aureus adherence to host structures, which is a critical first step in S. aureus pathogenesis, is mediated by multiple adhesins with overlapping functions.
T888 524658-524981 Epistemic_statement denotes The role of some adhesins, particularly the MSCRAMs (microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecule) is already well established, whereas the function of the secreted and rebinding SERAMs (secretable expanded repertoire adhesive molecule), such as Emp (extracellular matrix binding protein) is less clear.
T889 525502-525604 Epistemic_statement denotes The C-terminus of the Emp protein (Emp2, Emp3) appears to be responsible for the binding to S. aureus.
T890 525927-526055 Epistemic_statement denotes This could also be confirmed by Emp binding assays to different eukaryotic cell types, such as endothelial and epithelial cells.
T891 526263-526392 Epistemic_statement denotes However, Emp binding could not be broken down to short amino acid sequences, in fact, binding is mediated by the whole fragments.
T892 526590-526685 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesize, that the contact to the binding partner is essential for the protein structure.
T893 526686-526891 Epistemic_statement denotes Taken together, our results indicate that the N-terminal part of Emp mediates the binding to host structures, whereas the C-terminal part of Emp is responsible for the rebinding to the bacterial cell wall.
T894 528401-528573 Epistemic_statement denotes Ongoing studies are aimed to identify the gene expression profiles of S. aureus strains persistent over a period of several years in the presence of P. aeruginosa isolates.
T895 529280-529441 Epistemic_statement denotes Although SIFs were identified long back, their role in the intracellular life of Salmonella and the molecular mechanism underlying the dynamics is not yet known.
T896 529442-529593 Epistemic_statement denotes However, work by others and our group has identified that SIFs lie next to the microtubule tracks and are often associated or linked to motor proteins.
T897 529594-529756 Epistemic_statement denotes Because of these observations we hypothesized that the SIFs move along the microtubule tracks and require the activities of the motor proteins kinesin and dynein.
T898 529939-530030 Epistemic_statement denotes However, these approaches render the cells compromised even before the bacterial infection.
T899 530719-530787 Epistemic_statement denotes gallolyticus (Sgg) (former S. bovis biotype I) as a causative agent.
T900 530788-530899 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, the knowledge of virulence factors that contribute to the pathogenesis in Sgg IE is still limited.
T901 533033-533275 Epistemic_statement denotes The alignment of microarray data and already evaluated phenotypic data, including ECM-binding, adhesion and invasion to host cells and biofilm formation capability of 41 strains, will substantiate the underlying genomic based pathomechanisms.
T902 534835-535079 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, using far western experiments we identified an interaction of Pmp21 with itself as with all other Pmps tested possibly suggesting that homo-and/or heteromeric Pmp adhesion complexes might be formed on the chlamydial cell surface.
T903 535398-535646 Epistemic_statement denotes Cell fractionation experiments revealed that cleaved Pmp-fragments are partially released from the chlamydial surface and may exist in the inclusion lumen and possibly in the host cytosol perhaps serving an additional function as effector proteins.
T904 535647-535936 Epistemic_statement denotes Most interestingly, using immunofluorescence microscopy we detected that individual Pmp proteins were expressed only in a fraction of the inclusions analyzed possibly indicating a form of antigenic variation similar to what recently has been described for Pmp proteins from C. trachomatis.
T905 536051-536202 Epistemic_statement denotes The human pathogen Chlamydia pneumoniae nucleates and stabilizes F-actin via the secreted Cpn0572 protein to support host cell entry R. Zrieq* 1 , J.H.
T906 536467-536642 Epistemic_statement denotes Like other pathogenic bacteria, It is believed that Chlamydiae deliver effector proteins to recruit F-actin at the site of entry to trigger their own entry into the host cell.
T907 537059-537164 Epistemic_statement denotes About 20 minutes after infection Cpn0572 is secreted and could be found associated with the host F-actin.
T908 537827-537995 Epistemic_statement denotes Indeed, we could show that in yeast Cpn0572 stabilizes F-actin against the actin destabilizing drug Latrunculin A implying that Cpn0572 inhibits actin depolymerization.
T909 538150-538333 Epistemic_statement denotes These results were extended to in vitro experiments using mammalian F-actin and cofilin proteins, in which we could show that presence of Cpn0572 abrogates cofilin binding to F-actin.
T910 538334-538563 Epistemic_statement denotes In line with these data the actin clumps in Cpn0572 transfected HEK-293 cells were resistant to the actin depolymerizing drug cytochalasin D suggesting that Cpn0572 is indeed able to inhibit actin depolymerization in human cells.
T911 538700-538828 Epistemic_statement denotes Finally, a deletion analysis identified a central domain within Cpn0572 (DUF1547) which is crucial for interaction with F-actin.
T912 539578-539688 Epistemic_statement denotes During the first step of infection the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is located in phagosomes.
T913 539863-540114 Epistemic_statement denotes L. monocytogenes is equipped with a peptide sensing system which is homologous to the Staphylococcus aureus agr system and has been shown to be involved in the regulation of biofilm formation, in vitro and in vivo virulence and global gene expression.
T914 540980-541084 Epistemic_statement denotes This strongly suggests that the agr system of L. monocytogenes is subject to an auto-regulatory circuit.
T915 541523-541758 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, a putative AgrA-binding motif was identifies in promoter of -prfA, the major virulence regulator of L. monocytogenes which could explain the strong regulation of this gene in the agrD-deletion mutant observed previously.
T916 542242-542334 Epistemic_statement denotes ADEPs act via a yet unprecedented mechanism by dysregulating the caseinolytic protease ClpP.
T917 542691-542867 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the activity of ADEPs can be explained on the molecular level of its target ClpP, the specific events that finally lead to bacterial cell death still remained unknown.
T918 544805-544905 Epistemic_statement denotes However, MRSA strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin have emerged during the last decade.
T919 544906-545024 Epistemic_statement denotes Due to increased antibiotic treatment failure, there is an obvious need to understand how bacteria develop resistance.
T920 545414-545700 Epistemic_statement denotes In the current study, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of strain VC40 additionally revealed cross resistance against the lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin, which has recently been introduced for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI) caused by MRSA.
T921 546314-546489 Epistemic_statement denotes Here, strain VC40 was characterized by an abnormal cell envelope morphology including an increased cell wall thickness that may result from deregulated VraRS or WalKR systems.
T922 546490-546630 Epistemic_statement denotes Cell wall thickening has previously been linked to vancomycin resistance and even has been correlated with daptomycin cross resistance (4) .
T923 546631-546727 Epistemic_statement denotes However, these findings alone cannot explain the high-level resistance phenotype of strain VC40.
T924 546728-546960 Epistemic_statement denotes Further characterization of strain VC40 is necessary and will provide important information on how the accumulation of mutations resulted in the autonomous development of vancomycin and daptomycin high-level resistance in S. aureus.
T925 547189-547339 Epistemic_statement denotes In vivo, the bacteria very likely face adverse replication conditions, in particular when the immune response is activated and cytokines are secreted.
T926 547340-547466 Epistemic_statement denotes Such conditions can be mimicked in a number of ways, for instance by the addition of -lactam antibiotics to cultures in vitro.
T927 547536-547839 Epistemic_statement denotes The persistent phenotype is characterized by enlarged, aberrant reticulate bodies (RBs; the replicative form of Chlamydia), which are neither able to divide nor to re-differentiate into infectious elementary bodies (EBs) but which can be re-activated upon withdrawal of the persistence-inducing reagent.
T928 547840-548059 Epistemic_statement denotes As persistent infections are thought to be relevant for the outcome of chlamydial disease, especially in chronic infections, we are investigating the development of the chlamydial inclusion during this persistent state.
T929 548314-548410 Epistemic_statement denotes Although there were only few of these RBs per inclusion, the vacuole grew substantially in size.
T930 548411-548532 Epistemic_statement denotes We have proposed that growth of the inclusion during productive infection requires the secreted chlamydial protease CPAF.
T931 548932-549185 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggest that even upon entry into the 'persistent' state during treatment with penicillin G, C. trachomatis can maintain the machinery for lipid acquisition and inclusion growth, very likely by maintaining production and secretion of CPAF.
T932 549186-549277 Epistemic_statement denotes Understanding this chlamydial activity may help understanding persistent infection in vivo.
T933 549802-549871 Epistemic_statement denotes Nevertheless, SCV isolates could be distinguished by spa-typing, e.g.
T934 549916-550146 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, Western blot analysis of protein A expression revealed that the truncated spa gene was associated with a protein of decreased size, and that two SCV isolates could be distinguished by increased protein A expression.
T935 550238-550368 Epistemic_statement denotes The results obtained indicated that increased SpA expression correlated with increased TLR2 activity and biofilm forming capacity.
T936 550753-550852 Epistemic_statement denotes However, we can only speculate that concomitant changes observed in the microbial environment (e.g.
T937 550853-551072 Epistemic_statement denotes infection and colonization with other microbial species), in the pulmonary and clinical status of the patient and in the antibiotic regimes may be responsible for the functional and genetic changes in the SCV phenotype.
T938 551219-551384 Epistemic_statement denotes Acinetobacter baumannii, an often multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen, may profit from motility during infection or while persisting in the hospital environment.
T939 551552-551660 Epistemic_statement denotes We could identify two akinetic mutants carrying transposon insertions in the dat and ddc gene, respectively.
T940 551913-552007 Epistemic_statement denotes The motility defect of both mutants could be cured by supplementing semi-solid media with DAP.
T941 552275-552340 Epistemic_statement denotes Current work aims at elucidating how DAP contributes to motility.
T942 552696-552793 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, infections via vegetables are possible, as shown by the current outbreak in Germany.
T943 552918-553045 Epistemic_statement denotes To date, systematic therapy is hampered by the fact that the detailed mechanism of pathogenicity is still not fully understood.
T944 553046-553114 Epistemic_statement denotes EHEC express a number of factors that might contribute to virulence.
T945 553186-553338 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown that EspP might interact with hemostasis and immune response (1,2) but a systematic screening of relevant substrates is still lacking.
T946 554202-554387 Epistemic_statement denotes Altogether, it has been shown that EspP cleaves several physiologically relevant proteins in plasma as well as in platelets including protease inhibitors and surface adhesion molecules.
T947 554388-554530 Epistemic_statement denotes Further studies will elucidate the contribution of the newly identified substrates to the role of EspP as a possible virulence factor of EHEC.
T948 554997-555086 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the mechanism of translocation and post-translocation folding is not understood.
T949 555267-555435 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggests that unlike recessive mutations which affect recognition of the translocation machinery, the hlyA99 mutation interferes with some later step in secretion.
T950 555628-555848 Epistemic_statement denotes A second mutant (hlyAdel6), lacking the six C-terminal residues of HlyA, also showed reduced haemolytic activity and neither mutant protein regained normal haemolytic activity in in vitro unfolding/refolding experiments.
T951 555992-556106 Epistemic_statement denotes These results suggested that the mutations affected the correct folding of both HlyA and the betalactamase fusion.
T952 556107-556262 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, we propose a dual function for the HlyA C terminus involving an important role in post-translocation folding as well as targeting HlyA for secretion.
T953 556382-556432 Epistemic_statement denotes However, not all fusions are secreted efficiently.
T954 556605-556782 Epistemic_statement denotes Anticipating that folding kinetics might be limiting, we introduced the 'folding' mutation Y283D into MalE and indeed the fusion protein was now secreted at a much higher level.
T955 558994-559207 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that the LipA plays an important role in the regulation of the iron starvation sigma factor PvdS in P. aeruginosa thereby influencing the synthesis of pyoverdine and other virulence factors.
T956 559727-559826 Epistemic_statement denotes Proteases are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds and can therefore degrade proteins and peptides.
T957 559827-559981 Epistemic_statement denotes As proteins are one of the basic building blocks in nature, proteases can influence a broad range of biological functions including the infection process.
T958 561175-561299 Epistemic_statement denotes SprP carries, in addition to its signal peptide and the S8 domain, a domain of unknown function (DUF) between both elements.
T959 562098-562179 Epistemic_statement denotes Initial results suggest a regulatory relationship in between these two proteases.
T960 562180-562296 Epistemic_statement denotes Finally, these results indicate that the two novel proteases, SprP and SprS, play a role in P. aeruginosa virulence.
T961 562476-562559 Epistemic_statement denotes The role of this molecule in the virulence of EHEC O157 is incompletely understood.
T962 563444-563579 Epistemic_statement denotes These data suggest that Iha plays dual roles in the virulence and/or fitness of EHEC O157:H7, as an adhesin and a siderophore receptor.
T963 564393-564560 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, proteolytic processing is of fundamental importance for Aap function, however, the underlying mechanisms and proteases involved have not been characterized.
T964 565094-565204 Epistemic_statement denotes Experiments using protease inhibitors suggest that Aap cleavage could also occur through additional proteases.
T965 565205-565349 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results indicate that S. epidermidis uses specific proteases for the controlled and coordinated processing and functional activation of Aap.
T966 565350-565569 Epistemic_statement denotes Given the importance of Aap-mediated S. epidermidis biofilm formation for pathogenesis of foreign-material associated infections our results could open new ways for the future development of therapeutic approaches, e.g.
T967 566064-566178 Epistemic_statement denotes It could be shown, that in in vitro systems an IDO activity inhibits the growth of bacteria, parasites or viruses.
T968 566379-566509 Epistemic_statement denotes Up to now, however, it remained unclear under which oxygen conditions IDO promotes its antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects.
T969 566623-566735 Epistemic_statement denotes In recent studies we could show that the activity of IDO is inhibited under hypoxic conditions in vitro (1% O2).
T970 566941-567138 Epistemic_statement denotes We could find that the IDO-mediated inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus as well as group B Streptococcus growth was abrogated in IFN-stimulated human glioblastoma cells or HeLa-cells, respectively.
T971 567377-567573 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings indicate that the influence of the oxygen concentration on IDO function could be important for the defense against several pathogens that affect organs with different oxygen supply.
T972 567717-567913 Epistemic_statement denotes Only a few PLA are proven virulence factors 1,2 but the total number of known PLA is still limited and the details about host-pathogen interaction mechanisms involving PLA remain to be elucidated.
T973 567914-568056 Epistemic_statement denotes The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a variety of virulence factors; however, a PLA has not been described so far.
T974 568546-568652 Epistemic_statement denotes Subcellular localisation experiments revealed its association with the membrane fraction of P. aeruginosa.
T975 568653-568797 Epistemic_statement denotes More detailed localisation studies suggested that PlbF is most likely anchored to the bacterial inner membrane, as an integral membrane protein.
T976 569089-569211 Epistemic_statement denotes This motif is required for helix-helix interactions of inner membrane proteins, suggesting that PlbF may exist as a dimer.
T977 569501-569674 Epistemic_statement denotes Significant attenuation of the plbF negative mutant strain in killing of flies was observed confirming PlbF may represent a novel virulence factor produced by P. aeruginosa.
T978 569675-569898 Epistemic_statement denotes Further investigations of the cellular function of PlbF, particularly the relation of PlbF dimerisation and virulence of P. aeruginosa PAO1 might elucidate novel mechanisms of PLA-based pathogenicity mechanisms in bacteria.
T979 570694-571033 Epistemic_statement denotes Bioinformatic analyses of the staphylococcal met leader RNA revealed homologies and predicted structural elements associated with Bacillus T-box systems which represent terminator/antiterminator transcription control elements of Gram-positive bacteria that undergo conformational change upon specific binding of charged or uncharged tRNAs.
T980 571662-571883 Epistemic_statement denotes The pleiotropic repressor CodY seems to regulate the overall transcription of the T-box system, but does not interfere with the tight methionine-dependent regulation of the biosynthesis genes by the met leader RNA itself.
T981 572153-572298 Epistemic_statement denotes The combined data demonstrate that in staphylococci de novo methionine biosynthesis is obviously under the control of a T-box regulatory element.
T982 572299-572480 Epistemic_statement denotes This is unusual and in contrast to other Gram-positive bacteria which regulate this pathway mostly by S-box systems which represent S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-binding riboswitches.
T983 572743-572819 Epistemic_statement denotes However, knowledge regarding its intracellular accommodation remains sparse.
T984 573825-573949 Epistemic_statement denotes SiiE of the SPI4 is necessary for adhesion to polarized epithelial cells whereas BapA was associated with biofilm formation.
T985 575285-575392 Epistemic_statement denotes One could conclude that BapA transcript underground degradation so that no signal can be observed using WB.
T986 575731-575821 Epistemic_statement denotes Altogether, these results showed that BapA may play a role in the surface of the bacteria.
T987 575822-575946 Epistemic_statement denotes Its secretion pattern depending on the time and medium conditions could suggest a protective function to the bacterial cell.
T988 575947-576109 Epistemic_statement denotes Further analysis of regulation of the expression and its possible role of invasion/adhesion is currently in progress to understand the role of BapA in host cells.
T989 576697-576808 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the underlying mechanism of Hp-induced epithelial barrier subversion is currently not well understood.
T990 577413-577504 Epistemic_statement denotes However, we identified HtrA as a secreted bacterial factor exhibiting proteolytic activity.
T991 578296-578413 Epistemic_statement denotes We assume that blocking of HtrA activity might help combat Hp persistence in the early phases of bacterial infection.
T992 578863-578939 Epistemic_statement denotes fRMsr has been previously shown to be specific for free Met-R-SO in E. coli.
T993 581044-581393 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, we showed that high intracellular amounts of the secondary messenger c-di-GMP in S. typhimurium abolished stimulation of a pro-inflammatory immune response and inhibition of invasion of the gastrointestinal epithelial cell line HT-29 suggesting regulation of transition between biofilm formation and virulence by c-di-GMP in the intestine.
T994 581764-581913 Epistemic_statement denotes Inhibition of the invasion phenotype by c-di-GMP is associated with inhibition of secretion of the type three secretion system effector protein SipA.
T995 582287-582450 Epistemic_statement denotes A. Lüttich* 1 , S. Brunke 1,2 , I. Jacobsen 1 Candida albicans is both a successful commensal and a pathogen of humans that can infect a broad range of body sites.
T996 582451-582606 Epistemic_statement denotes During the infection process, C. albicans has the potential to adapt to different host niches and to survive the attack of phagocytes, such as macrophages.
T997 582607-582691 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous evidence suggests that microevolution plays a central role in this process.
T998 583061-583199 Epistemic_statement denotes Using this system, we also investigated whether C. albicans can utilise alternative signal transduction pathways under selective pressure.
T999 583601-583741 Epistemic_statement denotes We therefore chose this strain for further investigation and monitored its adaptation to macrophages during a series of co-culture passages.
T1000 583920-584107 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, the strain was also now able to form filaments under other conditions and, in contrast to the original efg1/cph1 mutant, has regained the ability to invade epithelial cells.
T1001 584197-584363 Epistemic_statement denotes The phenotype was stable in the absence of selective pressure, indicating that microevolutionary events have bypassed the reliance on Cph1 and Efg1 for filamentation.
T1002 584460-584668 Epistemic_statement denotes These and further investigations of the genetic cause of the adaptation will yield insights into the genomic and genetic plasticity of this important fungal pathogen during adaptation to specific host niches.
T1003 584669-584896 Epistemic_statement denotes A. Koenigs* 1 , C. Hammerschmidt 1 , D. Barthel Introduction: Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agent of Lyme disease exploits an array of strategies in order to overcome the host immune response and establish an infection.
T1004 585121-585232 Epistemic_statement denotes OspA, OspC, CspA, ErpA, ErpC, and ErpP have previously been identified as ligands for host-derived plasminogen.
T1005 585407-585655 Epistemic_statement denotes To verify whether bound plasminogen/plasmin is proteolytically active, we performed substrate degradation assays utilizing both a chromogenic substrate, D-valyl-leucyl-lysine-pnitroanilidedihydrocholride as well as the natural substrate fibrinogen.
T1006 586626-586816 Epistemic_statement denotes By utilizing several plasminogen constructs containing single or multiple Kringle domains, it was determined that the Kringle domain 4 most likely represents the major BopA interaction site.
T1007 587173-587328 Epistemic_statement denotes Binding of plasminogen/plasmin might endow B. burgdorferi with the capability to resist opsonization and to degrade components of the extracellular matrix.
T1008 587715-587838 Epistemic_statement denotes A limitation of this model is the restricted dimensionality which contrasts three dimensional (3D) host tissue environment.
T1009 587839-588118 Epistemic_statement denotes Using a 3D collagen gel setup (3D-CoG), it has been shown that Yersinia enterocolitica as a prototype of an extracellularly replicating pathogen exhibits unusual growth behaviour in this system, resembling in vivo microcolony formation in infected tissues (Freund et al., 2008) .
T1010 588119-588275 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we present first results of the growth behaviour of Staphylococcus aureus and its interaction with neutrophils in this model using confocal microscopy.
T1011 588399-588506 Epistemic_statement denotes In a first approach we compared the growth behavior of strain Newman and the derived mutants saeRS and ica.
T1012 588507-588658 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, we found that strain Newman and both mutants formed bacterial clusters similar to those observed in cell culture medium without collagen.
T1013 590031-590188 Epistemic_statement denotes Fusion with lysosomes is avoided, but LCVs acquire endosomal markers and associate with mitochondria, early secretory vesicles and the endoplasmic reticulum.
T1014 590418-590640 Epistemic_statement denotes The identification of the biochemical and cellular function of some of these Icm/Dot substrates is challenging, as the deletion of single or multiple effectors in many cases does not show an intracellular growth phenotype.
T1015 591326-591515 Epistemic_statement denotes First results indicate a high overlap of identified host proteins, yet also reveal a number of small GTPases and other host proteins that previously have not been identified as LCV markers.
T1016 592295-592539 Epistemic_statement denotes Pulldown experiments with PI lipids coupled to agarose beads revealed that L. longbeachae SidC also specifically binds to PI(4)P. L. pneumophila modifies the PI pattern of LCVs in an Icm/Dot dependent manner, yet the mechanism remained elusive.
T1017 592540-592839 Epistemic_statement denotes We recently discovered a bacterial PI phosphatase, which is translocated into the host via the Icm/Dot T4SS and preferentially hydrolyses poly-phosphorylated PIs yielding PI(4)P. This PI phosphatase, termed LppA, might shape the LCV PI pattern to promote binding of L. pneumophila effector proteins.
T1018 594026-594282 Epistemic_statement denotes We could demonstrate that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on host cell surfaces are involved in attachment and subsequent infection by C. pneumoniae and that the bacterial surface-associated OmcB protein is the GAG-binding adhesin (Moelleken and Hegemann 2008) .
T1019 594447-594565 Epistemic_statement denotes In adhesion studies, using purified recombinant Pmp21 protein, we were able to show that it could bind to human cells.
T1020 595273-595390 Epistemic_statement denotes Through mass spectrometry we identified the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR1) as a potential target for Pmp21.
T1021 595581-595753 Epistemic_statement denotes Most importantly a knockdown of EGFR resulted in a diminished binding of fluorescently labeled bacteria, indicating that EGFR indeed serves as a receptor for C. pneumoniae.
T1022 595754-595909 Epistemic_statement denotes Vice versa we could enhance the infection approximately by the factor two, when we overexpressed EGFR in cells deficient for this receptor tyrosine kinase.
T1023 596360-596497 Epistemic_statement denotes The obligate intracellular bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis), however evolved mechanisms to use ROS for its own advantage.
T1024 596718-596905 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite the positive effect of ROS on chlamydial development, it is incompletely understood how different cellular conditions that lead to altered ROS production affect chlamydial growth.
T1025 597676-597941 Epistemic_statement denotes Consequent host cell signaling changes were followed by detection of hypoxia inducible factor, HIF-1 stabilization and phosphorylation of the acetyl-coenzym Acarboxylase (ACC) enzyme that might mediate the host cell metabolic changes that support chlamydial growth.
T1026 598455-598589 Epistemic_statement denotes This organelle trafficking might escort the perinuclear clustering of inflammasomes that is required for their ROS-induced activation.
T1027 599301-599429 Epistemic_statement denotes The possible interaction between these two types of pathogens and its influence on their fate inside host cell is still unknown.
T1028 599805-599879 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, C. trachomatis favored enhanced entry and survival of HHV6.
T1029 599880-600052 Epistemic_statement denotes In a co-infection model, both pathogens affected each other's entry, survival as well as infectivity and influenced the replication and transcription pattern of each other.
T1030 600472-600608 Epistemic_statement denotes Vienna, Department of pathobiology, Vienna, Oesterreich As mycoplasmas are poorly understood pathogens, they are difficult to eradicate.
T1031 600609-600825 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite considerable advances in the area of mycoplasma molecular genetics in the past decade, progress towards understanding their pathogenicity mechanisms is hindered by the paucity of available genetic tools (1) .
T1032 600826-601045 Epistemic_statement denotes Mycoplasma agalactiae (MA) is an important ruminant pathogen for which the pathogenicity mechanisms are largely unknown, mainly because of the previous incapability to genetically manipulate it until the year 2005 (2) .
T1033 601277-601604 Epistemic_statement denotes For the functional analysis of MA genes, the Tn mutants were subjected to several in vitro screening protocols, especially to those which could have a direct role in its pathogenicity, such as biofilm formation, growth, adherence and antibiotic sensitivity, in order to shortlist them for an experimental sheep infection study.
T1034 601822-602002 Epistemic_statement denotes Although reported for some mycoplasmas, direct genomic sequencing and other methods to sequence the Tn insertion sites are not always successful, or are rather costly or laborious.
T1035 603260-603345 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, ULVWF is considered as a potential binding partner for pathogenic bacteria.
T1036 603346-603471 Epistemic_statement denotes It is worth to emphasize that ULVWF fibers can be formed on an intact endothelial cell layer, independent of vascular damage.
T1037 603472-603573 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous studies indicate that Staphylococcus aureus binds to VWF via staphylococcal protein A (SpA).
T1038 603574-603633 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the influence of ULVWF fibers is not known so far.
T1039 604205-604442 Epistemic_statement denotes To prove whether the binding of S. aureus to the endothelium is specifically mediated by ULVWF we used in some experiments the specific VWF degrading protease ADAMTS-13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 13).
T1040 604555-604673 Epistemic_statement denotes SpA supported the binding of S. aureus mainly to the globular form of VWF which is in agreement with previous studies.
T1041 605116-605273 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: Within the context of clinical studies a significant contribution of VWF and ADAMTS-13 to vascular disease progression has been shown previously.
T1042 605507-605609 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data suggest an adhesion mechanism independent of secreted factors or surface associated adhesins.
T1043 605610-605752 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the acting molecular mechanism that triggers strong binding of S. aureus to ULVWF is currently unknown and requires further research.
T1044 608459-608657 Epistemic_statement denotes H. Büttner 1 , M. Christner 1 , H. Rohde* Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Hamburg, Deutschland Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of foreign body associated infections.
T1045 610652-610808 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, as heparin specifically binds to FnIII 12, this particular domain is obviously crucial for Embp mediated S. epidermidis adherence to fibronectin.
T1046 610998-611110 Epistemic_statement denotes The underlying molecular basis of Embp -fibronectin interactions involves a novel, so far undescribed mechanism.
T1047 611282-611422 Epistemic_statement denotes Ceramide, a bioactive sphingolipid involved in cell signalling, has been shown to assemble along the cell membrane of the airway epithelium.
T1048 611534-611642 Epistemic_statement denotes Accumulation of domains has been directly correlated with patient maturation and vulnerability to infection.
T1049 611643-611773 Epistemic_statement denotes Increased assemblages of ceramide are a molecular outlier of patients with CF and act as potential stages for aberrant signalling.
T1050 611774-611993 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study we show that although commonly found along the basal lateral membrane, Beta 1 integrin maintains a permanent position on ceramide enriched domains on the luminal side of airway epithelial cells in CF mice.
T1051 612565-612770 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data indicates that ceramide enriched domains, and the Beta 1 integrin molecules they host, play an important role in the virulence of P. aeruginosa within the airways of patients with Cystic Fibrosis.
T1052 612906-613169 Epistemic_statement denotes These two findings suggest the RGD binding domain of Beta 1 integrin may act as an adherence mechanism for P. aeruginosa and that increased clustering of this receptor in patients with CF may play an important role in the infectious manifestations of the disease.
T1053 613170-613269 Epistemic_statement denotes Preliminary data indicates inhalation of RGD peptides may be a novel treatment option for patients.
T1054 613465-613664 Epistemic_statement denotes Paraffin embeded tissue (A,B,C) and in situ stained paraffin embedded tissue (D,E) The type three secretion system (TTSS) of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) is crucial to evade the host immune response.
T1055 614643-614891 Epistemic_statement denotes After infection with a YadA mutant no Yop injection could be detected while a Inv mutant showed nearly similar Yop injection as a wildtype strain, indicating that YadA but not Inv is crucial for Yop injection into leukocytes during mouse infection.
T1056 615352-615483 Epistemic_statement denotes Inv mediated Yop injection into leukocytes in contrast to YadA mediated Yop injection can occur in a 1 integrin independent manner.
T1057 617681-618128 Epistemic_statement denotes To investigate the disruption of the brush border of polarized epithelial cells, SL1344 wild-type (WT), sipA, sopA, sopB, sopE, sopE2mutant strains, M712 strain, which lacks the five mentioned effector proteins, and their complemented derivates were used for invasion experiments in MDCK Pf and C2bbe1 cell lines, the later were also used to evaluate the disruption of the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) by the Salmonella infection.
T1058 621145-621358 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, in comparative radioactive binding assays using human or canine plasminogen, no differences in quality of interaction could be observed, a prerequisite for establishing infections across host species.
T1059 622365-622599 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, electron microscopic illustration and time lapse imaging demonstrated plasmin-mediated transmigration of fibrinous thrombi by S. canis and, therefore, may represent a mechanism for bacterial dissemination within the host.
T1060 622600-622717 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: Although S. canis is a zoonotic pathogen, very little is known about its virulence factors or mechanisms.
T1061 622882-622985 Epistemic_statement denotes However, binding of SCM to mPlg presents a mechanistically different bacterial-plasminogen interaction.
T1062 622986-623091 Epistemic_statement denotes The role of such interactions in the etiopathogenesis of these infections requires further investigation.
T1063 623092-623284 Epistemic_statement denotes Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent of melioidosis, and Burkholderia thailandensis are closely related organisms mainly found in the soil in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia.
T1064 623620-623774 Epistemic_statement denotes The Burkholderia T6SSs present in a genome are evolutionarily distinct, leading us to hypothesize that each secretion system performs a discrete function.
T1065 624003-624177 Epistemic_statement denotes This is likely due to a specific role T6SS-5 plays in the subversion of or resistance against MyD88 dependent immune response since T6SS-5 is highly virulent in MyD88 -/mice.
T1066 624719-624816 Epistemic_statement denotes Data on T6S substrates are scarce and no Burkholderia T6S effectors have been identified to date.
T1067 625295-625450 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, VgrG-5 contains a putative C terminal effector domain that does not display significant sequence similarity to proteins with known function.
T1068 625625-625834 Epistemic_statement denotes Together the data suggest an important role of Burkholderia T6S in determining the outcome of an infection by directly targeting eukaryotic host cells or by allowing the bacteria to persist in the environment.
T1069 626940-627013 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, the shikimate pathway could be determined by GC/MS analysis.
T1070 627735-627817 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the isotopologue profiles of these mutants were similar to the wild-type.
T1071 628356-628575 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, we could show that FPR2 is crucial for recruiting and activating PMN in staphylococcal infections, because it senses concentrations of the major staphylococcal cytolysins phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) peptides.
T1072 629121-629179 Epistemic_statement denotes This effect could be inhibited by the FPR2antagonist WRW4.
T1073 629491-629589 Epistemic_statement denotes However, both species activated the FPR2 paralog FPR1, which senses bacterial formylated peptides.
T1074 629590-629817 Epistemic_statement denotes The enterococcal genomes do not encode peptides with apparent similarity to PSM peptides and no peptides with PSM-like properties could be identified in enterococcal culture supernatants in sufficient quantitites for detection.
T1075 629818-630095 Epistemic_statement denotes To further characterize the unknown FPR2 ligands produced by E. faecium supernatants were treated with proteases, which completely abolished the ability to stimulate FPR2 transfected HL-60 cells thereby indicating that the unknown FPR2 ligands of E. faecium represent peptides.
T1076 630260-630668 Epistemic_statement denotes Structure-function relationship of zwitterionic cell wall polymer dependent immune modulatory mechanisms C. Weidenmaier* 1 , S. Wanner 1 , M. Rautenberg 1 , S. Baur 1 , L. Kull 1 1 Universität Tübingen, IMIT, Tübingen, Deutschland Recent advances on the field of glycobiology led to discovery of novel mechanisms by which bacterial cell wall glycopolymers can directly modulate the host immune response (1) .
T1077 630889-631101 Epistemic_statement denotes We could recently show that the important pathogenicity factor (2) cell wall teichoic acid (WTA) of S. aureus has a similar activity and is able to activate CD4-T cells in an MHCII presentation depended way (3) .
T1078 631190-631538 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly mostly pathogenic Gram-positive bacterial species seem to exhibit the ribitol-Pi repeating units with D-alanine (however WTA structures differ in side chain sugar composition or contain additional repeating unit sugars), whereas non pathogenic species often have shorter glycerol-Pi repeating units or no D-alanine modifications (1) .
T1079 632082-632223 Epistemic_statement denotes It is not known so far whether the amount of teichoic acids differs during the development of an infection or even between bacterial strains.
T1080 632224-632339 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, we find that highly pathogenic S. aureus strains exhibit an elevated WTA amount in their cell walls.
T1081 632340-632631 Epistemic_statement denotes Purified protein-free cell wall fractions from these strains induce T cell proliferation and cytokine production more efficiently than cell wall from less pathogenic strains In addition we could demonstrate that cell wall fractions of these strains are more active in skin abscess formation.
T1082 633173-633308 Epistemic_statement denotes S. aureus colonization of undomesticated sub-Saharan animals could pose a risk for inter-species transmission and infections in humans.
T1083 633309-633506 Epistemic_statement denotes We therefore characterize S. aureus isolates from wild and captive animals from sub-Saharan Africa to obtain data for further investigations of cross-species transmission of S. aureus in this area.
T1084 634298-634486 Epistemic_statement denotes Resistance to penicillin, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole was 12%, 6% and 1%, respectively and was significantly associated with captive animals (OR = inf., 95% CI = 32.48-inf., p < 0.001).
T1085 635194-635302 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: Our results suggest that colonization of human and nonhuman primates with S. aureus is frequent.
T1086 635432-635530 Epistemic_statement denotes This will provide an excellent tool to investigate potential cross-species transmission in future.
T1087 637852-637975 Epistemic_statement denotes But regarding international data there is an urgent need of active surveillance on carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
T1088 637976-638154 Epistemic_statement denotes Both local reports and linked data of national and international surveillance networks may be successful approaches to an effective containment of these multi-resistant bacteria.
T1089 638591-638655 Epistemic_statement denotes Roe deer and red deer are regarded as potential reservoir hosts.
T1090 638656-638831 Epistemic_statement denotes Considerable strain variation has been suggested to occur within this species, because isolates from humans and animals differed in their pathogenicity for heterologous hosts.
T1091 639008-639117 Epistemic_statement denotes 237 samples from humans, domestic animals, potential reservoir hosts, and Ixodes ricinus ticks were analyzed.
T1092 639187-639269 Epistemic_statement denotes eBURST analysis revealed one clonal complex with sequence type (ST) 55 as founder.
T1093 639417-639496 Epistemic_statement denotes All samples from the US were ST 64, what might reflect their geographic origin.
T1094 639687-639824 Epistemic_statement denotes As A. phagocytophilum strains infecting humans, dogs and horses belonged to one clonal complex, they seem to share the same epidemiology.
T1095 639923-640185 Epistemic_statement denotes Because the concatenated sequences from I. ricinus ticks are found in both clusters, they might be involved in the transmission cycle of A. phagocytophilum strains that infect humans and domestic animals (cluster 1) and of those that infect roe deer (cluster 2).
T1096 640186-640380 Epistemic_statement denotes In contrast to red deer, roe deer are probably not the reservoir for granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and domestic animals, as their concatenated sequences formed a clearly separated cluster.
T1097 640643-640868 Epistemic_statement denotes Especially for the delineation of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) and commensal E.coli this is a challenging task, because certain ExPEC and commensal E.coli strains may be geno-and phenotypically similar.
T1098 641320-641429 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, we evaluated how additional markers improve the discriminatory potential of both typing methods.
T1099 642540-642673 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the exact mode of transmission of this typically food-borne pathogen in that particular part of the world is widely unknown.
T1100 644077-644353 Epistemic_statement denotes Eight S. enterica isolates that were isolated from one particular well were discriminated to 7 distinct clones by PFGE thus demonstrating that a single well can be colonized by different S. enterica strains and that individual clones can persist about several weeks in a well.
T1101 644354-644475 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: PFGE data from the blood culture isolates indicate that endemic clones circulate within the local population.
T1102 644620-644789 Epistemic_statement denotes The interpretation is limited because different distinct serotypes may colonize a well at the same time while only one individual clone was selected per isolation event.
T1103 644790-644985 Epistemic_statement denotes The high number of isolates from the wells with no matches to blood culture isolates during the whole study interval is more likely to support the hypothesis of alternative modes of transmission.
T1104 644986-645089 Epistemic_statement denotes Further studies addressing the role of food for the transmission of S. enterica in Ghana should follow.
T1105 645648-645758 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the WHO region Europe has been certified polio-free in 2002, the risk of reintroduction remains (e.g.
T1106 646229-646445 Epistemic_statement denotes In this context the enterovirus surveillance system was extended and can now be used for both, the enterovirus diagnostics in patients with aseptic meningitis / encephalitis and patients with acute flaccid paralysis.
T1107 648188-648608 Epistemic_statement denotes Characterization of extended spectrum -lactamase producing Escherichia coli: comparison of phylogenetic grouping by the DiversiLab system, mononucleotide motifs and genetic markers T. Vollmer* 1 , C. Knabbe 1 , J. Dreier Bad Oeynhausen, Deutschland Introduction: Rapid and reliable methods to identify the molecular relatedness in clinical isolates are essentially needed to investigate potential routes of transmission.
T1108 648609-648779 Epistemic_statement denotes Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA amplification (RAPD) techniques have been shown as a useful and comparatively simple tool for the discrimination of strain relatedness.
T1109 650198-650272 Epistemic_statement denotes ESBL-typing by these three different methods showed excellent correlation.
T1110 650553-650717 Epistemic_statement denotes Further investigations include the evaluation of the DL with an in house automated RAPD-PCR using different established primers followed by chip-gelelectrophoresis.
T1111 652321-652422 Epistemic_statement denotes The data suggest that bactericidal antibodies will be effective only on a subset of cnl meningococci.
T1112 652619-653001 Epistemic_statement denotes C. Rohde* 1 , K. Selezska 2 , M. Kazmierczak 1,3 , J. Sikorski 1, 3, 4 1 DSMZ, Mikrobiologie, Braunschweig, Deutschland 2 HZI, Braunschweig, Deutschland 3 DSMZ, Braunschweig, Deutschland 4 Deutschland Introduction:The lytic potential of novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) phages against a large number of novel environmental and clinical PA isolates was challenging to be studied 1.)
T1113 653091-653287 Epistemic_statement denotes to find a possible relationship between lysis phenomena in the phylogenetic tree of these hosts and the allocation of clusters of lysed strains: a phylogenetic approach using lysis as "phenotype".
T1114 653288-653434 Epistemic_statement denotes The latter addresses the potential role of phages in the microevolutionary diversification of PA strains into different genetic lineages (clades).
T1115 653493-653584 Epistemic_statement denotes The large pool of new hosts and phages offered a test system to respond to these questions.
T1116 654744-654799 Epistemic_statement denotes All results finally suggest two unrelated phage groups.
T1117 654910-654962 Epistemic_statement denotes Lysis phenotypes appeared to depend on the serotype.
T1118 654963-655101 Epistemic_statement denotes Some serotypes showed large proportions of full lysis, others appeared to confer phage resistance, some were sensitive only to few phages.
T1119 655419-655569 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: From the phage lysis patterns we conclude there is therapeutic potential of some of these highly lytic phages with broad PA host spectrum.
T1120 655570-655930 Epistemic_statement denotes From the lysis phenotypes we conclude that phages, via the diversity of host receptor types, have potential to contribute to the intraspecies microevolutionary diversification within PA. From additional own studies (not shown) we have reasons to believe that the population dynamics of PA were probably shaped by environmental forces, not by clinical habitats.
T1121 656096-656337 Epistemic_statement denotes Friedrich 1 1 University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Microbiology, Groningen, Niederlande Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an increasing health problem in both hospital and community settings worldwide.
T1122 656601-656770 Epistemic_statement denotes Although, several PCR-based procedures were designed for typing the SCCmec cassettes, they were often found to be limited in their ability to characterize MRSA isolates.
T1123 656771-656934 Epistemic_statement denotes The goal of our study was to compare the SCCmec typing results produced by well-established multiplex-PCR protocol with those obtained by a microarray-based assay.
T1124 657477-657623 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: Using the multiplex-PCR protocol, 179 MRSA isolates were typeable whereas from 27 MRSA isolates, the SCCmec type could not be determined.
T1125 658594-658763 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: The microarray approach appeared to be more efficient than the PCR-based protocol in identification of SCCmec types among genetically diverse MRSA isolates.
T1126 658764-658922 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, the microarray-based method is an inexpensive and fast procedure, and can be easily implemented for investigations in routine clinical laboratories.
T1127 659918-660178 Epistemic_statement denotes For several years now increasing infection rates of immunocompromized adult patients have been reported In rare cases an infection in neonates, pregnant women and immunocompromized elderly patients can lead to a toxic shock syndrome with necrotizing fasciitis.
T1128 660308-660460 Epistemic_statement denotes It is typically caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and mutations of a general virulence regulator (cov) have been reported in association with STSS cases.
T1129 661447-661598 Epistemic_statement denotes The two component cov regulator represses hemolysis and the mutation was associated with an increased hemolysis and pigmentation in the mutated strain.
T1130 661599-661673 Epistemic_statement denotes Another strain harbored a 3 bp deletion that had previously been reported.
T1131 661848-662030 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion virulence regulator gene mutations in strains causing streptococcal toxic shock syndrome as they have been described for S. pyogenes can also be found in S. agalactiae.
T1132 662031-662259 Epistemic_statement denotes A detailed molecular epidemiologic characterization of STSS S. agalactiae strains by MLST, capsular typing and surface protein determination showed them to be heterogenous, despite a certain predominance of ST1 and ST23 strains.
T1133 662754-662913 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, an outbreak of a novel clone of E. coli bearing the rare serotype O104:H4 has threatened Northern Germany and challenged the health care authorities.
T1134 663657-663746 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, EPEC were not only found in young children, but in adult patients as well.
T1135 663814-663991 Epistemic_statement denotes The E. coli species responsible for the recent outbreak bears a combination of pathogenic factors that has not been found in our 20,000 stool probes during the past three years.
T1136 663992-664230 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: According the microbiologic-infectiologic quality standards (MIQ) of the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology, screening of stool samples for pathogenic E. coli species should only be performed under certain conditions.
T1137 664231-664335 Epistemic_statement denotes Following this standard, EHEC, STEC, EAEC and EPEC would not have been detected in most of our patients.
T1138 664336-664506 Epistemic_statement denotes For example, the MIQ standard only considers EPEC a causative agent in adult patients if they are immunocompromised or have persisting diarrhea for more than three weeks.
T1139 664507-664547 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data contradict this recommendation.
T1140 665815-665996 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, we investigated whether sand flies are prevalent in Bavaria and whether wild mice carry Leishmania parasites and therefore might function as reservoir animals.
T1141 666660-666763 Epistemic_statement denotes However, until now the involved hypothetical intermediate SF O157:H7 clone had not yet been identified.
T1142 667702-667804 Epistemic_statement denotes Of these, certain SNPs or SNP genotypes could be determined to differentiate each serotype or cluster.
T1143 667805-667925 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, SNP data enabled us to further differentiate amongst EHEC O157 subgroups, especially within EHEC O157:H7.
T1144 668034-668172 Epistemic_statement denotes The SNP data was further investigated to elaborate new typing techniques using fewer loci in order to get a comparable rate of resolution.
T1145 668594-668772 Epistemic_statement denotes In summary, SNP-based typing of EHEC O55 and O157enabled us to close the gap within the evolutionary model of EHEC O157 by identification of an isolate of the hypothetical clone.
T1146 668773-669011 Epistemic_statement denotes Moreover, the identified SNPs and associated genotypes open up new prospects and challenges to develop alternative typing methods with less costs and comparable rates of resolution for epidemiological investigations and phylogeny studies.
T1147 669206-669370 Epistemic_statement denotes At present, MRSA is one of the major causes of wound infections in small animals and horses, and infected animals may provide a significant threat to public health.
T1148 669371-669519 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on these findings, the aim of this study was to determine the proportion of LA-MRSA in wound swabs obtained from companion animals in Germany.
T1149 670186-670287 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the proportion of spa-types frequently associated with livestock-associated MRSA (e.g.
T1150 670633-670841 Epistemic_statement denotes A similar trend was seen in wound infections due to MRSA in dogs, which in the past had frequently been associated with CC22-and CC5-strains, while currently we identified several cases associated with CC398.
T1151 670842-671237 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: The detected proportions of CC398-associated MRSA in horses and dogs suggests a rapid spread of LA-associated strains into animals other than livestock and raise the question whether these EHSG-MRSA may harbour certain factors or abilities (genetic and/ or functional) mediating the obvious successful spread among different mammalian species apart from their methicillin-resistance.
T1152 671777-671973 Epistemic_statement denotes Two pilus regions have been identified in the pneumococcal genome: PI-1 (Pilus Islet-1) and PI-2 (Pilus Islet-2) and, at least for PI-1, their role in pneumococcal pathogenesis has been suggested.
T1153 672808-672928 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly, the majority (71,4%) of the pilus-positive non-invasive isolates were positive for both pneumococcal pili.
T1154 673360-673543 Epistemic_statement denotes The clonality of the pilus-containing isolates identified here is being determined by MLST analysis and their correlation with antibiotic resistance profiles will also be established.
T1155 673544-673746 Epistemic_statement denotes Finally, these data show the scenario of pneumococcal pili distribution among pneumococcal clinical isolates in Germany and may support the potential of PI-1 and PI-2 constituents as vaccine candidates.
T1156 673747-673883 Epistemic_statement denotes Background: Hospital-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) is a growing public health concern across the world.
T1157 673884-673944 Epistemic_statement denotes Early detection of clusters is vital for patient protection.
T1158 673945-674210 Epistemic_statement denotes Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is considered a 'gold standard' in detecting important outbreak events and widely used despite several limitations such as limited resolution and lack of digitized data, making intra-and interlaboratory comparisons difficult.
T1159 674211-674484 Epistemic_statement denotes Spa typing, which relies on sequence variation within the S. aureus protein A gene (spa), has been proven to be a successful tool for investigating the relatedness of strains and the sequence data is easily stored in databases and communicated between researchers globally.
T1160 674572-674813 Epistemic_statement denotes These maps can distinguish chromosomal events that are ~>1.5 kb in size, providing a higher resolution of data, as well as fragment organization within the genome, as compared to PFGE (~30 kb detection limit) and probably also to spa typing.
T1161 675212-675369 Epistemic_statement denotes The remaining two isolates were different spa types, yet one had the same sequence type (multilocus sequence typing), as the epidemiologically related group.
T1162 675739-675916 Epistemic_statement denotes The three unrelated isolates with identical spa types were more closely related to the epidemiologically-linked group (though not identical) than the 2 with different spa types.
T1163 676305-676448 Epistemic_statement denotes OM data corresponded with both the PFGE and spa typing results, yet with a higher resolution, providing more detailed phylogenetic information.
T1164 676449-676643 Epistemic_statement denotes This increased resolution may be useful in tracking the progress of a cluster, though further investigations are needed to verify that OM alone is sufficient to identify the spread of pathogens.
T1165 676644-677196 Epistemic_statement denotes M. Merker* 1 , T. Kohl 2 , J. Kalinowski 2 , S. Ruesch-Gerdes 3 , L. Truebe 1 , A. Roetzer 1 , S. Niemann 1 1 Forschungszentrum Borstel, Molekulare Mykobakteriologie, Borstel, Deutschland 2 University of Bielefeld, CEBITEC, Bielefeld, Deutschland 3 Forschungszentrum Borstel, National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Borstel, Deutschland Background: Transmission and phylogenetic background of clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates can be analyzed by genotyping techniques (IS6110 DNA fingerprinting, spoligotyping, MIRU-VNTR typing).
T1166 678430-678574 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the emergence of SNPs in resistance genes coincides with the development of phenotypic resistance within the course of treatment.
T1167 678782-678909 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: Our results reveal a striking diversity in serial patient isolates that cannot be captured by standard genotyping.
T1168 678939-679035 Epistemic_statement denotes as additional resistance mechanisms or compensatory evolution are currently under investigation.
T1169 679044-679112 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore the existence of two different pathovars was hypothesized.
T1170 679572-679718 Epistemic_statement denotes The 231 bi-allelic polymorphisms were used to construct a minimum spanning tree (MST) which was associated in 86 haplotypes among the 102 strains.
T1171 679719-679850 Epistemic_statement denotes Results indicate that two subpopulations have evolved into different pathovars that are associated with distinct clinical pictures.
T1172 679851-680200 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition we could show that much of the population structure of ST121 is local, largely endemic and spread to other countries or continents occur only on rare occasions.Furthermore, and in agreement to prior results in ST5, ST22 and ST239, mapping of spa types onto the MST revealed several spa types whose patterns seemed to reflect homoplasies.
T1173 680390-680585 Epistemic_statement denotes It is currently unclear, however, whether genomic variation may also enable the reconstruction of transmission chains between individual patients, e. g. during an outbreak of hospital infections.
T1174 681125-681320 Epistemic_statement denotes However, not each and every patient got infected by a unique MRSA, and MRSA genomes from several patients were indistinguishable or very closely related, suggesting potential transmission events.
T1175 681321-681430 Epistemic_statement denotes It appears that genome sequencing holds promising potential for tracing MRSA spatial spread at a local scale.
T1176 681562-681721 Epistemic_statement denotes In Germany, screening is recommended based on the guidelines of the Robert-Kochinstitute; yet, the screening intensity is largely varying between institutions.
T1177 682712-682904 Epistemic_statement denotes These figures are higher than those previously determined in other German APS programs, and they also differ from those previously reported from other central European regions or institutions.
T1178 682905-683009 Epistemic_statement denotes spa type 003 (ST225) was most frequent among MRSA followed by spa type 504 (previously rarely reported).
T1179 683010-683202 Epistemic_statement denotes A detailed risk assessment (multivariate analysis) revealed that previous MRSA history, chronic care, and presence of a skin wound/ulcer were significantly associated with MRSA carrier status.
T1180 683953-684078 Epistemic_statement denotes To date, however, little is known about the rate of MLVA variation and hence its usefulness for the tracing of transmissions.
T1181 685579-685593 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly.
T1182 685899-686141 Epistemic_statement denotes Our preliminary analyses describe the diversity of MLVA types in strains belonging to the same finetype obtained from different epidemiological settings; specifically, variation seems to increase according to presumed number of transmissions.
T1183 687464-687718 Epistemic_statement denotes Of note, in the non-ICU setting, extended-spectrum penicillins (J01CA), cephalosporins (J01DB-DE), carbapenems (J01DH) and quinolones (J01M) accounted (2009/2010) for 2.8%/2.4%, 39%/41.7%, 1.9%/2.2% and 11.7%/8% of the total antibiotic use, respectively.
T1184 688211-688363 Epistemic_statement denotes However, between the hospitals, we observed a broad range of antibiotic use both with respect to the density and the types of antimicrobial agents used.
T1185 688364-688535 Epistemic_statement denotes Together with regional data on bacterial antibiotic-resistance, this data can be used by the network hospitals for discussions aiming to improve local antibiotic policies.
T1186 689253-689388 Epistemic_statement denotes However for the control of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) antibiotic stewardship with a focus on prudent use becomes necessary.
T1187 689389-689583 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of this study was to determine risk factors in order to develop an algorithm for optimal empirical treatment in those patients who are at risk of E. faecium blood stream infection (BSI).
T1188 689946-690305 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: Significant associations of E. faecium BSI were found with age, hospital stay prior to blood culture, duration of hospitalization 1 year before admission, fever prior to blood culture, severity and duration of neutropenia, CRP (C-reactive protein) at time of blood culture withdrawal, colonization with E. faecium prior to blood culture and diarrhea.
T1189 690306-690396 Epistemic_statement denotes E. faecium BSIs were found associated with more severe disease and higher mortality rates.
T1190 690715-690853 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: Empirical treatment should be considered in those hematologic patients who are at high risk for development of E. faecium BSI.
T1191 690854-691030 Epistemic_statement denotes Using a prognostic model for risk stratification as designed in this study prudent use of glycopeptides becomes possible and might be helpful controlling further spread of VRE.
T1192 691199-691281 Epistemic_statement denotes Molecular and phenotypical investigations of the clinical isolates were performed.
T1193 692451-692578 Epistemic_statement denotes ERIC-and REP-PCR analysis of the K. pneumoniae isolates of all patients showed an identical profile suggesting a clonal spread.
T1194 692721-692875 Epistemic_statement denotes Prior to the emergence of the Oxa-48 expressing E. coli a less resistant E. coli with an ESBL phenotype could be isolated several times from this patient.
T1195 693031-693130 Epistemic_statement denotes This strongly suggests the in vivo transfer of Oxa-48 from K. pneumoniae to E. coli in the patient.
T1196 693229-693369 Epistemic_statement denotes Epidemiological, molecular and phenotypical data suggest a horizontal interspecies transfer of Oxa-48 from K. pneumoniae to E. coli in vivo.
T1197 694349-694417 Epistemic_statement denotes 126/737 (22%) patients could be included in the follow-up screening.
T1198 694418-694651 Epistemic_statement denotes Because 42/111 (37.8%) of the VRE-positive patients had been hospitalised for more than 72 hours before the first screening swabs, the distinction community vs. nosocomial acquisition could be made only for the remaining 69 patients.
T1199 694885-694967 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, none of the VREpositive patients was previously known to carry VRE.
T1200 695568-695649 Epistemic_statement denotes Reasons for the high VRE prevalence may be the previous Vancomycin therapy (33%).
T1201 695709-695814 Epistemic_statement denotes Neither did colonisation predict consecutive infection, nor was the VRE status associated with mortality.
T1202 696038-696185 Epistemic_statement denotes Further studies are warranted to determine the role of the environmental contamination especially in a setting of moderate hand hygiene compliance.
T1203 697563-697702 Epistemic_statement denotes The proportion of infections with secondary bloodstream infections were significantly associated with the spa type t003 (OR 6.75; p=0.004).
T1204 697703-697801 Epistemic_statement denotes The spa type t032 was significantly less associated to secondary bloodstream infections (p=0.041).
T1205 697802-697940 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: The molecular spa typing provided additional information to the epidemiological associations during routine MRSA surveillance.
T1206 698027-698084 Epistemic_statement denotes Further studies were needed to verify these observations.
T1207 698645-698781 Epistemic_statement denotes We evaluated the incidence of MRSA carriage at hospital admission and we investigated some risk factors associated to MRSA colonisation.
T1208 699617-699717 Epistemic_statement denotes However, only few data about its overall prevalence in certain geographical areas are yet available.
T1209 699904-700000 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition we checked for patient subgroups that may be at an increased risk for MRSA carriage.
T1210 700921-701126 Epistemic_statement denotes Within healthcare institutions, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be transmitted from patient to patient or via healthcare workers' (HCW) hands, clothes, equipment and the environment.
T1211 701127-701289 Epistemic_statement denotes Few studies have evaluated the prevalence of MRSA colonization among HCW outside outbreak situations and the importance of staff as a real source of transmission.
T1212 702883-703007 Epistemic_statement denotes The therapy was successful after the first eradication cycle in 100 % of the cases and could be verified in follow-up swaps.
T1213 703727-703909 Epistemic_statement denotes Objective: Rates of VREF remain constant or are declining in Germany in recent years, but molecular analyses suggest a genotype switch from vanAtype to vanB-type among hospital VREF.
T1214 706112-706238 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: Reliable detection of low level vancomycin expression in vanB-type VREF is a challenge in the clinical laboratory.
T1215 706239-706390 Epistemic_statement denotes Its delayed detection or unnoticed appearance may support further spread of vanB VREF and underestimate its true prevalence among the clinical setting.
T1216 706716-706815 Epistemic_statement denotes Multiresistant Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa is an increasing problem in health care facilities [1] .
T1217 706816-706934 Epistemic_statement denotes As one of the most important inhabitants of biofilms this Nonfermenter can consist in different reservoirs in clinics.
T1218 706935-707064 Epistemic_statement denotes The siphon traps of washing basins are colonized by different germs and may be an underestimated source of pathogen distribution.
T1219 707065-707279 Epistemic_statement denotes Long-term surveillance from 2007 to 2009 within a hemato-oncological setting with 24 isolation units for patients with allogenic stem cell transplantation revealed the association of emerging multiresistant P. spp.
T1220 707546-707642 Epistemic_statement denotes During this procedure it was very possible that the patients inhaled aerosols from siphon water.
T1221 707643-707764 Epistemic_statement denotes Responsible for this outbreak two strains could be detected by RAPD-PCR and specific P. aeruginosa microarray genotyping.
T1222 708151-708286 Epistemic_statement denotes The outbreak could be stopped by implementation of so called Hygiene siphons at the washing basin in all of the 24 isolation units (Fa.
T1223 708525-708714 Epistemic_statement denotes Even with maximum barrier infection control measures undertaken to avoid nosocomial infections hidden reservoirs like siphon traps of washing basins can be the source of pathogen outbreaks.
T1224 708715-708853 Epistemic_statement denotes The installation of Hygiene siphons in isolation units for high risk patients can help to reduce the distribution of multiresistant germs.
T1225 708854-709024 Epistemic_statement denotes Early molecular-epidemiological analysis is urgently needed to verify outbreak situations and is essential to implement specific and effective infection control measures.
T1226 709025-709138 Epistemic_statement denotes The gastrointestinal tract harbours a complex microbial ecosystem, engaged in continuous crosstalk with the host.
T1227 709139-709374 Epistemic_statement denotes The balanced relationship between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and gut microbes can be disturbed, resulting in the activation of the mucosal immune system which contributes to the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
T1228 709528-709730 Epistemic_statement denotes As IBD may develop after defects of barrier function and based on our microarray data obtained with co-incubated IECs we focussed on proteins (ZO-2, PAR-3, PAR-6) of the apical junctional complex (AJC).
T1229 710103-710245 Epistemic_statement denotes Even after barrier disruption by EPEC, barrier function could be restored by incubation with probiotic EcN as monitored by an increase in TER.
T1230 710661-710813 Epistemic_statement denotes Further insight into the molecular targets of specific miRNAs might foster the development of new strategies for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
T1231 711127-711330 Epistemic_statement denotes Besides commensal and probiotic microorganisms there are also bacterial pathogens such as enteropathogenic E.coli that can cause diarrhea by exploitation of host cells and subversion of defense measures.
T1232 711331-711442 Epistemic_statement denotes How these pathogens interact with and subvert (immune) cells of the intestinal barrier is not fully understood.
T1233 712426-712500 Epistemic_statement denotes This is not observed with an EPEC mutant lacking the effector protein Tir.
T1234 712501-712629 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, pedestal formation can be faintly detected also with mutants without functional type III secretion system (T3SS).
T1235 713246-713433 Epistemic_statement denotes The comparison of effects of pathogenic and probiotic bacteria on immune cells might reveal further insights into the molecular mechanisms that are impaired in gastrointestinal disorders.
T1236 714720-714843 Epistemic_statement denotes Surprisingly LP and MLN DCs of DSS mice expressed significantly higher amounts of TLR2 and TLR4 in comparison to mock mice.
T1237 714844-715011 Epistemic_statement denotes Increased appearance of CD103 + DCs and higher amounts of TLR2 and TLR4 are likely to be a counter regulation of the host in order to suppress developing inflammation.
T1238 715061-715231 Epistemic_statement denotes Introduction: The bacterial inventory of the human oral cavity is already fairly comprehensive and composed of about 800 different species many of which are uncultivated.
T1239 715232-715354 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the dynamics and variability of the oral microflora in relation to health or disease are still poorly understood.
T1240 715355-715544 Epistemic_statement denotes Our aim was to test the hypothesis, that the development of oral symptoms after multiple stressing of the immunosystem is related to the composition and diversity of the initial microflora.
T1241 716589-716796 Epistemic_statement denotes However, when comparing Group I and II an interaction signal of about 3% was consistently observed (under varying analytical parameters) while this was not the case when the two time points of sampling (i.e.
T1242 717084-717233 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD) distinct bacterial taxa could be elucidated as key-components explaining the observed differences.
T1243 717234-717545 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: The data indicate that there is a discernable relationship between susceptibility to clinical symptoms and the indigenous, pre-formed oral microbiota which means that the initial composition of the oral ecosystem determines whether or not symptoms develop upon exposure to various stress-parameters.
T1244 717821-717918 Epistemic_statement denotes But unlike all other I Bs, I B seems not only to be an inhibitor but more of a modulator of NF B.
T1245 718077-718236 Epistemic_statement denotes We hypothesize that I B at least partially contributes to DC semimaturation, as this process was shown to be dependent on presence of IL-6 and absence of TNF-.
T1246 718345-718433 Epistemic_statement denotes Due to this fact I B might play a crucial role in maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
T1247 718434-718715 Epistemic_statement denotes To clarify the role of which might lead to the development of new strategies in treatment of inflammatory bowl diseases we analysed and compared in a first step the I B mRNA and protein expression in naïve, semimature and mature DC using quantitative PCR and western blot analysis.
T1248 718803-718936 Epistemic_statement denotes Future experiment will involve I B deficient mice, for generation of BMDC and the analysis of the impact of I B on acute DSS colitis.
T1249 719756-719858 Epistemic_statement denotes We could also show that all Symbioflor 2 E. coli clearly belong to the cluster of apathogenic E. coli.
T1250 719859-720047 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is largely unknown which E. coli genotype is responsible for the products probiotic character and which genes and proteins are involved in the development of a probiotic trait.
T1251 720048-720184 Epistemic_statement denotes E. coli G3/10 has already attracted interest due to its ability of inducing defensin production in cell culture and in human volunteers.
T1252 720185-720457 Epistemic_statement denotes Using an in vitro adherence assay with human intestinal epithelial cells we could further show that E. coli G3/10 significantly decreases the adhesion of enteropathogenic E. coli strain E2348/69 (EPEC) to host cells, comparable to the probiotic strain E. coli Nissle 1917.
T1253 720574-720705 Epistemic_statement denotes The sequenced genomes together with in vitro data will help us to gain further insight into the probiotic behavior of Symbioflor 2.
T1254 722047-722259 Epistemic_statement denotes 55 specific HaeIII T-RF signals could be assigned to various phylogenetic groups and we could show that microbial community structure was different between dental biofilms, saliva and interproximal dental plaque.
T1255 723020-723168 Epistemic_statement denotes We conclude that characteristic signatures of microbiota can be found in saliva, interproximal dental plaque and also during oral biofilm formation.
T1256 723169-723368 Epistemic_statement denotes Culture-independent analysis of microbiota may provide new insights into the microbial diversity in various communities which was shown here for different oral compartments and growing oral biofilms.
T1257 723555-723749 Epistemic_statement denotes However, when the balance of the normal flora is altered e. g. during antibiotic or hormonal therapy, C. albicans can cause painful cutaneous or subcutaneous infections including vulvovaginitis.
T1258 723972-724046 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the role of lactobacilli in candidal vulvovaginitis is not known.
T1259 724146-724300 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore we analyzed how far lactobacilli may influence the yeast-hyphal transition has been described as a factor that facilitates the invasion process.
T1260 724606-724927 Epistemic_statement denotes We analyzed how far the different Lactobacillus strains influence the viability (XTT_reduction assay) of Candida as well as the expression of hyphae-specific genes (ALS3, HWP1, HYR1) Results: Only L. crispatus inhibited the growth of all Candida albicans isolates under study and diminished their viability significantly.
T1261 725235-725304 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: From our results one may conclude that lactobacillus spp.
T1262 725305-725368 Epistemic_statement denotes may either favour or inhibit pathogenicity of Candida albicans.
T1263 725523-725644 Epistemic_statement denotes The gut of mammalians is colonised by a complex flora of microorganisms containing 500 -1000 different bacterial species.
T1264 725984-726022 Epistemic_statement denotes The mechanism however remains unclear.
T1265 726785-727031 Epistemic_statement denotes However, by the use of new culture-independent techniques unbiased semi-quantitative analysis of complex bacterial communities are now available which could help to better understand the role of microbiota in colonisation and pathogenicity of CF.
T1266 727542-727990 Epistemic_statement denotes This finding was supported by the culture-independent analysis of bacterial nucleic acid in respiratory samples using T-RFLP, however, we also found new aspects of respiratory infections by the culture-independent method with increasing rates of anaerobic bacteria in CF patients at older age which potentially contribute to clinical progression of CF lung disease; however, prospective clinical studies are required to confirm this new assumption.
T1267 728143-728406 Epistemic_statement denotes High relative abundance of Staphylococci (24%), Neisseria / Haemophilus (16%), Streptococci (9%), Bacteroidetes (6%) and Veillonella (5%) were found whereas the Pseudomonas species were detected with surprisingly low frequencies in samples (1%) of all age groups.
T1268 728459-728668 Epistemic_statement denotes T-RFLP) will fundamentally change the current view of polymicrobial lung infection in CF patients due to the unbiased detection of potentially new respiratory pathogens and due to the new quantitative aspects.
T1269 728669-728846 Epistemic_statement denotes We suppose that very soon culture-independent analysis of the respiratory microbiota could become a new diagnostic standard for optimized diagnostics and therapy of CF patients.
T1270 728939-729119 Epistemic_statement denotes Yet, opposite to the upper respiratory tract and the gut, the lower respiratory tract including lung has been considered free of foreign microorganisms, so it is vastly unexplored.
T1271 729120-729237 Epistemic_statement denotes To understand how lung micro-ecology affects host defense and infection, it is essential to identify lung commensals.
T1272 730248-730387 Epistemic_statement denotes Notably, we detected bacterial communities on alveolar epithelia by eubacteria specific FISH in the absence of inflammatory lung pathology.
T1273 730760-730955 Epistemic_statement denotes Ultimately, we expect that our lung isolates or major species by non-culture method can be introduced into mouse model experiment for lung commensalism as well as coinfection with lung pathogens.
T1274 731118-731304 Epistemic_statement denotes The salivary microbiome as an indicator of human-microbe coevolution Introduction: Human-associated bacteria hold great potential for shedding light on the history of our ancestors (i.e.
T1275 731463-731629 Epistemic_statement denotes We currently test the hypothesis that oral microbes may function as chronometer of human evolution thereby allowing a fine-scale differentiation of human populations.
T1276 732134-732314 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: The ITS region of F. nucleatum and the gdh of mitis-streptococci could be directly PCR-amplified from saliva DNA-extract using newly designed as well as published primers.
T1277 732637-732830 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on phylogenetic tree reconstruction most clusters consisted of sequence types which were representative for multiple countries, however, one country was typically dominating in a cluster.
T1278 732939-733072 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: Oral microbes found in saliva may exhibit a clonal structure and thus be representative for a distinct geographic region.
T1279 733073-733229 Epistemic_statement denotes Phylogenetic tools such as UniFrac are necessary to compute the distances within and between hosts in order to discern geographical and ethnic associations.
T1280 733230-733700 Epistemic_statement denotes Given that saliva is increasingly preferred in sampling humans as a source of DNA for epidemiologic and population genetic studies, the salivary microbiome may hold additional valuable information for providing new perspectives on unsolved human migration patterns -an issue of great social, anthropological, and medical importance Introduction: Clinical studies revealed that the probiotic mixture VSL#3 is protective in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
T1281 734035-734170 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of the present study was to identify the active probiotic structure triggering the loss of the proinflammatory chemokine IP-10.
T1282 736235-736790 Epistemic_statement denotes The identification of lactocepin as a probiotic structure could enable a more structure-based evaluation of probiotic bacteria for therapeutical interventions in the context of chronic inflammation PWV05 Flagellin and tcpC are essential factors of the protective effect of E. coli Nissle strain 1917 in DSS-induced colitis S. Menz* 1 , K. Gronbach 1 , P. Adam 2 , A. Wieser 3 , S. Schubert 3 , U. Dobrindt 4 , T. (EcN) is as effective as mesalazine in maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis and shortens the duration of diarrhea in young children.
T1283 736791-736955 Epistemic_statement denotes We studied in a preclinical model of acute colitis whether EcN protects from disease and analysed the bacterial mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory capacity.
T1284 737654-737805 Epistemic_statement denotes However a second bacterial factor tcpC also contributes to the protective effect of EcN as the tcpC mutant strain was not able to protect from disease.
T1285 737806-737885 Epistemic_statement denotes Administration of the double mutant fliC tcpC of EcN evidences this conclusion.
T1286 737988-738097 Epistemic_statement denotes However contribution of further bacterial factors to the anti-inflammatory effect of EcN can not be excluded.
T1287 738957-739100 Epistemic_statement denotes The observed discrepancy is most likely due to the lack of mucin on these cell lines, whereas mucus might still be present in the cryosections.
T1288 739651-739805 Epistemic_statement denotes In contrast, the E. coli strain CFT073 harboring and expressing an identical fliC gene adhered as inefficient to mucin2 as EcN fliC for unknown reason(s).
T1289 739931-740031 Epistemic_statement denotes This is in contrast to the general assumption, that E. coli are peritrichously flagellated bacteria.
T1290 740180-740284 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, this organelle might be of importance for efficient, transient colonization of the human gut.
T1291 740678-740737 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the underlying molecular networks are ill defined.
T1292 741277-741512 Epistemic_statement denotes While bacteria control the generation of B cell-containing isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF) from B cell-free cryptopatches, it is unknown whether the development of cryptopatches is programmed or also instructed by environmental cues.
T1293 741513-741756 Epistemic_statement denotes The family of Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain-containing proteins is conserved throughout all eukaryotic species and it is believed that this group of proteins has evolved to control adaptation of multicellular organisms to environmental challenges.
T1294 741999-742142 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the role of the AhR in the response to environmental toxins is appreciated, its role in the mucosal immune system is not well defined.
T1295 742143-742281 Epistemic_statement denotes We addressed the role of the AhR for development and function of ROR t + ILC by generating mice lacking the AhR in ROR t + ILC (Ahr LTi ).
T1296 742282-742345 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, Ahr LTi lacked genesis of cryptopatches and ILF.
T1297 743509-743640 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of our study was to investigate whether proteases produced by commensal gut bacteria contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD.
T1298 744535-744731 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, using LC-MS/MS analysis, we could indentify cleavage sites for GelE in the sequence of recombinant murine E-Cadherin suggesting the possibility for a direct GelE-mediated degradation.
T1299 744961-745054 Epistemic_statement denotes The loss of barrier integrity was associated with reduced levels of extracellular E-Cadherin.
T1300 745236-745437 Epistemic_statement denotes We could show specificity for the GelE-mediated loss of barrier function by using an E. faecalis lipoprotein as unrelated control and the broad spectrum MMP inhibitor Marimastat to block GelE activity.
T1301 745746-745801 Epistemic_statement denotes Dendritic cells (DCs) can provide different phenotypes.
T1302 745802-745892 Epistemic_statement denotes They can display an immature DC (iDC) phenotype or an activated mature DC (mDC) phenotype.
T1303 745893-745967 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently a third phenotype has been discovered, termed semimature (smDCs).
T1304 746611-746811 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore we suggest that semi-maturation plays an important role in maintaining the intestinal homeostasis and that regulation of Cathepsin S could be a potential target for the treatment of colitis.
T1305 746826-746971 Epistemic_statement denotes An average number of 4202 sequences were obtained per tissue sample (mean length, 234 bp), and 98.5% of sequences could be classified into phyla.
T1306 747620-747830 Epistemic_statement denotes These differences were associated with highly significant differences of microbiota composition, which are likely responsible for attenuating responses to H. hepaticus in mice housed at one of the institutions.
T1307 748762-748860 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus they have not been the target for many commercial companies manufacturing these technologies.
T1308 748861-749007 Epistemic_statement denotes There is however a need for efficiency and improved quality provided by standardised procedures that are optimally furnished by automated systems.
T1309 749008-749391 Epistemic_statement denotes Methods: A university diagnostic laboratory providing a service to approximately 1800 in-patient beds, most of which (1200) are in a tertiary care / university setting and the remainder in a satellite teaching hospital also providing tertiary care, underwent a trial of an automated inoculation apparatus, with a view to further automatisation and integration of advanced technology.
T1310 750900-751098 Epistemic_statement denotes In this setting automatisation can be of great benefit by freeing technical staff for more tasks more appropriate to their training and also to the demands of a tertiary care / reference laboratory.
T1311 751240-751414 Epistemic_statement denotes As the spirochete resists conventional cultivation and to overcome test specific limitations, laboratory diagnosis is based on a stepwise approach using immunological assays.
T1312 751415-751590 Epistemic_statement denotes However, independent clinical evaluation of such tests is not mandatory within the EU and currently, a large number of assays of variable analytical quality are on the market.
T1313 752963-753252 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study we confirm previous investigations that, although positive trends are obvious, the sensitivity and specificity of currently applied assays for syphilis diagnostics can still vary substantially, depending on the stage of disease, the type of test and the kind of manufacturer.
T1314 753253-753508 Epistemic_statement denotes Our results demonstrate that ongoing external quality control of routine diagnostic laboratories and in depth clinical evaluation of diagnostic assays is clearly needed to monitor test quality and to ensure a high level of quality in syphilis diagnostics.
T1315 753509-753731 Epistemic_statement denotes External quality control of immunodiagnostics in rare and fastidious pathogens (bordetella, mycoplasma, coxiella, campylobacter, and yersinia): a metaanalysis of proficiency testing trials K.-P. Hunfeld* 1 , I. Müller 1 1
T1316 753732-753926 Epistemic_statement denotes Introduction: There is a long tradition in the participation of medical laboratories in external quality control of well established parameters and diagnostic procedures in medical microbiology.
T1317 753927-754029 Epistemic_statement denotes This tradition is now additionally enforced by the new guidelines of the German chamber of physicians.
T1318 754030-754155 Epistemic_statement denotes Evaluations of proficiency testing trials of indirect detection methods for rare and fastidious pathogens however are sparse.
T1319 754156-754346 Epistemic_statement denotes Most importantly the participation in such surveys is not mandatory in Germany although there is a lack of test standardization and very few data are available on the quality of such assays.
T1320 756119-756410 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: Although, proficiency testing trials cannot fully substitute clinical evaluations of immunodiagnostic tests, the results of our metaanalysis demonstrate a very variable degree of standardization and assay quality in the serodiagnostics of rare and fastidious bacterial pathogens.
T1321 756411-756771 Epistemic_statement denotes Most importantly, our observations provide interesting insights into the comparability of different assay systems the interpretation of quantitative and semi quantitative test results and the correct clinical interpretation of the serological findings pointing to limitations of these diagnostic procedures in the routine diagnostic microbiological laboratory.
T1322 756883-756991 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been shown an association between nasal colonization of S. aureus and infection with the same strain.
T1323 756992-757114 Epistemic_statement denotes Of particular concern is a worldwide increase in the number of infections caused by methicllin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).
T1324 758745-759090 Epistemic_statement denotes We observed association the more predominant MRSA clone the more virulence genes were detected: t003 -15 genes (sea, sed, seg, sei, sej, selm, seln, selo, ser, selu, lukD, lukE, sak, chp, scn); t032 -12 genes (sec, sed, seg, sei, sel, selm, seln, selo, selu, sak, chp, scn); t004 -10 genes (sed, seg, sei, selm, seln, selo, selu, sak, chp, scn).
T1325 759091-759305 Epistemic_statement denotes Although, most of the la-MRSA carry no tested virulence factors, some la-MRSA harbour important virulence factors which shows the genomic plasticity of this MRSA subtype and possible adaptive changes in the future.
T1326 759614-759797 Epistemic_statement denotes Originally associated with consumption of raw milk and dairy products or contact to cattle, C. ulcerans has increasingly been isolated from domestic animals such as pet dogs and cats.
T1327 759929-760089 Epistemic_statement denotes Here we report the first case of proven transmission of a toxigenic C. ulcerans strain between a pet cat and a human causing pharyngeal diphtheria-like illness.
T1328 760231-760514 Epistemic_statement denotes Objectives: Human infections due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the zoonotic germs C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis are rare but potentially life-threatening events requiring specific antibiotic treatment, and in cases suspicious for diphtheria the prompt antitoxin therapy.
T1329 760731-760973 Epistemic_statement denotes Benzyl penicillin and erythromycin are still recommended for specific antibiotic treatment, to eradicate the pathogen in patients and to prevent infection among contacts, although only very few antimicrobial susceptibility data are available.
T1330 761627-761819 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: Benzyl penicillin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin seem to be highly active substances in all three Corynebacterium species (susceptibility rates of 98.1, 98.1 and 96.2% respectively).
T1331 762130-762300 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: Our data emphasize the need for an accurate species identification of potentially toxigenic corynebacteria and underscore the necessity of antibiotic testing.
T1332 762301-762499 Epistemic_statement denotes Although clindamycin is not a first-line drug in diphtheria therapy, it is favoured for the treatment of wound infections, but due to our results C. ulcerans is not surely covered by this substance.
T1333 762500-762642 Epistemic_statement denotes Benzyl penicillin and erythromycin can be still recommended for specific antibiotic treatment in Germany, but antibiotic resistance may occur.
T1334 763644-763734 Epistemic_statement denotes Following our phylogenetic analyses, this isolate can be identified as Helicobacter felis.
T1335 763948-764060 Epistemic_statement denotes Infections in humans have been reported, but culture is difficult due to the fastidious nature of this organism.
T1336 764400-764503 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, culture of fastidious non-H. pylori helicobacters using our standard protocol is possible.
T1337 764645-765001 Epistemic_statement denotes Stüger 2 , E. Glocker 1 , M. Kist 1 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, National Reference Centre for Helicobacter pylori, Freiburg, Deutschland 2 Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Graz, Oesterreich Introduction: Metronidazole is part of the Italian triple therapy, which is a recommended first line scheme for H. pylori eradication.
T1338 765158-765320 Epistemic_statement denotes However, phenotypic susceptibility testing is currently not approved by the FDA due to "variance in test results, lack of reproducibility and clinical relevance".
T1339 765486-765653 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, the aim of our study is to evaluate factors that influence the precision and reproducibility of metronidazole susceptibility testing using the Etest method.
T1340 766171-766331 Epistemic_statement denotes Results: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) detected on Mueller-Hinton and Isosensitest agar after 48h and 72h of incubation showed a high correlation.
T1341 766688-766862 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: There is a small but systematic influence of culture media and incubation period on metronidazole testing using the Etest method, but correlation of MICs is high.
T1342 766863-766919 Epistemic_statement denotes To evaluate the reproducibility further data are needed.
T1343 766920-767464 Epistemic_statement denotes J. Kolb* 1 , D. Hillemann 1 , J. Reetz 2 , S. Rüsch-Gerdes 1 , E. Richter 1 1 Forschungszentrum Borstel, Nationales Referenzzentrum für Mykobakterien, Borstel, Deutschland 2 Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, Deutschland Introduction: One of the most frequent isolated species within nontuberculous mycobacteria is M. avium, which is ubiquitously found in the environment and has been shown to be responsible for a variety of human diseases, mainly in immunocomprised patients, but also in patients with no obvious immune deficiencies.
T1344 767617-767654 Epistemic_statement denotes Routes of infection are rarely known.
T1345 767817-767939 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the applicability of MLST and MIRU-VNTR for distinguishing M. avium strains.
T1346 768674-768775 Epistemic_statement denotes Various single nucleotide polymorphisms could be detected by MLST analysis in the genes investigated.
T1347 768776-768894 Epistemic_statement denotes Differences in the genes concerning their variability were used to decide the applicability for future investigations.
T1348 768972-769046 Epistemic_statement denotes Discussion: By molecular methods subspecies of M. avium can be identified.
T1349 769047-769180 Epistemic_statement denotes MLST enables typing of strains that in future may be used for example for analysis of transmission or reactivation vs. new infection.
T1350 771035-771124 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the serotype distribution among these isolates has changed considerably as well.
T1351 771295-771418 Epistemic_statement denotes The observed reduction of IPD cases with vaccine serotypes in older children and adults indicates a herd protection effect.
T1352 771710-771920 Epistemic_statement denotes Establishment of a red deer DNA banc as source for future studies on emerging zoonotic and vector borne pathogens C. Klier* 1 , J. Brenauer 1 , B. Fleischer 2 , E. Gerstmair 1 , M. Niedrig 3 , Y. Schulze 3 , A.
T1353 771921-772398 Epistemic_statement denotes Sing 1 , V. Fingerle 1 1 LGL Bayern, NRZ Borrelien,, Oberschleißheim, Deutschland 2 Bernhard-Nocht-Institut , Nationales Referenzzentrum für tropische Infektionserreger, Hamburg, Deutschland 3 Robert Koch Institut, Konsiliarlabor für FSME , Berlin, Deutschland Background: Ongoing global warming is thought to cause environmental changes which could foster the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic as well as vectorborne infectious diseases affecting human and animal health.
T1354 772515-772712 Epistemic_statement denotes To date there is little data available on the prevalence of zoonotic and vector borne pathogens such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Francisella tularensis, Babesia spp, Rickettsia spp, or TBE-Virus.
T1355 772713-772928 Epistemic_statement denotes Data obtained in seroprevalence studies indicate that wild animals are susceptible to several zoonotic and vector borne pathogens, however do not provide informations to which extend wild animals serve as reservoir.
T1356 772929-773136 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study we aim at 1) establishing a DNA banc from well defined material from red deer and 2) to perform first investigations on the prevalence of zoonotic and vector borne pathogens in these materials.
T1357 773137-773303 Epistemic_statement denotes Standardized collected and stored DNA-samples may serve as a material collection for longitudinal studies on endemic and emerging zoonotic and vector borne pathogens.
T1358 774173-774248 Epistemic_statement denotes Further pathogenscreening actually is on the way and data will be provided.
T1359 774373-774560 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: The detection of A. phagocytophilum DNA in the screened samples indicates that lymph nodes from red deer is suitable for screening purposes with respect to A. phagocytophilum.
T1360 774561-774670 Epistemic_statement denotes The absence of F. tularensis DNA in lymph nodes however does not conclusively rule out red deer as reservoir.
T1361 774671-774809 Epistemic_statement denotes Due to the high mobility and broad distribution of red deer, it might serve as a sentinel for emerging zoonotic and vectorborne pathogens.
T1362 774810-774910 Epistemic_statement denotes The presented DNA banc is an important prerequisite for future investigations on emerging pathogens.
T1363 774994-775232 Epistemic_statement denotes Infection with Borrelia can result in clinical manifestations of the skin (Erythema migrans, Borrelia lymphocytoma, Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans), nervous system (neuroborreliosis), joints (Lyme Arthritis) or heart (Lyme Carditis).
T1364 775233-775310 Epistemic_statement denotes Currently concise data on the incidences of LB in European countries is rare.
T1365 775674-775830 Epistemic_statement denotes Reporting regimens are very heterogenous among European countries and there is little information on the reliability of the employed reporting systems (e.g.
T1366 776671-776781 Epistemic_statement denotes Longitudinal data on the incidence of LB in Europe indicate that some countries observe a clear increase, e.g.
T1367 777284-777387 Epistemic_statement denotes For the purpose of comparable data, well designed sentinels or prospective studies are urgently needed.
T1368 777556-777726 Epistemic_statement denotes In case of infection with B. spielmanii or B. valaisiana the melting curve analysis could not differentiate between the two species because of overlapping melting curves.
T1369 777920-778048 Epistemic_statement denotes Preliminary results suggest that there is a low risk to develop Lyme borreliosis after a Borrelia-infected tick bite in Romania.
T1370 778581-778706 Epistemic_statement denotes Quantitative results were converted into IU/ml wherever possible using the suggestions from the producers of diagnostic kits.
T1371 779527-779704 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: Many laboratories used methods that are not recommended by the EU reference laboratories and report results that cannot be related to the WHO reference preparation.
T1372 779705-780079 Epistemic_statement denotes Retrospective performance of HRM-PCR to discover two outbreaks of listeriosis in Austria, 2008 -2010 Introduction: For public health laboratories in charge of listeriosis surveillance, high-resolution melting PCR (HRM-PCR) analysis is a promising new technique to get by with low specificity of serotyping and various disadvantages of pulsed field gelelectrophoresis (PFGE).
T1373 781872-781998 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: HRM-PCR analysis appears to be a sensitive, fast and inexpensive screening method to discover possible outbreaks.
T1374 782540-782630 Epistemic_statement denotes Although particular clonal lineages were associated with particular geographic areas (e.g.
T1375 783648-783714 Epistemic_statement denotes However, a considerable portion of them was lacking arcA and mphB.
T1376 783863-783980 Epistemic_statement denotes Although finding of the same rudimentary inverted repeat in the fosB vicinity and of sek and set suggest relatedness.
T1377 784104-784308 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore CA-MRSA clones which belonged to ST1, ST5, ST22, ST152 The capsule-specific synthesis (cap) regions II of Haemophilus influenzae serotypes c and d (Hic and Hid) were unknown before this study.
T1378 785159-785217 Epistemic_statement denotes Ccs2 seems to be a member of glycosyltransferase family 2.
T1379 785811-785980 Epistemic_statement denotes Their putative role in the conversion of -D-GlcNAc to -D-ManANAc corresponds to the repetitive disaccharide units -D-GlcNAc and -D-ManANAc of the capsule polysaccharide.
T1380 786104-786251 Epistemic_statement denotes as well as to more distant genera including N. meningitidis suggest horizontal gene transfer during capsule evolution across the bacterial classes.
T1381 787203-788067 Epistemic_statement denotes Within the year 2010, about 6000 bacterial samples from human disease cases were analyzed and among others the following interesting observations with respect to typing of the strains were made: 1) Reduction in occurrence of the formerly leading Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis 2) Increase in occurrence of monophasic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains 3) Increased observation of Salmonella infections in children caused by rare serotypes and the link to reptile presence in households 4) Virulence gene fingerprinting of disease-associated intestinal E. coli and characterization of intermediate E. coli strains which contain virulence genes or plasmids from different pathotypes 5) Work on outbreaks or family-associated cases due to Salmonella (75), E. coli (31, EHEC and EPEC), Campylobacter (10), Shigella sonnei (2) , and Listeria (2) .
T1382 789140-789374 Epistemic_statement denotes Even though phenotypic susceptibility testing, as standardised by the NRC, has been shown to be reliable and reproducible, it may fail due to extra-long transport times, incorrect handling of gastric tissue samples and contaminations.
T1383 789754-789978 Epistemic_statement denotes Since 2006, the NRC has been offering gastroenterologists a unique service: on request, they are sent individual treatment recommendations based on the antimicrobial resistance patterns of their patients' H. pylori isolates.
T1384 789979-790180 Epistemic_statement denotes Data on the outcome of the so far more than 1500 therapy recommendations will be analysed and will provide precious data to work out optimised treatment recommendations for difficult-to-treat patients.
T1385 790181-790582 Epistemic_statement denotes 10 years after being founded, the NRC for H. pylori established itself as an indispensable institution needed to (i) improve the diagnosis of H. pylori related infections; (ii) to control the development of antimicrobial resistance in H. pylori; (iii) to standardise antimicrobial susceptibility testing procedures; and (iv) to give treatment recommendations in difficultto-treat H. pylori infections.
T1386 790583-791049 Epistemic_statement denotes Characterization of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) K. Brandt* 1 , A. Mellmann 1 , C. Jenke 1 , R. Köck 1 1 University Hospital Münster, Institute for Hygiene, Münster, Deutschland Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen and the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has become a major concern especially in healthcare settings.
T1387 791452-791670 Epistemic_statement denotes However, studies have shown that zoonotic MRSA-isolates from livestock mainly belong to the MLST clonal complex 398 and are mostly associated with a limited subset of spa types (predominantly with t011, t108 and t034).
T1388 791671-791876 Epistemic_statement denotes To assess the range of genetic diversity among these MRSA isolates, we investigate in whether multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) provides a greater resolution than spa-typing.
T1389 792061-792253 Epistemic_statement denotes We aim to investigate the diversity of livestock-associated MRSA isolates derived between 2005 and 2010 from more than 50 pig stables comprising locations in various federal states of Germany.
T1390 792254-792414 Epistemic_statement denotes First results of MLVA show that by spa-typing indistinguishable strains of different geographic regions can be clustered into at least two different MLVA-types.
T1391 792415-792544 Epistemic_statement denotes MLVA discriminated isolates associated with spa-type t011 from two different pig farms assigning them to MLVA-types 398 and 2215.
T1392 792545-792685 Epistemic_statement denotes Yet, the MLVA profiles identified so far differ in only one locus which supports the theory of a clonal origin of livestock-associated MRSA.
T1393 792686-792840 Epistemic_statement denotes MLVA typing of zoonotic MRSA might therefore contribute to a better understanding of its genetic diversity against a geographical and temporal background.
T1394 792841-793006 Epistemic_statement denotes Our findings will finally add valuable information to investigate the transmission dynamics of a zoonotic pathogen that has only recently overcome a species barrier.
T1395 793158-793531 Epistemic_statement denotes Schmidt 1 , G. Schares 2 , P. Maksimov 2 , W. Däubener 1 1 Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Düsseldorf, Deutschland 2 Institut für Epidemiologie, Friedrich Löffler Institut, Wusterhausen, Deutschland Neospora caninum (N. caninum) is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite which is very close related to Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii).
T1396 794035-794211 Epistemic_statement denotes After production of a N. caninum specific anti-GRA9 antiserum against the recombinant protein it could be shown by Western Blot that the NcGRA9 gene encodes a 40,2 kDa protein.
T1397 794500-794640 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, we could show that after invasion of the parasites into the host cell NcGRA9 is secreted into the parasitophorous vacuole (PV).
T1398 794703-794944 Epistemic_statement denotes In sum, we could verify in this study that NcGRA9 and TgGRA9 are structurally similar, show immunological cross reactivity and are similar distributed within the respective parasites which indicate a close relationship between both proteins.
T1399 795207-795324 Epistemic_statement denotes In host cells the parasite develops within a parasitophorous vacuole (PV), which causes handicaps in nutrient supply.
T1400 795749-795949 Epistemic_statement denotes Recent coimmunoprecipitation data indicate that GRA9 is a major interaction partner of GRA7 and GRA3 which both were found to be important in nutrient transport between the host cell and the parasite.
T1401 796167-796283 Epistemic_statement denotes Results indicate that the C-terminus of GRA9 is essential and sufficient for the correct GRA9 secretion into the PV.
T1402 796284-796416 Epistemic_statement denotes GRA9-proteins lacking the last one hundred amino acids, including two hydrophobic domains show an alteration in secretion behaviour.
T1403 796417-796555 Epistemic_statement denotes The C-terminal truncated GRA9-protein was found exclusively within the cytoplasm of the parasites and could not enter the lumen of the PV.
T1404 796556-796866 Epistemic_statement denotes Advances in the biomolecular interaction analysis of immunoglobulin-binding protein EibG from Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause diarrhea and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans and belong therefore to a group of pathogens of major interest.
T1405 797097-797236 Epistemic_statement denotes Additionally to the potential evasion of host immune response, EibG is involved in bacterial adherence to host intestinal epithelial cells.
T1406 797670-797865 Epistemic_statement denotes The possible functional role of glycosylation of IgG, harboring N-glycans in the CH2 domain of the Fc fragment, in EibG affinity was investigated with native and enzymatically deglycosylated IgG.
T1407 798059-798325 Epistemic_statement denotes Next EibG affinity to IgG subtypes of different vertebrate species was determined by ELISA under variable conditions aimed at identification of Igs with high binding affinity to EibG that may facilitate efficient isolation and purification of EibG from cell lysates.
T1408 798326-798506 Epistemic_statement denotes Pending determination of the amino acid sequences of EibG variants will be performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS).
T1409 798507-798665 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, peptide mapping and comparison to sequences of other Eib-proteins should help to unravel the molecular mechanisms of IgG-binding and cellular adherence.
T1410 798666-798897 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, in search of the cellular receptors of epithelial cells, the potential affinity of EibG to glycosphingolipids of different biological origin will be explored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) overlay assay techniques.
T1411 799191-799261 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently complement has also been shown to be involved in typical HUS.
T1412 799262-799499 Epistemic_statement denotes In this study, mostly weakly significant associations with homozygosities of complement allotype C7 M and inversely with factor H 402H were found, suggesting that 402Y and C7 M allotypes predispose to (typical) hemolytic uremic syndrome.
T1413 799864-800079 Epistemic_statement denotes Clinical signs are extremely variable, ranging from asymptomatic to chronic symptoms including severe diarrhoea and abdominal pain, and the contributing factors and mechanisms of pathophysiology are largely unknown.
T1414 800080-800317 Epistemic_statement denotes The zoonosis potential of distinct Giardia intestinalis genotypes has been highlighted, however, definition of specific parasite virulence factors and host risk factors has been hampered by the lack of functional epidemiological studies.
T1415 800318-800652 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of this project is to built-up a unique database-linked biobank collection of Giardia intestinalis from human clinical cases and isolates from the field or from domestic animals and thus connecting epidemiological data and molecular characteristics with in-vitro functional test using the respective parasite isolate cultures.
T1416 800653-800751 Epistemic_statement denotes Subsequently, we will exploit the data and clonal parasite collection for functional studies, e.g.
T1417 800752-800857 Epistemic_statement denotes to correlate genotype-specific variations in potential virulence factors with functional characteristics.
T1418 801201-801448 Epistemic_statement denotes First genotyping results of cloned parasites at the glutamate dehydrogenase gene locus indicate a successful establishment of assemblage B sub-cultures, which are more difficult to isolate than assemblage A due to slower growth behaviour in vitro.
T1419 803789-803999 Epistemic_statement denotes Hence the here presented tool assist users strongly during their studies on novel aspects and hypotheses in their research field when providing the complete accessible knowledge in a fast and structured manner.
T1420 804000-804050 Epistemic_statement denotes Now, knowledge is there where knowledge should be.
T1421 805429-805649 Epistemic_statement denotes If querying annotated genomes, the user may choose various output file formats such as a list of orthologous core ORFs, the sequence of the core ORFs for a reference strain, and/or these core ORFs sequences concatenated.
T1422 806139-806311 Epistemic_statement denotes All non-core ORFs are reported to the User in categorized files (e.g., multi-copy ORFs, alternative start and/or stop codons, gaps in alignments, <95% sequence similarity).
T1423 806312-806481 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: The Microbial Core Genome analysis tool, MCGenome, can be used to comparatively analyze multiple annotated genomes or interrogate a single un-annotated one.
T1424 807021-807114 Epistemic_statement denotes The spargana invade the brain, eye, viscera, and the subcutis, and can cause serious illness.
T1425 807115-807283 Epistemic_statement denotes A rare and complicated form, disseminated proliferative sparganosis, is caused by a branching, maldifferentiated plerocercoid provisionally termed Sparganum proliferum.
T1426 808534-808678 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: Spirometra erinaceieuropaei has a cosmopolitan distribution, but most human cases occur in Asia possibly due to local eating habits.
T1427 808679-808891 Epistemic_statement denotes PCR analysis unambiguously identified the species responsible for the patient's disease and thus excluded the more pathogenic Sparganum proliferum, a larval cestode for which the adult strobilar stage is unknown.
T1428 809822-810009 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: Human doctors as well as veterinarians should be prepared to come across cases of Dirofilariasis in Romania, as well as in other European countries regarded nonendemic so far.
T1429 810783-811018 Epistemic_statement denotes The strains carried four different eae alleles ( , , and a) which were associated with particular serotypes/fliC types: strains O157:H -[fliCH7] carried eae-g, O157:H16/H -[fliCH16] and O157:H34 eae-, O157:H39 eae-, and O157:H45 eae-a.
T1430 811427-811631 Epistemic_statement denotes Phylogenetic analysis of the 31 Stx-negative SF O157 strains using multilocus sequence typing demonstrated five different sequence types (STs 11, 10, 752, 1041, 593) and O157:H16 were associated with HUS.
T1431 811632-811838 Epistemic_statement denotes Our data demonstrate that the group of E. coli O157 pathogenic for humans is broader than previously thought and includes, besides classical nSF STEC O157:H7 also SF E. coli O157 of several other serotypes.
T1432 812427-812598 Epistemic_statement denotes In contrast to the wellstudied EHEC O157:H7, only little is known about the genome content and genome plasticity (e. g. loss of Stx-encoding genes [stx]) of this serotype.
T1433 813688-813785 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the SNP in rpoS (position 443, TAG to TGG) resolved a stopcodon to an intact gene.
T1434 813786-813929 Epistemic_statement denotes RpoS plays a crucial role in survival against stress and controls a large regulon, among them KatE (catalase HPII), which is dependent on RpoS.
T1435 814054-814168 Epistemic_statement denotes MalT, the transcriptional activator of maltose-regulon genes, may be also involved in protection against stresses.
T1436 814169-814339 Epistemic_statement denotes In contrast, the change in MreB, which is involved in cell division, chromosome segregation, and is responsible for the typical rod shape of cells, is not understood yet.
T1437 814340-814561 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, synonymous SNPs, which usually represent the molecular clock and the normal mutation rate within a chromosome, were not detected indicating that external factors were responsible for the pathogens´ changes.
T1438 814738-814838 Epistemic_statement denotes Further studies will focus on the impact of the phenotypic changes to the host-pathogen interaction.
T1439 815029-815157 Epistemic_statement denotes D. repens can accidentally infect humans, which usually results in a subcutaneous nodule containing a single infertile parasite.
T1440 815767-815903 Epistemic_statement denotes In the recent years we diagnosed more cases of human D. repens infections than ever before, suggesting an increasing rate of infections.
T1441 815904-816026 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been postulated that climate warming will lead to spread of D. repens infections even to regions north of the Alps.
T1442 816273-816434 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion: The number of D. repens infections seems to be increasing and doctors should be prepared to diagnose and treat corresponding infections in travelers.
T1443 816955-817096 Epistemic_statement denotes However, PrP C is composed of several overlapping types in brain protein complexes but little is known about the composition of the subtypes.
T1444 817913-818095 Epistemic_statement denotes Our findings demonstrate that heterogenous PrP C phenotypes overlapping in brains may be separated regarding their solubility characteristics and convey distinct solubility subtypes.
T1445 818096-818347 Epistemic_statement denotes Protein differentiation by solubility experiments can therefore facilitate the separation of PrP C types, can provide detailed information on protein composition and can offer new prospects for transformation efficiency to PrP Sc by conversion assays.
T1446 819433-819584 Epistemic_statement denotes Transcriptomic and proteomic characterisation of these strains suggested changes in expression of flagellar genes, which may explain the AAG phenotype.
T1447 819752-819927 Epistemic_statement denotes All mutants colonized the mouse intestine to similar levels as the wildtype strain, but differed in their potential to induce diarrhea and inflammatory responses in the colon.
T1448 820094-820351 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusion/Significance: Although there are subtle phenotypes associated with these putative RNA-binding proteins, there is currently no proof that these proteins function as general RNA-chaperones, as the predicted pleiotropic phenotypes were not observed.
T1449 820500-820738 Epistemic_statement denotes Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), which have been associated with Crohn's disease, show traits similar to human and animal extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) regarding their phylogenetic origin and virulence gene profile.
T1450 820739-820988 Epistemic_statement denotes However, previous studies have shown that human ExPEC strains rarely share the AIEC phenotype, whereas only limited data are available on the AIEC-like phenotype properties of animal E. coli strains, both from extraintestinal and intestinal sources.
T1451 820989-821271 Epistemic_statement denotes We therefore analyzed the AIEC phenotype of 79 ExPEC strains from birds, cats, dogs, and swine, which were selected with respect to multi locus sequence types (STs) that had previously been linked with AIEC strains from patients with Crohn's disease, including ST131, ST73 and ST10.
T1452 821826-821978 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, none of the STC73 ExPEC strains showed this phenotype, whereas 72.4% of STC73 strains from enteritis were confirmed as AIEC-like strains.
T1453 821979-822234 Epistemic_statement denotes Due to the non-arbitrary strain selection no conclusion can be drawn considering the real prevalence of AIEC-like strains in the intestinal tract of animals, but their frequent detection provides support for a lack of host-specificity and a zoonotic risk.
T1454 822235-822550 Epistemic_statement denotes Further studies including well characterized diseased animals are needed in order to detect putative reservoirs of AIEC strains, even in the intestine of asymptomatic carriers, and to evaluate the dimension of the risk with respect to the implementation of prevention and control measures and thus to public health.
T1455 823492-823696 Epistemic_statement denotes These findings have implications in the pathogenesis of HUS, and suggest the existence of yet to be delineated Stx type-specific mechanisms of endothelial injury beyond inhibition of protein biosynthesis.
T1456 823697-823947 Epistemic_statement denotes Simultaneous detection of eight potential bioterrorism agents by real time PCR The Bacillus anthracis attacks in the United States in 2001 demonstrated the need of fast and reliable diagnostic methods for the detection of potential biological agents.
T1457 824428-824533 Epistemic_statement denotes However, an assay for the simultaneous detection of eight different agents has not been developed so far.
T1458 825389-825545 Epistemic_statement denotes In total we designed a real-time PCR TaqMan assay combination for the detection of eight different potential bioterrorism specimen in one real-time PCR run.
T1459 825546-825754 Epistemic_statement denotes This assay is easily to handle because of lyophilizied primers and probes and for the first time, it is possible to detect all these highly virulent pathogens at the same time with very good detection limits.
T1460 826317-826471 Epistemic_statement denotes The persister state is reversible and dormant cells might be expected to form stochastically during growth of a culture, prior to the antibiotic exposure.
T1461 827405-827513 Epistemic_statement denotes Challenging of HG001-003 with 10-fold tobramycin resulted in SCV-like cells upon cultivation on solid media.
T1462 827514-827664 Epistemic_statement denotes These results indicate that stationary-phase cells are more antibiotic tolerant than exponential-phase cells due to the elevated levels of persisters.
T1463 827665-827803 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, growth phase as well as strain background and genotype appear to be important factors in the formation of S. aureus persister cells.
T1464 828215-828542 Epistemic_statement denotes of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic Background: The pattern recognition molecule NOD2 plays an important role in maintaining of intestinal homeostasis and mutation of the NOD2 gene has been associated in humans with increased susceptibility to Crohn's disease.
T1465 828694-829029 Epistemic_statement denotes However, several studies in mice have shown that NOD2 plays an important role in controlling the composition of the intestinal microbiota by regulating expression of antimicrobial peptides and in the host defense against several intestinal pathogens such as Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Citrobacter rodentium or Helicobacter hepaticus.
T1466 830070-830249 Epistemic_statement denotes Conclusions: These results clearly demonstrate a link between E. faecalis stain specificity and the ability of this commensal to trigger disease in a genetically susceptible host.