CORD-19_Custom_license_subset  

CORD-19:d8d40ef3169d775e651452f6db98618a06f47d45 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-110 Sentence denotes Information Processing and Management Temporal and spatial evolution of online public sentiment on emergencies
T2 112-120 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 121-290 Sentence denotes The transmission of online emergency information has become an active means of expressing public opinion and has vitally affected societal emergency response techniques.
T4 291-437 Sentence denotes This paper analyzes interactions between three groups in time and space using a classic SIR (susceptible, infected, and recovered) epidemic model.
T5 438-672 Sentence denotes Through social network theory and analog simulation analysis, we utilize data from China's Sina Weibo (a popular social media platform) to conduct empirical research on 101 major incidents in China that occurred between 2010 and 2017.
T6 673-858 Sentence denotes We divide these emergencies into four types-natural disasters, accidents, public health events, and social security events-and conduct a simulation using three examples from each group.
T7 859-1005 Sentence denotes The results show that government control of public opinion is both cheaper and more effective when it occurs at the initial stages of an incident.
T8 1006-1088 Sentence denotes By cooperating with the government, the media can facilitate emergency management.
T9 1089-1271 Sentence denotes Finally, if netizens trust the government and the media, they are more likely to make cooperative decisions, maintain interest, and improve the management of online public sentiment.
T10 1273-1356 Sentence denotes public opinion by involving three main actors: the government, media, and netizens.
T11 1357-1600 Sentence denotes SIR allowed us to explore the number of participants in the middle segment, the participation of the media and the government, and the impact of various factors that influence the behavior of each subject and the interactions between subjects.
T12 1601-1760 Sentence denotes This allowed us to summarize the influence of the government, media, netizens, and their interactions by adjusting the parameters of public opinion attributes.
T13 1761-1805 Sentence denotes We suggest the following two hypotheses: H1:
T14 1806-1865 Sentence denotes The attributes of the three subjects change simultaneously.
T15 1866-1869 Sentence denotes H2:
T16 1870-1910 Sentence denotes Netizen democracy is limitedly rational.
T17 1911-1987 Sentence denotes The following governmental attributes can be understood through the formula:
T18 1988-2016 Sentence denotes Government attitudes (G a ):
T19 2017-2197 Sentence denotes The natures of sudden crises differ, as do the time and intensity of governmental interventions, which directly influence official media attitudes and netizens' views of the event.
T20 2198-2405 Sentence denotes As public opinion on a sudden crisis continually evolves, the public sentiment of media and netizens pressures the government to accelerate its disclosure of information and improve information transparency.
T21 2406-2517 Sentence denotes To understand this effect, G a expresses the government's attitude toward a specific emergency at a given time.
T22 2518-2698 Sentence denotes There are two possible values forG a (t)in the model: = G (t) 1 a represents government support of communication, and = G (t) 1 a represents government limitation of communication.
T23 2699-2729 Sentence denotes Government credibility (G b ):
T24 2730-2880 Sentence denotes Netizens' and the media's trust of the government and the distribution of credibility at a given point in time can be represented as G b (t) ∈ [0, 1].
T25 2881-3025 Sentence denotes Both the initial and ongoing credibility values differ for each specific example since the government takes different attitudes toward a crisis.
T26 3026-3061 Sentence denotes Government disclosure speed (G c ):
T27 3062-3153 Sentence denotes The speed at which the government discloses information is represented as G c (t) ∈ [0, 1].
T28 3154-3276 Sentence denotes This study assumes that all media publish information on a crisis; therefore, the information disclosure speed is never 0.
T29 3277-3361 Sentence denotes In the simulation model, the closer G d (t) is to 1, the faster disclosure speed is.
T30 3362-3393 Sentence denotes Government transparency (G d ):
T31 3394-3546 Sentence denotes As emergencies continue to develop, the government either discloses information as an effect of the netizens' and media's public opinion or it does not.
T32 3547-3604 Sentence denotes This transparency can be represented by G d (t) ∈ [0, 1].
T33 3605-3710 Sentence denotes When = G (t) 0 d , information is not disclosed and when = G (t) 1 d , information is entirely disclosed.
T34 3711-3745 Sentence denotes Supervision and leadership (G e ):
T35 3746-3846 Sentence denotes The government supervises and publicizes the extent of the emergencies as reported by network media.
T36 3847-3964 Sentence denotes This is expressed as G e (t) ∈ [0, 1] in the simulation model, which takes values in consecutive intervals of (0, 1).
T37 3965-4069 Sentence denotes Media adopt different attitudes toward emergencies, and these attitudes determine public opinion trends.
T38 4070-4153 Sentence denotes However, the attitude of the media is also affected by netizens and the government.
T39 4154-4204 Sentence denotes The formula for the media attribute is as follows:
T40 4206-4380 Sentence denotes where the function values of the four attributes, the attitude, credibility, authority, and influence of the media, at time t are sequentially represented from left to right.
T41 4381-4397 Sentence denotes Media attitudes:
T42 4398-4507 Sentence denotes There are only two attitudes for the media, and media attitudes toward emergencies vary according to motives.
T43 4508-4565 Sentence denotes The two attitudes mentioned in this article are extremes.
T44 4566-4774 Sentence denotes In the simulation model, media attitudes are represented byP n (t), where = P (t) 1 n , which indicates support for the spread of opinion and = P (t) 1 n , which indicates opposition to the spread of opinion.
T45 4775-4820 Sentence denotes The attitudes of the media vary from -1 to 1.
T46 4821-4840 Sentence denotes Range of influence:
T47 4841-4966 Sentence denotes In addition to different attitudes, the credibility of media vary when it comes to the spread of information about incidents.
T48 4967-5112 Sentence denotes In the simulation model, media credibility can be represented by U n (t) ∈ [0, 1], where U n (t) represents the credibility of media n at time t.
T49 5113-5228 Sentence denotes When = U (t) 0 n , the media's credibility is quite low, and the probability of information dissemination is small.
T50 5229-5342 Sentence denotes When = U (t) 1 n , the media's credibility is extremely high, as is the probability of information dissemination.
T51 5343-5361 Sentence denotes Media credibility:
T52 5362-5413 Sentence denotes Different media have different levels of authority.
T53 5414-5571 Sentence denotes When the media has greater authority, it has a greater influence on netizens and the government, resulting in the higher credibility of information provided.
T54 5572-5654 Sentence denotes In the simulation model, the media's authority is represented byMd n (t) ∈ [0, 1].
T55 5655-5752 Sentence denotes The larger this value, the more influence a media source has on both netizens and the government.
T56 5753-5769 Sentence denotes Media influence:
T57 5770-6072 Sentence denotes The simulation model divides media influence into three levels.Mi n (t) ∈ [0, 0.4] indicates that the media's influence is minimal in a given emergency, Mi n (t) ∈ [0.4, 0.7]indicates that the media has a moderate influence, and Mi n (t) ∈ [0.7, 1] indicates that the media has a significant influence.
T58 6073-6194 Sentence denotes The greater the scope of influence of the media, the greater the credibility and authority of information about an event.
T59 6195-6267 Sentence denotes The formula below represents the influence value of the media at time t:
T60 6268-6508 Sentence denotes whereMe i (t 0 ) represents the initial value, t is the time when the netizen starts to participate in the emergency event, and d remains a constant when the unit is decreased, and its value can be adjusted by the actual state of emergency.
T61 6509-6580 Sentence denotes The following netizen attributes can be understood through the formula:
T62 6581-6599 Sentence denotes Netizen attitudes:
T63 6600-6716 Sentence denotes Individual netizens have different ideologies that affect whether and how they share information about an emergency.
T64 6717-6823 Sentence denotes In the simulation model, = P (t) 1 i refers to netizens' inclination to disseminate emergency information.
T65 6824-7015 Sentence denotes If = P (t) 0 i , then a netizen will accept information and focus on emergencies; while if = P (t) 1 i , a netizen will neither focus on the emergency nor follow the development of the event.
T66 7016-7034 Sentence denotes Netizen influence:
T67 7035-7154 Sentence denotes This refers to a netizen's ability to spread information during an emergency and can be understood as Q i (t) ∈ [0, 1].
T68 7155-7253 Sentence denotes When Q i (t) is between 0 and 0.07, then the netizen is not very capable of spreading information.
T69 7254-7336 Sentence denotes If Q i (t) = 0.7-0.9, then a netizen has a moderate ability to spread information.
T70 7337-7395 Sentence denotes If Q i (t) = 0.9-1, a netizen has a significant influence.
T71 7396-7411 Sentence denotes Level of trust:
T72 7412-7535 Sentence denotes This refers to the extent to which netizens believe information about emergencies and whether they spread such information.
T73 7536-7660 Sentence denotes In the simulation model, this is conveyed throughX i (t) ∈ [0, 1]; credibility is randomly assigned a value between 0 and 1.
T74 7661-7753 Sentence denotes If = X (t) 0 i , then a netizen i during event t will not believe information nor spread it.
T75 7754-7844 Sentence denotes If = X (t) 1 i , then a netizen will believe the information and disseminate it to others.
T76 7845-7867 Sentence denotes Rate of dissemination:
T77 7868-7981 Sentence denotes This refers to netizens' dissemination of information due to the effects of government, media, or other netizens.
T78 7982-8026 Sentence denotes This is described in the simulation model as
T79 8027-8187 Sentence denotes , where a netizen is not affected by other subjects. = Y (t) 1 i implies that the netizen is affected by other subjects and adapts his/her behavior accordingly.
T80 8188-8220 Sentence denotes Netizens' desire to disseminate:
T81 8221-8358 Sentence denotes Netizens each have their own concerns and preferences; so, their enthusiasm over sharing information in the face of an emergency differs.
T82 8359-8400 Sentence denotes This can be expressed asZ i (t) ∈ [0, 1].
T83 8401-8573 Sentence denotes Since the desire to disseminate information changes over time and based on the emergency Z i (t), Z i (t)is used to express the distribution desire i of netizens at time t.
T84 8574-8655 Sentence denotes The initial test value is randomly selected in the continuous interval of (0, 1).
T85 8656-8903 Sentence denotes While 0 indicates that the netizens have no desire to spread information about the incident, and will therefore not spread information after receiving it, 1 indicates that the netizens have a strong desire to spread information about the incident.
T86 8904-9002 Sentence denotes The following formula indicates that the netizen's desire to spread information changes with time:
T87 9003-9161 Sentence denotes where d i indicates the initial value of the netizen's desire to spread information, d i is a constant, and the value of d i varies with the actual situation.
T88 9162-9222 Sentence denotes The desire of the netizens to communicate changes over time.
T89 9223-9254 Sentence denotes The constants here are changed.
T90 9255-9465 Sentence denotes Through these parameters, depending on the actual situation, data on the interaction of different subjects can be obtained. α is a constant, and the value of α can be adjusted depending on the actual situation.
T91 9466-9483 Sentence denotes Event importance:
T92 9484-9561 Sentence denotes Every netizen's perception of a sudden event and its importance is different.
T93 9562-9683 Sentence denotes The more important a netizen views an event, the easier it is to accept and disseminate information regarding that event.
T94 9684-9891 Sentence denotes This paper assumes that a given emergency has the same importance for netizens, the government, and the media withI a (t) indicating the importance of moment t, with values randomly selected between 0 and 1.
T95 9892-9908 Sentence denotes Event ambiguity:
T96 9909-9952 Sentence denotes This refers to the uncertainty of an event.
T97 9953-10110 Sentence denotes If an event is more uncertain and less specific, then netizens are more likely to discuss and voice grievances.I b (t)indicates the fuzzy value of the event:
T98 10111-10128 Sentence denotes I b (t) ∈ (0, 1).
T99 10129-10161 Sentence denotes Timeliness of event propagation:
T100 10162-10346 Sentence denotes Due to information on emergencies and the short attention span of netizens, the spread of information on emergencies varies over time, and the effects of transmission change with time.
T101 10347-10403 Sentence denotes Eq. 6 is used to indicate the timeliness of emergencies:
T102 10404-10635 Sentence denotes where I c (t)is the time-effect value of the sudden event at time t, λ is the time-dependent feature scale factor of the target information, and a is a constant that can be adjusted in the iterative process in the simulation model.
T103 10636-10856 Sentence denotes Programming a values in the Netlogo software show that Internet users' desire to spread information declines over time, as duration (time since the occurrence of the event) changes netizens' desire to spread information.
T104 10857-10885 Sentence denotes Event propagation intensity:
T105 10886-11144 Sentence denotes This is derived according to Alport's formula (Wang & Yu, 2017) for propagating the intensity of rumors. = R I I * a b , in which I a refers to an event's importance, I b refers to the event's degree of ambiguity, and the event intensity can be expressed as:
T106 11145-11293 Sentence denotes In the above formula, = T ·tand β 1 , β 2 are constants, and I(t) is the subject attribute, which can be adjusted according to the actual situation.
T107 11294-11413 Sentence denotes The transmission intensity of public opinion is directly influenced by netizens' and the media's attention to an event.
T108 11414-11416 Sentence denotes S.
T109 11417-11427 Sentence denotes Li, et al.
T110 11428-11475 Sentence denotes Information Processing and Management 57 (2020)
T111 11477-11547 Sentence denotes The influence of media n on a netizen i at time t can be expressed by:
T112 11548-11727 Sentence denotes In the above formula, U n (t) is the media's credibility, Md n (t) is the media's authority, Y i (t) equals the rate of dissemination, Z i (t) refers to netizen dissemination, and
T113 11728-11729 Sentence denotes .
T114 11730-11825 Sentence denotes When media n communicates an unexpected incident to netizen i, i will react in one of two ways:
T115 11826-11869 Sentence denotes , then netizen j is the event communicator.
T116 11870-11986 Sentence denotes In addition, when netizen i is the recipient of event information, they will react in one of three ways, given that:
T117 11987-12100 Sentence denotes , then netizen j is not interested in the event and withdraws from consuming and disseminating information on it.
T118 12101-12222 Sentence denotes 2 If = A (t) 0 i , then netizen j is interested in the event and will continue to pay attention to messages on the topic.
T119 12223-12335 Sentence denotes 3 If = A (t) 1 i , then netizen j is very interested in the event and actively spreads information regarding it.
T120 12336-12409 Sentence denotes The influence of government G on netizen i at time t can be expressed by:
T121 12410-12688 Sentence denotes where Y i (t) represents the rate of dissemination, Z i (t) is the netizens' desire to disseminate information, G c (t) represents the government's credibility, G d (t) is the government's speed of publication, G e (t) represents government transparency, and + + = c c c 1 1 2 3
T122 12689-12690 Sentence denotes .
T123 12691-12799 Sentence denotes When government G spreads information about an emergency to netizen i, then i will react in one of two ways:
T124 12800-12860 Sentence denotes 1 If = Ai(t) 0, then netizen i is the recipient of an event.
T125 12861-12929 Sentence denotes 2 If = Ai(t) 1, then netizen j becomes the communicator of an event.
T126 12930-13029 Sentence denotes The interactions among netizens, government, and the media are led by the government and the media.
T127 13030-13176 Sentence denotes However, the government is influenced by the opinions generated by the media and netizens, and netizens (i) also interact with other netizens (j).
T128 13177-13252 Sentence denotes The influence function of netizens i on netizens j at time t is as follows:
T129 13253-13471 Sentence denotes where X i (t) is the netizens' credibility, Y i (t) represents the rate of dissemination, Z i (t) is the netizens' desire to disseminate information, C i (t) is the intensity of communication, and + + = a a a 1 1 2 3 .
T130 13472-13568 Sentence denotes When netizen i communicates a given incident to netizen j, then j will react in one of two ways:
T131 13569-13617 Sentence denotes , then netizen j becomes the event communicator.
T132 13618-13706 Sentence denotes If netizen j receives information from netizen i, they will have one of three attitudes:
T133 13707-13820 Sentence denotes , then netizen j is not interested in the event and withdraws from consuming and disseminating information on it.
T134 13821-13939 Sentence denotes 2 If = A (t) 0 j , then netizen j is interested in the event and will continue to pay attention messages on the topic.
T135 13940-14052 Sentence denotes 3 If = A (t) 1 j , then netizen j is very interested in the event and actively spreads information regarding it.
T136 14053-14227 Sentence denotes The key to SNA is to identify and measure the relationships between actors to capture the interactions between people (Yousefi-Nooraie, Dobbins, Brouwers, & Wakefield, 2012).
T137 14228-14504 Sentence denotes By using graphs and matrices to measure density and centrality in social network data, researchers can depict the overall shape of the network in terms of a hierarchy, which identifies the center of the network and influential people to determine how change happens over time.
T138 14505-14593 Sentence denotes Density is used to measure the degree of interaction between actors in a social network.
T139 14594-14763 Sentence denotes A density measurement of 0-1.0 indicates that there is no connection between actors, while a measurement of 1 means that there is a direct connection between all actors.
T140 14764-14838 Sentence denotes The higher the density, the faster the flow of information about an event.
T141 14839-14985 Sentence denotes The higher the degree of contact between objects, the quicker public opinion develops; the lower the density, the slower information disseminates.
T142 14986-15236 Sentence denotes The connections in a self-centered network are measured according to the directed binary; density (D) is equal to the dual relationship between all objects (L) divided by the most probable number of such relationships (Kim & Kim, Baek, & Kim, 2015) .
T143 15237-15283 Sentence denotes The centrality algorithm is shown in Eq. (11).
T144 15284-15456 Sentence denotes Network density refers to the ratio of the number of connections actually existing in the social relationship network diagram to the maximum number of possible connections.
T145 15457-15529 Sentence denotes It reflects the degree of information interaction among network members.
T146 15530-15631 Sentence denotes In a directed graph containing n network nodes, the maximum number of possible connections is n(n-1).
T147 15632-15751 Sentence denotes If the number of connections that actually exists is m, the density (D) of the directed graph is calculated as follows:
T148 15752-15903 Sentence denotes An important role of centrality in SNA is to identify prominent individuals and groups by synthesizing the structural relationships between all points.
T149 15904-16038 Sentence denotes To this end, an actor's intermediate center value represents how much the actor controls other actors and is measured between 0 and 1.
T150 16039-16211 Sentence denotes If an individual's median center value is 0, then he/she does not have the ability to influence the behavior of other individuals and is located at the edge of the network.
T151 16212-16346 Sentence denotes If an actor's median center value is 1, then the actor has direct influence over all other actors and is at the center of the network.
T152 16347-16497 Sentence denotes In the undirected binary graph, the behavioral degree measures the extent to which an object in a social network is associated with all other objects.
T153 16498-16724 Sentence denotes For a network graph with g objects, the degree of centrality of actor i is measured by the total number of direct contacts between i and other actors (g -1), as represented by the matrix in Eq. 12 (Hegselmann & Krause, 2002) :
T154 16725-16882 Sentence denotes Where g jk is the number of shortest lines between points j and k, and g jk (n i )is the number of shortest lines between the two nodes containing node n i .
T155 16883-17004 Sentence denotes The degree of centrality measures the degree to which an object in a social network is associated with all other objects.
T156 17005-17194 Sentence denotes The degree of outwardness indicates the degree to which an object focuses on other objects, whereas the degree of intrinsic centrality indicates the degree to which the object is concerned.
T157 17195-17357 Sentence denotes From the perspective of spatial structure, nodes at different locations possess different resources and play different roles in the development of public opinion.
T158 17358-17604 Sentence denotes Some nodes are in relatively central positions and play the role of "opinion leaders." Their views expressed during emergencies can often influence the development of public opinions and have a greater impact on network information dissemination.
T159 17605-17738 Sentence denotes Other nodes are on the outside edges of the network and only play a role in transmitting information rather than influencing opinion.
T160 17739-18138 Sentence denotes We then applied our model to real-life data taken from the list of popular annual events of the "China Online Public Opinion Annual Report" in the "Letter about the Internet" published by the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Report Cultivation Project of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China and Shanghai Jiaotong University's Public Opinion Research Laboratory (2017).
T161 18139-18272 Sentence denotes From this list, we selected 101 emergencies with responses that were considerably influenced by public opinion between 2010 and 2017.
T162 18273-18487 Sentence denotes We then divided these into four groups according to the provisions of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Emergency Response: natural disasters, accidents, public health events, and social security events.
T163 18488-18609 Sentence denotes This allowed us to compare and analyze the characteristics of online public sentiment for different types of emergencies.
T164 18610-18753 Sentence denotes This study uses MATLAB (R2016b version) simulation software and the Baidu index data of the 101 emergency network public opinion transmissions.
T165 18754-18881 Sentence denotes Our model is applied to determine the overall effect of network public opinion and the interactions between all three subjects.
T166 18882-19060 Sentence denotes Through continuous iteration, the weight of each subject attribute is constantly adjusted and compared with data that is consistent with the real-time evolution of the incidents.
T167 19061-19121 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 includes screenshots taken directly from the Netlogo.
T168 19122-19323 Sentence denotes To analyze the spatial distribution of online public sentiment, we used data from Sina Weibo, one of China's four major online portals, to search for keywords relating to the 101 events in our dataset.
T169 19324-19475 Sentence denotes We then selected the 50 individuals with the most forwarded content on each event based on a search of microblogging platforms using relevant keywords.
T170 19476-19579 Sentence denotes These 50 bloggers were randomly selected as nodes from among the bloggers who posted early evaluations.
T171 19580-19659 Sentence denotes We then randomly selected five nodes as initial information publishing sources.
T172 19660-19817 Sentence denotes Then, five individuals who forwarded or commented on events from each of those five nodes were randomly selected, giving us a 75*75 propagation matrix model.
T173 19818-19933 Sentence denotes This allowed us to analyze the spatial propagation effect between 75 nodes for each of the 101 emergencies studied.
T174 19934-20044 Sentence denotes If one node forwards or comments content to another node, the relationship value between those two nodes is 1.
T175 20045-20123 Sentence denotes If the two nodes have no forwarded comments, then the relationship value is 0.
T176 20124-20172 Sentence denotes The relationship between a node and itself is 1.
T177 20173-20236 Sentence denotes We used UCINET software to calculate the density of each event.
T178 20237-20316 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 shows that information on emergencies begins with network communication.
T179 20317-20433 Sentence denotes The media publishes information, which attracts netizens, who begin to participate in disseminating the information.
T180 20434-20581 Sentence denotes During this dissemination period, the emergency is still developing, and information increases geometrically through an increase in media coverage.
T181 20582-20760 Sentence denotes Over time, as shown in the figures, an increasing number of netizens become concerned about the emergency and the available information, and media communication reaches its peak.
T182 20761-20934 Sentence denotes At this stage, the government then takes emergency measures that take into consideration the public interest, thereby effectively controlling the evolution of the emergency.
T183 20935-21115 Sentence denotes At this point, the government's emergency response has a controlling effect on the dissemination of information, including the elimination of rumors and communication of the truth.
T184 21116-21302 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 shows that government response controls the speed with which emergency information propagates through media, and information on an event enters a second stage: the control period.
T185 21303-21435 Sentence denotes The online popularity of the event and the number of netizens who are concerned decrease sharply, as does the speed of transmission.
T186 21436-21696 Sentence denotes As the government and netizens continue to interact, the following four steps repeat: (1) government interpretation (official release of news), (2) netizen questioning, (3) government reinterpretation (official release of news), and (4) netizen re-questioning.
T187 21697-21708 Sentence denotes At Fig. 1 .
T188 21709-21810 Sentence denotes The three periods of emergency incident spreading (spread period, control period, and stable period).
T189 21811-21883 Sentence denotes Neutral: the potential communicator or the recipient of the information.
T190 21884-21951 Sentence denotes Advocate: the recipient of public sentiment regarding the incident.
T191 21952-22099 Sentence denotes Withdrawal: withdraw from the spreading of public sentiment by netizens. the same time, the government also takes measures to restore social trust.
T192 22100-22240 Sentence denotes Netizens' emotions will gradually converge, and the emergency will subside, both of which entail that the event will receive less attention.
T193 22241-22377 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 demonstrates that the speed with which emergency information propagates gradually becomes very slow and stabilizes after a point.
T194 22378-22494 Sentence denotes This marks the beginning of a third stage-the stable stage-during which time netizens almost entirely lose interest.
T195 22495-22602 Sentence denotes Considered together, Fig. 1 demonstrates a consistent trend in online public sentiment during an emergency:
T196 22603-22729 Sentence denotes It grows rapidly for a time and then gradually disappears in a manner consistent with true lyrical spikes and thick tail data.
T197 22730-22817 Sentence denotes This indicates that the simulation has high credibility and is consistent with reality.
T198 22818-22958 Sentence denotes In addition, the weight of each subject attribute is credible and, therefore, reflects the transmission of public opinion networks in China.
T199 22959-23339 Sentence denotes We further analyzed the media attribute weights at each stage ( Fig. 1 ) and found that when the level of trust remains low, netizens have a strong desire for information dissemination and seriously overestimate information, resulting in a state of "high weight." This means that Internet users may be convinced of network rumors and even spread undisclosed information at random.
T200 23340-23412 Sentence denotes At this point, Internet users over interpret existing event information.
T201 23413-23671 Sentence denotes Meanwhile, if the government speedily intervenes in supervising and controlling online public sentiment, then official media can guide the direction of public opinion, thereby reducing the risk of information spreading throughout the network without control.
T202 23672-23887 Sentence denotes Because of the openness and freedom of network media, opinion leaders exist who have a larger influence and can attract more attention; these leaders play an important role in mediating public opinion communication.
T203 23888-24102 Sentence denotes When netizens are in a semi-closed state, it is easier to spread unproven information at random and in a limited rational situation, thus accelerating the speed of transmission of public opinion across the network.
T204 24103-24179 Sentence denotes In a worst-case scenario, this triggers a mass network public opinion event:
T205 24180-24426 Sentence denotes When netizens are in a semi-closed state, in the case of bounded rationality, they may randomly spread unconfirmed information and criticize network rumors, thus speeding up the spread of events and increasing the amount of online public opinion.
T206 24427-24617 Sentence denotes This will, in turn, trigger a discussion among netizens, induce negative emotions among the people, trigger violations and excessive behavior among the masses, and threaten social stability.
T207 24618-24862 Sentence denotes We adjusted the relevant parameter settings of the media, strengthened the media influence and credibility, kept the other subject parameter attributes unchanged, and examined the role of opinion leaders in network public opinion communication.
T208 24863-24987 Sentence denotes While keeping the other subjects' attributes unchanged in order to analyze the influence of these so-called opinion leaders.
T209 24988-25111 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 1 , these leaders rapidly promote the spread of public opinion and play an active role in their evolution.
T210 25112-25273 Sentence denotes The number of people actively spreading news has grown rapidly, thereby increasing the official media activity by expanding the relevant attributes of the media.
T211 25274-25345 Sentence denotes Fig. 2 shows how the model changes after shifting the media attributes.
T212 25346-25537 Sentence denotes In this situation, changing media attributes have doubled the number of Internet users participating in discussions, increasing the number of netizens who trust and receive media information.
T213 25538-25674 Sentence denotes At the same time, the number of netizens creating and spreading rumors has decreased, thus pushing public sentiment into a stable stage.
T214 25675-25864 Sentence denotes Finally, we adjusted the government's credibility to 0.9 and government information disclosure speed and transparency to 0.6, while keeping all other subject attributes unchanged (Fig. 3) .
T215 25865-25933 Sentence denotes A shift is noticeable after government intervention in an emergency:
T216 25934-26081 Sentence denotes When the government's credibility, openness, and transparency are stronger, netizens' emotions gradually stabilize, and their fears are eliminated.
T217 26082-26174 Sentence denotes The presence of official information entails that netizens will not arbitrarily spread news.
T218 26175-26292 Sentence denotes The overall number of discussions drops significantly, and the sensational nature of an emergency quickly dissipates.
T219 26293-26363 Sentence denotes This controls the risk in the transmission of online public sentiment.
T220 26364-26474 Sentence denotes 1 The sooner the government releases information, the higher the rate of acceptance by the media and netizens.
T221 26475-26602 Sentence denotes 2 Increased government guidance releases positive signals to netizens and the media and makes it easier to control information.
T222 26603-26668 Sentence denotes 3 The spread of public opinion throughout a network is nonlinear.
T223 26669-26829 Sentence denotes Therefore, the more authority a government has to release information, the faster it can obtain the convergence of the media and netizens and reach equilibrium.
T224 26830-26929 Sentence denotes 4 Government credibility also has an important impact on the evolution of online public sentiments.
T225 26930-27007 Sentence denotes The higher the credibility, the higher the support of the media and netizens.
T226 27008-27082 Sentence denotes 5 Government guidance and supervision impacts both netizens and the media.
T227 27083-27214 Sentence denotes Stronger guidance and supervision make a greater impact on the media, which enhances the government's ability to guide the network.
T228 27215-27317 Sentence denotes Tables 1-4 show the densities of the networks for each of the four types of emergencies in this study.
T229 27318-27491 Sentence denotes Values varied from 0.0041 to 0.0341; the highest density is eight times greater than the lowest, indicating that the popularity of public opinion on an event varies greatly.
T230 27492-27626 Sentence denotes The highest density for accidents and social security events is about 0.02 higher than for natural disasters and public health events.
T231 27627-27759 Sentence denotes In other words, accidents and social security events are more likely to attract the attention of netizens and elicit public opinion.
T232 27760-27874 Sentence denotes We also found that the density of communication on natural disasters was three times greater in 2017 than in 2010.
T233 27875-28091 Sentence denotes Likewise, the density of opinion on accident disasters grew 2.3 times between 2010 and 2015, public health events grew 2.1 times between 2010 and 2016, and social security events grew 1.2 times between 2010 and 2017.
T234 28092-28229 Sentence denotes As online media has grown over time, so has media coverage of crisis events and network enthusiasm for public opinion on these incidents.
T235 28230-28425 Sentence denotes However, even today, the density of all 101 emergencies is very low, indicating that communication between users about emergencies remains low, and the dissemination of information is still slow.
T236 28426-28632 Sentence denotes This may be because microblogs are mostly used for entertainment; user participation behavior is relatively random, unlike that of communication subjects with limited information dissemination capabilities.
T237 28633-28716 Sentence denotes We also analyzed each of the 101 incidents from the perspective of spatial density.
T238 28717-28760 Sentence denotes Fig. 4 provides an example of our analysis:
T239 28761-28894 Sentence denotes For each of the four types of events, we selected three at different levels of network strength-high heat, medium heat, and low heat.
T240 28895-29034 Sentence denotes In cyberspace, as described above, the location and power of a node are unequal, as are the ways it develops and trends during emergencies.
T241 29035-29141 Sentence denotes Some nodes are in a core position while others transmit information, and still others are only bystanders.
T242 29142-29362 Sentence denotes For example, in Fig. 4 , official media-such as Vista World, Financial Network, Pear Video, and the People's Daily-are at the center of the networks, indicating that these nodes are active in public opinion transmission.
T243 29363-29425 Sentence denotes They are more vocal and can influence a wider range of people.
T244 29426-29637 Sentence denotes These are also regulation nodes that are important for the propagation of public opinion during an emergency and that are more able to intervene and control communication between and transmission to other nodes.
T245 29638-29811 Sentence denotes Fig. 4 and Tables 1 through 4 illustrate that the centrality of natural disasters and public health events do not change drastically with an increase of public opinion heat.
T246 29812-29908 Sentence denotes Rather, the media has a significant role in guiding nodes during these two types of emergencies:
T247 29909-30035 Sentence denotes Netizens obtain news on an event directly from official media, such as the People's Daily, in the early stages of an incident.
T248 30036-30191 Sentence denotes Since they trust this media source, they then quickly spread public opinion by forwarding, commenting upon, and paying attention to official media sources.
T249 30192-30245 Sentence denotes There are not many intermediate links in the network.
T250 30246-30303 Sentence denotes As a result, public opinion does not fluctuate very much.
T251 30304-30407 Sentence denotes After accidents and social security incidents, however, media is not always at the center of a network.
T252 30408-30523 Sentence denotes Instead, netizens are active in the communication process, and individuals are likely to be the center of networks.
T253 30524-30620 Sentence denotes This suggests that in these two types of emergencies, netizens are vulnerable to misinformation.
T254 30621-30764 Sentence denotes Our simulations show that the spread of online public sentiment conforms to the scale-free and small-world characteristics of complex networks.
T255 30765-30943 Sentence denotes At the beginning of an emergency, mainstream media play a crucial role in rapid reporting of real information on an emergency, especially accidents and social security incidents.
T256 30944-31133 Sentence denotes In the early stages of public sentiment evolution, the influence of the media is insufficient, and it is, therefore, necessary for the government to give relevant information to the public.
T257 31134-31237 Sentence denotes The government also needs to strengthen the public's judgment of information and reduce misinformation.
T258 31238-31371 Sentence denotes Such methods will reduce the value of information dissemination by individuals and maximize the effectiveness of media communication.
T259 31372-31463 Sentence denotes Media are one of the main actors in an emergency and connect the government and the public.
T260 31464-31630 Sentence denotes On the one hand, the media should pursue their own value standards: to report incidents fairly and truthfully and to communicate real-time information on emergencies.
T261 31631-31830 Sentence denotes On the other hand, strengthening the media's relationship with the government can allow the media to report on government decisions and plans for responding to emergencies to the public in real-time.
T262 31831-31951 Sentence denotes This allows the public to quickly determine the evolution of emergencies and guide the trend of online public sentiment.
T263 31952-32107 Sentence denotes In the early days of many emergencies, official information is not publicized, which often arouses public suspicion and deepens distrust of the government.
T264 32108-32231 Sentence denotes Through online rumors, netizens' distrust of the government ferments, eventually triggering an online public opinion event.
T265 32232-32413 Sentence denotes In the era of big data, the government must handle public opinion incidents quickly, promptly, and efficiently in order to fulfill the public's need to receive information promptly.
T266 32414-32581 Sentence denotes Otherwise, they may risk the expansion of public opinion networks, which will increase the difficulty in guiding public sentiment as the emergency continues to evolve.
T267 32582-32774 Sentence denotes Especially in major emergencies involving national security and the safety of lives and property, the government should decisively intervene in publicity control and information dissemination.
T268 32775-33045 Sentence denotes Moreover, the use of fast and effective media should be maximized to communicate the "voice" of the government, conduct quick and positive online guidance, and strengthen communication with the public and the media to ensure the smooth spread of online public sentiment.
T269 33046-33135 Sentence denotes Table 4 Density and centrality statistics of China's Social security incident, 2010-2017.
T270 33136-33332 Sentence denotes When an emergency occurs, the government's primary response should be a strong disclosure of accurate information, preventing the public from panicking because of ignorance or lack of information.
T271 33333-33460 Sentence denotes The most important measure for the government to effectively control and guide online public sentiment is to build credibility.
T272 33461-33566 Sentence denotes The speed and transparency of the government's disclosure of emergency information is another key factor:
T273 33567-33753 Sentence denotes The faster the government discloses information, the greater its transparency and credibility, and the more likely it is to calm rumors and foster the steady evolution of public opinion.
T274 33754-33888 Sentence denotes Governments must pass information disclosure laws to clarify their responsibility to provide information to the public in emergencies.
T275 33889-34091 Sentence denotes Meanwhile, an information exchange system between the government and the media, netizens, and other social groups should be established to correct and adjust the government information reporting system.
T276 34092-34283 Sentence denotes A qualified and dedicated team of government spokespersons should be created, relying on government authority to publish during the early period of online public sentiment after an emergency.
T277 34284-34340 Sentence denotes The government must enhance its information credibility.
T278 34341-34513 Sentence denotes The government cannot fully grasp all information resources and information dissemination channels, and netizens will acquire relevant information through various channels.
T279 34514-34701 Sentence denotes Therefore, the government must establish a rational target system and adopt positive governance measures to form an effective mechanism to guide the dissemination of relevant information.
T280 34702-34814 Sentence denotes The key to improving government credibility is to eliminate netizens' misjudgment and curb excessive grievances.
T281 34815-35011 Sentence denotes Meanwhile, it is necessary to clarify facts, eliminate rumors, communicate scientifically, control knowledge, and implement tools to control and block false and maliciously misleading information.
T282 35012-35154 Sentence denotes This paper analyzes the characteristics of the evolution of online public sentiment during emergencies from the perspective of time and space.
T283 35155-35340 Sentence denotes First, a multi-agent modeling and simulation method is used to simulate interactions between netizens and netizens, between the media and netizens, and between the media and government.
T284 35341-35440 Sentence denotes This is done to illuminate the evolution of public opinion and the effects of governance over time.
T285 35441-35617 Sentence denotes Second, an SNA method is used to analyze the characteristics of key node structures and the important actors in the network of public opinion communication during an emergency.
T286 35618-35825 Sentence denotes Because of the complex factors affecting emergencies and the difficulty in obtaining data, the construction of the model is inaccurate, and the four types of emergencies are analyzed from a time perspective.
T287 35826-36032 Sentence denotes By enriching the data, we hope to find, through the model, the distribution characteristics of the four types of emergencies and find the root causes of the evolution of public sentiment during emergencies.
T288 36033-36255 Sentence denotes The advantage of this study is that the simulation of the model and its main parameters enable the government to control and guide a response to an accident at the initial stage by understanding how public opinion evolves.
T289 36256-36465 Sentence denotes It can enable the media to strengthen cooperation with the government, enhance its credibility, affect most netizens, actively evade rumors, and understand, promptly, the rules that determine netizen activity.
T290 36466-36607 Sentence denotes This would be beneficial to netizens as it would reduce loss of interest and improve the comprehensive management of online public sentiment.
T291 36608-36802 Sentence denotes However, because of the limited ability to acquire data, this paper extracted 75 individuals in the study of the spatial structure of public sentiment evolution, and the data is relatively poor.
T292 36803-36924 Sentence denotes Moreover, the time evolution model assumed many parameters to be linear, rather than actual changes, which are nonlinear.
T293 36925-36984 Sentence denotes The accuracy and depth of the research need to be improved.
T294 36985-37145 Sentence denotes The funder had no role either in the study design, collection, analysis, and the writing of the report or in the decision to submit the article for publication.
T295 37146-37367 Sentence denotes The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the Baidu Index and Sina Weibo repository at the following URLs: http://index.baidu.com/baidu-index-mobile/?from=pinzhuan#/ https://m.weibo.cn/
T296 37368-37378 Sentence denotes Shiyue Li:
T297 37379-37466 Sentence denotes Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Writing -review & editing.
T298 37467-37478 Sentence denotes Zixuan Liu:
T299 37479-37542 Sentence denotes Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing -original draft.
T300 37543-37554 Sentence denotes Yanling Li:
T301 37555-37639 Sentence denotes Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Validation.
T302 37640-37645 Sentence denotes None.