Epistemic_Statements  

CORD-19:12bc20779abc8c7a9b9fafa6b01fe1b4ddcd14ec JSONTXT 8 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 353-518 Epistemic_statement denotes The objectives of the study were to isolate Escherichia coli from diarrheic calves, and to determine E. coli biotypes and risk factors associated with its isolation.
T2 677-805 Epistemic_statement denotes Yellowish diarrhea, younger age, and lowcolostrum feeding were significantly associated with rate of E. coli isolation (P<0.05).
T3 957-1191 Epistemic_statement denotes Finally, by comparing with studies elsewhere, from the 12 isolated biotypes, 3 of them were suggested to be enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), entherotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and adhesion and effacing E. coli (AEEC) pathogenic strains.
T4 1404-1603 Epistemic_statement denotes Diarrhea is one of the very common disease syndromes in neonatal calves in different countries, and this can have severe impacts both economically and in terms of animal welfare (Africa Union 2008) .
T5 1938-2239 Epistemic_statement denotes There is a multitude of interactions of the noninfectious causes (predisposing factors) (flaws or gaps in management-inadequate nutrition, exposure to severe environment, insufficient attention to the newborn calf, or a combination of these) and infectious causes (Blanchard 2012; Cho and Yoon 2014) .
T6 3125-3293 Epistemic_statement denotes Many strains of the bacterium are harmless to the calf, but certain strains that acquire virulence genes can cause moderate to severe scours and even death (Wani et al.
T7 4565-4718 Epistemic_statement denotes These tests are also easy to perform, by determining, whether a strain of E. coli will produce acid following growth in the presence of the carbohydrate.
T8 4719-4882 Epistemic_statement denotes Of the various typing systems available, study of the organisms' biological properties (Bbiotyping^) appears to be a useful method of identification (Aklilu et al.
T9 5469-5617 Epistemic_statement denotes However, there are frequent cases of calf diarrhea in the study area leading to morbidity and mortality and often seeking professional intervention.
T10 5618-5825 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, this work was conducted to determine the diversity of E. coli using standard sugar fermentation tests and identify risk factors associated with its isolation from diarrheic calf feces in the area.
T11 5826-5967 Epistemic_statement denotes We believe the data in this work contributes to diagnosis and control of calf diarrhea in Ethiopia, in particular, and worldwide, in general.
T12 9681-9912 Epistemic_statement denotes The identified isolates were then further characterized for their sugar fermentation reactions on nine sugars, viz., dulcitol, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin, sucrose, inositol, lactose, maltose, and xylose according to Aklilu et al.
T13 10401-10635 Epistemic_statement denotes Comparison was made between our biotype data and those published works; whenever a pathotype strain fermenting similar sugars with any of our biotypes was encountered, this strain was suggested as a possible pathotype for our biotype.
T14 10636-10874 Epistemic_statement denotes Data describing the diarrhogenic conditions suggestive of E. coli infection observed on calves along with the amount of colostrum given, sex, weight, diarrhea type, and age were classified, filtered, and coded using Microsoft Excel® 2007.
T15 11114-11244 Epistemic_statement denotes Chisquare (χ 2 ) was used to measure associations between the detection rates of E. coli and their biotypes with relevant factors.
T16 11245-11329 Epistemic_statement denotes Associations were reported as statistically significant if P value is less than 5 %.
T17 11707-11917 Epistemic_statement denotes There was a statistically significant association between rates of E. coli isolation and color type of diarrhea (P=0.001), isolation rates being highest in blood-tinged diarrhea and lowest in greenish diarrhea.
T18 12415-12625 Epistemic_statement denotes There was no direct association between age of calves and occurrence of diarrhea; however, the isolation rate of E. coli was highest at the earlier age groups, decreasing as the age of diarrheic calf increases.
T19 12850-13005 Epistemic_statement denotes It was also shown that isolation rate of E. coli was not statistically associated with either sex (P=0.703) or body weight (P =0.45) of the calves studied.
T20 14063-14310 Epistemic_statement denotes Accordingly, by comparison with their data, the biotypes III, IVand VII, and VIII of the current study could possibly be entherotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and adhesion and effacing E. coli (AEEC) strains (Table 4) .
T21 14561-14694 Epistemic_statement denotes There was a statistically significant association between the different age groups and occurrence of the different biotypes (P<0.05).
T22 15039-15311 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, associations on the distribution of the different biotypes among diarrhea types were assessed; the predominant biotypes in the diarrhea types of yellowish, bloodtinged, pure bloody, and greenish were III; III, IV, and V; IV, and VIII, respectively (Table 6 ).
T23 15312-15541 Epistemic_statement denotes Neonatal diarrhea is a major health problem in dairy farms, leading to high mortality and is hindering sustainable development of the dairy sector; E. coli is the most important cause of bacterial scours in calves (Charles et al.
T24 15593-15730 Epistemic_statement denotes The involvement of E. coli in calf diarrhea has not been well studied in Ethiopia, with the exception of a recent study by Dawit (2012) .
T25 15938-16037 Epistemic_statement denotes This finding is also consistent with the work of Amoki (2001) in the central high land of Ethiopia.
T26 16038-16323 Epistemic_statement denotes The higher calf diarrhea due to E. coli in the present study might be attributed to the variations in age groups examined as well as environmental and management conditions of the farms such as insufficient and/or poor-quality colostrum intake by the calves as stated by Charles et al.
T27 16444-16533 Epistemic_statement denotes Besides, a large dose of pathogenic E. coli may overcome colostral immunity (Quinn et al.
T28 16786-16929 Epistemic_statement denotes The reason why the result of the current study varies from the reports in other areas might be due to variations in farm management conditions.
T29 16990-17317 Epistemic_statement denotes (2007) , gaps in management specifically calf handling practices including inadequate nutrition, exposure to severe environment, insufficient attention to the newborn calf, or a combination of these, qualitative and ,133,135,137,138,139,167,168, 171,176,190,195 12 ( (100) a The sugar inositol has not been used by Johan et al.
T30 17991-18145 Epistemic_statement denotes (2013) also reviewed that in calf scours due to E. coli, the small intestine may be filled with fluid and the large intestine may contain yellowish feces.
T31 18146-18385 Epistemic_statement denotes Factors that may contribute to these differences between studies could be related to presence or absence of mixed infections, variations on management conditions of the farms, and the age of the calf as also supported by the present study.
T32 18421-18594 Epistemic_statement denotes (2003) stated that onset of E. coli diarrhea varies in color and consistency that could be consistent with intestinal overload possibly due to high-volume colostrum feeding.
T33 18759-18966 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the isolation rate of E. coli from blood-tinged diarrhea in the present study (9.0 %) was inconsistent with that of James and James (2003) , who isolated E. coli from 22 % of bloodtinged calf diarrhea.
T34 19312-19453 Epistemic_statement denotes The overall variations in color of feces may be as a result of differences on the basis of pathogenic features and mechanisms of the disease.
T35 19612-19767 Epistemic_statement denotes Diarrhea of the large intestine is associated with frequent small-volume stools with the presence of blood (Naylor and Smith 2002; Foster and Smith 2009) .
T36 19768-19857 Epistemic_statement denotes Involvement of mixed infections could also complicate the appearance of feces (Ata et al.
T37 20177-20298 Epistemic_statement denotes Furthermore, the association between the different age groups with the occurrence of diarrhea due to E. coli was studied.
T38 20299-20484 Epistemic_statement denotes The highest percentage (22.9 %) of E. coli-positive (23) samples were identified in those calves found in the 1-7 days age group; this result is inconsistent with reports of Achá et al.
T39 20500-20614 Epistemic_statement denotes The causes of variation might be as a result of variations in management of the farms and immunity of the animals.
T40 20745-20899 Epistemic_statement denotes The author stated that young neonates under 1 week of age are particularly susceptible because the normal flora of the intestine is not fully established.
T41 21717-21894 Epistemic_statement denotes This could be due to the poorly developed immune system of the days old calves as compared to older ones to fight against the disease-causing agents (Darsema 2008; Bekele et al.
T42 22112-22223 Epistemic_statement denotes The cause of high isolation rate in the calves receiving less amount of colostrum could be for various reasons.
T43 22548-22639 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, FPT could be due to bacterial contamination of the fed colostrum (Keith et al.
T44 22648-22819 Epistemic_statement denotes Colostrum feeding practices also have effect in that allowing calves to nurse their dam may predispose them to FPT since they consume late and small amount (Meganck et al.
T45 23543-23645 Epistemic_statement denotes So according to their data, biotype III of the present study could be ETEC (entherotoxigenic E. coli).
T46 24458-24591 Epistemic_statement denotes One of the limitations of this study was the lack of pathotype strain identification of the E. coli isolates due to lack of resource.
T47 25055-25144 Epistemic_statement denotes Serotyping showed a close relationship between biotype and serotype of the AEEC examined.
T48 25582-25665 Epistemic_statement denotes In reference to their work, biotypes IV and VII of the present study could be AEEC.
T49 25752-25836 Epistemic_statement denotes (1988) might be the result of differences in sample size and animal species studied.
T50 26681-26749 Epistemic_statement denotes So, biotype VIII of the present study could be suggested to be EPEC.
T51 26750-26850 Epistemic_statement denotes In the present study, associations between age groups and the different biotypes were also assessed.
T52 27268-27492 Epistemic_statement denotes In conclusion, during the present study, calf diarrhea was investigated at Kombolcha town in order to isolate E. coli and determine the biotypes of the isolates as well as identify risk factors associated with calf diarrhea.
T53 27810-27893 Epistemic_statement denotes Biotyping is relatively cheaper and can be conducted by less-experienced personnel.
T54 27894-28003 Epistemic_statement denotes Compared to molecular and serotyping techniques, the technique would be valuable for resource poor countries.
T55 28004-28216 Epistemic_statement denotes However, further studies involving comparison of biotyping with PCR and serotyping should be conducted in order to study the applicability of the method for strain identification among pathogenic E. coli strains.