Epistemic_Statements  

CORD-19:08034305a8b45b308732746bcc6230635075b87a JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-53 Epistemic_statement denotes Anthropological Perspectives on the Health Transition
T2 66-262 Epistemic_statement denotes Archaeological evidence points to constant changes in human health and illness, associated with changes in living conditions, housing, sanitation, and the distribution and prevalence of pathogens.
T3 1280-1423 Epistemic_statement denotes The explanation for differences in patterns of morbidity and mortality, explicated by Omran in 1971 , initially appeared to be straightforward.
T4 1961-2001 Epistemic_statement denotes However, this is an overly simple model.
T5 2002-2318 Epistemic_statement denotes Concurrent with the increased prevalence of diseases related to overweight and obesity and, in association with an increased aging population, other noncommunicable, chronic, and degenerative diseases, and deaths from injury (including vehicle accidents, intimate partner violence, and war) continue to be prevalent.
T6 3764-3984 Epistemic_statement denotes Social, cultural, and behavioral factors, belief systems and practices, geography and economy, all influence changes in health status and outcomes, and patterns of illness and disease, population structure, and survival.
T7 3985-4248 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the term health transition is primarily used to refer to a shift from communicable to noncommunicable disease, the first health transition is associated with a rise in infectious diseases during the Neolithic period due to climate and population changes.
T8 4264-4410 Epistemic_statement denotes (1998) illustrate that, for much of human history, human populations were relatively stable and too sparse to sustain many communicable pathogens.
T9 4411-4639 Epistemic_statement denotes However, there is strong evidence of the prevalence of infections with a long latency period and of infections that survive in other animal populations, including diseases associated with various parasites and enteric pathogens.
T10 5491-5629 Epistemic_statement denotes Physical anthropological research in China, for example, links a decline in health status to the rise of hierarchical states from 5000 BC.
T11 5630-5936 Epistemic_statement denotes Skeletal remains from this period indicate increased porotic hyperostosis (related to nutritional stress) and dental caries (associated with increased processing of food and a decline in nutrients), as well as decreased adult stature associated with increased population density (Pechenkina et al., 2002) .
T12 5937-6260 Epistemic_statement denotes There is also extensive archaeological evidence of signs of immunocompromise and the prevalence of infectious diseases, including leprosy, TB, and malaria, among early sedentary populations, probably due to increased colonization and thus the introduction of diseases to immunologically naive populations (Mitchell, 2003) .
T13 7107-7344 Epistemic_statement denotes The term draws attention to how societies and individuals interact with the environment, with the presumption that demographic and epidemiological transitions take place with development and consequently with changes in living standards.
T14 7768-7940 Epistemic_statement denotes Ideas, beliefs, and interactions, social structures, and institutions all in diverse ways influence health status and complicate the nature and direction of the transition.
T15 8017-8322 Epistemic_statement denotes The decline in infectious disease in part derived from changes in public health, water, sanitation, and housing, discoveries of the causes of potentially fatal diseases, and the development and application of technologies such as pasteurization, vaccination, and antimicrobial treatments (McKeown, 1976) .
T16 9823-10094 Epistemic_statement denotes These demographic changes were accompanied by an increase in NCDs associated with longevity, changed conditions of labor and patterns of residence, and, as already noted, changes in diet, behavior, and levels of activityhence their categorization as 'lifestyle' diseases.
T17 10545-10771 Epistemic_statement denotes These have outpaced developments in healthcare provision and expenditure, raising concerns by anthropologists and others about inequalities that are increasingly evident in health outcomes in advanced and developing economies.
T18 11405-11550 Epistemic_statement denotes These are not diseases unique to the geography of the countries in which they had remained endemic, but rather, they are associated with poverty.
T19 12250-12602 Epistemic_statement denotes The characterization of the second transition became increasingly problematic too because of its representation as a linear pattern (economic development is accompanied by changes in the distribution of disease) and because it failed to account for variations in health status within countries as a result of social, economic, and cultural differences.
T20 13839-13921 Epistemic_statement denotes Multiple factors contribute to their sustained or potential epidemic transmission.
T21 13922-14018 Epistemic_statement denotes The transmission of parasitic infections is linked to patterns of human settlement and land use.
T22 16253-16429 Epistemic_statement denotes Delays in treatment seeking, associated with ideas about the normality of fever, contribute to continued severe morbidity and mortality among infants and children from malaria.
T23 16759-17108 Epistemic_statement denotes In the Philippines, for example, poor rural householders are rarely able to afford to buy and use bed nets but are often also reluctant to accept residual wall spray, because they dislike the smell and appearance of the spray and question the possibility of infection taking place in the village environment rather than in the rice fields or forest.
T24 17109-17329 Epistemic_statement denotes In Ghana, rural women see the value of bed nets, but these are not always affordable, while urban women are more likely to pay for mosquito coils or, if they have the funds, install electric fans to keep mosquitoes away.
T25 17330-17471 Epistemic_statement denotes Access to cash, technology, and appropriate services all shape what people can do in order to minimize the risk of being bitten and infected.
T26 17472-17574 Epistemic_statement denotes Dengue fever illustrates how vectorborne disease can become increasingly prevalent with globalization.
T27 18149-18401 Epistemic_statement denotes The work on community participation to control dengue fever has been especially important, because it highlights difficulties in resources, continuity, and sustainability, and how these are dependent upon relations between the population and the state.
T28 18764-18785 Epistemic_statement denotes However, Winch et al.
T29 18786-18968 Epistemic_statement denotes (2002) have illustrated how because early programs ignored gender relationships, women resisted interventions that involved the male vector control personnel intruding into the home.
T30 18969-19233 Epistemic_statement denotes Women may need to make significant investments of time and money to carry out recommended control measures, highlighting the need for control programs to take account of structural factors such as gender in developing interventions (Vlassoff and Manderson, 1998) .
T31 20007-20065 Epistemic_statement denotes Other social factors also influence the risk of infection.
T32 20192-20408 Epistemic_statement denotes These activities are undertaken to different degrees, and at different times of the day, according to economic organization and cultural region, age, and gender, influencing the likelihood and intensity of infection.
T33 20928-21288 Epistemic_statement denotes However, this has had limited effect on the changing use of water resources: men still wade through water to fish and to water domesticated animals, women gather reeds from marshy areas to feed pigs, and childrenparticularly young boysswim in the lakes in summer as this provides a key recreational activity during school holidays (Manderson and Huang, 2005) .
T34 21440-21572 Epistemic_statement denotes Considerable work has been undertaken by anthropologists on the distribution and promotion of pharmaceuticals (Whyte et al., 2003) .
T35 21988-22142 Epistemic_statement denotes People may believe concurrently in the need for other approaches to disease treatment and cure: herbs, roots and tonics, massage, incantation, and trance.
T36 22527-22712 Epistemic_statement denotes Delays in seeking medical advice, inappropriate use of drugs, and resort to home-based care or traditional therapy may indicate the absence or inaccessibility of formal health services.
T37 23429-23608 Epistemic_statement denotes Much industrial work requires a limited expenditure of energy, but can be highly stressful on the musculoskeletal system, leading, for instance, to lower back pain and joint pain.
T38 23609-23890 Epistemic_statement denotes Workers may lack varied work tasks, resulting in particular musculoskeletal stress; in poorer countries where there is little regulation of industry, they may also work without adequate furniture, lighting, ventilation, and noise control, all resulting in physical health problems.
T39 23891-24169 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the most prevalent diseases globallyheart disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitusare associated with lifestyle risk factors, including the consumption of high levels of saturated fats and excess salt, lack of physical activity, obesity, psychosocial stress, and smoking.
T40 24859-25160 Epistemic_statement denotes Like other NCDs, diabetes has tended to be linked to high levels of industrialization, but it is increasingly a problem in developing countries with large numbers of people working in urban environments as wage labor, with little discretionary time to grow their own food or prepare home-cooked meals.
T41 25161-25344 Epistemic_statement denotes In Bangkok, Thailand, for example, people often live in apartments or rooms without cooking facilities and may need to spend long hours on public transport commuting to and from work.
T42 25574-25851 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, tourism has precipitated changes in food markets, including the adaptation of local menus and recipes to cater for foreign taste preferences, the proliferation of and prestige associated with American-based fast food outlets, and commercially produced snack foods.
T43 25932-26175 Epistemic_statement denotes The lack of opportunity, sufficient knowledge of chronic disease and its management, and lack of affordable places to exercise have further compromised people's general health, reflected now in a marked increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
T44 26857-27158 Epistemic_statement denotes In one district in Micronesia, Kosrae, 88% of adults are regarded as overweight and 53% as obese, and increasingly, the poorest in the population hereas in highly industrialized societiesare most likely expending less energy while eating foods high in sugar, salt, and fats (Brownell and Yach, 2006) .
T45 27450-27586 Epistemic_statement denotes Dietary change and changes in energy expenditure, previously associated with modernity and industrialization, also occur with migration.
T46 27956-28235 Epistemic_statement denotes Changes in life circumstances and cultural attitudes to weight, eating, exercise, and medication schedules were important in these changes, and life events and social circumstances frequently dictate that adherence to public health or medical advice are secondary considerations.
T47 28895-29122 Epistemic_statement denotes Anthropologists have taken a particular interest in smoking because it illustrates how the tobacco industry constantly defines and penetrates new markets, and because of the meanings given to its practice that encourage uptake.
T48 29123-29409 Epistemic_statement denotes However, while people may associate smoking with modernity and so take up smoking on migration, acculturation may also lead to individuals adopting health-promotive behavior, giving up risk-related behaviors (including smoking) and accessing services not available in their own country.
T49 29410-29672 Epistemic_statement denotes While the number of people smoking in highly industrialized countries has decreased in response to the evidence of the relationship between smoking and NCDs, tobacco companies have persistently promoted smoking in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, and South America.
T50 29673-29841 Epistemic_statement denotes By 2025, the number of smokers worldwide will have increased by 45% and the deaths attributed to smoking will have increased to 10 million (Beaglehole and Yach, 2003) .
T51 29842-30000 Epistemic_statement denotes Apart from the aggressive marketing strategies of tobacco companies, reasons for increased rates of smoking in poor countries have received limited attention.
T52 30001-30081 Epistemic_statement denotes In India, however, a number of studies have been conducted on trends in smoking.
T53 30082-30270 Epistemic_statement denotes In general, advertising is targeted at men rather than women, and men are significantly more likely than women to smoke commercial filter cigarettes as well as traditional bidi and cigars.
T54 30271-30399 Epistemic_statement denotes Male students believe that cigarette smoking enhances their manliness, but also, they smoke to relieve boredom and ease tension.
T55 30400-30614 Epistemic_statement denotes In general, however, smoking is inversely related to class and occupation: it is most prevalent among illiterate, unskilled, unemployed, and service workers, for whom motivation of uptake has yet to be established.
T56 30707-30994 Epistemic_statement denotes The most prevalent new infectious disease, now regarded as a chronic condition because of the effectiveness of drug therapy, is HIV (human immunodeficiency virus); without ART (antiretroviral therapy), HIV can quickly develop to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and early death.
T57 31463-31724 Epistemic_statement denotes The approach supported a focus on safe practices, such as the use of condoms in the case of sex, or the use of disposable needles and bleach in the case of drug injecting, rather than suggesting a fixed category of peoplefor example, sex workers and drug users.
T58 31725-32077 Epistemic_statement denotes This research has also drawn attention to the realities in which very poor people in highly industrialized settings such as the United States as well as the poorest countries in the world are in need of cash to meet basic needs, leaving many women with little choice other than sex work to cover emergency health costs, food, and other living expenses.
T59 33494-33928 Epistemic_statement denotes TB has persisted in poor countries and in poor conditions: in factories, mines, crowded urban slums, shelters for the homeless in inner-city areas, prisons, and dense squatter settlements characterized by poverty, high rates of unemployment, and structural and interpersonal violence; as discussed further below, this interrelationship of the two diseases with social conditions is referred to as a syndemic (Singer and Clair, 2003) .
T60 33929-34212 Epistemic_statement denotes As several studies have identified, most patients accept biomedical ideas of TB and anti-TB chemotherapy and desire to finish treatment, but may be unable to do so, because they cannot afford the direct and indirect costs of services and are often poorly treated by health providers.
T61 34213-34469 Epistemic_statement denotes However, the resurgence of TB has provided an opportunity to build partnerships between biomedical and traditional healers, and between private and government-employed doctors, both in health education and counseling programs and for DOTS anti-TB programs.
T62 35374-35402 Epistemic_statement denotes Yet even this is inaccurate.
T63 35655-36093 Epistemic_statement denotes They are complicated by the introduction of goods and technologies and the appropriation of behaviors, including those that prevent disease, sustain health, and extend life expectancy: the extension of early preventive technologies such as the provision of potable water or vaccination, for instance, the extension of primary health care and screening, or the introduction of new diagnostics as well as surgical and medical interventions.
T64 36663-36948 Epistemic_statement denotes International trade, temporary and permanent migration for work and pleasure, and globalized information networks contribute to people's knowledge of disease, access to goods, ideas of modern living, and patterns of how people live and how they care, or fail to care, for their bodies.
T65 37585-37803 Epistemic_statement denotes But anthropologists have also drawn attention to the fact that socioeconomic conditions, typically associated with higher prevalence of both infections and NCDs, produce widespread structural and personal disadvantage.