Epistemic_Statements  

CORD-19:046d0aa77b0bd84466bf4d62ab57dcdcd12b8a5a JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-117 Epistemic_statement denotes Opinion Piece Current issue in tourism: The evolution of travel medicine research: A new research agenda for tourism?
T2 130-278 Epistemic_statement denotes Tourist health and safety have arguably become among the most high profile issues now associated with the individual tourists' concerns with travel.
T3 279-644 Epistemic_statement denotes Likewise, tourist destinations are increasingly being assessed in terms of their record on providing safe and healthy environments for tourists, given the central premise of tourism: to enjoy one's leisure time; to partake in a holiday which will involve 'periods of escape for people, and catalysts for change in both individuals and communities' (Ryan, 1997: 4) .
T4 862-1016 Epistemic_statement denotes This is because the tourism industry sells dreams, potential experiences and seeks to fulfil our diverse motivation for domestic and international travel.
T5 1017-1430 Epistemic_statement denotes Aside from the growing international growth in litigation and legal action associated with tourism when things go wrong, tour operators and destinations are increasingly realising that holidays need to perform a positive function in the post-modern society linked to reinvigoration of mind, body and soul, enjoyment, entertainment together with a wide range of needs associated with the imagery of holiday-taking.
T6 2260-2817 Epistemic_statement denotes Given these now widely used management tools to seek to manage the tourist experience and to seek to create positive notions of well-being, this current issue's paper debates the issues associated with tourist holiday-taking and its management by the tourism industry, namely: tourist well-being and how accident, injury and perceived risk may impact upon it; the notion of a tourist welfare continuum; current issues and trends affecting the tourist risk and injury; what steps the tourism industry are taking to minimise the risks and incidence of injury.
T7 2818-3068 Epistemic_statement denotes However, prior to discussing these issues, it is pertinent to chart the development of this area of study within tourism studies and its evolution as travel medicine, given its interdisciplinary nature and reliance upon a wide range of subject areas.
T8 3497-3693 Epistemic_statement denotes Whilst few historical studies exist on other forms of tourist travel and the health issues which faced travellers prior to the post-war era, the existing studies do largely date to the 1970s (e.g.
T9 3955-4145 Epistemic_statement denotes These studies were certainly influential in creating what is now acknowledged as the field of travel medicine which some commentators consider has evolved from the area of tropical medicine.
T10 4513-4651 Epistemic_statement denotes A range of textbooks on travel medicine aimed at the medical profession also exist which underpin three key principles of travel medicine:
T11 4652-5129 Epistemic_statement denotes providing specialist medical advice to impending travellers with a view to preventing risks and morbidity associated with travel (A Prevention Role); assessment of known or likely hazards associated with a specific form of tourist travel and the prescribing of prophylactics to reduce risks (Risk Assessment); generic health advice and information to advise travellers of necessary behavioural issues associated with travel to certain areas and destinations (Information Role).
T12 5157-5305 Epistemic_statement denotes 2 which is an analysis of the UK Government's Foreign and Commonwealth Office's Travel Advisories of areas which UK tourists should avoid travel to.
T13 5306-5559 Epistemic_statement denotes Whilst such a geographical distribution of destinations to avoid will change through time, it does highlight the importance on informing potential tourists of areas of political instability and areas of a high propensity for kidnapping of tourists (e.g.
T14 6518-6686 Epistemic_statement denotes For readers, the more gentle introduction to this vast literature can be more easily accessed by charting some of the landmark books in the field since the early 1990s.
T15 6870-7025 Epistemic_statement denotes Yet this may be a reflection of the relabelling of research activity that already existed for decades before, with a more explicit 'travel medicine' label.
T16 7251-7330 Epistemic_statement denotes Interestingly, these travel medicine issues have a history dating to the 1890s.
T17 7331-7437 Epistemic_statement denotes This would seem to suggest that the study of travel medicine may have expanded somewhat by the 1990s (e.g.
T18 7651-7777 Epistemic_statement denotes This has gradually changed to recognise that travel may also provide a range of health risks for certain groups of travellers.
T19 7778-8028 Epistemic_statement denotes Of course, such an interest can also be dated back much further to the development of water therapy at hydro hotels (Durie, 2006) where the health benefits of tourism were promoted and medical articles were used to extol the benefits of such therapy.
T20 8029-8196 Epistemic_statement denotes Among the key scholarly books published on the interface between tourism, travel medicine and the relationship with the expansion of international tourist travel were:
T21 8197-8391 Epistemic_statement denotes Clift and Page (1996) Health and the International Tourist, which identified some of the current interdisciplinary work on this area from a broad range of medical and social science researchers.
T22 9512-9638 Epistemic_statement denotes Page, 2002) , it is apparent that a number of concepts underpin the travel medicine field and its links to tourism and travel.
T23 9639-9830 Epistemic_statement denotes Clift and Page (1996) identified the link between tourist travel and the prevention-risk assessment-information role in travel medicine and the relationship with tourism as a dynamic process.
T24 9836-9995 Epistemic_statement denotes 3 depicts some of these relationships which hinge upon three stages associated with tourist decision-making, their behaviour and issues associated with health:
T25 9996-10148 Epistemic_statement denotes pre-travel, where the potential tourist decides on the destination and makes the arrangements to travel; the trip (travel phase); the post-travel phase.
T26 10149-10283 Epistemic_statement denotes During each of these stages, tourists may have interactions with medical services, services or sources of information as shown in Fig.
T27 10664-10864 Epistemic_statement denotes Debates associated with the tourist experience on hedonism, behaviour change and the cultural significance of holidays in shaping these changes remain contentious and complex to unravel (Ryan, 1997) .
T28 10865-10977 Epistemic_statement denotes However, as many empirical studies of traveller behaviour and the propensity to experience health problems (e.g.
T29 11263-11462 Epistemic_statement denotes Without engaging in a detailed debate on the causes of such illness rates, it is still apparent that the core area of tropical medicine has a core role to play in travel medicine if one examines Fig.
T30 11621-11764 Epistemic_statement denotes If one was to superimpose upon the map, a list of endemic diseases and health concerns, particularly those affecting 'tropical' countries (i.e.
T31 11901-12035 Epistemic_statement denotes yellow fever, dengue fever, dengue fever); hepatitis; typhoid although some of these can be treated by vaccines and other prophylaxis.
T32 12036-12179 Epistemic_statement denotes Despite these inherent risks, there is no sign of tourist travel to less developed countries waning (except where terrorism is a major threat).
T33 12233-12341 Epistemic_statement denotes 4 indicates despite the known risks and greater concern with travel advisories, and travel medicine clinics.
T34 12609-12702 Epistemic_statement denotes Yet the existence of environmental risks in tourist travel which are climatic in nature (i.e.
T35 13027-13205 Epistemic_statement denotes Given the growing volume and scale of the travel medicine literature, there is a need to try and provide some logical order and a rationale framework in which one can understand:
T36 13206-13370 Epistemic_statement denotes what are the most common health and safety problems tourists might face on holiday; what are the significance of these issues in terms of their scale and magnitude.
T37 13372-13655 Epistemic_statement denotes The Lancet was first published in 1823 and among the scientific articles it has published on the area of Travel Medicine; the following are of note (correspondence/discussion/short communications/news/editorial are excluded which would increase the number of published items to 115).
T38 13656-13895 Epistemic_statement denotes medium-scale incidents such as road traffic accidents which are likely to cause more serious injury but which are not as commonplace as other minor injuries and accidents; major incidents leading to or resulting directly in mortality (e.g.
T39 14128-14424 Epistemic_statement denotes From this range of incidents and issues affecting tourist wellbeing whilst on holiday or during the experience of travel, attention now turns to a commentary of emergent issues which are affecting tourist health and safety, that can result in injury or enhanced risk of injury or health problems.
T40 14425-14636 Epistemic_statement denotes The area of travel medicine is, from time to time, picked up by the media and other forms of popular culture when articles are published in high profile journals such as The Lancet highlight an issue of concern.
T41 15231-15455 Epistemic_statement denotes Given the constraints of space, it is not possible to provide a definitive classification of the most important issues, but only to highlight some of the most pressing issues raised from some of the subjects outlined in Fig.
T42 15460-15677 Epistemic_statement denotes To add some degree of coherence, it is also possible to view these issues in terms of their significance in global, regional and national terms although it is also possible to examine the local level within countries.
T43 15768-15967 Epistemic_statement denotes malaria) may also act as a constraint on tourism development, as low volume, adventure-style exploration-style travel prevails as opposed to luxury tourism based in resorts and quality accommodation.
T44 16178-16308 Epistemic_statement denotes At a global scale, the likelihood of a global flu pandemic will certainly modify tourist travel patterns away from affected areas.
T45 16309-16558 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition, the affected areas would most likely see their tourism sector respond in much the same way that SARS (Lumsdon & Page, 2004) led to the rapid loss of inbound tourism to destinations like Hong Kong where a 70% drop in the market occurred.
T46 16559-16753 Epistemic_statement denotes Yet the important point to stress here, is the point at which the World Health Organisation declares a pandemic is in existence, and thereby triggering a downshift in global and regional travel.
T47 16849-17073 Epistemic_statement denotes It is the point at which the media and tourist perception leads to a reaction against travel to regions affected by specific problems, triggering a behaviour change that is critical for the tourism industry and destinations.
T48 17074-17271 Epistemic_statement denotes This is probably much clearer with reference to more tangible and easily understood human risks such as terrorism or a natural disaster as opposed to medical or health risks that are less tangible.
T49 17610-17745 Epistemic_statement denotes The range of issues associated with travel medicine and health risks is extensive and Table 2 only outlines a number of key challenges.
T50 17746-17901 Epistemic_statement denotes What is more significant is that tourist behaviour and the social psychology of tourist perception of risk varies considerably according to traveller type.
T51 17902-18066 Epistemic_statement denotes Yet interestingly, the trigger point for the majority of travellers is crucial in determining their aversion to a greater risk once it is associated with the media.
T52 18344-18443 Epistemic_statement denotes Yet avoidance of such destinations only occurs after a concerted media campaign or travel advisory.
T53 18876-19121 Epistemic_statement denotes Again, this is a somewhat simplified argument, but it should be qualified by recognising that different types of travellers do seek various experiences and the propensity to seek safe through to extremely challenging and adventurous experiences.
T54 19122-19266 Epistemic_statement denotes So, what do these conceptual issues and reflections on tourists' behaviour and travel mean for practical management measures the tourism sector?
T55 19267-19445 Epistemic_statement denotes At a purely philosophical level, Walker and Page (2003) pointed to the critical question which should underpin this entire paperwhose responsibility is tourist health and safety?
T56 19481-19756 Epistemic_statement denotes These range from the perspective that each traveller is an adult and should be responsible for their own actions; to government's and other public sector agencies have a responsibility to ensure that all tourism providers develop a duty of care for their guests and visitors.
T57 19757-19894 Epistemic_statement denotes This means ensuring a safe, healthy and meaningful experience that is as authentic as possible without being artificial and over-managed.
T58 20091-20323 Epistemic_statement denotes This determines the type of risk factors which visitors may experience in any destination or country, where the legal and regulatory environment may be a good surrogate for the operational guidelines which businesses must adhere to.
T59 20540-20743 Epistemic_statement denotes Among the most proactive measures now in place following the DVT debate associated with long-haul travel, are the issuing of guidelines to passengers to encourage in-flight exercise to reduce immobility.
T60 20744-20839 Epistemic_statement denotes Yet these are only paid lip service by many airlines to reduce possible grounds for litigation.
T61 20840-21008 Epistemic_statement denotes At an international scale, the IATA minimum space for aircraft seat pitch still remains at 26 in although some international carriers have expanded pitch size to 32 in.
T62 21143-21344 Epistemic_statement denotes However, until more conclusive research is published on the link between cramped airline travel conditions, DVT and poor passenger health/well-being, this commercial model seems set to remain in place.
T63 21345-21516 Epistemic_statement denotes The examples of Best Practice examined by Wilks (2002) provide a good overview of how measures to improve tourist well-being have been developed across the tourism sector.
T64 21517-21772 Epistemic_statement denotes A cynic might argue that much of this activity has resulted from the growing concerns in travel and tourism law (Grant, Mason, Khan, & Davis, 2005 ) that tourists will pursue litigation as one option to seek redress when unnecessary risk of injury occurs.
T65 21773-21995 Epistemic_statement denotes Equally, there is growing evidence of tourists also using litigation to seek redress for non-health or medical issues, such as emotional stress caused by a disappointing holiday through to trivial issues like lost luggage.
T66 22149-22211 Epistemic_statement denotes Yet when tourists are injured or require hospitalisation (e.g.
T67 23087-23299 Epistemic_statement denotes Where voluntary cooperation and safety management is not practical or feasible, then legislation by government agencies is required, in areas such as food hygiene and handling where international standards exist.
T68 23300-23341 Epistemic_statement denotes Yet we cannot manage risk out of tourism.
T69 23342-23512 Epistemic_statement denotes If we do, as Page, Bentley, and Walker (2005) noted, then tourist experiences will cease to be fun, exciting, different and could become artificial and too stage-managed.
T70 23646-23931 Epistemic_statement denotes The challenge is to balance the need for the provision of an exciting or meaningful experience with a realistic assessment of the risks involved to tourist health, so that visitor well-being is safeguarded where practicable but not to the point of wrapping participants in cotton wool.
T71 24118-24230 Epistemic_statement denotes To provide a full outline of all known risks and likely injuries would detract from the experience of a holiday.
T72 24231-24362 Epistemic_statement denotes Therefore, balancing what the tourist needs to be told versus what is actually disclosed is now a contentious but burgeoning issue.
T73 24363-24523 Epistemic_statement denotes Operators are increasingly being required to disclose risks to travellers in brochures and on web sites so insurance risks can be calculated and cover provided.
T74 24524-24734 Epistemic_statement denotes The tourism sector does not operate as a seamless business, despite the role of large multinational integrated operators, and travel medicine issues highlight many of the inherent flaws in their modus operandi.
T75 25157-25443 Epistemic_statement denotes The differing approaches of destinations to such issues also gives rise to a lack of consistency in the management of tourist health and safety, since human behaviour changes on holiday and the public sector have varying approaches and attitudes to how such behaviour should be managed.