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CORD-19:e9854fb393df6ec24710f80621ac88983c3a0fcc JSONTXT 8 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-95 Sentence denotes Archives of Virology "Runde" Virus, a Coronavirus-Like Agent Assoeiated With Seabirds and Tieks
T2 97-105 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 106-285 Sentence denotes From 206 1. uriae collected in the seabird colonies at Runde, Norway, two identical virus strains demonstrating no antigenic relationships to major arbovirus groups were isolated.
T4 286-425 Sentence denotes The new strains demonstrated a corona-virus like morphology, haemagglutinated chicken red cells and were sensitive to sodium desoxycholate.
T5 426-543 Sentence denotes Multiplication with CPE was demonstrated in BHK 21/c13 and BSCd cells, and without CPE in Vero and GMK cell cultures.
T6 544-587 Sentence denotes The mouse pathogenicity was relative]y low.
T7 588-648 Sentence denotes In gel precipitation three to five specific lines were seen.
T8 649-739 Sentence denotes Precipitating antibodies have been found in seabird species commonly infested by I. uriae.
T9 740-870 Sentence denotes The ecological circumstances of the isolates indicate an earlier unrecognized arbovirus circulating between seabirds and I. uriae.
T10 871-934 Sentence denotes This corona-like virus has been tentatively termed Runde virus.
T11 936-1069 Sentence denotes In 1973 investigations were undertaken to evaluate the extent, distribution and ecological circumstances of arbovirus loci in Norway.
T12 1070-1351 Sentence denotes Until then., no arbovirus isolates had been reported from this country, although ecological and cli-nicaI/epidemiological considerations (3, 24, 26) and a limited serological survey on bovine sera (28) indicated the existence of Central-European tick-borne encephalitis virus fool.
T13 1352-1491 Sentence denotes The early phase of the project concerns the study of the importance of ticks as vectors; later, mosquito-borne agents will be investigated.
T14 1492-1639 Sentence denotes In Norway five Ixodes species are abundant: _[. ricinus (23) , I. tria.nguticeps (24) , I. hexagonus (17) , I. tividus (16) and 1. uriae (15, 23) .
T15 1640-1726 Sentence denotes The latter species is present at great numbers in the vast Norwegian seabird colonies.
T16 1727-1831 Sentence denotes Its ability to attack man and mammMs has been questionable, but this has been recently documented (18) .
T17 1832-1900 Sentence denotes This paper describes studies with Ixodes uriae as a possible vector.
T18 1901-1937 Sentence denotes These studies were undertaken since:
T19 1938-2063 Sentence denotes a) The tick is part of rather confined ecosystem which might be suitable for studies on virus-vector-host interrelationships.
T20 2064-2271 Sentence denotes b) Virus-transmission by this tick might have mainly zoonoticM but also some public health importance. c) Reports of arbovirus isolates from seabird colonies have been presented earlier (9, 10, 12, 32, 33) .
T21 2272-2474 Sentence denotes The seabird colonies at Runde were chosen from a great number of possibilities due to relative ease of access, and because an unusually high and unexplainable chick mortality had recently been reported.
T22 2475-2581 Sentence denotes From 206 I. uriae ticks collected at Runde in late September 1973, three virus strains have been isolated.
T23 2582-2645 Sentence denotes One of these isolates belongs to the Uukuniemi group (30, 31) .
T24 2646-2720 Sentence denotes The additional two strains are serologically closely related or identical.
T25 2721-2829 Sentence denotes Some characteristics and ecological circumstances of the latter viruses are reported in the present article.
T26 2830-2914 Sentence denotes Description o/ the Biotope The island Runde is situated at 62°25'N ' 5°38'E, approx.
T27 2915-2954 Sentence denotes 30 kin from the city Alesund (Fig. 1) .
T28 2955-3017 Sentence denotes The total area is about 6.4 km 2 and the circumference 20 kin.
T29 3018-3111 Sentence denotes There are two small settlements on the island, l~unde in southeast and Goksoyr in northeast :
T30 3112-3241 Sentence denotes Most of the island consists of an uneven mountain platea.u, and has altitudes varying between 100 and 330 metres above sea level.
T31 3242-3319 Sentence denotes In the southwest part, the plateau is terminated by cliffs bordering the sea.
T32 3320-3368 Sentence denotes Most seabird colonies are situated in this area.
T33 3369-3513 Sentence denotes Approaching sea-level there is naked stone with niches and clefts inhabited mainly by Rissa tridactyla, Sula bassana, Alca torda and Uria aalge.
T34 3514-3632 Sentence denotes Further up towards the plateau there are rockfalls covered by thin layers of soil supporting various gramnivor plants.
T35 3633-3701 Sentence denotes These parts are inhabited by the Common puffin (Fratercula arctica).
T36 3702-3808 Sentence denotes We visited the island between September 25--27, 1973 , and collected Ixodes uriae in the puffin rockfalls.
T37 3809-3897 Sentence denotes According to local ornithologists, the puffins had migrated South about 3 weeks earlier.
T38 3898-3945 Sentence denotes We found the ticks under and between the rocks.
T39 3946-4030 Sentence denotes Signs of engorgement were never seen, and they seemed to have entered into diapause.
T40 4031-4170 Sentence denotes Most of the ticks were to varying degrees surrounded by desiccated skinflaps indicating that they had newly emerged to their present stage.
T41 4171-4276 Sentence denotes Some had not completed their development from nymph to adult, and were totally surrounded by nymph cutis.
T42 4277-4380 Sentence denotes The ticks were kept on dram-vials with moist plaster of Paris, and transported alive to the laboratory.
T43 4381-4477 Sentence denotes We collected a totM of 257 I. uriae, 206 of which were processed for virus-isolation (Table 1) .
T44 4478-4616 Sentence denotes Isolation Procedures The ticks were divided according to stage and sex, pools of imagos consisting of 5 and nymph pools of 20 individuals.
T45 4617-4775 Sentence denotes After rinsing in saline, the ticks were ground in a mortar in 0.4 per cent bovine albumin in PBS pI-I 7.4 (APBS) with mycostatin, streptomycin and penicillin.
T46 4776-4919 Sentence denotes Suspensions were clarified by centrifugation at 1500 × g and inoculated i.c. into baby mouse litters, Born: NMRI (SPE), aged one to three days.
T47 4920-5010 Sentence denotes Suspensions not inoculated the same day as processed were kept at --70°C (l~evco UltrMow).
T48 5011-5066 Sentence denotes Mice were observed during 3 weeks for signs of illness.
T49 5067-5205 Sentence denotes Diseased mice were killed, brains removed aseptically and homogenated in APBS with antibiotics, centrifuged and passed into new baby mice.
T50 5206-5305 Sentence denotes Litters which remained healthy were killed after 3 weeks, brains processed and passed as described.
T51 5306-5350 Sentence denotes Two blind passages were performed routinely.
T52 5351-5512 Sentence denotes Calculations of 50 per cent end point, titers, LDs0 baby mice (BMLDa0) were performed according to IR,~D and Mu~NCI4 (20) , based on ten-fold titrations in mice.
T53 5514-5644 Sentence denotes Virus-multiplication has been tested in BHK21/c t3, IteLa Bristol, BSC-1, RK-13 and Vero celt lines and also in primary GMK cells.
T54 5645-5731 Sentence denotes BI-IK21/c I3 cells were grown in the medium described by MAePHE~aSOS" and STO~E~ (it).
T55 5732-5819 Sentence denotes All other cultures were grown in Eagle's medium with 2 per cent inactivated calf serum.
T56 5820-5868 Sentence denotes Tubes were seeded with 105 cells in 1 ml medium.
T57 5869-5927 Sentence denotes Cultures were used when confluent monolayers were present.
T58 5928-6297 Sentence denotes Cells were washed with saline, virus was diluted ~enfold from 10 -1 to t0 -6 in the medium, A volume of 0.2 ml of each dilution was inoculated into three tubes and allowed to adsorb for 1 hour at room temperature before washing with saline and addition, of new medium, Culture tubes were incubated for 8 days at 37 ° C and inspected daily for a Cytopathie effect (CPE).
T59 6298-6387 Sentence denotes After 8 days culture fluids were inoculated i.c. in baby mice litters, 0.0t ml per mouse.
T60 6388-6427 Sentence denotes Cell controls were treated in parallel.
T61 6428-6509 Sentence denotes BHK21/e 13 cultures in Roux bottles were established by seeding 6 × 10a cells/ml.
T62 6510-6652 Sentence denotes Efforts to plaque the isolates were performed in BItK 21/c 13 cells under carboxymethylcellulose overlay by a method recently described (22) .
T63 6653-6839 Sentence denotes One to three hundred times concentration of cell culture fluids were performed by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and NaC1 as described by McS~ARRY and BENZINGEE (14) .
T64 6840-6944 Sentence denotes In some instances the precipitates were sonicated at 100W for 3 × 15 seconds in a Branson B 12 sonifier,
T65 6945-7055 Sentence denotes Sensitivity to sodium-desoxycholate (SI)C) was determined in baby mouse litters by the method of T~EI~a (25) .
T66 7056-7430 Sentence denotes For haemagglutination (HA), Immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) and closed hexagon immundiffusion (CHI) experiments, the following antigen preparations have been employed : a) Crude suckling mouse brain (SMB) preparations: a 20 per cent infected suspension in APBS which has been centrifuged for 15 minutes at 10,000 rpm. b) Sucrose-aceton (SA) extracted infected mouse brains:
T67 7431-7546 Sentence denotes Prepared according to C~AR~:E and CASALS (4), but omitting the final lyophilization step. c) Cell culture antigens:
T68 7547-7713 Sentence denotes Culture fluids from infected BHK21/c13 Roux bottle cultures were precipitated with 6 per cent PEG 6000 (Macrogolum, Norsk Medisinaldepot) and 2.2 per cent NaCI (14) .
T69 7714-7780 Sentence denotes The 100--300 times concentrated virus-precipitates were sonieated.
T70 7781-7888 Sentence denotes Antibodies were produced in adult, white mice inoculated with infectious suckling mouse brain preparations.
T71 7889-8061 Sentence denotes Initially each mouse received a virus dose of approximately 2.5 x 104-5 BMLD~0 in 0.25 ml brain suspension mixed thoroughly with 0.25 mI Freund's complete adjuvant (Difco).
T72 8062-8162 Sentence denotes Subsequently 3 weekly injections with approximately 5× 104-5 BMLD~0 in 0.5 ml suspension were given.
T73 8163-8247 Sentence denotes The last injection, identical to the initial one, was performed one week thereafter.
T74 8248-8342 Sentence denotes Another 7--8 days later paraeentesis and bleeding from the retro-orbital sinus were performed.
T75 8343-8413 Sentence denotes Arltibody preparations for Tahyna virus were produced in the same way.
T76 8414-8558 Sentence denotes A fowl antiserum to avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIB) with a NI of 6.1, was kindly provided by the Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo.
T77 8559-8694 Sentence denotes Reference mouse antibody preparations to TBE, Tribec, EEE, WEE and Uukuniemi (S 23) were supplied by the Yale Arbovirus Research Urlit.
T78 8695-8751 Sentence denotes An ornithological expedition to tternyken, Rost (approx.
T79 8752-8823 Sentence denotes 67 ° 28°N, 12°E (Fig. 1) , collected 19 seabird sera in early May 1975.
T80 8824-8878 Sentence denotes The composition of this material is cited in Table 6 .
T81 8879-9068 Sentence denotes Serological Methods tIaemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) tests were performed according to CLARKE and CASALS (4), modified for microtitration equipment (Cooke Eng.
T82 9069-9074 Sentence denotes Co.).
T83 9075-9151 Sentence denotes HA activity was tested within the pH range 5.6--7.2 at 4 °, 22 ° and 37 ° C.
T84 9152-9214 Sentence denotes Erythrocytes from a variety of species have been investigated.
T85 9215-9366 Sentence denotes These results will be reported separately, and all HA and HAI titers in the present paper refer to the employment of 0.5 per cent chicken erythrocytes.
T86 9367-9438 Sentence denotes (IEOP) Twelve ml gel was poured onto precoated 8 × 8 cm lantern slides.
T87 9439-9491 Sentence denotes For antigen detection I per cent agarose (L'Industr.
T88 9492-9497 Sentence denotes Biol.
T89 9498-9617 Sentence denotes Franc.) and for antibody detection a mixture of 0.6 per cent agarose and 0.4~ per cent Difco Baeto agar was used (29) .
T90 9618-9681 Sentence denotes Three rows of paired wells with 3 mm diameter were punched out.
T91 9682-9715 Sentence denotes The well interdistance was 3 ram.
T92 9716-9854 Sentence denotes In the I-lepascreen eleetrophoresis apparatus (Spectra Biologicals, Oxnard, Calif., 9303) 2 slides were run simultaneously for I--2 hours.
T93 9855-9923 Sentence denotes In screenings, this allows testing of 58 unknown samples in one run.
T94 9924-10124 Sentence denotes Gel Precipitation This was performed by a sensitive modification of the micro Ouehterlony technique termed closed hexagon immunodiffusion (CHI) (27) , and also with varying patterns on lantern slides.
T95 10125-10300 Sentence denotes To obtain the maximum number and intensity of the precipitation lines, the antigens were applieated several times (2--5) during the 16 24 hours prior to antiserum application.
T96 10301-10439 Sentence denotes Due to the lower diffusion rate of antigens, an interval of 2--4 hours between the last antigen and the antiserum application was adopted.
T97 10440-10514 Sentence denotes The first lines then could be seen 4--5 hours after antiserum application.
T98 10515-10637 Sentence denotes The gels were incubated at room temperature overnight, and then several days at -~4 ° C before staining and final reading.
T99 10638-10724 Sentence denotes IEOP and CHI gels were stained by 4 per cent tannic acid as previously described (8) .
T100 10725-10944 Sentence denotes Negative Contrast EIV[ Infected culture fluids from BgK21/cl3 cells grown in Roux bottles were concentrated 300 times by PEG6000/NaC1 precipitation (14) , resuspended in borate saline pit 9 or PBS ptI 7.4 and sonicated.
T101 10945-11070 Sentence denotes Then 0.3 ml suspension was diluted 1/10 in PBS and centrifuged for 1 hour in a SorvM1 RC 2-B with rotor 55--34 at 20,000 rpm.
T102 11071-11238 Sentence denotes The pellet was suspended in a few drops of distilled water and negatively stained with 2 per cent phosphotungstie acid pI-I 7.0 or 0.5 per cent uranyloxalate pI-I 6.0.
T103 11239-11359 Sentence denotes One drop virus-stain mixture was placed on a formvar-earbon coated grid and excess fluid was withdrawn with filterpaper.
T104 11360-11448 Sentence denotes The grid was examined in a JEM 100B Electron Miscroseope at a magnification of 50,000 ×.
T105 11449-11565 Sentence denotes Thin Section EM Infected and control BHK 21/c 13 cultures were harvested 4 days p.i. by means of a rubber policeman.
T106 11566-11794 Sentence denotes The ceils were fixed in 3 per cent glutaraldehyde for 1 hour at -~ 4 ° C, washed three times in eacodylate buffer, postfixed in 1 per cent osmiumtetroxyde for 1 hour at room temperature and centrifuged for 3 minutes at 2500 rpm.
T107 11795-11959 Sentence denotes The cell pellet was resuspended in a few drops of caeodylate buffer and centrifuged in micro capillary tubes in a hematocrit eentrifuge for 3 minutes at 12,500 rpm.
T108 11960-12081 Sentence denotes The pellets were removed from the capillary tubes, dehydrated in acetone and embedded in Spurt by a rapid procedure (6) .
T109 12082-12253 Sentence denotes Ultrathin sections (silver) were cut on a U 2-Reichert Ultramierotome and doubly stained by saturated uranylacetate in 50 per cent ethanol and Reynolds lead citrate (21) .
T110 12254-12335 Sentence denotes Electron microscopy was carried out in a JEM 100B at a magnification of 50,000 ×.
T111 12336-12481 Sentence denotes Two pools, both processed from 5 unengorged female I. urine, termed E81 and E85 were inoculated into mouse litters 2 and 3 days old respectively.
T112 12482-12547 Sentence denotes The mice seemed unaffected during the 3 weeks observation period.
T113 12548-12649 Sentence denotes However, in the first passage (M1) the mice were moribund after 1.4 days for E81 and 13 days for E85.
T114 12650-12801 Sentence denotes In the second passage (M2), incubation periods were reduced to i0 and 9 days respectively and in the subsequent passages to 5--7 days for both strains.
T115 12802-12891 Sentence denotes The viruses were reisolated twice from the original tick pools during the following year.
T116 12892-12933 Sentence denotes These results are summarized in Table 2 .
T117 12934-13038 Sentence denotes The original tick pools were diluted 1/10 in BHK-medimn and inoculated on five BHK21/c 13 tube cultures.
T118 13039-13080 Sentence denotes The tubes were harvested after five days.
T119 13081-13101 Sentence denotes No CPE was recorded.
T120 13102-13171 Sentence denotes The culture fluids were incubated into three baby mouse litters each.
T121 13172-13212 Sentence denotes The mice were moribund after 8--10 days.
T122 13213-13319 Sentence denotes The viruses were shown to be serologically identical to the strains isolated in mice by HAI, CHI and IEOP.
T123 13320-13427 Sentence denotes The Ru E8t tick pool was diluted 1/100 in BHK-medium, and three BHK cultures in Roux bottles were infected.
T124 13428-13473 Sentence denotes Tile cultures were harvested after four days.
T125 13474-13579 Sentence denotes Infected culture fluid was inoculated i.c. into 5 baby mouse litters, which were paralysed at day 10 p.i.
T126 13580-13677 Sentence denotes The rest of the culture fluids were concentrated 100 times by PEG 6000/NaCI, and used as antigen.
T127 13678-13803 Sentence denotes The isolates were shown to be serologiealty identical, and also identical to the mouse-passaged strains by HAI, CHI and IEOP.
T128 13804-13926 Sentence denotes A 20 per cent brain suspension from the third suckling mouse brain passage (M3) titered 105-s BMLDs0/ml in 1 day old mice.
T129 13927-14000 Sentence denotes The virus suspension was titrated in parallel in 7 and 1.4 days old mice.
T130 14001-14215 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 3, 1 week old mice were nearly as sensitive as the newborn, while there was a drop in infectivity of 1.2 logs and a prolongation of average survival time from 6.3 to 10.5 days for 2 week old mice.
T131 14216-14366 Sentence denotes During production of antibody preparations it was demon-strafed that adult mice were refractary to intraperitoneally injections with both E81 and E85.
T132 14367-14509 Sentence denotes In HeLa Bristol and RK-13 cultures no signs of virus multiplication were detected during primary inoculation and 3 consecutive blind passages.
T133 14510-14648 Sentence denotes No CPE was present, and culture media concentrated 1--300 times by PEG 6000/NaC1 precipitation did not affect 1--3 days old suckling mice.
T134 14649-14783 Sentence denotes As mentioned before, virus multiplication but no CPE was recorded after infection of BHK 21/c13 cultures with the original tick pools.
T135 14784-14852 Sentence denotes Plaquing in BHK 21/e 13 cells was not successful by the method used.
T136 14853-14960 Sentence denotes Both I~unde ES1 and E85 virus demonstrated a very marked sensitivity to treatment with sodiumdesoxycholate.
T137 14961-15061 Sentence denotes The titers were reduced from 5.5 to 3.4 in the case of Ru E81 and 5.8 to 3.6 in the case of l~u E36.
T138 15062-15146 Sentence denotes l~unde virus produces antigens in suckling mouse brains as well as in BHK 21 l c 13.
T139 15147-15258 Sentence denotes The antigens demonstrate specific reactions with mouse antisera and immune aseitie fluids in HAI, CHI and IEOP.
T140 15259-15605 Sentence denotes The antigenic preparations have been kept at, --20 ° C for 11 months without loss in reactivity, Itaemagglutinating (HA) antigens can be produced ~om infected SMB by the SA extraction method of CL~R~:E and CASALS (4), hut Mso suspensions of crude infected SMB and PEG 6000/NaC1 precipitated cell culture fluids contain haemagglutinating activity.
T141 15606-15703 Sentence denotes The ability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes is relatively independent of pit and temperature.
T142 15704-15803 Sentence denotes The highest titers and most clearcut endpoints have however been attained by pit 6.4--6.8 at 4 ° C.
T143 15804-15880 Sentence denotes In HAI no serologic differences between RUE81 and E85 could be demonstrated.
T144 15881-15994 Sentence denotes The mouse antisera and immune ascitie fluids were inhibitory to 4I-IA units of antigen to dilutions of 1/80--640.
T145 15995-16124 Sentence denotes Normal mouse sera were not inhibitory, neither was a fowl antiserum to AIB virus or antisera to TBE, Tribec, EEE, WEE and Tahyna.
T146 16125-16240 Sentence denotes Precipitating antigens, as revealed by CHI and I E O P , also were present in the same preparations as cited above.
T147 16241-16338 Sentence denotes I n CItI 3 --5 specific lines have been noted (Fig. 2) , while in I E O P double lines were seen.
T148 16339-16400 Sentence denotes No antigenic difference between the two strains was detected.
T149 16401-16495 Sentence denotes Virus from mouse brains and cell culture demonstrated total i d e n t i t y b y these methods.
T150 16496-16584 Sentence denotes No reaction was observed with a n antiserum aga, inst avian infectious bronchitis virus.
T151 16586-16668 Sentence denotes The 19 seabird sera were screened by I E O P , and the specificity secured by CHI.
T152 16669-16734 Sentence denotes Foul" out of 19 birds had precipitating antibodies to R u E 8 t .
T153 16735-16806 Sentence denotes The composition of the material and the results are sho~nt in Table 4 .
T154 16808-16919 Sentence denotes Negative Contrast EM A series of electron micrographs of negatively stained preparations are presented in Figs.
T155 16920-16925 Sentence denotes 3, 4.
T156 16926-17031 Sentence denotes Fig. 3 shows corona-virus-like structures in a preparation from l~u E 81 infected cell culture supernate.
T157 17032-17090 Sentence denotes Similar structures were never seen in uninfected controls.
T158 17091-17255 Sentence denotes Most of the particles have an approximate total diameter of 170 nm, but in other preparations particles with diameters varying from l l 0 to 220 n m have been seen.
T159 17256-17324 Sentence denotes Fig. 4 A demonstrates an intuct particle at a greater magnification.
T160 17325-17383 Sentence denotes I t seems to contain an inner structure 80 nm in diameter.
T161 17384-17511 Sentence denotes Fig. 4 B and 4C demonstrate partly and completely disrupted particles with loss of knobs and release of inner helical material.
T162 17512-17632 Sentence denotes Staining with 0.5 per cent uranyloxalate (Fig. 4D ) produces a sort of 3-dimensional picture of the virus-like particle.
T163 17633-17830 Sentence denotes Thin Section EM Thin sections of R u ES1 infected B H K 21/e13 cultures 4 days p.i., demonstrate virus-like particles in the cytoplasm and extraeellularly between broken and intact cells (Fig. 5) .
T164 17831-17876 Sentence denotes The particles have a diameter of 100--110 nm.
T165 17877-17967 Sentence denotes Some of them look empty, while others are penetrated by stain and expose inner structures.
T166 17968-18084 Sentence denotes The particles seem to have a double outer membrane, but no knobs are visible by thin sections and positive staining.
T167 18086-18270 Sentence denotes When the Runde virus strairts were first isolated, it had to be kept in mind that they might originate from the staff handling the tick pools, or from the baby mice used for isolation.
T168 18271-18476 Sentence denotes The reisolations from the original tick suspensions (Table 2) , a~d the properties differing from known human, rodent and also avian eoronaviruses (2, 19) , could not entirely rule out these possibilities.
T169 18477-18628 Sentence denotes But the fact that antibodies to the virus were demonstrated irt seabirds and the isolation of virus also in cell cultures seem to settle this question.
T170 18629-18766 Sentence denotes Circumstances of tickcollection strongly support that Runde virus is an arbovirus in the ecological sense, and not a mechanical pick-up :
T171 18767-18769 Sentence denotes 1.
T172 18770-18891 Sentence denotes I t is highly unlike that a relatively labile virus should survive for 3 weeks in I. uriae without active multiplication.
T173 18892-18894 Sentence denotes 2.
T174 18895-19132 Sentence denotes The lack of engorgement or pregnancy of the female I. uriae, and the fact that they were in diapause and surrounded by desiccated skinlaps, strongly indicate that t~unde virus m a y have passed interstadially in the virus-carrying ticks.
T175 19133-19274 Sentence denotes Still, the final inclusion of t~unde virus amortg the arboviruses must await the demonstratiorl of true biological transmission by .I. uriae.
T176 19275-19457 Sentence denotes Although the morphology of gunde virus strikingly resembles that of the eoronavirus group, some characteristics of the virus differ considerably from 3* those of known coronaviruses.
T177 19458-19606 Sentence denotes This holds true for the pathogenicity to mice (2, 13) , the ability to grow in cell cultures (1, 2, 5) and the haemagglutinating properties (2, 7) .
T178 19607-19706 Sentence denotes Besides, the size of the virion seems larger than for other members of the coronavirus group (19) .
T179 19707-19967 Sentence denotes The discrepancy in size between negative contrast and thin sections may be partly due to shrinkage during fixation and dehydration prior to embedding and thin sectioning, and partly to collapse of the particles by negative staining adding to their actual size.
T180 19968-20127 Sentence denotes The most reliable staining procedure for size calculations probably is negative staining by uranyloxalate which also stabilizes the structure of the particles.
T181 20128-20266 Sentence denotes Detailed taxonomic considerations for Runde virus must await further characterization of biological, serological and molecular properties.
T182 20267-20533 Sentence denotes But Runde virus is probably a "new" coronavirus on the grounds of: its morphology, the lack of cross reaction with avian infectious bronchitis virus and the lack of serological reactions with control mouse sera probably eliminating the possibility of MI-IV isolates.
T183 20534-20676 Sentence denotes Also, our Department of experimental animals have no indications of mouse hepatitis in the mouse colony which have been used in these studies.
T184 20677-20868 Sentence denotes The demonstration of this hitherto unrecognized virus associated with seabirds and ticks also necessitates further efforts to clarify-the ecological and possible epizootologieal implications.
T185 20869-21004 Sentence denotes As alre~ody mentioned, an unusually high chick mortality ill the seabird colonies at Runde has been reported during the Ias~ few years.
T186 21005-21175 Sentence denotes Bacteriological and toxocological research has not been able to reveal any definite etiological factor, although pesticide residues have been demonstrated to some extent.
T187 21176-21229 Sentence denotes This must of course bring viruses into consideration.
T188 21230-21337 Sentence denotes A synergistic action between pesticides and virus seems one possible working hypothesis in this connection.
T189 21338-21599 Sentence denotes Since Norwegian seabird colonies in general are rather frequently visited by scientists, students, holiday travellers and the local public, the recent documentation of the ability of I. uriae to attack man (18) raises the question of public health implications.
T190 21600-21761 Sentence denotes Isolations from I. urine of Uukuniemi viruses (30, 31, 33) orbiviruses (12, 32) and flaviviruses (9, 33) ill addition to Runde virus further stresses this point.
T191 21762-21861 Sentence denotes At present nothing is known concerning the distribution and general infection rates of Runde virus.
T192 21862-21959 Sentence denotes Some indications that it might be widespread in Norwegian seabird eolonies can be given, however.
T193 21960-22117 Sentence denotes Firstly, the isolation of two virus strains from only 206 I. urine collected at Runde indicates a rather high infection rate of the vectors in this location.
T194 22118-22260 Sentence denotes Secondly, the demonstration of a high rate of seropositive birds at tlernyken, Rest, proves that virus-circulation is not restricted to Runde.
T195 22261-22444 Sentence denotes Further field work and experiments which may throw more light upon th(~ ecological interrelationships of Runde virus as well as upon the characteristics of the virion are in progress.
T196 22445-22629 Sentence denotes We are indebted to Eva Mood Petterson, Einar Brunvold and Hatlgrim Sog£rd for their skilfuI technical assistance, and to Tone Lea for her valuable help with the preparation of figures.