Epistemic_Statements  

CORD-19:0815316dd0837045c915a15e58b46c70cfbe189e JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 201-311 Epistemic_statement denotes These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
T2 367-576 Epistemic_statement denotes Ilaria Rubino 1 and Hyo-Jick Choi 1, * Respiratory protection against airborne pathogens is crucial for pandemic/epidemic preparedness in the context of personal protection, healthcare systems, and governance.
T3 577-770 Epistemic_statement denotes We expect that the development of technologies that overcome the existing challenges in current respiratory protective devices will lead to a timely and effective response to the next outbreak.
T4 1194-1285 Epistemic_statement denotes Ideally, vaccination within 2 months of the outbreak can provide effective protection [2] .
T5 1286-1439 Epistemic_statement denotes However, because several months are necessary for vaccine development and administration, the infection risk is heightened during the non-vaccine period.
T6 1718-1948 Epistemic_statement denotes Logistically, an effective pandemic preparedness plan should include both vaccination and alternative mitigation methods (pharmaceuticalantiviral; non-pharmaceuticalisolation, administrative control, personal protective measures).
T7 1949-2097 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, respiratory protection devices are a key non-pharmaceutical intervention that is essential to the global strategy for pandemic readiness.
T8 2098-2339 Epistemic_statement denotes The parameters behind respiratory protection and airborne transmission intertwine in a complex system that can be broken down into four bidirectional components: (i) release, (ii) infection, (iii) filtration, and (iv) protection (Figure 1 ).
T9 2340-2679 Epistemic_statement denotes Once a subject is infected, nanometer-to-millimeter-sized pathogenic particles can be released while breathing, speaking, sneezing, or coughing, and infect a host respiratory tract via different mechanisms that depend on the aerodynamic size of the particles (d a <5 mm, lower respiratory tract; 5 < d a < 100 mm, upper respiratory tract).
T10 2918-3208 Epistemic_statement denotes While effective management and availability of control measures are crucial to an outbreak response, the pathogens [ 1 1 4 _ T D $ D I F F ] (virus/bacteria/ fungi) captured on filters are an intrinsic concern because of fear of cross-infection, new aerosol release, and contaminated waste.
T11 3209-3430 Epistemic_statement denotes Recurrent recommendations regarding respiratory protective measures by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasize their prominent role in emergency preparedness.
T12 3572-3758 Epistemic_statement denotes We present here an overview of currently available respiratory intervention technologies and their implications for future research directions in response to pandemic/epidemic outbreaks.
T13 4641-4829 Epistemic_statement denotes Although performance can vary drastically among models, inconsistent reports on surgical mask efficacy are probably associated with improper application, resulting in performance mismatch.
T14 4830-4910 Epistemic_statement denotes Another crucial issue is cross[ 1 0 9 _ T D $ D I F F ] -infection/transmission.
T15 4911-5116 Epistemic_statement denotes Because viruses and microorganisms can survive for at least a few hours to several days [4] , masks and respirators become a source of infection for the wearer and others, thus limiting them to single use.
T16 5117-5249 Epistemic_statement denotes Infectious aerosols on filters can also be re-released into the environment (i.e., reaerosolization), for example through accidents.
T17 5541-5682 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the drawbacks of each method, such as performance deterioration and generation of toxic residues, have restricted their application.
T18 5839-6079 Epistemic_statement denotes Ethylene oxide treatment of respirators caused deposition of hazardous residues of 2-hydroxyethyl acetate on the straps, and bleach, oxidants, or dimethyldioxirane raised issues of sharp odor and incompatibility with staples/nosepiece [7] .
T19 6080-6272 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite the need for further research, with safety as a preponderant concern, mask recyclability would be beneficial because it would reduce the amount of biohazardous waste and derived risks.
T20 6273-6365 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, reusability would naturally address a shortage of respirators during pandemics.
T21 6703-6846 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, although improving filtration efficiency is necessary, better fitting should be a primary objective to fully address aerosol penetration.
T22 6847-6929 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, the general public tends to disregard infection control guidelines.
T23 6930-7129 Epistemic_statement denotes As such, although respirators are recommended when airborne transmission is possible, surgical masks have experienced greater acceptance because of advantages such as comfort, availability, and cost.
T24 7130-7214 Epistemic_statement denotes However, inappropriate application of devices may not provide consistent protection.
T25 7215-7332 Epistemic_statement denotes This in turn stimulates research and development of new technologies to close the gap between guideline and practice.
T26 8481-8630 Epistemic_statement denotes Neutralization of the pathogens on respiratory protective devices is an approach that can bridge this gap towards pandemic and epidemic preparedness.
T27 8834-8976 Epistemic_statement denotes However, major technical challenges remain to be addressed for effective preparedness from the standpoint of contamination and infrastructure.
T28 8977-9269 Epistemic_statement denotes Hence, production of a filter that inactivates the collected pathogens would bring key improvements to current surgical masks and respirators, resulting in increased protection, reduced risk of cross[ 1 0 9 _ T D $ D I F F ] -infection, and recyclability without decontamination ( Figure 1 ).
T29 9270-9466 Epistemic_statement denotes To inactivate viruses, antimicrobial treatments have been investigated for filters utilizing halogens, metals, quaternary ammonium compounds, antibody-antigen reaction, and salt recrystallization.
T30 10017-10197 Epistemic_statement denotes However, antimicrobial technologies based on silver/copper, reactive oxygen molecules, iodine, and titanium dioxide did not exhibit inactivation properties against MS2 virus [12] .
T31 10333-10538 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite the merits of each approach, effective protection against virus aerosols is still limited by slow action (rapid inactivation should occur in the order of minutes, not hours) or binding specificity.
T32 10539-10754 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, salt recrystallization was found to physically destroy viruses on surgical mask filters within few minutes in a strainindependent manner, potentially enabling reuse without separate processing steps [14] .
T33 10755-10862 Epistemic_statement denotes Notably, most studies have focused on the functionalization of the outermost and middle layers of the mask.
T34 10863-11002 Epistemic_statement denotes The final design of the protection device layers should consider the spatial deposition of aerosols within masks and their contact surface.
T35 11118-11247 Epistemic_statement denotes First, an inactivation mechanism should act rapidly to avoid cross[ 1 0 9 _ T D $ D I F F ] [ 1 0 8 _ T D $ D I F F ] -infection.
T36 11248-11504 Epistemic_statement denotes Although additional aspects are involved (e.g., fraction of transferred pathogens, surface area), unsafe handling and people's tendency to touch their face every $4 minutes lead to a risk of contact transmission from a pathogen-laden mask/respirator [15] .
T37 11505-11572 Epistemic_statement denotes Second, pathogens should be neutralized in a strainnonspecific way.
T38 11687-11809 Epistemic_statement denotes As such, antibodyfunctionalized protective devices that target a strain-specific virus would delay the emergency response.
T39 11810-11890 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, the pathogen-killing mechanism should guarantee broad-spectrum protection.
T40 11891-11929 Epistemic_statement denotes Third, the ideal technology should be
T41 11930-12064 Epistemic_statement denotes The key technical components of the performance of current respiratory protection devices are filtration efficiency, fit, and comfort.
T42 12065-12170 Epistemic_statement denotes Each has a significant role in protective efficacy, and specific parameters can be tuned to improve them.
T43 12171-12267 Epistemic_statement denotes Fit: non-filtered air entering through a poor seal between mask and face is a prominent concern.
T44 12268-12329 Epistemic_statement denotes Efforts towards reducing faceleaks can be grouped as follows.
T45 12726-12841 Epistemic_statement denotes Several major parameters can be controlled to decrease particle penetration, (i) Decreasing the diameter of fibers.
T46 13022-13128 Epistemic_statement denotes User comfort: the wearer's perception of comfort is crucial to correct practices and effective protection.
T47 13129-13200 Epistemic_statement denotes Tolerability during mask use is often limited by the following factors.
T48 13328-13444 Epistemic_statement denotes In the case of a pandemic outbreak, time-consuming production and cost would be major limitations to respirator use.
T49 13445-13664 Epistemic_statement denotes Although a certified respirator is recommended, considering the heavy use of surgical masks and scarcity of respirators, the technology should be easily extendable to masks and other existing infection control measures.
T50 13665-13802 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, the aforementioned factors outline the considerations that can enhance respiratory protection for a timely emergency response.
T51 13960-14172 Epistemic_statement denotes Only a prompt and coordinated response among different sectors of society can maintain security from this threat, which can be implemented through the help of technological innovations and comprehensive planning.
T52 14173-14350 Epistemic_statement denotes Unfortunately, despite being recognized as a key technical element in pandemic/epidemic preparedness, innovation in the design of respiratory protection devices has been sparse.
T53 14351-14676 Epistemic_statement denotes In alignment with the strategic plan for pandemic/epidemic preparedness, we anticipate that incorporation of efficient pathogen-neutralization mechanisms can overcome the existing technical (contact transmission, source control, waste) and non-technical (supply shortage, policies, cost) challenges in respiratory protection.
T54 14677-14803 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus, we expect this engaging field to expand further, with the promise to offer enhanced protection to the global population.
T55 14804-14958 Epistemic_statement denotes Bacterial biohybrids use the energy of bacteria to manipulate synthetic materials with the goal of solving biomedical problems at the micro-and nanoscale.
T56 15115-15326 Epistemic_statement denotes The aim of biohybrids is to harness cell motility and energy for user-desired tasks, including the transport of artificial cargo, drug delivery, or to power a tool for micromanipulation of other objects [1, 2] .
T57 15442-15644 Epistemic_statement denotes In vitro, biohybrids have demonstrated the ability to selectively sort particles [3] and even build microarchitectures [4] , but real-world applications for bacterial biohybrids have yet to be achieved.
T58 15645-15937 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the biomedical field offers many opportunities to utilize the micromaneuverability and natural sensing capabilities of biohybrids for non-invasive medical applications that are not possible with current technologies, and recent research has been pushing biohybrids towards this goal.
T59 15938-16101 Epistemic_statement denotes Current bacterial biohybrids have the potential to be used for cancer or disease detection, targeted drug release, and even disruption of infectious biofilm sites.
T60 16102-16272 Epistemic_statement denotes However, many challenges with external guidance, cargo loading and unloading, and efficient swimming remain, hindering their use in clinical and therapeutic applications.