Epistemic_Statements  

CORD-19:00ac0ed6be59b281c8f58c3d34387a424f5c6da1 JSONTXT 9 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 437-686 Epistemic_statement denotes Cryptosporidium appeared to be the principal cause of diarrhoea in six calves, rotavirus in four, Salmonella typhimurium in two, bacteria adherent to the surface of the large intestine in two, coronavirus in one and K99+ Escherichiacoli in one calf.
T2 852-947 Epistemic_statement denotes Diarrhoea was associated with infections and lesions throughout the small and large intestines.
T3 985-1184 Epistemic_statement denotes associated with lesions in the small intestines were rotavirus, coronavirus and cryptosporidium; in the large intestines they were coronavirus and bacteria apparently adherent to the mucosal surface.
T4 1185-1440 Epistemic_statement denotes THE aetiology of neonatal calf diarrhoea is complex; many infectious agents, singly or in combination, have been associated with field outbreaks (Acres et al 1975 , Morin et al 1976 and non-infectious factors contribute to the disease process (Roy 1980) .
T5 1441-1736 Epistemic_statement denotes The infectious agents thought to contribute significantly are rotavirus, coronavirus, cryptosporidium, K99+ Escherichia coli and Salmonella species, and the importance of these agents has been investigated recently by means of a survey of the microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern Britain .
T6 1737-2020 Epistemic_statement denotes During the survey, 21 moribund calves with diarrhoea were purchased and examined post mortem with the following objectives: to describe the pathology of the natural disease and to investigate diagnostic problems by studying the relationship between the lesions and infectious agents.
T7 3929-4003 Epistemic_statement denotes Sites 512 to 518 were spaced as equally as possible between sites 1 and 9.
T8 5547-5646 Epistemic_statement denotes only part ofthe disease process and severe lesions may result from infection in the lamina propria.
T9 6353-6467 Epistemic_statement denotes A maximum score of 55 could be allocated to each small intestinal site and 25 to each site in the large intestine.
T10 7677-7918 Epistemic_statement denotes When histological examination revealed the presence of a lesion or infection which required further investigation, intestinal tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde were examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
T11 10592-10838 Epistemic_statement denotes In three rotavirusinfected calves (2, 5 and 7), despite the presence of other enteropathogens, the severity (Fig 1) and extent (Table 3 ) of rotavirus infection in the small intestine suggested that rotavirus was the important aetiological agent.
T12 11370-11613 Epistemic_statement denotes In six calves (4, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20) mucosal examination showed infection with cryptosporidium to be severe and extensively distributed in mid and lower small intestines ( Table 3 ), suggesting that it was the principal cause of diarrhoea.
T13 11823-11953 Epistemic_statement denotes In all 11 calves other enteropathogens, which could have contributed to the disease process, were detected by mucosa] examination.
T14 12827-12919 Epistemic_statement denotes The lesions in the small and large intestines of this calf were identical to those described
T15 12920-13159 Epistemic_statement denotes Bacteria, apparently adherent to the surface of the large intestines, were detected by mucosal examination in 13 calves, always in association with one or more additional enteropathogens which could have contributed to the disease process.
T16 13673-13893 Epistemic_statement denotes Enterocytes infected with Newbury agent were detected by mucosal examination, in the intestines of three calves (7, 18 and 19); additional pathogens which could have contributed to the disease process were also detected.
T17 13973-14226 Epistemic_statement denotes In the third calf (7), infection with Newbury agent extended throughout the small and large intestine but it was not possible to conclude that Newbury agent was a causal agent because the calf was infected extensively with rotavirus and cryptosporidium.
T18 14542-14811 Epistemic_statement denotes In two calves (6 and 9), the surface of the large intestine was infected severely and the severity of infection of the small and large intestines by other enteropathogens was slight; in these calves the adherent bacteria appeared to be the principal cause of diarrhoea.
T19 14812-15016 Epistemic_statement denotes Villi in the small intestines of these calves (6 and 9) were slightly stunted and some were fused, but these lesions could have been caused by enteropathogenic viruses which were detected in these calves.
T20 15687-16076 Epistemic_statement denotes In the remaining six calves (2, 4, 5, 8, 14 and 16) the bacteria appeared, by light microscopy, to be adherent to the mucosal surface but examination by transmission electron microscopy revealed that, although closely associated with the musocal surface, they were not attached to the surface of enterocytes; they were detected most frequently in folds and crevices in the mucosa (Fig 4) .
T21 16373-16651 Epistemic_statement denotes Scanning electron microscopy revealed that in some animals bacteria were associated closely with enterocytes which were disarranged and exfoliated, but in other animals bacteria were not adherent to the abnormal enterocytes although bacteria were associated with adjacent cells.
T22 17138-17350 Epistemic_statement denotes Lesions were not detected in the large intestines of two of the eight calves in which bacteria were not associated with the mucosal surface of the large intestines (3 and 7) ; the lesions detected in four of the
T23 17351-17618 Epistemic_statement denotes Lesions were detected in the small intestines of four calves (8, 10, 11 and 15) in which no one enteropathogen appeared to play a major role; several enteropathogens were detected and bacteria, apparently adherenl to the surface of the large intestines, were present.
T24 17794-18017 Epistemic_statement denotes Newbury agent was detected also in the small intestinal mucosa of this calf, but the severity and extent of infection of the small intestinal surface by E coli suggested that this agent was the principal cause of diarrhoea.
T25 18018-18407 Epistemic_statement denotes The lesions in the small intestine of this calf comprised mild enterocyte exfoliation and slight stunting and fusion of villi, which could have been caused by Newbury agent (Hall et al 1984) , and infiltration of Salmonella typhimurium S typhimurium was detected in three calves by either faecal or mucosal examination, by both methods in two calves and by faecal examination alone in one.
T26 18701-18846 Epistemic_statement denotes The extent of infection and the nature of the lesions in two calves (1 and 17) suggested that S typhimurium was the principal cause of diarrhoea.
T27 19913-20105 Epistemic_statement denotes Lesions were detected in the small intestines of all calves (Table 3 ) and scores at sites 5 to 9 were higher than those at sites 1 to 4 (Fig 6) ; lesions were detected rarely in the duodenum.
T28 21588-21851 Epistemic_statement denotes With the combined approach, cases where rotavirus, coronavirus, enterotoxigenic E coli, Salmonella species and cryptosporidium appeared to be the sole or principal causative agent were identified, although mixed infections were more common than single infections.
T29 22092-22330 Epistemic_statement denotes Previous authors recommended that outbreaks should be investigated by the combined use of bacteriological and virological methods, together with histological and immunofluorescent studies of fresh intestinal tissue from diarrhoeic calves.
T30 23070-23171 Epistemic_statement denotes Tissue examination may be helpful in instances where faecal studies have not resulted in a diagnosis.
T31 23172-23439 Epistemic_statement denotes Pathogen and lesion scores were correlated significantly overall, although in one calf (2) high pathogen scores were detected in association with low lesion scores and in some calves lesions were present where enteropathogens were absent oi" present in small amounts.
T32 23440-23668 Epistemic_statement denotes It is probable that in these latter calves the lesions were the result of a preceding infection by an enteropathogen; also the possibility exists in all calves that lesions could have been caused by unrecognised enteropathogens.
T33 24668-25028 Epistemic_statement denotes In these calves it is probable that normal absorptive function in the lower small intestine and large intestine compensated for rotavirus-induced malabsorption in the upper small intestine; this hypothesis was proposed previously to explain why experimental infection of colostrumdeprived calves with rotavirus caused only a mild diarrhoea (Logan et al 1979) .
T34 25029-25202 Epistemic_statement denotes In the diarrhoeic calves in this study, where lesions caused by mixed infections occurred throughout the intestines, it is proposed that absorptive capacity was overwhelmed.
T35 25764-25954 Epistemic_statement denotes It was possible, however, even in the absence of immunocytochemistry, to make a presumptive diagnosis of the cause of diarrhoea by histological examination of lesions in the small intestine.
T36 26214-26393 Epistemic_statement denotes The possibility of confusion between the lesions produced by Salmonella species and enteropathogenic E coli remains because both cause infiltration of the mucosa with neutrophils.
T37 26552-26779 Epistemic_statement denotes However, a strain which causes severe lesions in the small intestine has been recognised (G. R. Pearson, personal communication) and in this study a mixed infection of the small intestine with S typhimurium and an E coli sero-.
T38 26877-27036 Epistemic_statement denotes Remaining cases were assumed to be virus-induced but the association of lesions with a particular virus could only be made by immunostaining for viral antigen.
T39 27037-27370 Epistemic_statement denotes Three types of infection which could have caused lesions were detected frequently in the mucosa of the large intestine; bacteria apparently adherent to the surface, coronavirus and rotavirus, In rotavirusinfected calves only a few enterocytes were infected in the large intestine and infection was not thought to have caused lesions.
T40 27686-27867 Epistemic_statement denotes The detection of rotavirus-infected enterocytes in the large intestines of calves in this study is probably the result of a greater sensitivity shown by the immunoperoxidase method.
T41 28186-28385 Epistemic_statement denotes Bacteria apparently adherent to the surface of the large intestine of diarrhoeic calves have not been recognised in neonatal calf diarrhoea except in a dysentery of calves caused by E coli (S102-9) .
T42 28852-29069 Epistemic_statement denotes Lesions were detected in the large intestines of these calves which were indistinguishable from those described in association with enteropathogenic E coli (Hall et a11985) , but the bacteria were not E coli (S102-9).
T43 29070-29203 Epistemic_statement denotes The nature of the adherent bacteria in the other seven calves is unknown, and their role in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea is unclear.
T44 29204-29441 Epistemic_statement denotes It is possible that, because they always occurred in association with other enteropathogens, their presence was the result of an altered bacterial flora, following diarrhoea caused by another enteropathogen, or by the use of antibiotics.
T45 29442-29625 Epistemic_statement denotes Alternatively, they may have contributed to the pathogenesis of diarrhoea by colonising the mucosal surface of the large intestine, causing lesions and inhibiting absorptive function.
T46 29626-30006 Epistemic_statement denotes The lesions with which they were associated were identical in nature to those seen in the four calves infected by the confirmed enteropathogen E coli (S102-9) , although the severity was variable; this suggests a pathogenic role for these unidentified bacteria which may be confirmed by isolation and identification of the bacteria involved and studies of experimental infections.