Epistemic_Statements  

CORD-19:065892aec9d2eeb8c5e4dea4966197d722a2670a JSONTXT 8 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 836-1093 Epistemic_statement denotes 2, 12 The rapidly changing pattern of meningococcal disease prompted the Saudi ministry of health to make recommendations (in 2001, in preparation for the 2002 Hajj season) for the prevention of meningococcal disease and other communicable diseases (table).
T2 1094-1257 Epistemic_statement denotes 4, 6 All pilgrims and local at-risk populations must now be given the quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine-Hajj visas cannot be issued without proof of vaccination.
T3 1470-1649 Epistemic_statement denotes [13] [14] [15] [16] A conjugated quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (Menactra) was only licensed recently in the USA in January, 2005, and should be more widely available by 2007.
T4 1650-1896 Epistemic_statement denotes Because it elicits a T-cell dependent immune response it is expected to offer immunity for more than 8 years, and eliminate the threat of the disease in all ages during the Hajj because it prevents transmission of infection from person to person.
T5 2524-2734 Epistemic_statement denotes This rise indicates that pilgrims from low tuberculosis-endemicity should be screened with a two-step purified protein derivative or QuantiFERON-TB before the Hajj and 3 months after, to detect new conversions.
T6 4938-5048 Epistemic_statement denotes Compliance with this recommendation has been poor: during the 1999 Hajj, only 24% of pilgrims wore face masks.
T7 5049-5234 Epistemic_statement denotes 38 Although there are few data for the effectiveness of facemask use in prevention of respiratory tract infections at the Hajj, it is a simple and inexpensive infection control measure.
T8 5235-5295 Epistemic_statement denotes Pertussis is another respiratory tract infection of concern.
T9 5663-5753 Epistemic_statement denotes The investigators suggested the administration of acellular pertussis vaccine to pilgrims.
T10 5754-5875 Epistemic_statement denotes Results of further large-scale studies will be needed before making the vaccine a general recommendation to all pilgrims.
T11 5877-5991 Epistemic_statement denotes Traveller's diarrhoea is common during the Hajj, although few studies have documented its incidence and aetiology.
T12 6836-6913 Epistemic_statement denotes However, sporadic cases of cholera have still been diagnosed in Saudi Arabia.
T13 7051-7122 Epistemic_statement denotes It is probably common during the Hajj, but, there are no data for this.
T14 7849-8058 Epistemic_statement denotes 6 Hepatitis A virus vaccine is recommended for pilgrims from developed countries-it is probably unnecessary for those from developing countries since they are likely to be immune because of childhood exposure.
T15 8059-8198 Epistemic_statement denotes Travellers can be checked for hepatitis A virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) before administration of the vaccine, to avoid needless vaccination.
T16 8272-8302 Epistemic_statement denotes Adequate rehydration is vital.
T17 8303-8477 Epistemic_statement denotes Selfadministered antibiotics with an extended spectrum macrolide, azithromycin, or oral quinolone are probably indicated for moderate to severe travellers' diarrhoea (table).
T18 9036-9123 Epistemic_statement denotes Standing on scorching marble in the midday sun can severely burn the soles of the feet.
T19 9233-9327 Epistemic_statement denotes Pilgrims should keep their skin dry and use talcum powder to keep intertriginous areas intact.
T20 9390-9423 Epistemic_statement denotes Exposed skin should be protected.
T21 9424-9618 Epistemic_statement denotes Any preexisting skin condition should be protected and medicated as appropriate and the pilgrim must travel with their usual medications and ointments, which are all permissible during the Hajj.
T22 9978-10079 Epistemic_statement denotes Shaving can facilitate the transmission of blood-borne disease, including hepatitis B and C, and HIV.
T23 10748-10841 Epistemic_statement denotes All pilgrims need to be aware of these hazards and must be shaved only at designated centres.
T24 10842-11076 Epistemic_statement denotes Since there are no published data to document the significance of head shaving in HBV transmission to pilgrims, and since the HBV vaccine series takes 6 months to complete, it is difficult to recommend the HBV vaccine to all pilgrims.
T25 11077-11209 Epistemic_statement denotes Individuals who are counselled in sufficient time before the Hajj, and who can afford the vaccine cost, should take the HBV vaccine.
T26 11210-11330 Epistemic_statement denotes Emerging infectious diseases-such as viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) syndromes-are a special concern in Hajj health care.
T27 11405-11539 Epistemic_statement denotes [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] Reports in September, 2000, first documented cases of the fever outside of Africa, in Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
T28 11540-11595 Epistemic_statement denotes 63, 64 This epidemic was of major concern for the Hajj.
T29 11826-11895 Epistemic_statement denotes No outbreaks of Rift Valley fever at the Hajj have yet been reported.
T30 11996-12050 Epistemic_statement denotes 66 The pathogen has been identified as Alkhumra virus.
T31 12234-12380 Epistemic_statement denotes Saudi Arabia banned all Ugandan residents from attending the Hajj 2001 because of the concern over Ebola, which has killed more than 170 Ugandans.
T32 12440-12630 Epistemic_statement denotes Briefly in 2003, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) presented a potentially enormous threat to Hajj pilgrims, particularly because the virus' spread could be facilitated by air travel.
T33 12631-12738 Epistemic_statement denotes 72, 73 The conditions of the Hajj could turn a single case of SARS into an epidemic of unprecedented scale.
T34 12739-13036 Epistemic_statement denotes Saudi authorities implemented several strategies to prevent the entry of SARS, including delayed entry for pilgrims from countries reporting local SARS transmission: people from these countries would not be allowed to enter Saudi Arabia until 10 days had elapsed since they left their own country.
T35 13037-13131 Epistemic_statement denotes 74 76 and authorities do not believe that the virus presents any further concerns to the Hajj.
T36 13132-13182 Epistemic_statement denotes Avian influenza (H5N1) is of major global concern.
T37 13297-13409 Epistemic_statement denotes Although this number is low, this frequently mutating, highly virulent virus is a major threat to Hajj pilgrims.
T38 14157-14289 Epistemic_statement denotes 4, 6 Although some believe that polio spreads to other countries by returning pilgrims, there is no evidence to support this belief.
T39 14443-14573 Epistemic_statement denotes Although healthcare response workers are ambulance-supported emergency medical service teams, pilgrims can rarely be resuscitated.
T40 14574-14682 Epistemic_statement denotes Retrieving patients in "peri-arrest" from massive crowds is difficult, and can itself pose danger to others.
T41 14683-14821 Epistemic_statement denotes Hajj is arduous even for healthy adults-for those with pre-existing cardiac disease, the physical stress can easily precipitate ischaemia.
T42 14822-14961 Epistemic_statement denotes The onus is on the pilgrim to avoid the Hajj if their cardiac status is precarious, and clinicians must encourage this preventative stance.
T43 14962-15117 Epistemic_statement denotes Cardiac patients planning for the Hajj should consult with their doctors before the journey; ensure sufficient supply of, and compliance with, medications.
T44 16341-16391 Epistemic_statement denotes Stampede is perhaps the most feared trauma hazard.
T45 16392-16523 Epistemic_statement denotes Once started, little can be done to stop panic spreading through crowds, contributing to casualties, and all too often, fatalities.
T46 16655-16767 Epistemic_statement denotes Fatalities result from asphyxiation or head injury, neither of which can be attended to quickly in large crowds.
T47 18418-18473 Epistemic_statement denotes 89, 90 Temperatures in Mecca can rise higher than 45ºC.
T48 18662-18774 Epistemic_statement denotes Supplicating pilgrims might not notice the dangers of extreme heat exposure until their symptoms are pronounced.
T49 19070-19135 Epistemic_statement denotes Children accompanying their parents must be especially protected.
T50 19136-19363 Epistemic_statement denotes The timings of rites are flexible and acceptable at the pilgrim's convenience-it is key that pilgrims are aware of this since, through fear of committing errors, they might not make sensible choices in completing their rituals.
T51 20084-20204 Epistemic_statement denotes Pilgrims need to be assured that professional slaughtering arrangements are easily available at the Hajj, and far safer.
T52 20205-20206 Epistemic_statement denotes 2
T53 20207-20317 Epistemic_statement denotes The numbers of people undertaking the Hajj continue to grow, in spite of the past 4 years of regional turmoil.
T54 20318-20411 Epistemic_statement denotes Overall, the Hajj remains surprisingly peaceful and organised, in view of its colossal scale.
T55 20662-20759 Epistemic_statement denotes Now, however, the Hajj itself presents risks which, unanticipated, can lead to disease and death.
T56 20760-20850 Epistemic_statement denotes Additionally, the potential for disease to spread is greater in our time of global travel.
T57 20851-21012 Epistemic_statement denotes Clinicians must be aware of risks and strategies to tackle them, many of which are simple measures, and can be undertaken both before departure and in the field.
T58 21013-21129 Epistemic_statement denotes Doctors must also be aware of the risks posed by returned pilgrims, and be alert to reporting any post-Hajj illness.