CORD-19_Custom_license_subset  

CORD-19:f243439504f76c6981579048489b59cdd37521a9 JSONTXT 8 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-97 Sentence denotes OBSERVATION: BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT LETTERS LETTERS LETTERS Annals.org Annals of Internal Medicine
T2 99-110 Sentence denotes Background:
T3 111-310 Sentence denotes The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic began in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and continues to spread globally (1) , with exported cases confirmed in 109 countries at the time of writing (2) .
T4 311-421 Sentence denotes During the interval between 19 February and 23 February 2020, Iran reported its first 43 cases, with 8 deaths.
T5 422-585 Sentence denotes Three exported cases originating in Iran were identified, suggesting an underlying burden of disease in that country greater than that indicated by reported cases.
T6 586-663 Sentence denotes A large epidemic in Iran could further fuel global dissemination of COVID-19.
T7 664-674 Sentence denotes Objective:
T8 675-891 Sentence denotes To quantify the COVID-19 outbreak size in Iran on the basis of known exported case counts and air travel links between Iran and other countries, and to anticipate where infections originating in Iran may spread next.
T9 892-900 Sentence denotes Methods:
T10 901-1253 Sentence denotes We assessed interconnectivity between Iran and other countries by using direct and total traveler volumes and final destination cities of travelers originating in Iran in February 2019, according to data from the International Air Transport Association (accounting for 90% of global air travel, with the other 10% modeled by using market intelligence).
T11 1254-1532 Sentence denotes Because exported cases were identified in United Arab Emirates (UAE), Lebanon, and Canada, we used the methods of Fraser and colleagues (3) to estimate the size of the underlying epidemic in Iran that would be needed for these cases to be observed with a reasonable probability.
T12 1533-1883 Sentence denotes To estimate the time at risk for COVID-19 exposure among travelers departing Iran, we obtained data from the United Nations World Tourism Organization for the proportion of international travelers who are residents of Iran (4) and the average length of stay of tourists to Iran (5) , and assumed that the Iranian outbreak began in early January 2020.
T13 1884-2161 Sentence denotes We evaluated the relationship between the strength of travel links with Iran and the ranking of destination countries on the Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index (IDVI), a validated metric that estimates the capacity of a country to respond to an infectious disease outbreak.
T14 2162-2266 Sentence denotes Scores range from 0 to 1, with higher scores reflecting greater capacity to manage infectious outbreaks.
T15 2267-2276 Sentence denotes Findings:
T16 2277-2408 Sentence denotes A total of 212 000 persons traveled from Iranian airports (Tehran, Rasht, and Arak) to international destinations in February 2019.
T17 2409-2505 Sentence denotes Although Qom has reported COVID-19 cases, its international airport is still under construction.
T18 2506-2691 Sentence denotes Global cities receiving the greatest number of total travelers from Iran during this period include Istanbul, Turkey (n = 46 550); Najaf, Iraq (n = 24 659); and Dubai, UAE (n = 16 340).
T19 2692-2949 Sentence denotes Among the top 10 traveler-receiving cities, 4 (Najaf, Baghdad, Damascus, and Baku) are in countries with an IDVI score lower than 0.6, suggesting elevated vulnerability to infectious disease outbreaks as well as limited ability to detect cases ( Figure 1) .
T20 2950-3094 Sentence denotes United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, and Canada ranked third, 21st, and 31st, respectively, for outbound air travel volume from Iran in February 2019.
T21 3095-3350 Sentence denotes We estimated that 18 300 COVID-19 cases (95% CI, 3770 to 53 470 cases) would have had to occur in Iran, assuming an outbreak duration of 1.5 months in the country, in order to observe these 3 internationally exported cases reported at the time of writing.
T22 3351-3494 Sentence denotes Vulnerability is measured at the country level by using the IDVI score, with a lower value indicating reduced capacity to respond to outbreaks.
T23 3495-3556 Sentence denotes Countries with the lowest IDVI scores are indicated in green.
T24 3557-3663 Sentence denotes The top 20 cities accounted for 70% of international outbound traveler volumes from Iran in February 2019.
T25 3664-3792 Sentence denotes The first and 20th ranked cities, Istanbul and Milan, had 46 550 and 2500 outbound passengers, respectively, during this period.
T26 3793-3839 Sentence denotes IDVI = Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index.
T27 3840-4073 Sentence denotes Given the low rankings for Lebanon and Canada for outbound air travel, it is unlikely that cases would be identified in these countries and not in Iraq, Syria, or Azerbaijan (countries with higher travel volumes but low IDVI scores).
T28 4074-4377 Sentence denotes Considering traveler volume alone, the odds of a single case being imported into Iraq rather than Canada or Lebanon would be 33.6 to 1 and 15.4 to 1 respectively; for Azerbaijan, the odds would be 3.8 to 1 and 1.7 to 1, respectively; and for Syria, the odds would be 3.7 to 1 and 1.7 to 1, respectively.
T29 4378-4674 Sentence denotes As such, we performed exploratory analyses in which we assumed that an unidentified exported case of COVID-19 was present in Iraq, Syria, Azerbaijan, or all 3 countries, in addition to Lebanon, Canada, and UAE, and estimated the outbreak size in Iran that would produce these results (Figure 2) .
T30 4675-4838 Sentence denotes We also evaluated a scenario in which we assumed perfect case detection in travelers from Iran, such that disease is truly absent in countries not reporting cases.
T31 4839-4979 Sentence denotes Under this "best-case" scenario, the estimated outbreak size in Iran was smaller but still substantial (1820 cases [CI, 380 to 5320 cases]).
T32 4980-4991 Sentence denotes Discussion:
T33 4992-5231 Sentence denotes Given the low volumes of air travel to countries with identified cases of COVID-19 originating in Iran (such as Canada), Iran probably is currently experiencing a COVID-19 epidemic of substantial size for such exportations to be occurring.
T34 5232-5369 Sentence denotes Our analysis would be modified by travel restrictions from Iran due to the recent political situation and by variations in the R 0 value.
T35 5370-5562 Sentence denotes Further, the lack of identified COVID-19 cases in countries with far closer travel ties to Iran suggests that cases in these countries are probably being missed rather than being truly absent.
T36 5563-5785 Sentence denotes This is concerning, both for public health in Iran itself and because of the high likelihood for outward dissemination of the disease to neighboring countries with lower capacity to respond to infectious disease epidemics.
T37 5786-5869 Sentence denotes Supporting capacity for public health initiatives in the region is urgently needed.