CORD-19_Custom_license_subset  

CORD-19:e847d433e7424152a9846673209cb73027415ecd JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-910 Sentence denotes Automated methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing P441 Vancomycin reformulation in a Microscan Dried Overnight Panel: a multicentre evaluation with Gram-positive cocci including VRSA P442 Direct identification and susceptibility testing of Gram-positive cocci from positive Bactec blood cultures with BD Phoenix Automated Microbiology System P445 Evaluation of identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens by VITEK 2 Compact System P446 Evaluation of the Vitek-2 system using AST-N020 y AST-N041 cards for susceptibility testing of beta-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains of clinical origin P447 Susceptibility testing of unusual species of Enterobacteriaceae: comparison of disk diffusion, Vitek 2, and broth microdilution P448 Evaluation of new VITEK 2 AST cards for detection of ESBL mediated resistance in E. coli and Klebsiella spp.
T2 911-1161 Sentence denotes P449 Detection of ESBL mediated resistance in Enterobacter spp. by using new VITEK2 AST cards and advanced expert system P451 Evaluation of the VITEK 2Ò ESBL test in detecting ESBL-positive clinical Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates
T3 1163-1171 Sentence denotes Abstract
T4 1172-1363 Sentence denotes publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source.
T5 1364-1474 Sentence denotes These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
T6 1475-1477 Sentence denotes M.
T7 1478-1490 Sentence denotes Armengol, J.
T8 1491-1500 Sentence denotes Calvo, L.
T9 1501-1534 Sentence denotes Martinez-Martinez (Santander, ES)
T10 1535-1546 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T11 1547-1795 Sentence denotes To evaluate the reliability of the MicroScan WalkAway 96 system (W/A) for determining susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical samples to quinolones, including organisms totally resistant or with low level resistance.
T12 1796-1804 Sentence denotes Methods:
T13 1805-2087 Sentence denotes We evaluated 278 clinical isolates (1 per patient) with different phenotypes of resistance to quinolones, including 108 E. coli, 43 P. mirabilis, 19 K. pneumoniae, 15 M. morganii, 11 C. freundii, 20 other enterobacteria, 47 P. aeruginosa, 11 A. baumannii and 4 other non fermenters.
T14 2088-2201 Sentence denotes Enterobacteria were selected for including consecutive isolates with the following phenotypes (CLSI definitions):
T15 2202-2465 Sentence denotes Group 1 (54 E. coli and 52 non-E. coli): susceptible to nalidixic acid (NAL) and to ciprofloxacin (CIP); Group 2 (26 E. coli and 34 non-E. coli): NAL-resistant (R), and with MIC of CIP ranging 0.5-2 mg/l; Group 3: (28 E. coli and 22 non-E. coli): NAL-R and CIP-R.
T16 2466-2589 Sentence denotes W/A testing was done with Combo Urine 1S panels, containing NAL (4, 16 mg/l), CIP (0.12, 0.5, 1, 2 mg/l), norfloxacin (NOR:
T17 2590-2621 Sentence denotes 8, 16 mg/l) and ofloxacin (OFL:
T18 2622-2633 Sentence denotes 2, 4 mg/l).
T19 2634-2733 Sentence denotes The reference method was microdilution (MD, CLSI; 128-0.06 mg/l for NAL, 32-0.015 mg/l for others).
T20 2734-3144 Sentence denotes Results of W/A and MD were compared by calculating agreement in clinical categories, number of minor, major (ME, false resistance) and very major errors (VME, false susceptibility), and essential agreement (that in ±1 dilution, considering no disagreement when both MICs by W/A and MD were under or over the limit 2006 Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 12, Supplement 4 concentrations in W/A panels).
T21 3145-3187 Sentence denotes NAL was evaluated only for enterobacteria.
T22 3188-3196 Sentence denotes Results:
T23 3197-3261 Sentence denotes Agreements in clinical categories and essential agreements were:
T24 3262-3356 Sentence denotes 98.2% and 97.8% (NAL), 93.5% and 92.8% (CIP), 97.5% and 99.6% (NOR) and 95.3% and 99.0% (OFL).
T25 3357-3426 Sentence denotes For the 1050 organism-quinolone combinations there were 3 (0.3%) VME:
T26 3427-3490 Sentence denotes 1 each for CIP, NOR and OFL, all in P. aeruginosa; 6 (0.6%) ME:
T27 3491-3559 Sentence denotes 2 for NAL (1 E. coli, 1 P. mirabilis), 2 for CIP (1 P. mirabilis, 1.
T28 3560-3636 Sentence denotes S. maltophilia) and 2 for OFL (2 S. marcescens); and 31 (2.9%) minor errors:
T29 3637-3822 Sentence denotes 15 for CIP (7 P. mirabilis, 2 P. aeruginosa, 2 S. marcescens, 4 others), 6 for NOR (2 P. aeruginosa, 2 S. marcescens, 2 others) and 10 for OFL (4 P. mirabilis, 3 M. morganii, 3 others).
T30 3823-3835 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T31 3836-4014 Sentence denotes The W/A system can be reliably used for testing gram-negative bacteria to quinolones, including isolates resistant or with decreased susceptibility to these antimicrobial agents.
T32 4015-4110 Sentence denotes False resistance to amikacin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the MicroScan WalkAway 96 system F.
T33 4111-4119 Sentence denotes Unda, J.
T34 4120-4129 Sentence denotes Calvo, M.
T35 4130-4142 Sentence denotes Armengol, L.
T36 4143-4188 Sentence denotes Martínez-Martínez (Santander, ES) Objectives:
T37 4189-4361 Sentence denotes To determine the reliability of susceptibility testing results of P. aeruginosa strains reported as resistant to amikacin (AMK) with the MicroScan WalkAway 96 system (W/A).
T38 4362-4370 Sentence denotes Methods:
T39 4371-4526 Sentence denotes We evaluated 131 consecutive non duplicated P. aeruginosa strains isolated during February 2004-January 2005, resistant to AMK according to the W/A system.
T40 4527-4624 Sentence denotes Identification and susceptibility testing was performed according to manufacturer's instructions.
T41 4625-4714 Sentence denotes Two type of panels with the following concentrations (mg/L) of aminoglycosides were used:
T42 4715-4757 Sentence denotes Negative Combo 1S panel [gentamicin (GEN):
T43 4758-4784 Sentence denotes 4 and 8; tobramycin (TOB):
T44 4785-4798 Sentence denotes 4 and 8, AMK:
T45 4799-4876 Sentence denotes 8 and 16] and Urine Combo 1S panel (GEN 4 and 8; TOB 4 and 8; AMK 16 and 32).
T46 4877-4888 Sentence denotes The results
T47 4889-4968 Sentence denotes were compared with those obtained by reference microdilution (CLSI guidelines).
T48 4969-5004 Sentence denotes MICs were also obtained with Etest.
T49 5005-5126 Sentence denotes For comparisons, MICs by Etest within two values of the 2-log dilution scale were rounded up to the next higher dilution.
T50 5127-5192 Sentence denotes Percentages of agreements in clinical categories were calculated.
T51 5193-5482 Sentence denotes Disagreements were defined as very major errors (VME: resistant by microdilution and susceptible by W/A or Etest), major errors (ME: susceptible by microdiluiton and resistant by W/A or Etest) and minor errors (mE: intermediate by one method and susceptible or resistant by the other one).
T52 5483-5608 Sentence denotes Agreements of MICs by Etest within one and within two dilution steps of those obtained by microdilution were also calculated.
T53 5609-5617 Sentence denotes Results:
T54 5618-5831 Sentence denotes Percentages of agreement in clinical categories between W/A and microdilution for GEN, TOB and AMK were 81.7%, 92.4% and 3.0%, while for Etest and microdilution the corresponding values were 97.7%, 100% and 99.2%.
T55 5832-6043 Sentence denotes No VME were obtained with W/A, but ME were observed for 18/131 (13.7%), 9/131 (6.9%) and 120/131 (91.6%) of the strains. mE with W/A were obtained in 6/131 (4.58%), 1/131 (0.7%) and 7/ 131 (5.3%) of the strains.
T56 6044-6081 Sentence denotes Only mE were obtained with the Etest:
T57 6082-6128 Sentence denotes 3/131 (2.3%) for GEN and 1/131 (0.7%) for AMK.
T58 6129-6293 Sentence denotes Agreement within one and within two dilution step of MICs by Etest and by microdilution were 91.6% and 98.4% (AMK), 81.6% and 94.6% (TOB) and 87.0% and 97.7% (GEN).
T59 6294-6306 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T60 6307-6492 Sentence denotes In his study, the W/A system was not reliable for susceptibility testing of P. aeruginosa to AMK, as most strains reported as AMK-resistant actually were susceptible to this antibiotic.
T61 6493-6558 Sentence denotes To a lesser extent, major errors were also noted for GEN and TOB.
T62 6559-6663 Sentence denotes On the other hand the Etest agreed very well with reference microdilution for all three aminoglycosides.
T63 6664-6675 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T64 6676-6866 Sentence denotes To evaluate the Vitek-2 (V2) system (bioMérieux, France) using AST-N020 or AST-N041 cards for susceptibility Abstracts 2006 Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 12, Supplement 4 ISSN:
T65 6867-7034 Sentence denotes 1470-9465 testing and recognition of phenotypes of resistance of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (Eco) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn) resistant to beta-lactams.
T66 7035-7121 Sentence denotes AST-N041 contains specific test for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) detection.
T67 7122-7130 Sentence denotes Methods:
T68 7131-7155 Sentence denotes We tested 136 organisms:
T69 7156-7361 Sentence denotes 44 Eco and 20 Kpn producing TEM, SHV or CTX-M ESBL, 39 Eco hyperproducing chromosomal AmpC (HAmpC), 11 Kpn ESBL(+) and lacking porins [POR (-)] and 22 Kpn with plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase (pACBL).
T70 7362-7576 Sentence denotes MICs were determined by microdilution (MD, CLSI guidelines); resistance mechanisms were studied by beta-lactamase characterization (isoelectric focusing and gene sequencing) and SDS-PAGE of outer membrane proteins.
T71 7577-7800 Sentence denotes MICs of amoxicillin-CLV (AMC), piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ), cefoxitin (FOX), cefotaxime (CTX), ceftazidime (CAZ) and cefepime (FEP) determined with N020 and N041 cards were compared between them and with the reference MD.
T72 7801-7954 Sentence denotes Presumed phenotypes of resistance by the V2 advanced expert system (AES), and suggested changes in clinical categories were also compared for both cards.
T73 7955-7963 Sentence denotes Results:
T74 7964-8224 Sentence denotes For the 136 strains, MICs of AMC, PTZ, and FOX with each card were within one dilution step for 135 strains; MICs of CTX, CAZ, and FEP with N020 were ‡2 dilutions higher than with N041 for 7, 2 and 0 strains, while the reverse was noted for 8, 6 and 3 strains.
T75 8225-8398 Sentence denotes MICs of FEP with N020 and N041 were ‡2 dilutions lower than with reference MD for 28/64 ESBL organisms, and for 10/33 Kpn POR (-) or pACBL (+), but agreed for all Eco HAmpC.
T76 8399-8541 Sentence denotes Phenotypes suggested by the AES with N020 card agreed with reference results for 59/64 ESBL (+) strains, 9/11 ESBL (+)/POR(-) and 19/22 pACBL.
T77 8542-8607 Sentence denotes With N041 these values were 61/64, 11/11 and 17/22, respectively.
T78 8608-8821 Sentence denotes For 31/ 39 Eco HAmpC the AES with N020 suggested several phenotypes, including an ESBL, reporting them as resistant to CTX, CAZ and FEP; the N041 card correctly discarded the presence of an ESBL in all 39 strains.
T79 8822-8834 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T80 8835-9093 Sentence denotes Differences in MICs of CTX, CAZ and FEP obtained with AST-N020 and AST-N041 cards for organisms ESBL(+) or pACBL(+) were noted in comparison with reference results, but this usually did not translate into changes in clinical categories after AES suggestions.
T81 9094-9251 Sentence denotes The AES shows excellent agreement with underlying mechanisms of resistance with card N041, but with N020 it suggests false presence of ESBLin most Eco HAmpC.
T82 9252-9262 Sentence denotes Objective:
T83 9263-9359 Sentence denotes Unusual species of Enterobacteriaceae can cause clinical infections in humans on rare occasions.
T84 9360-9475 Sentence denotes However, there have been few studies evaluating the accuracy of susceptibility testing methods for these organisms.
T85 9476-9745 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to determine whether disk diffusion (DD) and Vitek 2 gave accurate susceptibility test results for these unusual isolates when compared to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution (BMD) reference method.
T86 9746-9754 Sentence denotes Methods:
T87 9755-10117 Sentence denotes Sixty-one isolates representing 15 genera and 25 different species including Buttiauxella, Cedecea, Ewingella, Kluyvera, Leminorella, Rahnella, and Yokenella from the strain collection of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were tested by the DD and BMD reference methods using Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar and cation-adjusted MH broth at 35C for 18-20 h.
T88 10118-10259 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial agents included aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
T89 10260-10322 Sentence denotes CLSI interpretative criteria for Enterobacteriaceae were used.
T90 10323-10506 Sentence denotes Identification and susceptibility of the isolates were also tested by Vitek 2 as described by the manufacturer; identification results were compared to conventional biochemical tests.
T91 10507-10515 Sentence denotes Results:
T92 10516-10596 Sentence denotes Of the 12 drugs tested by BMD and DD, 10 showed >95% categorical agreement (CA).
T93 10597-10653 Sentence denotes CA was lower for ampicillin (80.3%) and cefazolin (77%).
T94 10654-10802 Sentence denotes There were three very major errors (all with cefazolin, one resolved on repeat testing), one major error (also with cefazolin), and 22 minor errors.
T95 10803-10999 Sentence denotes Thirty-four of 40 isolates (covering 12 species) that were in the Vitek 2 database were identified correctly to species level, 1 was correct to genus level, and five were reported as unidentified.
T96 11000-11128 Sentence denotes Vitek 2 generated MIC results for 41 (67.2%) of 61 isolates but categorical interpretations (S, I, R) were provided only for 24.
T97 11129-11326 Sentence denotes For the 17 drugs tested by both BMD and Vitek 2, essential agreement (41 isolates) ranged from 80.5-100% and CA (24 isolates) ranged from 66.7% (ampicillin) to 100%; twelve drugs exhibited 100% CA.
T98 11327-11492 Sentence denotes Conclusions: DD, which is often the backup method for laboratories with automated systems, provided accurate susceptibility test results for these unusual organisms.
T99 11493-11603 Sentence denotes The Vitek 2 identified 85% of a subset of isolates correctly, but only provided MIC interpretations for 58.5%.
T100 11604-11746 Sentence denotes Thus, DD provides a reliable alternative to BMD for testing unusual Enterobacteriaceae, some of which cannot be tested with automated methods.
T101 11747-11749 Sentence denotes H.
T102 11750-11774 Sentence denotes Rodriguez-Villalobos, J.
T103 11775-11783 Sentence denotes Smet, C.
T104 11784-11795 Sentence denotes Nonhoff, S.
T105 11796-11810 Sentence denotes Crevecoeur, R.
T106 11811-11826 Sentence denotes De Mendonça, M.
T107 11827-11851 Sentence denotes Struelens (Brussels, BE)
T108 11852-12035 Sentence denotes Objective: VITEK 2 (BioMerieux) has developed novel gramnegative susceptibility cards (AST-045 and AST-046) to improve the accuracy of ESBL detection among E. coli and Klebsiella spp.
T109 12036-12151 Sentence denotes These cards contain a specific ESBL test combining cefotaxime, cefepime and ceftazidime alone and with clavulanate.
T110 12152-12351 Sentence denotes We evaluated these cards and Advanced Expert System (AES) ability to detect ESBL mediated resistance in a well characterized collection of ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp clinical isolates.
T111 12352-12360 Sentence denotes Methods:
T112 12361-12495 Sentence denotes A total of 100 E. coli strains (83 ESBL and 16 AmpC producing E. coli) and 26 Klebsiella spp isolates (26 ESBL strains) were included.
T113 12496-12648 Sentence denotes The presence of ESBL was confirmed by double disc synergy test and combined disc with three substrates and PCR for bla TEM, bla SHV and bla CTX-M genes.
T114 12649-12719 Sentence denotes ESBL were characterized by isoelectric-focusing and/or DNA sequencing.
T115 12720-12854 Sentence denotes ESBL strains included E. coli harbouring CTX-M group 1 enzymes in 50%, CTX-M group 2 in 11%, TEM enzymes in 13% and SHV enzymes in 6%.
T116 12855-12960 Sentence denotes All ESBL producing Klebsiella spp harboured CTX-M enzymes in combination with TEM or SHV beta-lactamases.
T117 12961-13100 Sentence denotes Organisms were subcultured twice on bloodsheep agar before loading the AS045 and AS046 cards according to the manufacturer recommendations.
T118 13101-13109 Sentence denotes Results:
T119 13110-13162 Sentence denotes No discordances were observed between the two cards.
T120 13163-13223 Sentence denotes The mean time to obtain results was 7.5 h (range 5.75-9.25).
T121 13224-13272 Sentence denotes Overall agreement for enzyme detection was 97 %.
T122 13273-13334 Sentence denotes ESBL VITEK 2 test was positive in all ESBL-producing strains.
T123 13335-13474 Sentence denotes Sensitivity and specificity were: E. coli, 99% and 100% respectively, K. pneumoniae 100% for both and K. oxytoca 71% and 100% respectively.
T124 13475-13647 Sentence denotes Disagreements concerned mainly CTX-M producing K. oxytoca in which the ESBL positive card test was systematically interpreted by AES as high-level penicillinase production.
T125 13648-13774 Sentence denotes In 33% of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae AES inferred the expression of impermeability mechanism in addition to ESBL production.
T126 13775-13786 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T127 13787-13938 Sentence denotes These new AST VITEK 2 cards showed accurate and rapid detection of ESBL-producing E. coli and K.pneumoniae, including strains harbouring CTX-M enzymes.
T128 13939-14081 Sentence denotes The lower sensitivity of AES to detect CTX-M producing K. oxytoca indicates the difficulty to detect this emerging phenotype in this organism.
T129 14082-14294 Sentence denotes Objective: VITEK 2 AST-045 and AST-046 cards (BioMerieux) for Gram-negative susceptibility testing include a specific ESBL detection test combining cefotaxime, cefepime and ceftazidime alone and with clavulanate.
T130 14295-14436 Sentence denotes Because this test has been validated by the manufacturer only for E. coli and Klebsiella spp , the result is reported only for these species.
T131 14437-14594 Sentence denotes We determined the ability of VITEK 2 and Advanced Expert System (AES) to detect ESBL mediated resistance in Enterobacter clinical isolates using these cards.
T132 14595-14603 Sentence denotes Methods:
T133 14604-14641 Sentence denotes A total of 76 Enterobacter isolates :
T134 14642-14877 Sentence denotes 63 ESBL producing strains (32 E. aerogenes and 31 E. cloacae) and 13 non ESBL producing strains (7 E. aerogenes and 6 E. cloacae) were inoculated into the VITEK 2 AST-045 and AST-046 cards according to the manufacturer recommendations.
T135 14878-15062 Sentence denotes Production of ESBL was confirmed by double disc synergy test (with ceftazidime, cefotaxime and cefepime), combined disc method (Oxoid) and PCR for bla TEM, bla SHV and bla CTX-M genes.
T136 15063-15124 Sentence denotes E. cloacae harboured SHV12 in combination with CTX-M9 in 94%.
T137 15125-15224 Sentence denotes E. aerogenes ESBLs included: TEM enzymes in 59%, SHV in 9% or other combinations of enzymes in 32%.
T138 15225-15437 Sentence denotes Results were graded as ''agreement'' when AES inferred ESBL mechanism, ''partial agreement'' when AES suggested several mechanisms including ESBL and ''disagreement'' when AES concluded to different mechanism(s).
T139 15438-15446 Sentence denotes Results:
T140 15447-15629 Sentence denotes Results are summarized in the table.Overall sensitivity was 92% (91% for E. aerogenes and 94% for E. cloacae) and specificity 23.1% (14.3% for E. aerogenes and 33.3% for E. cloacae).
T141 15630-15688 Sentence denotes The mean time to obtain results was 8.2 h (range 6.25-11).
T142 15689-15700 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T143 15701-15909 Sentence denotes This study shows that VITEK2 AES provides a rapid and sensitive tool to detect possible ESBL production in Enterobacter spp by using AST-045 or AST-046 cards but confirmatory analysis is frequently necessary.
T144 15910-16034 Sentence denotes More efficient automated methods should be developed to distinguish ESBL production from AmpC hyperproduction in this genus.
T145 16035-16155 Sentence denotes Enterobacteriaceae is an absolute must as antimicrobial therapy is guided by the susceptibility results of the organism.
T146 16156-16327 Sentence denotes In the present study we evaluated the VITEK 2 ESBL test, consisting of indicator antibiotics with and without clavulanic acid, on a set of ESBL-positive clinical isolates.
T147 16328-16336 Sentence denotes Methods:
T148 16337-16445 Sentence denotes Eighty E. coli and 85 K. pneumoniae strains were obtained at the Dr Soetomo Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia.
T149 16446-16522 Sentence denotes Strains originated mainly from urine (n = 104) and blood specimens (n = 18).
T150 16523-16643 Sentence denotes All isolates were ESBL-positive by the Abstracts 2006 Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 12, Supplement 4 ISSN:
T151 16644-16653 Sentence denotes 1470-9465
T152 16654-16716 Sentence denotes double disc test method and by ESBL combination discs (Oxoid).
T153 16717-16805 Sentence denotes Of all isolates, b-lactamase enzymes were isolated for Iso-electric point determination.
T154 16806-16951 Sentence denotes Strains were tested in the VITEK 2 AST-N041 panel containing cefepime, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime alone and in combination with clavulanic acid.
T155 16952-16960 Sentence denotes Results:
T156 16961-17068 Sentence denotes The VITEK 2 ESBL test confirmed 72 of the E. coli (90%) and 73 of the K. pneumoniae (86%) as ESBL positive.
T157 17069-17130 Sentence denotes For two E. coli strains VITEK 2 gave an indeterminate result.
T158 17131-17318 Sentence denotes The six E. coli ESBL-negative strains consisted out of isolates containing TEM-like enzymes (n = 4), TEM + chromosomal beta-lactamase (n = 1) and SHV + chromosomal beta-lactamase (n = 1).
T159 17319-17406 Sentence denotes TEMtype beta-lactamases (n = 72) were most prevalent in E. coli ESBL-positive isolates.
T160 17407-17609 Sentence denotes The 12 K. pneumoniae ESBL-negative isolates consisted out of isolates containing no plasmid encoded beta-lactamases (n = 6), SHV-like enzymes (n = 3), TEM-like enzymes (n = 2), CTX-M + SHV-like (n = 1).
T161 17610-17700 Sentence denotes In the ESBLpositive isolates (n = 73) CTX-M like enzymes were demonstrable in 33 isolates.
T162 17701-17713 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T163 17714-17774 Sentence denotes The ESBL VITEK 2"R" test gives rapid and conclusive results.
T164 17775-17891 Sentence denotes However, the discrepant results have to be resolved in order to give the ''true'' accuracy of the VITEK 2 ESBL test.
T165 17893-17901 Sentence denotes Methods:
T166 17902-17983 Sentence denotes Accuracy was evaluated by comparing the test panel to CLSI reference (REF) panel.
T167 17984-18154 Sentence denotes Strains tested included staphylococci obtained through NARSA (53 strains with reduced susceptibility to Va and 3 VRSA) and 50 Enterococci (CDC challenge set with 25 VRE).
T168 18155-18266 Sentence denotes An additional 172 isolates of S. agalactiae, S. bovis, and recent Staphylococci and Enterococci were evaluated.
T169 18267-18341 Sentence denotes All testing included turbidity and Prompt inocula, and three read methods:
T170 18342-18390 Sentence denotes WalkAway and autoSCAN-4 instruments, and manual.
T171 18391-18504 Sentence denotes In addition, the three NARSA VRSAs and one additional VRSA were tested at CDC and MicroScan panels read manually.
T172 18505-18513 Sentence denotes Results:
T173 18514-18667 Sentence denotes Testing with revised Va formulation showed 3 VRSA to have MICs >16 lg/ml at 16 h with WalkAway or manual read, and >16 lg/ml at 18 h with the autoSCAN-4.
T174 18668-18781 Sentence denotes Testing of the fourth VRSA at CDC showed a stably resistant morphotype giving MICs of >16 lg/ml with manual read.
T175 18782-18873 Sentence denotes Results obtained were equivalent to REF for 100% sensitivity in detection of VRSA isolates.
T176 18874-19001 Sentence denotes Combined results for all strains tested were >97% in essential agreement and >93% in categorical agreement (M100-S15) with REF.
T177 19002-19043 Sentence denotes There were no very major or major errors.
T178 19044-19055 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T179 19056-19167 Sentence denotes The revised formulation of Va on MicroScan Dried Overnight Panels showed excellent sensitivity and specificity.
T180 19168-19312 Sentence denotes Va resistance was detected in all VRSA available at the time of comparative testing and VRE without overcalling resistance in Vasusceptible GPC.
T181 19313-19330 Sentence denotes Aim of the study:
T182 19331-19494 Sentence denotes Rapid identification and antibacterial susceptibility testing of micro-organisms isolated in blood cultures (BC) can be valuable for clinical management of sepsis.
T183 19495-19804 Sentence denotes In the present study, we evaluated the performance of a scheme based on direct identification and susceptibility testing of gram-positive cocci by direct inoculation of specially treated fluid collected from positive Bactec 9240 culture bottles into BD Phoenix Automated Microbiology System (PHX system; BD) .
T184 19805-19874 Sentence denotes Results were compared to those obtained by usual standard procedures.
T185 19875-19897 Sentence denotes Materials and methods:
T186 19898-20069 Sentence denotes 100 positive monomicrobic blood cultures showing gram-positive cocci (Streptococcus spp. excluded) collected between March 2005 and August 2005 were assessed in the study.
T187 20070-20223 Sentence denotes Shortly, a Serum Separator Tube (Vacutainer SST-II; BD) filled with fluid aspirated from a positive BC bottle was centrifuged in a swinging bucket rotor.
T188 20224-20416 Sentence denotes After discarding the supernatant, the bacterial layer was resuspended and then inoculated dropwise into a PHX system ID broth in order to obtain a suspension matching a McFarland 0.5 standard.
T189 20417-20522 Sentence denotes The remaining of the panels setup and loading was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
T190 20523-20531 Sentence denotes Results:
T191 20532-20834 Sentence denotes By comparison with the identification obtained by standard procedure, direct method by Phoenix system correctly identified 27/36 (75%) Staphylococcus aureus, 12/20 (60%) Staphylococcus epidermidis, 18/30 (60%) coagulase-negative Staphylococcus other than S. epidermidis and 9/14 (65%) Enterococcus spp.
T192 20835-20954 Sentence denotes Among the 1378 antibiotic-isolate combinations of antimicrobial susceptibility tested, 97.7% showed category agreement.
T193 20955-21137 Sentence denotes The number of very major, major and minor error was 4 (0.3% of false susceptibility), 4 (0.3% of false resistance) and 21 (1.5% of all antibiotic-organism combinations) respectively.
T194 21138-21149 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T195 21150-21440 Sentence denotes For gram-positive cocci, the rapid direct method combining BD Phoenix System and Bactec cultures does not provide acceptable bacterial identification, but the susceptibility results obtained more rapidly are accurate for routine use and can be valuable in the clinical management of sepsis.
T196 21441-21669 Sentence denotes Evaluation of MicroScan WalkAway 96 for susceptibility testing of Gram-negative bacilli to quinolones P445 Evaluation of identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens by VITEK 2 Compact System E.
T197 21670-21683 Sentence denotes Stefaniuk, A.
T198 21684-21694 Sentence denotes Mrowka, W.
T199 21695-21730 Sentence denotes Hryniewicz (Warsaw, PL) Objectives:
T200 21731-21916 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was the evaluation of VITEK 2 Compact System for identification and antimicrobials susceptibility determination of the most important bacterial clinical pathogens.
T201 21917-22012 Sentence denotes The results of the analyses were compared with those obtained by other microbiological methods.
T202 22013-22021 Sentence denotes Methods:
T203 22022-22159 Sentence denotes A total of 279 clinically significant gram-negative (n = 158) and gram-positive (n = 121) bacterial pathogens were included in the study.
T204 22160-22293 Sentence denotes The isolates were collected from patients hospitalised in different medical centres in Poland and were not epidemiologically related.
T205 22294-22366 Sentence denotes They were identified to the species level according to standard methods.
T206 22367-22460 Sentence denotes These results were compared with identification data using VITEK 2 Compact GNI and DPI cards.
T207 22461-22580 Sentence denotes MICs of various antimicrobials were evaluated by agar or broth dilution methods in accordance with the CLSI guidelines.
T208 22581-22689 Sentence denotes A wide variety of clinically important antimicrobial resistance mechanisms were represented by the isolates.
T209 22690-22945 Sentence denotes These included extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin resistance in Staphylococci, decreased pneumococcal susceptibility to penicillin and resistance to vancomycin and to high concentrations of aminoglycosides in Enterococci.
T210 22946-23061 Sentence denotes The same antimicrobial agents were tested as those that are present in the VITEK 2 Compact cards used in the study.
T211 23062-23269 Sentence denotes Characteristic features of the automatic method of identification and drug susceptibility determination were defined: total accordance of resistance categories, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and errors.
T212 23270-23278 Sentence denotes Results:
T213 23279-23381 Sentence denotes A high rate of ID agreement (96,5%) between VITEK 2 Compact and the conventional methods was observed.
T214 23382-23457 Sentence denotes It ranged from 95% for gram-positive cocci to 98,1% for gram-negative rods.
T215 23458-23634 Sentence denotes The study has shown a high correlation of results (n = 1118) obtained by aid of VITEK 2 Compact drug sensitivity tests and the results obtained by the aid of reference methods.
T216 23635-23722 Sentence denotes The total accordance of resistance categories has been estimated at the level of 99,1%.
T217 23723-23945 Sentence denotes A high concordance (99%) between the two methods was also achieved in the respect to the detection of bacterial resistance mechanisms Conclusions: VITEK 2 Compact System is an esthetical, functional and easy to use device.
T218 23946-24129 Sentence denotes The VITEK 2 Compact System appears a reliable tool for the detection and interpretive reading of clinically important mechanisms of resistance and can be recommended for routine work.
T219 24130-24238 Sentence denotes Evaluation of new VITEK 2 AST cards for detection of ESBL mediated resistance in E. coli and Klebsiella spp.
T220 24239-24447 Sentence denotes Comparison of the E-test method with the VITEK 2 antimicrobial susceptibility detection system for screening of extended-spectrum betalactamase Klebsiella and E. coli strains in a Greek university hospital O.
T221 24448-24460 Sentence denotes Vasilaki, C.
T222 24461-24477 Sentence denotes Manolopoulos, G.
T223 24478-24488 Sentence denotes Raptis, S.
T224 24489-24534 Sentence denotes Alexiou-Daniel (Thessaloniki, GR) Objectives:
T225 24535-24745 Sentence denotes Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are a rapidly evolving group of beta-lactamases which share the ability to hydrolyze third-generation cephalosporins and aztreonam yet are inhibited by clavulanic acid.
T226 24746-24979 Sentence denotes At present the detection of ESBLs, which frequently are plasmid encoded, in Klebsiellae and Escherichia coli strains carries trumendous clinical significance which relates to the extremely limited antibiotic options in the treatment.
T227 24980-24988 Sentence denotes Methods:
T228 24989-25327 Sentence denotes In our study, a total of 782 clinical isolates (553 E. coli, 229 Klebsiella strains) were examined for the presumptive detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production by tow methods: the VITEK 2 automated detection system (BioMerieux) and the commercially available ESBL screening E-test strip (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden).
T229 25328-25336 Sentence denotes Results:
T230 25337-25692 Sentence denotes The percentage of the ESBL-producing Klebsiella and E. coli strains identified by VITEK 2 system was 11,7% (27 from 229) for Klebsiella strains and 4.88% for E. coli strains (27 from 553).The most common infection associated with ESBLproducing pathogens was urinary tract infection (44%), followed by wound infection (31%) and bloodstream infection (25%).
T231 25693-25977 Sentence denotes On the contrary using the E-test strips, which based on the evaluation of the difference between the antimicrobial activity of ceftazidime alone compared to that of ceftazidime plus clavulanic acid, ESBL production was detected in only 16 E. coli strains and in 22 Klebsiella strains.
T232 25978-26156 Sentence denotes These data demonstrate that only 59% of E. coli and 81% Klebsiella strains, that were alerted as ESBL positive with the VITEK 2 system, were also positive with the E-test method.
T233 26157-26168 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T234 26169-26403 Sentence denotes These data indicate that even if Vitek 2 ESBL test is reliable for the detection of ESBLs in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, it is precarious to be directly assumed as the sole criterion for defining ESBL production in these two bacterias.
T235 26404-26556 Sentence denotes As ESBLs become more complex, diverse and widespread, the likelihood of any single test being universally appropriate for their detection must diminish.
T236 26557-26756 Sentence denotes Conclusively we can assume that clinical microbiology laboratories not only should rely on these rapid automated systems but also use another method for screening ESBL producers, such as the E-tests.
T237 26757-27000 Sentence denotes Evaluation of the VITEK 2Ò ESBL test in detecting ESBL-positive clinical Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates instrument combined with cefoxitin disc diffusion by Kirby-Bauer (FOXKB) and devise a strategy to solve discrepancies.
T238 27001-27009 Sentence denotes Methods:
T239 27010-27323 Sentence denotes During a 6 months period (January 2005 -June 2005 all clinically significant Staphylococci isolated in our laboratory, except blood culture isolates, were tested simultaneously by VT2 AST P-536 card and Advanced Expert System (AES) (R04.00D) and by FOXKB using CLSI guide lines and M100-S14 interpretive criteria.
T240 27324-27624 Sentence denotes Discrepancies between the three tests [OX calculated MIC (OXMIC) ; growth in the presence of 3 mg/L OX + 2% NaCl (OXSALT) (for SA); disc diffusion (FOXKB)] were resolved by the detection of mecA gene by PCR and phenotypic identification to the species level for coagulasenegative Staphylococci (CNS).
T241 27625-27633 Sentence denotes Results:
T242 27634-27700 Sentence denotes 787 S. aureus (SA) (82 MRSA) and 290 CNS (175 MR CNS) were tested.
T243 27701-27748 Sentence denotes Of these, 45 (4%) presented discrepant results:
T244 27749-27902 Sentence denotes 15 SA and 30 CNS [S. saprophyticus (11), S. lugdunensis (10), S. epidermidis (4), S. hominis (2), S. haemolyticus (1), S. warneri (1) and S. xylosus(1)].
T245 27903-28036 Sentence denotes Of the 15 SA, three were false MSSA by VT2 and 12 (2%) were MSSA flagged by the AES because of discordances between OXMIC and OXSALT.
T246 28037-28115 Sentence denotes For all strains, FOXKB interpretation correlated with mecA gene determination.
T247 28116-28178 Sentence denotes Of the 30 CNS, there were 25 false MR and 1 false MS by OXMIC.
T248 28179-28274 Sentence denotes By comparison, FOXKB missed four MR [S. epidermidis (2); S. hominis (1); S. saprophyticus (1)].
T249 28275-28403 Sentence denotes Thus, after exclusion of results flagged by the AES, the PPV/NPV of VT2 for detecting MR in SA vs CNS were 100%/99% vs 87%/ 99%.
T250 28404-28470 Sentence denotes By comparison these figures for FOXKB were 100%/100% vs. 100%/97%.
T251 28471-28589 Sentence denotes Conclusions: MR results obtained by VT2 AST P536-card combined with FOXKB correlated in 96% of Staphylococci analysed.
T252 28590-28779 Sentence denotes Among the 4% discordant results, FOXKB interpretive criteria could replace mecA gene determination for SA; for CNS, OXMIC by VT2 overcalled MR in S. saprophyticus and S. lugdunensis mainly.
T253 28780-28855 Sentence denotes For them, mecA gene determination is mandatory to solve discrepant results.
T254 28856-28906 Sentence denotes VT2 AST card for Staphylococci should include FOX.
T255 28907-29005 Sentence denotes Capability of the VITEK Ò 2 System to screen the beta-lactamase producing Enterococcus faecalis N.
T256 29006-29013 Sentence denotes Bal, V.
T257 29014-29026 Sentence denotes Monnin, B.E.
T258 29027-29037 Sentence denotes Murray, G.
T259 29038-29050 Sentence denotes Zambardi, I.
T260 29051-29061 Sentence denotes Canard, C.
T261 29062-29073 Sentence denotes Davenas, P.
T262 29074-29120 Sentence denotes Dufour (La Balme les Grottes, FR; Houston, US)
T263 29121-29131 Sentence denotes Objective:
T264 29132-29238 Sentence denotes The first reported beta-lactamase-producing (Bla+) enterococcal isolate was recognized in the early 1980s.
T265 29239-29331 Sentence denotes Since that time, nearly all other Bla+ Enterococci reported have been Enterococcus faecalis.
T266 29332-29405 Sentence denotes Beta-lactamase detection using dilution methods is known to be difficult.
T267 29406-29470 Sentence denotes A nitrocephin-based betalactamase test is generally recommended.
T268 29471-29624 Sentence denotes The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capability of the VITEKÒ 2 system to screen the Bla+ E. faecalis strains using the MIC of benzylpenicillin.
T269 29625-29633 Sentence denotes Methods:
T270 29634-29716 Sentence denotes The nitrocefin-based beta-lactamase test was performed on 53 E. faecalis isolates.
T271 29717-29878 Sentence denotes These strains were tested using three lots of VITEK 2 cards (two lots of AST-P532 and one lot of AST-GP61), on three VITEK 2 instruments, from three subcultures.
T272 29879-29944 Sentence denotes Nine benzylpenicillin VITEK 2 MICs were obtained for each strain.
T273 29945-30072 Sentence denotes The reference MIC was determined by broth microdilution according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.
T274 30073-30258 Sentence denotes Based on the results of the nitrocefin test, a cut-off for differentiation of Bla+ and Bla-(beta-lactamase non-producing) E. faecalis strains was set for both MIC determination methods.
T275 30259-30267 Sentence denotes Results:
T276 30268-30316 Sentence denotes The nitrocefin test was positive for 17 strains.
T277 30317-30448 Sentence denotes The modal (or median) benzylpenicillin VITEK 2 MICs were determined for each of the 53 strains and compared to broth microdilution.
T278 30449-30491 Sentence denotes The essential agreement was 94.3% (50/53).
T279 30492-30586 Sentence denotes A slight overestimation of the modal VITEK 2 MICs compared to the reference MICs was observed.
T280 30587-30784 Sentence denotes By choosing a benzylpenicillin VITEK 2 MIC cut-off of ‡8 lg/mL for the Bla+ strains (and < 8 for the Bla-strains), sensitivity and specificity were 99.3% (152/153) and 88.3% (286/324) respectively.
T281 30785-30941 Sentence denotes By comparison, a sensitivity of 100% (17/17) and a specificity of 83.3% (30/36) were obtained with a benzylpenicillin microdilution MIC cut-off of ‡4 lg/mL.
T282 30942-30953 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T283 30954-31031 Sentence denotes The benzylpenicillin VITEK 2 MIC can help to screen Bla+ E. faecalis strains.
T284 31032-31152 Sentence denotes A benzylpenicillin MIC ‡8 lg/mL indicates a presumptive Bla+ E. faecalis which has to be confirmed by a nitrocefin test.
T285 31153-31373 Sentence denotes Furthermore, with optimized benzylpenicillin MIC ranges for the wild and acquired penicillinase resistance phenotypes, the VITEK 2 Advanced Expert SystemTM (AES) would increase the discrimination between both phenotypes.
T286 31374-31473 Sentence denotes The nitrocefin test would be then performed only when acquired penicillinase phenotype is proposed.
T287 31474-31598 Sentence denotes Consequently, AES would allow labs to drastically decrease the number of off-line nitrocefin tests performed on E. faecalis.
T288 31599-31751 Sentence denotes Performance evaluation of the Streptococcus pneumoniae antimicrobial susceptibility investigative use only SPCA3 card on the VITEK Ò 2 system Objective:
T289 31752-31982 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of S. pneumoniae (SPN) antimicrobial susceptibility tests for ertapenem (ERT), garenoxacin (GAR), and telithromycin (TEL) on the VITEKÒ2 platform in a clinical setting.
T290 31983-31991 Sentence denotes Methods:
T291 31992-32114 Sentence denotes This multicentre trial tested SPN strains using an investigative use only (IUO) card (SPCA3) containing ERT, GAR, and TEL.
T292 32115-32187 Sentence denotes Test cards were inoculated from a standard inoculum for each SPN strain.
T293 32188-32360 Sentence denotes Challenge (80 isolates), reproducibility (34 isolates), and quality control (SPN ATCC 49619) isolates were tested by automatic and manual dilution using the SPCA3 IUO card.
T294 32361-32421 Sentence denotes The 311 clinical isolates were tested by automatic dilution.
T295 32422-32585 Sentence denotes Broth microdilution reference testing was assayed on each challenge, quality control and clinical isolate from the same standard inoculum used for the SPCA3 cards.
T296 32586-32658 Sentence denotes Reproducibility tests were performed in triplicate daily for three days.
T297 32659-32748 Sentence denotes Twenty replicate tests of SPN ATCC 49619 were performed at each site for quality control.
T298 32749-32757 Sentence denotes Results:
T299 32758-32909 Sentence denotes Essential agreement for all 311 clinical isolates was >99.7%, while category agreement was 95.5%, 98.7%, and 99.7% for ERT, GAR, and TEL, respectively.
T300 32910-33069 Sentence denotes Best-case reproducibility results revealed an essential agreement of 100% and >99.6% for the automatic and manual dilution, respectively, of ERT, GAR, and TEL.
T301 33070-33147 Sentence denotes QC in-range results for the SPCA3 card were >98.5% for all three antibiotics.
T302 33148-33264 Sentence denotes Essential agreement for automatic and manual dilution method challenge experiments was >97.5% for ERT, GAR, and TEL.
T303 33265-33300 Sentence denotes No very major errors were observed.
T304 33301-33313 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T305 33314-33661 Sentence denotes This evaluation provides convincing evidence that the performance of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for ERT, GAR, and TEL on the VITEKÒ2 platform is comparable to conventional testing in a clinical laboratory. typing (MLST), SCCmec typing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and PCR for detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes.
T306 33662-33670 Sentence denotes Results:
T307 33671-33770 Sentence denotes The number of frequently found MRSA in Denmark, Finland and Sweden were 8, 31 and 20, respectively.
T308 33771-33836 Sentence denotes PVL genes were detected in ten of the isolates (3/8, 1/31, 6/20).
T309 33837-34360 Sentence denotes The 59 isolates gave 54 indistinguishable PFGE patterns, of which the following five were found in two countries each: (i) UK E15 (UK EMRSA-15, t032, ST22, PVL negative), in Finland and Sweden; (ii) SE98-6a (UK EMRSA-15 variant, t032, ST22, PVL negative), in Finland and Sweden; (iii) SE00-3 (UK EMRSA-16 variant, t019, ST30, PVL positive), in Denmark and Sweden; (iv) SE97-3 (Berlin IV variant, t015, ST45, PVL negative), in Finland and Sweden; (v) SE00-7 (France B variant, t008, ST8, PVL positive) in Denmark and Sweden.
T310 34361-34515 Sentence denotes Although not indistinguishable, many of the other PFGE patterns were closely related, and most of them belonged to internationally well-known MRSA clones.
T311 34516-34527 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T312 34528-34620 Sentence denotes Many of the frequently found MRSA types in the three Nordic countries were clonally related.
T313 34621-34682 Sentence denotes However, no single MRSA type was seen in all three countries.
T314 34683-34822 Sentence denotes The overall result showed national differences and a rather high diversity among the MRSA isolated within this limited geographical region.
T315 34823-34834 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T316 34835-34997 Sentence denotes We used several molecular genotyping methods of S. aureusto analyze clonal grouping of the EMRSA strains in Finland with a purpose of renewing their nomenclature.
T317 34998-35102 Sentence denotes The other objective was to refine the genotyping scheme to better support local outbreak investigations.
T318 35103-35111 Sentence denotes Methods:
T319 35112-35220 Sentence denotes Finnish epidemic MRSA strains from years 1991 to 2004 were tested with several molecular genotyping methods.
T320 35221-35331 Sentence denotes Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used as the primary method to distinguish different EMRSA strains.
T321 35332-35617 Sentence denotes In addition, multi locus sequence typing (MLST) of seven housekeeping gene alleles, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) analysis of mobile methicillin-resistance genetic element (I-V), and spa-typing to identify the polymorphic X-region of protein A of S. aureus were used.
T322 35618-35732 Sentence denotes The clonal complex analysis based on spa and MLST results was performed by BURP and eBURST programs, respectively.
T323 35733-35785 Sentence denotes Results: PFGE identified 44 different EMRSA strains.
T324 35786-35838 Sentence denotes These strains represented all SCCmec elements (I-V).
T325 35839-35995 Sentence denotes Spa-typing found 27 different spa-types among the 44 EMRSA strains, six of them being new spa-types that were not found previously from the Ridom SpaServer.
T326 35996-36079 Sentence denotes The spa-types divided into four different clonal complexes and into six singletons.
T327 36080-36195 Sentence denotes With MLST, we were able to find 20 different allelic profiles and those divided into 15 different clonal complexes.
T328 36196-36368 Sentence denotes When all typing results were combined, the EMRSA strains clustered into 26 more closely related groups (FIN-1 to FIN-26) based on PFGE, SCCmec, spa-typing and MLST results.
T329 36369-36467 Sentence denotes MLST and spa-typing results supported and specified clonal groupings of the Finnish EMRSA strains.
T330 36468-36567 Sentence denotes Conclusion: PFGE can be used as the primary molecular method for naming of MRSA strains in Finland.
T331 36568-36634 Sentence denotes SSCmec, MLST and spa-typing are needed to verify clonal complexes.
T332 36635-36763 Sentence denotes Usage of several different molecular typing methods is necessary for accurate nomenclature of MRSA, also in outbreak situations.
T333 36764-36865 Sentence denotes Hospital-and community-acquired methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in Germany C. von Eiff, F.
T334 36866-36879 Sentence denotes Hasenberg, A.
T335 36880-36890 Sentence denotes Anders, F.
T336 36891-36901 Sentence denotes Kipp, A.W.
T337 36902-36915 Sentence denotes Friedrich, G.
T338 36916-36928 Sentence denotes Peters, S.G.
T339 36929-36942 Sentence denotes Gatermann, K.
T340 36943-36983 Sentence denotes Becker (Munster, Bochum, DE) Objectives:
T341 36984-37152 Sentence denotes The ongoing emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Germany has generated considerable concern among medical and public health professionals.
T342 37153-37247 Sentence denotes In addition, community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) is becoming an important public health problem.
T343 37248-37403 Sentence denotes However, representative nation-wide data on prevalent MRSA clones, their pathogenicity potential as well as on the prevalence of CA-MRSA are not available.
T344 37404-37412 Sentence denotes Methods:
T345 37413-37715 Sentence denotes To learn about the prevalence and the characteristics of MRSA including CA-MRSA, 36 centres throughout Germany (laboratories associated with university and general hospitals, outpatient clinics) were enrolled to collect 50 consecutive MRSA isolates (02/2004 -01/2005) and to respond to a questionnaire.
T346 37716-37758 Sentence denotes Only one isolate per patient was included.
T347 37759-37790 Sentence denotes All isolates were spagenotyped.
T348 37791-37947 Sentence denotes Among others, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), accessory gene regulator (agr) alleles, and the possession of exotoxin genes were determined.
T349 37948-37956 Sentence denotes Results:
T350 37957-38025 Sentence denotes Overall, MRSA of 1753 patients (56% male, 44% female) were included.
T351 38026-38117 Sentence denotes Of these, 41.9% were infectionassociated, while 35.9% of the MRSA represented colonization.
T352 38118-38576 Sentence denotes Analyzing isolates recovered from 1423 in-patients and 323 outpatients and confirmed as MRSA by the detection of the mecA gene and the S. aureus-specific nuc gene, the following distribution of SCCmec types and agr alleles were found: SCCmec I, 267 (15.2%); II, 762 (43.5%); III, 8 (0.5%); IV, 564 (32.2%);V, 1 (0.1%); and non-typeable, 151 (8.6%); agr I, 677 (38.6%); agr II, 1012 (57.7%); agr III, 33 (1.9%); agr IV, 19 (1.1%); and non-typeable, 12 (0.7%).
T353 38577-38718 Sentence denotes Altogether, only 18 (1.0%) isolates were found to be positive for the genes (lukS-PV-lukF-PV) encoding the Panton Valentine leukocidin (PVL).
T354 38719-38966 Sentence denotes Superantigen genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 were found in 12.9% (sea), 0.5% (seb), 16.4% (sec), 51.8% (sed), 0% (sec), 89.3% (seg), 0.3% (seh), 90.8% (sei), 41.6% (sej), and 9.2% (tst) of MRSA isolates.
T355 38967-39018 Sentence denotes Exfoliativeencoding genes were detected as follows:
T356 39019-39058 Sentence denotes 0.4% (eta), 0.1% (etb), and 1.2% (etd).
T357 39059-39070 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T358 39071-39185 Sentence denotes These data on MRSA collected throughout the country offer an overview on strains currently circulating in Germany.
T359 39186-39290 Sentence denotes According to the prevalence of PVL-positive isolates, CA-MRSA isolates seem to be still rare in Germany.
T360 39291-39422 Sentence denotes Further analyses of the data given in the questionnaires will allow a more detailed view on demographical and clinical backgrounds.
T361 39423-39496 Sentence denotes Molecular spa and SCCmec typing of MRSA isolates from northern Germany N.
T362 39497-39506 Sentence denotes Wiese, H.
T363 39507-39518 Sentence denotes Mueller, I.
T364 39519-39529 Sentence denotes Fenner, K.
T365 39530-39546 Sentence denotes Lunkenheimer, T.
T366 39547-39587 Sentence denotes Fenner (Hamburg, Lubeck, DE) Objectives:
T367 39588-39661 Sentence denotes In the past, the MRSA epidemic was known as a primarily clinical problem.
T368 39662-39762 Sentence denotes In the last years there are dramatically increasing numbers of community-associated MRSA infections.
T369 39763-39871 Sentence denotes These cMRSA isolates where mostly associated with the small SCCmec type IV and atypical resistance profiles.
T370 39872-39951 Sentence denotes Recent data indicate, that the SCCmec type IV may infiltrate clinical settings.
T371 39952-39956 Sentence denotes Aim:
T372 39957-40135 Sentence denotes The aim of the present study was the molecular characterisation of MRSA isolates from clinical and nonclinical settings in northern Germany during a 1 year period [2004] [2005] .
T373 40136-40243 Sentence denotes Epidemiology data was generated by spa-typing and correlated with results from multiplex PCR SCCmec typing.
T374 40244-40252 Sentence denotes Methods:
T375 40253-40363 Sentence denotes 252 clinical and 18 community-aquired MRSA isolates from different sources in northern Germany were collected.
T376 40364-40498 Sentence denotes Of these strains the repeat region of S.aureus protein A was sequenced on a ABI 3100 sequencer and analysed with RIDOM Staph software.
T377 40499-40581 Sentence denotes The SCCmec typing was characterised by an multiplex PCR assay as described before.
T378 40582-40590 Sentence denotes Results:
T379 40591-40731 Sentence denotes The dominating spa-types were t032 and t022 (both EMRSA-15) with frequencies of 40,3% and 6,7% and both always harboured the type IV SCCmec.
T380 40732-40798 Sentence denotes Isolates had been present both in clinical and community patients.
T381 40799-40961 Sentence denotes Isolates with spa-types t044 and t021, previously categorised as typical cMRSA isolates, were detected only in clinical cases and harboured mostly SCCmec type II.
T382 40962-41065 Sentence denotes Overall 40 different spa-types and and very hererogeneous multiplex SCCmec type patterns were observed.
T383 41066-41131 Sentence denotes However, no isolate harboured type V and type I SCCmec cassettes.
T384 41132-41143 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T385 41144-41253 Sentence denotes Typing of MRSA with molecular methods revealed a complex pattern of spa-types and different SCCmec cassettes.
T386 41254-41312 Sentence denotes No typical association for hMRSA and cMRSA was observable.
T387 41313-41495 Sentence denotes The vast majority of isolates had the spa-type t032, which corresponds with EMSA-15 / Barnim epidemic clone, and integrated the small SCCmecIV, which is the classical cMRSA cassette.
T388 41496-41647 Sentence denotes This may indicate a spread of successful epidemic clones into the community and vice versa adaptation of cMRSA characteristics in the clinical setting.
T389 41648-41659 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T390 41660-41852 Sentence denotes During the 1990s the prevalence of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) increased in German hospitals while resistance phenotypes changed with a decrease in the number of resistance markers.
T391 41853-42145 Sentence denotes We want to examine the changes in resistance in MRSA during recent years using the dataset of the GENARS-project (German Network for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance), a prospective multi-centre surveillance study designed to provide epidemiological data for German university hospitals.
T392 42146-42154 Sentence denotes Methods:
T393 42155-42294 Sentence denotes Analysis was based on non-duplicate isolates of MRSA from five laboratories with continuous data collection from January 2002 to June 2005.
T394 42295-42496 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined as minimal inhibitory concentrations by broth microdilution method performed by automated quality controlled test systems for antibiotics of various classes.
T395 42497-42579 Sentence denotes Resistance rates were evaluated by using break-points according to DIN guidelines.
T396 42580-42588 Sentence denotes Results:
T397 42589-42781 Sentence denotes The percentage of S. aureus isolates (n = 22,999) tested as resistant to oxacillin increased from 9.4% in 2002 to 15.2% in the first half of 2005 with considerable variation between hospitals.
T398 42782-42826 Sentence denotes A total of 2,680 MRSA isolates was analysed.
T399 42827-43088 Sentence denotes Resistance rates to ciprofloxacin (CIP), erythromycin (ERY) and clindamycin (CLI) remained on a very high level with little fluctuation, whereas the already low rates for doxycycline (DOX), rifampicin (RAM) and quinupristin/dalfopristin (SYN) tended to decline.
T400 43089-43220 Sentence denotes For gentamicin (GEN) there was a significant decrease from 31.4% in 2002 to 17.8% in 2005 with extreme variation between hospitals.
T401 43221-43294 Sentence denotes No resistance was observed against teicoplanin, vancomycin and linezolid.
T402 43295-43446 Sentence denotes Analysis of resistance patterns including CIP, ERY, CLI, DOX, RAM and SYN resulted in six main patterns accounting for about 90 percent of the strains.
T403 43447-43501 Sentence denotes The two most frequent patterns showed a reverse trend:
T404 43502-43637 Sentence denotes While the frequency of OXA-CIP-CLI-ERY increased (37.3%/ 2002 to 52.4%/2005) OXA-CIP-CLI-ERY-GEN decreased (21.3%/2002 to 12.8%/2005) .
T405 43638-43686 Sentence denotes On the hospital level results are heterogeneous:
T406 43687-43817 Sentence denotes In two centres the pattern OXA-CIP-CLI-ERY-GEN is still dominating with a proportion of more than 40% of all MRSA strains in 2005.
T407 43818-43830 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T408 43831-44059 Sentence denotes Data from the GENARS-project show that changes in resistance phenotypes of MRSA reported for the 1990s continue in the observed period from 2002 to 2005 with a remarkable decrease of resistance to gentamicin as the main feature.
T409 44060-44141 Sentence denotes However, findings from pooled data mask substantial diversity on the local level.
T410 44142-44152 Sentence denotes Objective:
T411 44153-44322 Sentence denotes The university hospital of Nantes is a 3200 bed tertiary care teaching hospital offering medical and surgical acute-care services (1800 beds) to a population of 600,000.
T412 44323-44435 Sentence denotes Approximately 30,000 adult, non traumatized patients are admitted to the medical emergency ward (MEW) each year.
T413 44436-44534 Sentence denotes The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of community and hospital-acquired MRSA.
T414 44535-44543 Sentence denotes Methods:
T415 44544-44700 Sentence denotes A case patient was defined as any patient admitted to the MEW from whom MRSA was isolated from clinical samples between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2004.
T416 44701-44820 Sentence denotes Only one strain per patient was included and no systematic screening for colonization was done during the study period.
T417 44821-44829 Sentence denotes Results:
T418 44830-44965 Sentence denotes Among the 776 patients with MRSA identified in the hospital during the study period, 41 were isolated at the admission in the MEW (5%).
T419 44966-45052 Sentence denotes The proportion of S. aureus resistant to methicillin was 27% both at hospital and MEW.
T420 45053-45113 Sentence denotes The resistance to antibiotics tested is reported in table 1.
T421 45114-45186 Sentence denotes Nineteen patients were male and the mean age was 74 years (range 41-94).
T422 45187-45250 Sentence denotes Only 3% of the patients were transferred from another hospital.
T423 45251-45435 Sentence denotes Most of them came from their house (85%) or nursing home (12%); 88% were hospitalized in the last year with a mean delay of 78 days (range ; only 5% of them had a prior MRSA isolation.
T424 45436-45514 Sentence denotes Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 12, Supplement 4, 2006 Conclusion:
T425 45515-45669 Sentence denotes Our study suggest MRSA carriage in patients discharged from hospital and MRSA isolation by a clinical sample upon hospital readmission from the community.
T426 45670-45780 Sentence denotes Early discharge, prolonged portage and low virulence can explain the spread of hospital MRSA in the community.
T427 45781-45943 Sentence denotes Our findings indicate that MRSA isolated at the admission to MEW were not community-acquired MRSA and that acquisition could be linked to a prior hospitalisation.
T428 45944-46089 Sentence denotes Usual epidemiological definition of community or hospital MRSA acquisition is not clear without systematic screening for colonization Objectives:
T429 46090-46262 Sentence denotes In a Spanish multicenter study (143 hospitals) performed in 2002 we analysed a total of 439 clinical isolates of S. aureus, and 30.5% were resistant to methicillin (MRSA) .
T430 46263-46457 Sentence denotes In this study we analyze the presence of virulence factors (Panton-Valentine leukocidin -PVL-and accesory gen regulator -agr-) among the isolates as well as the clones and SCCmec types involved.
T431 46458-46466 Sentence denotes Methods:
T432 46467-46545 Sentence denotes Methicillin-resistance was confirmed by the detection of the mecA gene by PCR.
T433 46546-46724 Sentence denotes SCCmec types and agr allele types were determined by previously described multiplex PCR strategies; pvl genes were detected by PCR amplification of the lukS-PV and lukF-PV genes.
T434 46725-46819 Sentence denotes To assess the specificity of the amplification, PCR products were subjected to DNA sequencing.
T435 46820-46885 Sentence denotes The isolates were analysed by PFGE after DNA digestion with SmaI.
T436 46886-46894 Sentence denotes Results:
T437 46895-47095 Sentence denotes Among the 439 isolates, only 5 isolates (1.14%) were PVL positive (all mecA negative) and corresponded to children and young adults with skin and soft-tissue infections (abscesses and conjunctivitis).
T438 47096-47220 Sentence denotes The presence of the agr gene was evaluated in 54 MRSA isolates and in 103 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates.
T439 47221-47309 Sentence denotes The agr alleles of the MRSA isolates were: type 1 (9.2%); type 2 (85.2%); type 3 (5.6%).
T440 47310-47419 Sentence denotes The agr alleles of the MSSA isolates were: type 1 (29.1%); type 2 (34.0%); type 3 (28.2%); and type 4 (8.7%).
T441 47420-47575 Sentence denotes The 5 PVL positive isolates showed different agr types (one isolate type 2; two isolates type 3; and two isolates type 4) and five different PFGE patterns.
T442 47576-47705 Sentence denotes PFGE analysis of the MRSA isolates demonstrated the presence of 32 electrophoretic profiles (10 majoritary clones, two dominant).
T443 47706-47793 Sentence denotes SCCmec types were: type I (20.6%), II (6.9%), IIIA (0.8%), IVA (53.4%), and IV (18.3%).
T444 47794-47806 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T445 47807-47917 Sentence denotes In Spain we show a low prevalence of PVL positive S. aureus isolates (1.14%) belonging to different genotypes.
T446 47918-48032 Sentence denotes We identified the presence of two dominant clones of MRSA carrying types IVA and IV SCCmec, and mainly agr type 2.
T447 48033-48191 Sentence denotes A high variability in the agr alleles was observed among MSSA. (This study was financed by the Red Españ ola de Investigació n en Patología Infecciosa-REIPI).
T1 48192-48297 Sentence denotes First report of infection with community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Spain E.
T2 48298-48311 Sentence denotes Cercenado, M.
T3 48312-48321 Sentence denotes Marín, A.
T4 48322-48332 Sentence denotes Vindel, B.
T5 48333-48344 Sentence denotes Padilla, O.
T6 48345-48355 Sentence denotes Cuevas, A.
T7 48356-48367 Sentence denotes Navarro, E.
T8 48368-48411 Sentence denotes Bouza (Madrid, Majadahonda, ES) Objectives:
T9 48412-48588 Sentence denotes The presence of community-acquired methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) producing the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) has never been reported before in Spain.
T10 48589-48687 Sentence denotes We describe the first four cases of infection due to typical CA-MRSA in our institution in Madrid.
T11 48688-48696 Sentence denotes Methods:
T12 48697-48821 Sentence denotes From September 2004 to October 2005 we detected in our institution four MRSA isolates from four patients from the community.
T13 48822-48924 Sentence denotes They had no history of previous MRSA isolation, hospitalization, or surgery before the MRSA isolation.
T14 48925-48991 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing was performed by the disk-diffusion method.
T15 48992-49070 Sentence denotes Methicillin-resistance was confirmed by the detection of the mecA gene by PCR.
T16 49071-49249 Sentence denotes SCCmec types and agr allele types were determined by previously described multiplex PCR strategies. pvl genes were detected by PCR amplification of the lukS-PV and lukF-PV genes.
T17 49250-49344 Sentence denotes To assess the specificity of the amplification, PCR products were subjected to DNA sequencing.
T18 49345-49410 Sentence denotes The isolates were analysed by PFGE after DNA digestion with SmaI.
T19 49411-49419 Sentence denotes Results:
T20 49420-49570 Sentence denotes The four isolates were CA-MRSA, showed resistance only to beta-lactams (one was also resistant to erythromycin) and were heteroresistant to oxacillin.
T21 49571-49722 Sentence denotes The isolates corresponded to four children (all males; from 2 months to 11 years) presenting with skin-and soft-tissue infections (pyogenic abscesses).
T22 49723-49802 Sentence denotes All patients needed surgical drainage and antimicrobial treatment for recovery.
T23 49803-49899 Sentence denotes Three isolates contained type IV SCCmec and agr1, and one case presented type I SCCmec and agr2.
T24 49900-50062 Sentence denotes PFGE analysis showed the presence of two different patterns (one including three cases with three different subtypes), that were different from nosocomial clones.
T25 50063-50094 Sentence denotes All isolates were PVL-positive.
T26 50095-50107 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T27 50108-50150 Sentence denotes We detected PVL-positive CA-MRSA in Spain.
T28 50151-50411 Sentence denotes Although three isolates presented type IV SCCmec, the presence of type I SCCmec in one of the isolates indicates the spread of different SCCmec types in the community.(This study was financed by the ''Red Españ ola de Investigació n en Patología Infecciosa'').
T29 50412-50420 Sentence denotes Results:
T30 50421-50517 Sentence denotes A total of 391 isolates belonged to 226 patients were identified during the period of the study.
T31 50518-50629 Sentence denotes The distribution of isolates recovered were 263 samples (67.3%) in 2004 as well as 128 samples (32.7%) in 2005.
T32 50630-50809 Sentence denotes CA-MRSA infection was diagnosed in 126 patients with 186 isolates while, hospital acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) were 100 patients and 205 samples.
T33 50810-50936 Sentence denotes The MRSA isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones (78.4%), erythromycin (38.4%), clindamycin (14.2%) and gentamycin (7.6%).
T34 50937-50944 Sentence denotes HAMRSA:
T35 50945-51341 Sentence denotes The main samples in (H-MRSA) acquired infections were from skin and soft infections (60.9%), respiratory tract infections (17.6%), blood (7.8%), and arthritis (5.4%), and the prevalence was highest in medical ward (23%), orthopaedic surgery ward (14.6%), followed by the otorhinolaryngology ward (9.8%), plastic surgery ward (6.8%), vascular surgery ward (6.8%) and the intensive care units 5.9%.
T36 51342-51397 Sentence denotes The proportion male/ female was 56/44 mean age 59.26 y.
T37 51398-51507 Sentence denotes The study of colonization of the nasophariynx, perineum or skin between (H-MRSA) was positive in 57 patients.
T38 51508-51526 Sentence denotes Carriage rate was:
T39 51527-51540 Sentence denotes 57/100 (57%).
T40 51541-51549 Sentence denotes CA-MRSA:
T41 51550-51701 Sentence denotes The origin most frequent of the samples were: outpatient department of hospital and out of hospital 156 (73.1%) and from emergency services 30 (16.3%).
T42 51702-51756 Sentence denotes The proportion male/female was 60/66, mean age 69.3 y.
T43 51757-51946 Sentence denotes CA-MRSA samples were recovered more frequently from outpatients department that were situated in Casco Viejo (19.6%) and Txurdinaga (7.6%) and the out patient department of hospital (9.7%).
T44 51947-52084 Sentence denotes Skin infections and soft infections 135 (76.4%) were the most frequent (wounds), urinary tract infections 15 (8.2%) and otitis 15 (8.2%).
T45 52085-52150 Sentence denotes Invasive disease occurs in 4.3% of cases (hemoculture positives).
T46 52151-52163 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T47 52164-52297 Sentence denotes The epidemiology of MRSA in Bilbao is changing rapidly, with increases in both the numbers of notification and the number of CA-MRSA.
T48 52298-52436 Sentence denotes Urinary tract infection and otitis by MRSA are very frequent in community and occurred in all age groups including paediatrics infections.
T49 52437-52549 Sentence denotes Identification epidemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus in Russian hospitals: multicentre study 1998 Objectives:
T50 52550-52705 Sentence denotes Over the last years there has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in some hospitals in Russia.
T51 52706-52770 Sentence denotes A multicentric study was done to investigate epidemic situation.
T52 52771-52779 Sentence denotes Methods:
T53 52780-53108 Sentence denotes 1500 S.aureus isolates collected in hospitals in different region of Russia in 1998-2002 and 10 MRSA isolates from hospitalized patients over period [1973] [1974] [1975] [1976] [1977] [1978] [1979] [1980] [1981] [1982] [1983] [1984] [1985] [1986] [1987] [1988] [1989] [1990] selected from the laboratory collection were studied.
T54 53109-53220 Sentence denotes Antibiograms and phage typing with phages of International Typing Set (ITS) were used for phenotyping analysis.
T55 53221-53308 Sentence denotes Molecular features of MRSA isolates were analysed by using coa-, spa-and SCCmec typing.
T56 53309-53376 Sentence denotes Presence of sea, seb, sec and tst-H was investigated by PCR method.
T57 53377-53459 Sentence denotes Results: MRSA were identified in 15 from 22 hospitals with the rate from 2 to 80%.
T58 53460-53547 Sentence denotes They were recovered from pus (37,7%), respiratory tract (30,1%), blood cultures ( 19%).
T59 53548-53634 Sentence denotes 82% of them were multiresistant, about 80% were typable with phages of ITS at 100 RTD.
T60 53635-53728 Sentence denotes We discovered two epidemic genotypes and every one was circulating in more than 10 hospitals.
T61 53729-53832 Sentence denotes One of these genotype was similar to EMRSA-1, had the same coa type, spa type t037, carried SCCmec III.
T62 53833-53892 Sentence denotes But only few isolates of these epidemic strain carried sea.
T63 53893-53970 Sentence denotes We discovered resembles isolates among laboratory collection of MRSA strains.
T64 53971-54013 Sentence denotes Another epidemic strain had spa type t008.
T65 54014-54217 Sentence denotes All isolates of this strain were produced PCR products with the primers for identification ccr type 2, mec complex class B and region J1( 4b1, 4b2) and with the primers set for identification ccr type 1.
T66 54218-54279 Sentence denotes So we proposed that they carried two different copies SCCmec.
T67 54280-54327 Sentence denotes All isolates sea and some isolates carried sec.
T68 54328-54438 Sentence denotes MRSA isolates from laboratory collection with the same coa type carried only SCCmec type IVb, but sea and seb.
T69 54439-54450 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T70 54451-54624 Sentence denotes A progressive increase of the proportion of the MRSA isolates in hospitals in Russia is a result of dissemination as much as two epidemic strains resembles to international.
T71 54625-54699 Sentence denotes One of them was circulated since 1986, but the second appeared after 1990.
T72 54700-54765 Sentence denotes New epidemic strain carried two different copies SCCmec probably.
T73 54766-54884 Sentence denotes Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonisation in a rehabilitating / nursing home in Italy Objectives:
T74 54885-54997 Sentence denotes Evaluation of the prevalence of MRSA nasal colonization in a nursing home with rehabilitation activity in Italy.
T75 54998-55006 Sentence denotes Methods:
T76 55007-55119 Sentence denotes The study was conducted at ''Azienda Cremona Solidale'', a nursing home located in Cremona, Italy with 350 beds.
T77 55120-55219 Sentence denotes The prevalence of MRSA nasal colonization was evaluated by performing a nasal swab to all patients.
T78 55220-55331 Sentence denotes The swabs were cultivated on Columbia CNA 5% mutton blood Agar and put into incubation at 37°C for 18-24 hours.
T79 55332-55566 Sentence denotes The colonies with a probable Staphylococcus aureus growth were further cultivated on Mannitol Salt Agar and Oxacillin Screen Agar for final identification and sensitivity test with Break point panel and ID for Staphylococci performed.
T80 55567-55677 Sentence denotes Positive patients were treated with the application of nasal mupirocine and baths / shampoo with chlorexidine.
T81 55678-55769 Sentence denotes Three microbiological controls were performed after one week from the end of the treatment.
T82 55770-55969 Sentence denotes Data were matched with MRSA data-base of the hospital of Cremona, which holds data regarding over 1300 MRSA carriers identifies from 1997 onwards, in order to identify previously known MRSA subjects.
T83 55970-55978 Sentence denotes Results:
T84 55979-56183 Sentence denotes 331 patients were involved in the study and 69 (20.8%) among them had a nasal Staphylococcus aureus colonization, in particular 53.6% were MRSA while 46.4% were methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus.
T85 56184-56253 Sentence denotes The MRSA nasal colonization rate on the overall population was 11.2%.
T86 56254-56339 Sentence denotes The specific treatment permitted the germ eradication in 33 over 37 patients (89.2%).
T87 56340-56436 Sentence denotes Only two of the 37 MRSA colonized patients were identified within the Cremona Hospital database.
T88 56437-56449 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T89 56450-56617 Sentence denotes The MRSA nasal carriage rate in nursing home has shown to be significant (11.2%); these patients seem to be a different population if compared to the hospitalized one.
T90 56618-56706 Sentence denotes The treatment has permitted to eradicate the colonization in a high percentage of cases.
T91 56707-57022 Sentence denotes Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from airway secretions from patients with cystic fibrosis that it affects significantly the pulmonary function, MRSA colonization/infection is an emerging problem resulting to the burden of glycopeptides and consisting a relative contraindication to lung transplantation.
T92 57023-57034 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T93 57035-57181 Sentence denotes The aim of our study was to determine some epidemiological features of MRSA airway colonization/ infection in patients with CF of our institution.
T94 57182-57366 Sentence denotes We reviewed retrospectively the clinical, demographic and laboratory data of the 388 patients with CF who have been attended our hospital between 01/2000-11/2005 for at least one year.
T95 57367-57437 Sentence denotes During this period 6100 sputum or deep throat specimens were cultured.
T96 57438-57555 Sentence denotes The identification was performed by the Standard methodology, (catalase and Dnase production, API Staph, Biomerieux).
T97 57556-57724 Sentence denotes The antibiotic resistance was evaluated by the Vitek II automated system (Biomerieux) and by the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) according to NCCLS recommendations.
T98 57725-57733 Sentence denotes Results:
T99 57734-57835 Sentence denotes 1) MRSA positive were 267 cultures, corresponding to 125 patients (32.2 %) (55 males and 70 females).
T100 57836-57907 Sentence denotes 2) The mean age of patients at the 1st isolation of MRSA was 7.2 y (SD:
T101 57908-57915 Sentence denotes 3.8 y).
T102 57916-58111 Sentence denotes 3) Eleven patients (8.8 %) were persistently colonized/infected with MRSA (>3 years) , 82 patients (65.6 %) had contemporary colonization (<8 months), while 32 (25.6) had short time colonization.
T103 58112-58178 Sentence denotes 4) Eight different antibiotic resistance phenotypes were observed.
T104 58179-58370 Sentence denotes The most prevalent phenotype was the one with resistance only to oxacillin (59.2 %), followed by resistance to oxacillin plus aminoglycosides (15.5 %) and oxacillin plus erythromycin (8.5 %).
T105 58371-58515 Sentence denotes Three patients (2.4%) were colonized/infected with multidrug resistant phenotype (susceptible only to linezolid and dalfopristin/ quinopristin).
T106 58516-58528 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T107 58529-58663 Sentence denotes 1) The mean annual incidence rate during this period showed no changes, but the mean age of 1st acquisition seems to decrease by time.
T108 58664-58870 Sentence denotes 2) The multidrugresistant phenotypes are rare, for the time being.3) Although MRSA strains are often isolated from patients with CF, only a small proportion of this population remains chronically colonized.
T109 58871-58995 Sentence denotes A new computer software for methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus typing based on spa-sequencing: comparison to MLST K.
T110 58996-59006 Sentence denotes Boye, M.D.
T111 59007-59018 Sentence denotes Bartels, A.
T112 59019-59031 Sentence denotes Mellmann, D.
T113 59032-59043 Sentence denotes Harmsen, H.
T114 59044-59089 Sentence denotes Westh (Hvidovre, DK; Munster, DE) Objectives:
T115 59090-59284 Sentence denotes The worldwide increase in the number of MRSA infections has enhanced the need for fast and reliable typing methods in order to investigate local outbreaks as well as global spread and phylogeny.
T116 59285-59449 Sentence denotes Two molecular approaches have proven especially useful for S. aureus typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and sequencing of the repeat region of the variable.
T117 59450-59503 Sentence denotes X-region of the Staphylococcus protein A (spatyping).
T118 59504-59695 Sentence denotes Computer software has for some time been available for phylogenetic analysis based on MLST data, but only recently a software has been developed for phylogenetic interpretation of spa-typing.
T119 59696-59798 Sentence denotes We have applied both softwares to a collection of 350 clinical MRSA isolates and compared the results.
T120 59799-59807 Sentence denotes Methods:
T121 59808-59883 Sentence denotes The 350 MRSA isolates were collected in the Copenhagen area from 2003-2005.
T122 59884-59950 Sentence denotes The spa-sequences from all isolates were amplified using AmpliTaq.
T123 59951-60013 Sentence denotes For each spa-type, one or two isolates were selected for MLST.
T124 60014-60079 Sentence denotes The seven MLST gene sequences were amplified using AmpliTaq Gold.
T125 60080-60157 Sentence denotes After purification, the PCR products were sequenced on an ABI 3100 sequencer.
T126 60158-60190 Sentence denotes For MLST analysis, the eBURST v.
T127 60191-60248 Sentence denotes 2 software was applied (http://saureus.mlst.net/eburst/).
T128 60249-60345 Sentence denotes For spa analysis, the newly developed BURP software (www.ridom. de/staphtype/support/) was used.
T129 60346-60354 Sentence denotes Results:
T130 60355-60453 Sentence denotes The 350 MRSA isolates exhibited 46 different spa-types and 19 different MLST sequence types (STs).
T131 60454-60550 Sentence denotes The spa-based BURP software grouped the isolates into six clonal complexes and a six singletons.
T132 60551-60633 Sentence denotes By MLST the isolates fell into nine wellknow clonal complexes and five singletons.
T133 60634-60701 Sentence denotes In general, very good agreements between the two methods were seen.
T134 60702-60838 Sentence denotes MLST clonal complexes CC5, CC8, CC22 and CC45 were identified as spa-based clonal complexes as well with only a few cases of mismatches.
T135 60839-60891 Sentence denotes However, discrepancy was seen for MLST CC1 and CC80.
T136 60892-60976 Sentence denotes Based on STs, the best connection between these isolates was a triple locus variant.
T137 60977-61056 Sentence denotes The spa-based BURP placed the isolates together in one extended clonal complex.
T138 61057-61146 Sentence denotes Manual inspection of the spa-types involved confirmed a connection between the sequences.
T139 61147-61158 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T140 61159-61261 Sentence denotes The single locus spa seems to be as useful and reliable for MRSA typing as the seven-genes based MLST.
T141 61262-61404 Sentence denotes Sequencing of one gene is faster and cheaper than sequencing of seven genes, and spa-typing might replace MLST as the typing method of choice.
T142 61405-61522 Sentence denotes The new software BURP for spa-based analysis of the relationship between MRSA types performs well and is easy to use.
T143 61523-61627 Sentence denotes A multiplex PCR for easy screening of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SCCmec types I to V K.
T144 61628-61638 Sentence denotes Boye, M.D.
T145 61639-61652 Sentence denotes Bartels, A.R.
T146 61653-61663 Sentence denotes Larsen, H.
T147 61664-61696 Sentence denotes Westh (Hvidovre, Copenhagen, DK)
T148 61697-61708 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T149 61709-61824 Sentence denotes The worldwide increase in the number of MRSA infections has enhanced the need for fast and reliable typing methods.
T150 61825-61966 Sentence denotes One of the typing systems for MRSA is determination of SCCmec-type (Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette containing the resistance gene mecA).
T151 61967-62075 Sentence denotes The "gold standard" for SCCmec-typing has been the multiplex PCR developed by Oliveira and de Lencastre (1).
T152 62076-62173 Sentence denotes However, this multiplex was primarily designed to characterize the hospital-acquired types I-III.
T153 62174-62291 Sentence denotes The current increase in MRSA infections is caused by community-onset MRSA carrying the smaller SCCmec types IV and V.
T154 62292-62431 Sentence denotes We have created a multiplex PCR-detection method for routine screening of MRSA isolates by which the five SCCmec types I-V can be detected.
T155 62432-62440 Sentence denotes Methods:
T156 62441-62567 Sentence denotes Based on the literature and sequences found in GenBank/EMBL, primers were designed for detection of SCCmec-specific sequences.
T157 62568-62737 Sentence denotes The multiplex PCR was designed to ensure that SCCmec types IV and V, the two most common MRSA types in Copenhagen, showed two bands when analysed by gel electrophoresis.
T158 62738-62836 Sentence denotes The more seldom types I, II and III only showed one band, and were confirmed by an additional PCR.
T159 62837-62905 Sentence denotes A collection of 255 clinical MRSA isolates was used to test the PCR.
T160 62906-63008 Sentence denotes The isolates had previously been tested mecA-positive by PCR and had been characterized by spa-typing.
T161 63009-63098 Sentence denotes As a control, 50 of the isolates were also SCCmec-typed using the Oliveira multiplex PCR.
T162 63099-63107 Sentence denotes Results:
T163 63108-63267 Sentence denotes Of the 255 tested MRSA isolates, 14 were SCCmec type I (5.5%), 9 were type II (3.5%), 3 were type III (1.2%), 213 were type IV (83%) and 16 were type V (6.3%).
T164 63268-63336 Sentence denotes Three (1.2%) isolates were non-typable and will be analysed further.
T165 63337-63422 Sentence denotes The Oliveira PCR gave identical results, except that type V is untypable by this PCR.
T166 63423-63599 Sentence denotes More than half of type IV represented just three MRSA clones: ST8-IV (spa-types t008 and t024; 121 isolates), ST30-IV (t019; 27 isolates), ST80-IV (t044; 23 isolates contacted.
T167 63600-63737 Sentence denotes Swabs were taken from the nose, throat and perineum of all persons living in the households and were inoculated into an enrichment broth.
T168 63738-63815 Sentence denotes The broth incubated overnight at 37°C and was then cultured and used for PCR.
T169 63816-63943 Sentence denotes Real-time PCR was performed as described by Huletsky et al, except that we used only one specific primerset and a Taqman probe.
T170 63944-64027 Sentence denotes MRSA colonies were tested by duplex PCR for the presence of the spa and mecA genes.
T171 64028-64091 Sentence denotes Patients were interviewed to find a possible link between them.
T172 64092-64100 Sentence denotes Results:
T173 64101-64155 Sentence denotes 25 patients agreed to participate, 2 had left Denmark.
T174 64156-64210 Sentence denotes 187 swabs were taken from 62 persons in 18 households.
T175 64211-64293 Sentence denotes Seventeen samples were MRSA positive from thirteen persons, six were new patients.
T176 64294-64356 Sentence denotes Eight households were found to be epidemiologically connected.
T177 64357-64479 Sentence denotes Three of the eight families had been to the Philippines and via their children had contact to the remaining five families.
T178 64480-64583 Sentence denotes Another five households had connection to the Philippines, one household to Australia and one to Spain.
T179 64584-64646 Sentence denotes Thirteen (76 %) specimens were found culture and PCR positive.
T180 64647-64698 Sentence denotes Three specimens were MRSA positive by culture only.
T181 64699-64813 Sentence denotes PCR was repeatedly negative from the enrichment broth but was positive on the pure colonies in two of three cases.
T182 64814-64870 Sentence denotes One isolate was PCR positive but culture negative twice.
T183 64871-64947 Sentence denotes It became culture positive after repeated culture from the enrichment broth.
T184 64948-65001 Sentence denotes Three samples were PCR positive and culture negative.
T185 65002-65087 Sentence denotes Spa and mecA PCR on the enrichment broth found MSSA with spa types t091 (2) and t230.
T186 65088-65099 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T187 65100-65156 Sentence denotes Interviews gave very useful epidemiological information.
T188 65157-65281 Sentence denotes ST30 is known as the South Pacific clone and we found a strong initial connection to the Philippines and between households.
T189 65282-65309 Sentence denotes Eradication is now ongoing.
T190 65310-65371 Sentence denotes Culture had a sensitivity of 94% compared to 82% for the PCR.
T191 65372-65541 Sentence denotes The three culture positive and PCR negative samples could be caused by a very low number of MRSA or in one case variability in the sequences amplified by the primer set.
T192 65542-65589 Sentence denotes The PPV for culture was 100 % and for PCR 82 %.
T193 65590-65661 Sentence denotes By further PCR optimizing it could be possible to achieve a higher PPV.
T194 65662-65745 Sentence denotes Our results show that culture is still the best method for detecting MRSA carriage.
T195 65746-65822 Sentence denotes Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and pig-farming B. van Dijke, H.
T196 65823-65833 Sentence denotes Koppen, W.
T197 65834-65844 Sentence denotes Wannet, X.
T198 65845-65873 Sentence denotes Huijsdens, H. de Neeling, A.
T199 65874-65923 Sentence denotes Voss (Weert, Bilthoven, Nijmegen, NL) Objectives:
T200 65924-66015 Sentence denotes Sporadic cases of CA-MRSA in persons without risk-factors for MRSA carriage are increasing.
T201 66016-66106 Sentence denotes We report a MRSA cluster among family members of a pig-farmer, his coworkers and his pigs.
T202 66107-66167 Sentence denotes Initially a young mother was seen with mastitis due to MRSA.
T203 66168-66257 Sentence denotes Six months later her baby daughter was admitted to the hospital with Pneumococcal otitis.
T204 66258-66331 Sentence denotes After staying 5 days in hospital, the baby was found to be MRSA positive.
T205 66332-66536 Sentence denotes At that point it was decided to look for a possible source, such as other family members and house-hold animals, including pigs on the farm, since those were reported as a possible source of MRSA earlier.
T206 66537-66545 Sentence denotes Methods:
T207 66546-66622 Sentence denotes Swabs were taken from the throat and nares of family members and co-workers.
T208 66623-66700 Sentence denotes A veterinarian obtained swabs from the nares, throat and perineum of 10 pigs.
T209 66701-66811 Sentence denotes Swabs were cultured following a national protocol to detect MRSA that included the use of an enrichment broth.
T210 66812-66971 Sentence denotes Animal and human strains were sent to the national MRSA reference centre (RIVM) for typing and genetic analysis, including PFGE, spa-typing, and MLST analysis.
T211 66972-66980 Sentence denotes Results:
T212 66981-67073 Sentence denotes Three of the four family members, three co-workers, and 8 of the 10 pigs were MRSA positive.
T213 67074-67274 Sentence denotes With the exception of the initial case (the mother), all persons had no signs of clinical infections but were only colonized.After digestion with SmaI, none of the strains showed any bands using PFGE.
T214 67275-67314 Sentence denotes All isolates belonged to spa type t108.
T215 67315-67375 Sentence denotes The isolates from the farmer and his wife had MLST type 398.
T216 67376-67387 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T217 67388-67390 Sentence denotes 1.
T218 67391-67491 Sentence denotes This report clearly shows clonal spread and transmission between humans and pigs in the Netherlands.
T219 67492-67494 Sentence denotes 2.
T220 67495-67666 Sentence denotes MLST type 398 might be of international importance as pig-MRSA, since this type was shown earlier to be present in epidemiologically unrelated French pigs and pig-farmers.
T221 67667-67669 Sentence denotes 3.
T222 67670-67846 Sentence denotes Research is needed to evaluate whether this is a local problem or a new source of MRSA, that puts the until now successful search and destroy policy of the Netherlands at risk.
T223 67847-67925 Sentence denotes Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci isolated from horses M.
T224 67926-67938 Sentence denotes Corrente, G.
T225 67939-67948 Sentence denotes Greco, V.
T226 67949-67961 Sentence denotes Martella, G.
T227 67962-67974 Sentence denotes Normanno, E.
T228 67975-67988 Sentence denotes Tarsitano, C.
T229 67989-68016 Sentence denotes Buonavoglia (Valenzano, IT)
T230 68017-68028 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T231 68029-68172 Sentence denotes Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (MRCNS) were isolated from a horse with osteolysis and from the nares of healthy horses.
T232 68173-68277 Sentence denotes The isolates were characterized by genotypic analysis and by evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility.
T233 68278-68286 Sentence denotes Methods:
T234 68287-68387 Sentence denotes A saddle horse affected by osteolysis (horse A) of the 3rd metacarpal bone was subjected to surgery.
T235 68388-68531 Sentence denotes From the removed bone fragment a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated that was found to be MR by a PCR specific for the mecA gene.
T236 68532-68644 Sentence denotes Nares and skin swabs of horse A and nares swabs from 12 healthy horses housed in the same stable were collected.
T237 68645-68716 Sentence denotes In addition, nares swabs from the personnel of the stable were sampled.
T238 68717-68790 Sentence denotes All the swabs were inoculated on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) plus oxacillin.
T239 68791-68938 Sentence denotes The isolates grown on MSA were identified by biochemical methods, tested by the mecA PCR and evaluated for susceptibility to non beta-lactam drugs.
T240 68939-69132 Sentence denotes Also, all the strains were tested for the presence of virulence markers such as the icaA and IS256 genes and were typed by a multiplex PCR specific for the SCCmec type and for the ccrB subtype.
T241 69133-69141 Sentence denotes Results:
T242 69142-69218 Sentence denotes Horse A was found to be colonised by MRCNS in the nares but not on the skin.
T243 69219-69550 Sentence denotes The nares isolate exhibited the same phenotypic and genotypic features as the bone tissue isolate, i.e. both the strains were characterised as S. epidermidis, were resistant to nalidixic acid, erythromycin and cotrimoxazole, were Not Typeable (NT) by the SCCmec PCR assay, were of ccrB type 2, and positive to icaA and IS256 genes.
T244 69551-69636 Sentence denotes A total of 14 MRCNS were isolated from the nares swabs of 10 out of 12 horses tested.
T245 69637-69750 Sentence denotes As for the SCCmec type, 3 strains were type II, 1 strain was type I,1 strain with type IV and 9 isolates were NT.
T246 69751-69807 Sentence denotes Thirteen strains were of ccrB subtype 2, 1 of subtype 1.
T247 69808-69893 Sentence denotes All the strains but one were resistant to at least 2 classes of non betalactam drugs.
T248 69894-69957 Sentence denotes Four out of 14 strains were positive to PCR for the IS256 gene.
T249 69958-70011 Sentence denotes No MRS were found in the nares swabs of human origin.
T250 70012-70023 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T251 70024-70086 Sentence denotes Infection by MRS is considered an emerging problem in animals.
T252 70087-70205 Sentence denotes In this survey most horses tested were found to be carriers of MRCNS, with some strains displaying invasive potential.
T253 70206-70317 Sentence denotes As in the stable personnel there were not MRS carriers, the human origin of the MRCNS strains may be ruled out.
T254 70318-70512 Sentence denotes The detection of new SCCmec types, and of the ccrB type 2 as well, supports the hypothesis that horse MRCNS represent a potential source of resistance genes that may be transmitted to S. aureus.
T255 70513-70711 Sentence denotes First report of non-prototypic Tn1546 among vanA vancomycin-resistant-Enterococci isolated from domestic chickens in Korea: evidence of communication between VRE niche of human and those of chicken?
T256 70712-70864 Sentence denotes Background: VRE rate has abruptly been increased up to 20% in tertiary-care-hospitals since late 1990 even though avoparcin was banned in 1997 in Korea.
T257 70865-71198 Sentence denotes This study was performed to estimate the prevalence of vanA vancomycin-resistantenterococci (VRE) among domestic chickens and characterize epidemiologically the vanA VRE strains using transposon typing of Tn1546-like elements and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to elucidate the epidemiology of dissemination of VRE in Korea.
T258 71199-71207 Sentence denotes Methods:
T259 71208-71461 Sentence denotes From January to February 2005, fresh faeces were collected from chickens and workers in free-range-chicken farms (FRCF) and caged-chicken-farm (CCF) located at Kyunggi province and inoculated on bile esculine azide agar containing 6 lg/mL of vancomycin.
T260 71462-71470 Sentence denotes Results:
T261 71471-71520 Sentence denotes Almost all isolates were sensitive to ampicillin.
T262 71521-71643 Sentence denotes Strains showing high-level gentamicin resistance were isolated in two cases, one from a pig and one from a cattle in 2001.
T263 71644-71755 Sentence denotes Similarly low rate of streptomycin resistance was observed in cattle, and somewhat higher in the other animals.
T264 71756-71970 Sentence denotes The number of strains with reduced susceptibility to erythromycin was nearly as high as the number of tetracycline resistant strains and the nonsensitivity was still retained in 2003 and 2004 in all animal species.
T265 71971-72100 Sentence denotes Resistance to tetracycline was highest in chicken (ranging between 40-80 %) around 60% in pigs and only around 18-30 % in cattle.
T266 72101-72165 Sentence denotes Interestingly the lowest resistance rates were observed in 2002.
T267 72166-72273 Sentence denotes In addition, 434 of the total 562 isolates ( = 77.2%) were resistant to both tetracycline and erythromycin.
T268 72274-72417 Sentence denotes Vancomycin resistance increased steadily in chickens (from 23.5 % in 2001 to 2.2 % in 2004) , and disappeared totally in pigs by 2003 and 2004.
T269 72418-72559 Sentence denotes In cattle, there were 5 intermediate resistant and 11 fully resistant strains in 2001, 6 and 1 in 2002, 4 and 7 in 2003 and 5 and 0 in 2004 .
T270 72560-72678 Sentence denotes Among the 121 vancomycin and tetracycline non-susceptible isolates, 74 strains were resistant to erythromycin as well.
T271 72679-72690 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T272 72691-72814 Sentence denotes Although ampicillin and amoxicillin are often used in veterinary practice, the resistance rate to these was relatively low.
T273 72815-72929 Sentence denotes High resistance was found to tetracyclines and macrolides, which increased by 2003 and 2004 in all animal species.
T274 72930-73059 Sentence denotes This may be due to the higher rate of consumption of these drugs in the animal treatment after the ban of other growth promoters.
T275 73060-73233 Sentence denotes The annual data of vancomycin resistance point to an association between the recovery of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from tested animals and the use of avoparcin.
T276 73234-73421 Sentence denotes This study indicates that it could be possible to reduce antimicrobial resistance in food animals by reducing the use of antibiotics, although variations can occur with different strains.
T277 73422-73471 Sentence denotes Analysis of mortality in septic shock patients J.
T278 73472-73491 Sentence denotes Martinez Alario, J.
T279 73492-73504 Sentence denotes Villegas, S.
T280 73505-73517 Sentence denotes Huidobro, C.
T281 73518-73538 Sentence denotes Christophe Henry, R.
T282 73539-73554 Sentence denotes Santacreu, M.L.
T283 73555-73574 Sentence denotes Mora (Tenerife, ES)
T284 73575-73586 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T285 73587-73754 Sentence denotes Septic shock is a common cause of death in Intensive Care Units and mortality prediction may help to identify patients who may benefit from a given treatment strategy.
T286 73755-73920 Sentence denotes The aim of this work was to assess the mortality in septic shock and the performance of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment ( SOFA ) score to predict this mortality.
T287 73921-73929 Sentence denotes Methods:
T288 73930-74128 Sentence denotes Prospective observational study of 182 patients who meet the criteria for septic shock defined by the American College of Chest Physicians and Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference.
T289 74129-74252 Sentence denotes Clinical and physiologic data for the model were prospectively collected applying the criteria described by the developers.
T290 74253-74316 Sentence denotes Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS ( SPSS 11.0 inc.
T291 74317-74330 Sentence denotes Chicago IL ).
T292 74331-74418 Sentence denotes Predicted hospital mortality was calculated and was compared with the actual mortality.
T293 74419-74608 Sentence denotes Performance was assessed by evaluating calibration with the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, and discrimination with the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve.
T294 74609-74617 Sentence denotes Results:
T295 74618-74658 Sentence denotes Sex ratio was 61.5% men and 38.5% women.
T296 74659-74683 Sentence denotes Mean age was 59.8 years.
T297 74684-74720 Sentence denotes Mean SOFA score was 12 (range 7-21).
T298 74721-74746 Sentence denotes Mortality rate was 42.3%.
T299 74747-74784 Sentence denotes Lemeshow-Hosmer chi-square was 3.725.
T300 74785-74815 Sentence denotes AUROC curve was 0.901 (CI 95%:
T301 74816-74829 Sentence denotes 0.862-0.935).
T302 74830-74841 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T303 74842-75059 Sentence denotes In our experience mortality in septic shock patients remains high and SOFA score perform very well, with calibration and discrimination very high, and it is an appropriate tool to assess and to predict this mortality.
T304 75060-75160 Sentence denotes The significance, clinical presentation and evolution of recurrent E. coli bloodstream infections M.
T305 75161-75169 Sentence denotes Sanz, A.
T306 75170-75183 Sentence denotes Fernandez, P.
T307 75184-75194 Sentence denotes Muñ oz, E.
T308 75195-75208 Sentence denotes Cercenado, M.
T309 75209-75231 Sentence denotes Rodríguez-Creixems, J.
T310 75232-75242 Sentence denotes Feyjoo, E.
T311 75243-75273 Sentence denotes Bouza (Madrid, ES) Background:
T312 75274-75400 Sentence denotes Knowledge on the incidence and clinical significance of recurrent Escherichia coli bloodstream infections (REC-BSI) is sparse.
T313 75401-75498 Sentence denotes We assessed both aspects by reviewing the experience of our institution during the last 20 years.
T314 75499-75507 Sentence denotes Methods:
T315 75508-75569 Sentence denotes From 1984 to 2004 our institution had 23,694 episodes of BSI.
T316 75570-75603 Sentence denotes Of them 4339 were due to E. coli.
T317 75604-75678 Sentence denotes Overall, we selected as REC-BSI those episodes separated at least 30 days.
T318 75679-75855 Sentence denotes In order to assess risk factors for REC-BSI we performed a case-control study of a randomly selected population that was analysed with a multivariable logistic regression test.
T319 75856-75864 Sentence denotes Results:
T320 75865-75959 Sentence denotes Out of the 4339 episodes of E. coli BSI (EC-BSI), 568 (13 %) had at least a recurrent episode.
T321 75960-76056 Sentence denotes For the assessment of risk factors for recurrence we randomly selected 79 cases and 79 controls.
T322 76057-76140 Sentence denotes Patients with RCE-BSI were predominantly males (67%) with a median age of 66 years.
T323 76141-76299 Sentence denotes Of them, 51% had a rapidly or ultimately fatal underlying condition (McCabe I and II) and 30.4% were immunosupressed (12.7% had an haematological malignancy).
T324 76300-76431 Sentence denotes Origin of the RCE-BSI was UTI (40%), intra-abdominal (20.8%) biliary (11.7%), primary bacteremia (15.6%) and catheter-related (5%).
T325 76432-76484 Sentence denotes Median time to recurrence was 157 days (IQR 62-581).
T326 76485-76540 Sentence denotes Mortality among REC-BSI was 15.4% (attributable 14.3%).
T327 76541-76591 Sentence denotes Survivors had more episodes in 19.4% of the cases.
T328 76592-76841 Sentence denotes In the univariate analysis, factors significantly associated with REC-BSI were: male sex (OR 3.15;1.64-6.06), immunosupression (OR 4.48; ), haematological malignancy (OR 11.63;1.41-90.91), non-urinary origin (OR 5.36; and McCabe I and II (OR 2.35; .
T329 76842-77023 Sentence denotes Factors not significantly different between both populations were: age, presence of indwelling devices, adequacy of antibiotic therapy and place of acquisition of the first episode.
T330 77024-77207 Sentence denotes The multivariable analysis showed as independent factors predicting RCE-BSI the following: male sex (OR 2.78; immunosupression ( OR 2.84; ) and non-urinary origin (OR 4.26;2.01-9.06).
T331 77208-77338 Sentence denotes Conclusions: RCE-BSI is a relatively frequent disease complicating mainly immunosupression particularly haematologic malignancies.
T332 77339-77456 Sentence denotes We were not able to show a relationship of RCE-BSI with inadequacy of antimicrobial therapy during the first episode.
T333 77457-77546 Sentence denotes The influence of SIRS criteria on outcome in Gram-negative versus Gram-positive sepsis M.
T334 77547-77556 Sentence denotes Lupse, A.
T335 77557-77565 Sentence denotes Bica, A.
T336 77566-77580 Sentence denotes Slavcovici, A.
T337 77581-77594 Sentence denotes Radulescu, C.
T338 77595-77605 Sentence denotes Bondor, D.
T339 77606-77633 Sentence denotes Tatulescu (Cluj-Napoca, RO)
T340 77634-77733 Sentence denotes The clinical significance of the systemic inflammatory response in septic patients remains unclear.
T341 77734-77882 Sentence denotes The aim of the study is to compare the outcome in patients with documented grampositive versus gram-negative sepsis with 2, 3 or 4 criteria of SIRS.
T342 77883-77903 Sentence denotes Material and method:
T343 77904-78046 Sentence denotes We performed a retrospective study based on case records over a 9 year period (1996) (1997) (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) .
T344 78047-78228 Sentence denotes We selected adult patients having at admittance in ICU Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases the diagnosis criteria of sepsis, according to ACCP/SCCM expert panel recommendation.
T345 78229-78423 Sentence denotes We compared the short term outcome (till hospital discharge) of confirmed bacterial septic patients, regarding on number of SIRS criteria, using EpiInfo 6, Excel statistical analysis and SPSS10.
T346 78424-78432 Sentence denotes Results:
T347 78433-78566 Sentence denotes 316 adult patients non HIV, median age 57,1 years, 187 males (59%), 227 with community acquired and 89 with hospital acquired sepsis.
T348 78567-78584 Sentence denotes The etiology was:
T349 78585-78737 Sentence denotes 61 gram-positives (19%), 87 gram-negatives (28%), 2 anaerobes (1%), 2 fungi (2%), 15 polymicrobial (4%) and 149 cases without documented etiology (47%).
T350 78738-78859 Sentence denotes The most frequent isolated strains were: S. aureus between gram-positives (67%) and E. coli between gram-negatives (51%).
T351 78860-78913 Sentence denotes The percent of patients with grampositive sepsis was:
T352 78914-78991 Sentence denotes 25% for 2 SIRS criteria, 34% for 3 SIRS criteria and 10% for 4 SIRS criteria.
T353 78992-79031 Sentence denotes Patients with gram-negative sepsis met:
T354 79032-79090 Sentence denotes 2 criteria of SIRS 28%; 3 criteria 31% and 4 criteria 11%.
T355 79091-79132 Sentence denotes The hospital mortality of sepsis was 42%:
T356 79133-79217 Sentence denotes 34% for grampositive (32% S. aureus) and 30% for gram-negative (34% E. coli) sepsis.
T357 79218-79421 Sentence denotes The outcome was unaffected by the number of inflammatory response criteria in gram-positive versus gramnegative sepsis, p = 0.53 for two criteria, p = 0.45 for three criteria, p = 0.65 for four criteria.
T358 79422-79535 Sentence denotes There are no significant differences between S. aureus versus E. coli sepsis outcome for 2, 3 or 4 SIRS criteria.
T359 79536-79548 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T360 79549-79648 Sentence denotes Characterization of septic patients by the presence of SIRS criteria has no prognostic implication.
T361 79649-79754 Sentence denotes There are no differences in outcome in gram-positive versus gram negative sepsis sorted by SIRS criteria.
T362 79755-79818 Sentence denotes Haemophilus influenzae bloodstream infections: a reappraisal G.
T363 79819-79829 Sentence denotes Muñ oz, L.
T364 79830-79840 Sentence denotes Cuadra, E.
T365 79841-79850 Sentence denotes Calbo, M.
T366 79851-79864 Sentence denotes Xercavins, J.
T367 79865-79885 Sentence denotes Garau (Terrassa, ES)
T368 79886-80028 Sentence denotes Introduction: H. influenzae (HI) is a well-known cause of disease in children and adults with local impairment of the host defence mechanisms.
T369 80029-80152 Sentence denotes COPD is the first predisposing condition in immunocompetent adults, and the most common clinical presentation is pneumonia.
T370 80153-80214 Sentence denotes However, bloodstream infections (BSI) due to HI are uncommon.
T371 80215-80296 Sentence denotes The aim of our study was to review our experience on HI BSI in the last 18 years.
T372 80297-80318 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T373 80319-80467 Sentence denotes From Jan 1988 to April 2005 all patients with BSI due to HI were identified through records of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of the hospital.
T374 80468-80602 Sentence denotes Demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentation, antimicrobial resistance, serotypes and outcome were reviewed from medical charts.
T375 80603-80611 Sentence denotes Results:
T376 80612-80661 Sentence denotes 58 HI BSI out of 5178 BSI (1.1%) were identified.
T377 80662-80676 Sentence denotes 59% were male.
T378 80677-80771 Sentence denotes 46 (79%) were adults with a median age of 64 y (range, 25-89) and 91% were community-acquired.
T379 80772-80962 Sentence denotes Globally, the most common clinical presentations were pneumonia (41.4%), biliary tract infection (8.6%), primary bacteraemia (PB) (8.6%), meningitis (8.6%) and gynecologic infections (5.2%).
T380 80963-80995 Sentence denotes 60% of adults had comorbidities.
T381 80996-81085 Sentence denotes COPD, smoking habit, enolism and HIV were present in 30%, 27%, 15% and 12%, respectively.
T382 81086-81120 Sentence denotes 21% were beta-lactamase producers.
T383 81121-81202 Sentence denotes Serotype b was identified in 8.6% and 41.6% of adults and children, respectively.
T384 81203-81253 Sentence denotes The last case of serotype b was diagnosed in 1996.
T385 81254-81301 Sentence denotes Mortality was 27% in adults and 9% in children.
T386 81302-81362 Sentence denotes The highest fatality rate was found in adults with PB (75%).
T387 81363-81448 Sentence denotes 592 Streptococcus pneumoniae BSI (11.4%) were documented during the same time period.
T388 81449-81556 Sentence denotes Conclusions: HI BSI is uncommon in our community, 10-fold less frequent than invasive pneumococcal disease.
T389 81557-81696 Sentence denotes Adults, most with comorbidities, represent three quarters of all cases of HI bloodstream infections (which are rarely caused by HI type B).
T390 81697-81744 Sentence denotes Mortality remains high, especially in PB cases.
T391 81745-81847 Sentence denotes Protein C levels in plasma and APACHE II scoring system for risk evaluation in patients with sepsis E.
T392 81848-81864 Sentence denotes Doyuk Kartal, E.
T393 81865-81875 Sentence denotes Karkac, N.
T394 81876-81885 Sentence denotes Erben, S.
T395 81886-81916 Sentence denotes Nayman Alpat, I. Ö zgü nes, Z.
T396 81917-81927 Sentence denotes Gulbas, G.
T397 81928-81950 Sentence denotes Usluer (Eskisehir, TR)
T398 81951-81961 Sentence denotes Objective:
T399 81962-82065 Sentence denotes Concentrations of protein C reduces in septic patients; this reduction is associated with poor outcome.
T400 82066-82199 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of protein C levels and APACHE II score with prognosis in patients with sepsis.
T401 82200-82208 Sentence denotes Methods:
T402 82209-82258 Sentence denotes A prospective study was conducted in 73 patients.
T403 82259-82407 Sentence denotes Included patients were classified as having sepsis (n = 41), severe sepsis or septic shock (n = 19), according to established concensus definitions.
T404 82408-82477 Sentence denotes Patients with only infection were selected as control group (n = 13).
T405 82478-82589 Sentence denotes Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score were determined at the beginning of the study.
T406 82590-82713 Sentence denotes Blood samples were obtained from all patients for protein C levels at the beginning and 48 hours after initiation of study.
T407 82714-82795 Sentence denotes Protein C were measured in plasma by Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA).
T408 82796-82950 Sentence denotes Patients were observed for clinical outcomes, with 28-day all-cause mortality, duration of ICU stay and the presence or absence of mechanical ventilation.
T409 82951-83076 Sentence denotes Results: APACHE II score was 14.21 in patients with sepsis, 22.12 in severe sepsis and septic shock and 7.5 in control group.
T410 83077-83248 Sentence denotes Protein C levels at the beginning and 48 hours after initiation of study were seen in Table 1 .Initial protein C levels were lower in patients who died than survived ones.
T411 83249-83347 Sentence denotes However protein C levels at 48 hours after initiation of study were not associated with mortality.
T412 83348-83468 Sentence denotes There were negative correlation with APACHE II score to initial and 48 hours after initiation of study protein C levels.
T413 83469-83480 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T414 83481-83617 Sentence denotes Patients who have protein C concentration below 70% at the beginning of the study was correlated with poor prognosis in septic patients.
T415 83618-83681 Sentence denotes This reduction is related with poor outcome in septic patients.
T416 83682-83834 Sentence denotes Initial protein C levels were significantly lower and APACHE II score was significantly higher in the patients who died compared with the survived ones.
T417 83835-83955 Sentence denotes APACHE II scoring system and measure of initial protein C levels were significant prognostic factors in septic patients.
T418 83956-84074 Sentence denotes The role of plasma BNP levels in the early prognostic stratification of septic patients at the emergency department G.
T419 84075-84087 Sentence denotes Ruggiano, R.
T420 84088-84111 Sentence denotes Camajori Tedeschini, A.
T421 84112-84135 Sentence denotes Rosselli (Florence, IT)
T422 84136-84299 Sentence denotes Myocardial dysfunction is observed in 44% of patient with severe sepsis or septic shock and high plasma BNP levels could be associated with poor outcome of sepsis.
T423 84300-84433 Sentence denotes To investigate whether the plasma BNP level could represent a prognostic marker for septic patients, we started a two phases project.
T424 84434-84592 Sentence denotes First, a retrospective study on factors influencing the poor clinical outcome in septic patients was conducted reviewing the clinical records of 234 patients.
T425 84593-84790 Sentence denotes The age >65 years, the Karnofsky score < 60, the SaO2 < 90% , the PT < 70% and the presence of ''pulmonary edema'' at the traditional chest X ray resulted to be independently correlated with death.
T426 84791-85083 Sentence denotes Then, a prospective study was started in December 2003 enrolling all the adult patients presenting to our ED with SIRS; the esclusion criteria are the presence of other causes of SIRS, persistent immunodeficiency and the presence of preexisting conditions known to increase plasma BNP levels.
T427 85084-85244 Sentence denotes For all the enrolled patients a complete clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination including BNP and cardiac Troponin I l plasma levels are carried out.
T428 85245-85354 Sentence denotes We use a non-radiometric bed-side test (Triage BNP Test Panel Biosite) with a cut off value of 100 pg/ml (4).
T429 85355-85404 Sentence denotes At today, 30 patients were enrolled in the study.
T430 85405-85413 Sentence denotes Results:
T431 85414-85570 Sentence denotes Survivors showed a value of BNP plasma level of 120.6 pg/ml (95% CI 60, 12-181, 21) when compared to nonsurvivors 1468.25 pg/ml (95% CI of 200, 7-2735.78 ).
T432 85571-85676 Sentence denotes Such a difference is statistically highly significant (p < 0,0001), despite the small number of patients.
T433 85677-85802 Sentence denotes We are progressing with our study to reach larger figures in order to evaluate the independent influence of BNP on prognosis.
T434 85803-85999 Sentence denotes It is generally accepted that in the pathogenesis of sepsis and the evolution to septic shock there is an abrupt passage from a reversible disease to an irreversible condition that leads to death.
T435 86000-86101 Sentence denotes Left ventricular failure might represent one of the underlying events leading to multi-organ failure.
T436 86102-86256 Sentence denotes Thus BNP plasma levels as an early marker may consistently contribute to predict unfavourable clinical evolution before the myocardial failure is evident.
T437 86257-86568 Sentence denotes Should this hypothesis be confirmed, the early aggressive therapy recommended in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock could be properly set up without any delay but targeted to high risk patients, allowing an appropriate clinical management together with an improved human and economic resources allocation.
T438 86569-86580 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T439 86581-86774 Sentence denotes In patients with sepsis, low membrane-bound monocyte CD14 (mCD14) expression level and high soluble CD14 (sCD14) concentration level have been reported separately as predictors of poor outcome.
T440 86775-86876 Sentence denotes However, no results about the mutual relationship between mCD14 and sCD14 have been published so far.
T441 86877-87022 Sentence denotes We measured both markers in patients with severe community-acquired bacterial infection, and studied their predictive value for 28 day mortality.
T442 87023-87031 Sentence denotes Methods:
T443 87032-87169 Sentence denotes The study comprised 142 acutely ill patients (83 male, 59 female) with community-acquired pneumonia and/or blood culture-positive sepsis.
T444 87170-87309 Sentence denotes Expression level of mCD14 by whole blood flow cytometry and sCD14 by ELISA were measured in blood sample obtained on admission to hospital.
T445 87310-87380 Sentence denotes Clinical data were collected retrospectively from the medical records.
T446 87381-87460 Sentence denotes 28-day mortality enquiry was made from the National Population Register Centre.
T447 87461-87469 Sentence denotes Results:
T448 87470-87549 Sentence denotes There was no significant correlation between mCD14 expression and sCD14 levels.
T449 87550-87675 Sentence denotes The survival rate in the lowest tertile of mCD14 expression was significantly lower than that in the middle/highest tertiles.
T450 87676-87769 Sentence denotes The survival rates in the highest and middle/lowest tertiles of sCD14 levels were comparable.
T451 87770-87890 Sentence denotes The hazard ratios of mCD14 and sCD14 were 9.79 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31 to >50, p = 0.006) and 1.22 (95% CI 0.
T452 87891-87924 Sentence denotes 2-5.42 , p = 0.77), respectively.
T453 87925-88001 Sentence denotes The hazard ratio of mCD14 appeared to improve after stratification by sCD14.
T454 88002-88162 Sentence denotes A significant positive correlation was detected between C-reactive protein and sCD14 levels, providing evidence that sCD14 may serve as an acute phase reactant.
T455 88163-88174 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T456 88175-88338 Sentence denotes Low level of mCD14 on monocytes, but not the concurrent circulating level of sCD14, predicts 28-day mortality in patients with severe community-acquired infection.
T457 88339-88350 Sentence denotes Background:
T458 88351-88579 Sentence denotes Tigecycline, a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T459 88580-88818 Sentence denotes The T.E.S.T. program determined the in vitro activity of tigecycline compared to most commonly prescribed broad spectrum antimicrobials against gram-negative and grampositive species collected from hospitals globally throughout 2004-2006.
T460 88819-88827 Sentence denotes Methods:
T461 88828-88954 Sentence denotes A total of 19,158 clinical isolates were identified to the species level at each site and confirmed by the central laboratory.
T462 88955-89111 Sentence denotes Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) were determined by each site using supplied broth microdilution panels and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines.
T463 89112-89120 Sentence denotes Results:
T464 89121-89260 Sentence denotes Results are in the table as follows*:*Tigecycline susceptibility defined according to FDA package insert (Tygacil Ò, 2005) where available.
T465 89261-89363 Sentence denotes Tigecycline Acinetobacter susceptibility breakpoint defined as £2 lg/mL for comparative purposes only.
T466 89364-89375 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T467 89376-89577 Sentence denotes Tigecycline's in vitro activity was comparable to or greater than most commonly prescribed antimicrobials without any demonstrable change in activity between in-and out-patient bacterial study strains.
T468 89578-89716 Sentence denotes The presented data suggest that tigecycline may be an effective and reliable therapeutic option against nosocomial or community pathogens.
T469 89717-89795 Sentence denotes Tigecycline antibacterial activity in current (2004) (2005) (2006) Background:
T470 89796-90046 Sentence denotes Tigecycline, the first member of a new class of glycylcyclines antimicrobial class to reach clinical trials, has been shown to have potent broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for hospital acquired infections.
T471 90047-90139 Sentence denotes Cross-resistance to several classes of antimicrobials is often seen in nosocomial pathogens.
T472 90140-90462 Sentence denotes The T.E.S.T. program determined the in vitro activity of tigecycline against strains of Enterobacteriaceae cross-resistant to one or more of the following antimicrobials: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam, levofloxacin, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ampicillin, amikacin, minocycline, ceftazidime and imipenem.
T473 90463-90558 Sentence denotes The isolates were collected from 80 investigational sties in 19 countries throughout 2004-2006.
T474 90559-90567 Sentence denotes Methods:
T475 90568-90702 Sentence denotes A total of 9231 clinical Enterobacteriaceae were identified to the species level at each site and confirmed by the central laboratory.
T476 90703-90817 Sentence denotes Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined by the local laboratory using broth microdilution panels.
T477 90818-90989 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial resistance was interpreted according to CLSI breakpoints with TIG's FDA susceptible and resistant breakpoints defined as < 2lg/ml and >8 lg/ml, respectively.
T478 90990-90998 Sentence denotes Results:
T479 90999-91225 Sentence denotes Of 5574 E. coli and Klebsiella spp collected and tested for ESBL production, 52 isolates were found to be ESBL producers and resistance to all cephalosporins, beta-lactam, and beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations.
T480 91226-91375 Sentence denotes Of these strains, 90.4% presented cross resistance to levofloxacin, 15.4% to minocycline, 0% to amikacin, 21.2% to imipenem, and 1.9% to tigecycline.
T481 91376-91553 Sentence denotes Of the 3623 Enterobacter spp. and S. marcescens collected, 206 presented resistance against ceftriaxone and ceftazidime but susceptible to cefepime suggestive of AmpC phenotype.
T482 91554-91683 Sentence denotes Only 38 of these 206 isolates showed any degree of non-susceptibility against tigecycline with MICs ranging from 0.6 to 16 lg/mL.
T483 91684-91904 Sentence denotes Tigecycline also showed excellent inhibitory activity against members of Enterobacteriaceae that were resistant to amikacin, levofloxacin, and imipenem inhibiting 100%, 91.3%, 95.2% of isolates, respectively, at 2 lg/mL.
T484 91905-91916 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T485 91917-92067 Sentence denotes The presented data suggest that tigecycline is little affected by cross-resistance mechanisms present in these selected strains of Enterobacteriaceae.
T486 92068-92222 Sentence denotes Tigecycline may be an effective therapeutic option against Enterobacteriaceae regardless of the resistance patterns to commonly used antimicrobial agents.
T487 92223-92234 Sentence denotes Background:
T488 92235-92380 Sentence denotes Enhanced activity agents such as TIG may offer antibacterial coverage of common pathogens including multidrug resistant gram-negatives/positives.
T489 92381-92492 Sentence denotes The T.E.S.T. program monitored the in vitro activity of TIG and comparators against current European pathogens.
T490 92493-92501 Sentence denotes Methods:
T491 92502-92637 Sentence denotes Thirty-three hospital sites in 15 European countries collected over 6215 significant isolates from community/ hospital infection sites.
T492 92638-92758 Sentence denotes MICs were determined to TIG and comparators using broth microdilution panels (CLSI specified and interpreted Background:
T493 92759-92900 Sentence denotes Tigecycline is a glycylcycline, a new generation of tetracyclines significantly different to be classified as a separate antimicrobial class.
T494 92901-93026 Sentence denotes Glycylcyclines are being developed to overcome the problem of bacterial resistance to tetracyclines and other antimicrobials.
T495 93027-93191 Sentence denotes Tigecycline is better tolerated and is more active than tetracyclines against a wide variety of grampositive and gram-negative bacteria including Acinetobacter spp.
T496 93192-93458 Sentence denotes The T.E.S.T. program determined the in vitro activity of TIG against Acinetobacter resistant to one or more of piperacillintazobactam (PT), levofloxacin (LVX), ceftriaxone (CAX), cefepime (CPE), amikacin (AK), minocycline (MIN), ceftazidime (CAZ) and imipenem (IMP).
T497 93459-93533 Sentence denotes Study strains were collected from hospitals globally throughout 2004-2006.
T498 93534-93542 Sentence denotes Methods:
T499 93543-93697 Sentence denotes A total of 1491 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. were identified to species level from participating sites and confirmed by the central laboratory.
T500 93698-93928 Sentence denotes Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined by the local laboratory using supplied broth microdilution panels and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines, with tigecycline susceptible breakpoint defined as < 2 lg/ml.
T501 93929-94119 Sentence denotes Results: TIG inhibited 98% of Acinetobacter resistant to two or more drug classes and inhibited 145/153 (94.7%) and 33/35 (94.3%) or imipenem-and minocycline-resistant strains, respectively.
T502 94120-94263 Sentence denotes Resistance rates for comparator drugs against all Acinetobacter were CAX 43%, CAZ 44%, LVX 40%, CPE 34%, PT 27%, AK 14%, IMP 10%, and MIN 2.3%.
T503 94264-94313 Sentence denotes Only one strain had a MIC of 8 lg/mL against TIG.
T504 94314-94505 Sentence denotes The modal TIG MIC for strains resistant to two or more drug classes was 1 lg/ml compared to 0.12 lg/ml strains with no resistant parameters, indicating an eight-fold diminishment of activity.
T505 94506-94518 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T506 94519-94608 Sentence denotes It has been seen in some species that existing multi-drug efflux pumps may also pump TIG.
T507 94609-94858 Sentence denotes In spite of this, TIG remained effective and inhibited most Acinetobacter strains resistant to two or more other drugs in this study, although the higher TIG MICs seen for these strains suggests some linkage to resistance mechanisms for other drugs.
T508 94859-95014 Sentence denotes TIG remained effective in inhibiting multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter spp., further broadening its wide spectrum of activity vs. drug-resistant bacteria.
T1 95015-95109 Sentence denotes Evaluating cross-resistance for Enterobacteriaceae as compared to tigecycline for the T.E.S.T.
T2 95110-95139 Sentence denotes Program in Europe Background:
T3 95140-95372 Sentence denotes Tigecycline (TIG), the first of the glycylcyclines to enter clinical trials, has been shown to have potent broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T4 95373-95465 Sentence denotes Cross-resistance to several classes of antimicrobials is often seen in nosocomial pathogens.
T5 95466-95826 Sentence denotes The T.E.S.T. program determined the in vitro activity of tigecycline compared to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AC), piperacillin-tazobactam (PT), levofloxacin (LV), ceftriaxone (CX), cefepime (CP), ampicillin (AMP), amikacin (AK), minocycline (MN), ceftazidime (CZ) and imipenem (IMP) against multiple-drug resistant (2 or more drug classes) Enterobacteriaceae.
T6 95827-95936 Sentence denotes The isolates were collected from 33 investigational sties in 15 countries throughout Europe during 2004-2006.
T7 95937-95945 Sentence denotes Methods:
T8 95946-96094 Sentence denotes A total of 2686 clinical Enterobacteriaceae were identified to the species level at each participating site and confirmed by the central laboratory.
T9 96095-96262 Sentence denotes Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) were determined by the local laboratory using supplied broth microdilution panels and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines.
T10 96263-96435 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial resistance was interpreted according to CLSI breakpoints with TIG's FDA susceptible and resistant breakpoints defined as < 2 lg/ml and >8 lg/ml, respectively.
T11 96436-96444 Sentence denotes Results:
T12 96445-96522 Sentence denotes 163/2686 Enterobacteriaceae were multi-resistant to two or more drug classes.
T13 96523-96685 Sentence denotes Of these resistant strains, 4.9% were resistant to TIG (MIC >8) compared to AMP 99%, AC 47%, CZ 39%, LV 71%, MN 46%, CX 33%, PT 22%, CP 16%, IMP 2.5% and AK 0.6%.
T14 96686-96839 Sentence denotes Of the 1,082 Enterobacter spp. and S. marcescens collected, 75 presented resistance against CX and CZ but susceptible to CP suggestive of AmpC phenotype.
T15 96840-96910 Sentence denotes 61/75 (81%) of these isolates demonstrated MICs < 2 lg/mL against TIG.
T16 96911-97125 Sentence denotes TIG showed excellent inhibitory activity against members of Enterobacteriaceae that were resistant to AK (n = 1), LV (n = 274), and IMP (n = 15) inhibiting 100%, 85.8%, 93.3% of isolates, respectively at < 2 lg/mL.
T17 97126-97137 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T18 97138-97280 Sentence denotes The presented data suggest that TIG is little affected by cross-resistance mechanisms present in these selected strains of Enterobacteriaceae.
T19 97281-97427 Sentence denotes TIG may be an effective therapeutic option against Enterobacteriaceae regardless of the resistance patterns to commonly used antimicrobial agents.
T20 97428-97439 Sentence denotes Background:
T21 97440-97688 Sentence denotes The T.E.S.T. program determined the in vitro activity of tigecycline compared to most commonly prescribed broad spectrum antimicrobials against gram-negative and grampositive species collected from patients in European centers throughout 2004-2006.
T22 97689-97926 Sentence denotes Tigecycline, a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent expanded broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T23 97927-97935 Sentence denotes Methods:
T24 97936-98074 Sentence denotes A total of 6215 clinical isolates were identified to the species level at each participating site and confirmed by the central laboratory.
T25 98075-98242 Sentence denotes Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) were determined by the local laboratory using supplied broth microdilution panels and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines.
T26 98243-98251 Sentence denotes Results:
T27 98252-98289 Sentence denotes Results are in the table as follows*:
T28 98290-98392 Sentence denotes *Tigecycline susceptibility defined according to FDA package insert (Tygacil Ò, 2005) where available.
T29 98393-98499 Sentence denotes Tigecycline Acinetobacter susceptibility breakpoint are defined as £2 lg/mL for comparative purposes only.
T30 98500-98512 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T31 98513-98692 Sentence denotes Tigecycline's in vitro activity was comparable to or greater than most commonly prescribed antimicrobials against clinical pathogens from both out-patient and in-patient settings.
T32 98693-98870 Sentence denotes The presented data suggest that tigecycline as an expanded broad-spectrum antimicrobial may be an effective empiric therapeutic option against nosocomial or community pathogens.
T33 98871-98882 Sentence denotes Background:
T34 98883-99057 Sentence denotes Tigecycline (TIG), a new glycylcycline, promises enhanced activity against many multi-drug resistant phenotypes of community and nosocomial pathogens causing serious disease.
T35 99058-99190 Sentence denotes The T.E.S.T. program was designed to elucidate the activity of TIG vs. comparators in clinical use to organisms in Asia/Pacific Rim.
T36 99191-99199 Sentence denotes Methods:
T37 99200-99369 Sentence denotes Between 2004-2006, over 1059 organisms isolated from both inpatients and outpatients in Asia/Pacific Rim were collected by six centres and deemed clinically significant.
T38 99370-99472 Sentence denotes They underwent site directed CLSI specified MIC testing utilizing supplied broth microdilution panels.
T39 99473-99481 Sentence denotes Results:
T40 99482-99646 Sentence denotes Selected Asia/Pacific Rim pathogens tested against TIG are shown below: a EC, E. coli; KO, K. oxytoca; KP, K. pneumoniaea; ESBL producing EC, KO and KP Conclusions:
T41 99647-99930 Sentence denotes Tigecycline MIC90 of £0.5 lg/ml for grampositive pathogens (including resistant phenotypes) and MIC90 of £2 lg/ml of gram-negative pathogens (excluding P. aeruginosa) validate the potent activity of TIG against community/hospital pathogens isolated in six Asia/Pacific Rim countries.
T42 99931-100004 Sentence denotes TIG may add value to this therapeutically challenged geographical region.
T43 100005-100134 Sentence denotes Acinetobacter resistance in clinical isolates from the United States evaluated against tigecycline and 10 comparators Background:
T44 100135-100378 Sentence denotes Tigecycline (TIG), a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent expanded broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T45 100379-100647 Sentence denotes The T.E.S.T. program determined the in vitro activity of TIG against Acinetobacter resistant to one or more of piperacillin-tazobactam (PT), levofloxacin (LVX), ceftriaxone (CAX), cefepime (CPE), amikacin (AK), minocycline (MIN), ceftazidime (CAZ), and imipenem (IMP).
T46 100648-100734 Sentence denotes Study strains were collected from hospitals in the United States throughout 2004-2006.
T47 100735-100743 Sentence denotes Methods:
T48 100744-100875 Sentence denotes A total of 921 clinical isolates were identified to species level from participating sites and confirmed by the central laboratory.
T49 100876-101094 Sentence denotes Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined by the local laboratory using supplied broth microdilution panels and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines, with TIG resistant breakpoint defined as >8 l/ml.
T50 101095-101103 Sentence denotes Results:
T51 101104-101217 Sentence denotes Resistance rates for comparator drugs were CAZ 45%, CAX 45%, LVX 45%, CPE 37%, PT 24%, AK 8%, IMP 6%, and MIN 2%.
T52 101218-101321 Sentence denotes TIG inhibited 96.7% of all multi-drug resistant (two or more drug classes) strains at a MIC of 2 lg/mL.
T53 101322-101375 Sentence denotes There were no TIG-resistant (>8 lg/mL) strains found.
T54 101376-101479 Sentence denotes TIG MIC50/90 for all multi-drug resistant strains was 1/2 lg/ml including AK-and IMP-resistant strains.
T55 101480-101662 Sentence denotes The modal TIG MIC for the multi-drug resistant strains was 1 lg/ml compared to 0.12 lg/ml for strains without any resistant parameters, indicating an 8-fold diminishment of activity.
T56 101663-101675 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T57 101676-101764 Sentence denotes It has been seen in some species that existing multidrug efflux pumps may also pump TIG.
T58 101765-102014 Sentence denotes In spite of this, TIG remained effective and inhibited most Acinetobacter strains resistant to one or more other drugs in this study, although the higher TIG MICs seen for these strains suggests some linkage to resistance mechanisms for other drugs.
T59 102015-102170 Sentence denotes TIG remained effective in inhibiting multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter spp., further broadening its wide spectrum of activity vs. drug-resistant bacteria.
T60 102171-102182 Sentence denotes Background:
T61 102183-102378 Sentence denotes Tigecycline (TIG), a new glycylcycline, has been shown to have potent broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T62 102379-102509 Sentence denotes The T.E.S.T. program determined the in vitro activity of TIG and 10 comparators against respective gram-positive/negative species.
T63 102510-102595 Sentence denotes Isolates were collected from 121 hospital sites in 25 countries throughout 2004-2006.
T64 102596-102604 Sentence denotes Methods:
T65 102605-102749 Sentence denotes Over 21,000 clinically significant isolates were identified to the species level at participating sites and confirmed by the central laboratory.
T66 102750-102872 Sentence denotes MICs were determined by each site using supplied broth microdilution panels and interpreted according to NCCLS guidelines.
T67 102873-102881 Sentence denotes Results:
T68 102882-103067 Sentence denotes Selected global pathogens tested against tigecycline are shown in the table below: *Tigecycline susceptibility defined according to FDA package insert (Tygacil Ò, 2005) where available.
T69 103068-103173 Sentence denotes Tigecycline Acinetobacter susceptibility breakpoint is defined as £2 lg/mL for comparative purposes only.
T70 103174-103421 Sentence denotes Conclusions: TIG demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial because of its consistent activity against Enterobacteriaceae including ESBL phenotypes, S. aureus including MR strains, S. pneumoniae (all phenotypes) and both VS and VR Enterococcus spp.
T71 103422-103547 Sentence denotes TIG wide spectrum of activity promises to provide enhanced antimicrobial coverage of serious nosocomial/ community pathogens.
T72 103548-103556 Sentence denotes Methods:
T73 103557-103695 Sentence denotes A total of 1145 clinical isolates were identified to the species level at each participating site and confirmed by the central laboratory.
T74 103696-103930 Sentence denotes Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) were determined by the local laboratory using supplied broth microdilution panels and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines with tigecycline susceptible FDA breakpoint defined as < 0.5 lg/mL.
T75 103931-103939 Sentence denotes Results:
T76 103940-104054 Sentence denotes Of the study drugs with MRSA activity, the %S for TIG, VAN, LZD, and MIN was 100, 100, 100, and 96.5 respectively.
T77 104055-104306 Sentence denotes There were no differences among geographic regions, except for lower activity of MIN in Asia and Middle East (%S = 60.5 and 14.3, respectively) compared to Europe (98.0%) and North America (99.3%), whereas TIG inhibited 100% of strains in all regions.
T78 104307-104402 Sentence denotes MIC50/90 (lg/ml) for TIG, VAN, LZD, and MIN were 0.12/0.25, 1/1, 2/4, and 0.25/2, respectively.
T79 104403-104532 Sentence denotes Conclusions: TIG was the most potent anti-MRSA drug in this study, inhibiting all 1145 MRSA strains at an MIC value of 0.5 lg/mL.
T80 104533-104740 Sentence denotes TIG's excellent expanded broad spectrum of activity against MRSA and other gram-positive and negative resistant bacteria should make it a very useful drug in treatment of difficult Staphylococcal infections.
T81 104741-104752 Sentence denotes Background:
T82 104753-104990 Sentence denotes Tigecycline, a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent expanded broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T83 104991-105263 Sentence denotes The T.E.S.T. program determined the in vitro activity of tigecycline compared to most commonly prescribed broad spectrum antimicrobials against gram negative and gram-positive species collected from hospitals within Asia and the Pacific Rim countries throughout 2004-2006.
T84 105264-105272 Sentence denotes Methods:
T85 105273-105411 Sentence denotes A total of 1059 clinical isolates were identified to the species level at each participating site and confirmed by the central laboratory.
T86 105412-105579 Sentence denotes Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) were determined by the local laboratory using supplied broth microdilution panels and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines.
T87 105580-105588 Sentence denotes Results:
T88 105589-105625 Sentence denotes Results are in the table as follows:
T89 105626-105728 Sentence denotes *Tigecycline susceptibility defined according to FDA package insert (Tygacil Ò, 2005) where available.
T90 105729-105835 Sentence denotes Tigecycline Acinetobacter susceptibility breakpoint are defined as £2 lg/mL for comparative purposes only.
T91 105836-105848 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T92 105849-105955 Sentence denotes Tigecycline's in vitro activity was comparable to or greater than most commonly prescribed antimicrobials.
T93 105956-106147 Sentence denotes The presented data suggest that tigecycline may be an effective and reliable therapeutic option against nosocomial or community pathogens in both in-patient and out-patient clinical settings.
T94 106148-106159 Sentence denotes Background:
T95 106160-106403 Sentence denotes Tigecycline (TIG), a member of a new class of antimicrobials (glycylcyclines), has been shown to have potent expanded broad spectrum activity against most commonly encountered species responsible for community and hospital acquired infections.
T96 106404-106727 Sentence denotes The T.E.S.T. program determined the in vitro activity of TIG compared to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam (PT), levofloxacin, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ampicillin (AMP), amikacin (AK), minocycline, ceftazidime and imipenem (IMP) against ESBL isolates collected from hospitals globally throughout 2004-2006.
T97 106728-106736 Sentence denotes Methods:
T98 106737-106900 Sentence denotes A total of 415 ESBL producing clinical Enterobacteriaceae were identified to the species level by 120 labs in 25 countries and confirmed by the central laboratory.
T99 106901-107141 Sentence denotes Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined by the local laboratory using custom supplied broth microdilution panels and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines with tigecycline susceptible FDA breakpoint defined as < 2 lg/mL.
T100 107142-107150 Sentence denotes Results:
T101 107151-107343 Sentence denotes Percentage Sus for all ESBL-producing isolates vs. TIG, IMP, and AK was 93.5, 91.3, and 89.4%, respectively; %Sus for other comparators ranged from a high of 65.1% (PT) to a low of 0.5% (AMP).
T102 107344-107443 Sentence denotes TIG had the lowest percentage of resistant strains, 1.0%, compared to 3.4% for IMP and 1.4% for AK.
T103 107444-107565 Sentence denotes MIC50/90 for TIG, IMP, and AK were 0.5/2, 0.5/2 and 4/32 lg/mL; the MIC90 for all other drugs was in the resistant range.
T104 107566-107711 Sentence denotes There were minor regional differences in levels of activity, with either TIG (North America) or IMP (Europe, Asia/Pacific) being the most active.
T105 107712-107811 Sentence denotes Conclusions: TIG is as active in vitro as IMP against ESBL producing strains of Enterobacteriaceae.
T106 107812-108029 Sentence denotes TIG's expanded broad spectrum of activity, including strains resistant or multiple-resistant to other agents, should make it a very useful treatment option for this difficult to treat group of gram-negative pathogens.
T107 108030-108040 Sentence denotes Objective:
T108 108041-108295 Sentence denotes Tigecycline, the first glycylcycline, is a novel compound that provides the medical community with a potent new antimicrobial for treating infections caused by a broad spectrum of clinically relevant pathogens for which limited therapeutic options exist.
T109 108296-108519 Sentence denotes This study was undertaken to: i) assess the in vitro activity of tigecycline against n.13 S. agalactiae, 10 S. pyogenes, 11 MRSA, 7 E. faecalis, and 3 E. faecium, isolated from SSSI; and ii) identify their resistance genes.
T110 108520-108528 Sentence denotes Methods:
T111 108529-108690 Sentence denotes The strains were tested against a panel of antimicrobial agents, including tigecycline, by the broth microdilution method performed according to CLSI guidelines.
T112 108691-108882 Sentence denotes Furthermore, vancomycin (vanA and vanB), tetracycline [tet(O), tet(M), tet(K)], macrolide resistance [erm(B), erm(A), mef(A)] genes were analysed by PCR and the mec-complex was characterized.
T113 108883-108891 Sentence denotes Results:
T114 108892-109072 Sentence denotes Overall tigecycline was very active against the 44 gram-positive cocci, showing a MIC range 0.03-0.25 mg/L, able to potently inhibit all Streptococci, Enterococci and MR-S. aureus.
T115 109073-109355 Sentence denotes Tigecycline was the most active antibiotic against MRSA and Enterococci with respect to linezolid (MIC 2 and 0.5 mg/L respectively) and quinopristin/dalfopristin (MIC 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L respectively), and with respect to macrolides, amoxicillin and tetracycline for all Streptococci.
T116 109356-109621 Sentence denotes The molecular characterization of resistance determinants demonstrated a concomitant presence of different classes of genes: in particular in the 13 S. agalactiae the predominant genes were tet(M) in eight strains, erm(B) in three strains and mef(A) in two strains.
T117 109622-109752 Sentence denotes In S. pyogenes tet(O) and tet(M) were equally distributed, while the three most frequent classes of erythromycin genes were found.
T118 109753-109848 Sentence denotes VanA-mediated resistant E. faecalis possessed tet(M) in all strains and erm(B) in four strains.
T119 109849-109947 Sentence denotes The 11 strains of MRSA harboured four types of SCCmec DNA, namely I and IA (n.6 strains), IIIA (n.
T120 109948-109964 Sentence denotes 4) and IV (n.1).
T121 109965-110139 Sentence denotes All strains were erythromycin resistant -in six strains erm(A) gene was found and six strains had the tet(K) gene responsible for tetracycline but not minocycline resistance.
T122 110140-110151 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T123 110152-110552 Sentence denotes Our results clearly confirm that tigecycline has an excellent activity against multi-resistant gram-positive, both tetracycline-susceptible and resistant isolates, possessing three different tetracycline-resistant genes and other determinants including mec and VanA, B together and suggesting that this drug may play an important role in the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive pathogens.
T124 110553-110564 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T125 110565-110567 Sentence denotes 1.
T126 110568-110700 Sentence denotes To identify and characterize the type of ESBLs among clinically significant isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Bulgarian hospitals.
T127 110701-110703 Sentence denotes 2.
T128 110704-110810 Sentence denotes To investigate their distribution in different genera of Enterobacteriaceae and the participating centres.
T129 110811-110819 Sentence denotes Methods:
T130 110820-110908 Sentence denotes Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion method (CLSI standards 2002).
T131 110909-110988 Sentence denotes The ESBL production was confirmed by CLSI double disc ESBL confirmatory method.
T132 110989-111031 Sentence denotes Conjugation was performed on solid medium.
T133 111032-111146 Sentence denotes Isoelectric focusing, followed by bioassay, ESBL-group specific PCR and sequencing of ESBL genes were carried out.
T134 111147-111277 Sentence denotes RAPD with ERIC-1A and ERIC 2 primers and plasmid fingerprinting with Pst I restriction were performed with representative strains.
T135 111278-111286 Sentence denotes Results:
T136 111287-111394 Sentence denotes Seven medical institutions, five in Sofia, one in Pleven and one in Stara Zagora participated in the study.
T137 111395-111532 Sentence denotes 451 strains positive in double disk synergy tests were collected during 8 years (1996) (1997) (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) .
T138 111533-111603 Sentence denotes ESBL-producing were: K. pneumoniae 239, E. coli 155, Enterobacter spp.
T139 111604-111679 Sentence denotes 21, S. marcescens 16, C. freundii 11, K. oxytoca 8, Salmonella Corvallis 1.
T140 111680-111796 Sentence denotes Five different beta-lactamases were identified among the Bulgarian isolates, namely SHV-2, -5, -12; CTX-M-3 and -15.
T141 111797-111899 Sentence denotes The most widespread enzymes were SHV-12 and CTX-M-15 (all centres), followed by CTX-M-3 (six centres).
T142 111900-111934 Sentence denotes SHV-2 and -5 were found only once.
T143 111935-112063 Sentence denotes The rate of CTX-M enzyme harbouring strains have increased rapidly since 2001, after introducing ceftriaxone widely in Bulgaria.
T144 112064-112234 Sentence denotes The RAPD and plasmid fingerprinting data suggest that plasmid transfer is the main mechanism of CTX-M-3 spread, while CTX-M-15 shows a clonal dissemination in one centre.
T145 112235-112443 Sentence denotes We detected a remarkable variety both of ESBLs (SHV-2, -5, -12; CTX-M-3, -15) and producing pathogens (K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Enterobacter spp., S. marcescens, C. freundii, K. oxytoca, Salmonella Corvallis).
T146 112444-112560 Sentence denotes Our data show the importance of monitoring of the epidemiology of resistance and need of rational antibiotic policy.
T147 112561-112730 Sentence denotes Surveillance of PER-1 producers among Gram-negative bacilli isolated at a tertiary care hospital over a 5-year period and analysis of the genetic location of blaper-1 B.
T148 112731-112739 Sentence denotes Eraç, Z.
T149 112740-112758 Sentence denotes Gü lay (Izmir, TR)
T150 112759-112770 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T151 112771-113045 Sentence denotes To investigate the prevalence of PER-1 betalactamase over a 5-year period among ceftazidime resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated at a tertiary care hospital in Izmir, Turkey and to determine whether blaPER-1 was associated with class-1 integrons in any of the isolates.
T152 113046-113181 Sentence denotes Methods: PER-1 beta-lactamase production was sought in 289 ceftazidime resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated between 1998 and 2003.
T153 113182-113431 Sentence denotes The isolates consisted of 116 Pseudomoas aeruginosa, 91 Acinetobacter baumanii and 82 member of Enterobacteriaceae. blaPER-1 presence was determined by PCR using specific primers and clonal relationship of PER-1 producers was determined by ERIC-PCR.
T154 113432-113609 Sentence denotes Integron-location of blaPER-1 was analysed by PCR combining primers specific for conserved region of class-1 integrons and blaPER-1, in representatives of each ERIC-PCR pattern.
T155 113610-113674 Sentence denotes Direct sequencing of PCR-products was performed on both strands.
T156 113675-113730 Sentence denotes Results and Conclusion: PER-1 production rates were 32.
T157 113731-113812 Sentence denotes 3%, 33.9%, 14.9% and 37.9% in 1998-2000 period, 2001, 2002 and 2003 respectively.
T158 113813-113912 Sentence denotes Percentages of PER-1-producer P. aeruginosa strains were always higher than of A. baumanii strains.
T159 113913-113970 Sentence denotes All members of Enterobacteriaceae were blaPER-1 negative.
T160 113971-114148 Sentence denotes ERIC-PCR results revealed dissemination of two endemic clones for both P. aeruginosa (pattern X and Y) and A. baumanii (pattern A and B) was responsible for the high prevalence.
T161 114149-114217 Sentence denotes Conjugation experiments were negative in all representative strains.
T162 114218-114343 Sentence denotes A 2300 bp PCR-product was obtained by combined class-1integron and blaPER-1 specific primers in three P. aeruginosa isolates.
T163 114344-114434 Sentence denotes Standard PER-PCR was performed using 2300 bp PCRproducts of previous reaction as template.
T164 114435-114569 Sentence denotes A 930 bp PCRproduct specific for blaPER-1 was detected in a P. aeruginosa strain showing a different ERIC-PCR pattern (Z) from others.
T165 114570-114758 Sentence denotes Direct sequencing of the PCR-product on both strands confirmed the blaPER-1 presence.To our knowledge, this is the first report which shows association of blaPER-1 with a class-1 integron.
T166 114759-114865 Sentence denotes Plasmid-mediated carbapenem-hydrolysing oxacillinase OXA-58 in Acinetobacter baumannii in Italy Objective:
T167 114866-114951 Sentence denotes Emergence of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii has reported worldwide.
T168 114952-115082 Sentence denotes An outbreak by A. baumannii occurred during the summer 2004 at the intensive care unit (ICU) at the Policlinico Umberto I of Rome.
T169 115083-115351 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to investigate the genotype and antibiotic resistance mechanism of epidemic A. baumannii isolated at the ICU during the outbreak, comparing them with sporadic A. baumannii isolated in the same hospital and in a different hospital of the town.
T170 115352-115360 Sentence denotes Methods:
T171 115361-115538 Sentence denotes The molecular epidemiology of 66 epidemic and sporadic isolates of A. baumannii was investigated by plasmid analysis, PFGE-and RAPD-based genotyping and integron identification.
T172 115539-115651 Sentence denotes Fifty-two isolates showed carbapenem resistance (imipenem MIC > 16 lg/ml, intermediate meropenem MIC = 8 lg/ml).
T173 115652-115781 Sentence denotes The occurrence of the plasmid-mediated carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinase OXA-58 was detected by PCR and Southern blot analysis.
T174 115782-115790 Sentence denotes Results:
T175 115791-115924 Sentence denotes The outbreak involved 14 cases of infection by multidrug-resistant A. baumannii and 28 isolates were collected over a 3-month period.
T176 115925-115990 Sentence denotes A unique RAPD profile was observed among these epidemic isolates.
T177 115991-116255 Sentence denotes Twenty-four isolates showing the same RAPD-profile of the epidemic clone were also detected among sporadic strains isolated from different wards of the same hospital or in another hospital of the town, during the period of the outbreak and in the following months.
T178 116256-116369 Sentence denotes This analysis also showed a second RAPD profile, highly represented among the 14 carbapenem susceptible isolates.
T179 116370-116448 Sentence denotes The different genotypes observed by RAPD were also confirmed by PFGE analysis.
T180 116449-116735 Sentence denotes PCR identification and characterization of integrons provided a further characterization of these isolates, identifying two integrons, carrying 2.2 kb (aacA4-orfO-blaOXA20) and 2.5 kb (aacC1-orfX-orfX'-aadA1) variable regions, respectively associated to the two prevalent RAPD profiles.
T181 116736-116834 Sentence denotes Interestingly, all the 52 carbapenem resistant isolates were found positive to the blaOXA-58 gene.
T182 116835-116887 Sentence denotes This gene was located on different plasmid variants.
T183 116888-116899 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T184 116900-117165 Sentence denotes The detection of a plasmid-mediated oxacillinase conferring imipenem-resistance located on different plasmid variants, suggests that this resistance may spread horizontally in A. baumannii, a finding with serious implications for patient management in the hospital.
T185 117166-117352 Sentence denotes Molecular typing of the isolates was very useful to monitor the spread of resistance within the hospital, helping to detect the genotype and the resistance pattern of the emerging clone.
T186 117353-117491 Sentence denotes Outbreak of OXA-58-producing carbapenemresistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in a paediatric university hospital in Athens, Greece L.
T187 117492-117502 Sentence denotes Poirel, E.
T188 117503-117514 Sentence denotes Lebessi, C.
T189 117515-117527 Sentence denotes Héritier, A.
T190 117528-117540 Sentence denotes Patsoura, M.
T191 117541-117555 Sentence denotes Foustoukou, P.
T192 117556-117601 Sentence denotes Nordmann (Le Kremlin Bicetre, FR; Athens, GR)
T193 117602-117610 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T194 117611-117790 Sentence denotes To characterize the clonal relationship and the betalactamase content of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates recovered in a Pediatric Hospital in Athens, Greece.
T195 117791-117812 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T196 117813-117958 Sentence denotes Twelve non-repetitive carbapenemresistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were recovered during the November 2003-May 2005 period at the P. & A.
T197 117959-118006 Sentence denotes Kyriakou Children's Hospital in Athens, Greece.
T198 118007-118121 Sentence denotes Species identification was done by the biochemical API32 GN test (bio-Mérieux, France) and by 16S rRNA sequencing.
T199 118122-118253 Sentence denotes Sensitivity testing was done by disk diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) were determined by agar dilution.
T200 118254-118335 Sentence denotes The presence of oxacillinase or metallo betalactamase genes was performed by PCR.
T201 118336-118445 Sentence denotes In particular, genes coding for the carbapenem-hydrolyzing OXA-23, OXA-40 and OXA-58 subgroups were searched.
T202 118446-118533 Sentence denotes Genotyping was done by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after digestion by ApaI.
T203 118534-118542 Sentence denotes Results:
T204 118543-118588 Sentence denotes All isolates were identified as A. baumannii.
T205 118589-118627 Sentence denotes They all possessed the blaOXA-58 gene.
T206 118628-118739 Sentence denotes Genotyping revealed that eight out of ten OXA-58-positive A. baumannii isolates corresponded to a single clone.
T207 118740-118779 Sentence denotes The blaOXA-58 gene was plasmid-located.
T208 118780-118791 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T209 118792-118935 Sentence denotes This study is the first description of the blaOXA-58 gene in Greece after that identifying this carbapenemase gene in other European countries.
T210 118936-119054 Sentence denotes As observed in France and Romania, this gene was identified in A. baumannii strains as a source of an outbreak period.
T211 119055-119210 Sentence denotes Characterisation of conjugative plasmids encoding CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Italian clinical isolates of Escherichia coli Objectives:
T212 119211-119402 Sentence denotes Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are among the most important emerging resistance determinants in Enterobacteriaceae, and their dissemination is mostly mediated conjugative plasmids.
T213 119403-119544 Sentence denotes The CTX-M-type ESBLs are among the most widespread ESBLs worldwide, and have recently shown a rapid dissemination in some European countries.
T214 119545-119637 Sentence denotes Current knowledge on plasmids encoding these resistance determinants are still very limited.
T215 119638-119811 Sentence denotes Here we report the characterization of CTX-M-encoding conjugative plasmids from Escherichia coli clinical isolates collected during a nationwide survey carried out in Italy.
T216 119812-119820 Sentence denotes Methods:
T217 119821-120139 Sentence denotes Representatives of all clonal lineages of E. coli producing CTX-M-type ESBLs, obtained from 10 hospitalassociated clinical microbiology laboratories representative of different Italian regions during a cross-sectional nationwide survey, were assayed for transferability of the CTX-M determinants by mating experiments.
T218 120140-120191 Sentence denotes Plasmid extraction was conducted by alkaline lysis.
T219 120192-120270 Sentence denotes The presence of blaCTX-M determinants in transconjugants was confirmed by PCR.
T220 120271-120380 Sentence denotes Plasmid profiles of the tranconjugants were determined after digestion with the PstI and EcoRV endonucleases.
T221 120381-120445 Sentence denotes A PCR-based method was used to assign the incompatibility group.
T222 120446-120454 Sentence denotes Results:
T223 120455-120713 Sentence denotes Of 53 clonal lineages of E. coli producing CTX-M-type enzymes (31 producing CTX-M-1, 21 producing CTX-M-15, and one producing CTX-M-32) detected across the Italian national territory, 23 (43%) were found to harbour the blaCTX-M gene on a conjugative plasmid.
T224 120714-120808 Sentence denotes Transfer frequencies in the order of 10 )2 -10 )5 transconjugants per recipient were observed.
T225 120809-120985 Sentence denotes Plasmid analysis revealed that 20 strains from seven different centres carried an apparently identical plasmid encoding CTX-M-1 and belonging to the incompatibility group IncN.
T226 120986-121168 Sentence denotes The plasmid from the CTX-M-32-encoding strain was also of the IncN group, while those from the remaining two strains were of the IncF group (IncFIA, blaCTX-M-15; IncFIB, blaCTX-M-1).
T227 121169-121180 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T228 121181-121469 Sentence denotes The epidemic dissemination of a single IncN plasmid encoding CTX-M-1 was apparently the major responsible for the spread of this ESBL recently observed among E. coli circulating in Italy, although other plasmids could also be involved in the dissemination of CTX-M-type ESBL determinants.
T229 121470-121561 Sentence denotes Unusual CTX-M enzyme variants in the United Kingdom We investigated these rare CTX-M types.
T230 121562-121766 Sentence denotes Method: MICs were determined by the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy method. blaCTX-M genes were phylogenetically grouped by multiplex PCR, then cloned into the vector pCRÒ2.1 and sequenced.
T231 121767-121852 Sentence denotes XbaI-digested genomic DNA profiles were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
T232 121853-121955 Sentence denotes Plasmids were extracted by alkaline lysis, electrophoresed, and then hybridised with a blaCTX-M probe.
T233 121956-122006 Sentence denotes Plasmids were electroporated into E. coli DH5alfa.
T234 122007-122015 Sentence denotes Results:
T235 122016-122165 Sentence denotes Three group 2 and one group 8 blaCTX-M genes were detected among 1,123 blaCTX-M-positive clinical isolates of E. coli collected in the UK since 2003.
T236 122166-122304 Sentence denotes Sequencing revealed that all three group 2 blaCTX-M alleles encoded classical CTX-M-2 and that the group 8 blaCTX-M gene encoded CTX-M-40.
T237 122305-122376 Sentence denotes One other unusual E. coli isolate had both blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-15.
T238 122377-122495 Sentence denotes All five isolates required MICs consistent with the production of CTX-M ESBLs and remained susceptible to carbapenems.
T239 122496-122590 Sentence denotes All, except the CTX-M-40 producer had reduced susceptibility or resistance to aminoglycosides.
T240 122591-122651 Sentence denotes Two CTX-M-2 producers remained susceptible to ciprofloxacin.
T241 122652-122934 Sentence denotes The three CTX-M-2-producers, all from different hospitals, were unrelated by PFGE, and the isolate with both CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-15 was distinct from major CTX-M-15-producing clones; its CTX-M-15harbouring plasmid was successfully transformed to DH5alfa, but did not encode CTX-M-14.
T242 122935-123052 Sentence denotes Hybridisation suggested that CTX-M-2, -14 and -40 were chromosomally-encoded or mediated by large plasmids (>200 kb).
T243 123053-123064 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T244 123065-123120 Sentence denotes We report here the first CTX-M-2-producers from the UK.
T245 123121-123231 Sentence denotes This is also the first report from the UK of the production of two CTX-M enzymes by a single clinical isolate.
T246 123232-123394 Sentence denotes Objectives: E. coli with CTX-M beta-lactamases are a major problem in the UK, with several CTX-M-15-producing outbreak strains as well as many sporadic producers.
T247 123395-123529 Sentence denotes One outbreak strain (A) is widespread across England, and a second (D) is prevalent only at a single centre, where A is also frequent.
T248 123530-123653 Sentence denotes Strain A generally has lower-level cephalosporin resistance than strain D and we investigated the basis of this difference.
T249 123654-123661 Sentence denotes Method:
T250 123662-123784 Sentence denotes Three representatives each of strains A and D were investigated; each strain A representative was from a different centre.
T251 123785-123832 Sentence denotes Plasmids were transformed into E. coli DH5alfa.
T252 123833-123915 Sentence denotes MICs were determined by the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy method.
T253 123916-124013 Sentence denotes Culture sonicates were used for isoelectric focusing and to assay cefotaximase specific activity.
T254 124014-124134 Sentence denotes RNA was extracted from clinical isolates and used for reversetranscriptase (RT) PCR to assess expression of blaCTX-M-15.
T255 124135-124212 Sentence denotes The region upstream of blaCTX-M-15 was sequenced in strain A representatives.
T256 124213-124221 Sentence denotes Results:
T257 124222-124461 Sentence denotes Two typical strain A isolates (A1 and A3) required lower cefotaxime (16-32 mg/L vs. >64 mg/L) and ceftazidime (2-4 mg/L vs. 32-64 mg/L) MICs compared with the three strain D isolates (D1-D3) and with the third strain A representative (A2).
T258 124462-124589 Sentence denotes Cefotaximase specific activity was up to 15-fold lower in strain A1 and A3 than in D1, but only 2-fold lower in the case of A2.
T259 124590-124846 Sentence denotes CTX-M-15-producing transformants derived from all three strain A representatives (including A2) required lower cephalosporin MICs compared with those derived from the strain D representatives, and all had significantly lower cefotaximase specific activity.
T260 124847-125009 Sentence denotes CTX-M-15 was hardly detectable by electrofocusing in isolates A1 and A3 but was obvious in A2 and in D1-D3; an OXA-1 band was equally intense in all six isolates.
T261 125010-125170 Sentence denotes Similarly, RT-PCR showed a blaCTX-M-15 band of lower intensity for isolates A1 and A3 than for A2 or D1-D3, whilst the blaOXA-1 band was equally intense in all.
T262 125171-125369 Sentence denotes All three strain A isolates had an IS26 element between blaCTX-M-15 and its normal promoter, provided by ISEcp1; DNA sequencing indicated no differences immediately upstream of blaCTX-M-15 in A1-A3.
T263 125370-125381 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T264 125382-125516 Sentence denotes Expression of CTX-M-15 beta-lactamase in strain A was generally lower than in strain D, explaining the lower cephalosporin resistance.
T265 125517-125714 Sentence denotes IS26, between blaCTX-M-15 and its normal promoter, may be responsible for this lower expression but, it also appears that trans-acting factors may up-regulate CTX-M-15 expression, as in isolate A2.
T266 125715-125726 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T267 125727-125820 Sentence denotes Class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), as CTX-M, are rapidly expanding worldwide.
T268 125821-126009 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to establish the frequency of resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins of E. coli strains collected in Algeria, and to characterize the types of ESBL produced.
T269 126010-126018 Sentence denotes Methods:
T270 126019-126168 Sentence denotes During January-June 2005, 279 E. coli strains were recovered consecutively from separate patients at the Mustapha Pacha Hospital of Algiers, Algeria.
T271 126169-126351 Sentence denotes ESBL producing enzymes were detected by disc diffusion method; E-test ESBL with cefotaxime (CTX) and ceftazidime (CAZ) plus clavulanate was used to confirm strains as ESBL producers.
T272 126352-126450 Sentence denotes MICs of 23 antibiotics were performed by microdilution broth method against ESBL-positive strains.
T273 126451-126519 Sentence denotes Isoelectric focusing was used to characterise pI of beta-lactamases.
T274 126520-126657 Sentence denotes PCR was performed with specific primers to type beta-lactamase genes in ESBL producer strains: blaTEM, blaOXA, blaSHV, blaCTX-M and ampC.
T275 126658-126818 Sentence denotes Sequencing identified ESBL enzymes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with XbaI-digested genomic DNA established the diversity of ESBL-positive clones.
T276 126819-126906 Sentence denotes Specific primers were used to screen for the presence of ISEcp1 upstream from blaCTX-M.
T277 126907-126915 Sentence denotes Results:
T278 126916-127094 Sentence denotes Sixteen of 279 (5.7%) strains were confirmed as ESBL producers among the following biological products: urine (n = 5), pus (n = 5), CSF (n = 1), blood (n = 4) and sputum (n = 1).
T279 127095-127167 Sentence denotes All strains had the ubiquitary ampC gene plus blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes.
T280 127168-127376 Sentence denotes Sequencing of blaTEM and blaCTX-M amplicons identified that all strains encode the TEM-1A enzyme, 13 the CTX-M-15 and 3 the CTX-M-3; these enzymes were characterized with pIs of 5.4, 8.9 and 8.0 respectively.
T281 127377-127525 Sentence denotes ISEcp1 was detected in all E. coli strains producing CTX-M enzymes; and PFGE profiles of these strains indicated that only five clones were related.
T282 127526-127828 Sentence denotes CTX-M producers showed diminished susceptibility to different antibiotics, such as CTX (94%), ceftriaxone (94%), CAZ (75%), aztreonam (94%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (88%), gentamicin (94%), amikacin (25%), ciprofloxacin (19%) among others; 81% of strains CTX-M producers were multidrug-resistant.
T283 127829-127841 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T284 127842-128027 Sentence denotes We showed a high frequency of policlonal dissemination of resistance to broad-spectrum beta-lactams in a hospital in Algeria through CTX-M ESBL, probably facilitated by mobile elements.
T285 128028-128226 Sentence denotes Our results suggest that therapeutic options may be dramatically diminished if CTX-M enzymes continue spreading in hospital environment, as multidrug-resistance was demonstrated in a high frequency.
T286 128227-128752 Sentence denotes Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, Taiwan A total of 291 Escherichia coli and 282 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that showed decreased susceptibilities to extendedspectrum cephalosporins were collected between March and August 2003 from seven medical centres and were examined to evaluate the distribution of extended-spectrum B-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Taiwan.
T287 128753-128979 Sentence denotes Overall, ESBL production was detected in 60.5% of the E. coli isolates and 94.0% of the K. pneumoniae isolates, and 43.6% of the E. coli isolates and 14.5% of the K. pneumoniae isolates exhibited plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes.
T288 128980-129208 Sentence denotes In E. coli, CTX-M (54.3%), SHV ESBLs (9.3%), and CMY-2-related AmpC enzymes (43.6%) were detected; in K. pneumoniae, CTX-M (55.0%), SHV ESBLs (47.9%), CMY-2related enzymes (3.5%), and DHA-1-related enzymes (11.0%) were detected.
T289 129209-129401 Sentence denotes Thirty-five (12.0%) of the 291 E. coli isolates and 46 (16.3%) of the 282 K. pneumoniae isolates harboured two or three B-lactamases involved in resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins.
T290 129402-129606 Sentence denotes Nucleotide sequencing of blaCTX-M genes revealed the presence of seven subtypes, which were blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-9, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-17, blaCTX-M-19, and a novel blaCTX-M-9-related gene.
T291 129607-129822 Sentence denotes Among the seven blaCTX-M subtypes, blaCTX-M-3 and blaCTX-M-14 were predominant in K. pneumoniae and E. coli, respectively, and blaCTX-M-17, blaCTX-M-19, and the novel blaCTX-M gene were firstly identified in Taiwan.
T292 129823-130112 Sentence denotes Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis revealed genetic diversity among the isolates with blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-3, or blaCTX-M-14 randomly selected from different hospitals, and conjugation experiments and plasmid analysis suggest the interhospital spread of similar resistance plasmids.
T293 130113-130184 Sentence denotes Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis producing a TEM-52 B-lactamase.
T294 130185-130206 Sentence denotes First report in Spain
T295 130207-130218 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T296 130219-130310 Sentence denotes To report the first finding of a TEM-52-producing S. enterica serovar Enteritidis in Spain.
T297 130311-130333 Sentence denotes Materials and methods:
T298 130334-130423 Sentence denotes The isolate was obtained from a stool sample from a 9 year old girl with gastroenteritis.
T299 130424-130498 Sentence denotes One month before she had received amoxicillin for a respiratory infection.
T300 130499-130645 Sentence denotes The isolate was identified by using the Wider System (Dade-Behring, California), and the serotype by using Difco antisera (Becton Dickinson, USA).
T301 130646-130704 Sentence denotes The MICs were determined by the agar microdilution method.
T302 130705-130761 Sentence denotes ESBL phenotype was determined according CLSI guidelines.
T303 130762-130870 Sentence denotes Plasmid DNA was obtained and amplified by PCR by using primers specific for TEM, SHV and CTX-M b-lactamases.
T304 130871-130994 Sentence denotes E. coli XL1-Blue MRF' Kan, b-lactamsusceptible, kanamycin-resistant, was used as the recipient for conjugation experiments.
T305 130995-131092 Sentence denotes MacConkey agar plates containing 2 mg/l cefotaxime and 20 mg/l kanamycin were used for selection.
T306 131093-131145 Sentence denotes PCR and sequencing of transconjugants was performed.
T307 131146-131305 Sentence denotes Since TEM-52 has been described to be associated to a Tn3 transposon in Salmonella, PCR with primers specific for this transposon was performed on plasmid DNA.
T308 131306-131314 Sentence denotes Results:
T309 131315-131606 Sentence denotes The main MICs obtained from this Salmonella isolate were as follows: amoxicillin, >128 mg/l; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, >4/2 mg/l; cefuroxime, 64 mg/l; cefoxitin, >16 mg/l; ceftazidime, 64 mg/l; ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, 1/4 mg/l; cefotaxime, 8 mg/l; cefepime, 4 mg/l; amikacin, 4 mg/l.
T310 131607-131733 Sentence denotes Only primers for TEM yield an 800-bp fragment, whose sequence was 100% identical to the TEM-52 sequence available in GeneBank.
T311 131734-131823 Sentence denotes The same amplification for the transconjugant strain showed it harboured the TEM-52 gene.
T312 131824-132025 Sentence denotes Both, Salmonella enteritidis isolate and transconjugants, gave the expected 500 bp PCR product for Tn3, suggesting the presence of TEM-52 gene in a Tn3-like structure, carried by a conjugative plasmid.
T313 132026-132074 Sentence denotes Conclusions: TEM-52 was first described in 1998.
T314 132075-132214 Sentence denotes It has been reported in different Salmonella serotypes in Greece and Korea and reported in Salmonella in the UK for the first time in 2004.
T315 132215-132362 Sentence denotes It has also been found to be the predominant ESBL gene in a study on ESBL-resistant Salmonella obtained from humans and poultry in The Netherlands.
T316 132363-132407 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, TEM-52 is infrequent in Spain.
T317 132408-132597 Sentence denotes Only two E. coli isolates producing TEM-52 have been found in our Department among 156 ESBLproducing isolates (unpublished data), and had not been found before in Salmonella in our country.
T318 132598-132709 Sentence denotes As in previous studies, Tn3-like structures seem to be the genetic element in which TEM-52 is usually included.
T319 132710-132721 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T320 132722-132990 Sentence denotes Plasmid-mediated class C b-lactamases (e.g. CMY-, FOX-, MOX-or ACT-type enzymes) are characterized by their ability to hydrolyse most cephalosporins (including cephamycins) and are poorly inhibited by conventional b-lactamase inhibitors (e.g. clavulanate, tazobactam).
T321 132991-133300 Sentence denotes FOX-7, a plasmid-encoded class C b-lactamase originally identified in clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae which caused an outbreak at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Teaching University Hospital of Siena, Italy, was purified and its biochemical properties investigated.
T322 133301-133309 Sentence denotes Methods:
T323 133310-133406 Sentence denotes The blaFOX-7 ORF was amplified by PCR and cloned into vector pET-9a, yielding plasmid pET-FOX-7.
T324 133407-133527 Sentence denotes The latter was used to transform E. coli BL21(DE3) for high-level production and grown in ZYP-5052 auto-inducing medium.
T325 133528-133679 Sentence denotes The FOX-7 enzyme was purified (purity, 95%) by means of two chromatographic steps, a cation-exchange at pH 6.0 followed by an anion-exchange at pH 7.2.
T326 133680-133834 Sentence denotes Steady-state kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of b-lactam antibiotics were determined by measuring spectrophotometrically the initial reaction rates.
T327 133835-133906 Sentence denotes Low Km values were measured as Ki using a competitive inhibition model.
T328 133907-134015 Sentence denotes Inactivation by imipenem, meropenem, aztreonam was investigated using cephalothin as the reporter substrate.
T329 134016-134024 Sentence denotes Results:
T330 134025-134142 Sentence denotes Using E. coli BL21(DE3) [pET-FOX-7], the b-lactamase was purified with an overall yield of 3 mg per litre of culture.
T331 134143-134476 Sentence denotes High catalytic efficiencies were measured with most tested substrates (kcat/Km > 106 M -1 s -1 measured with e.g. ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, cephalothin, cefazoline, cephalexin, cefamandole and cefotaxime) while ceftazidime and cepefime were hydrolysed less efficiently (kcat/Km, 1.8 x 104 and 4.6 x 104 M -1 s -1 , respectively).
T332 134477-134543 Sentence denotes Km values ranged from 370 lM (cefazoline) to 0.04 lM (cefotaxime).
T333 134544-134779 Sentence denotes In comparison with other FOX-type enzymes (including CAV-1), FOX-7 exhibited overall higher turnover rates, lower Km values for penicillins, cephaloridine and cefotaxime, accounting for the overall high catalytic efficiencies observed.
T334 134780-134893 Sentence denotes FOX-7 was inhibited by aztreonam, imipenem and meropenem, the latter exhibiting the best inactivation efficiency.
T335 134894-134905 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T336 134906-135123 Sentence denotes A detailed biochemical analysis carried on the FOX-7 b-lactamase revealed that the enzyme exhibits a broadspectrum of activity and was particularly active against cefotaxime, in comparison with other FOX-type enzymes.
T337 135124-135134 Sentence denotes Objective:
T338 135135-135433 Sentence denotes To analyse the DNA sequences upstream of the ampC gene in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli with a phenotype compatible with AmpC-hyperproduction, to determine the frequency with which promoter and attenuator mutations occur and to determine the possibility of clonal spread of these organisms.
T339 135434-135442 Sentence denotes Methods:
T340 135443-135528 Sentence denotes Escherichia coli from clinical samples obtained at the Service of Microbiology, Univ.
T341 135529-135533 Sentence denotes H.V.
T342 135534-135591 Sentence denotes Macarena, Seville, Spain during 1999-2001 were evaluated.
T343 135592-135675 Sentence denotes Reference susceptibility testing was performed by microdilution (NCCLS guidelines).
T344 135676-135903 Sentence denotes Seventy-seven organisms resistant to amoxicillin plus clavulanate (AMC), cephalotin and cefoxitin (FOX) and lacking extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (no synergy of cefotaxime or ceftazidime with clavulanic acid) were selected.
T345 135904-135993 Sentence denotes Clonal relationship was determined by REP-PCR, with primer 5¢-III GCG CCG ICA TCA GGC-3¢.
T346 135994-136167 Sentence denotes PCR amplification of the promoter/attenuator region of the E. coli ampC gene was performed using primers AB1 (5¢-GATCGTTCTGCCGCTGTG-3¢) and ampC2 (5¢-GGGCAGCAAATGTGGAGC-3¢).
T347 136168-136225 Sentence denotes Amplicons were purified and sequenced in both directions.
T348 136226-136309 Sentence denotes Nine E. coli clinical isolates fully susceptible to AMC and FOX were also analysed.
T349 136310-136318 Sentence denotes Results:
T350 136319-136362 Sentence denotes Fifty-seven REP-PCR profiles were observed.
T351 136363-136505 Sentence denotes PCR and sequence analysis of the ampC promoter/attenuator region revealed 14 different variants among E. coli isolates with an AmpC phenotype.
T352 136506-136659 Sentence denotes The mutations most frequently found (67/77 isolates) were located at positions -42, and -18, resulting in a new displaced -35 perfect consensus sequence.
T353 136660-136748 Sentence denotes These mutations were always associated with mutations at positions -88, -82, -1 and +58.
T354 136749-136923 Sentence denotes In addition to these mutations a deletion of 30 nucleotides between +16 and +45 containing the dyad symmetry region of the ampC attenuator was also observed in three strains.
T355 136924-136965 Sentence denotes Two isolates did not presented mutations.
T356 136966-137130 Sentence denotes The isolates with higher level of resistance to b-lactams were those that presented the 30 bp deletion in the attenuator region of ampC and those without mutations.
T357 137131-137233 Sentence denotes Among the nine fully susceptible isolates only two presented the wild-type promoter/attenuator region.
T358 137234-137246 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T359 137247-137451 Sentence denotes Most clinical isolates of E. coli with ''AmpC hyperproduction phenotype'' in our area presents mutations in the promoter/attenuator region of the ampC gene that create a strong consensus -35 promoter box.
T360 137452-137512 Sentence denotes There is considerable clonal variability among the isolates.
T361 137513-137622 Sentence denotes The contribution of acquired AmpC-type b-lactamases to this resistance phenotype does not seem very relevant.
T362 137623-137752 Sentence denotes Evaluation of an AmpC disk test and genetic detection of imported ampC-genes in Norwegian clinical strains of E. coli Background:
T363 137753-137928 Sentence denotes Convenient phenotypic tests to detect clinical significant AmpC-production in E. coli are important for diagnostic purposes, infection control and to ensure effective therapy.
T364 137929-137940 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T365 137941-138137 Sentence denotes The aims were to evaluate an EDTA-based disk test for detection of AmpC-production and examine for imported ampC-genes in Norwegian clinical strains of E. coli with an AmpC-susceptibility profile.
T366 138138-138146 Sentence denotes Methods:
T367 138147-138607 Sentence denotes We included 23 clinical strains of E. coli collected during 2003-2005 from 11 Norwegian laboratories with an AmpC-susceptibility profile: resistance to aminopenicillins (ampicillin MIC > 128 mg/L), and oxyimino cephalosporins without clavulanic acid synergy (cefpodoxime and cefotaxime and ceftazidime MIC > 4 mg/L), and cephamycins (cefoxitin > 16 mg/L), and susceptibility to cefepime and carbapenems. b-lactam susceptibility testing was performed by E-test.
T368 138608-138661 Sentence denotes Extended susceptibility testing was done by VITEK II.
T369 138662-138730 Sentence denotes The strains were negative for blaSHV and blaCTX-M by consensus PCRs.
T370 138731-138791 Sentence denotes The strains were examined for b-lactamase production by IEF.
T371 138792-139038 Sentence denotes Phenotypic detection of AmpCexpressional was performed by a recently described disk test based on the use of Tris-EDTA to permeabilize a bacterial cell causing extracellular release of b-lactamases (Black et al., J Clin Microbiol 2005; 40:3110) .
T372 139039-139194 Sentence denotes The strains were examined by a multiplex PCR covering six families of ampC-specific genes (ACC, CIT, DHA, EBC, FOX, and MOX) as well as a specific CMY-PCR.
T373 139195-139425 Sentence denotes Control strains included: ampC-positive strains (N = 6), susceptible E. coli ATCC reference strains (N = 3), clinical strains of E. coli (N = 10) susceptible for oxyimino-cephalosporins (MIC < 1 mg/L) and cefoxitin (MIC < 4 mg/L).
T374 139426-139434 Sentence denotes Results:
T375 139435-139575 Sentence denotes All 23 clinical strains with an AmpC-profile produced a b-lactamase with a pI between 8.5 and 9.0 corresponding to pIs of AmpC-b-lactamases.
T376 139576-139648 Sentence denotes CMY-genes were detected in 10/23 strains as the only imported ampC gene.
T377 139649-139695 Sentence denotes Sequence typing revealed both CMY-2 and CMY-7.
T378 139696-139812 Sentence denotes A total of 21 out of 23 clinical strains were positive in the AmpC-disk test including all ten CMY-positive strains.
T379 139813-139891 Sentence denotes The AmpC-profile negative control strains were negative in the AmpC disk test.
T380 139892-139983 Sentence denotes There was a trend towards a multiresistance phenotype in the AmpC-positive E. coli strains.
T381 139984-140247 Sentence denotes Conclusions: (i) The EDTA-based AmpC disk test is a potential useful, convenient test to detect clinical significant AmpCproduction in clinical strains of E. coli. (ii) Plasmid-mediated ampC-genes of CMY-type are detected in Norwegian clinical strains of E. coli.
T382 140248-140498 Sentence denotes Detection of extended-spectrum b-lactamase in Enterobacteriaceae with AmpC b-lactamase type of inducible resistance Objectives: ESBL production in Enterobacteriaceae with inducible AmpC chromosomal enzymes is rare, while its detection is problematic.
T383 140499-140690 Sentence denotes In this study, the prevalence of the concurrent production of these enzymes in clinical Enterobacteriaceae strains was determined and three phenotypic confirmatory methods were also compared.
T384 140691-140699 Sentence denotes Methods:
T385 140700-140988 Sentence denotes Fifty-five nonrepetitive clinical strains of Enterobacter spp. (n = 35), Citrobacter freundii (n = 10), Morganella morganii (n = 7), and Providencia stuartii (n = 3) exhibited an inducible AmpC b-lactamase type of resistance were isolated from urine, blood and pus over a 15-month period.
T386 140989-141155 Sentence denotes Cefoxitin resistance, identification to species level and the cefoxitin/cefotaxime (CTX) disk antagonism test were used to screen for likely inducible AmpC producers.
T387 141156-141474 Sentence denotes Three confirmatory phenotypic methodologies to address the detection of ESBLs were used: (a) combination disk tests CTX ± clavulanic acid (CA), ceftazidime (CAZ) ± CA, and cefepime (CEF) ± CA, (b) double-disk tests CTX/CA, CAZ/CA, and CEF/CA, and (c) modified double-disk test with CEF/piperacillin + tazobactam (TZP).
T388 141475-141535 Sentence denotes AmpC production was confirmed by the three-dimensional test.
T389 141536-141544 Sentence denotes Results:
T390 141545-141775 Sentence denotes Of the 55 isolates that were tested, 53 were found to be ESBL non-producers; only two (3.6%) strains (E. aerogenes and E. cloacae) were resistant to cefotaxime and appeared to be co-producers of ESBL and AmpC b-lactamases enzymes.
T391 141776-142014 Sentence denotes Combination disk test with CEF ± CA, double-disk test with CEF/CA and the modified double-disk test with CEF/TZP were capable of detecting the ESBL positive strains while the others tests failed to confirm the concomitant ESBL production.
T392 142015-142027 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T393 142028-142152 Sentence denotes In Enterobacteriaceae, production of inducible AmpC-beta lactamases can mask ESBL activity making its detection a challenge.
T394 142153-142271 Sentence denotes The use of cefepime instead of cefotaxime or ceftazidime in inhibitor-based confirmatory tests seems to be preferable.
T395 142272-142501 Sentence denotes In our institution, the occurrence of co-production of extended-spectrum and inducible chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamases, in the selected isolates we studied, was too low (3.6%) for justifying the routine use of detection methods.
T396 142502-142630 Sentence denotes These procedures can be carried out in strains isolated from serious infections and to survey for complex resistance mechanisms.
T397 142631-142743 Sentence denotes Modelling the effect of copy number of plasmids carrying ESBL genes on resistance levels to b-lactam antibiotics
T398 142744-142755 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T399 142756-142901 Sentence denotes Variable resistance to b-lactams among ESBLproducing strains has been widely discussed in the literature and has been attributed to many factors.
T400 142902-143116 Sentence denotes Some of them, as different substrate preference of ESBLs, efficiency of ESBL gene promoters, or outer membrane permeability of host strains, have been studied extensively using both clinical and laboratory strains.
T401 143117-143273 Sentence denotes This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of copy number of plasmids carrying ESBL genes on resistance levels to b-lactams in the isogenic E. coli strains.
T402 143274-143282 Sentence denotes Methods:
T403 143283-143517 Sentence denotes The genes for SHV-3, CTX-M-3 and its P167Tmutation variant, CTX-M-42, were cloned under their natural promoters in the pCC1 vector which contains a single copy F factor origin of replication and a high copy oriV origin of replication.
T404 143518-143731 Sentence denotes The plasmids were introduced into the E. coli EPI300 strain in which they were maintained at single copy number per cell under standard growth conditions or at multiple copy number upon induction with L-arabinose.
T405 143732-144097 Sentence denotes The MICs of ampicillin (AMP), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefotaxime (CTX), cefepime (FEP) and aztreonam (AZT) were determined for the strains carrying recombinant plasmids or the pCC1 vector without insertion using the broth microdilution method as recommended by NCCLS except that LB broth with or without arabinose at 0.02% final concentration was used as testing medium.
T406 144098-144291 Sentence denotes The plasmid copy number was determined by realtime qPCR with plasmid-specific primers and SYBR Green I and related to the total number of viable cells to yield the plasmid copy number per cell.
T407 144292-144300 Sentence denotes Results:
T408 144301-144410 Sentence denotes An induction with arabinose resulted in increase in the copy number of plasmids from 1 to~10 copies per cell.
T409 144411-144692 Sentence denotes As shown in the table, the multiplication of ESBL-coding plasmids was paralleled by significant increase in resistance of the host strain to all the antibiotics, including those known to be weak substrates for particular ESBLs (e.g. CAZ for SHV-3 and CTX-M-3, or CTX for CTX-M-42).
T410 144693-144855 Sentence denotes Resistance levels to oxyimino-beta-lactams raised by 4-5 log2 MIC dilutions for the SHV-3-producing strain, and by 1-4 log2 MIC dilutions for the CTX-M producers.
T411 144856-144962 Sentence denotes At the same time, induction with arabinose did not affect the MICs for the beta-lactamase negative strain.
T1 144963-144974 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T2 144975-145111 Sentence denotes In our model experiment, a strong correlation between the ESBL genes copy number and the MICs of oxyimino-beta-lactams was demonstrated.
T3 145112-145222 Sentence denotes This observation raises the importance of accurate detection of ESBL-mediated resistance in clinical isolates.
T4 145223-145233 Sentence denotes Objective:
T5 145234-145359 Sentence denotes The objective was to compare the genetic backgrounds of sporadic MRSA isolates with those of successful epidemic MRSA clones.
T6 145360-145381 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T7 145382-145746 Sentence denotes 30 strain representative of the nine most frequent Belgian epidemic clones and 20 sporadic strains were selected from the ULB-Staphylococcus Reference Laboratory collection (MRSA isolates recovered from patients hospitalised in Belgian acute-care hospitals from 1992 to 2003) based on their pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) type after SmaI macrorestriction.
T8 145747-145901 Sentence denotes A PFGE pattern was considered as sporadic if there was a difference of >6 DNA fragment with any other PFGE pattern in the entire database (~2500 strains).
T9 145902-146004 Sentence denotes Strains were further characterised by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), spa typing and SCCmec typing.
T10 146005-146176 Sentence denotes The 20 sporadic isolates were classified by MLST in 9 Sequence Types (ST) all but one belonging to the 5 same Clonal Complexes as epidemic clones (CC5, 8, 45, 22 and 30) .
T11 146177-146247 Sentence denotes SCCmec type distribution among sporadic strains was as follow: type I:
T12 146248-146268 Sentence denotes 9 isolates, type IV:
T13 146269-146281 Sentence denotes 7, type III:
T14 146282-146299 Sentence denotes 2, type II and V:
T15 146300-146315 Sentence denotes 1 isolate each.
T16 146316-146392 Sentence denotes SCCmec type IV was associated with the greatest number of different STs (5).
T17 146393-146542 Sentence denotes Based on MLST combined with SCCmec typing, 12 clonal types were identified, only 5 of which were identical to those of major Belgian epidemic clones.
T18 146543-146644 Sentence denotes The 20 sporadic isolates belonged to 16 spa types of which up to 6 were shared with epidemic strains.
T19 146645-146656 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T20 146657-146794 Sentence denotes The majority of sporadic and epidemic MRSA strains identified over a 11-year period in Belgian hospitals share common genetic background.
T21 146795-147023 Sentence denotes Although, only half of sporadic MRSA strains belong to the same ST-SCCmec type as epidemic strains, suggesting that resistance cassette type and other epigenetic markers are involved in conferring the epidemic behaviour of MRSA.
T22 147024-147191 Sentence denotes Analysis of polymorphisms within mid-region inserts of vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori to identify genotypic markers of geographic adaptation R.J.
T23 147192-147209 Sentence denotes Owen (London, UK)
T24 147210-147414 Sentence denotes The presence or absence of inserts in the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) gene that encodes the VacA toxin, a key pathogenicity factor of H. pylori, provides the basis of a widely used scheme for genotyping.
T25 147415-147660 Sentence denotes The aim of the present study was to determine diversity of insert sequences in the mid-region (m) of vacA, that includes a toxin subunit coding region (cell binding domain), in order to find genotypic markers indicative of geographic adaptation.
T26 147661-147669 Sentence denotes Methods:
T27 147670-147777 Sentence denotes Mid-region sequences of vacA (n = 408, from new and from public databases) from 27 countries were analysed.
T28 147778-148021 Sentence denotes The dataset included 255 sequences of the m2-allelic family of which 179 sequences were determined in house by standard procedures from isolates in the laboratory collection, and comparisons and multiple alignments were implemented in BioEdit.
T29 148022-148030 Sentence denotes Results:
T30 148031-148135 Sentence denotes The 255-m region inserts (MRIs) were highly conserved in size (75 bp) and constituted 12% of the region.
T31 148136-148180 Sentence denotes Base compositions were typically 37-40% G+C.
T32 148181-148290 Sentence denotes Sequence diversity was evident from alignments with reference strain Tx30a for the m2 allelic family (MRI-1).
T33 148291-148391 Sentence denotes A total of 23 amino acid variants were defined by one or more differences from the type 1 reference.
T34 148392-148529 Sentence denotes The commonest types were MRI-4 and MRI-2 present in 62% and 14% respectively of geographically diverse isolates of the m2 allelic family.
T35 148530-148685 Sentence denotes The MRI inserts characteristically contained a SDNGLN motif except for inserts from 16 Chinese strain sequences (MRI-21 and 22) with a unique GRNGID motif.
T36 148686-148697 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T37 148698-149015 Sentence denotes Our results indicated that despite conservation at the predicted amino acid level, sequences of vacA mid-region inserts were sufficiently diverse to provide additional genotypic markers for strain discrimination within the m2 allelic family, and to indicate possible host-associated adaptations in a Chinese subgroup.
T38 149016-149024 Sentence denotes Methods:
T39 149025-149147 Sentence denotes We prospectively included Belgian and Brazilian children attending 4 public hospitals from February 1 to October 31, 2004.
T40 149148-149245 Sentence denotes Inclusion criteria were any clinical suspicion of GAS infection or microbiological GAS isolation.
T41 149246-149305 Sentence denotes We excluded children under current antimicrobial treatment.
T42 149306-149403 Sentence denotes A predesigned clinical form was filled and microbiological sampling was performed for each child.
T43 149404-149490 Sentence denotes GAS strains were identified by standard laboratory methods (CLSI) and stored at )80°C.
T44 149491-149546 Sentence denotes The GAS were emm-typed using the CDC sequencing method.
T45 149547-149555 Sentence denotes Results:
T46 149556-149686 Sentence denotes 334 GAS strains (Brussels: n = 204, Brasília: n = 130) were isolated from the 706 children (Brussels: n = 360, Brasília: n = 346).
T47 149687-149752 Sentence denotes In Brussels, pharyngitis was the most common GAS infection (83%).
T48 149753-149857 Sentence denotes In Brasília, cutaneous infections (48%) and pharyngitis (44%) were evenly associated with GAS isolation.
T49 149858-150076 Sentence denotes The mean age of children with GAS pharyngitis in Brussels was much lower than in Brasília (65 versus 92 months; t = )3.99, p < 0.001). emm-typing revealed striking differences between Brazilian and Belgian GAS strains.
T50 150077-150221 Sentence denotes 20 different emm-types were identified among the 200 Belgian strains, whereas 48 different emm-types were found among the 129 Brazilian strains.
T51 150222-150334 Sentence denotes Moreover, the Belgian strains belonged to the classical emmtypes recovered in children from developed countries.
T52 150335-150396 Sentence denotes The Brazilian emm-types have been rarely or not yet reported.
T53 150397-150451 Sentence denotes 9 of the Brazilian strains presented a novel emm gene.
T54 150452-150589 Sentence denotes Additionally, the pathologies associated with the Brazilian emm-types were different from those usually described in developed countries.
T55 150590-150602 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T56 150603-150742 Sentence denotes Our study highlighted important differences between developing and developed countries in terms of GAS clinical and molecular epidemiology.
T57 150743-150870 Sentence denotes Besides the mean age of children with GAS pharyngitis, the differences in clinical distribution that we observed were expected.
T58 150871-150986 Sentence denotes Unexpectedly, the emm-types distribution was totally different: oligoclonal in Brussels and polyclonal in Brasília.
T59 150987-151079 Sentence denotes Correlation between pathology and emm-types might be less stringent than previously thought.
T60 151080-151148 Sentence denotes Vaccinal strategies should take into account these major variations.
T61 151149-151262 Sentence denotes Objectives: C. difficile isolated from patients with AAD or PMC usually produce toxin A and toxin B (TcdA+TcdB+).
T62 151263-151364 Sentence denotes An increasing number of reports mention infections due to toxin A-negative C. difficile (TcdA-TcdB+).
T63 151365-151485 Sentence denotes Strain carrying binary toxin genes (cdtA and cdtB) and producing toxin A and B (TcdA+TcdB+CDT+) were identified as well.
T64 151486-151573 Sentence denotes Many molecular typing methods have been used to investigate their genetic relationship.
T65 151574-151748 Sentence denotes We here describe the population structure of 89 C. difficile strains belonging to different toxin types isolated from patients with AAD in Poland and Japan using AFLP method.
T66 151749-151757 Sentence denotes Methods:
T67 151758-151841 Sentence denotes We obtained 83 C. difficile strains from Polish patients and six Japanese isolates.
T68 151842-151938 Sentence denotes Four reference strains of C. difficile belonging to different toxin profile types were included.
T69 151939-152032 Sentence denotes Toxin types were determined by commercial test for toxin A and cytotoxicity test for toxin B.
T70 152033-152098 Sentence denotes TcdA, tcdB and binary toxin (cdtA and cdtB) were detected by PCR.
T71 152099-152175 Sentence denotes Analysis with these two primer combinations resulted in 78 reliable markers.
T72 152176-152236 Sentence denotes All markers were used as the input for the TREECON software.
T73 152237-152245 Sentence denotes Results:
T74 152246-152301 Sentence denotes The phylogenetic tree showed highly distinctive groups.
T75 152302-152412 Sentence denotes Seven Polish C. difficile strains belonged to TcdA+TcdB+CDT+ and were clearly distinct from the other strains.
T76 152413-152491 Sentence denotes The other strains could be divided into several toxin type-specific subgroups.
T77 152492-152580 Sentence denotes The Japanese strains were included in the clonal groups that shared the same toxin type.
T78 152581-152624 Sentence denotes This suggests a common evolutionary origin.
T79 152625-152705 Sentence denotes Among the Polish TcdA-TcdB+ strains 22 strains showed an identical AFLP profile.
T80 152706-152768 Sentence denotes In some case Japanese and Polish AFLP patterns were identical.
T81 152769-152780 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T82 152781-152884 Sentence denotes Polish and Japanese C. difficile with differing toxin profiles clustered in the AFLP derived phylogram.
T83 152885-153004 Sentence denotes This suggests highly clonal dissemination and single events in which both toxin A and B genes were lost simultaneously.
T84 153005-153075 Sentence denotes Apparently, successful C. difficile toxin types disseminate worldwide.
T85 153076-153149 Sentence denotes This has important epidemiological and population structure consequences.
T86 153150-153166 Sentence denotes Acknowledgement:
T87 153167-153267 Sentence denotes This work was supported by the Ministry of Scientific Research and Information Technology, Grant no.
T88 153268-153282 Sentence denotes 2 P05D 074 27.
T89 153283-153622 Sentence denotes A collection of 101 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from pulmonary tuberculosis patients living in Okinawa, collected between 2003 and 2005, was studied by spoligotyping, a reverseline-based hybridisation assay that allows to study the genetic diversity of the Direct-Repeat locus, the infra-species classification of M. tuberculosis.
T90 153623-153662 Sentence denotes Results on all isolates were available.
T91 153663-153762 Sentence denotes Seventy-two clinical isolates (71.3%) belong to the Beijing type, the predominant clade in Okinawa.
T92 153763-153857 Sentence denotes 5 clinical isolates belong the previously described East-African-Indian (EAI)-2-Manilla clade.
T93 153858-153945 Sentence denotes A total of 18 clusters (from 2 to 69 isolates) and 4 unique spoligotypes are described.
T94 153946-154348 Sentence denotes Comparison to the latest available international-spoligotyping database (SpolDB4) allowed to detect two identical and one similar isolates between this study and previous studies performed in Okayama and Osaka, thereby characterizing the spoligotyping-international-type SIT627 as representative of a new, low IS6110-copy, genetic family of M. tuberculosis, which was baptised the Osaka-type family (T.
T95 154349-154360 Sentence denotes Matsumoto).
T96 154361-154589 Sentence denotes Further characterization of this genotype by an independent genotyping method, VNTR-MIRU-typing, provided classical 5-VNTR and 12 MIRU allelic values of 32423 and 215125113322 respectively (VNTR-MIRU international type, VIT310).
T97 154590-154736 Sentence denotes VIT310 had previously been detected in Turkey, which raises interesting hypothesis about the genetic link between these two bacterial populations.
T98 154737-154997 Sentence denotes The 72 clinical isolates of the Beijing type were further discriminated using QUB (Queen-University-Belfast) markers and a set of four epidemiologicallyinformative MIRU markers to search for epidemiologicallylinked clusters within the Beijing group of strains.
T99 154998-155115 Sentence denotes In Arkhangelsk region, Russia the gonorrhoeae incidence was estimated to 135.9 cases per 100 000 inhabitants in 2004.
T100 155116-155272 Sentence denotes However, as in many East-European countries reliable incidence figures are still lacking mainly due to suboptimal diagnostics and incomplete case reporting.
T101 155273-155452 Sentence denotes Regarding antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiological characteristics of the N. gonorrhoeae strains that circulate in Russia, no thorough knowledge has yet been published.
T102 155453-155464 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T103 155465-155570 Sentence denotes To phenotypically and genetically characterize clinical N. gonorrhoeae isolates from Arkhangelsk, Russia.
T104 155571-155756 Sentence denotes This in order to describe the N. gonorrhoeae population transmitted in Arkhangelsk and to compare with characteristics of the N. gonorrhoeae populations in some West-European countries.
T105 155757-155924 Sentence denotes Materials and methods: N. gonorrhoeae isolates (n = 76), cultured between June-November 2004, from 76 mainly consecutive patients in Arkhangelsk, Russia were included.
T106 155925-156133 Sentence denotes The isolates were characterized using antibiograms (see presentation by Vorobieva et al.), serovar determination, sequencing of the entire porB gene, and N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST).
T107 156134-156222 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic trees were constructed with TREECON v1.3b by using Neighbourjoining method.
T108 156223-156231 Sentence denotes Results:
T109 156232-156464 Sentence denotes The N. gonorrhoeae isolates were assigned serovar IA-1.2 (n = 1), IA-6 (n = 17), IA-25 (n = 2), IB-1 (n = 23), IB-2 (n = 3), IB-3 (n = 12), IB-5 (n = 7), IB-14 (n = 5), IB-21 (n = 1), IB-23 (n = 1), IB-26 (n = 1), and IB-31 (n = 3).
T110 156465-156617 Sentence denotes Complete results of the correlations with the antibiotic susceptibility testing, porB gene sequencing, and NG-MAST will be included at the presentation.
T111 156618-156630 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T112 156631-156771 Sentence denotes According to previous studies, the diagnosis of N. gonorrhoeae needs to be optimised and quality assured in several East-European countries.
T113 156772-156964 Sentence denotes Furthermore, thorough knowledge of the gonorrhoea incidences, antibiotic resistance and genetic characteristics of the N. gonorrhoeae strains circulating in East-European countries is crucial.
T114 156965-157067 Sentence denotes Discrimination between E. coli O157 isolates using PCR-mediated fingerprinting based on SER element G.
T115 157068-157078 Sentence denotes Kardos, M.
T116 157079-157088 Sentence denotes Antal, I.
T117 157089-157098 Sentence denotes Tó th, I.
T118 157099-157107 Sentence denotes Kiss, B.
T119 157108-157137 Sentence denotes Nagy (Debrecen, Budapest, HU)
T120 157138-157149 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T121 157150-157460 Sentence denotes Due to close relationship between E. coli O157 strains so far the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was found to be the only method with sufficient discriminatory power As PFGE is time-consuming and not suited to handling high sample numbers, there is a need for a fast, high-throughput PCR-based method.
T122 157461-157708 Sentence denotes We used a Salmonella Enteritidis Repetitive Element (SERE)-based PCR approach for typing 46 Hungarian bovine E. coli O157 isolates (31 EPEC, 8 EHEC, 1 STEC and 6 toxin and intimin negative strains), 11 from the same, while 35 from different herds.
T123 157709-157763 Sentence denotes We also examined 4 rabbit and 1 porcine EPEC isolates.
T124 157764-157954 Sentence denotes Furthermore, we included 5 porcine ETEC O157 strains isolated in Hungary or Austria as well as 5 human EHEC strains isolated in different countries as epidemiologically independent controls.
T125 157955-157998 Sentence denotes SERE results were compared to that of PFGE.
T126 157999-158007 Sentence denotes Methods:
T127 158008-158081 Sentence denotes For SERE-PCR we used primers and annealing described earlier (Alam et al.
T128 158082-158089 Sentence denotes J Clin.
T129 158090-158114 Sentence denotes Microbiol 37(9):2772-6).
T130 158115-158240 Sentence denotes PFGE separation of fragments was performed in a CHEF DRIII apparatus, at 6 V/cm for 20 h with a ramped switch time of 2-64 s.
T131 158241-158301 Sentence denotes Patterns were analysed using the Fingerprinting II Software.
T132 158302-158310 Sentence denotes Results:
T133 158311-158378 Sentence denotes Both methods found epidemiologically independent strains unrelated.
T134 158379-158449 Sentence denotes PFGE revealed the presence of four clusters and 27 unrelated isolates.
T135 158450-158686 Sentence denotes The first three included exclusively bovine isolates, Cluster P1 consisted of 20 EPEC isolates, cluster P2 included six EHEC isolates and the STEC isolate, while cluster P3 was comprised of four milk-derived isolates from the same herd.
T136 158687-158733 Sentence denotes Cluster P4 comprised of three rabbit isolates.
T137 158734-158791 Sentence denotes SERE-PCR showed 16 unrelated isolates and three clusters.
T138 158792-159066 Sentence denotes Cluster S1 included eight bovine strains from the same herd and contained Cluster P3, cluster S2 was identical to cluster P4 of rabbit-derived strains and cluster S3 consisted of bovine clusters P1 and P2 also including several bovine isolates found to be unrelated by PFGE.
T139 159067-159322 Sentence denotes Interestingly, SERE cluster S1 contained eight of eleven isolates of the same herd, while PFGE assigned four of them to cluster P3 finding the other four independent of clusters, suggesting that SERE-PCR may be less sensitive to microevolutionary changes.
T140 159323-159435 Sentence denotes Conclusion: SERE-PCR proved to be a useful alternative of PFGE, though we found it slightly less discriminatory.
T141 159436-159508 Sentence denotes Thus, SERE-PCR may fulfil the need for PCR-based typing of E. coli O157.
T142 159509-159526 Sentence denotes Acknowledgements:
T143 159527-159583 Sentence denotes The work was partially supported by NKFP 4/040/01 grant.
T144 159584-159595 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T145 159596-159688 Sentence denotes Mycobacterium haemophilum was previously rarely recognized as a pathogen in the Netherlands.
T146 159689-160044 Sentence denotes However, with the application of specific culturing methods and real-time PCR methods, this species has been identified as the involved pathogen in several diseases like skin inflammation, lymphadenitis and arthritis.In 2003-2004 a sudden increase of patients with cervicofacial lymphadenitis caused by M. haemophilum was observed in the Amsterdam region.
T147 160045-160243 Sentence denotes As a part of an epidemiological study to investigate the possibility of a common source for these infections, the genetic diversity of the strains was investigated and compared to unrelated strains.
T148 160244-160252 Sentence denotes Methods:
T149 160253-160306 Sentence denotes In total, 130 M. haemophilum isolates were collected:
T150 160307-160460 Sentence denotes 30 European strains (of which 20 from the Amsterdam region) and 100 strains from different continents (among which 43 Australian strains 40 USA strains).
T151 160461-160591 Sentence denotes Genome comparison was carried out with Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) methodology to detect intraspecies variation.
T152 160592-160656 Sentence denotes DNA was extracted using the MoBioÒ UltraClean Microbial DNA kit.
T153 160657-160767 Sentence denotes An enzyme combination of EcoRI and MseI with selective priming was used to obtain a high discriminatory power.
T154 160768-160810 Sentence denotes Results were analysed by Dice calculation.
T155 160811-160819 Sentence denotes Results:
T156 160820-160964 Sentence denotes The AFLP method enabled differentiation between M. haemophilum and closely related species as well as strain differentiation within the species.
T157 160965-161049 Sentence denotes In general, strains belonging to a certain continent showed a specific AFLP pattern.
T158 161050-161140 Sentence denotes The 43 Australian strains represented 2 separate clusters, encompassing 21 and 14 strains.
T159 161141-161199 Sentence denotes Among the 40 strains from USA, 36 were from New York area.
T160 161200-161293 Sentence denotes Within these 36 strains, AFLP discriminated 5 types, including 1 large cluster of 23 strains.
T161 161294-161452 Sentence denotes No differences were observed in the AFLP patterns of the 20 Amsterdam strains while genetic diversity was present in 10 other European M. haemophilum strains.
T162 161453-161464 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T163 161465-161593 Sentence denotes While M. haemophilum seems highly conserved as a species, geographical distances appear to be correlated with genetic diversity.
T164 161594-161718 Sentence denotes Application of AFLP demonstrated a clustering of 20 children with M. haemophilum lymphadenitis in a region around Amsterdam.
T165 161719-161730 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T166 161731-161802 Sentence denotes Clostridium difficile is the most common agent of nosocomial diarrhoea.
T167 161803-161979 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical strains of C. difficile isolated in our hospital over a 18-months period by toxinotyping and binary toxin gene detection.
T168 161980-161988 Sentence denotes Methods:
T169 161989-162210 Sentence denotes Traditional methods included direct detection of toxin A on stool samples using the immunological kit C. difficile Toxin A test, OxoidÒ and anaerobic culture on cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar incubated during 7 days.
T170 162211-162301 Sentence denotes All C. difficile strains were tested for toxin A production with the immunological method.
T171 162302-162465 Sentence denotes Toxinotyping was performed as described by Rupnik et al. (A3 and B1 fragments) and binary toxin gene detection was done by PCR using cdtB pos and cdtB rev primers.
T172 162466-162474 Sentence denotes Results:
T173 162475-162579 Sentence denotes A total of 199 C. difficile strains were collected from 159 patients between January 2004 and June 2005.
T174 162580-162663 Sentence denotes Detection of toxin A was positive for 145 isolates and only for 53 stool specimens.
T175 162664-162794 Sentence denotes Among the 199 strains, toxinotyping revealed that 156 strains were phenotypically A+/B+ (78.5%), 37 A-/B-(18.5%) and 6 (3%) A-/B+.
T176 162795-162970 Sentence denotes Strains A+/B+ mainly belonged to toxinotype 0 (n = 127, 63,5% of the total strains), the 29 other were identified as variant toxinotypes III, IV, V, VI, IX, XII, XXI and XXII.
T177 162971-163112 Sentence denotes The production of toxin A could not be detected with the commercial kit in 11 strains with toxinotypes 0 (n = 9), V (n = 1), and XXI (n = 1).
T178 163113-163198 Sentence denotes Among the 37 strains A-/B-, 31 isolates were non-toxigenic and 6 were toxinotype XIb.
T179 163199-163271 Sentence denotes The 6 isolates A-/B+ belonged to toxinotypes VIII (n = 4) and X (n = 2).
T180 163272-163417 Sentence denotes Detection of binary toxin gene was positive for 31 strains (15.4%), which grouped into 8 variant toxinotypes (0, III, IV, V, VI, IX, X and XXII).
T181 163418-163588 Sentence denotes Identical toxinotypes were observed in 19 of the 29 patients with successive C. difficile isolates whereas different toxinotypes were found for the 10 remaining patients.
T182 163589-163600 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T183 163601-163719 Sentence denotes These data confirmed that traditional methods are less effective than molecular methods to detect C. difficile toxins.
T184 163720-163858 Sentence denotes A total of 12 toxinotypes were identified among the 199 C. difficile strains, with high prevalence of toxinotype 0 as previously observed.
T185 163859-163943 Sentence denotes More variant toxinotypes were detected in comparison with previous European studies.
T186 163944-163995 Sentence denotes We found 3% of virulent A-/B+ C. difficile strains.
T187 163996-164133 Sentence denotes A relatively high level of strains with binary toxin gene (15.4%) was observed in comparison with Asian data (1.6%) and French data (6%).
T188 164134-164216 Sentence denotes Toxinotyping showed that relapse occurred in 19 cases and reinfection in 10 cases.
T189 164217-164546 Sentence denotes Objectives: to type Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from invasive infections of children under 5 year in Hungary by molecular techniques; to establish the genetic mechanisms for erythromycin resistance; to analyse and relate the data to the serotype and antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates determined earlier.
T190 164547-164555 Sentence denotes Methods:
T191 164556-164944 Sentence denotes 66 isolates from all over the country were tested with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis/PFGE/; 18 strains were analysed by multi locus sequence typing/MLST/; all erythromycin resistant isolates were tested for the presence of mef and erm genes by PCR Results: of the 66 isolates 11 and 9 strains belonged or were genetically related to the England 14-9 and the ST156 clones, respectively.
T192 164945-165096 Sentence denotes All of these isolates carried serotype 14 capsules (altogether 23 isolates belonged to serotype 14) and most of them showed resistance to erythromycin.
T193 165097-165189 Sentence denotes The genetic mechanisms for erythromycin resistance proved characteristic for the two groups:
T194 165190-165374 Sentence denotes 9 of the 11 England 14-9-related strains harboured the mef(A) gene, while in all of the erythromycin resistant ST156-related isolates (6 strains) the erm(B) gene could be demonstrated.
T195 165375-165497 Sentence denotes These two international clones contributed substantially to the high rate (47%) of erythromycin resistance in our strains.
T196 165498-165572 Sentence denotes Two of our 6 serogroup B6 strains belonged to ST 473 and another to ST176.
T197 165573-165669 Sentence denotes Five of the 6B strains proved resistant to erythromycin and all of them carried the erm(B) gene.
T198 165670-165757 Sentence denotes S. pneumoniae strains with ST types characteristic for Hungary have also been detected.
T199 165758-165833 Sentence denotes All of our serotype 3 strains (6) showed close genetic relatedness by PFGE.
T200 165834-165978 Sentence denotes One isolate was tested by MLST; it belonged to a novel sequence type which was, however, closely linked to ST1138 reported earlier from Hungary.
T201 165979-166042 Sentence denotes All of these isolates retained susceptibility to eryrthromycin.
T202 166043-166117 Sentence denotes One of the 5 serogroup 19A strains belonged to ST199 and another to ST226.
T203 166118-166158 Sentence denotes Both STs are characteristic for Hungary.
T204 166159-166244 Sentence denotes The ST226 strain proved our sole isolate showing high level resistance to penicillin.
T205 166245-166376 Sentence denotes Conclusion: S. pneumoniae strains causing invasive infections in children belong to both international and local clones in Hungary.
T206 166377-166512 Sentence denotes The contribution of the individual clones (and serotypes) to the high rate and genetic mechanism of erythromycin resistance is diverse.
T207 166513-166621 Sentence denotes Vaccination could substantially reduce both the incidence of infection and the rate of macrolide resistance.
T208 166622-166638 Sentence denotes Acknowledgement:
T209 166639-166672 Sentence denotes The study was supported by Wyeth.
T210 166673-166828 Sentence denotes Prevalence and typing of adenoviruses in stool of Iranian children with acute diarrhoea: a comparative study by molecular and serological assays Objective:
T211 166829-166928 Sentence denotes Enteric adenovirus (Ead) is the second most frequently detected viral agent in childhood diarrhoea.
T212 166929-167070 Sentence denotes However, due to the emergence of new variants and limitation of detection assays, the disease burden of this virus has not been well defined.
T213 167071-167140 Sentence denotes Adenoviruses are classified to 51 serotypes within 6 subgenera (A-F).
T214 167141-167293 Sentence denotes Types 40, 41 are associated with sever acute diarrhoea while types 31, 2 and 7 are supposed to have important contribution in infantile gastroenteritis.
T215 167294-167510 Sentence denotes In the present study, by application of both serologic and PCR-based methods, we provide data of a comparative study for determination of the prevalence of the Ead types associated with diarrhoea in Iranian children.
T216 167511-167519 Sentence denotes Methods:
T217 167520-167643 Sentence denotes Stool samples from 329 Iranian children less than 12 years old with acute diarrhoea were collected over a period of 1 year.
T218 167644-167780 Sentence denotes All of the specimen were examined by Adenolex (Orion Diagnostica, Finland) based on latex agglutination, for detection of Ead in Faeces.
T219 167781-167846 Sentence denotes Genomic DNA was extracted from stools by NucleoSpinR (MN-france).
T220 167847-168034 Sentence denotes A PCR-RFLP method based on amplification of conserved region of hexon gene by degenerate primers was exploited for both identification and typing of Ead in specimen (Allard et al, 2001) .
T221 168035-168043 Sentence denotes Results:
T222 168044-168165 Sentence denotes We could screen 12.4% (41/329) positive samples by PCR based method while this rate was 4.5% (15/329) for Adenolex assay.
T223 168166-168410 Sentence denotes Moreover, all adenolex detected types were only Ead 41 but PCR-based assay could not only identify up to 21 samples of Ead41, but also by application of this PCR method, Ead 31, 7 and 40 were detected in 8, 2 and one stool samples respectively.
T224 168411-168496 Sentence denotes We could also identify 2 specimens belonging to both genus C or D and one to genus E.
T225 168497-168556 Sentence denotes Seven other positive samples were not processed for typing.
T226 168557-168568 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T227 168569-168756 Sentence denotes Prevalence rate of Ead in Iranian children with acute diarrhoea might be higher (>12.4%) than previously reported data (6.7%) which was based on application of commercial serologic assay.
T228 168757-168951 Sentence denotes The reasons behind this difference may be new emerging types and mutants of Ead in different geographic regions and inability of most commercial assays to detects serotypes other than 40 and 41.
T229 168952-169197 Sentence denotes Finally, despite the general anticipation that type 40 and 41 are considered for cause of most childhood gastroenteritis, our results indicated that types 41, 31 and 7 were the most frequently found Eads in Iranian children with acute diarrhoea.
T230 169198-169209 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T231 169210-169287 Sentence denotes Trichoderma spp. are known as cosmopolitan soil inhabiting filamentous fungi.
T232 169288-169388 Sentence denotes Certain members of the genus are emerging as causative agents of opportunistic infections in humans.
T233 169389-169556 Sentence denotes Here we present the discriminatory power of different phenetic and phylogenetic approaches applied for the taxonomic characterization of clinical Trichoderma isolates.
T234 169557-169565 Sentence denotes Methods:
T235 169566-169636 Sentence denotes Twelve clinical Trichoderma isolates were involved in the experiments.
T236 169637-169880 Sentence denotes Molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed for the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 (ITS1 and 2) regions of the rDNA cluster and for the 4th large intron of the gene encoding translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1).
T237 169881-169938 Sentence denotes RFLP patterns of mtDNA were generated by BsuRI and Hin6I.
T238 169939-170134 Sentence denotes Phenotype profiles were examined by isoenzyme analysis of 7 enzyme systems with cellulose-acetate electrophoresis (CAE) and by carbon source utilization arrays performed on BIOLOG FF microplates.
T239 170135-170143 Sentence denotes Results:
T240 170144-170440 Sentence denotes Based on morphological characters, the 12 clinical Trichoderma isolates were originally identified as members of 3 species from section Longibrachiatum: T. longibrachiatum (5), T. pseudokoningii (3), T. citrinoviride (1); and 2 species from section Trichoderma: T. viride (2) and T. koningii (1).
T241 170441-170630 Sentence denotes However, the ITS barcode identification by TrichOKEY 1.0 (www.isth.info) revealed that all of them belong to the triplet of species T. longibrachiatum/Hypocrea orientalis/ H. cerebriformis.
T242 170631-170777 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic analysis of tef1 sequences shows that 11 strains belong to the clade of T. longibrachiatum, while one is attributed to H. orientalis.
T243 170778-170895 Sentence denotes The examination of further, non-clinical isolates indicated that the tef1 marker clearly separates these two species.
T244 170896-171094 Sentence denotes RFLP of mtDNA revealed 7 and 10 different patterns with BsuRI and Hin6I, respectively, resulting in 4 groups on the dendrogram, while CAE separated the strains into 4 distinct electrophoretic types.
T245 171095-171231 Sentence denotes BIOLOG Phenotype Microarrays were performed for all clinical and a series of non-clinical isolates from several closely related species.
T246 171232-171373 Sentence denotes Comparisons were done at 9 time points and at 3 temperatures in order to detect possible physiological shifts specific for clinical isolates.
T247 171374-171386 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T248 171387-171528 Sentence denotes Our results support that fungal opportunists belonging to the genus Trichoderma are restricted almost exclusively to section Longibrachiatum.
T249 171529-171701 Sentence denotes Besides sequence analysis, the methods of CAE, mtDNA RFLP and BIOLOG Phenotype Microarrays proved also appropriate for the characterization of clinical Trichoderma strains.
T250 171702-171713 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T251 171714-171902 Sentence denotes SeqNet.org is an initiative of currently 28 laboratories from 20 European countries in order to establish a European network of excellence for sequence based typing of microbial pathogens.
T252 171903-172110 Sentence denotes The principle goal of SeqNet.org is to establish unambiguous, electronic portable, easily comparable typing data for local infection control and national and European surveillance of sentinel microorganisms.
T253 172111-172341 Sentence denotes Here, we describe (i) the harmonization of sequencing methods for sequence based typing, (ii) the capacity building for DNA sequencing in diagnostic microbiology, and (iii) the certification trail for sequencebased typing of MRSA.
T254 172342-172350 Sentence denotes Methods:
T255 172351-172527 Sentence denotes After the 'kick-off' meeting in Mü nster, Germany (November 2004), the participants received a protocol for typing of MRSA by Staphylococcus aureus protein A gene (spa) typing.
T256 172528-172746 Sentence denotes Subsequent, five strains, 5 DNAs, and 5 forward and reverse chromatogram files of representative and well characterized MRSA strains were distributed to all participating laboratories to be typed until the end of 2005.
T257 172747-172859 Sentence denotes The typing results were analysed and synchronized with the central server by using the Ridom StaphType software.
T258 172860-172868 Sentence denotes Results:
T259 172869-173032 Sentence denotes All participating European laboratories built up capacities for sequence-based typing and established the spa typing method for typing of MRSA in the laboratories.
T260 173033-173148 Sentence denotes Until today, the typing results for the certification trial were submitted by 24 of the participating laboratories.
T261 173149-173345 Sentence denotes Each laboratory determined 2,783 bp (range, 206-422 bp per strain) and all participants reported exactly the same spa type for each of the analysed isolates and for the additional 5 chromatograms.
T262 173346-173444 Sentence denotes Therefore, the intra-and inter-laboratory reproducibility of the sequencing results was 100% each.
T263 173445-173568 Sentence denotes Online synchronization of the results proved the rapid exchange of high quality typing data based on nucleotide sequencing.
T264 173569-173580 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T265 173581-173690 Sentence denotes The SeqNet.org initiative enables laboratories European-wide to build up capacity for sequence-based methods.
T266 173691-173806 Sentence denotes The spa typing results proved the unambiguous and highly reproducible nature and high portability of sequence data.
T267 173807-173903 Sentence denotes The usage of a standardized nomenclature based on the software enabled an easy exchange of data.
T268 173904-174064 Sentence denotes Enteroviruses are associated with a wide variety of diseases in humans and are responsible for summer outbreaks of acute meningitis in both children and adults.
T269 174065-174309 Sentence denotes After the last and large meningitis outbreak in 2000, enteroviruses continued to be isolated until April 2005 and a virus alert from the French Health Ministry was declared in June because of the increasing number of occurring meningitis cases.
T270 174310-174321 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T271 174322-174566 Sentence denotes Genetic typing of enteroviruses by sequencing of a specific PCR-based amplified portion of the genome (the VP1 encoding sequence) followed by phylogenetic analysis, for identifying viruses isolated in patients hospitalised during the year 2005.
T272 174567-174575 Sentence denotes Methods:
T273 174576-174690 Sentence denotes Viruses were isolated in patients hospitalised in Clermont-Ferrand (n = 38) and Paris-Hô pital Trousseau (n = 16).
T274 174691-174981 Sentence denotes They were recovered from 48 patients with meningitis (positive RT-PCR in cerebrospinal fluid specimens, n = 44) and 6 patients with cardiac manifestations (n = 2), sudden infant death syndrome (n = 1), neonatal infection (n = 1), hand-foot-and-mouth disease (n = 1) and pharyngitis (n = 1).
T275 174982-175140 Sentence denotes A genetic typing method relying on the PCR amplification and sequencing of the complete VP1 sequence was designed with three sets of species specific primers.
T276 175141-175351 Sentence denotes Virus identification was done by sequence comparisons (BLAST search) with enterovirus sequences in Genbank and was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis with the VP1 sequences of the enterovirus prototype strains.
T277 175352-175360 Sentence denotes Results:
T278 175361-175437 Sentence denotes Virus isolates were identified in all patients with only one set of primers.
T279 175438-175609 Sentence denotes All viruses were assigned to 11 different types within the Human Enterovirus B species by BLAST search and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identification in all cases.
T280 175610-175699 Sentence denotes In patients with meningitis (n = 48), echovirus 30 (E30) was involved in 25 cases (52 %).
T281 175700-175840 Sentence denotes The other types were E18 (n = 5), E13 (n = 5), coxsackievirus B5 (CB5, n = 4), CB3 (n = 3), E6 (n = 2) and E11, E33, E7 and E4 (each n = 1).
T282 175841-175925 Sentence denotes In patients with other symptoms, 3 types were observed CB5, CB3 and E3 (each n = 2).
T283 175926-176001 Sentence denotes CB5 and CB3 were associated with cardiac manifestations and other symptoms.
T284 176002-176114 Sentence denotes Among patients with an E30 infection, four different virus variants were evidenced by the phylogenetic analysis.
T285 176115-176127 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T286 176128-176307 Sentence denotes Genetic typing allowed the prospective identification of all isolates more effectively and rapidly than seroneutralization tests used during the 2000 outbreak in Clermont-Ferrand.
T287 176308-176430 Sentence denotes E30 persists as the major type involved in meningitis despite it co-circulated with other enteroviruses in both outbreaks.
T288 176431-176442 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T289 176443-176517 Sentence denotes Brucellosis is one of the most important and widespread zoonotic diseases.
T290 176518-176610 Sentence denotes Therefore, rapid and unambiguous assays for the detection of Brucella species are essential.
T291 176611-176734 Sentence denotes Here we describe a novel SNP based assay that can speciate Brucella isolates into their six classically recognised species.
T292 176735-176900 Sentence denotes Previously, molecular approaches to speciation have been hampered by the homogeneity of the genus that has made identification of species-specific markers difficult.
T293 176901-177119 Sentence denotes The SNP assay described here was developed to overcome the problems presented by this genetic homogeneity as well as mitigating the need for classical culture based biotyping which is both laborious and time consuming.
T294 177120-177128 Sentence denotes Methods:
T295 177129-177212 Sentence denotes Several housekeeping genes were sequenced from a large number of Brucella isolates.
T296 177213-177422 Sentence denotes This sequence data was analysed and a number of stable single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified that appeared to unambiguously define the six classically recognised members of the genus Brucella.
T297 177423-177569 Sentence denotes Using the primer extension approach to SNP detection a single-tube multiplex assay was developed which incorporated six SNP interrogation primers.
T298 177570-177578 Sentence denotes Results:
T299 177579-177679 Sentence denotes To date more than 400 culturally confirmed isolates have been correctly identified using this assay.
T300 177680-177811 Sentence denotes These included 73 isolates from human blood cultures that encompassed the pathogenic species B. melitensis, B. suis and B. abortus.
T301 177812-177918 Sentence denotes The SNP multiplex assay can be used to rapidly and clearly differentiate between the six Brucella species.
T302 177919-177930 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T303 177931-178099 Sentence denotes In comparison to current molecular based assays this approach is all encompassing and will identify members of all currently recognised biovars within Brucella species.
T304 178100-178216 Sentence denotes Future objectives involve the inclusion of additional SNPs to facilitate higher resolution beyond the species level.
T305 178217-178228 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T306 178229-178424 Sentence denotes Current Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) methods do not offer an automated, fast, and accurate workflow for determining allelic profiles and sequence types of bacteria and other microorganisms.
T307 178425-178572 Sentence denotes The current manual workflow can take a researcher about 4-5 hours of analysis time alone to determine the allelic profile for one bacterial sample.
T308 178573-178686 Sentence denotes With our new workflow, we will show an example of S. aureus typing that significantly reduces this analysis time.
T309 178687-178695 Sentence denotes Methods:
T310 178696-179039 Sentence denotes The following seven housekeeping genes were used in the MLST experiments: carbamate kinase (arcC), shikimate dehydrogenase (aroE), glycerol kinase (glpF), guanylate kinase (gmk), phosphate acetyltransferase (pta), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), and acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase (yqiL) as specified by the MLST web site (www.mlst.net).
T311 179040-179091 Sentence denotes The genes were amplified using two sets of primers.
T312 179092-179245 Sentence denotes One set of primers were derived from the MLST website, while the second set are the same MLST primers tailed with )21 M13 Forward or M13 Reverse primers.
T313 179246-179456 Sentence denotes The samples were sequenced using the Applied Biosystems 3130 Series Genetic Analyzers, BigDyeÒ Terminator v1.1 Cycle Sequencing kit and automated data analysis and library matching with SeqScapeÒ Software v2.5.
T314 179457-179465 Sentence denotes Results:
T315 179466-179571 Sentence denotes For our experiments, we accurately determined the sequence types for eight unknown samples provided by M.
T316 179572-179580 Sentence denotes Langvik.
T317 179581-179632 Sentence denotes These samples were used in epidemiological studies.
T318 179633-179808 Sentence denotes The use of M13-tailed MLST Primers, instead of the MLST primers for the sequencing reaction, gave more uniformed results and significantly streamlined the sequencing workflow.
T319 179809-180016 Sentence denotes Furthermore, automated analysis between the 3130 Data Collection v3.0 with SeqScapeÒ Software v2.5 significantly reduced the time to analyse and type the alleles for each sample of several S. aureus strains.
T320 180017-180126 Sentence denotes With minimal sequence checking, the sequence type of each bacterial sample was obtained in 5 minutes or less.
T321 180127-180138 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T322 180139-180243 Sentence denotes The sequence types of eight unknown S. aureus samples were correctly determined using SeqScape Software.
T323 180244-180396 Sentence denotes The amount of time to analyse the samples was fast and accurate, eliminating laborious manual sequence checking, trimming, alignment and allelic typing.
T324 180397-180536 Sentence denotes This workflow will help enable researchers to accurately determine sequence types quickly for all pathogens, bacteria, and other organisms.
T325 180537-180811 Sentence denotes Use of the isoschizomers SmaI and XmaI to generate a common PFGE pattern database for both mef-negative and mef-positive S. pyogenes isolates Objectives: PFGE is the choice method for S. pyogenes subtyping, following M-serotyping or its sequence-based successor, emm-typing.
T326 180812-180992 Sentence denotes However, it has been observed that the routinely used restriction endonuclease (RE), SmaI, does not digest erythromycin-resistant strains of the M phenotype, harbouring a mef gene.
T327 180993-181205 Sentence denotes Assuming that this could be due to inhibition of SmaI activity by DNA CpG methylation in its recognition site, we investigated the possibility of using a methylation-insensitive RE with the same recognition site.
T328 181206-181382 Sentence denotes Our aim was double: to obtain PFGE patterns from mefpositive (mef+) isolates also, and to include all S. pyogenes PFGE patterns in a common database for molecular epidemiology.
T329 181383-181391 Sentence denotes Methods:
T330 181392-181627 Sentence denotes Five mef+ isolates, belonging to emm-types 4, 12, and 75, and eight mef-negative (mef-) isolates, belonging to emmtypes 1, 6, 12, 85 and 95 were typed by PFGE after SmaI (Fermentas) or XmaI (New England Biolabs) digestion of total DNA.
T331 181628-181683 Sentence denotes Both isoschizomers recognise the sequence 5'-CCCGGG-3':
T332 181684-181797 Sentence denotes SmaI cuts after the third cytosine, which is a methylation target, while XmaI cuts after the first, which is not.
T333 181798-181806 Sentence denotes Results:
T334 181807-181890 Sentence denotes Although SmaI digested only DNA from mef-isolates, XmaI digested all isolates' DNA.
T335 181891-181952 Sentence denotes XmaI and SmaI patterns of mefisolates were indistinguishable.
T336 181953-182087 Sentence denotes Whilst, in general, isolates' profiles clustered according to serotype, the mef+ emm12 isolate did not cluster in the mef-emm12 group.
T337 182088-182099 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T338 182100-182306 Sentence denotes It has now been shown that a mef-encoding lysogenic phage also encodes a DNA CpG methylase (Euler C et al., XVIth Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases, abstract 14).
T339 182307-182540 Sentence denotes To achieve PFGE typing of all S. pyogenes isolates and incorporation of all profiles in a single database for molecular surveillance, we therefore recommend digestion of mef+ isolates with XmaI, a more expensive isoschizomer of SmaI.
T340 182541-182590 Sentence denotes SmaI should continue to be used for mef-isolates.
T341 182591-182602 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T342 182603-182713 Sentence denotes Psittacosis is a disease caused by infection with Chlamydophila psittaci, an obligate intracellular bacterium.
T343 182714-182791 Sentence denotes It is a zoonotic infection since birds are the main reservoir of C. psittaci.
T344 182792-182869 Sentence denotes C. psittaci is divided in 8 serovars (A-F, M56, WC) and at least 9 genotypes.
T345 182870-182981 Sentence denotes All genotypes are more or less associated with specific bird groups from which they are predominantly isolated.
T346 182982-183184 Sentence denotes We genotyped all C. psittaci PCR positive human clinical samples available in our laboratory by ompA sequencing as the distribution of the genotypes of C. psittaci causing zoonotic infection is unknown.
T347 183185-183193 Sentence denotes Methods:
T348 183194-183286 Sentence denotes The genotype of C. psittaci in ten human clinical samples was determined by ompA sequencing.
T349 183287-183404 Sentence denotes The gene was amplified with primers located in the conserved regions of the ompA enclosing the four variable domains.
T350 183405-183602 Sentence denotes After amplification, the PCR products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and the expected fragment and negative control samples were extracted from the gel and re-amplified for 20 cycles.
T351 183603-183681 Sentence denotes Subsequently, overlapping sequences were obtained with six sequencing primers.
T352 183682-183797 Sentence denotes The resulting sequences were aligned and a similarity index based on the translated 984 bp fragment was calculated.
T353 183798-183891 Sentence denotes Similarity (1-distance) was calculated using the pairwise distance method generated by MEGA3.
T354 183892-184022 Sentence denotes Reference ompA genotypes A-F and the C. psittaci 6BC type strain available in the GenBank database were included in this analysis.
T355 184023-184031 Sentence denotes Results:
T356 184032-184178 Sentence denotes Five isolates were identical to the reference genotype A, three isolates were identical to genotype B and one isolate was identical to genotype C.
T357 184179-184327 Sentence denotes We discovered one new genotype that was 99.4% similar to the genotype A reference, but even more similar to the C. psittaci 6BC type strain (99.7%).
T358 184328-184340 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T359 184341-184468 Sentence denotes In this study ompA sequencing of C. psittaci identified genotypes A, B, C and one new ompA genotype in human psittacosis cases.
T360 184469-184565 Sentence denotes The new discovered C. psittaci ompA variant was most related to the C. psittaci 6BC type strain.
T361 184566-184686 Sentence denotes Genotype A is mainly found in psittacine birds and is the most prevalent genotype (5 out of 10) in our clinical samples.
T362 184687-184723 Sentence denotes Four isolates were genotype B and C.
T363 184724-184849 Sentence denotes These genotypes B and C are predominantly isolated from European non-psittacine birds, among which pigeons (B) and ducks (C).
T364 184850-185090 Sentence denotes The high prevalence of these genotypes (4/10) in our human clinical samples indicates that non-psittacine birds, in particular pigeons and ducks, should be considered a substantial part of the zoonotic reservoir for human psittacosis cases.
T365 185091-185223 Sentence denotes A comparative study of Escherichia coli strains isolated from the intestinal mucosa of Crohn's disease patients and healthy subjects
T366 185224-185235 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T367 185236-185387 Sentence denotes To analyse and compare the E. coli strains present in CD patients with those from healthy controls.To identify and characterise the pathogenic strains.
T368 185388-185396 Sentence denotes Methods:
T369 185397-185641 Sentence denotes We have used fresh biopsies which have been subjected to a mild sonication in order to discard the transient and loosely attached bacteria followed by a mild osmotic shock to release any intracellular bacteria from those outer epithelium cells.
T370 185642-185738 Sentence denotes The isolation procedure consisted of the incubation of samples in TBX agar medium at 44.5°C o/n.
T371 185739-185824 Sentence denotes Colonies were kept for a first confirmation screening of E. coli by the indole assay.
T372 185825-185936 Sentence denotes Typing of isolates was performed by REP-PCR, using a primer set targeting the IS3 as described previously [1] .
T373 185937-185975 Sentence denotes Clonality was further checked by PFGE.
T374 185976-185984 Sentence denotes Results:
T375 185985-186125 Sentence denotes A total of 1600 presumptive E. coli from 8 CD patients, 10 healthy controls and 2 patients suffering from Ulcerative Colitis, were isolated.
T376 186126-186182 Sentence denotes Several subtypes of E. coli were found in all specimens.
T377 186183-186280 Sentence denotes Each screened person carried a unique set of E. coli subtypes that was different from the others.
T378 186281-186379 Sentence denotes Some E. coli isolated from the transient microbiota were different from the attached counterparts.
T379 186380-186476 Sentence denotes In addition, after application of osmotic shock, additional types were found in most of samples.
T380 186477-186625 Sentence denotes Although the study of more samples is underway, preliminary results suggest that CD patients harbour a higher subtype numbers than healthy subjects.
T381 186626-186637 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T382 186638-186856 Sentence denotes The number and diversity of E coli attached to the intestinal mucosa of CD patients is congruent with some recent hypothesis on the implication of this bacterium in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease [2] [3] [4] [5] .
T383 186857-186867 Sentence denotes Objective:
T384 186868-187044 Sentence denotes Epidemiologic feature of shigellosis have not been well understood and the sensitive molecular typing methods have not been applied on the Iranian population for this organism.
T385 187045-187251 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to determine the drug resistance pattern of S. sonnei isolates as well as to characterize their genetic relationships by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) and ribotyping.
T386 187252-187260 Sentence denotes Methods:
T387 187261-187378 Sentence denotes This study was conducted on 1350 patients with acute diarrhoea visited in Tehran hospitals from Oct 2003 to Feb 2005.
T388 187379-187453 Sentence denotes Eighty-six S. sonnei were isolated from 157 sporadic cases of shigellosis.
T389 187454-187551 Sentence denotes Slide agglutination test was used to serotype the isolates by standard antisera (MAST Group Ltd).
T390 187552-187652 Sentence denotes Isolates were screened for their susceptibilities to 14 different antibiotics by Kirby-Bauer method.
T391 187653-187738 Sentence denotes All isolates were subtyped by ribotyping according to standard method (Coimbra et al.
T392 187739-187746 Sentence denotes 2001) .
T393 187747-187856 Sentence denotes Isolates were subjected to RAPD-PCR using 1283, 1254-DAF, 1290 and 1247 AT primers. (Yumi Bando et al.1998) .
T394 187857-187865 Sentence denotes Results:
T395 187866-187995 Sentence denotes According to our results the percentages of multidrug resistance isolates were higher in comparison to previous report from Iran.
T396 187996-188121 Sentence denotes The resistance rates to tetracycline, trimetoprim-sulphametaxazol and ampicilin were 100%, 97.7% and 90.7% were respectively.
T397 188122-188228 Sentence denotes The figures of previous study for tetracycline and trimetoprim-sulphametaxazol were 73%, 70.4% in respect.
T398 188229-188295 Sentence denotes All isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid.
T399 188296-188431 Sentence denotes The endonuclease MulI was the best enzyme in differentiating the isolates in ribotyping and produced DNA patterns with high resolution.
T400 188432-188492 Sentence denotes Isolates were grouped in 4 different patterns by ribotyping.
T401 188493-188585 Sentence denotes RAPD analysis has the highest discriminatory power for typing of S. sonnei with 1283 primer.
T402 188586-188653 Sentence denotes Analysis of isolates with this primer yielded 5 different patterns.
T403 188654-188736 Sentence denotes Isolates within each genetic pattern belonged to specific drug resistant patterns.
T404 188737-188849 Sentence denotes Conclusion: RAPD analysis showed a higher discriminatory power for typing of S. sonnei isolates than ribotyping.
T405 188850-188959 Sentence denotes It can be a very suitable tool in clinical practice and could be used as a complement to traditional methods.
T406 188960-189110 Sentence denotes The ribotyping technique was a useful and reproducible method in subtyping of S. sonnei for epidemiological and phylogenetical studies of Shigellosis.
T407 189111-189346 Sentence denotes Our results revealed that multi-resistant strains of S. sonnei are highly prevalent in Iran, and emphasize the importance of maintaining surveillance of these strains in order to asses local susceptibility patterns and empiric therapy.
T408 189347-189358 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T409 189359-189470 Sentence denotes Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen that is ubiquitous in nature and genetically diverse.
T410 189471-189660 Sentence denotes Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the polymerase chain reaction-amplified gyrB gene has previously been shown to identify broad genomic groups within this species.
T411 189661-189923 Sentence denotes The aims of our study were to evaluate this method by using it to type a collection of clinical and environmental S. maltophilia isolates, and to determine whether particular gyrB RFLP-types dominate in the hospital setting or are more likely to cause infection.
T412 189924-190135 Sentence denotes We used gyrB RFLP analysis to type 102 clinical S. maltophilia isolates from two Western Australian hospitals, and 50 environmental S. maltophilia isolates from hospital wards and unrelated sites (non-hospital).
T413 190136-190144 Sentence denotes Results:
T414 190145-190190 Sentence denotes All 152 isolates were typable by this method.
T415 190191-190319 Sentence denotes Fifteen genomic groups were identified at a 100% similarity level, with 33.6% of isolates identified as a single gyrB RFLP-type.
T416 190320-190434 Sentence denotes The second most common type included 23.7% of the isolates tested and the S. maltophilia type strain (ATCC 13637).
T417 190435-190612 Sentence denotes Environmental isolates from non-hospital sites were more diverse than isolates from hospital sites which may indicate selection of certain gyrB RFLP-types in a hospital setting.
T418 190613-190767 Sentence denotes Two gyrB RFLP-types were found exclusively in hospital environmental samples and clinical specimens; these types may be involved in nosocomial infections.
T419 190768-190938 Sentence denotes The second most common gyrB RFLP-type from clinical isolates was also common in environmental samples from the intensive care unit but not in other environmental samples.
T420 190939-191012 Sentence denotes Additionally, four gyrB RFLP-types were found only in clinical specimens.
T421 191013-191145 Sentence denotes These five gyrB RFLP-types may be more likely to cause infection than the three types that were found only in environmental samples.
T422 191146-191158 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T423 191159-191320 Sentence denotes As a typing system for S. maltophilia, gyrB RFLP analysis showed excellent typability and reproducibility, and was rapid, easy to perform, and easy to interpret.
T424 191321-191459 Sentence denotes Relatively low discriminatory power means broad genomic groups are identified and the characteristics of these groups can be investigated.
T425 191460-191613 Sentence denotes In this study, gyrB RFLP analysis revealed distinct differences in gyrB RFLP-types present in hospital and non-hospital settings, and clinical specimens.
T426 191614-191625 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T427 191626-191695 Sentence denotes Mycobacterium kansasii is an opportunistic pathogen of human disease.
T428 191696-191932 Sentence denotes The aim of this study is to analyse clinical isolates of M. kansasii isolates from Taiwan by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with restriction enzyme AseI and compare the results to those from Europe, Japan, and the United States.
T429 191933-191941 Sentence denotes Methods:
T430 191942-192193 Sentence denotes From August 1999 through January 2003, a total of 40 clinical isolates of M. kansasii from 40 patients were collected from the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, a tertiary referral medical centre in Taoyuan, Taiwan.
T431 192194-192282 Sentence denotes Control strain was ATCC 12478 obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).
T432 192283-192465 Sentence denotes Clinical isolates were analysed by PCR restriction enzyme analysis (PRA) of the 441-bp Telenti fragment of the hsp-65 gene and PFGE of genomic DNA with restriction endonuclease AseI.
T433 192466-192595 Sentence denotes Isolates were considered clonal if they exhibited six or less band differences as defined by Tenover et al. for outbreak strains.
T434 192596-192759 Sentence denotes The Gene Profiler program (Scanalytics, Inc., VA, USA) calculated the similarity index by setting the fragment length error tolerance at 2% and 0.4 DNA difference.
T435 192760-192768 Sentence denotes Results:
T436 192769-192860 Sentence denotes With AseI, only 32 clinical isolates were typable and separated to 9 clusters of genotypes.
T437 192861-192968 Sentence denotes And 22 of 32 isolates (68.8%) generated one major cluster, including 3 similar genotype patterns (Figure) .
T438 192969-193063 Sentence denotes They were genetically related according to the definition described by Tenover et al. (1995) .
T439 193064-193186 Sentence denotes This major clone was indistinguishable from the major pattern seen in the studies of Europe, Japan, and the United States.
T440 193187-193199 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T441 193200-193314 Sentence denotes This study demonstrated one major clone of M. kansasii present in Taiwan, which has the indistinguishable pattern.
T442 193315-193462 Sentence denotes Compared with the studies of Europe, Japan, and the United States, a major genotype is spreading worldwide and it should be potentially pathogenic.
T443 193463-193499 Sentence denotes Bacterial pathogenesis -I Objective:
T444 193500-193640 Sentence denotes Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are emerging resistance determinants in Gram-negative nosocomial pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
T445 193641-193777 Sentence denotes It is known, that colimycin (colistin), the old polymyxin derivative is active in vitro against the pan-resistant P. aeruginosa strains.
T446 193778-193931 Sentence denotes In this work, we present an outbreak due to colistin and carbapenem resistant P. aeruginosa in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a Greek tertiary hospital.
T1 193932-193940 Sentence denotes Methods:
T2 193941-194088 Sentence denotes Six multi-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from four patients over a two-week period between September and October 2005, in our ICU.
T3 194089-194121 Sentence denotes The source of the specimens was:
T4 194122-194229 Sentence denotes 1 from blood culture, 2 from bronchial secretions, 1 from pleural fluid, 1 from pus and 1 from IV catheter.
T5 194230-194408 Sentence denotes Commercial ID panels identified the strains and susceptibility to a broad panel of antimicrobial agents was determined by broth microdilution method according to CLSI guidelines.
T6 194409-194471 Sentence denotes E-test also determined resistance to colistin and carbapenems.
T7 194472-194546 Sentence denotes Isolates were investigated for the presence of the blaVIM-1 allele by PCR.
T8 194547-194623 Sentence denotes Class 1 integrons were detected and molecularly characterized by sequencing.
T9 194624-194632 Sentence denotes Results:
T10 194633-194984 Sentence denotes All isolates were found resistant to the following antimicrobial agents tested: aminoglycosides amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin-, piperacillin, piperacillin/ tazobactam, ticarcillin, ticarcillin/clavoulanate, carbapenems imipenem, meropenem, quinolones ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, moxifloxacin-, trimethoprim/sulfa and colistin.
T11 194985-195067 Sentence denotes Three isolates were found susceptible to aztreonam with MIC of aztreonam 2 mcg/ml.
T12 195068-195114 Sentence denotes The blaVIM-1 gene was detected in all strains.
T13 195115-195166 Sentence denotes The same class 1 integron was found in all strains.
T14 195167-195280 Sentence denotes Its sequence analysis revealed the presence of other antibiotic resistance genes, apart from the blaVIM-1 allele.
T15 195281-195292 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T16 195293-195397 Sentence denotes This is a rare report of a nosocomial outbreak caused by colistin resistant P. aeruginosa producing MBL.
T17 195398-195587 Sentence denotes Resistance to colistin was correlated with the increased use of colistin over the last year in ICU, due to prevalence of MBL mediated carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa in ICU patients.
T18 195588-195706 Sentence denotes All isolates harboured class 1 integrons, which means a rapid spread of the resistant genes in nosocomial environment.
T19 195707-195845 Sentence denotes Control measures (hand hygiene and restriction of colistin use) resulted to disappear the above colistin resistant P. aeruginosa isolates.
T20 195846-195859 Sentence denotes Introduction:
T21 195860-195930 Sentence denotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa is ubiquitous bacteria prevalent in the nature.
T22 195931-195976 Sentence denotes This microorganism is opportunistic pathogen.
T23 195977-196084 Sentence denotes P. aeruginosa has often been reported as the cause of outbreaks of nosocomial infections in hospital units.
T24 196085-196194 Sentence denotes P. aeruginosa strains exhibit high rates of resistance to antibiotics and are frequently multidrug-resistant.
T25 196195-196205 Sentence denotes Objective:
T26 196206-196371 Sentence denotes The aim of this paper was the epidemiological investigation of the group of twenty P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients treated in Intensive Care Unit (ICU).
T27 196372-196394 Sentence denotes Materials and methods:
T28 196395-196479 Sentence denotes Twenty P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from respiratory track, wounds and urine.
T29 196480-196549 Sentence denotes Eleven of them derived from three patients: six came from patient No.
T30 196550-196565 Sentence denotes 1, two from No.
T31 196566-196586 Sentence denotes 2 and three from No.
T32 196587-196589 Sentence denotes 3.
T33 196590-196650 Sentence denotes They were isolated in different time during hospitalisation.
T34 196651-196733 Sentence denotes The isolates were identified in the ATB system (bioMerieux) using ID 32 GN strips.
T35 196734-196805 Sentence denotes The antibiotic susceptibility was performed using diskdiffusion method.
T36 196806-196895 Sentence denotes RAPD-PCR analysis of investigated strains were carried out with primers ERIC-2 and PAL-2.
T37 196896-196904 Sentence denotes Results:
T38 196905-197011 Sentence denotes Examination of RAPD fingerprints using ERIC-2 primer in the group of six strains isolated from patient No.
T39 197012-197139 Sentence denotes 1 revealed no differences in genotypes, despite the fact that they presented different phenotypes of antibiotic susceptibility.
T40 197140-197196 Sentence denotes Whereas primer PAL-2 revealed two clusters of genotypes.
T41 197197-197251 Sentence denotes RAPD analysis of two strains obtained from patient No.
T42 197252-197335 Sentence denotes 2 using two primers enabled to characterize strains of nondistinguishable genotype.
T43 197336-197372 Sentence denotes Genotyping of strains of patient No.
T44 197373-197510 Sentence denotes 3 using ERIC-2 primer showed no differences between isolates, whereas PAL-2 primer confirmed the occurrence of two clusters of genotypes.
T45 197511-197656 Sentence denotes In the group of nine P. aeruginosa strains isolated from different patients analysis of ERIC-2 fingerprints displayed seven clusters of genotype.
T46 197657-197717 Sentence denotes One of them included three isolates from different patients.
T47 197718-197751 Sentence denotes PAL-2 showed six unique patterns.
T48 197752-197839 Sentence denotes One of them included two strains, second genotype included three P. aeruginosa strains.
T49 197840-197891 Sentence denotes All isolates were acquired from different patients.
T50 197892-197993 Sentence denotes Strains number 19 and 20 isolated from remaining patients were nondistinguishable using both primers.
T51 197994-198006 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T52 198007-198124 Sentence denotes Current study indicated a high degree of genetic diversity among P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients of ICU.
T53 198125-198324 Sentence denotes Our investigations confirmed among patients subjected to longer treatment during stay in ICU lack of changes in genotypes in comparison with phenotypes connected with their antibiotic susceptibility.
T54 198325-198455 Sentence denotes Increase in incidence of serogroup C invasive meningococcal disease in Italy and rise of decreased susceptibility to penicillin P.
T55 198456-198472 Sentence denotes Mastrantonio, C.
T56 198473-198482 Sentence denotes Fazio, A.
T57 198483-198491 Sentence denotes Neri, T.
T58 198492-198501 Sentence denotes Sofia, P.
T59 198502-198523 Sentence denotes Stefanelli (Rome, IT)
T60 198524-198535 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T61 198536-198776 Sentence denotes To monitor the rapid increase in proportion of serogroup C strains circulating in Italy and the rise of decreased susceptibility to penicillin (0.06 > MIC < 1 mcg/ml) to see whether they are linked to the circulation of specific phenotypes.
T62 198777-198785 Sentence denotes Methods:
T63 198786-198836 Sentence denotes The strains were serotyped with specific antisera.
T64 198837-198898 Sentence denotes The susceptibility to penicillin was performed by the E-test.
T65 198899-199013 Sentence denotes A Real-Time PCR protocol was also applied to discriminate between penicillin susceptible and intermediate strains.
T66 199014-199084 Sentence denotes Sequence analysis of the penA gene was performed to monitor mosaicism.
T67 199085-199264 Sentence denotes MLST following the methodology described by Maiden et al (http://neisseria.org/nm/typing/mlst/), was performed to assess the lineages and complexes to which these isolates belong.
T68 199265-199276 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T69 199277-199462 Sentence denotes The study investigates the usefulness of cultureindependent PCR and subsequent DNA sequencing for establishing the aetiology of infective endocarditis (IE) in surgically removed valves.
T70 199463-199471 Sentence denotes Methods:
T71 199472-199610 Sentence denotes Cardiac valves from patients undergoing valvular replacement due to clinical necessity were examined by culture and by PCR/DNA sequencing.
T72 199611-199724 Sentence denotes Valves from ten patients without suspicion of IE (controls) and from13 patients with IE (patients) were included.
T73 199725-199882 Sentence denotes The valves were divided and one part was cultured using standard methods, and the other was subjected to a PCR targeting part of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene.
T74 199883-200028 Sentence denotes The DNA sequence was determined on any product resulting from PCR and bacterial identity was established using BLAST search in the NCBI database.
T75 200029-200037 Sentence denotes Results:
T76 200038-200105 Sentence denotes Results from culture and PCR /DNA sequencing are shown in Table 1 .
T77 200106-200174 Sentence denotes Bacterial DNA was identified in valves from nine of the 13 patients.
T78 200175-200267 Sentence denotes The species identified represented typical endocarditis bacteria in eight of these patients.
T79 200268-200376 Sentence denotes Six of the DNA based identifications were in accordance with previous blood isolates from the same patients.
T80 200377-200483 Sentence denotes DNA from Propionibacterium acnes was detected in two of the ten controls, and may represent contamination.
T81 200484-200495 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T82 200496-200663 Sentence denotes Detection and identification of bacterial DNA seems a promising method for establishment of the aetiology of IE, but further studies are required for final validation.
T83 200664-200674 Sentence denotes Objective:
T84 200675-200827 Sentence denotes The amplification of DNA from bacterial and fungal pathogens is being increasingly used in the microbiological diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE).
T85 200828-201058 Sentence denotes Molecular techniques, mostly based on PCR amplification, have been demonstrated useful on achieving a precise and rapid identification of the infectious aetiology of endocarditis episodes if applied on heart valves tissue samples.
T86 201059-201173 Sentence denotes The aim of our study was to determine the most common bacterial pathogens causing IE endocarditis in our hospital.
T87 201174-201354 Sentence denotes Methods: DNA was isolated from homogenised heart valve tissue samples of fifty-nine IE patients suspected of IE (collected in years 2003-2005) undergoing valve replacement surgery.
T88 201355-201457 Sentence denotes A broad-range 16S rRNA PCR technique followed by sequencing and sequence similarity analysis was used.
T89 201458-201584 Sentence denotes Results: PCR results demonstrated the presence of bacterial DNA in the heart valves obtained from 42 patients suspected of IE.
T90 201585-201709 Sentence denotes The largest portion of IE cases is represented by two bacterial groups Streptococci (16 cases) and Staphylococci (16 cases).
T91 201710-201788 Sentence denotes The most frequent pathogen was identified as Staphylococcus aureus (13 cases).
T92 201789-201958 Sentence denotes Rest of cases was caused by less common bacterial pathogenes like Corynebacterium diptheriae, Abiotrophia elegans, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans or Bartonella sp.
T93 201959-202101 Sentence denotes The causative microorganism for one patient with definite culture negative endocarditis was identified as a rarely reported Aerococcus urinae.
T94 202102-202242 Sentence denotes Conclusion: PCR-based molecular detection of pathogens in valve samples from surgically treated IE patients is fast, sensitive and reliable.
T95 202243-202363 Sentence denotes The technology along with thorough validation and clinical interpretation is a promising tool for routine testing of IE.
T96 202364-202375 Sentence denotes Background:
T97 202376-202532 Sentence denotes The tick Ixodes ricinus is involved in the transmission and maintenance of a wide variety of pathogens of species Borrelia, Ehrlichia/Anaplasma and Babesia.
T98 202533-202625 Sentence denotes The infection is initiated by inoculation of the bacterium into the skin during a tick bite.
T99 202626-202755 Sentence denotes Lyme borreliosis is the prominent human infectious disease; Ehrlichia/Anaplasma and Babesia are also regarded as human pathogens.
T100 202756-202767 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T101 202768-202918 Sentence denotes The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Borrelia, Ehrlichia and Babesia in I. ricinus ticks by molecular genetics methods.
T102 202919-202927 Sentence denotes Methods:
T103 202928-203033 Sentence denotes More than 2000 ticks were collected in West, North, East and South regions of Lithuania (WL, NL, EL, SL).
T104 203034-203190 Sentence denotes For detection of B. burgdorferi s.l. in infected ticks, the 1408 adults and 151 nymphs were analysed individually by the PCR with fla gene specific primers.
T105 203191-203325 Sentence denotes For Borrelia genotyping were used multiplex PCRs with genospecies-specific primers for B. burgdorferi s.s., B. garinii and B. afzelii.
T106 203326-203415 Sentence denotes The presence Ehrlichia/Anaplasma group was determined by using PCR with specific primers.
T107 203416-203593 Sentence denotes The positive samples were reamplified and the biotinylated Ehrlichia/Anaplasma PCR products were hybridised with different oligonucleotide probes in the reverse line blot assay.
T108 203594-203665 Sentence denotes The Babesia divergens was detected by RT-PCR with the ABI Prism system.
T109 203666-203845 Sentence denotes Results: B. burgdorferi s.l. was detected in all Lithuanian regions: WL -7% (8/113), NL -19% (98/525), SL -15% (41/278) and EL -10% (62/643) and common in country -13% (209/1559).
T110 203846-203891 Sentence denotes In the NL ticks are infected distinctly more.
T111 203892-204023 Sentence denotes It could be explained by the zone of sympatry of few Ixodes species and biodiversity of vectors could cause intensity of infection.
T112 204024-204365 Sentence denotes Of the 243 individually processed ticks, 5 (2%) were positive for Babesia divergens, 12 (5%) were positive for Ehrlichia/Anaplasma (HGE -3, HGE variant -1, E. schottii -2 and 6 were not identified), 38 (16%) for Borrelia genotypes: an absolute domination of B. afzelii -25 (66%) is observed; B. garinii -12 (32%); B. burgdorferi s.s -1 (3%).
T113 204366-204447 Sentence denotes It is accordance with data from Baltic region of Russia (Kurish Spit) and Norway.
T114 204448-204460 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T115 204461-204614 Sentence denotes The known pathogenic species (Borrelia, Ehrlichia/Anaplasma and Babesia) found in Europe are also present in the Lithuanian host-seeking tick population.
T116 204615-204793 Sentence denotes It was detected that B. afzelii was the dominant genospecies in Lithuanian ticks (10%) and Ehrlichia/Anaplasma and Babesia were found in ticks too and might cause human diseases.
T117 204794-204810 Sentence denotes Acknowledgement:
T118 204811-204882 Sentence denotes The study was supported by the Lithuanian Science and Study Foundation.
T119 204883-204894 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T120 204895-204993 Sentence denotes Three spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses, transmitted by hard tick bites are known in Russia.
T121 204994-205305 Sentence denotes These include Siberian tick typhus (STT) caused by Rickettsia sibirica sensu stricto (R. sibirica sensu stricto) in the Asian part of the country, Astrakhan spotted fever (ASF) caused by R. conorii subspecies caspia in Astrakhan, and far eastern rickettsiosis, caused by R. heinlinjangensis in Russian Far East.
T122 205306-205385 Sentence denotes Recently, additional tick-borne rickettsiae were detected from ticks in Russia.
T123 205386-205561 Sentence denotes Herein, we collected ticks in five regions of Russia, from the European part of the country to Far East, and detected and identified using PCR and sequencing, SFG rickettsiae.
T124 205562-205570 Sentence denotes Methods:
T125 205571-205702 Sentence denotes We attempted amplification and sequencing of a 590-bp fragment from the ompA gene as well as the complete gltA gene from all ticks.
T126 205703-205885 Sentence denotes The 5'-end of ompA was amplified using the 190-70 and 190-701 primers, whereas amplification of the gltA gene was performed using the two primer pairs CS1d-CS535r and CS409d-RP1258n.
T127 205886-206001 Sentence denotes PCR products were sequenced using an ABI Prism 3100 automated Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).
T128 206002-206056 Sentence denotes All sequences were performed twice in both directions.
T129 206057-206159 Sentence denotes Sequences were identified using the BLASTn software by comparison with sequences available in GenBank.
T130 206160-206168 Sentence denotes Results:
T131 206169-206288 Sentence denotes We detected R. sibirica sensu stricto in six tick species collected in Eastern Siberia, Zauralye, and Russian Far East.
T132 206289-206359 Sentence denotes R. heilongjangensis was identified in ticks from Siberia and Far East.
T133 206360-206679 Sentence denotes We also detected three new species known to be pathogenic in other countries, i.e., R. slovaca in D. marginatus ticks in the European part of Russia and Zauralye, R. helvetica in Ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in Western Siberia, and R. aeschlimannii strain Stavropol in Hyalomma marginatum in the Stavropol region.
T134 206680-206906 Sentence denotes In addition, rickettsiae of unknown pathogenicity were detected, including R. sibirica strain BJ-90 in D. silvarum collected in Far East, Rickettsia sp. strains RpA4, DnS14 and DnS28, and Candidatus "Rickettsia tarasevichiae".
T135 206907-206919 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T136 206920-206988 Sentence denotes A minimum of 11 rickettsiae are distributed in hard ticks in Russia.
T137 206989-207080 Sentence denotes These include 5 human pathogens in addition to the ''classical'' R. sibirica sensu stricto.
T138 207081-207221 Sentence denotes Therefore, clinicians should be aware that spotted fever rickettsioses in Russia may be caused by several species with different severities.
T139 207222-207233 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T140 207234-207274 Sentence denotes As part of the strep-EURO project (QLK2.
T141 207275-207278 Sentence denotes CT.
T142 207279-207482 Sentence denotes 2002.01398) , an enhanced surveillance of severe group A streptococcal (GAS) infections was undertaken in the UK during 2003-2004, to obtain disease burden estimates and to characterise strains isolated.
T143 207483-207642 Sentence denotes Microbiological characterisation of invasive GAS isolates collected are described alongside clinical and risk factor data to identify significant associations.
T144 207643-207651 Sentence denotes Methods:
T145 207652-207819 Sentence denotes Invasive GAS isolates from laboratories in England, Wales and Northern Ireland were sent to the Streptococcus & Diphtheria Reference Unit for further characterisation.
T146 207820-207957 Sentence denotes Cases were defined by the isolation of GAS from a normally sterile site and/or any clinical information indicative of a severe infection.
T147 207958-208058 Sentence denotes Microbial data available include emm/M type, speA, B and C genes and antibiotic resistance profiles.
T148 208059-208231 Sentence denotes Analyses were performed using STATA software to test for any significant associations between laboratory and clinical data using chisquare and logistic regression analyses.
T149 208232-208240 Sentence denotes Results:
T150 208241-208367 Sentence denotes A total of 3639 invasive GAS cases were reported during 2003-2004 and 2483 (68%) isolates were available for characterisation.
T151 208368-208486 Sentence denotes In total, 74 different M/emm types were identified, with M1, 3, 87 and 89 comprising 48% of all invasive GAS isolates.
T152 208487-208638 Sentence denotes Spe toxin results were available for 282 isolates; 112/282 (40%) were speAB positive; 99 (35%) possessed speBC; 55 (20%) speB; 15 (5%) speABC positive.
T153 208639-208779 Sentence denotes There was a significant association between spe gene and M type (P = 0.001), notably with speAB and M1 and 3, and speBC with M12, 28 and 87.
T154 208780-208982 Sentence denotes Susceptibility results against 4 antibiotics were available; none were resistant to penicillin; 8 (0.8%) were clindamycin resistant; 56 (3.6%) erythromycin resistant; 181 (14.0%) tetracycline resistant.
T155 208983-209058 Sentence denotes The tetracycline resistant isolates correlated with M43 and 83 (P = 0.001).
T156 209059-209197 Sentence denotes Toxic shock syndrome and necrotising fasciitis were significantly associated with M1 and 3 isolates, and those containing speA (P < 0.01).
T157 209198-209360 Sentence denotes Intravenous drug users comprised 363/2184 (17%) cases, with M83, 82 and 43 and tetracycline resistance all strongly linked with this major risk group (P = 0.001).
T158 209361-209373 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T159 209374-209495 Sentence denotes The UK is again observing changes in GAS type distributions with the emergence of higher M types, especially M87 and M89.
T160 209496-209749 Sentence denotes Characterisation of these isolates using techniques such as spe gene toxin detection and antimicrobial susceptibilities has further enriched our capacity to understand the relationship between clinical manifestations and microbiological characteristics.
T161 209750-209835 Sentence denotes Detection of pcaA gene in M. tuberculosis strains isolated from clinical specimens R.
T162 209836-209861 Sentence denotes Ramazanzadeh (Tehran, IR)
T163 209862-209873 Sentence denotes Background:
T164 209874-210006 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pcaA gene in M. tuberculosis strains isolated and typed by spoligotyping.
T165 210007-210117 Sentence denotes The associated risk factors among patients with different nationalities residing in Iran were also determined.
T166 210118-210286 Sentence denotes The study population involved a total of 439 patients that referred to the NRITLD, the referral tuberculosis centre in Iran; during March 21st, 2003 to March 21st 2004.
T167 210287-210499 Sentence denotes The isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains have been characterized by performing susceptibility tests against four first-line antituberculosis drugs and were then subjected to spoligotyping characterization.
T168 210500-210588 Sentence denotes PCR was used for detection of pcaA gene and its nucleotide sequence was also determined.
T169 210589-210597 Sentence denotes Results:
T170 210598-210737 Sentence denotes Spoligotyping of M. tuberculosis strains resulted in 140 different patterns that divided into three evolutionary groups (É , É É , É É É ).
T171 210738-210843 Sentence denotes One hundred twenty-two (87.1%) of these spoligotype isolates were unique and reported for the first time.
T172 210844-210959 Sentence denotes The remaining18 (12.8%) spoligotype patterns were previously reported from other geographical regions of the world.
T173 210960-211026 Sentence denotes Interestingly, 6.3% of the strains belonged to the Beijing family.
T174 211027-211135 Sentence denotes The MDR (multi drug resistance), double and triple resistance were seen in group É of evolutionary scenario.
T175 211136-211249 Sentence denotes The pcaA gene was detected in M. tuberculosis clinical isolates but not in saprophyte strains such as M. kansasi.
T176 211250-211380 Sentence denotes The results showed that multi drug-resistances were more prevalent in bacteria isolated from Afghani TB patients residing in Iran.
T177 211381-211514 Sentence denotes In addition, spread of M. tuberculosis strains belonging to the Beijing family among Iranian patients has to be considered seriously.
T178 211515-211610 Sentence denotes This study confirmed the widespread existence of pcaA gene in almost all the clinical isolates.
T179 211611-211748 Sentence denotes It is also important to undertake studies to identify which factors are the most significant to consider in tuberculosis control program.
T180 211749-211897 Sentence denotes Isolation and identification of Legionella (legionnaires' disease agents) from fish ponds and environmental water sources by culture and PCR methods
T181 211898-211909 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T182 211910-212067 Sentence denotes Legionella are the causative agents of pneumonia in human and it is reported that up to 90% cases of legionnaires' disease are due to Legionella pneumophila.
T183 212068-212149 Sentence denotes These organisms are ubiquitous distributed in natural and man made water sources.
T184 212150-212254 Sentence denotes They are spread to human by inhalation of contaminated aerosols which are originated from these sources.
T185 212255-212366 Sentence denotes We studied some of man-made water sources in view of presence of Legionella, by two methods of culture and PCR.
T186 212367-212375 Sentence denotes Methods:
T187 212376-212454 Sentence denotes 150 water samples (each one 500 ml) collected from different sources, such as:
T188 212455-212514 Sentence denotes Fish ponds, swimming pools and cooling towers were studied.
T189 212515-212609 Sentence denotes These sources were located in Ahwaz city and some other cities of Khoozestan Province in Iran.
T190 212610-212772 Sentence denotes After centrifugation of water samples, the pellets were treated by Hcl-Kcl buffer (pH 2.2) and resuspended pellet was inoculated into BCYE and BMPA (Oxoid) media.
T191 212773-212846 Sentence denotes Isolated colonies were identified by morphological and biochemical tests.
T192 212847-212971 Sentence denotes DNA was extracted from the bacteria in another portion of the same pellet and then it was used as template in PCR technique.
T193 212972-213053 Sentence denotes DNA pattern of Legionella were identified after electerophoresis of DNA products.
T194 213054-213062 Sentence denotes Results:
T195 213063-213277 Sentence denotes Survey of water samples from 117 fish ponds, 20 swimming pools and 13 cooling towers were resulted in 11 strains (7.3%) of Legionella pneumophila by culture, and identification of 23 strains (15.3%) of them by PCR.
T196 213278-213423 Sentence denotes The highest rate of Legionella pneumophila isolation was 4.3% and 8.6% by culture and PCR respectively, from Bioz fish ponds (around Ahwaz city).
T197 213424-213508 Sentence denotes Susceptibility and specificity of PCR in this survey were 100% and 92% respectively.
T198 213509-213753 Sentence denotes The results of this study showed that legionnaires' disease agents were widely spread in our examined water sources, so the treatment of these sources by chlorinization, heating or refreshing of water are necessary to eliminate of these agents.
T199 213754-213810 Sentence denotes Three females with asymptomatic infection of Objectives:
T200 213811-213890 Sentence denotes It is established that chronic infections may cause hematological disturbances.
T201 213891-214136 Sentence denotes The aim of this study is to show that persistent asymptomatic infection with Mycoplasma pneumonia can produce a clinical picture similar to chronic fatigue syndrome and even more can stimulate genes involved in hematological malignant disorders.
T202 214137-214158 Sentence denotes Patients and methods:
T203 214159-214245 Sentence denotes This work reports the presence of a chronic fatigue syndrome in three female patients.
T204 214246-214296 Sentence denotes Their age was 33,40 and 54 years old respectively.
T205 214297-214404 Sentence denotes There whole blood check-up was normal except of a low value of IgG immunoglobulin; 698 mg/dl (normal range:
T206 214405-214421 Sentence denotes 859-1515 mg/dl).
T207 214422-214532 Sentence denotes Further more there was a 2-fold titre of Mycoplasma pneumonia-IgM type antibody in all, using ELISA technique.
T208 214533-214617 Sentence denotes Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy were not diagnostic of a special disease.
T209 214618-214691 Sentence denotes CT of neck, thorax, and abdomen were normal with no signs of any disease.
T210 214692-214769 Sentence denotes Peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures were prepared using standard techniques.
T211 214770-215101 Sentence denotes We applied FISH technique on metaphase chromosomes using LSI EGR1 (5q31) Spectrum oarnge, LSI D7S486 (7q31) spectrum orange /CEP7 spectrum green probe, searching for a Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS), and LSI IGH/CCND1 Dual fusion translocation probe, LSI IGH/BCL2 Dual colour, Dual fusion translocation probe for Lymphomas (VYSIS).
T212 215102-215110 Sentence denotes Results:
T213 215111-215181 Sentence denotes The karyotypes up to 30 cells using GTG banding technique were normal.
T214 215182-215419 Sentence denotes FISH revealed that one pt had a deletion of 7q31 chromosome that is present in MDS and it is a bad prognosis factor, while the other two had cells carrying the translocation t (11; 14)(q13; q32), which is found in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
T215 215420-215432 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T216 215433-215543 Sentence denotes The three pts had serologically Mycoplasma pneumonia infection of IgM-type without any sign of active disease.
T217 215544-215597 Sentence denotes Their fatigue syndrome existed for more than 3 years.
T218 215598-215756 Sentence denotes The essential mechanism between the Mycoplasma pneumonia infection and low IgG is unclear since it is not included even in rare extra pulmonary complications.
T219 215757-215870 Sentence denotes Studies with larger samples should be done for a better evaluation of its involvement in human malignant disease.
T220 215871-216005 Sentence denotes The chronic asymptomatic infection probably acts as a stimulator to genes responsible for pre-or for malignant hematological diseases.
T221 216006-216010 Sentence denotes Aim:
T222 216011-216062 Sentence denotes To investigate the aetiology of aseptic meningitis.
T223 216063-216071 Sentence denotes Methods:
T224 216072-216187 Sentence denotes Aseptic meningitis was defined when CSF cytosis exceeded 6 leukocytes/ll and a negative standard bacterial culture.
T225 216188-216426 Sentence denotes Herpes simplex virus 1/2 (HSV), Epstein barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Enterovirus (EV) were detected with commercial available PCR reagents and Leptospira spp. with an ''in house'' real time PCR test.
T226 216427-216506 Sentence denotes An ''in house'' and commercial PCR test were used to detect Toscana virus (TV).
T227 216507-216637 Sentence denotes Varicella zoster virus (VZV), mumps virus and Coxiella burnetii infections diagnosis were based on clinical signs and/or serology.
T228 216638-216646 Sentence denotes Results:
T229 216647-216689 Sentence denotes During 3 years we studied 315 CSF samples.
T230 216690-216782 Sentence denotes Two hundred and nineteen (70%) patients were younger than 15 years and 187 (59%) were males.
T231 216783-216830 Sentence denotes CSF pleocytosis ranged from 6 to 2100 cells/ll.
T232 216831-216881 Sentence denotes Bacteriological study was negative in all samples.
T233 216882-216962 Sentence denotes Etiological diagnosis was achieved with molecular methods in 148 (47%) patients.
T234 216963-217080 Sentence denotes PCR detected 110 (35%) EV, 20 (6.3%) HSV, 6 (1.9%) Leptospira, 4 (1.3%) EBV, 5 (1.6%) TV and 3 (0.9%) CMV infections.
T235 217081-217129 Sentence denotes All samples tested negative for West Nile virus.
T236 217130-217294 Sentence denotes Serology detected one EBV and one Coxiella burnetii infection and in eighteen patients a diagnosis of VZV (13) or mumps (5) infection was based on clinical grounds.
T237 217295-217344 Sentence denotes Overall the diagnosis was clarified in 168 (53%).
T238 217345-217357 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T239 217358-217512 Sentence denotes The sensitivity, specificity and versatility of PCR make this methodology an ideal tool to investigate the aetiology of central nervous system infections.
T240 217513-217581 Sentence denotes In this study EV is the more common aetiology of aseptic meningitis.
T241 217582-217738 Sentence denotes The investigation of Toscana virus, although less frequent should go on in summer cases of aseptic meningitis in Portugal as in other Mediterranean regions.
T242 217739-217848 Sentence denotes The vector of West Nile virus is present in our country but no cases of infection by this virus was detected.
T243 217849-217945 Sentence denotes Other agents need to be considered in future studies to further clarify this clinical situation.
T244 217946-218179 Sentence denotes Characterisation of the recombinant S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium parvum is a unicellular, obligatory intracellular, parasitic protist that infects mammalian gastrointestinal epithelium.
T245 218180-218361 Sentence denotes It can produce a self-limited diarrhoea in healthy adults and children, but potentially life-threatening infection in immunocompromised persons for which no effective cure is known.
T246 218362-218570 Sentence denotes S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH), which catalyses hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) to yield adenosine and homocysteine, regulates methionine cycle and synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM).
T247 218571-218719 Sentence denotes SAM is a major donor of methyl groups for methylation reaction, and its decarboxylated form is a donor of aminopropyl group for polyamine synthesis.
T248 218720-218801 Sentence denotes Polyamine metabolism of C. parvum differs substantially from its mammalian hosts.
T249 218802-218948 Sentence denotes Drug development which would target both enzymes of the methionine cycle and polyamine synthesis can be effective against human cryptosporidiosis.
T250 218949-218984 Sentence denotes C. parvum SAHH (CpSAHH) was cloned.
T251 218985-219163 Sentence denotes CpSAHH is a single copy intronless gene of 1479 bp and encodes a protein of 493 amino acids that contains all conserved amino acid (aa) residues necessary for enzymatic activity.
T252 219164-219240 Sentence denotes In contrast to mammalian hosts, CpSAHH contains plants-like 49 aa insertion.
T253 219241-219344 Sentence denotes RT-PCR analysis proved that CpSAHH is expressed in both C. parvum sporozoites and intracellular stages.
T254 219345-219427 Sentence denotes CpSAHH was cloned into the expression vector pMAL-c2X to yield pMAL-CpSAHH fusion.
T255 219428-219565 Sentence denotes This maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusion was expressed in the competent E. coli TB1 strain and affinity purified over an amylose column.
T256 219566-219639 Sentence denotes Recombinant protein of expected size of 98.3 kD was examined by SDS-PAGE.
T257 219640-219765 Sentence denotes MBP-CpSAHH fusion was cleaved using 2.5% Factor Xa protease and CpSAHH was finally divided from MBP on hydroxyapatite column.
T258 219766-219979 Sentence denotes The assay of CpSAHH activity in the hydrolytic direction was performed spectroscopically at 412 nm by measuring the rate of the product (homocysteine) formed by reaction with dinitrilo-dithiodibenzoic acid (DNTB).
T259 219980-220172 Sentence denotes The reaction mixture contained 4 units of S-adenosyldeaminase, 200 lM DNTB and varying concentration of SAH (0.1-100 lM) in the 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer of pH 7.2 containing 1 mM EDTA.
T260 220173-220325 Sentence denotes Michaelis-Menten kinetics estimated a Km of 2.49 (±0.53) lM for MBP-CpSAHH fusion protein and Km of 1.42 (±0.38) lM for the purified recombinant CpSAHH.
T261 220326-220486 Sentence denotes The inhibition of recombinant CpSAHH by adenosine analogs (3-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine and 3-deoxyadenosine), specific SAHH inhibitors will be presented.
T262 220487-220497 Sentence denotes Objective:
T263 220498-220605 Sentence denotes Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) mediated resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae has become an emerging problem.
T264 220606-220698 Sentence denotes This resistance is often associated with low level carbapenem MICs and may be misidentified.
T265 220699-220854 Sentence denotes This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of MBL in blood isolates of K. pneumoniae, collected at our tertiary care hospital in the year 2005.
T266 220855-220863 Sentence denotes Methods:
T267 220864-221033 Sentence denotes All consecutive K. pneumoniae isolates from blood cultures of 61 inpatients (16 in medical wards, 7 in surgical wards, 30 in ICU and 8 in other departments) were tested.
T268 221034-221164 Sentence denotes They were identified by standard methods and MICs were determined by the broth microdilution method, according to CLSI guidelines.
T269 221165-221246 Sentence denotes MBL production was screened by E-test MBL. blaVIM-1 alleles were detected by PCR.
T270 221247-221414 Sentence denotes The presence of class 1 integrons was verified by PCR with specific primers, designed on the basis of the 5 conserved segment (5-CS) and the 3-CS of class 1 integrons.
T271 221415-221423 Sentence denotes Results:
T272 221424-221589 Sentence denotes Twenty-four of 61 isolates exhibited reduced susceptibility or resistance to carbapenems, imipenem (IMI) and meropenem (MER) with MICs ranged from 0.5 to ‡8 mcg/ ml.
T273 221590-221735 Sentence denotes In two isolates the MIC of IMI was 1 mcg/ml, in thirteen isolates was 2 mcg/ml, in five isolates was 4 mcg/ml and in four isolates was ‡8 mcg/ml.
T274 221736-221757 Sentence denotes The MICs of MER were:
T275 221758-221885 Sentence denotes 0.5 mcg/ ml one isolate, 1 mcg/ml eleven isolates, 2 mcg/ml five isolates, 4 mcg/ml four isolates and ‡8 mcg/ml three isolates.
T276 221886-221943 Sentence denotes They were shown to produce an MBL activity by the E-test.
T277 221944-222040 Sentence denotes The same twenty-four isolates, 39.3%, were found positive for the presence of the blaVIM-1 gene.
T278 222041-222189 Sentence denotes All of these isolates harboured class 1 integrons of different molecular weights, carrying a variety of genes that confer resistance to antibiotics.
T279 222190-222201 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T280 222202-222289 Sentence denotes The presence of the blaVIM-1 gene in 39.3% of our K. pneumoniae blood isolates is high.
T281 222290-222473 Sentence denotes These results confirm that the spread of MBLs in K. pneumoniae is becoming a clinical concern, despite the fact that most isolates remained susceptible, according to CLSI breakpoints.
T282 222474-222564 Sentence denotes Continuous surveillance and control measures are necessary in order to eliminate the MBLs.
T283 222565-222693 Sentence denotes Molecular detection of the cefoxitin resistance gene, cfxA, and the 3' regulatory sequence of its resistance element, MTn4555 J.
T284 222694-222702 Sentence denotes Soki, M.
T285 222703-222711 Sentence denotes Toth, Z.
T286 222712-222725 Sentence denotes Bessenyei, E.
T287 222726-222735 Sentence denotes Urban, E.
T288 222736-222765 Sentence denotes Nagy (Szeged, HU) Objectives:
T289 222766-223000 Sentence denotes Detection of the level of cefoxitin resistance, detection of the cfxA resistance gene and characterization the structure of the 3' sequence of the resistance mobilizable tranposon, MTn4555, possibly involved in the regulation of cfxA.
T290 223001-223009 Sentence denotes Methods:
T291 223010-223222 Sentence denotes 64 Bacteroides strains were examined for the level of cefoxitin resistance by the E-test method, and were screened for the cfxA and the upstream hypothetical insertion element (IS) transposase (TpI) genes by PCR.
T292 223223-223385 Sentence denotes For a detailed analysis of the upstream regions of the cfxA genes, they were amplified by PCR using primers in conserved regions, and were subsequently sequenced.
T293 223386-223438 Sentence denotes Results: cfxA genes were found in 13 isolates (20%).
T294 223439-223547 Sentence denotes All had cefoxitin MICs that fell in either the intermediate (=32 mg/l) or the resistant category (>32 mg/l).
T295 223548-223649 Sentence denotes One additional strain was also resistant to cefoxitin but it displayed resistance to carbapenems too.
T296 223650-223874 Sentence denotes Two IS element sequences (TpI) were found all in cfxApositive strains and they were mapped to the upstream region of the cfxA genes; this structure corresponded to the reference sequence of the mTn4555 of B. vulgatus CLA341.
T297 223875-224067 Sentence denotes In 8 strains, the regions upstream of the cfxA genes were devoid of the IS-like sequence of B. vulgatus CLA341 and an additional 360 bp region that had direct and inverted repeats at its ends.
T298 224068-224188 Sentence denotes In 3 strains, the upstream regions could not be amplified or had a size of 500 bp or insertion of an IS614-like element.
T299 224189-224200 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T300 224201-224459 Sentence denotes We developed a method with which we could detect the cephamycin-specific resistance of Bacteroides strains, demonstrated the heterogeneity of the 3' region of the resistance transposon, MTn4555, and described the prevalent IS-less structure of its 3' region.
T301 224460-224470 Sentence denotes Objective:
T302 224471-224533 Sentence denotes With the September 11 attack, anthrax is a reemerging disease.
T303 224534-224670 Sentence denotes Majority of cases are cutaneous (95%) and a mild disease, in some cases cutaneous reaction may be more severe and threat patients' life.
T304 224671-224679 Sentence denotes Methods:
T305 224680-224770 Sentence denotes The cases diagnosed as cutaneous anthrax in the last 2 years were evaluated and presented.
T306 224771-224906 Sentence denotes The diagnose was carried out with an exposure, clinical presentation compatible with anthrax, gram stain, positive culture from lesion.
T307 224907-224915 Sentence denotes Results:
T308 224916-224987 Sentence denotes Nine cases (6 male, 3 female, aged between 30-64 years) were evaluated.
T309 224988-225110 Sentence denotes Of these, 3 cases were severe form of cutaneous anthrax, 1 severe form and toxemic shock, 1 toxemic shock and 4 mild form.
T310 225111-225175 Sentence denotes Eight patients gave a history of an exposure to an animal dying.
T311 225176-225213 Sentence denotes One patient was a raw leather worker.
T312 225214-225254 Sentence denotes Incubation period was between 3-12 days.
T313 225255-225435 Sentence denotes Clinical presentation of severe form cutaneous anthrax in 3 cases was characterized with fever, hemorrhagic bullae surrounded with an extensive erythema and edema and leukocytosis.
T314 225436-225633 Sentence denotes Toxemic shock was observed in 2 cases; 1 had a severe cutaneous lesion on the right arm with an extensive, non-pitting edema from lesion to the shoulder including posterior and anterior chest wall.
T315 225634-225828 Sentence denotes Another case had a small lesion on the anterior neck surrounded by an extensive erythema and non-pitting edema from lesion to the all anterior chest wall, neck and face and respiratory distress.
T316 225829-225984 Sentence denotes Both cases had also a low systolic blood pressure (<9 mmHg), apathy and toxemic appearance, leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, hyponatremia, high level of CRP.
T317 225985-226091 Sentence denotes Shock was resolved with intravenous fluid infusion in one case, other case was required dopamine infusion.
T318 226092-226141 Sentence denotes Intravenous fresh plasma was given in both cases.
T319 226142-226303 Sentence denotes Intravenous penicillin G was given 4 cases (10 days in 1 case, 7 days 1 case, 5 days in 2 cases), clindamycin in 1 case for 5 days because of penicillin allergy.
T320 226304-226442 Sentence denotes Other 4 cases with mild form, 3 cases received amoxicillin for 3-5 days and 1 case received procain penicillin intramuscularly for 5 days.
T321 226443-226591 Sentence denotes A deep tissue necrosis healing with a large black eschar (more than 10 cm diameter) developed in all 4 cases having severe cutaneous anthrax lesion.
T322 226592-226656 Sentence denotes This eschar was leaved with surgically after 3 weeks of disease.
T323 226657-226707 Sentence denotes After 4-6 weeks of disease, the wound was grafted.
T324 226708-226718 Sentence denotes Objective:
T325 226719-226768 Sentence denotes Visceral leishmaniasis is rare in Western Europe.
T326 226769-226865 Sentence denotes Morbidity and mortality is low in immunocompetent but may be fatal in immunosuppressed patients.
T327 226866-227088 Sentence denotes Control of infection and immunity is achieved by the generation of leishmania-specific CD4-T-cells of TH1-type, the secretion of IFN-a and IL-2 and consecutively activation of macrophages to kill intracellular amastigotes.
T328 227089-227172 Sentence denotes The infection can be reactivated years later in case of cellular immunosuppression.
T329 227173-227181 Sentence denotes Methods:
T330 227182-227365 Sentence denotes We describe two patients with reactivation of latent infection: the first after induction chemotherapy for acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) and the second after treatment with steroids.
T331 227366-227374 Sentence denotes Results:
T332 227375-227499 Sentence denotes The first patient, a 41-year-old man from Turkey, was treated for newly diagnosed B-cell ALL with Cytarabine and Idarubicin.
T333 227500-227581 Sentence denotes He developed fever in neutropenia, mucositis with diarrhoea and abdominal cramps.
T334 227582-227687 Sentence denotes The patient deteriorated while on empirical treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics and Amphotericin B.
T335 227688-227775 Sentence denotes Because of an acute abdomen, a laparotomy with resection of the duodenum was performed.
T336 227776-227827 Sentence denotes The histology revealed an intestinal leishmaniasis.
T337 227828-227948 Sentence denotes Despite adequate therapy with liposomal Amphotericin B the patient developed fatal septic shock with multiorgan-failure.
T338 227949-228048 Sentence denotes The second patient was a 66-year-old swiss woman with a diagnosis of allopurinol-induced hepatitis.
T339 228049-228094 Sentence denotes A liver biopsy showed fibrin ring granulomas.
T340 228095-228192 Sentence denotes Prednison (75 mg/day) was started and 3 weeks later the patient was readmitted with pancytopenia.
T341 228193-228283 Sentence denotes A bone marrow aspiration revealed leishmaniasis, identified as Leishmania infantum by PCR.
T342 228284-228412 Sentence denotes A repeated liver biopsy showed infiltration of leishmania without evidence of fibrinous granulomas as shown on the first biopsy.
T343 228413-228468 Sentence denotes The history revealed a travel to Malta 2 years earlier.
T344 228469-228504 Sentence denotes Liposomal amphotericin was started.
T345 228505-228590 Sentence denotes The patient developed septic shock and died after 15 days on the intensive care unit.
T346 228591-228602 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T347 228603-228758 Sentence denotes Visceral leishmaniasis may become more frequent in non endemic regions because of international travel and increasing numbers of immunosuppressed patients.
T348 228759-228907 Sentence denotes Reactivation of leishmaniasis should be considered particularly in patients with fever in neutropenia or with pancytopenia and fever under steroids.
T349 228908-229103 Sentence denotes Nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive bloodstream infections resistant to quinolone and/or an extended spectrum cephalosporin in a country with extensive use of these antimicrobials in food animals W.
T350 229104-229117 Sentence denotes Kulwichit, T.
T351 229118-229131 Sentence denotes Chatsuwan, C.
T352 229132-229144 Sentence denotes Unhasuta, C.
T353 229145-229159 Sentence denotes Pulsrikarn, A.
T354 229160-229179 Sentence denotes Bangtrakulnonth, A.
T355 229180-229207 Sentence denotes Chongthaleong (Bangkok, TH)
T356 229208-229219 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T357 229220-229389 Sentence denotes Nalidixic acid and extended spectrum cephalosporin resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella infection has been a growing global problem and more worrisome in certain countries.
T358 229390-229500 Sentence denotes In our country, enrofloxacin, a veterinary fluoroquinolone, is extensively used in virtually all food animals.
T359 229501-229660 Sentence denotes In addition, ceftiofur, a veterinary third-generation cephalosporin, is also widely used here in swine, not only for treatment but also for disease prevention.
T360 229661-229857 Sentence denotes With complex plasmids capable of carrying both antimicrobial-resistance and virulence genes in a package, a general principle of microbes sacrificing virulence for resistance may not always apply.
T361 229858-230016 Sentence denotes We have embarked on exploring clinical and molecular aspects of this growing problem, and wish to report our pilot survey here to alert the medical community.
T362 230017-230025 Sentence denotes Methods:
T363 230026-230298 Sentence denotes Archival nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from bacteremic patients in our university hospital from January 2003 to October 2005 and from bacteremic patients nationwide sent to The WHO National Salmonella and Shigella Center during the first half of 2005 entered the study.
T364 230299-230337 Sentence denotes These collections are non-overlapping.
T365 230338-230540 Sentence denotes E-test was used to evaluate MICs of nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone and susceptibility was defined using Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI/NCCLS) 2005 criteria for Salmonella.
T366 230541-230549 Sentence denotes Results:
T367 230550-230635 Sentence denotes The bacteria were resistant to the antimicrobials tested at very high rates (Table) .
T368 230636-230841 Sentence denotes All Choleraesuis isolates with ceftriaxone resistance also expressed high levels of nalidixic acid resistance (MIC > 256 lg/ml) and thus reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC = 0.125 lg/ml or more).
T369 230842-230978 Sentence denotes Of 73 nalidixic acid resistant isolates, 55 (75%) had ciprofloxacin MIC at 0.125 or more, 14 (19%) at 0.094, and 4 (6%) at 0.064 lg/ ml.
T370 230979-231082 Sentence denotes A case of aortitis from a ceftriaxone resistant organism resulted in a fatal ruptured mycotic aneurysm.
T371 231083-231094 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T372 231095-231306 Sentence denotes Compared to susceptibility patterns in the past, current nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in humans in our country are obviously more resistant to quinolone and cephalosporin without sacrificing its virulence.
T373 231307-231398 Sentence denotes Nalidixic acid susceptibility correlates well with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.
T374 231399-231526 Sentence denotes Alarming ceftriaxone resistance in Salmonella choleraesuis may be associated with inappropriate ceftiofur usage in pig farming.
T375 231527-231669 Sentence denotes A reconsideration and probable major revision in policy on antimicrobial use in food animals for various purposes in our country is warranted.
T376 231670-231681 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T377 231682-231819 Sentence denotes Q fever is due to Coxiella burnetii and usually found as a professional fever disease and can be presented in its acute or chronic forms.
T378 231820-231985 Sentence denotes Isolation of C. burnetii should be done in a 3rd level security laboratory which increase the value of serologic diagnosis for the institutions which do not have it.
T379 231986-232121 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was detection of C. burnetii and anti-Coxiella antibodies by molecular and serological methods among risk groups.
T380 232122-232130 Sentence denotes Methods:
T381 232131-232218 Sentence denotes Of 92 people studied were 85 males and 7 females with ages ranging from 18 to 60 years.
T382 232219-232306 Sentence denotes Among 92 people, 30 were veterinary doctors, 30 were farm workers and 32 were butchers.
T383 232307-232484 Sentence denotes Sera were collected from all 92 people and presence of anti-Coxiella burnetii antibodies was studied using C. burnetii ELISA IgG and C. burnetii ELISA IgM kits (Vircell, Spain).
T384 232485-232558 Sentence denotes The positive or equivocal samples with ELISA were studied further by IFA.
T385 232559-232635 Sentence denotes IFA test were done using Coxiella burnetii Phase I+II kits (Vircell, Spain).
T386 232636-232727 Sentence denotes Presence of C. burnetii was also studied in all cases by PCR using specific primers Trans1:
T387 232728-232764 Sentence denotes 5'-TGGTA-TTCTTGCCGATGAC-3', Trans 2:
T388 232765-232796 Sentence denotes 5'-GATCGTAACTGCTTA-ATAAACCG-3'.
T389 232797-232805 Sentence denotes Results:
T390 232806-232903 Sentence denotes A total of 12 (13.0%) and 8 (8.7%) people were positive and equivocal by ELISA IgM, respectively.
T391 232904-233015 Sentence denotes Among 92 people studied 32 (34.8 %) and 9 (9.8%) people were positive and equivocal by ELISA IgG, respectively.
T392 233016-233160 Sentence denotes The ELISA positive and equivocal sera were studied further by IFA and in 7 (7.6%) cases IgM and in 39 (42.4%) cases IgG presence were confirmed.
T393 233161-233270 Sentence denotes All IgM positive cases were also positive for IgG but one, so 40 (43.5%) cases were C. burnetii seropositive.
T394 233271-233429 Sentence denotes There was no significant difference for C. burnetii seropositivity among three professional groups (veterinary doctors, farm workers and butchers) (p > 0.05).
T395 233430-233467 Sentence denotes Only 4 (4.3%) cases PCR was positive.
T396 233468-233480 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T397 233481-233620 Sentence denotes Coxiella seropositivity was found to be 43.5% among risk groups which is higher than the rates reported among general population in Turkey.
T398 233621-233823 Sentence denotes For this reason especially among risk groups in case of atypical pneumoniae, granulomatous hepatitis, and fever with unknown aetiology, Q fever should be thought and searched for differential diagnosis.
T399 233824-233835 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T400 233836-234013 Sentence denotes The aim of this study is to present eleven cases of dermatophytoses caused by Trichophyton violaceum, a new emerging pathogen in Baix Llobregat (metropolitan area of Barcelona).
T401 234014-234082 Sentence denotes We summarize the epidemiological, microbiological and clinical data.
T402 234083-234091 Sentence denotes Methods:
T403 234092-234239 Sentence denotes This report is based on eleven cases of mycotic infection due to Trichophyton violaceum in Baix Llobregat area from January 2001 to September 2005.
T404 234240-234304 Sentence denotes Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings were analyzed.
T405 234305-234313 Sentence denotes Results:
T406 234314-234418 Sentence denotes All patients were attended in units of dermatology and samples were submitted to laboratory for culture.
T407 234419-234491 Sentence denotes Ten patients were children (four women, six men; age range, 2-12 years).
T408 234492-234535 Sentence denotes The other patient was a 71-year-old female.
T409 234536-234617 Sentence denotes Eight patients were immigrants from Africa, and the others patients were spanish.
T410 234618-234665 Sentence denotes The only adult patient was not immunosupressed.
T411 234666-234760 Sentence denotes Nine patients presented with tinea capitis, consisting of spotty alopecia and crust formation.
T412 234761-234827 Sentence denotes The other two cases presented with tinea involving nose and cheek.
T413 234828-234964 Sentence denotes Skin scrapings and hair samples were cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar (Chloramphenicolcycloheximide and gentamycine-chloramphenicol).
T414 234965-235042 Sentence denotes The growth of flat violet-coloured colonies was detected in all the cultures.
T415 235043-235158 Sentence denotes Microscopically, tangled, branched, and irregular hyphae were noted, with absence of microconidia and macroconidia.
T416 235159-235213 Sentence denotes All patients were treated with oral antifungals drugs.
T417 235214-235225 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T418 235226-235346 Sentence denotes A progressive increase in the number of cutaneous infections caused by T. violaceum has been observed during last years.
T419 235347-235413 Sentence denotes In our geographic area, T. violaceum has been isolated since 2001.
T420 235414-235490 Sentence denotes Almost all our cases occurred in children and were related with immigration.
T421 235491-235549 Sentence denotes Spreading between brothers was demonstrated in four cases.
T422 235550-235663 Sentence denotes In contradistinction with previous reports, the only non-paediatric patient of our study was not immunosupressed.
T423 235664-235787 Sentence denotes Incubation of cultures must be at least one month because colonies of Trichophyton violaceum have an extremely slow growth.
T424 235788-235799 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T425 235800-235909 Sentence denotes Listeria monocytogenes is a food-born pathogen capable of causing serious disease in susceptible individuals.
T426 235910-236169 Sentence denotes Only recently a new non invasive form of listeriosis that causes febrile gastroenteritis in people with no predisposing conditions increased the public health significance of L. monocytogenes, suggesting the possibility of a wider range of infection vehicles.
T427 236170-236444 Sentence denotes As the major infection factor of food contamination seems to occurs in the environment of processing plants, where it can be imported from slaughter facilities, we investigated the epidemiological role of ruminant as possible zoonosic source of listerial pathogenic strains.
T428 236445-236453 Sentence denotes Methods:
T429 236454-236755 Sentence denotes 52 L. monocytogenes strains isolated in Northern Italy since 1998 (20 isolated from cattle and sheep and 11 from patients with sporadic clinical listeriosis, 21 from food products) were subjected to characterization of somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens (Kit Seiken, Denka Seiken Co., Ltd, Japan).
T430 236756-236828 Sentence denotes The same strains were ribotyped using the automated RiboPrinterÒ system.
T431 236829-236837 Sentence denotes Results:
T432 236838-237152 Sentence denotes 4b, 1/2a and 1/2b were found to be the most represented serotypes, while ribotyping, that offers a partially independent and more accurate subtyping scheme, identified 3 major ribogroups, classified with the Dupont Identification pattern Number (DUP-ID) 1038, 1039, 1042, shared by human, feed and animal isolates.
T433 237153-237375 Sentence denotes Our data indicate that a variety of L. monocytogenes ribotypes, which have been shown to be associated with human sporadic and epidemic listeriosis all over the world, where commonly present in ruminant cases in our study.
T434 237376-237597 Sentence denotes The finding of three common clusters within humans, feed and animals supports the hypothesis that ruminant could play an important epidemiological role both as reservoir and source of listerial infection for human beings.
T435 237598-237609 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T436 237610-237705 Sentence denotes Ehrlichia ruminantium, is a tick-borne intracellular bacterium that parasite endothelial cells.
T437 237706-237784 Sentence denotes It causes heartwater in ruminants in sub Saharan Africa and the French Indies.
T438 237785-237806 Sentence denotes Patients and Methods:
T439 237807-237920 Sentence denotes A 56-year-old not immunocompromised woman, became sick about 2 weeks after her pet dog died from 'biliary fever'.
T440 237921-237989 Sentence denotes She died a week later and no further clinical details are available.
T441 237990-238064 Sentence denotes A 6-year-old boy initially presented with a history of headache and fever.
T442 238065-238164 Sentence denotes He presented with gait disturbance (ataxia) and progressive sleepiness and rapidly became comatose.
T443 238165-238263 Sentence denotes A CT scan of the brain performed at this stage revealed edema and hypodense lesions in the cortex.
T444 238264-238349 Sentence denotes Encephalitis was diagnosed and he was transferred to ICU, where he died 3 days later.
T445 238350-238455 Sentence denotes Post mortem examination revealed extensive brain vasculitis, most prominent in the midbrain and the pons.
T446 238456-238595 Sentence denotes A second child, who had evidence of tick bite, died in January 2005 with similar symptoms although he had been treated for tick bite fever.
T447 238596-238822 Sentence denotes DNA was extracted from acute phase serum samples of the three individuals and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using primers specific for 16S, pCS20 and citrate synthase (gltA) gene of E. ruminantium.
T448 238823-238930 Sentence denotes Amplicons of appropriate sizes were cloned into a plasmid vector for sequencing or were directly sequenced.
T449 238931-239037 Sentence denotes Sequences were aligned with previously determined E. ruminantium sequences to check for genotype identity.
T450 239038-239123 Sentence denotes Samples from two patients were similarly examined for the presence of Rickettsia spp.
T451 239124-239132 Sentence denotes Results:
T452 239133-239187 Sentence denotes Both tested patients were negative for Rickettsia spp.
T453 239188-239325 Sentence denotes In all three patients, 16 S r DNA and pCS20 sequences identical to known E. ruminantium genotypes were detected in the acute phase serum.
T454 239326-239436 Sentence denotes A gltA sequence identical to that of the Welgevonden stock of E. ruminantium was also detected in one patient.
T455 239437-239449 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T456 239450-239542 Sentence denotes This is the first molecular evidence, that Ehrlichia ruminantium infection occurs in humans.
T457 239543-239729 Sentence denotes In view of the severity of the infections, we aware physicians of this possible diagnosis in patients being bitten by tick in sub-Saharan Africa and all the E. ruminantium endemic areas.
T458 239730-239817 Sentence denotes Treatment should be based upon doxycycline including in children. symptomatic patients.
T459 239818-239918 Sentence denotes However, due to the invasiveness of LGV-strains they may not always be detectable in lesional swabs.
T460 239919-240068 Sentence denotes Since LGV is associated with induction of a strong antibody response, serology may be helpful in identifying affected patients, even retrospectively.
T461 240069-240275 Sentence denotes To characterize the predictive value of serology for LGV, serum samples of patients with and without C. trachomatis infections were analyzed using different commercial C. trachomatis antibody tests Methods:
T462 240276-240719 Sentence denotes Serum specimens from patients with invasive C. trachomatis infection (LGV) (n = 15), epithelial C. trachomatis infection (urethritis, cervicitis) (n = 17), and without any evidence for infection with C. trachomatis (n = 20) were tested for antibodies against C. trachomatis by complement fixation (CF), LPS-based (genus-specific) EIA (LPS-EIA), MOMP-based (C. trachomatis-specific) EIA (CT-EIA) and a line assay with recombinant antigens (LA).
T463 240720-240827 Sentence denotes Presence or absence of C. trachomatis was analyzed by SDA of anogenital swabs obtained from these patients.
T464 240828-240839 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T465 240840-240932 Sentence denotes Several epidemiologic reports indicate that typeB disease has a close connection with water.
T466 240933-241001 Sentence denotes In Turkey, tularemia cases have been seen mostly as pharyngeal form.
T467 241002-241110 Sentence denotes But, up to now, isolation of F. tularensis or its DNA from water samples have not been reported from Turkey.
T468 241111-241213 Sentence denotes It is the first report from Turkey to evaluate the link between tularemia outbreaks and water sources.
T469 241214-241222 Sentence denotes Methods:
T470 241223-241329 Sentence denotes Two litres of water samples from every water source were obtained and studied by TaqMan 5' nuclease assay.
T471 241330-241404 Sentence denotes Water samples were put through 0.22-lm-diameter cellulose acetate filters.
T472 241405-241609 Sentence denotes Surfaces of filters were washed with sterile distilled water for 15 minutes in a shaker, and lysis buffer (Guanidine isothiocyanate [5M], Na acetate [1/10 (v/v)], Sarcosil % 0.5) was added to this pellet.
T473 241610-241719 Sentence denotes DNA isolation depended on the binding of DNA to glass beads (Glassmilk, Bio 101, La Jolla, CA) was performed.
T474 241720-242035 Sentence denotes Regions targeted for TaqMan assay were specific for Francisella tularensis and included the tul4 (91 bp) and fopA (87 bp) genes. tul4 (encoding 17 kDa lipoprotein) and fopA (encoding 43 kDa outer membrane protein) primers and 5'-FAM and 3' TAMRA labelled probes for F. tularensis TaqMan 5' nuclease tests were used.
T475 242036-242129 Sentence denotes TaqMan 5' nuclease assay was performed by a real-time PCR device (Quantica; Techne Inc., UK).
T1 242130-242138 Sentence denotes Results:
T2 242139-242270 Sentence denotes Beside network water, natural stream water was available and widely used for drinking and cooking purposes in rural area of Turkey.
T3 242271-242402 Sentence denotes To investigate water as a possible source of infection, natural springs and network water were sampled for testing with TaqMan PCR.
T4 242403-242475 Sentence denotes In this study, water sources were sampled from five different provinces.
T5 242476-242566 Sentence denotes They were named Suluova, Golcuk, Edirne, Duzce, Zonguldak as Site A-B-C-D-E, respectively.
T6 242567-242616 Sentence denotes They are located at least 200 km from each other.
T7 242617-242702 Sentence denotes Totally 44 l of water were filtered in related to 22 water sources in five outbreaks.
T8 242703-242793 Sentence denotes F. tularensis DNA in three water samples were found positive in Site A, Site C and Site D.
T9 242794-242868 Sentence denotes In Site B and Site E, all water samples were negative by TaqMan PCR assay.
T10 242869-242881 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T11 242882-242971 Sentence denotes This study shows that the contagion come from drinking water in some outbreaks in Turkey.
T12 242972-243066 Sentence denotes Real time TaqMan PCR is a useful method to detect the DNA of F. tularensis from water sources.
T13 243067-243077 Sentence denotes Objective:
T14 243078-243269 Sentence denotes The aim of the study is to identify the potential factors associated with infection sources and modes of transmission during a recent outbreak (October 2004), of tularemia at Suluova, Turkey.
T15 243270-243278 Sentence denotes Methods:
T16 243279-243384 Sentence denotes Active surveillance was initiated for compatible cases at Suluova County to identify cases of tularemia,.
T17 243385-243480 Sentence denotes A matched case-control study with analysis based on the first 43 cases and 49 matched controls.
T18 243481-243784 Sentence denotes A standardized questionnaire was used to collect information about general demographics, exposure to all known sources of tularemia infection, as well as potential risk factors related to water and animals (i.e., fishing and farming, hunting and other activities) and environmental conditions of houses.
T19 243785-243844 Sentence denotes Microagglutination test was used for serological diagnosis.
T20 243845-243929 Sentence denotes Clinical and water samples were screened for evidence of the tularemia agent by PCR.
T21 243930-243938 Sentence denotes Results:
T22 243939-243985 Sentence denotes The overall attack rate was 0.23% (86/38.000).
T23 243986-244117 Sentence denotes The single most common presenting symptom was lymphadenopathy present in 95.3 %, followed by fever (83.7%) and sore throat (79.1%).
T24 244118-244173 Sentence denotes 28 out of 43 were reported to have painful lymph nodes.
T25 244174-244272 Sentence denotes Francisella tularensis was shown by PCR in samples obtained from ulcerated lesion of two patients.
T26 244273-244431 Sentence denotes In multivariate logistic regression model, keeping domestic animal in the garden was associated with the risk of contracting the disease; OR = 12,32 (CI 95 %:
T27 244432-244456 Sentence denotes 1.43-106.0) (p = 0.022).
T28 244457-244566 Sentence denotes F. tularensis was detected by PCR in the water sample obtained from the rivulet which passes through Suluova.
T29 244567-244578 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T30 244579-244724 Sentence denotes The results of this study show that case-control studies might be useful for analysing the epidemics and for identifying the source of infection.
T31 244725-244825 Sentence denotes In order to prevent waterrelated zoonotic infections, water and sewerage systems should be improved.
T32 244826-244837 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T33 244838-244999 Sentence denotes Tularaemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-negative coccobacillus Francisella Tularensis, which is endemic in the Northern Hemisphere notably in Europe.
T34 245000-245120 Sentence denotes F. tularensis is a bioterrorism agent and declaration of any case of tularaemia has been mandatory in France since 2002.
T35 245121-245308 Sentence denotes As a reference centre for tick-borne disease and for Bartonella we routinely test for F. tularensis any suspected tick borne ''rickettioses'', "atypical" pneumonia or cat scratch disease.
T36 245309-245449 Sentence denotes We report the epidemiological, clinical, biological features of tularaemia diagnosed through systematic testing in our reference laboratory.
T37 245450-245458 Sentence denotes Methods:
T38 245459-245703 Sentence denotes Between June 2003 to October 2005, we enrolled all patients for whom a positive serology and/or a positive polymerase chain reaction assay and/or a positive culture for F. tularensis from blood, skin, lymph nodes and liver samples was obtained.
T39 245704-245902 Sentence denotes We collected epidemiological, clinical, biological features and outcomes after treatment for each patient with a standardised questionnaire and used the Chi-square test for the statistical analysis.
T40 245903-245911 Sentence denotes Results:
T41 245912-245960 Sentence denotes Eighty-eight cases fulfilled the above criteria.
T42 245961-246130 Sentence denotes Their clinical presentations were glandular forms (37.7%), ulceroglandular forms (18.7%), pneumonic forms (28.1%), digestive forms (12.5%) and oculoglandular forms (3%).
T43 246131-246209 Sentence denotes Pneumonic forms are significantly associated with risk of relapse (p < 0.022).
T44 246210-246292 Sentence denotes Only patients who were more than 40year-old developed pneumonic forms (p < 0.019).
T45 246293-246434 Sentence denotes Farming, gardening and being bitten by a tick were statistically independent risk factors for developing tularaemia (p < 0.003 respectively).
T46 246435-246514 Sentence denotes The cases reported in spring are associated with a great exposure to tick bite.
T47 246515-246624 Sentence denotes Finally, tetracyclines are more often used for treatment of any forms of tularaemia in our study (p < 0.042).
T48 246625-246636 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T49 246637-246769 Sentence denotes Tularaemia is a common disease in France but often misdiagnosed as suspected CSD, "atypical" pneumonia or tick borne "rickettioses".
T50 246770-246856 Sentence denotes Clinical features and risk factors are similar to those reported in endemic countries.
T51 246857-246944 Sentence denotes Herein we report our experience about Anaerobic Bacteremia (AB) in oncohematologic pts.
T52 246945-247229 Sentence denotes Over a 10-year period, 34 episodes of AB were identified in 34 different pts (16 males, 18 females, median age 35, range 17-69 yrs) for a rate of 0.5 AB per 100 patient admissions; it accounted for 4% of all bacteremic episodes that occurred in our Department during the study period.
T53 247230-247372 Sentence denotes The majority of pts had a refractory/relapsed leukemia (20/26) or lymphoma (5/8) and 5/34 (15%) had received a BMT procedure before infection.
T54 247373-247578 Sentence denotes 28/34 (82%) of pts were neutropenic at onset of AB with a WBC count less than 100 cells/mmc and 26/34 (76%) had a severe oral mucositis following intensive chemotherapy (grade III°-IV°WHO in 20/ 26 cases).
T55 247579-247712 Sentence denotes Bacteremic episodes occurred after a median of 16 days of severe neutropenia (range 5-28) and of these 8/34 (24%) were polymicrobial.
T56 247713-247770 Sentence denotes Pulmonary infiltrates were observed in 4/34 (12%) of pts.
T57 247771-247800 Sentence denotes The most frequently isolated:
T58 247801-247927 Sentence denotes Fusobacterium nucleatum (18 cases), Bacteroides sp. (8 cases), Peptostreptococcus sp. (5 cases) and Clostridium sp. (3 cases).
T59 247928-248058 Sentence denotes The first line antibiotic therapy was piperacillin-tazobactam in 13 pts, carbapenems in 10 and glycopeptide plus ceftazidime in 4.
T60 248059-248114 Sentence denotes The median duration of therapy was 9 days (range 3-18).
T61 248115-248208 Sentence denotes The response rate of the first antibiotic treatment was 72% and the overall response was 83%.
T62 248209-248249 Sentence denotes The mortality AB related was 15% (5/34).
T63 248250-248398 Sentence denotes The causes of death were Clostridium sp. bacteremia (2 cases), Bacteroides sp. bacteremia (2 cases) and Fusobacterium nucleatum bacteremia (1 case).
T64 248399-248523 Sentence denotes In vitro the most active antibiotics against anaerobes were piperacillin, imipenem, amoxacillin-clavulanate and clindamycin.
T65 248524-248647 Sentence denotes To identify the risk factors for infections a retrospective case-control study was performed (for each case 2 control pts).
T66 248648-249310 Sentence denotes Univariate analysis revealed that the severe mucositis (WHO III°-IV°) and the status of refractory/relapsed haematologic disease were significantly associated to development of AB (P = 0.008 and P = 0.01 respectively). (A) Our data confirm the rarity of AB in neutropenic pts (4% of all bacteremic episodes) but this kind of infection, if underestimated, can be a fatal complication. (B) Fusobacterium sp., Bacteroides sp., Peptostreptococcus sp., and Clostridium sp., were the most common isolates causing AB in onco-hematologic pts. (C) Predisposing conditions to AB are severe oropharyngeal mucositis and refractory or relapsed status of haematologic disease.
T67 249311-249324 Sentence denotes Introduction:
T68 249325-249430 Sentence denotes Non-toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae have been increasingly recognised as a cause of invasive disease.
T69 249431-249529 Sentence denotes Bacteraemia and endocarditis caused by these strains have been reported with increasing frequency.
T70 249530-249654 Sentence denotes Other invasive diseases such as septic arthritis, splenic abscesses and mycotic cerebral aneurisms have also been described.
T71 249655-249763 Sentence denotes To date at least 67 cases of non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae causing endocarditis have been reported worldwide.
T72 249764-249856 Sentence denotes Most of these cases were in either native or prosthetic heart valves and in IV drug abusers.
T73 249857-249867 Sentence denotes Objective:
T74 249868-250074 Sentence denotes We report on 4 cases of infective endocarditis caused by non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae in patients with underlying congenital heart defects, occurring at the Pretoria Academic Hospital over the past 7 years.
T75 250075-250082 Sentence denotes Method:
T76 250083-250193 Sentence denotes Endocarditis was confirmed by the presence of diphtheroid organisms in the blood cultures of all the patients.
T77 250194-250437 Sentence denotes A final diagnosis was made on microscopy (Gram and Albert's stains), culture on blood agar and Hoyle's medium, in-house biochemical tests substantiated by API CORYNE (Biomerieux) An elek test for toxin production was performed on all isolates.
T78 250438-250446 Sentence denotes Results:
T79 250447-250502 Sentence denotes The ages of the 4 patients were between 3 and 16 years.
T80 250503-250602 Sentence denotes Positive blood cultures (Bactec 9240 System) were obtained from all patients on multiple occasions.
T81 250603-250740 Sentence denotes Characteristic ''Chinese letter'' arrangements of the bacilli were seen on both Gram and Albert's stains, as were metachromatic granules.
T82 250741-250848 Sentence denotes In-house biochemical tests validated by API CORYNE confirmed all organisms to be C. diphtheriae var gravis.
T83 250849-250903 Sentence denotes Elek tests in all cases indicated no toxin production.
T84 250904-251082 Sentence denotes Sensitivities to a number of antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, piperacillin and cefuroxime) were determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.
T85 251083-251196 Sentence denotes With the exception of penicillin and ampicillin resistance in one patient, all antibiotics tested were sensitive.
T86 251197-251302 Sentence denotes Patients were treated with penicillin and gentamicin parenterally and all survived without complications.
T87 251303-251314 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T88 251315-251490 Sentence denotes Non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae is an infectious pathogen, and detection of coryneform bacteria in the blood can no longer be dismissed as contamination and must be investigated.
T89 251491-251595 Sentence denotes Failure to recognise this pathogen can delay final diagnosis and initiation of appropriate chemotherapy.
T90 251596-251681 Sentence denotes Species identification is important as mortality differs with the different biotypes.
T91 251682-251764 Sentence denotes The importance of this organism as emergent pathogen should not be underestimated.
T92 251765-251776 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T93 251777-251971 Sentence denotes The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in faecal samples of camels, i.e. animals widely farmed in the Middle East and Africa.
T94 251972-251980 Sentence denotes Methods:
T95 251981-252143 Sentence denotes Two hundred and one stool and rectal samples collected from individual animals in the Eastern region of the Abu Dhabi Emirate (United Arab Emirates) were studied.
T96 252144-252246 Sentence denotes DNA extracts of the mixed coliform cultures were tested for the presence of the Stx gene (stx) by PCR.
T97 252247-252377 Sentence denotes From positive specimens STEC was identified by applying the same PCR to test a total of 200 colonies in pools of decreasing sizes.
T98 252378-252534 Sentence denotes The Stx production of the strains was determined by ELISA, while enterohaemolysin production was investigated on agar plates containing washed erythrocytes.
T99 252535-253002 Sentence denotes The isolates were genotyped by PCR using primers specific to stx1, stx2, stx2e, and with those recognizing genes of intimin, enterohaemolysin, enteroaggregative plasmid, enteroaggregative heat-stable enterotoxin (EAST), cytolethal distending toxin B, cytotoxic necrotising factor, genes located on the yersinia high pathogenicity island (fyuA and irp2), and with primers identifying sequences of putative STEC adherence factor genes saa, iha, toxB, efa, respectively.
T100 253003-253048 Sentence denotes The stx genes of the isolates were sequenced.
T101 253049-253225 Sentence denotes The O and H antigens of the isolates were determined and they were further typed by pulse-field gel electrophoresis following XbaI digestion of the genome and also by ERIC PCR.
T102 253226-253234 Sentence denotes Results:
T103 253235-253336 Sentence denotes From the specimens of the 201 animals three stxcarrying strains were recovered (1.5% of the samples).
T104 253337-253460 Sentence denotes One strain (O8:H9) isolated from an adult animal did not produce any detectable Stx while carrying the complete stx2e gene.
T105 253461-253558 Sentence denotes It did not carry the genes of intimin, nor any of those of the putative virulence factors tested.
T106 253559-253748 Sentence denotes Two other strains (O76:HNT) indistinguishable by the typing methods used and isolated at a different farm from rectal samples of healthy baby camels produced Stx and carried the gene stx1c.
T107 253749-253889 Sentence denotes Both isolates secreted enterohaemolysin and gave positive PCR reaction with primers specific to putative adherence factor genes saa and iha.
T108 253890-253901 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T109 253902-254143 Sentence denotes These data show for the first time that onehumped camels, whose meat and the often un-pasteurised milk are frequently consumed in countries of the Middle East and Africa, can also be carriers of STEC posing a potential health risk to humans.
T110 254144-254229 Sentence denotes Achievements of the first European project on severe group A streptococcal disease A.
T111 254230-254239 Sentence denotes Jasir, C.
T112 254240-254258 Sentence denotes Schalen (Lund, SE)
T113 254259-254270 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T114 254271-254375 Sentence denotes The main objective was to improve understanding of severe group A streptococcal (GAS) disease in Europe.
T115 254376-254384 Sentence denotes Methods:
T116 254385-254461 Sentence denotes Enhanced surveillance was launched in January 2003 in 11 countries (Table1).
T117 254462-254561 Sentence denotes Questionnaires were sent to hospitals and laboratories for collection of patient data and isolates.
T118 254562-254792 Sentence denotes The criteria for inclusion of patients were the isolation of GAS from a normally sterile body site, or from a non-sterile site in the presence of a clinical diagnosis of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome or necrotising fasciitis.
T119 254793-254871 Sentence denotes Collected isolates were characterized serologically, and by molecular methods.
T120 254872-254932 Sentence denotes Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by MICs and E-test.
T121 254933-255054 Sentence denotes Two sets of EQA strains for antibiotic susceptibility and one set for typing were sent to all participating laboratories.
T122 255055-255063 Sentence denotes Results:
T123 255064-255139 Sentence denotes More than 5000 cases were identified, considerably higher than anticipated.
T124 255140-255221 Sentence denotes Around 3000 were from the UK, yielding an annual incidence (2003) of 3.8/100,000.
T125 255222-255336 Sentence denotes A similar incidence was documented in Sweden, Denmark and Finland but lower in some other participating countries.
T126 255337-255385 Sentence denotes The incidence in France reached 2.7 during 2004.
T127 255386-255442 Sentence denotes The M/emm type distribution of GAS also varied markedly.
T128 255443-255581 Sentence denotes In a few countries types 1, 3 and 28 were predominant; however, an overall increase of new invasive types (77, 81, 82, 89) was noticeable.
T129 255582-255718 Sentence denotes High rates of MLS antibiotic resistance in some countries (France, Italy) and tetracycline resistance in almost all countries was found.
T130 255719-255826 Sentence denotes In the UK, intravenous drug use was found to be a major risk factor, following a previously reported trend.
T131 255827-255975 Sentence denotes In France, the spread of a clone of GAS, type emm28, resistant to MLS drugs and bacitracin, was reported as mostly associated with puerperal sepsis.
T132 255976-256167 Sentence denotes Early results from the pathogenesis work package have identified that low antibody levels against some newly described cell wall-attached proteins of GAS may predispose to severe GAS disease.
T133 256168-256180 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T134 256181-256225 Sentence denotes Comparable data across Europe were achieved.
T135 256226-256528 Sentence denotes The apparent overall increase of invasive cases may partly depend on the role of Strep-EURO in enhancement or establishment of surveillance systems but careful analysis of data should be considered for each country depending on national system for collection of data, and treatment strategies of cases.
T136 256529-256651 Sentence denotes With regards to broad distribution of emm types any future development of vaccine based on M protein has to be considered.
T137 256652-256747 Sentence denotes There is a need of a working group for validation and definition of new emm-types and subtypes.
T138 256748-256759 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T139 256760-256932 Sentence denotes Herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) is the causative agent of localized skin infections in the oral, ocular, and neural regions; the need for a vaccine is widely recognized.
T140 256933-257000 Sentence denotes HSV glycoprotein D (gD) is the major target of vaccination studies.
T141 257001-257162 Sentence denotes IFN-g enhances CD8 T-cell cytotoxicity, up regulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, and reverses down regulation of MHC class I by HSV-1 ICP47.
T142 257163-257223 Sentence denotes Furthermore, high level of IFN-g indicates the Th1 response.
T143 257224-257339 Sentence denotes Regarding the importance of IFN-g in restriction of infection the ability of DNA and subunit vaccine was evaluated.
T144 257340-257348 Sentence denotes Methods:
T145 257349-257554 Sentence denotes Female BALB/c mice were immunized with 100 micro gram gD expression vector (as DNA vaccine) and 1 x 10 6 Sf9 cells infected by recombinant expressing gD-1 baculovirus (as subunit vaccine) on days 0 and 21.
T146 257555-257606 Sentence denotes Immunized BALB/c mice were sacrified after 14 days.
T147 257607-257712 Sentence denotes Spleen cells were cultured (in 24well plates) and were stimulated with five MOI of the inactivated virus.
T148 257713-257855 Sentence denotes At different hours after stimulation (8, 16 and 32 h) total RNA was extracted from 1x10 6 cells and cDNA was synthesized using random hexamer.
T149 257856-257976 Sentence denotes The semi-quantitative PCR reaction was performed using IFN-g and B2microglobulin (as internal control) specific primers.
T150 257977-258063 Sentence denotes The primers have been designed in different exon of gene to prevent DNA contamination.
T151 258064-258125 Sentence denotes The PCR products were evaluated by banddensitometer software.
T152 258126-258134 Sentence denotes Results:
T153 258135-258311 Sentence denotes Our results reveal that vaccinated and infected (positive control) mice 8, 16 and 32 hrs after in-vitro stimulation comparing to negative control showed a significant immunity.
T154 258312-258429 Sentence denotes The IFN-g production kinetic at 8, 16 and 32 hrs after stimulation in all groups displays no significant differences.
T155 258430-258441 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T156 258442-258799 Sentence denotes This investigation show that although 8 hrs stimulation is sufficient for expression of mRNA and significant detection of IFN-g in memory T-cells but 32 hrs post stimulation can't be sufficient to comparison between different vaccines, as mice groups that immunized by DNA and subunit vaccines after 32 hrs didn't show significant difference in IFN-g level.
T157 258800-258853 Sentence denotes Is MMRV vaccination cost-effective in HCWs in Turkey?
T158 258854-258865 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T159 258866-259048 Sentence denotes To investigate the immune status of healthcareworkers (HCWs) against measles, rubella, mumps and varicella zoster and to promote an adequate vaccination program among HCWs in Turkey.
T160 259049-259057 Sentence denotes Methods:
T161 259058-259210 Sentence denotes Voluntary HCWs in two hospitals, one is a children' hospital, and the other is a general hospital were included to the study between March and May 2005.
T162 259211-259403 Sentence denotes The specific Ig G antibodies against measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella zoster viruses were screened quantitatively with use of immunosorbent enzyme-linked assay (ELISA) kids (EUROIMMUNÒ).
T163 259404-259412 Sentence denotes Results:
T164 259413-259515 Sentence denotes Three hundred and sixty three heathcareworkers(HCW) were participated to the study from two hospitals.
T165 259516-259643 Sentence denotes Of these, 186 (51%) were physicians, 118 (33%) were nurses, 36 (10%) were housekeeping staff, 23 (6%) were medical technicians.
T166 259644-259752 Sentence denotes The positive rates for the antibodies against measles were 98.6%, rubella 98.3%, mumps 92.2%, varicella 98%.
T167 259753-259935 Sentence denotes No statistically significant differences were found between two hospital for measles, rubella, and varicella but the HCWs in childrens' hospital were found more susceptible to mumps.
T168 259936-260110 Sentence denotes There was no relationship the immunity against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella between two hospital, gender, age, duration of work, professions and department of work.
T169 260111-260296 Sentence denotes The positive rates of the past history of, measles, rubella, mumps and varicella were 18 %, 23%, 19%, 20%, and that of previous MMR and varicella vaccination were 11%, 5%, respectively.
T170 260297-260430 Sentence denotes The overall cost for prevaccination screening of the 363 HCWs for MMR and vaccination of susceptible person was approximately $3,204.
T171 260431-260546 Sentence denotes Assuming all of the HCWs was susceptible and would receive vaccination with MMR cost of these procedure is $ 3,630.
T172 260547-260642 Sentence denotes Cost for prevaccination screening of varicella and then vaccination of susceptible HCWs $2,564.
T173 260643-260686 Sentence denotes Cost of vaccination of 363 HCWs is $35,211.
T174 260687-260698 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T175 260699-260777 Sentence denotes The majority of the HCWs are immune to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella.
T176 260778-260968 Sentence denotes However, HCWs in Turkey seem to have little knowledge about their history of these diseases or vaccinations, prevaccination serologic screening seems to be necessary to identify susceptible.
T177 260969-261120 Sentence denotes Without screening test MMR vaccination is cost effective in HCWs in Turkey, whereas prevaccination serologic screening is cost effective for varicella.
T178 261121-261132 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T179 261133-261402 Sentence denotes On a background of high prevalence of the diseases essentially changing child organism's immunological reactance, decrease of postvaccinal immunity efficiency, on the one hand, and increase of postvaccinal complications frequency, on the other hand, have been observed.
T180 261403-261742 Sentence denotes The presented research was aimed at investigating the reasons of occurrence of postvaccinal complications (PC) (hyperthermia, local tissues reactions, regional lymphadenitis, skin rashes) at children being suffered from bronchial asthma (BA) and from BA combined with parasitic diseases, and that is why having immunological deregulations.
T181 261743-261899 Sentence denotes Methods: PC frequency at 85 BA-patients and 115 BA-patients, infested by some kind of parasites (Enterobias verm, Ascarias lumbr, Giardia int) was compared.
T182 261900-261996 Sentence denotes The BA and parasitic diseases were diagnosed and treated according to the standard requirements.
T183 261997-262079 Sentence denotes The statistical importance of distinctions was estimated by T-criterion Wilcocson.
T184 262080-262174 Sentence denotes Results: PC were fined out at 8.2% non-infested BA-patients and at 13.1% infested BA-patients.
T185 262175-262353 Sentence denotes Therewith the agedependence of results was observed: among children 0-7 years the difference was more (7.4% against 23.1%), and in 8-16 years group are less (8.6% against 10.1%).
T186 262354-262500 Sentence denotes Within 6 years of supervision all patients received antiasthmatic and antiparasitic treatment in accordance with BA gravity and parasitic species.
T187 262501-262579 Sentence denotes During this period the repeated vaccinations were carried out at decretal age.
T188 262580-262698 Sentence denotes As a whole, PC frequency has decreased at non-infested BA-patients up to 1-2%, and at infested BA-patients up to 3.5%.
T189 262699-262760 Sentence denotes Even so, the former age dependence was kept (see tab). [Note:
T190 262761-262860 Sentence denotes Tab's data in %; all distinctions are statistically significant (T-criterion for N = 2, p < 0.05).]
T191 262861-262995 Sentence denotes The widespread at childhood parasitic diseases (enterobiosis, ascariasis, giardiasis) significantly influence the postvaccinal answer.
T192 262996-263114 Sentence denotes The reason of such reaction on vaccination material can be the presence of antiparasitic antibodies in child organism.
T193 263115-263246 Sentence denotes The parasitic antigenic complex is heterogeneous owing to what the antiparasitic immune answer is characterized by low specificity.
T194 263247-263420 Sentence denotes Contact with parasites results in production of the antibodies, capable to cooperate not only with parasite epitopes, but also with other cells expressing similar molecules.
T195 263421-263598 Sentence denotes It is important for clinicians to provide successful scheduled child vaccination so parasitological inspection and if necessary antiparasitic treatment can promote this purpose.
T196 263599-263610 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T197 263611-263728 Sentence denotes Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the etiological agent of a novel infectious disease SARS.
T198 263729-263868 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV S plays important roles in immune responses and mediates the virus binding to its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
T199 263869-263968 Sentence denotes Recombinant adenoassociated virus (rAAV) is a powerful delivery vector widely used in gene therapy.
T200 263969-264139 Sentence denotes Therefore, the Objectives of this study are to detect functional fragments of SARS-CoV S using the AAV system and to pursue a good candidate for developing SARS vaccines.
T201 264140-264148 Sentence denotes Methods:
T202 264149-264260 Sentence denotes In this study, a rAAV vector encoding SARS-CoV S was developed and used to induce SARS-CoV specific antibodies.
T203 264261-264459 Sentence denotes Genes of RBD and other four SARS-CoV S fragments were inserted into an AAV plasmid to generate rAAV vectors, which were used to vaccinate mice intramuscularly to evaluate the immunogenicity in vivo.
T204 264460-264773 Sentence denotes Mouse sera were detected by an ELISA for specific antibodies against SARS-CoV and measured by a neutralizing assay for antibody neutralizing activities. rAAV encoding RBD was further applied to immunize mice intradermically and intranasally to detect its ability in inducing antibodies via different vaccinations.
T205 264774-264782 Sentence denotes Results:
T206 264783-265042 Sentence denotes Our results demonstrated that vaccination with five rAAV vectors encoding SARS-CoV S fragments elicited SARS-CoV specific IgG antibodies in vaccinated mouse sera, but the antibody titer and the time for maintaining antibodies varied in different rAAV vectors.
T207 265043-265246 Sentence denotes Results Also showed that rAAV encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) provoked potent and prolonged antibodies with neutralizing activities, indicating that it can deliver a prolonged immune response.
T208 265247-265586 Sentence denotes Furthermore, intradermic and intranasal vaccinations with rAAV encoding RBD induced SARS-CoV specific IgG antibody in mouse sera and IgA antibody in mouse lung flush, illustrating that this live vector is able to elicit specific antibody responses, including respiratory tract local immune response, through different vaccination pathways.
T209 265587-265598 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T210 265599-265824 Sentence denotes Our study provided a novel database that rAAV encoding SARS-CoV S fragments produced high SARS-CoV specific antibodies in immunized mice, giving the clue that it is worthwhile to further study the function of these fragments.
T211 265825-266085 Sentence denotes In addition, results that rAAV encoding RBD elicited specific IgG and IgA antibodies with neutralizing activities via intramuscular, intradermic and intranasal vaccinations imply that this live vector might be a good candidate for development of SARS vaccines.
T212 266086-266205 Sentence denotes Appropriateness of rabies post-exposure treatment received by patients presenting to an anti-rabies treatment unit M.J.
T213 266206-266227 Sentence denotes Pinidiyapathirage, O.
T214 266228-266261 Sentence denotes Wimalaratne (Ragama, Colombo, LK)
T215 266262-266272 Sentence denotes Objective:
T216 266273-266471 Sentence denotes With increased availability and accessibility of rabies post exposure treatment (PET), costs borne by the Government of Sri Lanka in the purchase of anti-rabies vaccines have increased dramatically.
T217 266472-266681 Sentence denotes The country spends around 500 million Sri Lankan Rupees (1 Euro = 121 SLR) on rabies PET vaccines alone, per annum amounting to almost about one tenth of the country's annual expenditure on drugs and vaccines.
T218 266682-266771 Sentence denotes This large proportion of the health budget spent on rabies treatment needs justification.
T219 266772-266916 Sentence denotes Hence, the present study was carried out to determine the appropriateness of rabies PET received by patients presenting to a tertiary care unit.
T220 266917-266924 Sentence denotes Method:
T221 266925-267071 Sentence denotes A hospital based descriptive study was carried out in the newly commenced anti-rabies treatment unit of the National Hospital of Sri Lanka (NHSL).
T222 267072-267251 Sentence denotes An interviewer administered questionnaire assessed the socio-demographic characteristics of each patient, severity of exposure and the health seeking behaviour following exposure.
T223 267252-267316 Sentence denotes Details of treatment were taken from patient registration cards.
T224 267317-267325 Sentence denotes Results:
T225 267326-267457 Sentence denotes Of those who seek out patient treatment from the NHSL on a given day, 2.5% reported exposure to animals suspected of having rabies.
T226 267458-267558 Sentence denotes Of the 367 patients studied, the majority were males, employed and belonged to 21-30 year age group.
T227 267559-267658 Sentence denotes Exposure to domesticated dogs (70%), which were unvaccinated (82%), was the commonest presentation.
T228 267659-267788 Sentence denotes Only 35% of the patients presented for treatment within the first 24 hours and the mean time duration taken was 2 days (SD 3.75).
T229 267789-267903 Sentence denotes Around 15.5% of the patients did not wash the exposed area with soap and water immediately following the exposure.
T230 267904-268315 Sentence denotes This practice showed a significant association with level of education (p = 0.025), exposure being to a dog (p = 0.004) and when the exposure was to a domesticated animal (p = 0.016).In assessing appropriateness of PET received by these patients, the study found that the use of vaccine was inappropriate in 9.4% (25) of new cases and 8% (8) of those who received day 30 and day 90 doses of anti-rabies vaccine.
T231 268316-268327 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T232 268328-268413 Sentence denotes Appropriateness of anti-rabies PET received was altogether around 91% in this sample.
T233 268414-268515 Sentence denotes This was over and above the expert predicted appropriateness of anti-rabies treatment in the country.
T234 268516-268672 Sentence denotes Setting up specialized units to treat patients who require anti-rabies treatment will help to optimize treatment and reduce treatment costs in the long run.
T235 268673-268797 Sentence denotes Solid organs from a rabies infected donor were transplanted in six individuals on 1st January 2005 at five German hospitals.
T236 268798-268925 Sentence denotes Rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) was initiated for health care workers (HCWs) who had contact to rabies infected patients.
T237 268926-268936 Sentence denotes Objective:
T238 268937-269028 Sentence denotes To investigate the incidence of adverse effects of rabies PEP in an homogeneous population.
T239 269029-269209 Sentence denotes Methods: PEP was administered according to the ''Essen schedule'' (BerirabÒ immunglobulin 20 IU per kg BW, RabipurÒ purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCECV) day 0, 3, 7, 14, 28).
T240 269210-269289 Sentence denotes A standardised follow-up form was used to record adverse effects of rabies PEP.
T241 269290-269376 Sentence denotes Only adverse effects that occurred up to 24 hours after a vaccination were considered.
T242 269377-269385 Sentence denotes Results:
T243 269386-269493 Sentence denotes In four hospitals complete follow-up data from a total of 370 individuals that received PEP were collected.
T244 269494-269654 Sentence denotes At least one reversible local adverse effect was recorded in 67.9 % of all cases [local pain (60.2%), erythema (10.7%), swelling (9.8%) and malfunction (7.5%)].
T245 269655-269953 Sentence denotes Systemic effects were recorded in 38% of all cases [tiredness (30.1%), malaise (25.8%), headache (26.8%), dizziness (16.7%), fever (7.2%), chills (13.4%), nausea (10.0%), vomiting (1.9%), myalgias (5.3%), arthralgias (5.3%), diarrhoea (2.9%), paraesthesias (7.7%) and lymph nodes swellings (3.8%)].
T246 269954-270036 Sentence denotes Persisting adverse effects were paraesthesia and artrial fibrillation in two HCWs.
T247 270037-270141 Sentence denotes In two other HCWs, symptoms were suspicious for a mild form of meningitis, but symptoms were reversible.
T248 270142-270269 Sentence denotes In 15 cases (4.0%) PEP was interrupted due to adverse effects (severe headache, dizziness, paraethesias and allergic reaction).
T249 270270-270476 Sentence denotes Whereas incidences of tiredness, malaise, headache, dizziness and fever declined significantly (all p-values < 0.05) from vaccination to vaccination, the incidences of paraesthesia did not change (p = 0.7).
T250 270477-270488 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T251 270489-270532 Sentence denotes Rabies PEP was safe in 370 vaccinated HCWs.
T252 270533-270677 Sentence denotes The incidence of adverse effects of PEP according to the ''Essen schedule'' included mild adverse effects more frequently than described before.
T253 270678-270884 Sentence denotes It is not clear if the high incidence of adverse effects during the first week was due to the additional administration of immunoglobulin on day 0 or if an accelerated booster reaction led to these effects.
T254 270885-271011 Sentence denotes The reoccurrence of paraesthesias after each vaccination may represent an adverse effect specific for the active immunization.
T255 271012-271181 Sentence denotes However, rabies PEP remains the only effective measure to prevent rabies and should always be given if individuals were possibly exposed to rabies containing secretions.
T256 271182-271333 Sentence denotes Design and construction of an expression vector containing immunogenic epitopes of HIV-1 P24 and gp 41 proteins as a vaccine candidate against HIV-1 F.
T257 271334-271346 Sentence denotes Roodbari, F.
T258 271347-271359 Sentence denotes Mahboudi, F.
T259 271360-271370 Sentence denotes Sabahi, F.
T260 271371-271386 Sentence denotes Barkhordary, R.
T261 271387-271407 Sentence denotes Sarami Foroshani, A.
T262 271408-271426 Sentence denotes Adeli (Tehran, IR)
T263 271427-271440 Sentence denotes Introduction:
T264 271441-271517 Sentence denotes An effective vaccine is urgently needed to stop the AIDS epidemic worldwide.
T265 271518-271633 Sentence denotes DNA vaccines induce conformational-dependent antibodies and mimic live vaccines without their pathogenic potential.
T266 271634-271746 Sentence denotes They can also easily be made in a polyvalent form based on identification of T and B cell epitopes in the virus.
T267 271747-271837 Sentence denotes The P24 and gp41 play many of important roles in host-virus' interaction and pathogenesis.
T268 271838-271979 Sentence denotes These proteins are considered as attractive vaccine candidate in which their immunogenicity and immunomodulatory effects have been confirmed.
T269 271980-272002 Sentence denotes Materials and methods:
T270 272003-272149 Sentence denotes In this study, an expression vector (PCDNA3.1 hygro) containing P24-gp41 immunogenic sequences under the control of IE HCMV promoter was designed.
T271 272150-272243 Sentence denotes The expression of the recombinant peptides was analysed in a eukaryotic system (COS-7 cells).
T272 272244-272329 Sentence denotes Immunofluorescence and western blotting confirmed the presence of expressed proteins.
T273 272330-272342 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T274 272343-272472 Sentence denotes The above polyvalent P24-gp41 vector will be used in an animal model for evaluation and generation of effective immune responses.
T275 272473-272530 Sentence denotes Clinical course study in post BCG vaccination adenitis A.
T276 272531-272541 Sentence denotes Hamedi, A.
T277 272542-272583 Sentence denotes Velayati (Mashad, Tehran, IR) Objectives:
T278 272584-272702 Sentence denotes The most common complication of post B.C.G vaccination is lymphadenopathy or lymphadenitis, usually in neck or axilla.
T279 272703-272855 Sentence denotes The aim of this study were evaluation various manifestations of post vaccination adenopathy and effectiveness of different treatment modalities on them.
T280 272856-272863 Sentence denotes Method:
T281 272864-272944 Sentence denotes We studied 82 infants (range of age 2-26 months) within 2 years (May2000-2002) .
T282 272945-273212 Sentence denotes These patients who were affected by post B.C.G vaccination lymphadenitis referred to pediatric infectious clinic .The patients were follow up by physical examination monthly for 6-18 months and some time intervention treatment till adenopathy disappear or fistulized.
T283 273213-273272 Sentence denotes We observed the duration of healing in affected lymph node.
T284 273273-273281 Sentence denotes Results:
T285 273282-273378 Sentence denotes No specific treatment was performed on 50 patients who had only cervical and axillar lymph node.
T286 273379-273441 Sentence denotes The lymph nodes were resolved spontaneously within 3-9 months.
T287 273442-273525 Sentence denotes In 30 patients out of 50 mentioned above resolution occurred without fistulization.
T288 273526-273656 Sentence denotes In the others resolution of lymph node occult with fistulization.6 patients with disseminated adenitis required needle aspiration.
T289 273657-273717 Sentence denotes The lymph nodes in these patients were resolved in 2 months.
T290 273718-273771 Sentence denotes Oral Erythromycin was administered in three patients.
T291 273772-273833 Sentence denotes These treatments not have any significant affect on duration.
T292 273834-273845 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T293 273846-273933 Sentence denotes Generally in adenitis post B.C.G vaccination surgery or needle aspiration rarely needs.
T294 273934-274019 Sentence denotes Cleaning area of lymph node and careful following up patients are highly recommended.
T295 274020-274033 Sentence denotes Introduction:
T296 274034-274173 Sentence denotes Production of effective vaccine formulations is dependent on the availability of assays for the measurement of protective immune responses.
T297 274174-274281 Sentence denotes Antibody-and complement-mediated phagocytosis is the main defence mechanism against Neisseria meningitidis.
T298 274282-274290 Sentence denotes Methods:
T299 274291-274765 Sentence denotes Therefore, a newly developed phagocytosis assay based on flow cytometry (flow assay) was using sera obtained from rabbit postvaccination with a bivalent conjugate of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide (CPSA) to serogroup B outer membrane vesicle containing PorA (OMV-PorA), an OMV-PorA of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B and the CPSA (as control), was done in order to evaluation of the potential efficacy of (experimental) meningococcal vaccines.
T300 274766-274916 Sentence denotes The conjugate and control were injected intramuscularly into groups of five rabbit with boosters on days 14, 28 and 42 after the primary immunization.
T301 274917-274990 Sentence denotes The following groups were used as control: CPSA; OMV-PorA; normal saline.
T302 274991-275083 Sentence denotes The serum on days 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 were collected and stored at -20°C for next analysis.
T303 275084-275334 Sentence denotes Phagocytic function of and intracellular oxidative burst generation by rabbit PMN, against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A and B, were measured with flow cytometer (Coulter Epics-XL-Profile USA), using dihydrorhodamine-123 as probes, respectively.
T304 275335-275469 Sentence denotes In these experiments non-heatinactivated standard strain Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A(CSBPI,G-243) and B(CSBPI,G-245) were used.
T305 275470-275478 Sentence denotes Results:
T306 275479-275960 Sentence denotes The results of quantitative flow cytometric analysis of rabbit PMN function in hyperimmun sera with the glycoprotein conjugate revealed a highly significant increase in opsonophagocytic responses against serogroup A meningococci after 56 day in comparison with the CPSA and OMV-PorA control group (P < 0.05). opsonophagocytic responses against serogroup B meningococci of the conjugate showed no significant difference in comparison with the OMV-PorA containing control (P > 0.05).
T307 275961-275972 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T308 275973-276112 Sentence denotes Our results indicated that the CPSA--OMV-PorA conjugate could be as a candidate for bivalent vaccine toward serogroup A and B meningococci.
T309 276113-276126 Sentence denotes Introduction:
T310 276127-276256 Sentence denotes Bacterial meningitis caused by different groups of Neisseria meningitidis is still one of the serious health problems world wide.
T311 276257-276265 Sentence denotes Methods:
T312 276266-276459 Sentence denotes In at present investigation, standard serogroup B strain of N.meningitidis (CSBPI,G-245) were grown under controlled-submerge cultural conditions in fermenter containing modified Frantz medium.
T313 276460-276518 Sentence denotes The cells were harvested at late exponential growth phase.
T314 276519-276729 Sentence denotes Outer membrane vesicle containing PorA(OMV-PorA) were extracted from cell wall according to the Deoxycholate Extraction Technique and further purified by sequential centrifugation and ultracentrifugation steps.
T315 276730-276831 Sentence denotes Molecular evaluation of OMV-PorA was done by micrograph scanning in electron microscope and SDS-PAGE.
T316 276832-276979 Sentence denotes Identity of the OMV-PorA was determined by Double Diffusion Gel Technique using hyperimmune rabbit antiOMV-PorA antisera against purified vesicles.
T317 276980-277179 Sentence denotes Then N.meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide (CPSA) was conjugated to serogroup B OMV-PorA in order to test the possibility of obtaining a bivalent serogroup A and B meningococcus vaccine.
T318 277180-277328 Sentence denotes The conjugate and control were injected intramuscularly into groups of five rabbit with boosters on days 14, 28and42 after the primary immunization.
T319 277329-277426 Sentence denotes The following groups were used as control CPSA plus OMV-PorA; CPSA OMV-PorA;and IV normal saline.
T320 277427-277603 Sentence denotes The serum collected on days 0,14,28,42 and 56 were tested by complement mediated bactericidal assay and ELISA titer for induction of protective immunoresponses in rabbit model.
T321 277604-277612 Sentence denotes Results:
T322 277613-277769 Sentence denotes In micrograph scanning of electron microscope, more than 70-90% of the OMV-PorA retained their native configurational structure after extraction procedures.
T323 277770-277896 Sentence denotes Purified vesicle showed a strong band of 40-45 KD molecular weight when run on 10%polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with SDS.
T324 277897-278039 Sentence denotes A strong precipitate line between hyperimmune rabbit anti OMV-PorA antisera and purified vesicles was shown by Double Diffusion Gel Technique.
T325 278040-278294 Sentence denotes The results of immunological evaluation of the glycoprotein conjugate revealed a significant increase in serum bactericidal titre as well as ELISA titre against serogroup A meningococci after 56 day in comparison with the CPSA and OMV-PorA control group.
T326 278295-278458 Sentence denotes Bactericidal and ELISA titre against serogroup B meningococci of the conjugate showed no significant difference in comparison with the OMV-PorA containing control.
T327 278459-278593 Sentence denotes The results indicate that the CPSA-OMV-PorA conjugate could be a candidate for bivalent vaccine toward serogroup A and B meningococci.
T328 278594-278723 Sentence denotes Efficacious vaccination against serogroup C meningococcal disease by one shot at the age of 14 months in the Netherlands Results:
T329 278724-278869 Sentence denotes The number of cases of serogroup B meningococcal disease was 1004 and 638 in the pre-vaccination period and postvaccination period, respectively.
T330 278870-279013 Sentence denotes The number of cases of serogroup C meningococcal disease was 527 and 59 in the prevaccination period and post-vaccination period, respectively.
T331 279014-279218 Sentence denotes Among persons with age between 14 months and 19 years the number of cases of serogroup C disease reduced from 332 cases in the pre-vaccination period to only three cases during the postvaccination period.
T332 279219-279264 Sentence denotes These three patients had not been vaccinated.
T333 279265-279474 Sentence denotes The number of serogroup C isolates among persons younger than 14 months decreased from 35 to 18 cases and that among persons older than 18 years was reduced from 160 to 36 cases in the post-vaccination period.
T334 279475-279757 Sentence denotes This reduction of cases of serogroup C disease among non-vaccines might be indicative for herd protection, although the bimonthly distribution of cases of serogroup C disease shows that the decline started already before the introduction of the vaccine independent of the age group.
T335 279758-279770 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T336 279771-279982 Sentence denotes Since 2002, the incidence of meningococcal disease in the Netherlands is declining, which is partly caused by the natural fluctuation in the incidence of serogroup B as well as serogroup C meningococcal disease.
T337 279983-280332 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, the vaccination against serogroup C meningococcal disease by one shot at the age of 14 month was very effective and contributed significantly to the decline in the incidence of meningococcal disease; after the introduction: of the vaccine, cases of serogroup C meningococcal disease were no longer observed among vaccines by the NRLBM.
T338 280333-280344 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T339 280345-280468 Sentence denotes Currently, two formulations of pneumococcal vaccines are available, which prevents invasive disease in adults and children.
T340 280469-280569 Sentence denotes However, these vaccines will not protect against the majority of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes.
T341 280570-280644 Sentence denotes Highly conserved surface proteins as vaccines may circumvent this problem.
T342 280645-280789 Sentence denotes Methods: S. pneumoniae surface proteins were isolated after mutanolysin treatment and identified via the proteomics platform at ACE BioSciences.
T343 280790-280972 Sentence denotes The technology applied includes one-dimensional and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gelelectrophoreses as well as an in-solution based strategy, in combination with mass spectrometry.
T344 280973-281095 Sentence denotes Identified proteins were extensively screened in a process, including in silico, in vitro and in vivo validation criteria.
T345 281096-281324 Sentence denotes As an example, target RNA was detected with RT-PCR in infected tissue and sequenced in different S. pneumoniae serotypes to assess the possible role during infection, the variability and the conservation amongst these serotypes.
T346 281325-281427 Sentence denotes Finally five candidates were selected, expressed in E. coli and purified for immunisation experiments.
T347 281428-281591 Sentence denotes Animal efficacy data was demonstrated in a mouse sepsis model, where mice were vaccinated with the candidate proteins and challenged with S. pneumoniae D39 strain.
T348 281592-281644 Sentence denotes Immunogenicity was tested applying ELISA technology.
T349 281645-281653 Sentence denotes Results:
T350 281654-281713 Sentence denotes We identified more than 280 S. pneumoniae surface proteins.
T351 281714-281764 Sentence denotes Five proteins were selected as vaccine candidates.
T352 281765-281899 Sentence denotes These proteins were detected in at least 40 different serotypes of S. pneumoniae and were expressed in S. pneumoniae during infection.
T353 281900-282125 Sentence denotes Moreover at least two candidates showed protection in a sepsis animal model (p < 0.05 (t-test) for CFU/ml blood 6h after challenge with S. pneumoniae D39 compared with a group vaccinated with an unrelated protein) Conclusion:
T354 282126-282288 Sentence denotes We identified two promising S. pneumoniae vaccine candidates with the ACE BioSciences proteomics platform, which were validated in vivo in an animal sepsis model.
T355 282289-282378 Sentence denotes These candidates will be excellent runners for novel protein based pneumococcal vaccines.
T356 282379-282541 Sentence denotes Seropathotypes, adherence ability and inflammatory effect induced to cellular substratum by enteropathogenic E. coli strains isolated from aquatic environments R.
T357 282542-282552 Sentence denotes Cernat, V.
T358 282553-282564 Sentence denotes Lazar, M.C.
T359 282565-282604 Sentence denotes Balotescu (Bucharest, RO) Introduction:
T360 282605-282954 Sentence denotes Enteric pathogens infecting the human gastrointestinal tract (e.g. Salmonella, E. coli, Shigella, Yersinia) rapidly upregulate the expression of a program of intestinal epithelial cell genes, the products of which chemoattract and activate populations of leucocytes that are important for the onset of host protective mucosal inflammatory responses.
T361 282955-283188 Sentence denotes The type III secretion system of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains has been associated with the ability to induce secretion of the proinflamatory cytokines, NO and antimicrobial peptides in cultured intestinal epithelial cells.
T362 283189-283197 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T363 283198-283443 Sentence denotes Serotyping, screening for virulence markers, investigation of the in vivo adherence capacity to cellular substratum and evaluation of the in vitro inflammatory response induced to CaCo 2 epithelial cells infected with 12 aquatic E. coli strains.
T364 283444-283452 Sentence denotes Methods:
T365 283453-283785 Sentence denotes Serotyping according to Kauffmann-White scheme; PCR-genotyping using eaeA, bfpA and eaf genes; in vitro study of adherence and invasion capacity to HeLa cells investigated by Cravioto's method; adherence to an inert substratum evaluated by the slime test; RT-PCR for the expression level of the genes encoding IL-8, GAPDH and hBD-2.
T366 283786-283794 Sentence denotes Results:
T367 283795-283957 Sentence denotes All aquatic E. coli strains belonged to typical (eae + bfpA + eaf+ and eae + eaf + genotypes) and atypical (eae + bfp -eaf -genotype) EPEC of non-EPEC serogroups.
T368 283958-284217 Sentence denotes The adhesion to the inert and cellular substratum proved to be a general feature of aquatic EPEC showing a localized/ diffuse adherence patterns that do not affect the cellular density of peritoneal liquid variable in composition in chronically infected mice.
T369 284218-284332 Sentence denotes Bacterial production of CDF type exfoliante toxins and mitogenic induced effect to epithelial cells were observed.
T370 284333-284531 Sentence denotes EPEC strains induced low expression levels for the IL-8, GAPDH and hBD-2 genes, according with the values obtained for IL-8/ GAPDH (0.161 minimal value) and hBD-2/GAPDH (0.325 minimal value) ratios.
T371 284532-284543 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T372 284544-284700 Sentence denotes Predominance in aquatic environments of EPEC strains with seropathovars different than the clinical EPEC strains and relatively distinct virulence profiles.
T373 284701-284860 Sentence denotes Aquatic EPEC strains predominantly induce a low inflammatory effect on Caco 2 cells, which might be due to the involvement of different cytokines combinations.
T374 284861-285115 Sentence denotes This study proved that aquatic media represents an important reservoir and source of dissemination or transfer for opportunistic pathogens and different virulence markers, including antibiotic resistance genes, with major implications in human pathology.
T375 285116-285355 Sentence denotes Characterisation of intestinal lactobacilli as potential second-generation probiotics There is increasing interest in developing second generation probiotics (SGP), e.g. the application of Lactobacillus species as vaccine delivery vectors.
T376 285356-285485 Sentence denotes The effect of probiotics is greatly influenced by their ability to persist in gut, a property that differs among various strains.
T377 285486-285623 Sentence denotes Therefore, besides L. casei and L. plantarum that are most frequently used for transformation, more strains and species should be tested.
T378 285624-285634 Sentence denotes Objective:
T379 285635-285713 Sentence denotes To characterize intestinal lactobacilli reflecting their potential use as SGP.
T380 285714-285722 Sentence denotes Methods:
T381 285723-285798 Sentence denotes The study included 93 strains isolated from the faeces of healthy children.
T382 285799-286120 Sentence denotes Strains belonged to the culture collection of the Department of Microbiology, University of Tartu, and included ten species: homofermentative Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. delbrueckii, L. salivarius, and heterofermentative L. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. buchneri, L. coprophilus and L. fermentum.
T383 286121-286304 Sentence denotes At first, all strains were tested for autoaggregation as adhesion marker, then 76 most promising strains were tested for resistance to low pH (pH 3.0; 2.5; 2.0) and bile content (2%).
T384 286305-286480 Sentence denotes Thereafter, 21 strains with best characteristics were selected and tested for resistance to pancreatin (0.5%) and antibiotic susceptibility pattern (13 different antibiotics).
T385 286481-286489 Sentence denotes Results:
T386 286490-286601 Sentence denotes 59% of strains were aggregating to some degree, with the strongest value among strains in L. acidophilus group.
T387 286602-286775 Sentence denotes The lowest pH tolerated by lactobacilli was 2.5 (3 L. acidophilus strains), whereas 50% of strains (nine homofermentative and 29 heterofermentative strains) resisted pH 3.0.
T388 286776-286985 Sentence denotes Nearly all strains were resistant to bile at a concentration that was six times of the physiological concentration and all strains were resistant to pancreatin at five times of the physiological concentration.
T389 286986-287156 Sentence denotes Only two L. plantarum strains differed from the innate resistance pattern of lactobacilli, revealing resistance to tetracyclines due to a possible mobile genetic element.
T390 287157-287169 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T391 287170-287490 Sentence denotes Several human homo-and heterofermentative lactobacilli, in particular strains of L. acidophilus, L. paracasei and L. fermentum, possess properties required for their persistence in gut and could be used for the development of novel SGP.The study was supported by the Commission of the European Union (BIODEFENCE 508912).
T392 287491-287574 Sentence denotes Immunological determinants of disease pathogenesis in Indian leishmaniasis Methods:
T393 287575-287704 Sentence denotes We exploited Flowcytometry, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and microarray technology for characterization of immune response.
T394 287705-287861 Sentence denotes Radiolabelled cDNA probe prepared from RNA isolated from tissue, was hybridized to nylon membrane gene array chip comprising of 268 cytokine/receptor genes.
T395 287862-288016 Sentence denotes Clinical samples were collected from KA (serum, n = 35; tissue, n = 10) and PKDL (serum, n = 29; tissue, n = 25) and control (serum n = 18; tissue n = 6).
T396 288017-288025 Sentence denotes Results:
T397 288026-288217 Sentence denotes Analysis of circulating cytokines using CBA kit showed significantly elevated levels of IFN-g, IL-6 and IL-10 during active KA and their restoration to control values at the end of treatment.
T398 288218-288355 Sentence denotes In PKDL serum, TNF-a was found significantly elevated compared to KA or controls while other cytokine levels were comparable to controls.
T399 288356-288525 Sentence denotes Estimation at tissue level by RT-PCR revealed significant elevation in message transcripts of above mentioned cytokines during active KA and PKDL as compared to control.
T400 288526-288691 Sentence denotes Further to understand the broader picture of disease pathogenesis, we exploited the microarray technology for analysis of mRNA levels of 268 cytokine/receptor genes.
T401 288692-288806 Sentence denotes The results showed altered expression of several cytokines, chemokines, receptors, CD markers and apoptotic genes.
T402 288807-288884 Sentence denotes Up regulation of IFN-g, IL-6, IL-10 TNF-a and TGF-b was evident on the array.
T403 288885-289013 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the expression of IFN-gR1 was found significantly lower in both KA and PKDL which was also validated with RT-PCR.
T404 289014-289025 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T405 289026-289107 Sentence denotes Data implicates the role of several cytokines in the pathogenesis of KA and PKDL.
T406 289108-289245 Sentence denotes Elevated level of IFN-g coupled with low level of IFN-gR1 indicates how unresponsiveness to type1 stimuli prevails during active disease.
T407 289246-289526 Sentence denotes High levels of serum protein and message level of TNF-a in PKDL patients suggest that investigation of the TNF locus in Indian Leishmaniasis patients is warranted since polymorphism at this locus has been associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases including Leishmaniasis.
T408 289527-289848 Sentence denotes Association of polymorphism in genes encoding human innate immunity factors and persistent nasal Staphylococcus aureus colonisation Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus provokes a neutrophilmediated inflammatory host response resulting in elevated concentrations of anti-microbial peptides at the site of colonization.
T409 289849-290089 Sentence denotes Polymorphism in, allele frequency of and genotype of genes encoding innate immune factors were determined in volunteers (n = 109) with a known S. aureus carriage status (37 persistent carriers, 22 intermittent carriers and 50 non-carriers).
T410 290090-290252 Sentence denotes We determined polymorphism in the non-coding parts of the alpha-and beta-defensin genes and in the promoter-and coding regions of the mannose-binding lectin gene.
T411 290253-290400 Sentence denotes An heterozygous genotype in HNP 1-3 was found to occur more frequently among persistent carriers (0.92) than among non-carriers (0.75) (P = 0.041).
T412 290401-290541 Sentence denotes Carriers differed from noncarriers at the baseline level of HNP 1-3 peptide production as well (214 + 159 versus 108 + 82 lg/ml, P = 0.016).
T413 290542-290635 Sentence denotes No significant association between HNP 1-3 production levels and polymorphism was documented.
T414 290636-290731 Sentence denotes Allele frequency in HBD-1 and MBL genes does not affect S. aureus nasal colonization in humans.
T415 290732-290816 Sentence denotes The MBL haplotype A was overrepresented in the persistent carrier group (P = 0.038).
T416 290817-290950 Sentence denotes Our results: indicate that overall production of the HNP 1-3 peptides is associated with protection against S. aureus nasal carriage.
T417 290951-291133 Sentence denotes Polymorphism in the other genes encoding innate immune factors or variation in allelic-or genotype frequency thereof did not affect the S. aureus nasal colonization status in humans.
T418 291134-291194 Sentence denotes Interference with pathogenic bacteria in cystic fibrosis Å .
T419 291195-291207 Sentence denotes Sullivan, F.
T420 291208-291219 Sentence denotes Karpati, L.
T421 291220-291230 Sentence denotes Hjelte, B.
T422 291231-291245 Sentence denotes Wretlind, C.E.
T423 291246-291266 Sentence denotes Nord (Stockholm, SE)
T1 291267-291278 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T2 291279-291517 Sentence denotes To investigate the preventive effect of alphahaemolytic Streptococci on recolonization of the airways with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and thereby reduce the number of treatments with antimicrobial agents.
T3 291518-291526 Sentence denotes Methods:
T4 291527-291683 Sentence denotes Saliva samples from healthy children (n = 38), healthy adults (n = 24) and saliva (n = 10) and sputum (n = 20) samples from CF-children have been collected.
T5 291684-291773 Sentence denotes The saliva samples were diluted and inoculated on selective agar plates for Streptococci.
T6 291774-291840 Sentence denotes The sputum samples were inoculated undiluted on blood-agar plates.
T7 291841-291934 Sentence denotes Streptococcal strains with different morphology were collected and isolated in pure cultures.
T8 291935-292228 Sentence denotes In total 299 strains of alpha-haemolytic streptococci were identified and tested initially for inhibition of growth of clinical isolates of three strains of P. aeruginosa, one strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, two strains of Staphylococcus aureus and two strains of Burkholderia cepacia.
T9 292229-292333 Sentence denotes Strains with inhibitory activity against at least three of the pathogens were kept for further analyses.
T10 292334-292446 Sentence denotes Further tests were performed with an agar overlay technique to avoid interfering factors like the effects of pH.
T11 292447-292542 Sentence denotes The pathogens used were 32 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa from both non-CF and CF patients.
T12 292543-292634 Sentence denotes To be able to identify the strains in clinical samples streptomycin resistance was induced.
T13 292635-292643 Sentence denotes Results:
T14 292644-292795 Sentence denotes Strains of Streptococci with the strongest inhibitory effect on growth of pathogens common in CF-patients were isolated in healthy children and adults.
T15 292796-292860 Sentence denotes Strains isolated in CFpatients had no or weak inhibitory effect.
T16 292861-293086 Sentence denotes Of the eight strains with the strongest inhibitory capacity one was excluded because of an extreme production of extracellular dextran and two were further excluded because of difficulties in inducing streptomycin resistance.
T17 293087-293154 Sentence denotes The remaining five strains were identified as Streptococcus oralis.
T18 293155-293166 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T19 293167-293311 Sentence denotes Strains of alpha-haemolytic streptococci have been identified with inhibiting effect on P. aeruginosa and other pathogens common in CF-patients.
T20 293312-293404 Sentence denotes The in vivo interfering properties of the strains will initially be tested in a mouse model.
T21 293405-293559 Sentence denotes The preventive effect of the strains will finally be evaluated in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis being intermittent colonized with P. aeruginosa.
T22 293560-293626 Sentence denotes New insights into the role platelets in antifungal host defence C.
T23 293627-293642 Sentence denotes Lass-Flö rl, S.
T24 293643-293658 Sentence denotes Unterdorfer, W.
T25 293659-293675 Sentence denotes Nussbaumer, M.P.
T26 293676-293699 Sentence denotes Dierich (Innsbruck, AT)
T27 293700-293711 Sentence denotes Background:
T28 293712-293830 Sentence denotes We observed that serotonin (5 HT) acts fungicidal against Aspergillus species and decreases fungal virulence in vitro.
T29 293831-293924 Sentence denotes In humans, 5 HT is stored in platelets and the 5 HT concentration in granules is about 65 mM.
T30 293925-294094 Sentence denotes These data and the coincidence of an increased infection rate and low 5 HT levels in certain diseases let us to examine the role of platelets in antifungal host defence.
T31 294095-294103 Sentence denotes Methods:
T32 294104-294261 Sentence denotes We investigated the expression of platelets surface receptors (CD 62 P, CD 63 and CD 154) following Aspergillus (hyphae) exposition by fluorescent labelling.
T33 294262-294344 Sentence denotes Platelets were mixed with fungi (ratio 100:1, 10:1) and incubated for 1 h at 37°C.
T34 294345-294482 Sentence denotes Platelets activation and adherence on hyphae of Aspergillus sp. was investigated with a Zeiss DSM 950 scanning electron microscope (SEM).
T35 294483-294575 Sentence denotes The XTT test was applied to assess platelets and platelets/neutrophils effects on viability.
T36 294576-294651 Sentence denotes The influence on fungal growth was examined by assessing hyphal elongation.
T37 294652-294824 Sentence denotes Clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus (n = 2) and Aspergillus terreus (n = 2) were used for this study; each test was performed in triplicate and repeated three times.
T38 294825-294833 Sentence denotes Results:
T39 294834-295031 Sentence denotes All Aspergillus spp. induced platelet activation as the CD 62P, CD 63 and CD 154 antigens were clearly induced and visualized by fluorescence microscopy; strain dependent expressions were observed.
T40 295032-295107 Sentence denotes Spread of irregular shaped platelets over hyphal surfaces was shown by SEM.
T41 295108-295263 Sentence denotes Platelets decreased the ability of hyphae to reduce XTT, co-incubation with polymorphonuclear neutrophils increased fungal damage significantly (p < 0.05).
T42 295264-295406 Sentence denotes Hyphal elongation was significantly decreased (23 + 8 lm) by platelets in comparison to untreated hyphae (47 + 9 lm) after 12 h of incubation.
T43 295407-295418 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T44 295419-295694 Sentence denotes The impaired capacity of fungi to reduce XXT, the expression of membrane receptors and surface markers for platelet activation and the decreased hyphal elongation confirm that platelets have the potential to play an important role in host defence against Aspergillus species.
T45 295695-295785 Sentence denotes The role of mannose-binding lectin in susceptibility to infection in premature neonates A.
T46 295786-295797 Sentence denotes Dzwonek, O.
T47 295798-295806 Sentence denotes Neth, J.
T48 295807-295817 Sentence denotes Hawdon, E.
T49 295818-295832 Sentence denotes Gulczynska, H.
T50 295833-295848 Sentence denotes Tchorzewski, M.
T51 295849-295859 Sentence denotes Turner, N.
T52 295860-295900 Sentence denotes Klein (London, UK; Lodz, PL) Background:
T53 295901-295989 Sentence denotes Infection remains one of the most frequent clinical complications in premature neonates.
T54 295990-296038 Sentence denotes This is in part due to suboptimal host defences.
T55 296039-296193 Sentence denotes In the present study we have explored the impact of Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL) genotype/ phenotype on susceptibility to infection and outcome to sepsis.
T56 296194-296335 Sentence denotes Methods: MBL-exon 1 & promoter polymorphisms were studied by PCR followed by heteroduplexing.MBL serum protein levels were measured by ELISA.
T57 296336-296414 Sentence denotes A variety of statistical tests were utilised as appropriate for each analysis.
T58 296415-296480 Sentence denotes Wild type alleles were denoted as "A" and variant alleles as "O".
T59 296481-296491 Sentence denotes Objective:
T60 296492-296660 Sentence denotes To detect protective effect of oral polybacterial immunomodulator Urostim (U) for prophylaxis of wound and urinary tract infections (UTI) in urological patients Method:
T61 296661-296889 Sentence denotes An oral polybacterial immunomodulator composed of killed cells and their lysates from Escherichia coli expressing type 1 and R-pili, E. coli R mutant, Proteus mirabillis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis was used.
T62 296890-296976 Sentence denotes Patients enrolled in study received orally 50 mg U daily for a period of three months.
T63 296977-296986 Sentence denotes Patients:
T64 296987-297045 Sentence denotes Two groups of 65 urological patients with and free of UTI.
T65 297046-297110 Sentence denotes Urostim was administered 15 days before and after the operation.
T66 297111-297119 Sentence denotes Results:
T67 297120-297297 Sentence denotes The prophylactic effect of the U in terms of hospital acquired wound or UTI was recorded on the basis of comparative study with control groups with only antibiotic prophylactic.
T68 297298-297395 Sentence denotes Obtained results showed Urostim immunoprophylaxis yelds positive results: in urological practice.
T69 297396-297455 Sentence denotes In 75% of cases development of complications was prevented.
T70 297456-297514 Sentence denotes Only in 14.7% of cases microbiological findings persisted.
T71 297515-297641 Sentence denotes In the control group the number of complications and uncured cases was more than 3-fold higher and consisted 45% of the group.
T72 297642-297719 Sentence denotes The results provide evidence for positive immunomodulating effect of Urostim.
T73 297720-297840 Sentence denotes Predominantly treat with antibiotics of UTI leads to the appearance of multiresistant strains, mainly gram-negative spp.
T74 297841-298064 Sentence denotes Vaccine administration combined with antibiotic broadens the therapeutic opportunities in urologic patients and is alternative approach for the SSI prevention and control of UTIs such as mucosal vaccine and immunomodulator.
T75 298065-298076 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T76 298077-298204 Sentence denotes Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) otherwise known as neutrophils are the body's first line of defence against bacterial infection.
T77 298205-298263 Sentence denotes Some antibiotics appear to modulate PMN function in vitro.
T78 298264-298456 Sentence denotes Post-antibiotic leukocyte enhancement (PALE) has been reported as a mechanism of increased bacterial clearance by PMNs in vitro due to sensitization of bacteria via pre-exposure to antibiotic.
T79 298457-298621 Sentence denotes In a mouse thigh infection model faropenem (FAR) was previously shown to be 3-to 4-fold more active against Streptococcus pneumoniae in normal vs. neutropenic mice.
T80 298622-298691 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to test whether FAR initiates a PALE.
T81 298692-298869 Sentence denotes Methods: PALE was conducted using FAR at therapeutically achievable plasma concentrations (free drug) in Haemophilus influenzae as well as at sub-MICs for Staphylococcus aureus.
T82 298870-298960 Sentence denotes FAR was removed via centrifugation and the bacteria were then introduced to isolated PMNs.
T83 298961-299057 Sentence denotes Samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours during incubation and plated for bacterial viability.
T84 299058-299139 Sentence denotes Comparator agents included amoxicillin, amoxicillin/ clavulanate, and cefuroxime.
T85 299140-299200 Sentence denotes Results: FAR produced a positive PALE effect in all studies.
T86 299201-299382 Sentence denotes Compared to the effect of PMNs alone, pre-treatment with FAR for 60 minutes followed by removal of the drug resulted in 6-fold greater reduction in viable CFUs by PMNs in S. aureus.
T87 299383-299634 Sentence denotes In H. influenzae the viable colony count was reduced below the level of detection after 60 minutes in bacteria pre-treated with FAR and exposed to PMN; this is in comparison to untreated bacteria in the presence of PMN with only 18% reduction in CFUs.
T88 299635-299769 Sentence denotes FAR treatment at 0.5X (sub-MIC) and 1X the MIC of S. aureus showed a reduction in CFUs of 1.5 to 2 log10 in comparison to the control.
T89 299770-299782 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T90 299783-299923 Sentence denotes A brief, non-lethal exposure of bacteria to FAR considerably enhanced the bactericidal activity of PMNs to both S. aureus and H. influenzae.
T91 299924-300064 Sentence denotes Faropenem may enhance PMN mediated killing of selected organisms and may play some role in enhancing leucocyte mediated killing of bacteria.
T92 300065-300229 Sentence denotes Since faropenem targets cell wall biosynthesis, sub-MIC concentrations of the drug may affect cell morphology that may contribute to enhanced killing by leucocytes.
T93 300230-300338 Sentence denotes Together, these effects may explain, in part, the increased efficacy of FAR in normal vs. neutropenic hosts.
T94 300339-300506 Sentence denotes Light microscopic appearances of resident macrophages in the adrenal glands of pregnant and non-pregnant guinea pigs, and their immuno-endocrinological significance E.
T95 300507-300516 Sentence denotes Ozbek, A.
T96 300517-300536 Sentence denotes Ozbek (Erzurum, TR)
T97 300537-300548 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T98 300549-300619 Sentence denotes Macrophages are non-lymphoid immune cells with phagocytotic functions.
T99 300620-300798 Sentence denotes Although some tissue-specific macrophages such as Kupffer's cells and microglia are wellknown, any knowledge about the adrenal macrophages is not yet documented in the textbooks.
T100 300799-300897 Sentence denotes For this aim, we conducted a light microscopic study to show resident macrophages of the adrenals.
T101 300898-300906 Sentence denotes Methods:
T102 300907-300966 Sentence denotes Eight nonpregnant and eight pregnant guinea pigs were used.
T103 300967-301033 Sentence denotes After sacrificing all animals, the adrenals were promptly removed.
T104 301034-301123 Sentence denotes They were fixed in Bouin's solution, and dehydrated in ethanol, and embedded in paraffin.
T105 301124-301243 Sentence denotes Sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin (H-E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and examined by a light microscope.
T106 301244-301252 Sentence denotes Results:
T107 301253-301384 Sentence denotes We found many macrophages primarily in the zona reticularis close to the medulla of the adrenals, especially adjacent to sinusoids.
T108 301385-301475 Sentence denotes They have a stellate appearance due to cytoplasmic processes extending from the cell body.
T109 301476-301648 Sentence denotes Their cytoplasm was stained yellowish with H-E, suggesting that they are rich in lipofussin pigment granules, and was PAS (+), indicating their excessive lysosomal content.
T110 301649-301746 Sentence denotes We saw much more adrenal macrophages in the pregnant animals in comparison with the nonpregnants.
T111 301747-301759 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T112 301760-301929 Sentence denotes Macrophages have been recently thought as favourable cells for interactions of the neuro-endocrine organs with the immune system because they can also secrete cytokines.
T113 301930-302059 Sentence denotes During the immune response, the whole organism is usually affected, as reflected by the neuroendocrine and metabolic alterations.
T114 302060-302145 Sentence denotes One of the effects of immune stimulation is elevation of glucocorticoid blood levels.
T115 302146-302211 Sentence denotes As known, glucocorticoids are released from adrenocortical cells.
T116 302212-302346 Sentence denotes Beta-adrenergic receptors have been characterized within the adrenal cortex, indicating its susceptibility to sympathetic stimulation.
T117 302347-302506 Sentence denotes A regulatory function of medullar products on steroid secretion by the cortical cells may, hence, if present, be expected to be mediated in a paracrine manner.
T118 302507-302693 Sentence denotes Cytokines released by macrophages, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, may influence adrenocortical steroidogenesis through medullary catecholamines.
T119 302694-302827 Sentence denotes It was recently shown that IL-1 and TNFalpha have a direct, ACTH-independent, stimulatory effect on corticosterone secretion in rats.
T120 302828-302944 Sentence denotes So, macrophages may have a pivotal role in the bidirectional immune-adrenocortical communication within the adrenal.
T121 302945-303041 Sentence denotes Finally, resident macrophages of the adrenals are waiting for being documented in the textbooks.
T122 303042-303107 Sentence denotes Blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with tick-borne encephalitis
T123 303108-303191 Sentence denotes Prediction of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) clinical course is problematic usually.
T124 303192-303313 Sentence denotes Therefore several immunological parameters are looked for severity prognosis in certain phases and clinical forms of TBE.
T125 303314-303318 Sentence denotes Aim:
T126 303319-303486 Sentence denotes The aim is to study the changes of some immunological parameters in TBE patients and to provide additional prognostic information about course of pathological process.
T127 303487-303508 Sentence denotes Patients and methods:
T128 303509-303602 Sentence denotes 119 patients with TBE treated at the Infectology Center of Latvia are included in this study.
T129 303603-303705 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of TBE was confirmed by ELISA Enzygnost Anti-TBE IgM in blood and/or in cerebrospinal fluid.
T130 303706-303792 Sentence denotes Detection of lymphocyte subpopulation in blood was performed by flow cytometry method.
T131 303793-303866 Sentence denotes Traditional clinical criteria were used for detection of severity of TBE.
T132 303867-303875 Sentence denotes Results:
T133 303876-304567 Sentence denotes The analysis of changes in the number of lymphocyte subsets in 70 patients with moderate TBE meningitis in dynamics showed the following: a decreased level of T-lymphocytes (CD3): in acute stage 1122 ± 62 (contrary to reconvalescence 1750 ± 65; P = 100%); a decreased level of CD3/HLA-DR (activated T-lymphocytes) in acute stage 276 ± 27 (in reconvalescence 429 ± 32; P = 100%); a decreased level of HLA-DR (activated B-lymphocytes) in acute stage 313 ± 19 (in reconvalescence 376 ± 23; P = 99%); a decreased level of CD4 (helpers) in acute stage 683 ± 41 (in reconvalescence 1064 ± 48; P = 100%) and CD8 (suppressors) in acute stage 464 ± 30, contrary to reconvalescence 708 ± 35, P = 100%.
T134 304568-305072 Sentence denotes The analysis of changes in the number of lymphocyte subpopulations in 34 patients with severe TBE meningoencephalitis in dynamics showed the following: a decreased level of T-lymphocytes (CD3) in acute stage 1081 ± 172, if compared with reconvalescence 1720 ± 128 (P = 99%); a decreased level of HLA-DR (activated B-lymphocytes) in acute stage 275 ± 31 (in reconvalescence 376 ± 39; P = 97%) and a decreased level of CD4 (helpers) in acute stage 585 ± 62 contrary to reconvalescence 1059 ± 93 (P = 100%).
T135 305073-305084 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T136 305085-305287 Sentence denotes Significant time-dependent changes of blood lymphocyte subsets during TBE course were observed, but no differences in lymphocyte subpopulations between moderate and severe TBE clinical forms were found.
T137 305288-305354 Sentence denotes Syphilis can be transmitted sexually of through blood transfusion.
T138 305355-305447 Sentence denotes The seriousness of this disease is the high risk of complications and congenital infections.
T139 305448-305623 Sentence denotes Laboratory diagnosis is largely based on serological tests and the immunoassays are widely used as the syphilis screening because is highly sensitive and can easily automated.
T140 305624-305722 Sentence denotes This study compares the performance of Architect Syphilis assay with a routine screening protocol.
T141 305723-305789 Sentence denotes We have studied 420 sera samples with Syphilis antibody requested.
T142 305790-305975 Sentence denotes The current protocol for to screening Syphilis antibodies in our laboratory includes an immunoassay for to detect total specific IgG + IgM antibodies (Enzygnost Syphilis, Dade Behring).
T143 305976-306050 Sentence denotes Reactive samples were again tested by TPHA method (TPHA Syphilis, Biokit).
T144 306051-306145 Sentence denotes The discrepant results are resolved by line-blot immunoassay (Innolia Syphilis, Innogenetics).
T145 306146-306288 Sentence denotes The Architect Syphilis is an immunoassay for to detect anti-treponemal IgG + IgM antibodies integrated in the Architect i-2000 robot platform.
T146 306289-306382 Sentence denotes Onehundred-ninety-nine samples were categorized as reactive following the screening protocol.
T147 306383-306431 Sentence denotes All samples were reactive by Architect Syphilis.
T148 306432-306487 Sentence denotes Seventeen samples were TPHA but confirmed by line-blot.
T149 306488-306612 Sentence denotes These sera were reactive by Architect Syphilis but her median was 2.79, lower to 23.32, median in the TPHA reactive samples.
T150 306613-306684 Sentence denotes Two-hundred-twenty-one samples were negative in the screening protocol.
T151 306685-306835 Sentence denotes Only one sample was reactive by Architect and considered as false reactive, in contrast with Enzygnost Dade Behring found five samples false reactive.
T152 306836-306993 Sentence denotes According to results Architect Syphilis has demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative value of 100, 99.5, 99.5 and 100.
T153 306994-307124 Sentence denotes As conclusion is remarkable the excellent performance of the Architect Syphilis assay used as syphilis serological screening test.
T154 307125-307219 Sentence denotes The speed and automation make it a recommended test in laboratories with high load in routine.
T155 307220-307231 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T156 307232-307376 Sentence denotes There is an increasing body of evidence that Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of renal disease.
T157 307377-307647 Sentence denotes MCP-1 is involved in the initiation and progression of tubulointerstitial damage and lately there is evidence in humans of correlation of the glomerular expression of MCP-1 with the degree of renal damage in inflammatory and non-inflammatory models of glomerular injury.
T158 307648-307669 Sentence denotes Patients and methods:
T159 307670-307801 Sentence denotes We studied the role of MCP-1 in the pathogenesis of progression of acute pyelonephritis in 20 febrile infants (2-18 months of age).
T160 307802-307880 Sentence denotes Initial DMSA scan of all patients revealed renal lesions in 12 (60%) patients.
T161 307881-308017 Sentence denotes Follow-up scans, performed 6 months later in all of the 12 patients, showed reversible lesions in three of them and renal scars in nine.
T162 308018-308173 Sentence denotes MCUG performed in all 20 patients, revealed significant vesicureteral reflux (Grade III) in 5 (25%) and mild reflux (Grade II) in two infants respectively.
T163 308174-308365 Sentence denotes We measured plasma levels of MCP-1 with a LINCOplex Human Cytokine/ chemokine kit using the Luminex xMAP technology, on admission of the patients and three days after initiation of treatment.
T164 308366-308540 Sentence denotes Results: MCP-1 was increased significantly in all patients at diagnosis of the urinary tract infection (312.0 ± 35.0 compared to 135.0 ± 28.0 pg/ml of controls), (p < 0.001).
T165 308541-308742 Sentence denotes We compared the values of MCP-1 in patients with normal DMSA and in patients with renal lesions and we observed that MCP-1 either remained high or further increased in patients whose DMSA was abnormal.
T166 308743-308916 Sentence denotes MCP-1 was not ''affected' by the initiation of treatment in this group of patients and especially in those patients who ended up with renal scarring in their follow-up scan.
T167 308917-309006 Sentence denotes Similar results were found in the group of patients with the severe vesicureteral reflux.
T168 309007-309248 Sentence denotes We also observed that MCP-1 decreased after treatment, although not in normal levels, in the group of patients whose DMSA scan was initially normal, as it also decreased in the small group of patients with the reversible lesions in the DMSA.
T169 309249-309260 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T170 309261-309439 Sentence denotes Our findings showed that MCP-1 levels were increased in all infants with febrile urinary tract infection and this increase was more pronounced in patients with true renal damage.
T171 309440-309494 Sentence denotes Apparently, MCP-1 is more than just a chemoattractant.
T172 309495-309736 Sentence denotes Apart from its experimentally proven role of MCP-1 as a direct elicitor of an inflammatory response induced by cytokines and adhesion molecules expressed in the kidney, may also play a clinical role in the prognosis of an acute renal damage.
T173 309737-309841 Sentence denotes Maedi-visna (MV), a slow lentivirus infection of sheep, is common in the Mediterranean region of Europe.
T174 309842-310001 Sentence denotes A small field trial using inactivated whole virus vaccine with alun (Icelandic MV strain K796) was carried out in one naturally infected sheep flock in Cyprus.
T175 310002-310116 Sentence denotes One female twin lamb in 30 female twin pairs was vaccinated, 1) at birth, 2) 3 weeks later, 3) at 3 months of age.
T176 310117-310163 Sentence denotes The other twin served as unvaccinated control.
T177 310164-310263 Sentence denotes After vaccination all the twins were kept in the flock under natural conditions and bled regularly.
T178 310264-310359 Sentence denotes 28 months later 11 of the 60 twins were seronegative, nine vaccines and two unvaccinated twins.
T179 310360-310439 Sentence denotes Mothers of 13 twin pairs were seroconverting at the time of birth of the lambs.
T180 310440-310566 Sentence denotes In eight of their twin pairs the unvaccinated twin seroconverted at 3-4 months of age but the vaccinated twin at 11-16 months.
T181 310567-310706 Sentence denotes In three pairs both twins seroconverted at 3-4 months of age and in two pairs the vaccinated twin became infected earlier than its sibling.
T182 310707-310863 Sentence denotes In 11 of the 17 twin pairs born by seronegative mothers the vaccinated twin was infected later than its unvaccinated sibling or not at all during 28 months.
T183 310864-311008 Sentence denotes In four pairs the vaccinated twin was infected earlier than its sibling and in two pairs both twins seroconverted early in their 2 year of life.
T184 311009-311129 Sentence denotes The virulent Icelandic vaccine strain K796 is different from the low and slow MV strains isolated from this sheep flock.
T185 311130-311244 Sentence denotes There is a slight cross-reaction between the local strains and the vaccine strain detectable in serological tests.
T186 311245-311421 Sentence denotes Yet, in 19 of the 30 vaccines this vaccination apparently delayed and possibly in some cases prevented natural infection for 28 months in this heavily contaminated environment.
T187 311422-311433 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T188 311434-311621 Sentence denotes Prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission relies partly on vaccination of high risk subjects which are numerous among patients attending Free Anonymous HIV Testing Sites (FAHTS).
T189 311622-311783 Sentence denotes Our purpose was to assess the risk profile, vaccination history and serologic status of a representative sample of high risk patients attending a FAHTS in Paris.
T190 311784-311792 Sentence denotes Methods:
T191 311793-311971 Sentence denotes A sample of 1016 anonymous patient files was randomly selected among 5169 files from patients having attended a FAHTS in Hô pital Bichat -Claude Bernard, Paris, in the year 2004.
T192 311972-312111 Sentence denotes Sociodemographic profile, risk factors, vaccine history and serologic profile of these patients were depicted using descriptive statistics.
T193 312112-312120 Sentence denotes Results:
T194 312121-312231 Sentence denotes Among 1016 patients, 450 (44.3%) had one or more risk factors for HBV infection and were hence tested for HBV:
T195 312232-312270 Sentence denotes 171 females (38%) and 279 males (62%).
T196 312271-312306 Sentence denotes Mean age (SD) was 29.2 (8.9) years.
T197 312307-312438 Sentence denotes Their birth countries were France (58%), sub-Saharan Africa (17%), north Africa (11%), other European country (6%) and others (8%).
T198 312439-312684 Sentence denotes HBV risk factors were: multiple sexual partners (62%), originating from high (20%) or medium (18%) endemic area, history of sexually transmitted disease (15%), professional exposure (8%), history of transfusion (3%) or intravenous drug use (2%).
T199 312685-312871 Sentence denotes Nearly a third (31%) of these patients had a history of complete HBV vaccination, 7% reported an incomplete or ongoing vaccination, the remaining 62% had no known history of vaccination.
T200 312872-312994 Sentence denotes HBV serology showed that 36% of these patients had natural or vaccine-induced immunity and 1.8% were HBs antigen carriers.
T201 312995-313062 Sentence denotes Thus more than 62% of these high risk patients had no HBV immunity.
T202 313063-313074 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T203 313075-313180 Sentence denotes Patients with a high risk of HBV infection are numerous among attendants of FAHTS in French large cities.
T204 313181-313238 Sentence denotes Nearly two thirds of these patients have no HBV immunity.
T205 313239-313349 Sentence denotes Thus FAHTS consultations appear to be a good opportunity to identify these patients and offer HBV vaccination.
T206 313350-313360 Sentence denotes Objective:
T207 313361-313620 Sentence denotes In the literature, majority of studies consider the diencephalic and telencephalic locations of viruses, with correlated histopathologic findings, while minor attention has been paid on brainstem, a structure involved in the regulation of autonomic functions.
T208 313621-313858 Sentence denotes Aim of this study was to identify in the brainstem the genomic sequences of a series of neurotropic viruses (HIV, JCV, BKV, SV40, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-8, HSV-1, HSV-2) and to detect histopathologic findings ascribable to viral infection.
T209 313859-313867 Sentence denotes Methods:
T210 313868-314054 Sentence denotes Brainstems of 25 subjects who died of acute opiate intoxication were studied through histologic and immunohistochemical (antibodies anti-CD68, -CD45, -CD3, -CD20, -CD8, -GFAP) stainings.
T211 314055-314123 Sentence denotes In each case, Real-Time PCR search of viral sequences was performed.
T212 314124-314312 Sentence denotes Histopathologic findings were compared between PCR-positive and -negative brainstems (Mann-Whitney Method) and among the different levels of section (one-way ANOVA and Newmann-Keuls test).
T213 314313-314321 Sentence denotes Results:
T214 314322-314396 Sentence denotes In 11 out of 25 (44%) samples, sequences HIV proviral DNA were identified.
T215 314397-314518 Sentence denotes In one of these HIV-positive samples, HHV-6 DNA was also found and in another sample BKV and SV-40 DNA were detected too.
T216 314519-314645 Sentence denotes In 1 of HIV-negative samples a genomic sequence of HHV-6 was also found and in another sample a CMV sequence was detected too.
T217 314646-314838 Sentence denotes Both HIV-positive and -negative brainstems showed the presence of oedema, perivascular or parenchymal inflammatory infiltrations and microglial proliferation, with sporadic microglial nodules.
T218 314839-314985 Sentence denotes Perivascular infiltrations were more numerous and with major cellularity in HIV-positive brainstems (mean index of perivascular infiltration ± SD:
T219 314986-315061 Sentence denotes 2,3 ± 0,9 vs 0,5 ± 0,6; P < 0,01) and were mainly composed of CD8+ T-cells.
T220 315062-315129 Sentence denotes No differences were detected among the different levels of section.
T221 315130-315142 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T222 315143-315288 Sentence denotes Our results confirm brainstem tropism of HIV and HHV-6 and demonstrate, also for BKV, SV40 and CMV, the possibility of location in this district.
T223 315289-315545 Sentence denotes Moreover, our study showed, as reported in the literature for diencephalic and telencephalic structures, that, also in brainstem of HIV-positive presymptomatic subjects, there are histopathologic findings due to location of the virus in the nervous tissue.
T224 315546-315721 Sentence denotes Objective: QTc interval prolongation is an electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormality that may cause severe arrhythmias including torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation.
T225 315722-315866 Sentence denotes Many drugs administered to HIV-positive patients and, according to some Authors, the HIV infection itself, can induce QTc interval prolongation.
T226 315867-316055 Sentence denotes The aims of our study were to calculate the frequency of QTc prolongation in a cohort of 402 HIV-infected outpatients and to identify the risk factors associated with this ECG abnormality.
T227 316056-316064 Sentence denotes Methods:
T228 316065-316211 Sentence denotes In 2004, at our Infectious Disease Unit, we performed ECG recording of 402 consecutive HIV-infected subjects followed up in our outpatient clinic.
T229 316212-316458 Sentence denotes For each subject the following data were collected: demographic features, risk factors for HIV infection, ongoing therapy and prophylaxis, cardiologic risk factors, CD4+ cells count, HIV viraemia and the results of the main haematochemical tests.
T230 316459-316510 Sentence denotes ECG was evaluated by two independent cardiologists.
T231 316511-316542 Sentence denotes QTc was calculated as QT/RR1/2.
T232 316543-316761 Sentence denotes A ''nested'' case-control study was performed using as cases those patient with QTc >0.44 sec (males) or >0.46 sec (females) and as controls (1:4) HIV infected subjects matched by gender and age (more or less 5 years).
T233 316762-316974 Sentence denotes The association between QTc interval prolongation and potential risk factors was evaluated in terms of Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR), with their 95% Confidence Intervals (CI), by using a multivariable logistic model.
T234 316975-316983 Sentence denotes Results:
T235 316984-317064 Sentence denotes In our cohort, ECG abnormalities were recorded in 225 out of 402 (56%) subjects.
T236 317065-317152 Sentence denotes Twenty-two subjects (5.4%), 17 males and 5 females, showed a QTc interval prolongation.
T237 317153-317333 Sentence denotes At multivariate analysis, the following variables were associated with the presence of a long QTc: use of Cotrimoxazole as prophylaxis against P. jiroveci pneumonia (AOR 6.20, C.I.
T238 317334-317422 Sentence denotes 95% 1.91-20.12), Efavirenz as part of the current antiretroviral regimen (AOR 3.28, C.I.
T239 317423-317508 Sentence denotes 1.07-10.03), and the presence of a serum triglyceride level <220 mg/dL (AOR 5.91 C.I.
T240 317509-317525 Sentence denotes 95% 1.46-24.00).
T241 317526-317538 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T242 317539-317708 Sentence denotes According to our data, QTc interval prolongation is associated with the use of drugs commonly administered to HIV-infected patients, such as Cotrimoxazole and Efavirenz.
T243 317709-317778 Sentence denotes The role of low serum triglyceride level needs further investigation.
T244 317779-317961 Sentence denotes Clinicians should perform a strict cardiologic follow-up of HIV infected subjects in those situations that may potentially result in QT prolongation and life-threatening arrhythmias.
T245 317962-318045 Sentence denotes Prevalence of paediatric septicaemia in a tertiary hospital in Tanzania Objectives:
T246 318046-318128 Sentence denotes Septicaemia is a common cause of hospitalization, morbidity and death in children.
T247 318129-318197 Sentence denotes Septicaemia caused by drugresistant organisms is difficult to treat.
T248 318198-318425 Sentence denotes This study assesses the prevalence of septicaemia in children at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dares Salaam, Tanzania, and the impact of microbial aetiology, antimicrobial susceptibility and HIV co-infection on clinical outcome.
T249 318426-318434 Sentence denotes Methods:
T250 318435-318602 Sentence denotes In a prospective cohort study from August 2001 to August 2002, we investigated 1828 consecutive admissions of children aged 0-7 years with signs of systemic infection.
T251 318603-318738 Sentence denotes Blood cultures were obtained, bacterial isolates identified by standard methods and susceptibility tested by the disk diffusion method.
T252 318739-318783 Sentence denotes Blood was taken for malaria and HIV testing.
T253 318784-318891 Sentence denotes HIV positive antibody tests in patients younger than 18 months were verified by determination of HIV-1 RNA.
T254 318892-318995 Sentence denotes Clinical data were obtained from standardized questionnaires, patient records and departmental records.
T255 318996-319004 Sentence denotes Results:
T256 319005-319133 Sentence denotes Septicaemia with bacteria or fungi was confirmed by culture in 13.9% (255/1828) of children with symptoms of systemic infection.
T257 319134-319368 Sentence denotes The most frequent isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 48), Escherichia coli (n = 36), various Salmonella enterica serotypes (n = 37), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 20), E. faecium (n = 17), E. fecalis (n = 15) and Candida spp. (19).
T258 319369-319475 Sentence denotes Malaria was found in 21.3% (257/1204) of those tested, including 32 patients with concomitant septicaemia.
T259 319476-319613 Sentence denotes Malaria was associated with lower case-fatality rate (18.9%) than septicaemia (34.2%) and particularly gram-negative septicaemia (42.8%).
T260 319614-319778 Sentence denotes Multidrug-resistance, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype was common in gram-negative isolates and associated case-fatality rates in excess of 70%.
T261 319779-319843 Sentence denotes HIV infection was present in 17.3% (157/909) of patients tested.
T262 319844-319915 Sentence denotes In a multiple regression model, recovery of gram-negative bacteria (OR:
T263 319916-319958 Sentence denotes 3.5 95%CI 2.1 to 5.9), ESBL phenotype (OR:
T264 319959-319970 Sentence denotes 5.5, 95%CI:
T265 319971-320009 Sentence denotes 1.4 to 21.9) and HIV co-infection (OR:
T266 320010-320021 Sentence denotes 2.1, 95%CI:
T267 320022-320083 Sentence denotes 1.4 to 3.2) were independently associated with fatal outcome.
T268 320084-320095 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T269 320096-320367 Sentence denotes While malaria appears to be a slightly more common cause of systemic infection in children in this Tanzanian hospital, septicaemia carries a significantly higher case-fatality rate, partly because of widespread multidrugresistance, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria.
T270 320368-320379 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T271 320380-320614 Sentence denotes Aim of the study was to elucidate the pathogenesis of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)associated lipodystrophy, by investigating the effects of antiretroviral drugs on adipocyte differentiation and gene expression profile.
T272 320615-320623 Sentence denotes Methods:
T273 320624-320834 Sentence denotes 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, a widely used in vitro model of adipogenesis, were induced to maturation into adipocytes and treated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs).
T274 320835-320994 Sentence denotes Adipocyte differentiation was studied by Oil Red O staining, whereas gene expression profile was evaluated by DNA microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR analyses.
T275 320995-321003 Sentence denotes Results:
T276 321004-321242 Sentence denotes Under standard adipogenic differentiation protocols, PIs significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation, as demonstrated by cell viability assay and Oil Red O staining and quantification, whereas NRTIs had mild effects on adipogenesis.
T277 321243-321468 Sentence denotes Gene expression profile analysis showed that treatment with NRTIs modulated the expression of transcription factors, such as Aebp1, Pou5f1 and Phf6, which could play a key role in the determination of the adipocyte phenotype.
T278 321469-321840 Sentence denotes PIs also modulated gene expression toward inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, with up-regulation of the Wnt signalling gene Wnt10a and down-regulation of the expression of genes encoding master adipogenic transcription factors (e.g., C/EBPalpha and PPAR-gamma), oestrogen receptor gamma, and adipocyte-specific markers (e.g. Adiponectin, Leptin, Mrap, Cd36, S100A8).
T279 321841-321853 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T280 321854-321944 Sentence denotes This study indentifies new genes modulated by PIs and NRTIs in differentiating adipocytes.
T281 321945-322191 Sentence denotes Abnormal expression of these genes, which include master adipogenic transcription factors and genes involved in lipid metabolisms and cell cycle control, could contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of HAART-associated lipodystrophy.
T282 322192-322252 Sentence denotes Indeterminate HIV Western blot profiles: how may we proceed?
T283 322253-322255 Sentence denotes G.
T284 322256-322266 Sentence denotes Saliba, S.
T285 322267-322279 Sentence denotes Matheron, F.
T286 322280-322298 Sentence denotes Damond (Paris, FR)
T287 322299-322310 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T288 322311-322405 Sentence denotes Western Blot (WB) is the most widely accepted confirmatory assay for detecting HIV antibodies.
T289 322406-322464 Sentence denotes Indeterminate WB reactivity occurs in certain individuals.
T290 322465-322588 Sentence denotes Many diagnosis criteria's to interpret WB tests have already been proposed, among which three are mainly applied worldwide:
T291 322589-322710 Sentence denotes World Health Organisation (WHO), Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Red Cross (ARC) criteria's.
T292 322711-322754 Sentence denotes WHO criteria's are used at our institution.
T293 322755-322983 Sentence denotes We conducted a review study to check if applying CDC and ARC criteria's to subjects with indeterminate HIV profiles would help us to better interpret their status and to try determining alternative means in cases of uncertainty.
T294 322984-322992 Sentence denotes Methods:
T295 322993-323232 Sentence denotes We reviewed retrospectively the charts of all patients tested for HIV between February 2000 and May 2004 at our institution and having indeterminate WB results (Biorad) and re-interpreted their profiles according to ARC and CDC criteria's.
T296 323233-323241 Sentence denotes Results:
T297 323242-323345 Sentence denotes 16 patients were identified, 6 women, 10 men, 15 originated from central Africa, mean age was 31 years.
T298 323346-323457 Sentence denotes Two pregnant women were given an ARV treatment for prevention of potential mother to child transmission of HIV.
T299 323458-323552 Sentence denotes All had incomplete patterns on WB according to WHO criteria's making HIV status indeterminate.
T300 323553-323822 Sentence denotes Applying CDC and ARC diagnosis criteria's to re-interpret their WB results showed obvious discrepancies: eight patients showed positive profiles, six (37.5%) according to CDC and three (18.75%) according to ARC, (one patient was positive by ARC and CDC simultaneously).
T301 323823-323971 Sentence denotes Eight patients had positive ELISA screening tests (Biorad/BioMerieux -Vidas) for HIV with non conclusive WB patterns by any of the three criteria's.
T302 323972-324113 Sentence denotes Among bands screened-for on WB, gag and env gene's products reactivity was frequently encountered compared to pol gene's products reactivity.
T303 324114-324259 Sentence denotes All patients had negative HIV RNA screening in blood when tested initially and none proved to be positive on further long term follow up testing.
T304 324260-324272 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T305 324273-324487 Sentence denotes Applying CDC and ARC criteria's to re-interpret indeterminate HIV WB profiles, according to WHO, showed tremendous discrepancies and didn't prove to be a convenient alternative to advance work up in our experience.
T306 324488-324693 Sentence denotes We think it is advisable to at least screen for plasma HIV RNA in such cases, a negative result being a solid argument against any potential HIV infection and to insist on necessity of long term follow up.
T307 324694-324812 Sentence denotes Over 20 HIV drugs are now approved by the FDA, and dozens more have reached at least early stage clinical development.
T308 324813-324941 Sentence denotes In HIV, as in other therapeutic domains, the path to market for successful compounds is long, costly, and sometimes inefficient.
T309 324942-325024 Sentence denotes Elias Zerhouni, MD, Director of NIH, has set Translational Research as a priority.
T310 325025-325126 Sentence denotes Many NIH institutes have formed offices and programs to accelerate progress from discovery to market.
T311 325127-325753 Sentence denotes FDA believes that ''… A new product development toolkitcontaining powerful new scientific and technical methods such as animal or computer-based predictive models, biomarkers for safety and effectiveness, and new clinical evaluation techniques-is urgently needed to improve predictability and efficiency along the critical path from laboratory concept to commercial product.'' Pharsight has conducted over 20 HIV projects using model-based drug development techniques over the past seven years, in all development phases and covering critical issues in trial design, dose selection, trial sequencing, and development strategy.
T312 325754-325874 Sentence denotes This experience covers most mechanisms of action including protease inhibitors, NNRTIs, NRTIs, and two novel mechanisms.
T313 325875-326011 Sentence denotes This presentation reviews best practices in the application of tools for providing quantified insight on HIV drug development decisions.
T314 326012-326152 Sentence denotes Case examples will show how to integrate relevant sub-models, estimate key parameters from trial data, and simulate candidate trial designs.
T315 326153-326451 Sentence denotes Key parameters critical in HIV include patient adherence or compliance to the prescribed regimen, compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters, viral inhibition (in-vivo IC50), virus and immune cell characteristics (depending on the patient population), and trial characteristics such as dropout rates.
T316 326452-326614 Sentence denotes HIV disease models of varying complexity will be discussed, together with the presenter's views of the advantages and disadvantages of complex vs. simpler models.
T317 326615-326752 Sentence denotes HIV models typically include at a minimum uninfected cells, actively infected cells, latently infected cells, and multiple viral strains.
T318 326753-326856 Sentence denotes Differential equations describe the virus-cell interaction over time, including resistance development.
T319 326857-327018 Sentence denotes The goal of this presentation is to give the audience an improved ability to use model-based drug development techniques to accelerate HIV development decisions.
T320 327019-327030 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T321 327031-327126 Sentence denotes A serologic response to Pneumocystis jiroveci (P.j.) develops in most persons during childhood.
T322 327127-327392 Sentence denotes The purpose of this blinded, retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of P.j. harboured in the respiratory tracts of children with acute respiratory tract infection, and whether clinical and laboratory characteristics separate those with and without P.j.
T323 327393-327401 Sentence denotes Methods:
T324 327402-327534 Sentence denotes Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) collected from children hospitalized at Hvidovre or Amager Hospitals from 1999 to 2002 were included.
T325 327535-327607 Sentence denotes 461 NPA from 423 patients with 432 episodes were available for analysis.
T326 327608-327653 Sentence denotes One HIV-infected child with PCP was excluded.
T327 327654-327809 Sentence denotes 64% of the episodes received a diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), 28% of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), and 8% of ''other''.
T328 327810-327874 Sentence denotes The median age was 112 days (range 7-4430), and 52.7% were male.
T329 327875-327984 Sentence denotes Samples were analysed using a closed-tube quantitative real-time PCR, using fluorescent probes for detection.
T330 327985-328066 Sentence denotes Enzymatic carry-over prevention and external and internal controls were included.
T331 328067-328113 Sentence denotes Positive samples were re-run for confirmation.
T332 328114-328187 Sentence denotes Clinical data were collected by review of medical records. were observed.
T333 328188-328286 Sentence denotes 96% of the P.j.-positive cases occurred in patients in the inter quartile age range (50-265 days).
T334 328287-328552 Sentence denotes Infants aged 50-112 days (2nd age quartile) were 47 (OR, CI 11-203) times more likely than children younger than 50 days (1st age quartile) to harbour P.j., and infants aged 112-265 days (3rd age quartile) 8.7 (CI 1.9-40) times more likely by multivariate analysis.
T335 328553-328706 Sentence denotes Infants hospitalized with an episode of URTI were 2.0 (CI 1.05-3.82) times more likely to harbour P.j. than infants with a LRTI by multivariate analysis.
T336 328707-328853 Sentence denotes The copy numbers detected in P.j.-positive samples are normally distributed after logarithmic transformation suggesting one biological phenomenon.
T337 328854-328865 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T338 328866-328968 Sentence denotes We found a prevalence of P.j. of 16% among children admitted with symptoms requiring a diagnostic NPA.
T339 328969-329045 Sentence denotes This could represent either colonization or sub-clinical or overt infection.
T340 329046-329204 Sentence denotes To our knowledge, there is no previous evidence of clinical illness or specific symptoms in connection with the primary infection in immunocompetent children.
T341 329205-329335 Sentence denotes Our data suggest that P.j. may present itself as a selflimiting URTI in infants, and that the infection is acquired early in life.
T342 329336-329449 Sentence denotes Increasing reports of gynecomastia among HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.
T343 329450-329540 Sentence denotes Epidemiological and clinical correlates, and suggestions for pathogenetic investigation R.
T344 329541-329553 Sentence denotes Manfredi, L.
T345 329554-329563 Sentence denotes Calza, F.
T346 329564-329584 Sentence denotes Chiodo (Bologna, IT)
T347 329585-329596 Sentence denotes Background:
T348 329597-329675 Sentence denotes Gynecomastia (G) is an emerging untoward event in patients treated with HAART.
T349 329676-329684 Sentence denotes Methods:
T350 329685-330081 Sentence denotes Through a cross-sectional study performed on around 1000 HIV-infected patients (p) treated with antiretrovirals at our reference centre, we identified all cases of G related to the administration of at least 12 consecutive months of HAART, to assess possible correlations of G with a spectrum of clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic variables (and including all adverse effects of HAART itself).
T351 330082-330355 Sentence denotes All p with true G (as distinguished from lipomastia by an ultrasonography assay) were considered evaluable, while p with other predisposing conditions (endocrine disease, alcohol abuse, liver cirrhosis, and use of drug possibly predisposing to G), were carefully ruled out.
T352 330356-330364 Sentence denotes Results:
T353 330365-330480 Sentence denotes Twenty-one out of 616 evaluable HIV-infected male p (3.4% of our population), developed a true G when aged 12-58 y.
T354 330481-330714 Sentence denotes Seven p of 21 never received protease inhibitor (PI)containing therapies, while efavirenz-based regimens apparently prompted G in 7 p who were naïve for PI, and worsened this disturbance in 3 further p who abandoned PI for efavirenz.
T355 330715-330819 Sentence denotes Considering nucleoside analogues (NA), 2 p developed G during treatment conducted with dual isolated NA.
T356 330820-330959 Sentence denotes Comparing the different adminstered NA, stavudine seemed to be the most commonly used compound, also taken for the longest time (p < 0.01).
T357 330960-331126 Sentence denotes A complete hormonal workup did not detect significant abnormalities, save in one p, who had slight FSH, LH, and testosterone anomalies (with normal prolactin levels).
T358 331127-331396 Sentence denotes When considering the eventual correlation with the most common HAART-induced disturbances, some forms of lipodystrophy was concurrent in all the 21 p with G, while hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia were found in 15, 9, and 3 p, respectively.
T359 331397-331539 Sentence denotes During the subsequent 12-36-month follow-up, a spontaneous ameliorement of G was never observed, notwithstanding eventual HAART modifications.
T360 331540-331593 Sentence denotes Due to local hypersthesia, two p resorted to surgery.
T361 331594-331605 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T362 331606-331670 Sentence denotes G is probably an underestimated problem in the setting of HAART.
T363 331671-331787 Sentence denotes The frequent association of G with other HAART-related dysmetabolism suggests a possible common pathogenetic causes.
T364 331788-331945 Sentence denotes Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in HIV-infected subjects during their protease inhibitor treatment: three oral hypoglycemic drugs in comparison L.
T365 331946-331955 Sentence denotes Calza, R.
T366 331956-331968 Sentence denotes Manfredi, F.
T367 331969-332103 Sentence denotes Chiodo (Bologna, IT) Introduction: HAART-related dysmetabolic alterations recently emerged in their frequency and clinical correlates.
T368 332104-332331 Sentence denotes When considering protease inhibitor (PI)-treated patients (p) a high prevalence (30-80%) of insulin-resistance and hyperinsulinemia have been found versus a lower (<10%) incidence of altered glucose tolerance or frank diabetes.
T369 332332-332340 Sentence denotes Methods:
T370 332341-332568 Sentence denotes Aim of our randomized, prospective study is to assess the frequency of hyperglycemia in p treated with HAART, and the efficacy-safety of gliclazide versus metformin and versus rosiglitazone in p with altered glucose metabolism.
T371 332569-332694 Sentence denotes Two hundred and 89 p who started a PI-based HAART regimen from years 1998 to 2002 were prospectively followed for >12 months.
T372 332695-332786 Sentence denotes All evaluable p had a fasting glycemia repeatedly normal before starting their novel HAART:
T373 332787-332824 Sentence denotes 32.5% of p were antiretroviral-naïve.
T374 332825-333107 Sentence denotes During the entire study period all p with hyperglycemia persisting for >6 months and resistant to a >3 month dietary-exercise program, were randomized to receive gliclazide (80 mg/ day), metformin (500 mg twice daily) or rosiglitazone (4 mg/day) and were followed-up for >12 months.
T375 333108-333116 Sentence denotes Results:
T376 333117-333226 Sentence denotes After the first 12 months, elevated serum fasting glucose levels were found in 36 of 289 evaluable p (12.5%).
T377 333227-333445 Sentence denotes During the follow-up period, glucose abnormalities were often mild in severity in 28 p (110-140 mg/dL), followed by moderate severity in 8 p (140-200 mg/dL) while a severe hyperglycemia (>200 mg/dL) was never observed.
T378 333446-333644 Sentence denotes In 36 p hyperglycemia was associated with the finding of elevated C-peptide levels (mean value 7.4 ng/mL) glycosilated haemoglobin (mean value 9.7%), and hypertriglyceridemia (mean level 238 mg/dL).
T379 333645-333990 Sentence denotes Other significant associations included a proportionally advanced age (over 55 years), a BMI above 28, a more prolonged overall exposure to antiretrovirals (and HAART regimens) and a more advanced HIV disease, while no significant correlations emerged between the abnormalities of glucose metabolism and the use of each single anti-HIV compound.
T380 333991-334270 Sentence denotes After >12 months of gliclazide, metformin, or rosiglitazone therapy, a mean drop of mean glycemia of 27.2 (p < 0.02), 24.1 (p < 0.02), and 30.3 mg/ dL (p < 0.02) respectively, was observed versus baseline levels, in absence of significant difference among the three tested drugs.
T381 334271-334282 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T382 334283-334388 Sentence denotes A PI-based HAART may be related to a moderate, but non-negligible risk of hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia.
T383 334389-334521 Sentence denotes Oral hypoglycemizing drugs (either gliclazide, metformin, or rosiglitazone), proved equally effective in our preliminary experience.
T384 334522-334618 Sentence denotes Advanced, lethal acute myelogenous leukaemia during HIV disease favourably managed with HAART R.
T385 334619-334631 Sentence denotes Manfredi, S.
T386 334632-334645 Sentence denotes Sabbatani, F.
T387 334646-334680 Sentence denotes Chiodo (Bologna, IT) Introduction:
T388 334681-334778 Sentence denotes Extremely infrequent episodes of HIV-associated acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) were described.
T389 334779-334791 Sentence denotes Case report:
T390 334792-335042 Sentence denotes A 49-year-old HIV-infected patient (p) suddenly developed a dyshomogeneous isoechogenic tender left thyroideal mass associated with dysphagia, fever and the appearance of an AML-suggestive peripheral blood smear, concurrent with increased LDH levels.
T391 335043-335148 Sentence denotes HIV infection was controlled by an HAART regimen (viral replication suppressed; CD4+ count 653 cells/lL).
T392 335149-335208 Sentence denotes A thyroideal fine needle aspirate detected numerous blasts.
T393 335209-335286 Sentence denotes Bone marrow studies disclosed a 46 XY, inv (16)(p13q22) AML (12 methaphases).
T394 335287-335463 Sentence denotes The immunophenotypic analysis showed~75% of cells expressing monocyte receptors CD14, CD86, and myeloid markers CD13-CD33, leading to a diagnosis of acute M5 AML (FAB staging).
T395 335464-335520 Sentence denotes A CT scan disclosed multiple upper pulmonary metastases.
T396 335521-335669 Sentence denotes A 3/7-day cytarabine-daunorubicin course was delivered together with growth factors, bloodplatelet transfusion, antimicrobial prophylaxis and HAART.
T397 335670-335814 Sentence denotes A neutropenia-related S.haemolyticus-Corynebacterium JK febrile bacteremia occurred 3 weeks later and was controlled by antibiotics-antifungals.
T398 335815-335940 Sentence denotes A remarkable improvement of generallocal signs-symptoms paralleled the complete normalization of blood cell count in 3 weeks.
T399 335941-336083 Sentence denotes Ten weeks after chemotherapy a marrow aspirate confirmed disease remission so that a consolidation cytarabin-daunorubicin cycle was delivered.
T400 336084-336219 Sentence denotes Again, chemotherapy-associated leukopenia-thrombocytopenia were corrected and empiric levofloxacin-fluconazole avoided superinfections.
T401 336220-336495 Sentence denotes A remission was maintained during 10 months, when peripheral blood cell count recovered, HIV disease remained stable and a repeated marrow aspirate, karyotype study (30 metaphases) and immunophenotypic examination proved normal, although a chromosomal translocation remained.
T402 336496-336508 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T403 336509-336619 Sentence denotes Less than 40 cases of HIV-associated AML were described, the majority with a monocyte-myelomonocyte phenotype.
T404 336620-336709 Sentence denotes Type M5 AML represented <10% of cases and the outcome was strongly related to CD4+ count.
T405 336710-336956 Sentence denotes The advanced (FAB stage M5) and the initial, massive thyroid involvement of our p have no literature analogues to the best of our knowledge and should prompt differential diagnosis with intrinsic, opportunistic or neoplastic thyroideal disorders.
T406 336957-337222 Sentence denotes Besides the lack of consensus on AML prognostic factors in the general population and the absence of controlled trials to guide decision-making in the HIV setting, however an induction chemotherapy associated with HAART appears indicated in HIV-infected p with AML.
T407 337223-337236 Sentence denotes Introduction:
T408 337237-337593 Sentence denotes No controlled data are available about the longterm evolution of patients (p) on isolated dual nucleoside/ nucleotide analogue (NA) antiretroviral therapy, although this phenomenon still exists in daily clinical practice, notwithstanding that antiretroviral guidelines did not include these regimens since 1997 due to their demonstrated suboptimal potency.
T409 337594-337602 Sentence denotes Methods:
T410 337603-337699 Sentence denotes At our reference centre, p still on a dual NA treatment are nearly 15% of the 1041 treated ones.
T411 337700-337708 Sentence denotes Results:
T412 337709-337943 Sentence denotes Of 152 p on dual NA therapy since at least 12 months, the majority receive zidovudine-lamivudine (30.3%) followed by lamivudine-stavudine (27%), zidovudine-didanosine (21.7%), didanosine-stavudine (13.8%), lamivudine-tenofovir (5.9%).
T413 337944-338194 Sentence denotes The majority of these p (118 of 152:77.6%) never received an HAART regimen, while the remaining 34 p came from a triple therapy, usually refused after adverse events or intolerance and strongly denied the adjunct of another (''third'') anti-HIV drug.
T414 338195-338427 Sentence denotes During the last 12 months of observation, their viremia ranged from undetectable to 8.9 · 104 HIV-RNA copies/mL (mean 8.6 · 103 HIV-RNA copies/mL), with a CD4+ lymphocyte count ranging from 212 to 978 cells/lL (mean 413.9 cells/lL).
T415 338428-338546 Sentence denotes No clinical signs-symptoms of HIV disease progression became apparent during this prolonged, isolated dual NA therapy.
T416 338547-338558 Sentence denotes Discussion:
T417 338559-338765 Sentence denotes A stable HIV disease course under long-term isolated dual NA therapy is consistently observed nine years after the introduction of HAART regimens, based on at least three different antiretroviral compounds.
T418 338766-339346 Sentence denotes Should long-term nonprogressor p received a ''not-proper'' anti-HIV therapy in early nineties, or the proportionally low efficacy of dual isolated NA was sufficient to contain disease evolution and also resistance development, however the great majority of p who still receive this ''obsolete'' antiretroviral therapy do not have the requirements for introducing an HAART based on three different drugs, based on virological and immunological markers of the 2005 updated guidelines of antiretroviral therapy, so that they are prone to continue their ''out-of-thescheme'' regimens.
T419 339347-339596 Sentence denotes In absence of controlled trials, most of raised questions remain unanswered, and the long-term balance among HIV infection, immunologic-genetic background and the even suboptimal effect of two NA, probably does not require treatment intensification.
T420 339597-339738 Sentence denotes The two non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors: significantly different dysmetabolic profile between efavirenz and nevirapine R.
T421 339739-339751 Sentence denotes Manfredi, L.
T422 339752-339761 Sentence denotes Calza, F.
T423 339762-339782 Sentence denotes Chiodo (Bologna, IT)
T1 339783-339794 Sentence denotes Background:
T2 339795-339956 Sentence denotes Dysmetabolism is an emerging feature of treated HIV infection, but poor information exists about non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) use.
T3 339957-339965 Sentence denotes Methods:
T4 339966-340098 Sentence denotes Among 1018 patients (p) treated with HAART for >12 months, the metabolic pattern of NNRTI was assessed in three different scenarios.
T5 340099-340420 Sentence denotes The first one included p naïve to all drugs, starting a NNRTI-based regimen; the second one included a broad spectrum of p pre-treated with 2-10 therapeutic lines, but still NNRTI-naïve; the third group represented p who added for the first time a NNRTI while undergoing salvage regimens including >4 drugs, including PI.
T6 340421-340429 Sentence denotes Results:
T7 340430-340659 Sentence denotes 324 p treated with efavirenz (E) were compared with 299 p taking nevirapine (N) in our prospective observational survey lasting 6-24 months, by a multivariate analysis of serum lipid-glucose levels, and other metabolic anomalies.
T8 340660-340779 Sentence denotes Among the 183 p naïve to antiretrovirals, hypertriglyceridemia was more common (p < 0.001) in the E versus the N group.
T9 340780-341001 Sentence denotes When considering the 295 experienced p who introduced a NNRTI for the first time, the frequency of hypertriglyceridemia appeared greater in the E group (p < 0.0001), with early development in p on E versus N (p < 0.0001).
T10 341002-341236 Sentence denotes Also in the 145 p on a salvage HAART, the rate of hypertriglyceridemiahypercholesterolemia-hyperglycemia tested greater among p treated with E versus N (p < 0.02-p < 0.006), and the time to peak alterations was earlier in the E group.
T11 341237-341400 Sentence denotes Comparing the 324 p receiving E with the 299 p on N, the frequency of high triglyceride-cholesterol-glucose levels was greater in E-treated p (p < 0.0001-<0.0004).
T12 341401-341585 Sentence denotes Some grade of lipodystrophy was present in 207 pre-treated p, but some improvement occurred after NNRTI introduction in seven p only of the E group, versus with 25 p on N (p < 0.0006).
T13 341586-341669 Sentence denotes A prolonged follow-up shows that E may not resolve (or might prompt) dysmetabolism.
T14 341670-341736 Sentence denotes The two available NNRTI have a notably different toxicity profile.
T15 341737-341833 Sentence denotes The pathways of the different NNRTI dysmetabolic patterns deserve in-depth pathogenetic studies.
T16 341834-341886 Sentence denotes Opportunism related to a late, first AIDS diagnosis.
T17 341887-341943 Sentence denotes Paradoxical increasing frequency at the time of HAART R.
T18 341944-341956 Sentence denotes Manfredi, L.
T19 341957-341966 Sentence denotes Calza, F.
T20 341967-341987 Sentence denotes Chiodo (Bologna, IT)
T21 341988-341999 Sentence denotes Background:
T22 342000-342173 Sentence denotes Notwithstanding the availability of HAART, AIDS notifications continue to occur, with increasing prevalence for patients (p) who missed-neglected their underlying condition.
T23 342174-342182 Sentence denotes Methods:
T24 342183-342372 Sentence denotes All AIDS cases notified since the year 2001 were compared with those found in the decade preceding HAART availability (1986) (1987) (1988) (1989) (1990) (1991) (1992) (1993) (1994) (1995) .
T25 342373-342381 Sentence denotes Results:
T26 342382-342730 Sentence denotes Compared with the pre-HAART era, the drop of frequency of overall AIDS cases occurred: from a mean 58.3 ± 11.2 p-year in the decade 1986-1995, to 17.1 ± 7.2 p-year from 2001 (p < 0.001), together with an increased mean age (p < 0.003), female gender (p < 0.02), sexual versus i.v. transmission (p < 0.001), and proportion of immigrant p (p < 0.03).
T27 342731-342968 Sentence denotes In the HAART era, the most evident drop of frequency interested opportunistic diseases linked to a CD4+ lymphocyte count <50-100 cells/lL, while a proportional rise of tuberculosis, pneumonia, lymphomas, and other neoplasms was observed.
T28 342969-343083 Sentence denotes Both Candida esophagitis and P.cariniii pneumonia remained steadily the first two notified AIDSrelated conditions.
T29 343084-343203 Sentence denotes After HAART availability, the following diagnoses were neurotoxoplasmosis, wasting syndrome, and AIDS-dementia complex.
T30 343204-343487 Sentence denotes P with multiple AIDS-defining diseases, and also AIDS diagnoses made at death, even showed a paradoxically increased frequency and absolute number during the HAART era versus the prior decade (p < 0.001 and <0.02), while no difference was found as to HIV-associated immunodeficiency.
T31 343488-343722 Sentence denotes Surprisingly, an underlying anti-HIV therapy was a more common event until 1995, versus the HAART era (p < 0.001), since during recent years AIDS notification tends to be increasingly associated with the first HIV infection diagnosis.
T32 343723-343735 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T33 343736-343879 Sentence denotes When facing p with suspected opportunism, clinicians should maintain an elevated suspect for an advanced (but missed or untreated) HIV disease.
T34 343880-344073 Sentence denotes A continued attention will help a more rapid recognition and an appropriate management of p who did not benefit from HAART, since they remained unaware of (or removed) their underlying disease.
T35 344074-344085 Sentence denotes Background:
T36 344086-344240 Sentence denotes Immigration is a recent phenomenon in Italy, caused by the sudden arrival of waves of foreign citizens, refugees, and individuals escaping from civil war.
T37 344241-344337 Sentence denotes This phenomenon is of great concern due to its socio-economic, cultural, and health care impact.
T38 344338-344346 Sentence denotes Methods:
T39 344347-344681 Sentence denotes A prospective survey of all charts of patients (p) hospitalized or followed on day-hospital (DH) basis at our Infectious Disease ward until end-2004, allowed us to assess the frequency of admission of immigrants from extra-Western Europe (eWE), and to analyze multiple variables related to their epidemiological and clinical features.
T40 344682-344690 Sentence denotes Results:
T41 344691-344821 Sentence denotes The rate of p immigrated from eWE showed a significant increase among our inp, and at a lesser extent and later for DH admissions:
T42 344822-344824 Sentence denotes 7.
T43 344825-345002 Sentence denotes 7% and 3.1% during year 2000, 10.1% and 4.6% in 2001, 13.2% and 6.2% in 2002, 17.9% and 7.9% in 2003, up to 21.3% and 8.9% in 2004 (p < 0 .0001 for inp; p < 0.008 for the DH p).
T44 345003-345083 Sentence denotes Around 60% of p came from Africa, followed by Eastern Europe, Asia, and America.
T45 345084-345405 Sentence denotes When comparing the admission features of WE citizens with those of p coming from abroad, no differences were found as to duration-intensity of assistance, with HIV disease prevailing among regular admissions (37.2%), and DH access (39.1%), followed by acutechronic hepatitis, CNS and respiratory tract infection, and STD.
T46 345406-345453 Sentence denotes HIV-infected immigrants were frequently (>62%).
T47 345454-345523 Sentence denotes AIDS presenters, and <5% of these p were already on anti-HIV therapy.
T48 345524-345802 Sentence denotes While the frequency of HIV-associated admissions did not show differences in the considered six-year period, p from eWE had an increasing frequency of tuberculosis, skin-soft tissue infection, exanthems, gastroenteric-parasitic diseases, and malaria (from p < 0.05, to <0.0001).
T49 345803-345815 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T50 345816-346050 Sentence denotes An informed screening and a continued monitoring of this phenomenon are strongly warranted, to improve a sustainable social-cultural network, to plan health resource allocation, and to define adequate and targeted prevention measures.
T51 346051-346167 Sentence denotes Management of hyperlipidaemia related to antiretroviral therapy with the novel statin rosuvastatin: a pilot study R.
T52 346168-346180 Sentence denotes Manfredi, L.
T53 346181-346190 Sentence denotes Calza, F.
T54 346191-346223 Sentence denotes Chiodo (Bologna, IT) Background:
T55 346224-346522 Sentence denotes A hypolipidemic drug therapy becomes recommended in HIV-infected patients (p) when HAARTassociated hyperlipidemia is severe or tends to persist for a long time, although the selection of single compounds is often difficult, because of potential drug-drug interactions, including anti-HIV compounds.
T56 346523-346531 Sentence denotes Methods:
T57 346532-346860 Sentence denotes Aim of our prospective open study is to assess efficacy and safety of a novel potent statin (rosuvastatin, at 10 mg/day) in the therapy of HIV-infected p treated with HAART, who had an elevated hypercholesterolemia lasting for six or more months, not responsive to a hypolipidemic diet and an anequate physical exercise program.
T58 346861-346908 Sentence denotes An interim analysis was planned after 24 weeks.
T59 346909-346917 Sentence denotes Results:
T60 346918-347000 Sentence denotes Seventeen p have been enrolled, and were followed for at least 24 weeks until now.
T61 347001-347215 Sentence denotes At the end of this observation period, a mean reduction of serum triglyceride levels of 21.7% (range 14.6-30.4%), and 30.1% for cholesterol (range 18.5-35.4% was achieved, compared with baseline values; p < 00.01).
T62 347216-347409 Sentence denotes A significant drop of mean LDL cholesterol levels was also obtained ( -22.4% versus baseline; range 15.8-34.9%), as well as an increase of HDL cholesterol (+28.5%; range 17.6-372%) (p < 00.01).
T63 347410-347421 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T64 347422-347779 Sentence denotes In comparative clinical studies, the novel potent statin rosuvastatin demonstrated a hylipidemic activity significantly greater compared with that of atorvastatin, simvastatin or pravastatin, associated with more contained risks of pharmacological interactions with all molecules metabolized by the liver cytochrome P450 (including HIV protease inhibitors).
T65 347780-348157 Sentence denotes In our preliminary experience, rosuvastatin proved effective in the management of HAARTrelated mixed dyslipidemia, with a spectrum of favourable activity extended to LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, in absence of untoward clinical and/or laboratory adverse events. (2), or a tertiary lues (one p), all recognized before HIV infection, which was diagnosed during their follow-up.
T66 348158-348296 Sentence denotes In the same period (2003) (2004) (2005) , 19 further cases of syphilis were found in p who were already aware of their HIV seropositivity.
T67 348297-348419 Sentence denotes Considering the preceding 1999-2002 period, all the 46 p had lues diagosed together with a known HIV disease (p < 0.0001).
T68 348420-348871 Sentence denotes Comparing the 46 episodes diagnosed in 1999-2002 with the 25 cases occurred since 2005, a significantly increased frequency (p < 0.04), an increased HIV sexual transmission (p < 0.0001) and a decreased of mean p's age (p < 0.0001) were observed and this last figure is in countertendency compared with the known increase of mean age of HIV-infected p, therefore underlying that HIV-lues co-infection tends to occur in proportionally younger life ages.
T69 348872-349159 Sentence denotes No significant differences among the two study groups emerged as to p's gender, immigration, use of HAART and specific combinations, adherence levels, HIV disease stage, further concurrent diseases (chronic hepatitis and opportunism) and the virological-immunological HIV disease course.
T70 349160-349376 Sentence denotes A typical syphilis presentations (including meningoencephalitis and acute-subacute hepatitis,) characterized even 8 of 26 cases (30.8%) diagnosed in the 2003-2005 period, making its prompt recognition more difficult.
T71 349377-349388 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T72 349389-349640 Sentence denotes Health care workers engaged in the management of HIV and STD should maintain an elevated clinical suspicion since a missed/delayed diagnosis of syphilis and HIV may be responsible for disease progression and increased sexual spread of both infections.
T73 349641-349799 Sentence denotes Educational campaigns need a careful re-appraisal including preventive messages targeted on the population who still remains at risk of acquiring STD and HIV.
T74 349800-349811 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T75 349812-350049 Sentence denotes The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in a cohort of patients with HIV infection, and to assess the possible correlation with demographic variables and the selected antiretroviral association.
T76 350050-350058 Sentence denotes Methods:
T77 350059-350189 Sentence denotes Patients were enrolled among adult subjects with HIV infection referring to our tertiary care outpatient centre of Bologna, Italy.
T78 350190-350319 Sentence denotes Bone mineral density was measured in lumbar spine and femoral proximal head by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) technique.
T79 350320-350328 Sentence denotes Results:
T80 350329-350416 Sentence denotes A total of 95 HIV-infected patients (45 males and 50 females), were enrolled until now:
T81 350417-350716 Sentence denotes 12 subjects were naïve to antiretroviral therapy, 18 received three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), 28 were treated with two NRTIs plus one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), and the remaining 37 patients received two NRTIs plus one protease inhibitor (PI).
T82 350717-350930 Sentence denotes The overall prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis according to lumbar T-score was 37.9% and 9.5% respectively, and osteoporosis was significantly more frequent in males than in females (20% versus 0%; <0.001).
T83 350931-351190 Sentence denotes The mean value of lumbar T-score was significantly lower in PI-treated patients ()1.32 ± 0.48) than in antiretroviral-naïve subjects ()0.62 ± 0.24), or in those receiving three NRTIs ()0.68 ± 0.34), or a NNRTI-based anti-HIV regimen ()0.86 ± 0.44) (p < 0.05).
T84 351191-351203 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T85 351204-351438 Sentence denotes The alterations of bone metabolism associated with HIV infection have probably a multifactorial pathogenesis, but according to our experience bone mass loss seems to be significantly prompted by the male gender and a PI-based therapy.
T86 351439-351688 Sentence denotes Prospective studies conducted in more extensive patient series are certainly needed, to better understand the epidemiology, the clinical features, the ethiopathogenesis, and the outcome of bone metabolism abnormalities associated with HIV infection.
T87 351689-351700 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T88 351701-351869 Sentence denotes To analyze the origin countries, the diagnosed diseases, the immuno-virological characteristics and the HIVsubtypes in 78 seropositive individuals Patients and methods:
T89 351870-352024 Sentence denotes We developed a data base for analysing a group of 78 HIV + immigrants attended as in-patients during the last 5 years (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) .
T90 352025-352152 Sentence denotes HIV subtyping was performed by phylogenetic analysis of the proteasa and retrotranscriptase genes in 55 (70%) plasma specimens.
T91 352153-352193 Sentence denotes Statistical study was done by SPSS 11.0.
T92 352194-352202 Sentence denotes Results:
T93 352203-352249 Sentence denotes Nationality could be evaluated in 72 subjects:
T94 352250-352489 Sentence denotes Forty one (57%) were from sub-Saharian Africa (30 Equatorial Guinea, 6 Nigeria, 3 Camerun), 19 (26.4%) from South America (7 Ecuador, 3 Brasil, 3 Peru, 3 Colombia), 8 (11.1%) from another European countries, 2 from Asia and 2 from Marocco.
T95 352490-352614 Sentence denotes Forty (51.3%) had been infected by heterosexual contact and HIV was diagnosed at the hospitalisation time in 35 cases (45%).
T96 352615-352767 Sentence denotes More frequent diagnosed diseases were tuberculosis in 16 subjects (20.5%), candidiasis in 19 (24.4%), pneumonia in 15 (24.4%) and malaria in 17 (21.8%).
T97 352768-352924 Sentence denotes Positive antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) was detected in 12 patients (15.4%), to hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 5 (6.4%) and 6 had active syphilis (7.7%).
T98 352925-352966 Sentence denotes Mean CD4+ cells was 261 cells per mm3 (r:
T99 352967-353019 Sentence denotes 3-1176) and mean viral load was 118000 copies/ml (r:
T100 353020-353031 Sentence denotes 50-500000).
T101 353032-353101 Sentence denotes Subtype B was recognized in 26 patients and none of them was African.
T102 353102-353195 Sentence denotes HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants were recognized in 29 (53%) out of the 55 subtyped specimens:
T103 353196-353344 Sentence denotes 2A, 2C, 2D, 16G, 5GA, 1JG and 1GK recombinants.Therefore, clade G and AG recombinants were the most frquent variants (55,2% and 17,2% respectively).
T104 353345-353446 Sentence denotes Moreover, intersubtype recombinants at the pol gene appeared in 24% of cases carrying non-B subtypes.
T105 353447-353567 Sentence denotes All non-B strains infected Africans but in contrast, South Americans and Europeans carried uniformly subtype-B variants.
T106 353568-353643 Sentence denotes There was not relationship between HIV-subtype and clinical manifestations.
T107 353644-353656 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T108 353657-353795 Sentence denotes A relatively high proportion of HIV-1 non-B variants, mostly carrying clade G sequences, caused HIV-1 infection in the studied population.
T109 353796-353996 Sentence denotes Regardless the subtype, a great number of subjects had acquired HIV infection through heterosexual contacts, did not know the HIV infection, had an elevated viral load and developed seriously illness.
T110 353997-354203 Sentence denotes Epidemiological implications, plasma viremia quantification, susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs and clinical implications of the presence of those variants in this collective need to be further studied.
T111 354204-354214 Sentence denotes Objective:
T112 354215-354421 Sentence denotes Immigrants with HIV infection are an emergent health problem in our country and our objective was to analyse their epidemiological, clinical and immunovirological characteristics when they are hospitalised.
T113 354422-354443 Sentence denotes Patients and methods:
T114 354444-354581 Sentence denotes We reviewed the clinical history of 78 non-Spanish HIV patients hospitalised during the last 5 years (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) .
T115 354582-354647 Sentence denotes A data base was developed and only the first episode was studied.
T116 354648-354773 Sentence denotes HIV subtype was performed by pathogenetic analysis of the proteasa and retrotranscriptase genes in 55 (70%) plasma specimens.
T117 354774-354814 Sentence denotes Statistical study was done by SPSS 11.0.
T118 354815-354823 Sentence denotes Results:
T119 354824-354871 Sentence denotes The 78 patients represented 3,9% of admissions.
T120 354872-354984 Sentence denotes After this first episode, 23 patients had another hospitalisations and the number was ranged from 1 to 16 (mean:
T121 354985-355005 Sentence denotes 2 episodes/ person).
T122 355006-355052 Sentence denotes Nationality could be evaluated in 72 patients:
T123 355053-355266 Sentence denotes Forty one (57%) were from sub-Saharian Africa (mainly Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria), 19 (26.4%) from South America (mainly Ecuador), 8 (11.1%) from another European countries, 2 were from Asia and 2 from Marocco.
T124 355267-355294 Sentence denotes Mean age was 39.5 years (r:
T125 355295-355380 Sentence denotes 20-66), 55 (70.5%) were men and 40 (51.3%) had been infected by heterosexual contact.
T126 355381-355484 Sentence denotes HIV was diagnosed at the hospitalisation time in 35 cases (45%) and only 22 (28%) were receiving HAART.
T127 355485-355613 Sentence denotes Forty patients (51.2%) were seriously ill, 38 (48.7%) had CD4+ cells less than 200 per mm 3 and 18 (23%) less than 50 per mm 3 .
T128 355614-355687 Sentence denotes Relationship between immunodepression and origin countries was not found.
T129 355688-355752 Sentence denotes HIVsubtype B was isolated in 26 patients (47.2%), none Africans.
T130 355753-355834 Sentence denotes Twenty-nine people (52.8%) were non-B subtype, mainly G (16 cases, all Africans).
T131 355835-356042 Sentence denotes The more frequent diagnosed diseases were: tuberculosis (mainly disseminated) in 16 subjects (20.5%), oral and/or oro-esophagical candidiasis in 19 (24.4%), pneumonia in 15 (24.4%) and malaria in 17 (21,8%).
T132 356043-356165 Sentence denotes There were not relationship between diagnosed diseases and origin countries apart from malaria only diagnosed in Africans.
T133 356166-356278 Sentence denotes Sixtyeight patients (87.2%) were discharged without any problem and nearly 50% of them were diagnosed as CDC C3.
T134 356279-356327 Sentence denotes Mean diseases diagnosed each patient was 2.6 (r:
T135 356328-356365 Sentence denotes 1-9) and only 3 subjects passed away.
T136 356366-356378 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T137 356379-356504 Sentence denotes Most HIV-infected immigrants attended in our hospital were from Africa and South America and non-B subtypes were predominant.
T138 356505-356615 Sentence denotes They acquired the infection through heterosexual contacts and nearly 50% did not know that they were infected.
T139 356616-356691 Sentence denotes They were very immunodepressed and with AIDS defining illness at admission.
T140 356692-356843 Sentence denotes Poor response to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in HIV-infected patients with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and concurrent opportunistic infections P.
T141 356844-356855 Sentence denotes Werarak, S.
T142 356856-356870 Sentence denotes Ratanasiri, S.
T143 356871-356888 Sentence denotes Sungkanuparph, S.
T144 356889-356918 Sentence denotes Kiertiburanakul (Bangkok, TH)
T145 356919-356930 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T146 356931-357072 Sentence denotes Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) remains a common opportunistic infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
T147 357073-357156 Sentence denotes Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the most effective drug for treating PCP.
T148 357157-357239 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, some patients have poor responses from the treatment with this drug.
T149 357240-357342 Sentence denotes We aim to study the contributing factors of poor response to TMP-SMX in HIVinfected patients with PCP.
T150 357343-357351 Sentence denotes Methods:
T151 357352-357528 Sentence denotes We retrospectively reviewed medical and laboratory records of adult HIV-infected patients who were diagnosed PCP and received TMP-SMX as the first regimen during 1999 and 2004.
T152 357529-357711 Sentence denotes Poor response defined as pulse rate >100 /min, blood pressure <90/60 mmHg, respiratory rate >20 /min, and needed oxygen therapy or oxygen saturation <90% on the 5th day of treatment.
T153 357712-357720 Sentence denotes Results:
T154 357721-357781 Sentence denotes A total of 168 HIV-infected patients with PCP were reviewed.
T155 357782-357849 Sentence denotes Eighty-five patients (51%) were men and mean age was 36 ± 11 years.
T156 357850-357906 Sentence denotes Median CD4 cell count was 29 (range, 0-190) cells/mm 3 .
T157 357907-358054 Sentence denotes Of these, 14 patients (8.3%) and had received antiretroviral therapy and 14 patients (8.3%) had received PCP prophylaxis before they developed PCP.
T158 358055-358095 Sentence denotes Steroids was given in approximately 90%.
T159 358096-358151 Sentence denotes Of 168 patients, 77 patients (45.8%) had poor response.
T160 358152-358377 Sentence denotes Among 91 patients with good response, there were 12 patients who had concurrent opportunistic infection(s) whereas 47 from 77 patients with poor response had concurrent opportunistic infection(s) (13.2% vs 61.0%, p < 0.0001).
T161 358378-358583 Sentence denotes The most common concurrent opportunistic infection were pulmonary tuberculosis (27 patients), cryptococcal meningitis (8), bacterial sepsis (6), Salmonella infection (5), and cytomegaloviral pneumonia (5).
T162 358584-358742 Sentence denotes Patients who had poor response had a longer median length of stay than those who had good response [8 (range, 1-68) days vs 5 (range, 2-22) days, p < 0.0001].
T163 358743-358798 Sentence denotes The overall mortality rate was 26.8% (45/168 patients).
T164 358799-358853 Sentence denotes All patients who died were in the poor response group.
T165 358854-358990 Sentence denotes Patients with concurrent opportunistic infection(s) also had higher mortality rate than patients with PCP alone (42% vs 18%, p = 0.001).
T166 358991-359002 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T167 359003-359152 Sentence denotes There is a high rate of concurrent opportunistic infection(s) among HIV-infected patients with PCP especially those who had poor response to TMP-SMX.
T168 359153-359198 Sentence denotes It conveys high mortality and morbidity rate.
T169 359199-359320 Sentence denotes Early recognition of concurrent infection(s) in patients presented with PCP and appropriate therapy are essential issues.
T170 359321-359410 Sentence denotes Impact of occult HBV infection in HIV patients naïve for anti-retroviral therapy Results:
T171 359411-359577 Sentence denotes Of the 86 patients having a follow-up, plasma HBV DNA was detected in 17 cases (19.8%) by PCR: in 13 patients at the first observation and in 4 only during follow-up.
T172 359578-359722 Sentence denotes HBV-DNA positivity was more frequently found in patients with antibody to HBV (14 of 45, 31.1%) than in those without (3 of 41, 8.8%, p < 0.01).
T173 359723-359937 Sentence denotes Twenty-eight patients (32.5%) experienced a hepatic flare during the follow-up; this event occurred more frequently in the 17 patients showing HBV-DNA than in those 69 HBV-DNA negative (64.7% vs. 24.6%, p < 0.005).
T174 359938-360241 Sentence denotes Of the 13 patients HBV-DNA positive at the first observation, 11 were treated with HAART containing lamivudine and became HBV-DNA negative during the follow-up: of these 11, four turned HBV-DNA positive and showed a hepatic flare during lamivudine treatment, and two after lamivudine was discontinuated.
T175 360242-360420 Sentence denotes We hypothesize that VPAC2-stimulation generates a signalling pathway that targets a specific stage or stages of the HIV-1 life cycle that Results: in the inhibition of infection.
T176 360421-360515 Sentence denotes Methods: HIV-1IIIB was used to infect Jurkat cells and helodermin was used to stimulate VPAC2.
T177 360516-360607 Sentence denotes Total phosphotyrosine (pTyr)-containing proteins was assessed using Western immunoblotting.
T178 360608-360696 Sentence denotes A Malachite green assay was used to measure protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity.
T179 360697-360759 Sentence denotes Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect viral cDNA.
T180 360760-360840 Sentence denotes 2-LTR circles were examined using nested PCR of U3 and U5 regions of viral cDNA.
T181 360841-360949 Sentence denotes Proviral integration analysis used nested PCR based on the HIV-1 LTR region and Alu repeats of the host DNA.
T182 360950-361073 Sentence denotes PCR products were cut with HinfI and hybridized to a radioactive LTR probe to identify a single fragment of predicted size.
T183 361074-361214 Sentence denotes A pseudoenvelope-typed virus where the nef gene is replaced by a luciferase (luc) gene was used to measure the level of HIV-1 transcription.
T184 361215-361223 Sentence denotes Results:
T185 361224-361320 Sentence denotes Western blot indicated that VPAC2 agonists decrease the basal level of pTyr-containing proteins.
T186 361321-361391 Sentence denotes This observation was supported by showing an increase in PTP activity.
T187 361392-361496 Sentence denotes The PTP activation was transient and inversely proportional to the inhibitory effect on HIV-1 infection.
T188 361497-361629 Sentence denotes To sustain the inhibitory effect, cells required daily treatments with VPAC2 agonists and this resulted in sustained PTP activation.
T189 361630-361896 Sentence denotes VPAC2 agonists did not affect HIV-1 entry or reverse transcription of viral RNA; however, transcription of the integrated HIV-1 was significantly inhibited for VPAC2 agonist treated cells and 2-LTR circle formation and proviral integration were profoundly inhibited.
T190 361897-362006 Sentence denotes Conclusion: VPAC2 agonists are strong inhibitors of HIV-1 infection by interfering with proviral integration.
T191 362007-362109 Sentence denotes This inhibitory effect correlates with the generation of a signal that results in activation of a PTP.
T192 362110-362174 Sentence denotes Activation of this PTP has no effect on formation of viral cDNA.
T193 362175-362244 Sentence denotes Instead, it may halt the integration of HIV-1 cDNA into the host DNA.
T194 362245-362497 Sentence denotes Further studies to elucidate the exact signalling pathway and target responsible for the block in the ability of HIV-1 provirus to integrate may provide insight into the pathogenesis of the virus as well as lead to novel future treatments for HIV/AIDS.
T195 362498-362804 Sentence denotes Dramatic changes in survival and death rates after AIDS through the evolution of antiretroviral therapy, Paris According to these data, calendar period was divided into 4 periods: monotherapy (1994) (1995) , transition dual therapy- HAART (1996 ), early HAART (1997 -1999 , late HAART (2000 -October 2002 .
T196 362805-362900 Sentence denotes A Cox regression in which calendar period was modelled as a time-dependent covariate, was used.
T197 362901-363051 Sentence denotes HR of progression to death during a given period was compared with the calendar period of reference (monotherapy) adjusting for confounding variables.
T198 363052-363182 Sentence denotes Cox regressions stratified by age, transmission category, CD4 cell count, and initial AIDS defining illness (es) (ADIs) were used.
T199 363183-363191 Sentence denotes Results:
T200 363192-363232 Sentence denotes 4158 PWA contributed 7690 years at risk.
T201 363233-363399 Sentence denotes The mortality rate (per 100 patients years) declined from 57.9 (monotherapy), to 38.8 (transition dual therapy-HAART), 23.7 (early HAART) and 7.1 (late HAART period).
T202 363400-363490 Sentence denotes Adjusted HR of progression to death reached a minimum in the late HAART period (HR 0.22, .
T203 363491-363577 Sentence denotes No difference in the decrease of the HR of progression to death has been found by age.
T204 363578-363726 Sentence denotes HR decreased and was marked during the late HAART period across all HIV transmission categories, including intravenous drug users (0.23, 0.15-0.35).
T205 363727-363984 Sentence denotes Among PWA diagnosed with tuberculosis, the HR decreased significantly only in the late HAART period (0.34, 0.19-0.63), while it decreased earlier and stronger for all other ADIs, also for progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy, HIV dementia and tumours.
T206 363985-364135 Sentence denotes Since HAART introduction the decrease of HR was stronger for PWA with a CD4 cell count £200/mm 3 compared with those with a CD4 cell count >200/mm 3 .
T207 364136-364148 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T208 364149-364299 Sentence denotes Survival has continued to increase since the Introduction: of HAART but was however heterogeneous according CD4 cell count at AIDS diagnosis and ADIs.
T209 364300-364437 Sentence denotes Our study suggests that cardiovascular diseases and the risk of emergence of HIV resistance has not affected mortality until 2002 in PWA.
T210 364438-364523 Sentence denotes Only two strains were mecA positive (1.2%) and no PVL positive strains were detected.
T211 364524-364722 Sentence denotes The population structure of S. aureus strains isolated from HIV patients appeared to be strongly overlapping with that of S. aureus isolates from healthy individuals from the same geographic region.
T212 364723-364846 Sentence denotes Conclusions: HIV patients have an increased risk of persistent nasal carriage of S. aureus compared to healthy individuals.
T213 364847-365034 Sentence denotes Male sex (+), smoking ()), PCP prophylaxis ()) and the use of antiretroviral therapy ()) are independent determinants of persistent S. aureus nasal carriage in this cohort of HIVpatients.
T214 365035-365123 Sentence denotes No PVL positive strains were found to be circulating and the prevalence of MRSA was low.
T215 365124-365192 Sentence denotes No unique S. aureus clones specific for this cohort were identified.
T216 365193-365296 Sentence denotes Pulmonary hypertension among HIV positive subjects: findings from the Latium Regional Registry Methods:
T217 365297-365574 Sentence denotes The Latium Regional Registry of PH in HIV infected patients was created in April, 2004 with the aim to collect all cases of PH (according to WHO classification) occurring among the population of adult HIV-positive patients cared for in the Latium IDU, i.e. about 5000 subjects.
T218 365575-365770 Sentence denotes All patients with mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) of more than 25 mmHg at rest, or more than 30 mmHg with exercise, assessed by transthoracic echocardiography, were included in the registry.
T219 365771-365981 Sentence denotes For each patient the following data were ascertained: demographics, CDC classification, HIV risk factors, HIV RNA, CD4, signs and symptoms, NYHA class, antiretroviral and cardiovascular treatment, ECG findings.
T220 365982-365990 Sentence denotes Results:
T221 365991-366076 Sentence denotes Upto October, 2005, a total of 33 cases of PH in HIV positive patients were recorded.
T222 366077-366327 Sentence denotes Of these, 26 presented with signs and symptoms suggestive for PH; the remaining 7 were found to have raised PAP value during an echocardiographic screening of 300 HIV-positive patients without cardiovascular sign or symptoms, performed in one centre.
T223 366328-366386 Sentence denotes Males were 22 (66%); mean age was 43 years (range, 31-56).
T224 366387-366448 Sentence denotes Seven of them (21%) had HIV-related PH (0.12 · 100 subjects).
T225 366449-366673 Sentence denotes According to CDC classification, 4 patients (12 %) were in class A, 17 (51%) in class B and 12 (36%) in class C; mean CD4 cells count was 327/mm 3 (range, 43-783); median HIV RNA was 1714 copies/ mL (range, <50 to >500.000).
T226 366674-366765 Sentence denotes Nineteen (58%), 12 (36%), and 2 (6%) patients were in NYHA class A, B, and C, respectively.
T227 366766-366852 Sentence denotes Mean PAP was 39 and 45 mmHg among asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, respectively.
T228 366853-366907 Sentence denotes Two of the 33 patients died during one-year follow up.
T229 366908-366920 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T230 366921-367121 Sentence denotes New and effective antiretroviral drugs have decreased the mortality of HIV infection; however, emerging syndromes, including cardiopulmonary involvement, represent a concern for HIV infected patients.
T231 367122-367306 Sentence denotes We found that the prevalence of PH among the population of HIV infected patients is not negligible; moreover, PH can occur in patients with CD4 cells count higher than 200 cells/mm 3 .
T232 367307-367468 Sentence denotes As early diagnosis of PH can lead to a beneficial treatment, clinicians should be aware of the risk of cardiopulmonary involvement at any phase of HIV infection.
T233 367469-367675 Sentence denotes Proteinuria in tenofovir-exposed and nonexposed patients: audit of screening processes within a United Kingdom HIV cohort Associations between variables were statistically tested using non-parametric tests.
T234 367676-367811 Sentence denotes Proteinuria was defined as ‡10 mg/dl of urinary protein detected by dipstick urine test on at least 1 occasion during the audit period.
T235 367812-367820 Sentence denotes Results:
T236 367821-367913 Sentence denotes Of 164 case-notes reviewed, 100 (61%, 95% CI 53% to 68%) had at least 1 urinalysis recorded.
T237 367914-368035 Sentence denotes Of these, 61% (95% CI 51% to 71%) had one, 29% (95% CI 20% to 39%) had two and 10% (95% CI 5% to 18%) had three recorded.
T238 368036-368121 Sentence denotes Of the 100 patients with at least 1 urinalysis, 84% were male and 77% were Caucasian.
T239 368122-368193 Sentence denotes The mean CD4 count was 414 cells/ml; 22% had a CD4 count <200 cells/ml.
T240 368194-368238 Sentence denotes 73% had a HIV viral load <400 HIV copies/ml.
T241 368239-368284 Sentence denotes Proteinuria was found in 20% of all patients.
T242 368285-368403 Sentence denotes Proteinuria was detected more frequently in patients currently taking tenofovir (56% versus 17%; c2 = 5.33, P = 0.02).
T243 368404-368748 Sentence denotes The frequency of urinalysis between currently tenofovir exposed and non-exposed individuals did not account for this finding (% having one urinalysis performed in tenofovir exposed and non exposed groups, respectively = 13 (50%) and 44 (67%), two urinalyses = 8 (31%) and 18 (27%) and three urinalyses = 5 (19%) and 4 (6%); c2 = 4.22, P = 0.1).
T244 368749-368877 Sentence denotes Length of tenofovir use and the length of all HAART use in those on tenofovir was not significantly associated with proteinuria.
T245 368878-368923 Sentence denotes No cases of renal impairment were identified.
T246 368924-368935 Sentence denotes Discussion:
T247 368936-368996 Sentence denotes The audit shows that urinalysis was sub-optimally performed.
T248 368997-369040 Sentence denotes Proteinuria was a frequent finding overall.
T249 369041-369100 Sentence denotes As expected, tenofovir use was associated with proteinuria.
T250 369101-369256 Sentence denotes This, and the recognised adverse effects of this commonly used antiretroviral, emphasises the importance of auditing this standard of care in HIV practice.
T251 369257-369324 Sentence denotes A meta-analysis of the frequency of side effects for HAART drugs S.
T252 369325-369339 Sentence denotes Andreassen, L.
T253 369340-369349 Sentence denotes Vidal, U.
T254 369350-369387 Sentence denotes Pielmeier (Aalborg, DK; Tel Aviv, IL)
T255 369388-369399 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T256 369400-369609 Sentence denotes The Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), comprising a combination of one to three drugs, causes severe side effects lowering the patient's life quality and threatening the continuation of the therapy.
T257 369610-369826 Sentence denotes The determination of the frequency of side effects for each HAART drug enables us to predict the effects of a HAART combination as a whole and to trace a specific side effect back to the drug most likely to cause it.
T258 369827-369835 Sentence denotes Methods:
T259 369836-370032 Sentence denotes A Meta analysis of side effects, reported in clinical trials of HAART, was conducted, including as sources the NIH web site, controlled clinical trials and branches and manufacturer's disclosures.
T260 370033-370179 Sentence denotes It was assumed that the frequency of a given side effect for a given HAART combination is the sum of frequencies for each drug in the combination.
T261 370180-370422 Sentence denotes This allows us to formulate the determination of the frequencies of side effects as a regression problem, where the regression coefficients are the frequencies of side effects per drug and the dependent variables are the observed frequencies.
T262 370423-370516 Sentence denotes The linear regression coefficients and their confidence intervals were determined using SPSS.
T263 370517-370525 Sentence denotes Results:
T264 370526-370651 Sentence denotes A total of 112 entries (24022 patients) were included, yielding information on 27 individual HAART drugs and 38 side effects.
T265 370652-370733 Sentence denotes Controlled trials with several branches were represented by one entry per branch.
T266 370734-370964 Sentence denotes On average, 48 entries report on a given side effect, ranging from 6 entries on kidney stone to 106 entries on increased alanine transaminase, although for some entries side effects with zero frequency may not have been mentioned.
T267 370965-371097 Sentence denotes The reported frequency of side effects ranged from 0.08% (osteopenia) to 24.1% (diarrhoea), on average 5.5% for a given side effect.
T268 371098-371182 Sentence denotes For example, 70 entries report on severe vomiting with an average frequency of 7.1%.
T269 371183-371377 Sentence denotes Out of the 25 HAART drugs in these entries, 5 drugs had significant (p < 0.05) frequencies of severe vomiting (abacavir 26%, amprenavir 20.9%, lamivudine )3.8%, indinavir 5.3%, ritonavir 13.4%).
T270 371378-371587 Sentence denotes The negative frequency for lamivudine may be due to a true reduction of vomiting, or it could be due to a breakdown of the assumption of additivity of the frequencies, i.e. due to interaction with other drugs.
T271 371588-371656 Sentence denotes The model fit for severe vomiting is satisfactory (R square = 0.77).
T272 371657-371668 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T273 371669-371902 Sentence denotes Meta analysis of published clinical trials can give some indication of the frequencies by which HAART drugs cause side effects, but limitations in the data do not allow frequencies for all side effects to be determined for all drugs.
T274 371903-371913 Sentence denotes Objective:
T275 371914-372048 Sentence denotes To analyse a cohort of HIV-infected children contamined via mother-to -child transmission at the time of their transfer to adult care.
T276 372049-372056 Sentence denotes Method:
T277 372057-372153 Sentence denotes Retrospective study of all children followed in Nice since the discovery of their HIV-infection.
T278 372154-372452 Sentence denotes The following variables were analysed: demographic characteristics, immuno-virological data (CD4 T-cell count, viral load, resistance tests), clinical status (stage, lipodystrophy) and psycho-social aspects (treatment adherence, education, psychological and behavioural assessment, family context).
T279 372453-372461 Sentence denotes Results:
T280 372462-372600 Sentence denotes Of the 96 children infected at birth followed on a regular basis in a paediatrics department between 1985 and 2004, 33 died before age 18.
T281 372601-372699 Sentence denotes Eighteen became adults in 2004 and have since been followed in the infectious diseases department.
T282 372700-372801 Sentence denotes Mean age is 19.4 ± 1.9(15-24) years with known duration of HIV infection of 19.1 ± 1.6 (14-22) years.
T283 372802-372899 Sentence denotes Median value of most recent CD4 T-cell count was 454(4-1251) with 33,8% >500 and 27.7%<200/mm 3 .
T284 372900-373000 Sentence denotes Viral load was 3.1 log ± 1.3 (1.3-5.7) and above detection limit (200 copies/ml) in 79% of patients.
T285 373001-373124 Sentence denotes Only one child had never received antiretroviral treatment, 66.6% had received at least 5 different treatment combinations.
T286 373125-373297 Sentence denotes Regarding current treatment, 11.8% never took protease inhibitors, 11.8% received a combination including a fusion inhibitor and at least one PI and 2 nucleoside analogues.
T287 373298-373338 Sentence denotes Six children were CDC stage A, 3 B, 9 C.
T288 373339-373379 Sentence denotes Sixteen displayed severe lipodystrophie.
T289 373380-373505 Sentence denotes Most patients had major treatment compliance difficulties which may explain the high prevalence rate of resistance mutations.
T290 373506-373615 Sentence denotes Only one child passed the final school certificate, none lived with both parents, and 13 were mother orphans.
T291 373616-373627 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T292 373628-373729 Sentence denotes This cross-sectional retrospective study illustrates the difficulties in managing these young adults.
T293 373730-373907 Sentence denotes The frequent virological failures appear multifactorial (treatment adherence difficulties, psychological and behavioural disorders related to adolescence and family disruption).
T294 373908-374106 Sentence denotes Optimal use of antiretroviral combinations accompanied by psychological support for the children and their families could improve these patients' future which presently appears severely compromised.
T295 374107-374118 Sentence denotes Background:
T296 374119-374205 Sentence denotes Blood exposure incidents pose a risk both for healthcare workers and in public health.
T297 374206-374350 Sentence denotes Despite several guidelines (national and international), counsellors often differ in opinion with regard to the risks caused by these incidents.
T298 374351-374525 Sentence denotes Little is known about the influence of the counsellor's background, profession and medical training on the proposed treatment and the related costs for the healthcare system.
T299 374526-374536 Sentence denotes Objective:
T300 374537-374629 Sentence denotes To study the influence of counsellors profession, on assessment of blood exposure incidents.
T301 374630-374639 Sentence denotes Subjects:
T302 374640-374879 Sentence denotes Subjects included infectious disease specialists (IDS) and forensic specialists (FS) from public health departments and medical microbiologists (MM), occupational health practitioners (OHP) and aids specialists (AS) from hospital settings.
T303 374880-374887 Sentence denotes Method:
T304 374888-375161 Sentence denotes Surveys were sent to five different kinds of counsellors in the Netherlands asking questions about assessing different kind of blood exposure incidents as well as prophylaxis and treatment they would consider adequate to prevent transmission of these blood borne pathogens.
T305 375162-375311 Sentence denotes Indications for administration of immunoglobulins and post exposition prophylaxis, the testing of sources and time limits for action were questioned.
T306 375312-375401 Sentence denotes Questions were ranked for Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV risks.
T307 375402-375410 Sentence denotes Results:
T308 375411-375486 Sentence denotes Of the 488 surveys sent, 184 were returned and 171 were taken into account.
T309 375487-375778 Sentence denotes In the HBV risk counselling OHP and MM in general showed a more aggressive way for treatment. (p = 0.026) In HCV risk counselling in general IDS and AS were more aggressive (p = 0.001) while in HIV counselling AS were far more aggressive in their treatment than the other groups (p < 0.001).
T310 375779-375857 Sentence denotes For seven of the total of twelve questions these differences were significant.
T311 375858-375870 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T312 375871-375955 Sentence denotes Different groups of counsellors assess similar blood exposure incidents differently.
T313 375956-376011 Sentence denotes Differences are shown for all three blood born viruses.
T314 376012-376382 Sentence denotes These differences can influence the risk of transmission of blood born viruses, the costs of the healthcare system as well as the care and information given to patients.Although the prevalence of blood born viruses in the Netherlands is relatively low, a national agreement on a protocol with regard to counselling and treatment of blood exposure incidents is essential.
T315 376383-376394 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T316 376395-376513 Sentence denotes Aciclovir (ACV) is a safe and effective drug for managing infections with herpes simplex and Varicella-Zoster viruses.
T317 376514-376650 Sentence denotes Approximately 85% of a dose is excreted in the urine unchanged and the remainder as the metabolite 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine (CMMG).
T318 376651-376769 Sentence denotes CMMG may be the cause of ACV neurotoxicity, and a recent study correlated serum CMMG concentrations with CNS symptoms.
T319 376770-376847 Sentence denotes It is not known whether symptoms also correlate with CSF CMMG concentrations.
T320 376848-376976 Sentence denotes We describe a simple HPLC assay that appears suitable for monitoring serum and CSF CMMG levels, and for pharmacokinetic studies.
T321 376977-377054 Sentence denotes Monitoring may indicate action needed to prevent the development of toxicity.
T322 377055-377063 Sentence denotes Methods:
T323 377064-377131 Sentence denotes Chromatography was performed on a 5 lC-18 100 · 4.6 mm HPLC column.
T324 377132-377222 Sentence denotes The mobile phase was 1% octane sulphonic and 1% ortho-phosphoric acids pumped at 1 mL/min.
T325 377223-377338 Sentence denotes Samples were mixed with equal volumes of 7% perchloric acid, left for 5 min then centrifuged at 12,000 g for 5 min.
T326 377339-377377 Sentence denotes 20 mL of the supernatant was injected.
T327 377378-377475 Sentence denotes CMMG was detected by UV absorbance at 255 nm and quantified by reference to an external standard.
T328 377476-377560 Sentence denotes For identification and characterisation it was also measured at 214, 234 and 300 nm.
T329 377561-377618 Sentence denotes Data were analysed by a chromatography management system.
T330 377619-377627 Sentence denotes Results:
T331 377628-377698 Sentence denotes The retention time (RT) of CMMG was approximately 12 min (ACV 15 min).
T332 377699-377853 Sentence denotes The assay was reproducible (at 2.5 mg/ L intra-assay CV = 0.5%, inter-assay CV = 1.4%) and linear (range 0.25-20 mg/L), with an accuracy of between 4-13%.
T333 377854-377915 Sentence denotes Recovery from serum was approximately 95% and from CSF > 99%.
T334 377916-378015 Sentence denotes In both fluids the limits of detection and quantification were 0.1 mg/L and 0.25 mg/L respectively.
T335 378016-378114 Sentence denotes RT, height to area ratio, and ratios of heights at different wavelengths identified peaks as CMMG.
T336 378115-378200 Sentence denotes No interference was seen with clinical samples containing other antimicrobial agents.
T337 378201-378332 Sentence denotes In serum from patients receiving ACV, CMMG was detected at levels from 0.23 to 3.4 mg/L, which were between 3-87% of the ACV level.
T338 378333-378454 Sentence denotes In 7 sample pairs, the ratio of CMMG to ACV was lower post-dose than pre-dose in 3 cases, higher in 2 and unchanged in 2.
T339 378455-378466 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T340 378467-378581 Sentence denotes This assay is suitable for monitoring CMMG levels and for conducting pharmacokinetic studies in biological fluids.
T341 378582-378643 Sentence denotes In some clinical samples CMMG levels approached those of ACV.
T342 378644-378733 Sentence denotes The rate of conversion appears to be variable and in some cases CMMG levels rose rapidly.
T343 378734-378892 Sentence denotes It may be possible to identify a subset of patients or clinical conditions where CMMG monitoring is indicated, particularly among patients with renal failure.
T344 378893-378903 Sentence denotes Objective:
T345 378904-379050 Sentence denotes To investigate the occurrence of HBsAg reactivity on the ARCHITECTÒ i2000SR and on the AxSYMÒ instrument short-term after Hepatitis B vaccination.
T346 379051-379059 Sentence denotes Methods:
T347 379060-379238 Sentence denotes Serum samples of 43 patients, neither HBV vaccinated nor with any personal HBV history, were collected on day 1 and day 8 after a first HBV (ENGERIXTM 20 lg/ 1.0 ml) vaccination.
T348 379239-379411 Sentence denotes All 43 samples were tested for presence of HBsAg on the ARCHITECT Ò i2000SR with the ARCHITECT Ò HBsAg test kit, and on the AxSYM Ò instrument with the HBsAg (V2) test kit.
T349 379412-379509 Sentence denotes Verification of HBsAg positive results was done with the ARCHITECT Ò HBsAg Confirmatory test kit.
T350 379510-379617 Sentence denotes Finally a complete HBV status of all 43 patients was investigated 4 months after the first HBV vaccination.
T351 379618-379626 Sentence denotes Results:
T352 379627-379888 Sentence denotes When clinical specimens of 43 patients were tested on day 1 after first HBV vaccination, 9.3% of all sera tested with the ARCHITECT Ò HBsAg test kit, and 2.32% of all sera tested with the HBsAg (V2) on the AxSYM Ò instrument were found to be positive for HBsAg.
T353 379889-379982 Sentence denotes All 4 HBsAg positive results were confirmed with the ARCHITECT Ò HBsAg Confirmatory test kit.
T354 379983-380146 Sentence denotes On day 8 after first vaccination all 43 sera were reinvestigated with both assays and 1 sample was still found to be positive for HBsAg on the ARCHITECT Ò i2000SR.
T355 380147-380321 Sentence denotes The final HBV status, investigated 4 months after the first vaccination, showed negative HBsAg results in all specimens, and an increase in protective HBV surface antibodies.
T356 380322-380333 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T357 380334-380486 Sentence denotes Both, the ARCHITECT Ò HBsAg test kit and the HBsAg (V2) on the AxSYM Ò instrument are known to be sensitive methods to detect HBsAg in clinical samples.
T358 380487-380678 Sentence denotes Follow up of 43 clinical serum samples showed a transient HBsAg reactivity in 4 samples on the ARCHITECT Ò i2000SR, and in 1 sample on the AxSYM Ò instrument short-term after HBV vaccination.
T359 380679-380804 Sentence denotes The possible occurrence of HBsAg short-term after HBV vaccination is an important fact for the routine diagnostic laboratory.
T360 380805-380816 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T361 380817-380908 Sentence denotes Develop a panel of human anti-rubella immunoassays on a high throughput automated platform.
T362 380909-381118 Sentence denotes The ARCHITECT Rubella IgG assay is intended to be used for the quantitative measurement of IgG antibodies to rubella virus in human sera or plasma to aid in the determination of immune status to rubella virus.
T363 381119-381320 Sentence denotes The ARCHITECT Rubella IgM assay is intended to be used for the qualitative measurement of IgM antibodies to rubella virus in human serum or plasma to aid in the diagnosis of primary or acute infection.
T364 381321-381329 Sentence denotes Methods:
T365 381330-381522 Sentence denotes The prototype rubella assays for the ARCHITECT instrument are two-step immunoassays utilizing rubella whole virus coated paramagnetic microparticles for the capture of anti-rubella antibodies.
T366 381523-381636 Sentence denotes An acridinium labelled monoclonal antibody conjugate directed against human IgG or IgM is utilized for detection.
T367 381637-381932 Sentence denotes Samples from pregnant women, blood donors, hospital patients, IgG/IgM screened negative samples, known rubella IgM positive samples, vaccine serial bleeds and seroconversion panels have been tested on the new ARCHITECT Rubella assays in comparison to the Abbott AxSYM Rubella IgG and IgM assays.
T368 381933-382047 Sentence denotes Discrepant samples were tested on 1 additional Rubella IgG or IgM on-market assay and resolved with the consensus.
T369 382048-382056 Sentence denotes Results:
T370 382057-382238 Sentence denotes The ARCHITECT Rubella IgG shows a resolved relative sensitivity of 99.89% and a resolved relative specificity of 100% compared to AxSYM on the population described above (N = 1198).
T371 382239-382426 Sentence denotes The ARCHITECT Rubella IgM assay shows a resolved relative sensitivity of 98.08% and a resolved relative specificity of 100% compared to AxSYM on the population described above (N = 1059).
T372 382427-382585 Sentence denotes The seroconversion sensitivity of the ARCHITECT Rubella IgG and IgM assays were equivalent and better than the AxSYM Rubella IgG and IgM assays, respectively.
T373 382586-382770 Sentence denotes The ARCHITECT Rubella IgG and IgM assays exhibited equivalent or greater sensitivity than the AxSYM Rubella IgG and IgM assays on serial bleeds as well as before and after vaccination.
T374 382771-382782 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T375 382783-382918 Sentence denotes The performance of the 2 new ARCHITECT Rubella IgG and IgM assays is better than or equivalent to the AxSYM Rubella IgG and IgM assays.
T376 382919-382930 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T377 382931-383052 Sentence denotes Preliminary evaluation of a panel of human anti-Cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoassays on the automated ARCHITECT instrument.
T378 383053-383061 Sentence denotes Methods:
T379 383062-383245 Sentence denotes The three CMV assays for the ARCHITECT instrument are two-step immunoassays utilizing CMV virus lysate coated paramagnetic microparticles for the capture of human anti-CMV antibodies.
T380 383246-383384 Sentence denotes The CMV IgM assay contains both viral lysate and the recombinant protein CKS-pp150, pp 52 (UL32, UL44) coated onto paramagnetic particles.
T381 383385-383513 Sentence denotes An acridinium-labelled monoclonal antibody directed against human IgG or IgM was utilized for human anti-CMV antibody detection.
T382 383514-383720 Sentence denotes Samples from pregnant women, blood donors, hospital patients, transplant recipients and seroconversion panels were tested on the new ARCHITECT CMV assays in comparison to best in class on-market CMV assays.
T383 383721-383832 Sentence denotes The performance of the ARCHITECT CMV IgG and IgM assays was compared to the Abbott AxSYM CMV IgG or IgM assays.
T384 383833-383953 Sentence denotes Samples with discrepant results were tested on two additional CMV IgG or CMV IgM assays and resolved with the consensus.
T385 383954-384097 Sentence denotes The performance of the ARCHITECT CMV IgG avidity assay was evaluated by comparison to the Radim CMV IgG Avidity assay and clinical information.
T386 384098-384106 Sentence denotes Results:
T387 384107-384301 Sentence denotes The ARCHITECT CMV IgG assay has a resolved relative sensitivity of 100% and a resolved relative specificity of 99.5% when compared to AxSYM CMV IgG on a population as described above (n = 1154).
T388 384302-384446 Sentence denotes The seroconversion sensitivity of the ARCHITECT CMV IgG and IgM assays was equivalent or better than all reference CMV IgG or IgM assays tested.
T389 384447-384547 Sentence denotes The resolved specificity of the CMV IgM assay was 99.2% on blood donors and 98.7% on pregnant women.
T390 384548-384706 Sentence denotes The ARCHITECT CMV IgG avidity assay using ''AVIcomp'' technology displayed 99.6% clinical specificity on CMV immune blood donors and pregnant women (n = 256).
T391 384707-384846 Sentence denotes The clinical sensitivity of the avidity assay was 97% on 23 seroconversion panels with 72 bleeds drawn within 4 months post-seroconversion.
T392 384847-384966 Sentence denotes The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the ARCHITECT CMV IgG avidity were superior to the reference avidity assay.
T393 384967-384978 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T394 384979-385092 Sentence denotes The performance of the three new ARCHITECT CMV immunoassays is better than or equivalent to the reference assays.
T395 385093-385201 Sentence denotes Epitope specific IgG response to Epstein-Barr virus capsid protein p18 among different age groups Objective:
T396 385202-385422 Sentence denotes Determination of IgG avidity against viral capsid antigen (VCA) frequently have been used for the diagnosis of acute Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and for estimation of seroconversion age in epidemiological studies.
T397 385423-385517 Sentence denotes Recombinant protein or synthetic peptides with different size often used as diagnostic target.
T398 385518-385764 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to compare IgG response to antigenic epitopes: AE1 -located on position 1-119 aa (expressed as GST fusion protein) and AE2 located on position 124-153 (modelled by synthetic peptide) of VCA p18 among different age group.
T399 385765-385787 Sentence denotes Materials and methods:
T400 385788-386017 Sentence denotes A total of 93 serum samples from adult (normal blood donors) and 166 serum samples from children (age range 0-17-years old) were analysed by commercially available anti-EBV-VCA IgG enzyme immunoassay (Diagnostic Systems, Russia).
T401 386018-386141 Sentence denotes All EBV-VCA IgG positive samples were additionally tested for presence of IgG specific to AE1 and AE2 regions individually.
T402 386142-386227 Sentence denotes The determination of IgG avidity was performed with 8 M urea as a dissociative agent.
T403 386228-386471 Sentence denotes Serum samples were divided for 7 groups: less 4 months old, n = 43(1), 4 months to 1 year old, n = 18 (2), 1-2 years old, n = 12(3), 3-5 years old, n = 24(4), 5-9 years old, n = 26(5), 10-13 years old, n = 20(6) and 14-17 years old, n = 43(7).
T404 386472-386480 Sentence denotes Results:
T405 386481-386679 Sentence denotes Epitope-specific distribution of anti-VCA-IgG activity was significant different in term of both IgG level (for groups 1, 4-7 and adults) and IgG avidity (for groups 1, 3, 4 and adults) ( Table 1) .
T1 386680-386691 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T2 386692-386834 Sentence denotes Specific IgG response to different antigenic epitopes located on VCA p18 of EBV differs in IgG level and IgG avidity among various age groups.
T3 386835-387093 Sentence denotes Our results strongly indicated that selection of antigenic epitopes (or nature of diagnostic target) for the routine avidity determination of anti VCA IgG may be a critical point in the design of the EIA protocols for both clinical and epidemiological study.
T4 387094-387105 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T5 387106-387217 Sentence denotes Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a pathogenic human flavivirus endemic in some parts of Europe and Asia.
T6 387218-387291 Sentence denotes Detection of specific antibody is a base for diagnosis of TBEV-infection.
T7 387292-387421 Sentence denotes Recent studies have shown the necessity of further improvement of existing TBEV-tests regarding both sensitivity and specificity.
T8 387422-387559 Sentence denotes Majority manufactures used cultural antigens (virion or purified protein) producing from Central European type of TBEV (Naidorff strain).
T9 387560-387768 Sentence denotes The common problems of this approach are: (1) insufficient purity of antigen; (2) problem with recognition of other TBEV-types (Sibirean and Far-East); (3) possible cross reactivity with another flaviviruses.
T10 387769-387895 Sentence denotes In this study we investigated antigenic properties of new recombinant protein corresponding to domain III of TBEV IgE protein.
T11 387896-388023 Sentence denotes Domain III is highly antigenic, consists primarily of linear epitopes and have high degree of homology among all types of TBEV.
T12 388024-388032 Sentence denotes Methods:
T13 388033-388151 Sentence denotes Recombinant polypeptide comprising 296-414 aa region of TBEV IgE-protein was produced in E. coli as GSTfusion protein.
T14 388152-388290 Sentence denotes Assay conditions for the detection of anti-TBEV-IgG were optimised to reduce the possibility of false positive and false negative results.
T15 388291-388513 Sentence denotes Two groups of sera have been used to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of the test: serum samples from TBEV-infected individuals collected in European part of Russia (n = 78) and sera from normal blood donors (n = 109).
T16 388514-388608 Sentence denotes All specimens were previously tested for IgG anti-TBEV activity by commercially available EIA.
T17 388609-388617 Sentence denotes Results:
T18 388618-388705 Sentence denotes All sera from TBEV-infected patients were positive in EIA with new recombinant protein.
T19 388706-388818 Sentence denotes The average of signal to cutoff ratio was 24, 5.108 out 109 samples from normal blood donors sera were negative.
T20 388819-388886 Sentence denotes Assay sensitivity was calculated at 100%, assay specificity -99.1%.
T21 388887-388899 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T22 388900-389100 Sentence denotes The recombinant protein derived from C-term of IgE TBEV used in this study demonstrated significant potential as diagnostic reagent in EIA for the detection of specific IgG to TBEV in serum specimens.
T23 389101-389112 Sentence denotes Background:
T24 389113-389229 Sentence denotes The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpes virus 4 (HHV4) that infects and establishes latency in B-lymphocytes.
T25 389230-389315 Sentence denotes Primary infection leads to a life-long past infection which is normally asymptomatic.
T26 389316-389466 Sentence denotes EBV expresses a number of genes, however, Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) p72 is the only viral protein which characterizes EBV past-infection.
T27 389467-389477 Sentence denotes Objective:
T28 389478-389749 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic relevance of new artificial protein composed of 2 antigenic epitopes of the EBV EBNA1 and to develop and evaluate a screening enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of anti-EBNA1 IgG activity to EBV in serum specimens.
T29 389750-389772 Sentence denotes Materials and methods:
T30 389773-389870 Sentence denotes Two potential antigenic epitopes of EBNA1 protein have been predicted by bioinformatics analysis.
T31 389871-390094 Sentence denotes Mosaic of two antigenic domains from the protein p72 (1-98 aa) and (408-498 aa) of HHV4 was expressed in E. coli as hybrid proteins with Glutathione S-transferase to develop an assay for the detection anti-EBNA1 antibodies.
T32 390095-390198 Sentence denotes Assay conditions were optimised to reduce the possibility of false positive and false negative results.
T33 390199-390379 Sentence denotes The new IgG-EIA was evaluated using serum specimens obtained from EBV PCR positive patients (n = 51), HIV-infected individuals (n = 72) and from normal blood donors (BD) (n = 504).
T34 390380-390531 Sentence denotes All PCR positive specimens were additionally tested for IgG anti-EBNA1 activity by commercially available EIA based on full-length EBV nuclear antigen.
T35 390532-390599 Sentence denotes The specificity was estimated on the EBV negative samples (n = 23).
T36 390600-390608 Sentence denotes Results:
T37 390609-390743 Sentence denotes The EBV past-infection for PCR positive patients was confirmed by the detection of high avidity IgG to EBV Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA).
T38 390744-390829 Sentence denotes All of the 51 EBV PCR positive patients had IgG antibodies to EBNA1 on the novel EIA.
T39 390830-390885 Sentence denotes Concordance with commercially available EIA was 98.03%.
T40 390886-390970 Sentence denotes The frequency of IgG antibodies to EBNA1 in all investigated groups were as follows:
T41 390971-391063 Sentence denotes 92.21% for health blood donors, 95.39% for HIV-infected individuals and 90.23% for children.
T42 391064-391107 Sentence denotes Specificity of the assay was around 95.63%.
T43 391108-391119 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T44 391120-391270 Sentence denotes Recombinant protein comprising theoretically predicted antigenic epitopes of EBNA1 protein demonstrated a significant potential as diagnostic reagent.
T45 391271-391514 Sentence denotes The new EIA is highly specific diagnostic assay for the detection of anti-EBNA1 IgG HHV4 activity in serum specimens and in combination with VCA IgG and IgM may be useful tool for routine diagnosis of acute EBV infections or EBV immune status.
T46 391515-391638 Sentence denotes Rapid detection of rotavirus in children: comparison of Vikia rota-adeno and Diarlex MB, two immunochromatographic tests H.
T47 391639-391651 Sentence denotes Crehalet, F.
T48 391652-391668 Sentence denotes Vandenesch, A.M.
T49 391669-391689 Sentence denotes Freydiere (Lyon, FR)
T50 391690-391698 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T51 391699-391772 Sentence denotes The purpose of this study was to compare two immunochromatographic tests:
T52 391773-391951 Sentence denotes Vikia Rota Adeno (bioMérieux, France) and Diarlex MB, with centrifugation (Orion Diagnostica), used in rotavirus detection in the case of gastroenteritis episodes in paediatrics.
T53 391952-391960 Sentence denotes Methods:
T54 391961-392000 Sentence denotes 189 stool samples in total were tested:
T55 392001-392122 Sentence denotes 116 frozen stools (-20°C) studied retrospectively and 73 fresh stools studied prospectively (December 2004 -August 2005 .
T56 392123-392317 Sentence denotes Of the frozen stools, 50 were selected as containing bacteria or yeasts responsible for diarrhoea and 45 were selected as containing rotavirus using the laboratory's routine method (Diarlex MB).
T57 392318-392523 Sentence denotes For all the stools, the rapid tests were performed on the same day under the same conditions at Hô pital Debrousse and the reference method IDEIA rotavirus (Dako) was performed in blind mode by bioMérieux.
T58 392524-392532 Sentence denotes Results:
T59 392533-392662 Sentence denotes On the frozen stools, Vikia produced the same results as the reference method and Diarlex MB produced two false negative results.
T60 392663-392831 Sentence denotes On the fresh stools, Vikia produced two noninterpretable results and two false negatives, and Diarlex MB produced two non-interpretable results and two false negatives.
T61 392832-392974 Sentence denotes For three frozen stools, Vikia posed methodological problems associated with the migration on the strip which were resolved in a second assay.
T62 392975-393080 Sentence denotes On the 50 frozen stools containing bacteria or yeasts, no cross-reaction was detected with the two tests.
T63 393081-393198 Sentence denotes For the 189 stools, the reference method, Vikia, and Diarlex MB detected 81, 79 and 76 stools positive for rotavirus.
T64 393199-393409 Sentence denotes The sensitivity and specificity values, positive predictive value and negative predictive value are 97.5; 100; 100 and 98.2% for the Vikia test and 95; 100; 100; and 96.4% for the Diarlex MB test, respectively.
T65 393410-393549 Sentence denotes No statistically significant difference was observed either between the two tests themselves or between the tests and the reference method.
T66 393550-393561 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T67 393562-393652 Sentence denotes Equal in terms of performance, the Vikia test offers a simpler and more rapid methodology.
T68 393653-393724 Sentence denotes Evaluation of rubella IGG and IGM assays on the new vidia instrument L.
T69 393725-393743 Sentence denotes Grangeot-Keros, C.
T70 393744-393773 Sentence denotes Vauloup-Fellous (Clamart, FR)
T71 393774-393784 Sentence denotes Objective:
T72 393785-393977 Sentence denotes The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the new VIDIA Rubella IgG and IgM assays on the fully automated VIDIA instrument, easy to use with a high level of traceability.
T73 393978-393987 Sentence denotes Material:
T74 393988-394234 Sentence denotes Sensitivity and specificity of the VIDIA RUB IgG (bioMérieux, France) were evaluated on 680 serum samples in comparison with VIDAS Rub IgG (bioMérieux, France), AXSYM Rubella IgG (Abbott, USA) and ACCESS Rubella IgG (Beckman Coulter, USA) assays.
T75 394235-394428 Sentence denotes The performance of VIDIA Rub IgM (bioMérieux, France) was also evaluated in comparison to AXSYM Rubella IgM (Abbott, USA) and Platelia Rubella IgM TMB (BioRad, USA) assays on 401 serum samples.
T76 394429-394546 Sentence denotes Discrepancies were resolved considering patients' clinical data, when available, as well as with complementary tests:
T77 394547-394621 Sentence denotes Western Blot for IgG discrepancies and Avidity test for IgM discrepancies.
T78 394622-394630 Sentence denotes Results:
T79 394631-394643 Sentence denotes Sensitivity:
T80 394644-394703 Sentence denotes For VIDIA Rub IgG, sensitivity was 100% for 2 of 3 methods.
T81 394704-394872 Sentence denotes For VIDIA RUB IgM, the relative sensitivity was 90.17% compared to Axsym Rubella IgM, but after resolution of discrepancies, the absolute sensitivity was close to 100%.
T82 394873-394950 Sentence denotes In comparison with Platelia Rubella IgM, the relative sensitivity was 89.39%.
T83 394951-395056 Sentence denotes Taking into account clinical information and Avidity results, the absolute sensitivity was close to 100%.
T84 395057-395069 Sentence denotes Specificity:
T85 395070-395136 Sentence denotes For VIDIA Rub IgG, the specificity has been established at 99.17%.
T86 395137-395252 Sentence denotes In fact, 2 samples positive with VIDIA and negative with the compared methods, were found positive by Western Blot.
T87 395253-395319 Sentence denotes Taking this into account, the absolute sensitivity was found 100%.
T88 395320-395477 Sentence denotes The relative specificity of VIDIA Rub IgM determined in comparison with Axsym Rubella IgM and Platelia Rubella IgM assays was respectively 96.98% and 97.83%.
T89 395478-395560 Sentence denotes After the resolution of discrepancies, the absolute specificity was close to 100%.
T90 395561-395572 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T91 395573-395678 Sentence denotes The two evaluated assays, VIDIA Rub IgG and VIDIA Rub IgM, show an excellent sensitivity and specificity.
T92 395679-395772 Sentence denotes RNA extraction from respiratory samples using the NucliSens easyMAG system P. van Deursen, A.
T93 395773-395797 Sentence denotes Verhoeven, P. de Bie, M.
T94 395798-395817 Sentence denotes Jacobs (Boxtel, NL)
T95 395818-395828 Sentence denotes Objective:
T96 395829-395935 Sentence denotes An enhancement was made to the RNA extraction procedure for sputum and BAL samples using DNAse I activity.
T97 395936-396139 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to measure the efficacy of the new RNA extraction procedure for the recovery of RNA from respiratory samples in combination with the NucliSens easyMAG system (bioMérieux).
T98 396140-396148 Sentence denotes Methods:
T99 396149-396220 Sentence denotes In total, 40 samples (30 sputum and 10 BAL) were included in the study.
T100 396221-396305 Sentence denotes Samples were treated with proteinase K and DNAse I, in order to liquefy the samples.
T101 396306-396389 Sentence denotes Next treated samples were extracted with the NucliSens easyMAG system (bioMérieux).
T102 396390-396478 Sentence denotes The efficiency of the extraction procedure was measured by spiking internal control RNA.
T103 396479-396566 Sentence denotes In addition, RSV was spiked at a concentration of 300 TCID/100 ll to 10 sputum samples.
T104 396567-396769 Sentence denotes Extracted samples were analysed with real time NASBA using NucliSens EasyQ Ò RSV A + B assay (bioMérieux), NucliSens EasyQ Ò Mycoplasma pneumoniae assay (bioMérieux) for 10 and 30 samples, respectively.
T105 396770-396843 Sentence denotes Results: RSV was detected in 10/10 (100%) of the samples spiked with RSV.
T106 396844-396948 Sentence denotes Inhibition (no detection of the internal control RNA) was measured in 1/40 (2.5%) of the samples tested.
T107 396949-396961 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T108 396962-397129 Sentence denotes In this study, RSV RNA and Internal control RNA were efficient detected from respiratory samples with the enhanced RNA extraction procedure that uses DNAse I activity.
T109 397130-397311 Sentence denotes The use of this procedure might increase the sensitivity for the detection of viral and bacterial RNA in respiratory samples, however this remains to be tested in follow up studies.
T110 397312-397440 Sentence denotes Evaluation of automated sample processing using the MagNA Pure LC instrument for use with the COBAS AMPLICOR HCV (ver 2) test S.
T111 397441-397454 Sentence denotes Palladino, I.
T112 397455-397470 Sentence denotes Kay (Perth, AU)
T113 397471-397482 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T114 397483-397696 Sentence denotes Determine the limit of detection, linearity, reproducibility and correlation between clinical results of the COBAS AMPLICOR HCV test v2.0 (CA HCV) using the MagNA Pure LC (MPLC) for automated specimen preparation.
T115 397697-397705 Sentence denotes Methods:
T116 397706-397829 Sentence denotes A range of analytical standards and clinical specimens were used to determine each of the evaluation parameters as follows:
T117 397830-397984 Sentence denotes Limit of detection and linearity 16 replicates of a 7 member dilution panel of the WHO 2nd International Standard HCV RNA covering the range 0-1000 IU/mL.
T118 397985-398179 Sentence denotes Reproducibility 80 replicates of HCV 100 IU/mL WHO 2nd International Standard HCV RNA.Concordance Split sample analyses of 100 clinical specimens tested using both methods of sample preparation.
T119 398180-398399 Sentence denotes Sample preparation was performed using the Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit (Roche Diagnostics Australia) on the automated MPLC (Roche Diagnostics Australia) platform according to a modified in-house validated protocol.
T120 398400-398580 Sentence denotes Nucleic acid from the 100 clinical samples was also extracted in duplicate using the COBAS AMPLICOR HCV test v2.0 (Roche Diagnostics Australia) manual sample preparation protocols.
T121 398581-398783 Sentence denotes Testing for HCV was performed using the COBAS AMPLICOR HCV test v2.0 (Roche Diagnostics Australia) on the Roche COBAS Amplicor (Roche Diagnostics Australia) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
T122 398784-398792 Sentence denotes Results:
T123 398793-398892 Sentence denotes The performance criteria for the CA HCV assay following sample preparation by MPLC were determined.
T124 398893-399159 Sentence denotes Preliminary results to date demonstrate that the linearity across the range of HCV RNA levels tested (0-1000 IU/mL) is acceptable and that the lower limit of detection is comparable to the manufacturer's claimed sensitivity for manually processed samples (50 IU/mL).
T125 399160-399287 Sentence denotes For the 100 clinical specimens tested using both methods of specimen preparation, results were concordant for 99/100 specimens.
T126 399288-399489 Sentence denotes After resolution of the discordant results the sensitivity and specificity of CA HCV following MPLC specimen preparation were 99.0% and 100%, respectively, when compared to manual specimen preparation.
T127 399490-399502 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T128 399503-399602 Sentence denotes The MPLC instrument is a suitable front end platform for use with the COBAS AMPLICOR HCV test v2.0.
T129 399603-399763 Sentence denotes The modified protocol using the Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit on the MPLC resulted in a reliable and labour-saving method for the extraction of nucleic acid.
T130 399764-399888 Sentence denotes The performance of CA HCV PCR testing on samples processed on the MPLC was comparable to that on samples processed manually.
T131 399889-399900 Sentence denotes Background:
T132 399901-400046 Sentence denotes Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important pathogen capable of establishing lifelong persistent infections, which normally remain asymptomatic.
T133 400047-400174 Sentence denotes Previous studies indicated that sequence variation among CMV strains frequently occurs even in highly conserved genes' regions.
T134 400175-400256 Sentence denotes Genetic variation of functionally important genes may complicate CMV diagnostics.
T135 400257-400267 Sentence denotes Objective:
T136 400268-400393 Sentence denotes The purpose of this work was designing primers and probes for simultaneously Real-Time PCR diagnostics and genotyping of CMV.
T137 400394-400416 Sentence denotes Materials and methods:
T138 400417-400546 Sentence denotes In this study 527 serum samples obtained from pregnant women and 3 samples from children with CMV congenital infection were used.
T139 400547-400647 Sentence denotes Virus DNA was extracted by using the MagNA Pure DNA purification kit (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA).
T140 400648-400845 Sentence denotes 4 sets of primers directed to IE2, gN, gO and gB CMV genes and 10 sets of probes for Real-Time detection with LidhtCycler instrument (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA) have been designed and evaluated.
T141 400846-400976 Sentence denotes Genotyping was being carried out by sequencing analysis on ABI 3100 Avant Genetic Analyzer instrument (ABI, Foster City, CA, USA).
T142 400977-401212 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences was conducted with Clastal X, the Tamura-Nei substitution model, Grow tree based on Neighbour-Joining tree building method, and Maximum Parsimony method implemented in MEGA 3.0 package.
T143 401213-401221 Sentence denotes Results:
T144 401222-401447 Sentence denotes The Real-Time PCR analysis with IE2 gene detected CMV activity in 72 isolates among 527 analyzed samples The PCR tests with previously described primers to gN, gO and gB genes revealed 7, 1 and 2 positive samples accordingly.
T145 401448-401543 Sentence denotes The PCR test sensitivity was defined with quantitative CMV control (ABI, Foster City, CA, USA).
T146 401544-401608 Sentence denotes The sensitivity of PCR test on IE2 gene was 20 copies per 50 ll.
T147 401609-401737 Sentence denotes The phylogenetic analysis of IE2 region sequences demonstrated that this region could be successfully used for virus genotyping.
T148 401738-401949 Sentence denotes The Real-Time FRET test divided all analyzed samples into two groups, those that had a melting peak like laboratory strain Davies and those that had a melting peak like Towne and AD169 laboratory adapted strain.
T149 401950-402064 Sentence denotes Two pairs of specific hybridisation probe covering two mutations inside IE2 gene's region were used to confirm it.
T150 402065-402076 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T151 402077-402249 Sentence denotes Nested PCR with primers to IE2 gene incorporated with Real-Time FRET analyse described here, provides a sensitive and specific assay for detecting CMV in clinical isolates.
T152 402250-402374 Sentence denotes The IE2 gene can serve as a target for simultaneously detecting and genotyping of CMV using the Real-Time PCR opportunities.
T153 402375-402508 Sentence denotes Detection of human papilloma virus (Type 16, 18) in pathological sample from patients with cervical cancer by PCR and RFLP methods P.
T154 402509-402523 Sentence denotes Maleknejad, S.
T155 402524-402546 Sentence denotes Shahsavan (Tehran, IR)
T156 402547-402558 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T157 402559-402662 Sentence denotes Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV is the most frequent sexually transmitted disease world wide.
T158 402663-402745 Sentence denotes HPV types 16, 18, 31 and 33 are considered as important causes of cervical cancer.
T159 402746-402875 Sentence denotes This study was carried out to detect HPV types 16 and 18 among 64 pathologic blocks from patients with cervical cancer in Tehran.
T160 402876-402884 Sentence denotes Methods:
T161 402885-403240 Sentence denotes Primers HP6133 F 5¢-TGG ATT ATA AAC AAA CAC A-3¢, HP6133 R 5¢-GTG GTA TCT ACC ACA GTA ACA-3¢, HP168 F for types 6, 11, 31 and 33 and 5¢-GAA TAT GAT TTR CAG TTT ATT TT-3¢, HP168 R 5¢-TCT YKA GAA AAC TTT TCC TTT-3¢ for types 16, 18 and 35 were designed from the sequences of HPV (Genebank accession numbers E54157, U34171, M74117, AF067049) and used in PCR.
T162 403241-403316 Sentence denotes These primers produced amplicons with sizes of 564 and 269 bp respectively.
T163 403317-403436 Sentence denotes The PCR products were digested with BamHI and EcoRI and the fragments were separated by electrophoresis in agarose gel.
T164 403437-403445 Sentence denotes Results:
T165 403446-403509 Sentence denotes Human papilloma virus DNA was detected in (59.4%) of the cases.
T166 403510-403596 Sentence denotes HPV type 16 was the most common one (22/64, 34%) followed by HPV type 18 (16/64, 25%).
T167 403597-403772 Sentence denotes Digestion of PCR products with BamHI and EcoRI differentiated type 16 and 18 respectively as the amplicons from each type had one restriction site for one of the enzymes used.
T168 403773-403846 Sentence denotes Conclusion: HPV type 16 was the predominant infection (34%) in our study.
T169 403847-403981 Sentence denotes This rate in our country is still lower than in other countries such as Croatia (50%), Australia (53%), Spain (66%) and China (48.8%).
T170 403982-404083 Sentence denotes However, in compare with the previous study in Iran (26.7%) infection with type 16 shows an increase.
T171 404084-404148 Sentence denotes Of 16 cases infected with HPV18, 11 had squamous cell carcinoma.
T172 404149-404289 Sentence denotes Statistically, there was significant correlations between infection with HPV type 18 and development of squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.019).
T173 404290-404330 Sentence denotes Such relation was not found for type 16.
T174 404331-404455 Sentence denotes PCR and PCR-RFLP are sensitive and useful in identification and typing of papiloma virus and differentiation of their types.
T175 404456-405343 Sentence denotes NanoChip Ò 400 system and its accompanying electronic microchip in four distinct steps: (1) biotinylated capture oligonucleotides complementary to the seven respiratory viruses as well as an optional internal control were electronically targeted to specific sites across the 400-site cartridge; (2) a dilution of the RT-PCR reaction was electronically biased to a set of pads comprising the full set of capture oligonucleotides, allowing any generated amplicon to hybridise to its complementary capture sequence; (3) each additional RT-PCR reaction was sequentially biased to a unique set of sites across the cartridge; (4) passive hybridisation using a set of bi-functional discriminator oligonucleotides (half of the molecule binds a specific amplicon and half binds to a reporter molecule) and 2 fluorescently-labelled reporter oligonucleotides allowed for detection of the amplicons.
T176 405344-405352 Sentence denotes Results:
T177 405353-405572 Sentence denotes Analytical sensitivity of 500 copies/mL or 12 copies/ reaction of viral specimen equivalence in a matrix of negative patient eluant was achieved with the RVA kit for each of the seven systems when individually infected.
T178 405573-405662 Sentence denotes With simulated dual infections, an analytical sensitivity of 5000 copies/mL was achieved.
T179 405663-405757 Sentence denotes No cross-reactivity with 20 organisms or viruses known to give flu-like symptoms was observed.
T180 405758-405844 Sentence denotes A total of 205 patient samples were analyzed with both the Hexaplex assay and RVA kit.
T181 405845-405931 Sentence denotes In comparison to the Hexaplex assay, the RVA kit yielded a clinical sensitivity of 94.
T182 405932-405943 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T183 405944-406060 Sentence denotes Nucleic acid-based assays are more sensitive than culture or antigen testing to detect respiratory viral infections.
T184 406061-406264 Sentence denotes Specific antiviral treatments are now available or in development and they provide better efficiency when they are given early after the onset of symptoms highlighting the need to have a quick diagnosis.
T185 406265-406599 Sentence denotes A multiplex molecular assay based on a reverse transcription combined with a real time PCR (ProFlu-1 LC Real Time Assay, Prodesse, Waukesha, Wis) was developed and used to rapidly detect RNA of respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), influenza viruses A (IA) and B (IB) in nasal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens in a single test.
T186 406600-406608 Sentence denotes Methods:
T187 406609-406881 Sentence denotes We tested 48 samples from children and adults known to be infected by either RSV (n = 16) or influenza viruses (A, n = 18; B, n = 14) as determined by culture and single classical PCR and 10 samples positive for parainfluenza viruses or negative for any respiratory virus.
T188 406882-406936 Sentence denotes The samples were spiked with an internal control (IC).
T189 406937-407088 Sentence denotes We carried out reverse transcription and amplification in glass capillaries on the Light Cycler Instrument 2.0 (Roche Applied Science, Meylan, France).
T190 407089-407461 Sentence denotes The Real-Time Supermix contains MulV reverse transcriptase (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and Platinium Taq polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), primers complementary to highly conserved regions of genetic sequences for these respiratory viruses and dual-labelled exonuclease probes: RSV (FAM, BHQ1), IA (Cal Orange, BHQ1), IB (Cal Red, BHQ2) and IC (Q670, BHQ2).
T191 407462-407587 Sentence denotes The fluorescence signals were measured for RSV, IA, IB and IC on the channels 530 nm, 560 nm, 610 nm and 705 nm respectively.
T192 407588-407596 Sentence denotes Results:
T193 407597-407741 Sentence denotes All samples positive for RSV, Influenza A and Influenza B were detected by the ProFlu-1 LC Real Time Assay with Ct values ranging from 13 to 31.
T194 407742-407848 Sentence denotes The species determination according to the specific channel analysis was in agreement with those expected.
T195 407849-407885 Sentence denotes No sample was found dually positive.
T196 407886-408013 Sentence denotes No amplification was detected for the respiratory virus negative samples positive nor for parainfluenza virus positive samples.
T197 408014-408052 Sentence denotes The assay turn around time was 80 min.
T198 408053-408064 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T199 408065-408238 Sentence denotes Our data suggest that ProFlu-1 LC Real Time Assay is a rapid, sensitive, and specific multpliex PCR test for the diagnosis of infections with RSV, Influenza A and B viruses.
T200 408239-408250 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T201 408251-408514 Sentence denotes We routinely use nucleic acid amplification tests to identify parainfluenza virus, influenza virus A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, Chlamyophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis in patient respiratory samples.
T202 408515-408620 Sentence denotes In a 1-year period we also included a broad range PCR for detection of coronaviruses in the same samples.
T203 408621-408739 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of coronaviruses as a respiratory pathogen in a Norwegian population.
T204 408740-408748 Sentence denotes Methods:
T205 408749-408982 Sentence denotes A multiplex RT-PCR with subsequent probe hybridisation was used to identify parainfluenza virus, influenza virus A and B, respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus (Hexaplex, Prodesse, USA) in patient respiratory samples.
T206 408983-409081 Sentence denotes The cDNA generated in the Hexaplex procedure was also amplified with coronavirus specific primers.
T207 409082-409158 Sentence denotes Coronavirus PCR products were sequenced to identify the type of coronavirus.
T208 409159-409293 Sentence denotes Real time PCRs for detection of Chlamyophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis were performed on all samples.
T209 409294-409302 Sentence denotes Results:
T210 409303-409373 Sentence denotes In the 1-year period from March 2004 about 2000 samples were analysed.
T211 409374-409431 Sentence denotes In about two thirds of the samples no pathogen was found.
T212 409432-409491 Sentence denotes In 12% of the samples one of the three bacteria were found.
T213 409492-409617 Sentence denotes Infection with human metapneumovirus had a peak incidence in December-January with positive rates of 24 and 15% respectively.
T214 409618-409746 Sentence denotes Infection with the influenza viruses had a peak incidence in February-March 2005 with positive rates of 24 and 29% respectively.
T215 409747-409921 Sentence denotes In total 75 of the samples were positive for coronavirus, most of them OC43like, with a peak incidence in January-February 2005 with positive rates of 9 and 14% respectively.
T216 409922-410034 Sentence denotes In addition to the OC43 coronaviruses, three of type 229E, two of type NL63 and four of type HKU1 were detected.
T217 410035-410164 Sentence denotes Very few samples contained more than one pathogen, but in 15 of the coronavirus positive samples another virus was also detected.
T218 410165-410252 Sentence denotes All HKU1-like coronavirus positive samples also contained another respiratory pathogen.
T219 410253-410264 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T220 410265-410397 Sentence denotes In the winter months infection with coronavirus OC43 had a high incidence in this population of patients with respiratory illnesses.
T221 410398-410482 Sentence denotes This suggests that this virus is an important cause of respiratory tract infections.
T222 410483-410562 Sentence denotes As all of the coronavirus HKU1 positive samples also contained another Results:
T223 410563-410644 Sentence denotes The positive control on PCR was established by using Roche HSV I/II template DNA.
T224 410645-410833 Sentence denotes The positive diagnosis on PCR was made by using the cut off of 100 copies of the template DNA (which will be adjusted in the near future because of the ASR qualification test for the HSV).
T225 410834-411217 Sentence denotes Among all of the 112 patients' samples, 68/112 showed negative results by both methods; 25/ 112 showed positive by both; 6/112 showed clearly positive by PCR, but not viral culture; 11/112 showed peaks on the PCR designed HSV I/II positive ranges, but were unable to be diagnosed as positive compared to the cut off of the100 copies; 1/112 viral culture showed positive, but not PCR.
T226 411218-411277 Sentence denotes 1/112 showed positive on viral culture and low peak on PCR.
T227 411278-411289 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T228 411290-411460 Sentence denotes Real-time PCR is a rapid test for HSV I/II diagnosis in the clinical virology laboratory with high sensitivity (25/27) compared with the traditional viral culture method.
T229 411461-411561 Sentence denotes For the group which showed positive on PCR but not viral culture, DNA sequencing would be performed.
T230 411562-411638 Sentence denotes This experiment is in progress and the results will be shared in the future.
T231 411639-411686 Sentence denotes Introduction: CCHF is a viral zoonotic disease.
T232 411687-411746 Sentence denotes The virus is from Nairovirus genus and Bunyaviridae family.
T233 411747-411881 Sentence denotes The disease is transmitted to humans by infected tick bite or contact with virus contaminated tissues, blood or discharges of mammals.
T234 411882-411920 Sentence denotes The mortality rate could be up to 50%.
T235 411921-411980 Sentence denotes Early treatment with ribavirin sharply decreases this rate.
T236 411981-411988 Sentence denotes Method:
T237 411989-412350 Sentence denotes In the period from June 2000 to October 2005 serum samples from 774 suspected patients for CCHF have been sent to the Arboviruses Lab (National Center) of the Pasteur Institute of Iran and have been analyzed serologically by ELISA method for specific IgM and IgG and molecularly by RT-PCR method for detection of a fragment in the S segment of the virus genome.
T238 412351-412359 Sentence denotes Results:
T239 412360-412449 Sentence denotes Between 774 suspected human cases, 297 cases were positive serologically and molecularly.
T240 412450-412524 Sentence denotes Between the 297 cases, 264 were IgM positive and 33 cases RT-PCR positive.
T241 412525-412592 Sentence denotes Between the 264 IgM positive, 49 persons were also RT-PCR positive.
T242 412593-412705 Sentence denotes Between the 297 positive, 53 died, among them 31 were IgM positive and 22 were RT-PCR positive and IgM negative.
T243 412706-412770 Sentence denotes 55% of the IgM positive cases were in the age range 21-40 years.
T244 412771-412975 Sentence denotes The Sistan-Baluchestan province, by having 67% of IgM positive cases, was the most infected province and the Isfahan province (12%) and Fars province (5%) were the second and third most infected province.
T245 412976-413010 Sentence denotes The most exposed professions were:
T246 413011-413073 Sentence denotes Farmer (21%), worker (20%), housewife (18%) and butcher (13%).
T247 413074-413085 Sentence denotes Discussion:
T248 413086-413165 Sentence denotes Considering the results, CCHF is the most important haemorrhagic fever in Iran.
T249 413166-413353 Sentence denotes Concerning the prevalence of the disease, more precautions must be taken by professionals in relation with livestock during slaughtering of domestic animals and handling of their carcass.
T250 413354-413511 Sentence denotes In the survey carried out, it has been shown that due to the short viremia period, the probability of funding the virus genome in serum samples is decreased.
T251 413512-413676 Sentence denotes On the other hand in certain patients who died fulminantly and had not enough time to generate an immune response, virus genome can be detected by molecular method.
T252 413677-413797 Sentence denotes So molecular method together with serological method in CCHF suspected patients is the best way to diagnose the disease.
T253 413798-413932 Sentence denotes Comparative evaluation of the vidas and liaison toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus and rubella panels in a French university hospital M.J.
T254 413933-413943 Sentence denotes Carles, C.
T255 413944-413954 Sentence denotes Enault, L.
T256 413955-413966 Sentence denotes Lachaud, S.
T257 413967-413988 Sentence denotes Charachon (Nîmes, FR)
T258 413989-413999 Sentence denotes Objective:
T259 414000-414172 Sentence denotes The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of VIDAS and LIAISON toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus and rubella panels in routine conditions in our laboratory.
T260 414173-414182 Sentence denotes Material:
T261 414183-414378 Sentence denotes A study was performed during 3 weeks on 269 sera either from the laboratory routine or from the site sample collection for toxoplasmosis, 126 sera cytomegalovirus and 125 for rubella IgG testing.
T262 414379-414688 Sentence denotes We have evaluated the performance of the VIDAS TOXO IgG II, VIDAS TOXO IgM, VIDAS CMV IgG, VIDAS CMV IgM, RUB IgG, VIDAS assays (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) in comparison with the LIAISON Toxo IgG, LIAISON Toxo IgM, LIAISON CMV IgG, LIAISON CMV IgM, LIAISON Rub IgG assays (DiaSorin, Saluggia, Italy).
T263 414689-414869 Sentence denotes The VIDAS TOXO IgG and CMV IgG avidity and LIAISON Toxo IgG and CMV IgG avidity assays were used in case of IgG and IgM positive results (14 sera for toxoplasmosis and 13 for CMV).
T264 414870-414991 Sentence denotes Complementary testing was performed in case of discrepancies such as immunofluorescence, ISAGA, IF and other ELISA tests.
T265 414992-415145 Sentence denotes In addition, the following parameters were assessed for both systems: instrument set up, maintenance, time to result, ergonomics, general practicability.
T266 415146-415154 Sentence denotes Results:
T267 415155-415284 Sentence denotes The correlation obtained for rubella IgG, CMV IgG, Toxo IgG and avidity assay for CMV or toxoplasmosis was good for both systems.
T268 415285-415450 Sentence denotes Regarding the CMV, we obtained 1 discrepant result for the IgG when 9 were found for the IgM; perfect correlation on the avidity tests between both system was found.
T269 415451-415603 Sentence denotes Regarding the Toxoplasmosis we observed 3 discrepant results for the IgG and 10 for the IgM, for the avidity 2 samples were equivocal, 1 in each method.
T270 415604-415746 Sentence denotes The VIDAS System is more specific for IgM detection, in fact the LIAISON results showed more frequently no specific or residual IgM detection.
T271 415747-415825 Sentence denotes The ergonomics of each system shows advantages and disadvantages inconvenient.
T272 415826-415973 Sentence denotes The decision to choose one of these two systems is related to organisation strategies according to the laboratory specificity and panels available.
T273 415974-415985 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T274 415986-416195 Sentence denotes The results obtained during this study demonstrate that VIDAS is more specific for the diagnosis of acute CMV or Toxoplasmosis infections even if the LIAISON is more adapted to high throughput routine testing.
T275 416196-416271 Sentence denotes These two systems can be easily integrated and used in the same laboratory.
T276 416272-416292 Sentence denotes Background and aims:
T277 416293-416619 Sentence denotes Sensitivity is the fundamental analytical requisite of assays for the surface antigen (HBsAg) of hepatitis B virus (HBV), since the determination of HBsAg is carried out both for blood donation screening and for screening and diagnosis of the general population; assay specificity is also important in low-prevalence settings.
T278 416620-416794 Sentence denotes We aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of two automated chemiluminescent immunoassays for HBsAg (Abbott Architect and Ortho Vitros) on selected repository specimens.
T279 416795-416817 Sentence denotes Materials and methods:
T280 416818-417096 Sentence denotes We selected 94 serum samples who gave a repeat reactivity by our routine screening assay for HBsAg (Abbott AxSYM HBsAg) and that were classified as true or false positives according to the result of a confirmatory neutralization assay and/or by serological or clinical criteria.
T281 417097-417228 Sentence denotes All specimens were assayed under code by Architect and Vitros HBsAg in a different lab and the results were reported to our Center.
T282 417229-417237 Sentence denotes Results:
T283 417238-417490 Sentence denotes The samples were divided into two groups: (a) 30 false positives by AxSYM, all negative by Vitros and 28 (93.3%) negative by Architect; (b) 64 true positives (57 neutralized, 3 viremic, 4 positive for other markers and with a history of HBV infection).
T284 417491-417625 Sentence denotes The Architect assay gave a positive result on 63 specimens, the only negative being a patient clearing HBsAg after an acute infection.
T285 417626-417729 Sentence denotes In contrast, the Vitros assay was positive only in 34 cases, grayzone negative in 4 and negative in 26.
T286 417730-418011 Sentence denotes Interestingly, 7 of the samples negative by Vitros showed a strong reactivity by Architect, [sample/cutoff (S/CO) ratios from 100 to >5000], and three showed also a strong reactivity for anti-HBs (>240 mUI/mL), suggesting the possible presence of surface antigens escape mutations.
T287 418012-418024 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T288 418025-418210 Sentence denotes The assay for HBsAg on the Architect analyser was accurate in the discrimination of true from false positives, whereas the Vitros assay gave a surprisingly high rate of false negatives.
T289 418211-418516 Sentence denotes In 19 cases this was probably due to a lower analytical sensitivity, but for the remaining seven specimens, showing a strong positivity for HBsAg by both AxSYM and Architect HBsAg, the negativity by Vitros may be related to its limited capability to recognize HBsAg mutants, as reported in the literature.
T290 418517-418765 Sentence denotes In our opinion, it is urgent to clarify the prevalence and clinical impact of surface antigen variants in the current epidemiological setting in Italy as well as in the other countries in which anti-hepatitis B vaccination policies are established.
T291 418766-418865 Sentence denotes Evaluation of a new assay for simultaneous detection of HCV core antigen and anti-HCV antibodies S.
T292 418866-418876 Sentence denotes Carlos, C.
T293 418877-418890 Sentence denotes Fornieles, N.
T294 418891-418901 Sentence denotes Chueca, M.
T295 418902-418913 Sentence denotes Alvarez, C.
T296 418914-418934 Sentence denotes Bernal (Granada, ES)
T297 418935-418945 Sentence denotes Objective:
T298 418946-419086 Sentence denotes The serological HCV diagnosis may present false negative results in the window period, which can be reduced by doing HCV RNA or HCV core Ag.
T299 419087-419233 Sentence denotes A new ELISA technique for simultaneous detection of HCV core Ag and anti-HCV antibodies has been studied and evaluated for laboratory routine use.
T300 419234-419256 Sentence denotes Materials and methods:
T301 419257-419391 Sentence denotes 1491 sera with anti-HCV antibodies request received in our laboratory and 3 seroconversion panels with 24 serum samples were analysed.
T302 419392-419640 Sentence denotes All these samples were tested by a routine assay which detects anti-HCV antibodies (Assay 1, Ortho HCV 3.0 ELISA), and by the new one that detects both HCV core Ag and anti-HCV antibodies simultaneously (Assay 2, Monolisa HCV Ag/Ab Ultra, Bio-Rad).
T303 419641-419727 Sentence denotes All positive sera were confirmed by recombinant immunoblot (INNO-LIA de Innogenetics).
T304 419728-419736 Sentence denotes Results:
T305 419737-419863 Sentence denotes The number of positive (303) and negative (1188) sera was the same for both techniques; however, 6 sera had divergent results.
T306 419864-419902 Sentence denotes They are shown in the following table:
T307 419903-420021 Sentence denotes Considering routine technique 1 as reference, the Ag/Ab assay had a sensitivity of 99.01% and a specificity of 99.75%.
T308 420022-420122 Sentence denotes 99.07% of the negative sera and 93.72% of the positive ones presented an index far from the cut off.
T309 420123-420222 Sentence denotes Considering the seroconversion panels, in all cases the combination assay reduce the window period.
T310 420223-420235 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T311 420236-420435 Sentence denotes The new assay for simultaneous detection of HCV core Ag and anti-HCV antibodies presents very good sensitivity and specificity values and it can differentiate very well positive and negative results.
T312 420436-420535 Sentence denotes This makes it a valuable assay for routine diagnosis which allows early detection of HCV infection.
T313 420536-420619 Sentence denotes Comparison of molecular and serological assays in the diagnosis of HCV infection C.
T314 420620-420633 Sentence denotes Fornieles, S.
T315 420634-420644 Sentence denotes Carlos, N.
T316 420645-420655 Sentence denotes Chueca, A.
T317 420656-420665 Sentence denotes Peñ a, F.
T318 420666-420676 Sentence denotes García, C.
T319 420677-420697 Sentence denotes Bernal (Granada, ES)
T320 420698-420709 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T321 420710-420880 Sentence denotes There are different assays available for HCV infection diagnosis and treatment follow-up (anti-HCV antibodies, HCV-RNA, viral load, genotyping and free HCV core antigen).
T322 420881-420988 Sentence denotes A new ELISA technique for simultaneous detection of HCV core Ag and anti-HCV antibodies has been evaluated.
T323 420989-421132 Sentence denotes Its sensitivity has been assessed considering the potential influence of RNA-VHC, free VHC core Ag, viral load or the infecting genotype on it.
T324 421133-421155 Sentence denotes Materials and methods:
T325 421156-421327 Sentence denotes A total of 143 positive anti HCVantibodies sera have been tested for simultaneous detection of HCV core Ag and anti-HCV antibodies using Monolisa HCV Ag/Ab Ultra, Bio-Rad.
T326 421328-421504 Sentence denotes In all of them HCV core antigen was analysed by ELISA (TrackC Ortho), serum HCV RNA was measured by PCR (Cobas Amplicor, Roche) and HCV genotyping was carried out by INNO-LIPA.
T327 421505-421513 Sentence denotes Results:
T328 421514-421603 Sentence denotes 140 of the 143 samples were positive for the new combination assay (sensitivity = 97.9%).
T329 421604-421787 Sentence denotes The 3 divergent sera were tested for confirmation by recombinant immunoblot, being 1 of them positive and 2 negative, therefore 141 were true positive being the sensitivity of 99.20%.
T330 421788-421977 Sentence denotes Among these 141 positive sera, 72 (51.06%) were HCV RNA and 73 (51.77%) HCV Ag positive, although both parameters were not detected at the same time in all of them as it is shown: ARN-/Ag-:
T331 421978-421992 Sentence denotes 60, ARN-/ Ag+:
T332 421993-422005 Sentence denotes 9, ARN+/Ag-:
T333 422006-422018 Sentence denotes 8, ARN+/Ag+:
T334 422019-422022 Sentence denotes 64.
T335 422023-422138 Sentence denotes The most prevalent genotype was 1b (18.57%) and the assay performance was not influenced by the infecting genotype.
T336 422139-422151 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T337 422152-422347 Sentence denotes The technique for simultaneous detection of HCV Ag and anti-HCV Ab has very good sensitivity which is not influenced by the HCV infecting genotype, the presence of free HCV Ag, RNA or viral load.
T338 422348-422476 Sentence denotes Also it has a good discriminative capacity for positive results; therefore it could be use in routine microbiology laboratories.
T339 422477-422664 Sentence denotes Evaluation of an automated multiplexed assay of heterophile antibody in comparison with a latex agglutination test for assessment of Epstein-Barr virus induced infectious mononucleosis C.
T340 422665-422681 Sentence denotes Lingenfelter, A.
T341 422682-422696 Sentence denotes Villarreal, D.
T342 422697-422705 Sentence denotes Kaur, H.
T343 422706-422727 Sentence denotes Scholz (Hercules, US)
T344 422728-422739 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T345 422740-423075 Sentence denotes The detection of heterophile antibodies, and specific antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens, has proven useful to categorize patients with no history of infectious mononucleosis, patients who are acutely infected, patients with evidence of a prior or remote infection, and patients with reactivation of latent infection.
T346 423076-423282 Sentence denotes The objective of this study is to compare the results of a fluorescence-based automated multiplexed assay for heterophile determination to results acquired with a conventional latex agglutination spot test.
T347 423283-423291 Sentence denotes Methods:
T348 423292-423539 Sentence denotes Using the Bio-Rad BioPlex 2200 system, a fully automated high throughput multiplex platform, we report the detection of IgM antibodies to heterophile antigens and compare them to the Wampole Mono-Latex Ò test, a qualitative subjective methodology.
T349 423540-423658 Sentence denotes The BioPlex 2200 results are reported as a semiquantitative index value relative to negative and positive calibrators.
T350 423659-423869 Sentence denotes For each sample, three internal quality control beads are evaluated simultaneously to verify instrument and chemistry performance, supplementing traditional quality control samples and calibration curve checks.
T351 423870-423978 Sentence denotes The multiplex assay uses 5 ll of specimen and the instrument processes one hundred patient samples per hour.
T352 423979-423987 Sentence denotes Results:
T353 423988-424072 Sentence denotes Serum specimens (N = 523 non-randomly selected) were analyzed by both assay methods.
T354 424073-424134 Sentence denotes About 12% of the sera were positive for heterophile antibody.
T355 424135-424267 Sentence denotes Compared to the Mono-Latex assay, the BioPlex 2200 gave a sensitivity of 91.5%, specificity of 99.3% and overall agreement of 98.3%.
T356 424268-424354 Sentence denotes Six samples were initially categorized as false-negatives and three as falsepositives.
T357 424355-424517 Sentence denotes Upon repeat testing of the discrepant specimens, the automated test system exhibited a sensitivity of 97.1%, specificity of 99.6%, and overall agreement of 99.2%.
T358 424518-424652 Sentence denotes The Mono-Latex test changed status on five of the nine discrepant samples, highlighting the difficulties interpreting visual readouts.
T359 424653-424738 Sentence denotes No status changes for the discrepant samples were observed with the automated system.
T360 424739-424855 Sentence denotes Additionally, the BioPlex 2200 system has excellent precision with CVs of less than 5% for samples near the cut-off.
T361 424856-424867 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T362 424868-424931 Sentence denotes The two heterophile assay systems showed excellent concordance.
T363 424932-425084 Sentence denotes The BioPlex 2200 system, however, offers practical advantages that allow for rapid and fully automated evaluation of heterophile and IgM EBV antibodies.
T364 425085-425096 Sentence denotes Background:
T365 425097-425320 Sentence denotes Management of therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is based on quantitative measurement of HCV RNA and the decision of treatment discontinuation on the basis of a 2 log decline at week 12 is a widely accepted rule.
T366 425321-425338 Sentence denotes Aims and methods:
T367 425339-425554 Sentence denotes In the present study, we evaluated the performance of the completely automated system Cobas Ampliprep-Cobas TaqMan (CAP/CTM, Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ) for HCV RNA quantification in clinical serum specimens.
T368 425555-425750 Sentence denotes CAP/CTM is a real time Polymerase Chain assay that relies on an automated nucleic acid extraction from 1050 ll of serum followed by RNA capture using magnetic particles, purification and elution.
T369 425751-425854 Sentence denotes The system has a reported lower detection limit of 15 IU/ml and a dynamic range from 43 to 6.9E7 IU/ml.
T370 425855-426147 Sentence denotes CAP/CTM results were compared for quantification of HCV genotype 1-4 with those from a signal amplification assay based on the branched DNA (bDNA) technology, the Versant Quantitative 3.0 (Bayer Diagnostic, Tarrytown, NY, detection limit 615 IU/ml and dynamic range from 1185 to 1.5E7 IU/ml).
T371 426148-426156 Sentence denotes Results:
T372 426157-426234 Sentence denotes Sixty-three clinical specimens from patients with HCV infection were studied.
T373 426235-426341 Sentence denotes The two assays were concordant (r = 0.85) with a mean ± SD interassay difference of )0.06 ± 0.8 log IU/ml.
T374 426342-426736 Sentence denotes However, when the CAP/CTM values were analyzed for genotype, the mean ± SD interassay difference with bDNA were as follows: genotype 1 (n = 26), 0.3 ± 0.4, genotype 2a/2c (n = 12), 0.1 ± 0.2; genotype 3a (n = 18), )0.6 ± 1.4; genotype 4 (n = 7), )0.4 ± 0.7 log IU/ml, thus appearing that values obtained from CAP/CTM were in general 0.5 log lower than those from the bDNA for genotype 3a and 4.
T375 426737-426858 Sentence denotes CAP/CTM detected HCV RNA in 8 (62%) out of 13 samples below 615 IU/ml with the bDNA (CAP/CTM levels from 1.4 to 3.5 log).
T376 426859-426938 Sentence denotes Six out of the 8 CAP/CTM+/bDNAspecimens were from genotype 1 infected patients.
T377 426939-427105 Sentence denotes Conclusion: CAP/CTM showed a good correlation with bDNA with a better sensitivity that is crucial for the management of anti-HCV therapy, particularly for genotype 1.
T378 427106-427370 Sentence denotes However, it seem that CAP/CTM underestimates HCV RNA levels in genotype 3 and 4 and this is clinically relevant as decisions during the clinical management of patients are based on measurements of HCV RNA levels and HCV RNA decline in patients on anti-HCV therapy.
T379 427371-427382 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T380 427383-427520 Sentence denotes Virus-cell interaction could be monitored in a standard way through direct infected cells counting in the optical luminescent microscope.
T381 427521-427673 Sentence denotes This way is time-and effortconsuming and requires additional colouring of the cell culture and the sample preparation process takes from 24 to 48 hours.
T382 427674-427784 Sentence denotes The reliability of this method is not sufficient because it monitor only a small part of the specimen surface.
T383 427785-428067 Sentence denotes Taking into account the results of our previous experimental investigations in the field, we may suppose that practically every stage of virus-cell interaction could be described in objective quantitative manner using the fractal approach and corresponding original instrumentation.
T384 428068-428076 Sentence denotes Methods:
T385 428077-428310 Sentence denotes We have studied the interaction of Herpes simplex virus strain US-1 (HSV-1) with the specific cell culture Hep-2 modified by addition of proteolysis inhibitor E-aminocaproic acid (E-ACA) and Acyclovir taken in various concentrations.
T386 428311-428384 Sentence denotes The monolayer of the cell culture was placed between the glasses support.
T387 428385-428477 Sentence denotes The described samples were washed out with Hanks solution and afterwards fixed with ethanol.
T388 428478-428638 Sentence denotes The fractal microscope included the single-mode and intensity stabilized Spectra-Physics He-Ne laser with 5.0 mW output and wavelength of 0.6328 + 0.01 microns.
T389 428639-428819 Sentence denotes The diffraction patterns (DP) of the samples were taken with the use of Olympus Z-8080 digital camera and introduced with the use of USB cable into the port of Pentium IV computer.
T390 428820-428926 Sentence denotes The fractal dimension D of the DP was evaluated automatically in an express manner (2 minutes per sample).
T391 428927-428935 Sentence denotes Results:
T392 428936-429029 Sentence denotes The main result of our experiments was, of course, the multi-fractal type of the DP clusters.
T393 429030-429159 Sentence denotes The registered minimal sizes of the fractal cluster elements were practically about the cell sizẽ 1 mkm and HSV-1 virion~0.1 mkm.
T394 429160-429325 Sentence denotes The DP picture on the target is Fourier transform of the object and the real picture of the virus-cell system is obtained as the reverse Fourier transform of the DP.
T395 429326-429338 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T396 429339-429614 Sentence denotes The proposed device and method are applicable and highly competitive in laboratory and clinical antiviral research as well as in the drug design and testing process due to its high sensitivity, express character of data taking and precise quantitative way of data processing.
T397 429615-429751 Sentence denotes Comparison of HCV genotype and subtype determination using Inno-LiPA HCV II and a laboratory-developed HCV 5'UTR sequencing procedure S.
T398 429752-429763 Sentence denotes Gabella, T.
T399 429764-429774 Sentence denotes Allice, S.
T400 429775-429786 Sentence denotes Varetto, F.
T401 429787-429800 Sentence denotes Pittaluga, V.
T402 429801-429821 Sentence denotes Ghisetti (Turin, IT)
T403 429822-429833 Sentence denotes Background:
T404 429834-429982 Sentence denotes Genotyping and subtyping of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is clinically relevant to epidemiology, prognosis and therapeutical management of HCV infection.
T405 429983-429994 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T406 429995-430231 Sentence denotes To compare HCV genotyping and subtyping for clinical samples using an established Line Probe assay (InnoLiPA HCV II, Innogenetics, Ghent, B) and a laboratory-developed HCV 5'UTR direct sequencing protocol (5'UTR Seq) with ABI Prism 310.
T407 430232-430240 Sentence denotes Methods:
T408 430241-430372 Sentence denotes Twenty-five clinical samples cross-representing HCV genotypes 1-5 were analysed with InnoLiPA and a direct 5'UTR sequencing method.
T409 430373-430520 Sentence denotes A library of 5'UTR HCV prototypes (n = 64) was constructed; BioEdit 7.0 and ClustalW were used for alignments and phylogenetic analysis of samples.
T410 430521-430632 Sentence denotes Concordance for genotype and subtype determination was compared between the commercial test and HCV sequencing.
T411 430633-430732 Sentence denotes HCV viral load was quantified in each sample using the bDNA technology (VERSANT HCV RNA 3.0 Assay).
T412 430733-430741 Sentence denotes Results:
T413 430742-430799 Sentence denotes 5'UTR provided genotype determination in all the samples.
T414 430800-430869 Sentence denotes Concordance with InnoLiPA for genotype determination was 92% (22/25).
T415 430870-431009 Sentence denotes Discrepant results occurred in 3 samples misclassified as genotype 2, 4 and 5 by InnoLiPA versus genotype 3 and 4 (2 samples) by 5'UTR Seq.
T416 431010-431058 Sentence denotes Subtype concordance was much lower (44%, 11/25).
T417 431059-431307 Sentence denotes 5'UTR Seq provided subtype determination in 96% of the clinical samples (24/25; one sample subtype 5a by InnoLiPA was classified as type 4r/4m without further subtyping), while InnoLiPA accounted for subtyping 13 of 25 samples (52% of all samples).
T418 431308-431358 Sentence denotes 5'UTR Seq classified the 24 samples in 8 subtypes:
T419 431359-431492 Sentence denotes 1a (n = 2), 1b (n = 5), 1c (n = 1), 2a (n = 2), 2c (n = 1), 2k (n = 1), 3a (n = 6) and 4a (n = 6), one sample misclassified as 4r/4m.
T420 431493-431563 Sentence denotes InnoLiPA allowed the classification of the samples in only 5 subtypes:
T421 431564-431652 Sentence denotes 1a (n = 2), 1b (n = 4), 3a (n = 4), 4e (n = 1) and 5a (n = 1) (13 not subtyped samples).
T422 431653-431804 Sentence denotes Average (+SD) viral load for all genotypes was 5.9 + 0.5 log IU/ml and no significant differences were observed according to the genotype distribution.
T423 431805-431816 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T424 431817-432022 Sentence denotes 5'UTR Sequencing protocol provided HCV genotype determination for all samples and therefore it is suitable for determining HCV genotypes from clade 1-5 in clinical samples from patients with HCV infection.
T425 432023-432204 Sentence denotes 5'UTR Sequencing allowed a much wider subtype determination from all the clades but particularly for genotype 1 and 2 compared with the commercial established InnoLiPA HCV II assay.
T426 432205-432356 Sentence denotes HCV subtype sequencing provides a relevant tool for epidemiological purposes and the surveillance of nosocomial transmission of HCV in high risk units.
T427 432357-432446 Sentence denotes Comparison of IMMULITE Ò 2000 anti-HAV IgM and anti-HAV total to Abbott AxSYM Ò assays C.
T428 432447-432468 Sentence denotes Lee (Los Angeles, US)
T429 432469-432625 Sentence denotes Monitoring for the presence of IgM antibodies to hepatitis A virus (HAV) has proven beneficial in identifying acute or early events in infected individuals.
T430 432626-432776 Sentence denotes Similarly, measuring the total antibody response to HAV has been shown to be advantageous in identifying previous exposure or ongoing viral infection.
T431 432777-432947 Sentence denotes Chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays were developed on the DPC IMMULITE Ò 2000 automated analyser for the detection of IgM and total antibodies to HAV in serum or plasma.
T432 432948-433083 Sentence denotes The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the IMMULITE 2000 assays compared to the Abbott AxSYM Ò HAVAB-M and HAVAB.
T433 433084-433222 Sentence denotes In an initial study, the IMMULITE 2000 Anti-HAV Total assay was evaluated on 94 samples using the Abbott AxSYM HAVAB assay as a reference.
T434 433223-433333 Sentence denotes The comparison demonstrated a relative sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 100% and overall agreement of 96.8%.
T435 433334-433455 Sentence denotes In a separate study, the IMMULITE 2000 Anti-HAV IgM assay was compared to the Abbott AxSYMâ HAVAB-M assay on 116 samples.
T436 433456-433588 Sentence denotes Results indicated relative sensitivity, specificity and agreement of 93.8%, 100% and 99.1%, respectively, compared to the reference.
T437 433589-433725 Sentence denotes The assay exhibited intraassay precision of 18.2%, 10%, 11.4%, 6.8% and 5.5% for ratios of 0.35, 0.72, 0.96, 1.52 and 4.2, respectively.
T438 433726-433825 Sentence denotes The interassay precision for these same samples was 18.4%, 11.7%, 10.1%, 7.3% and 6%, respectively.
T439 433826-434079 Sentence denotes These data indicate that the IMMULITE 2000 Anti-HAV IgM and Anti-HAV Total assays perform comparably to the Abbott AxSYM assays and suggest the suitability of the DPC assays for the serological detection of IgM and total antibodies to hepatitis A virus.
T440 434080-434353 Sentence denotes The introduction of the 'Health Bill' in England later next year and subsequent 'Code of Practice' will give a firm statutory footing to what is accepted as best practice and evidence based policy and guidance on infection prevention and control in all healthcare settings.
T441 434354-434530 Sentence denotes It will require a rolling programme of evidence based infection prevention and control policies to ensure that all policies and procedures are continually reviewed and updated.
T442 434531-434797 Sentence denotes To assist in this process, the National Resource for Infection Control (NRIC -www.nric.org.uk) is an ongoing project developed by and for infection professionals, a single access point to the existing evidence base and resources for infection prevention and control.
T443 434798-435125 Sentence denotes This project is funded by the UK Department of Health and endorsed by the UK National electronic Library of Infection (NeLI -www.neli.org.uk), a digital library bringing together the best available quality appraised online evidence-based resources on the investigation, treatment, prevention and control of infectious diseases.
T444 435126-435241 Sentence denotes National policy and guidance documents are available on NRIC as well as templates to aid in writing local policies.
T445 435242-435379 Sentence denotes Evidence based information is available and organised by settings, clinical practice tasks, modes of transmission and diseases/organisms.
T446 435380-435471 Sentence denotes The level of evidence for each resource is clearly noted, as well as its regional coverage.
T447 435472-435640 Sentence denotes Each infection control resource is quality appraised before being added to the portal, and many of the resources have a full review, written by infection professionals.
T448 435641-435739 Sentence denotes In addition, there are algorithms for easy access and templates to be adapted to meet local needs.
T449 435740-435871 Sentence denotes The implementation of online discussion of the resources allows further debate of reviews so as to ensure all issues are addressed.
T450 435872-436081 Sentence denotes The resource is not intended to replace local infection prevention and control policies/guidance but to assist in their writing and/or updating and to achieve a more standardised approach to the evidence used.
T451 436082-436267 Sentence denotes Progress with the development of NRIC has been excellent and feedback from infection control professionals has been positive with roughly 1000 unique users per month as of October 2005.
T452 436268-436532 Sentence denotes Although the site contains primarily UK policy, guidance and research, the concept will be of interest in this era of global challenges which includes the need for joint working and collaboration with colleagues in infection prevention and control internationally.
T1 436533-436639 Sentence denotes An independent review of computerised systems for alert organism and alert condition surveillance Methods:
T2 436640-436842 Sentence denotes The essential tools and methods to implement the WHO Guidelines were identified through evaluation of lessons learned from HH campaigns existing worldwide, extensive literature review and expert advice.
T3 436843-437032 Sentence denotes Several consultations and meetings with renowned international experts, field practitioners, as well as patient and industry representatives, were organized to achieve a consensus strategy.
T4 437033-437041 Sentence denotes Results:
T5 437042-437222 Sentence denotes To meet the GPSC, the WHO Guidelines on HH in HC are integrated with other interventions in the field of blood, surgical procedure, injection and water and waste management safety.
T6 437223-437404 Sentence denotes Different components of the Challenge are being implemented in several countries in a pilot testing phase with the expectation of a mutual reinforcement among the different actions.
T7 437405-437764 Sentence denotes For optimal HH promotion, the essential elements for implementation are: healthcare worker education, appropriate technique and indications for HH, system change (alcohol-based handrubs available at point of care, and water access and quality), appropriate use of gloves, monitoring system for impact evaluation and staff feedback, and administrative support.
T8 437765-438016 Sentence denotes The tools made available from WHO are: educational model to be tailored to the cultural background; validated WHO formulations for local production of alcohol-based handrubs; posters; glove use guide; monitoring model; and patient information leaflet.
T9 438017-438029 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T10 438030-438146 Sentence denotes For the first time, HH is being globally promoted as the cornerstone of a series of infection control interventions.
T11 438147-438258 Sentence denotes The goal is to reduce HAI worldwide, regardless of the type of HC setting and the level of country development.
T12 438259-438407 Sentence denotes Key elements must be considered to achieve a standardized implementation and meet the minimum requirements for a successful evidence-based strategy.
T13 438408-438610 Sentence denotes This pilot testing phase represents a remarkable added value to the WHO ''Guidelines on HH in HC'' for their validation and, after revision, to be issued in a final version based on the lessons learned.
T14 438611-438621 Sentence denotes Objective:
T15 438622-438758 Sentence denotes Glove use and re-use are crucial issues which can significantly affect health care workers' compliance with hand hygiene (HH) practices.
T16 438759-438962 Sentence denotes Within the advanced draft of the World Health Organization ''Guidelines on HH in Health Care'' recently issued, a specific section is dedicated to this topic in the perspective of promoting HH worldwide.
T17 438963-438971 Sentence denotes Methods:
T18 438972-439158 Sentence denotes Indications for glove use and advantages and disadvantages of glove use during patient care were analyzed through extensive literature review and consultation with international experts.
T19 439159-439316 Sentence denotes Glove reuse should be avoided, but stock disruption is still a reality in several settings worldwide, and methods for glove reprocessing were also discussed.
T20 439317-439325 Sentence denotes Results:
T21 439326-439447 Sentence denotes The experts acknowledged that wearing gloves can be a potential barrier to perform HH when indicated during patient care.
T22 439448-439616 Sentence denotes Situations when gloves should be never/always used were carefully identified and the need for non-sterile rather than sterile gloves was evaluated for each opportunity.
T23 439617-439728 Sentence denotes Continuous glovewearing during patient care should be considered as a missed opportunity for HH when indicated.
T24 439729-440348 Sentence denotes Glove reuse should be avoided, but if it occurs in situations with limited resources, the following steps should be performed: (1) evaluation process to verify the reasons and need for reuse; (2) safe handling of contaminated gloves by healthcare workers during reprocessing should be guaranteed; (3) selection process: only surgical latex gloves can be reused for examination purposes and/or for surgical double-gloving; (4) reprocessing: decontamination with 0.5% chlorine solution, cleansing with soap and water, autoclave sterilization or steam high-level disinfection, and integrity test with air or water filling.
T25 440349-440424 Sentence denotes Solutions for sticky gloves and excess tearing and rupturing were provided.
T26 440425-440437 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T27 440438-440554 Sentence denotes The issue of glove use and reuse should be carefully considered when planning a HH promotion campaign in healthcare.
T28 440555-440665 Sentence denotes Indications and contraindications for wearing gloves should be carefully detailed during education activities.
T29 440666-440797 Sentence denotes In the case of glove reuse, a careful evaluation process, together with an adequate reprocessing method should always be performed.
T30 440798-440979 Sentence denotes The possibility of decontaminating gloves with alcohol-based hand rubs during health care when contact isolation precautions are in place should be investigated as a research issue.
T31 440980-440993 Sentence denotes Introduction:
T32 440994-441135 Sentence denotes The volume of alcohol-based hand disinfectant (ABHD) used, is currently considered as a performance indicator for hospital infection control.
T33 441136-441212 Sentence denotes Infection control is not a first priority issue for many Hellenic hospitals.
T34 441213-441317 Sentence denotes The aim of our study was to locate areas problematic in terms of infection control in our hospital (''A.
T35 441318-441396 Sentence denotes Fleming'' General Hospital -300 beds), by using the data for ABHD consumption.
T36 441397-441517 Sentence denotes Besides, we wanted to assess the results of a relevant intervention (mounting of ABHD dispensers in every patient room).
T37 441518-441526 Sentence denotes Methods:
T38 441527-441632 Sentence denotes We used data from the pharmacy computer for the ABHD distribution to various departments of the Hospital.
T39 441633-441738 Sentence denotes Data were collected for 6-month periods beginning from the second half of 2002 to the first half of 2005.
T40 441739-441809 Sentence denotes Consumption was expressed as litres of disinfectant/1000 patient days.
T41 441810-441818 Sentence denotes Results:
T42 441819-441965 Sentence denotes The consumption was 2.5, 2.8, 4.2, 9.4, 15.6, 17 .3 liters/ 1000 patient days for 2002B, 2003A, 2003B, 2004A, 2004B and 2005A semesters (Figure) .
T43 441966-442119 Sentence denotes Furthermore, more ABHD was used in medical than surgical departments and the difference was significant for all study periods (p = 0.007, paired t test).
T44 442120-442222 Sentence denotes It is worth noting that during 2004A semester, dispensers for ABHD were mounted in every patient room.
T45 442223-442645 Sentence denotes Conclusions: (A) Mounting of ABHD disinfectant dispensers in every patient room resulted in a significant increase in ABHD consumption for the hospital as a whole. (B) The impact of this increase on nosocomial infection rate is currently under evaluation. (C) It seems that surgical departments' personnel are more reluctant to use hand disinfectant and should be the first target group for education on infection control.
T46 442646-442731 Sentence denotes Hospital-acquired infection: a hospital-wide prevalence study at a London hospital N.
T47 442732-442741 Sentence denotes Desai, B.
T48 442742-442753 Sentence denotes Houston, E.
T49 442754-442765 Sentence denotes Stewart, J.
T50 442766-442777 Sentence denotes Ikonnen, S.
T51 442778-442787 Sentence denotes Watts, S.
T52 442788-442803 Sentence denotes Chuttarsing, I.
T53 442804-442827 Sentence denotes Eltringham (London, UK)
T54 442828-442839 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T55 442840-443033 Sentence denotes To conduct a hospital-wide prevalence of infection study to determine relative value of alert organism verses alert condition surveillance in the detection of hospital acquired infection (HAI).
T56 443034-443042 Sentence denotes Methods:
T57 443043-443306 Sentence denotes In November 2002 in addition to existing alert organism surveillance (as recommended by the UK Department of Health), the Infection Control Team performed a pan-hospital prevalence study, over 5 days, to capture all patients being treated for bacterial infection.
T58 443307-443353 Sentence denotes Drug charts were reviewed for all in-patients.
T59 443354-443417 Sentence denotes The primary inclusion criterion was treatment with antibiotics.
T60 443418-443514 Sentence denotes Patients receiving antiviral and antifungal agents or antibiotics for prophylaxis were excluded.
T61 443515-443704 Sentence denotes Cases were followed-up by review of medical notes, interview with the patient's clinical staff members and review of culture results from the Medical Microbiology database, where available.
T62 443705-443713 Sentence denotes Results:
T63 443714-443759 Sentence denotes 91.3% of the 945 beds surveyed were occupied.
T64 443760-443827 Sentence denotes 52% of the patients receiving antibiotics were male and 48% female.
T65 443828-443876 Sentence denotes 40% of these in-patients were over 65 years old.
T66 443877-443987 Sentence denotes A total of 396 antibiotics were prescribed for the 261 patients, with 42 (16%) receiving three or more agents.
T67 443988-444126 Sentence denotes The Critical Care group had the highest percentage of patients on antibiotics (63%) followed by Specialist medicine (51%) and Renal (48%).
T68 444127-444157 Sentence denotes 185 patients were followed-up.
T69 444158-444270 Sentence denotes Among these the highest rates of infection were wound followed by respiratory tract infections and bacteraemias.
T70 444271-444308 Sentence denotes Ten patients had multiple infections.
T71 444309-444393 Sentence denotes The overall prevalence of infection was 25% and 40% of these were hospital acquired.
T72 444394-444513 Sentence denotes For the study period, the ratio of patients with 'alert organism' HAI versus non-alert organisms was approximately 1:4.
T73 444514-444711 Sentence denotes As there were approximately 393 patients with an 'alert organism' HAI in 2002, using the above ratio we estimate there were 1965 patients who had a hospital-acquired infection at Kings during 2002.
T74 444712-444723 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T75 444724-444859 Sentence denotes Current surveillance methodology recommended by the UK Department of Health only detects one quarter of patients being treated for HAI.
T76 444860-445012 Sentence denotes This highlights the need for increased alert condition surveillance to inform strategy and target resources more appropriately in the management of HAI.
T77 445013-445067 Sentence denotes Surveillance of nosocomial bloodstream infections R.A.
T78 445068-445078 Sentence denotes Leth, J.K.
T79 445079-445098 Sentence denotes Møller (Aarhus, DK)
T80 445099-445110 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T81 445111-445294 Sentence denotes To establish an electronic system for surveillance of nosocomial blood-stream infections (BSI) providing feed-back to the clinicians with the purpose of reducing the frequency of BSI.
T82 445295-445375 Sentence denotes In retrospect, to describe the rate of BSI in our hospital over a 5-year period.
T83 445376-445384 Sentence denotes Methods:
T84 445385-445482 Sentence denotes All patients admitted to Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby in the period 2001-2005 are included.
T85 445483-445692 Sentence denotes The hospital comprises about 500 beds and includes departments of paediatrics, obstetrics and gynaecology, infectious diseases, cardiology, nephrology, urology and thoracic surgery, and an intensive care unit.
T86 445693-445813 Sentence denotes A BSI is defined as the growth of a pathogen in the blood and the concomitant treatment of the patient with antibiotics.
T87 445814-446017 Sentence denotes To be registered as a nosocomial BSI, the infection must appear later than 48 hours after admission unless the patient is readmitted within 7 days or has gone through a surgical procedure within 30 days.
T88 446018-446203 Sentence denotes A new BSI episode is defined as the growth of a new pathogen more than 2 days after a previous pathogen or by the growth of the same pathogen more than 7 days after its first detection.
T89 446204-446359 Sentence denotes We combine data from the patient-administrative system, the laboratory information system, and the drug database in the electronic patient medical records.
T90 446360-446452 Sentence denotes The number of new episodes of nosocomial BSI per 1000 bed-days is calculated for each month.
T91 446453-446540 Sentence denotes A gliding average of BSI episodes within the last 6 months was also calculated monthly.
T92 446541-446549 Sentence denotes Results:
T93 446550-446620 Sentence denotes The overall hospital rate of BSI did not change between 2001 and 2005.
T94 446621-446706 Sentence denotes The monthly gliding average of BSI ranged from 1.5 to 2.3 episodes per 1000 bed-days.
T95 446707-446810 Sentence denotes The rate of new episodes was higher in July compared to the other months during the observation period.
T96 446811-446880 Sentence denotes The BSI rates for the individual department did not change over time.
T97 446881-446945 Sentence denotes For one department, a seasonal distribution of BSI was observed.
T98 446946-447050 Sentence denotes A pronounced difference in BSI with specific microorganisms was observed within some of the departments.
T99 447051-447062 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T100 447063-447328 Sentence denotes The surveillance of nosocomial BSI based on combined data from various electronic hospital registries is cost-effective and provides documentation of trends and sudden changes in the rates of the BSI for the hospital overall and the individual clinical departments.
T101 447329-447463 Sentence denotes Importantly, the system provides a mean for monitoring the consequences of changes in procedures to reduce the rate of nosocomial BSI.
T102 447464-447560 Sentence denotes A morbidity and mortality conference to evaluate nosocomial infections and hospital mortality M.
T103 447561-447571 Sentence denotes Demory, A.
T104 447572-447604 Sentence denotes Decoster (Lomme, FR) Objectives:
T105 447605-447758 Sentence denotes The authors had for aim to determine the relationship between the hospital deaths and nosocomial infections (NI) in a morbidity and mortality conference.
T106 447759-447767 Sentence denotes Methods:
T107 447768-447899 Sentence denotes The study was made in St Philibert Hospital (Lomme, France) on 306 patients' deaths from December 2004 to May 2005 (mortality rate:
T108 447900-447907 Sentence denotes 3.23%).
T109 447908-448091 Sentence denotes Medical records of the 271 consecutive patients who died at least 48 h after admission were reviewed for cause of death, NI and disease severity, before admission and before NI onset.
T110 448092-448217 Sentence denotes The contribution of NI to death was assessed by an expert comity including hospital physicians having dealt with the patient.
T111 448218-448226 Sentence denotes Results:
T112 448227-448288 Sentence denotes The median age was 76 years (33-101), with 54% male patients.
T113 448289-448480 Sentence denotes The disease was cancer in 30% of the cases, shock and heart failure in 11%, respiratory disease in 7%, liver disease and cirrhosis in 6%, infectious disease in 0.3% and violent death in 0.3%.
T114 448481-448559 Sentence denotes Seventy two patients presented with at least one nosocomial infection (23.5%):
T115 448560-448745 Sentence denotes 30 with a bacteriemia (41.7%), 20 with a pneumonia (28%), 16 with a urinary tract infection (22%), 3 with an infection of a surgical-site infection (4%) and 3 with other infection (4%).
T116 448746-448900 Sentence denotes Mortality was attributable to NI in 4.24% of the cases and death was considered as preventable in 8 cases (2.6%), of which 3 were attributable to NI (1%).
T117 448901-448912 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T118 448913-449047 Sentence denotes Based on a consensual and thorough review of each patient's clinical story, this study confirms that a NI increases the risk of death.
T119 449048-449207 Sentence denotes If the same scale were used on a national level, the number of deaths attributable to NI in France would reach 14,000, of which 3300 considered as preventable.
T120 449208-449459 Sentence denotes To improve healthcare quality, morbidity and mortality conferences are needed in hospitals to identify those circumstances that might be associated with the onset of severe NI contributing to death, and preventive measures should be targeted at these.
T121 449460-449522 Sentence denotes Point prevalence of nosocomial infections in Western Greece E.
T122 449523-449538 Sentence denotes Jelastopulu, F.
T123 449539-449551 Sentence denotes Mesolara, C.
T124 449552-449567 Sentence denotes Petropoulos, M.
T125 449568-449579 Sentence denotes Kardara, I.
T126 449580-449614 Sentence denotes Detorakis (Patras, Erymanthia, GR)
T127 449615-449626 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T128 449627-449799 Sentence denotes The purpose of this study was to estimate the frequency of nosocomial infections (NI) in the region of Western Greece and to determine the impact of different risk factors.
T129 449800-449917 Sentence denotes A further aim was to prioritise infection control measures and to develop more detailed incidence surveillance of NI.
T130 449918-449926 Sentence denotes Methods:
T131 449927-450061 Sentence denotes All 7 acute care hospitals in W-Greece were invited to participate in two one-day prevalence studies, on 16.12.2004 and on 10.2.2005 .
T132 450062-450232 Sentence denotes The Laboratory of Public Health at the University of Patras supplied the hospitals with questionnaires including demographical and clinical data and written instructions.
T133 450233-450324 Sentence denotes In each clinic, a physician and a nurse were assigned to collect data on the day of survey.
T134 450325-450388 Sentence denotes They were to confirm the presence of NI by on-site observation.
T135 450389-450508 Sentence denotes The total number of inpatients, the number and the site of NI as well as data on individual risk factors were recorded.
T136 450509-450563 Sentence denotes Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v.12.0.
T137 450564-450572 Sentence denotes Results:
T138 450573-450650 Sentence denotes A total of 2305 hospitalised patients were registered during the two studies.
T139 450651-450725 Sentence denotes There were 34 males and 32 females identified with NI (mean age 64 years).
T140 450726-450908 Sentence denotes The regional prevalence of all recorded NI was 2.9% (2.1% in 2004 and 3.7% in 2005) and ranged from 0-6.8% between the facilities and from 0-22.7% between the different specialities.
T141 450909-450989 Sentence denotes The overall highest prevalence was found on Neurosurgery and Intensive Medicine.
T142 450990-451058 Sentence denotes The mean interval between admission and the onset of NI was 12 days.
T143 451059-451214 Sentence denotes In both surveys, NI were located most frequently in the urinary tract (33.4%), followed by pneumonia (13%), surgical sites (10.1%) and septicaemia (10.1%).
T144 451215-451325 Sentence denotes Overall, 90% of patients with NI had predisposing factors, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes or cancer.
T145 451326-451401 Sentence denotes The total number of NI confirmed by the microbiological laboratory was 59%.
T146 451402-451510 Sentence denotes The most frequently isolated microorganisms were E. coli (25.6%), Enterococci (15.4%) and S. aureus (10.3%).
T147 451511-451522 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T148 451523-451645 Sentence denotes The study reveals a comparably low overall prevalence of NI, but remarkable differences between the hospitals and clinics.
T149 451646-451757 Sentence denotes This fact may be due to comprehensible medical reasons but also due to underreporting of NI in certain clinics.
T150 451758-451909 Sentence denotes However, the study highlights the need for repeated point-prevalence surveys, which seem to be an acceptable, cheap and easy way of assessing NI rates.
T151 451910-452115 Sentence denotes With adequate education of the hospital staff and enhanced surveillance, they can contribute to improving infection control programmes and enabling effective interventions to reduce the risk factors of NI.
T152 452116-452127 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T153 452128-452324 Sentence denotes To describe a series of Staphylococci-infected prosthetic joints after hip and knee total replacement, treated with debridement and prosthesis retention plus long-term levofloxacin and rifampicin.
T154 452325-452333 Sentence denotes Methods:
T155 452334-452691 Sentence denotes Prosthesis-joint infections due to staphylococcal species were defined by isolation of Staphylococci from at least two cultures of consecutive samples of joint aspirate, surgical intraoperative specimens in the debridement procedure, or at least three cultures on three different days from discharge of the sinus tract, in the presence of clinical criteria.
T156 452692-452723 Sentence denotes Patients received therapy (ST):
T157 452724-452726 Sentence denotes 3.
T158 452727-452735 Sentence denotes Outcome:
T159 452736-452748 Sentence denotes See table 1.
T160 452749-452767 Sentence denotes Lost of follow-up:
T161 452768-452771 Sentence denotes 11.
T162 452772-452785 Sentence denotes Side-effects:
T163 452786-452819 Sentence denotes Acute Renal Failure 1, Skin rash:
T164 452820-452822 Sentence denotes 1.
T165 452823-452914 Sentence denotes The degree of acceptance of therapeutic recommendations by orthopaedists surgeons was 100%.
T166 452915-453003 Sentence denotes The index of satisfaction (perceived quality) on the part of the patients was very high.
T167 453004-453120 Sentence denotes The infectious diseases specialist must have a main role in management of patients with prosthetic joint infections.
T168 453121-453264 Sentence denotes A narrow collaboration between the different specialists involved in the care of the patient, is essential to obtain the best possible results.
T169 453265-453395 Sentence denotes Predictive value of oral colonisation by Candida yeasts on the onset of a nosocomial infection in elderly hospitalised patients S.
T170 453396-453409 Sentence denotes Fanello, J.P.
T171 453410-453422 Sentence denotes Bouchara, V.
T172 453423-453433 Sentence denotes Delbos, E.
T173 453434-453443 Sentence denotes Parot, M.
T174 453444-453465 Sentence denotes Sauteron (Angers, FR)
T175 453466-453586 Sentence denotes The incidence of nosocomial yeast infections has increased markedly over the past decades, especially among the elderly.
T176 453587-453955 Sentence denotes The present study was therefore initiated in order to determine the predictive value of oral colonisation by yeasts in the onset of a nosocomial Candida infection in elderly hospitalized patients (>65 years), but also to clarify the promoting factors of infection and to establish a relationship between the intensity of oral carriage and the onset of yeast infection.
T177 453956-454113 Sentence denotes During this prospective cohort study, 256 patients (156 women and 100 men with a mean age of 83 ± 8 years) were surveyed for yeast colonisation or infection.
T178 454114-454294 Sentence denotes Samples were collected every four days from D0 to D16 from four sites in the mouth, and intrinsic and extrinsic factors that might promote infection were recorded for each patient.
T179 454295-454393 Sentence denotes Pulsed field gel electrophoresis was performed on C. albicans isolates from all infected patients.
T180 454394-454481 Sentence denotes Poor nutritional status was observed in 81% of the patients, and hyposalivation in 41%.
T181 454482-454617 Sentence denotes The colonisation rate was 67% on D0 (59% C. albicans) and a heavy carriage of yeasts (>50 c.f.u.) was observed for 51% of the patients.
T182 454618-454800 Sentence denotes The incidence of nosocomial colonisation reached 6.9% on D4 (6.1% on D8 and 2.7% on D12), and that of nosocomial infection was 3.7% on D4 (6.8% on D8, 11.3% on D12 and 19.2% on D16).
T183 454801-454871 Sentence denotes Of the 35 patients infected, 57% were suffering from oral candidiasis.
T184 454872-454979 Sentence denotes The principal risk factors for colonisation were a dental prosthesis, poor oral hygiene and antibiotherapy.
T185 454980-455167 Sentence denotes The risk factors for infection, in addition to those already mentioned for colonisation, were endocrine disease, poor nutritional status, prolonged hospitalisation and high colony counts.
T186 455168-455234 Sentence denotes Genotyping revealed person-to-person transmission in two patients.
T187 455235-455383 Sentence denotes Thus this study demonstrated a significant association between oral colonisation and the onset of yeast infections in elderly hospitalized patients.
T188 455384-455455 Sentence denotes Therefore, oral samples should be collected at admission and antifungal