Epistemic_Statements  

CORD-19:081972ad704ef5e00549f376601debc84be429ab JSONTXT 9 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 348-536 Epistemic_statement denotes Calf scours may affect calves up to two months of age, but it is generally the greatest problem in calves less than two weeks of age, and frequently occurs in those less than one week old.
T2 708-946 Epistemic_statement denotes Although large numbers of clostridia are present in the small intestine of some calves with diarrhea, they may not be the primary pathogen; therefore, their presence does not confirm clostridial enterotoxemia as the cause of the diarrhea.
T3 1082-1185 Epistemic_statement denotes In some areas it may be endemic and therefore may be the most common cause of diarrhea in those calves.
T4 1186-1278 Epistemic_statement denotes However, in most areas, calf scours is by far the most common cause of diarrhea in the calf.
T5 1765-1898 Epistemic_statement denotes They account for less than 10 per cent of the cases reported, although in some herds, this form of the disease may be more prevalent.
T6 2025-2154 Epistemic_statement denotes These losses and their effects have been described in detail elsewhere 6 and are quite similar regardless of the causative agent.
T7 2271-2517 Epistemic_statement denotes The most important aspect in the treatment of the diarrheic calfis the administration of fluids to replace the extensive losses of water and electrolytes that occur and which are responsible for the clinical signs and potential death of the calf.
T8 2518-2678 Epistemic_statement denotes These fluids should also supply energy, particularly in patients requiring more than one or two days of treatment, since anorexia often accompanies the disease.
T9 3052-3167 Epistemic_statement denotes The amount of fluid needed as well as the condition of the animal can be determined from the degree of dehydration.
T10 3168-3319 Epistemic_statement denotes For example, if a 30 kg calf is 10 per cent dehydrated, the amount of fluid needed to correct this dehydration is 30 kg times 10 per cent, or 3 liters.
T11 3320-3500 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the hematocrit and plasma protein concentrations increase linearly as diarrheal dehydration in the calf progresses,6 they are poor indicators of the degree of dehydration.
T12 3501-3636 Epistemic_statement denotes Both parameters may vary widely in normal calves;6 therefore changes from an average value may be meaningless in any individual animal.
T13 3637-3861 Epistemic_statement denotes However, changes in hematocrit and plasma protein concentration as well as in body weight are quite useful in determining whether fluid therapy is correcting the dehydration and compensating for the continuing loss of fluid.
T14 4008-4113 Epistemic_statement denotes All fluids, regardless of the route of administration, should always be administered at body temperature.
T15 4400-4559 Epistemic_statement denotes However, when five dogs with a similar blood loss were given the same amount of fluid warmed to body tempera- ture prior to administration, no deaths occurred.
T16 5272-5405 Epistemic_statement denotes In these cases, however, giving fluids by both routes is beneficial and lessens the amount of fluids that must be given parenterally.
T17 5406-5784 Epistemic_statement denotes Oral fluid therapy has several advantages over the parenteral administration of fluids: the ability to give large volumes rapidly; a sustained input as fluids are absorbed; a lesser expense since the fluids need not be sterile and may be given by the owner; a less critical composition of the fluid compared with fluids given parenterally; and the relative safety of this route.
T18 5785-5903 Epistemic_statement denotes For best results, fluids administered orally should be formulated to afford the maximal rate of intestinal absorption.
T19 6335-6534 Epistemic_statement denotes Of course, through salivary, pancreatic, and hepatic secretion, some sodium is always present in the intestine, but the quantity may not always be sufficient for maximal rates of absorption to occur.
T20 6739-6854 Epistemic_statement denotes A number of fluids designed for this purpose are available commercially* or can be formulated as shown in Table 2 .
T21 6855-7058 Epistemic_statement denotes Oral fluids constitute excellent media for microbial growth and are nonsterile; therefore, after use, the remainder should be refrigerated and, if not used within one to two days, it should be discarded.
T22 7349-7495 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the energy and protein that most oral fluids provide are certainly of benefit, they are not sufficient to meet the animal's requirements.
T23 7589-7705 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the administration of oral fluids may increase the loss of fecal fluid, this does not negate their benefit.
T24 7706-7809 Epistemic_statement denotes Their use will either reduce the net loss of water from the body or will result in a net gain of water.
T25 8122-8394 Epistemic_statement denotes Weighing the patient eight hours or so after administration of oral fluids will confirm whether or not the fluids given orally or by any other In preruminant calves and lambs, suckled fluids will bypass the rumen and reticulum and go directly into the omasum and abomasum.
T26 8518-8595 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the calf should first be encouraged to nurse as much fluid as possible.
T27 8596-8660 Epistemic_statement denotes The remainder of the fluids needed may be given by stomach tube.
T28 8799-8888 Epistemic_statement denotes In some cases, this may be of benefit in providing a more prolonged therapeutic delivery.
T29 9175-9354 Epistemic_statement denotes They provide a slow but sustained delivery of fluid during this period, which may be adequate iflosses of fluid from the body are not occurring faster than the rate of absorption.
T30 9355-9551 Epistemic_statement denotes In more severe cases, the subcutaneous administration of fluids in conjunction with intravenous fluids may be quite beneficial and may lessen the amount of fluids that must be given intravenously.
T31 9746-9883 Epistemic_statement denotes After correcting dehydration, the continued absorption of additional fluids given subcutaneously can help in replacing continuing losses.
T32 9884-9961 Epistemic_statement denotes Fluids given subcutaneously should be sterile and warmed to body temperature.
T33 9962-10008 Epistemic_statement denotes They should be from 1 to 1 Y2 times isosmotic.
T34 10009-10177 Epistemic_statement denotes Electrolytes should be Y2 to 1 times isosmolality; they may contain from 0 to 2Y2 per cent glucose and generally contain at least 70 mEq per liter of sodium (Table 4 ).
T35 10178-10325 Epistemic_statement denotes If their content varies from this formula, they will draw fluids or electrolytes out of the blood and may worsen the condition, at least initially.
T36 10419-10545 Epistemic_statement denotes Up to 80 ml of fluid per kg of body weight may be given subcutaneously with a maximum of 10 to 20 ml per kg given in one area.
T37 10662-10699 Epistemic_statement denotes Fluids given subcutaneously may be 3.
T38 10700-10900 Epistemic_statement denotes Isosmotic electrolytes + 25 grams glucose per liter or 55 ml or 50 per cent glucose per liter; total osmolality, 430 mOsm administered by gravity flow or they may be given more rapidly under pressure.
T39 10901-11218 Epistemic_statement denotes A three-way stopcock* and syringe may be used (one stopcock attachment going to the needle inserted subcutaneously, one to the fluid bottle, and one to a syringe which is used to draw the fluid from the bottle and i~ect it into the animal), or a collapsible fluid administration bag that can be squeezed works nicely.
T40 11232-11637 Epistemic_statement denotes The intravenous route of fluid therapy is the route of choice when the animal is more than 8 per cent dehydrated (Table 1) , when the loss of fluids from the body is so rapid that replacement fluids given by other routes may not be absorbed fast enough to compensate for the losses, when shock is present, or when the animal shows clinical signs of altered concentrations of plasma electrolyte or glucose.
T41 11638-11806 Epistemic_statement denotes Intravenous administration of fluids has the advantage that, since absorption is not a factor, the rate at which the fluid enters the body water pool can be controlled.
T42 11807-12006 Epistemic_statement denotes Because of this, the rate at which fluids are given intravenously must be controlled according to the needs of the individual patient, the purpose of therapy, and the composition of the fluids given.
T43 12007-12133 Epistemic_statement denotes Too rapid a rate of administration of any fluid may result in shivering, apprehension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, or death.
T44 12230-12287 Epistemic_statement denotes A number of commercially available catheters may be used.
T45 12288-12423 Epistemic_statement denotes If a jugular intracath (that is, a catheter on the inside of a needle) is used in a calf, it should not be over 20 cm (8 in) in length.
T46 12424-12495 Epistemic_statement denotes A 30 cm (12 in) catheter may induce ventricular fibrillation and death.
T47 12496-12660 Epistemic_statement denotes A 6 to 12 cm (2.5 to 5 in) 16 or 17 gauge extracath (catheter on the outside of the needle) works well in a calf and does not kink, which may occur with intracaths.
T48 13064-13135 Epistemic_statement denotes The sticky sides should be together with the catheter hub between them.
T49 13444-13578 Epistemic_statement denotes Encircle the calfs neck about 111 times with the tape which should be firmly stuck to the tab previously attached to the catheter hub.
T50 13579-13810 Epistemic_statement denotes To prevent pulling on the catheter during the administration of fluid, the tubing from the fluid bottle to the catheter should be taped to the calfs forehead with a piece of tape encircling the calfs head just in front of the ears.
T51 14254-14380 Epistemic_statement denotes The intraperitoneal administration of fluids may result in peritonitis, adhesions, or damage by the needle to internal organs.
T52 14381-14578 Epistemic_statement denotes If the diarrheic calf is not over 6 per cent dehydrated (Table 1) and if the losses are not so rapid that they exceed absorptive capacity, the administration of oral fluids alone is often adequate.
T53 14646-14753 Epistemic_statement denotes This will generally require 1 to 2 liters of the oral fluids previously described two to three times a day.
T54 14991-15123 Epistemic_statement denotes However, even in these cases the administration of fluids orally is beneficial and lessens the amount of parenteral fluids required.
T55 15124-15216 Epistemic_statement denotes Fluids should be given orally to any calf that is not over 8 per cent dehydrated (Table 1) .
T56 15471-15642 Epistemic_statement denotes If the state of hydration is greater than 8 per cent, or iflosses occur more rapidly than oral and subcutaneous fluids can be absorbed, fluids must be given intravenously.
T57 15855-15987 Epistemic_statement denotes The additional 2 liters may also be given intravenously at a rate no faster than half of this rate, that is, 500 ml per hr per calf.
T58 15988-16180 Epistemic_statement denotes If if is not possible to give all fluids slowly over this prolonged period of time, give the first liter intravenously and the additional fluid needed may be given more rapidly subcutaneously.
T59 16181-16339 Epistemic_statement denotes A second treatment, administered 8 to 12 hours later, if necessary, again may be either by the intravenous or subcutaneous routes or by a combination of both.
T60 16550-16631 Epistemic_statement denotes At greater than 8 per cent dehydration, 3 liters of fluid should be administered.
T61 16632-16833 Epistemic_statement denotes Give 1 liter intravenously over a period of one hour; the remaining 2 liters should be given intravenously over a period of not less than 4 hours, or the remaining 2 liters may be given subcutaneously.
T62 16834-17033 Epistemic_statement denotes In acute cases, it may be necessary to administer fluids intravenously, regardless of the degree of dehydration present when therapy is instituted, in order to compensate fo'r diarrheal fluid losses.
T63 17034-17250 Epistemic_statement denotes Even though certain fluid and electrolyte compositions may be more effective than others, the administration of nearly any fluid to the diarrheic calf will be beneficial since the most important ingredien t is water.
T64 17251-17410 Epistemic_statement denotes However, to be of maximal benefit, therapy should be aimed at not only correcting dehydration and vascular imbalances, but at correcting whole body imbalances.
T65 17494-17702 Epistemic_statement denotes This fact may be very misleading since diarrhea causes extensive loss of potassium from the body, resulting in a total body deficit of potassium and a decrease in the intracellular concentration of potassium.
T66 17703-17890 Epistemic_statement denotes 6 Potassium should be given to correct the total body deficit; it must pass into body cells to correct the extracellular increase and intracellular decrease in concentration of potassium.
T67 18135-18185 Epistemic_statement denotes Bicarbonate is needed to treat metabolic acidosis.
T68 18186-18300 Epistemic_statement denotes Acidosis, which is both intracellular and extracellular, causes an increase in the efflux of potassium from cells.
T69 18424-18540 Epistemic_statement denotes Ringer's lactate solution is often used to treat acidosis; the lactate must be metabolized to be effective, however.
T70 18949-19038 Epistemic_statement denotes Based on existing data and clinical results, Ringer's bicarbonate is recommended instead.
T71 19039-19142 Epistemic_statement denotes However, if Ringer's bicarbonate is not available, Ringer's lactate, acetate, or gluconate may be used.
T72 20250-20381 Epistemic_statement denotes Ringer's lactate solutions often contain calcium, and therefore should be administered immediately after adding sodium bicarbonate.
T73 20382-20471 Epistemic_statement denotes If this is not done, the calcium will combine with the bicarbonate to form a precipitate.
T74 20649-21005 Epistemic_statement denotes Controlled studies have failed to show benefit or harm from the oral administration of a number of different antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of acute undifferentiated diarrhea in the calf.8 In some bacterial cases of diarrhea, normal intestinal flora have been shown to be instrumental in clearing enteropathogenic organisms from the intestinal tract.
T75 21006-21134 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, antibacterial suppression of the normal flora may succeed only in prolonging the disease without affecting the signs.
T76 21135-21244 Epistemic_statement denotes It is also difficult to determine to which antibacterial drug the actual enteropathogenic agent is sensitive.
T77 21245-21418 Epistemic_statement denotes If the diarrhea is vir ally induced, as many are, none of the antibacterial agents is effective, but they may be effective against secondary opportunistic bacteria such asE.
T78 21425-21567 Epistemic_statement denotes In vitro determinations of antibacterial sensitivities to fecal swabs may show little or no correlation to the actual sensitivity in the calf.
T79 21568-21749 Epistemic_statement denotes If the calf is still getting milk, tetracyclines will be bound to calcium, decreasing their effectiveness despite the fact that the causative agent may be sensitive to tetracycline.
T80 21750-21892 Epistemic_statement denotes If given in conjunction with intestinal adsorbents, antimicrobial drugs may be bound to the adsorbent with subsequent decreased effectiveness.
T81 21893-22050 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the clinical impressions of many have indicated that oral antibacterial drugs are of benefit in the treatment of acute, severe diarrhea in the calf.
T82 22051-22205 Epistemic_statement denotes If used at all, they should be restricted to acute, severe cases, and they should be given only at the proper dosage for an interval of two to three days.
T83 22206-22380 Epistemic_statement denotes The antibacterials generally thought to be the most clinically beneficial in these cases in our area are the nitrofurans, gentami- cin, chloramphenicol, and polymyxin B (Fig.
T84 22856-22959 Epistemic_statement denotes It must be remembered, however, that chloramphenicol is not approved for use in food-producing animals.
T85 22960-23156 Epistemic_statement denotes The nitrofurans are currently being carefully scrutinized by the Food and Drug Administration; they are suspected to be potential carcinogens and may be removed from the market in the near future.
T86 23330-23503 Epistemic_statement denotes Regardless of whether antimicrobial drugs are given orally, for severe cases of diarrhea in the calf they are indicated systemically to prevent or treat respiratory disease.
T87 24066-24249 Epistemic_statement denotes Systemic antimicrobial drugs may be given parenterally or, in the case of those such as chloramphenicol which are readily absorbed from the intestinal tract, they may be given orally.
T88 24329-24386 Epistemic_statement denotes Systemic administration of nitrofuran is not recommended.
T89 25021-25089 Epistemic_statement denotes They have not been shown to alter losses of fluids and electrolytes.
T90 25090-25215 Epistemic_statement denotes Although they may bind toxins and protect the mucosal wall, they have not been shown to be of any definitive benefit or harm.
T91 25216-25311 Epistemic_statement denotes It is not known whether the drugs that alter intestinal motility are beneficial or detrimental.
T92 25402-25566 Epistemic_statement denotes A decrease in all of these parameters may allow an increase in bacterial migration or multiplication of bacteria in the more cranial aspects of the small intestine.
T93 25567-25762 Epistemic_statement denotes Although some of these organisms may not be pathogenic when restricted to the large intestine, in the small intestine they may produce a number of detrimental effects which will cause diarrhea.!'
T94 25763-25954 Epistemic_statement denotes 3 In addition, a decrease in segmentation and sphincter tone allows a more rapid passage of fluid down the intestinal tract, particularly the colon, which could worsen diarrheal fluid losses.
T95 25955-26050 Epistemic_statement denotes For these reasons, anticholinergics are not recommended in the treatment of the diarrheic calf.
T96 26051-26121 Epistemic_statement denotes Narcotic analgesics such as paragoric may, in contrast, be beneficial.
T97 26266-26347 Epistemic_statement denotes These effects may decrease diarrheal fluid losses and aboral bacterial migration.
T98 26348-26454 Epistemic_statement denotes However, these beneficial effects from narcotic analgesics have not been documented in the diarrheic calf.
T99 26455-26582 Epistemic_statement denotes Anticholinergics decrease intestinal secretion, an action that would be expected to be of benefit in the treatment of diarrhea.
T100 26583-26670 Epistemic_statement denotes Howev.er, because of their effect on intestinal motility, their use is not recommended.
T101 26671-26792 Epistemic_statement denotes Salicylates, such as are contained in Pepto Bismol and aspirin, may be beneficial in diarrheal diseases associated withE.
T102 26793-26883 Epistemic_statement denotes coli or Clostridium perfringens, whether these organisms are primary or secondary factors.
T103 27137-27247 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the role of prostaglandins, if any, in bacterial or virus-induced diarrhea is not known at this time.
T104 27248-27497 Epistemic_statement denotes In the rabbit, Pepto Bismol has been shown to bind Vibrio cholerae and E. coli enterotoxins which were not previously bound to the intestinal wall, and to decrease intestinal secretion stimulated by these toxins by 91 and 78 per cent, respectively.4
T105 27498-27607 Epistemic_statement denotes There is no indication for the use of either corticosteroids or anti histamines in the treatment of diarrhea.
T106 27712-27807 Epistemic_statement denotes 6 Supplementation of this natural level of corticosteroids has not been shown to be of benefit.
T107 27808-27971 Epistemic_statement denotes Massive doses of corticosteroids (5 mg per kg of dexamethasone) have been shown to be beneficial when given early in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock in the dog.
T108 27972-28089 Epistemic_statement denotes 5 In addition, prolonged glucocorticoid therapy is beneficial in endotoxic shock, which can be a sequela of diarrhea.
T109 28090-28244 Epistemic_statement denotes However, a more beneficial response may be obtained from the diarrheic calf in h ypovolemic shock by correcting the hypovolemia with proper fluid therapy.
T110 28245-28422 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, corticosteroids, as well as drugs such as antihistamines and stimulants, are of doubtful value and are not recommended in the general treatment of the diarrheic calf.
T111 28684-28865 Epistemic_statement denotes Treatment is not usually indicated in the lively, nursing calf with a loose, pasty stool unless prior experience in that herd indicates that this may lead to a more severe diarrhea.
T112 28866-29008 Epistemic_statement denotes Watery, voluminous feces, however, indicate the need for immediate therapy, even if the calf is not dehydrated, appears alert, and is nursing.
T113 29009-29151 Epistemic_statement denotes The calf generally will not become depressed or decrease its food intake until the state of dehydration is greater than 8 per cent (Table 1) .
T114 29250-29319 Epistemic_statement denotes The owner should begin giving oral fluids as soon as diarrhea occurs.
T115 29320-29531 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it should be emphasized that if the rate of absorption of oral fluids does not compensate for the rate ofloss of fluids from diarrhea, fluids must be given either subcutaneously, intravenously, or both.
T116 29532-29630 Epistemic_statement denotes The calf should not be allowed to become severely dehydrated before fluids are given parenterally.
T117 29843-29927 Epistemic_statement denotes Extensive loss of heat may occur as a result of an uninsulated cold floor or ground.
T118 29971-30122 Epistemic_statement denotes Plenty of bedding should be placed underneath the calf or, preferably, something such as an electrically warmed pad similar to that used for baby pigs.
T119 30205-30296 Epistemic_statement denotes If the calf is with the cow or will be returned to her, the cow should be milked out first.
T120 30297-30436 Epistemic_statement denotes If this is not possible, the calf should be given several liters of the oral replacement fluid just prior to returning the calf to the cow.
T121 30437-30602 Epistemic_statement denotes If this is not done, frequently the calf will ingest a large quantity of milk which may result either in a relapse or in sudden death from septicemia or endotoxemia.
T122 30809-30847 Epistemic_statement denotes Prevention is the most important goal.
T123 30848-30917 Epistemic_statement denotes When prevention fails, proper therapy will save many affected calves.
T124 31092-31148 Epistemic_statement denotes If treatment is begun early, fluids may be given orally.
T125 31402-31477 Epistemic_statement denotes often given, there is little evidence to indicate that they are of benefit.
T126 31478-31605 Epistemic_statement denotes However, systemic antimicrobial drugs are recommended in all severe cases of diarrhea to treat or prevent respiratory diseases.
T127 31606-31697 Epistemic_statement denotes Corticosteroids, antihistamines, stimulants, and anticholinergic drugs are not recommended.