CORD-19_Custom_license_subset  

CORD-19:c654596857bce9cdd64ffc51842048643107348c JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-179 Sentence denotes The effect of chlortracycline treatment on enteric bacteria in pigs SoA1.3 Delsol AA a Analysis of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antimicrobial agents in Polish children SoA4.2
T2 181-189 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 190-198 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T4 199-394 Sentence denotes There are concerns within the medical profession that antimicrobial agents used in livestock production contribute to the increased antibiotic resistance observed in zoonotic bacterial pathogens.
T5 395-475 Sentence denotes To minimise this risk, evidence-based control strategies need to be implemented.
T6 476-659 Sentence denotes We investigated the effect of chlortetracycline treatment on a tetracycline resistant population of Salmonella typhimurium DT104 and the commensal Escherichia coli population in pigs.
T7 660-668 Sentence denotes Results:
T8 669-848 Sentence denotes Our results show that pigs treated with chlortetracycline consistently shed higher numbers of resistant S . typhimurium DT104 than untreated pigs for up to 6 weeks post-treatment.
T9 849-984 Sentence denotes We also identified a 30% increase in E. coli with a chlortetracycline MIC!/ 16 mg/l and a 10% increase in E. coli with an MIC!/50 mg/l.
T10 985-1042 Sentence denotes These effects persisted for up to 2 weeks post-treatment.
T11 1043-1118 Sentence denotes The tetracycline resistance gene was characterised by gene probing and PCR.
T12 1119-1244 Sentence denotes The level of chlortetracycline in the pig faeces, as measured by HPLC, fell below our detection limit 5 days after treatment.
T13 1245-1256 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T14 1257-1504 Sentence denotes This study provides direct evidence that oral administration of chlortetracycline to pigs significantly increases the proportion of resistant enteric bacteria, and this shift in resistance outlasts any residual chlortetracycline in the pig faeces.
T15 1505-1516 Sentence denotes Background:
T16 1517-1632 Sentence denotes Helicobacter pylori resistance to antimicrobial agents is an important factor compromising the efficacy of therapy.
T17 1633-1772 Sentence denotes Since initial treatment for H. pylori infection is often empirical, therefore it is very important to monitor the local resistance pattern.
T18 1773-1784 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T19 1785-2022 Sentence denotes The aims of our study were: to determine the prevalence of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole and amoxycillin in children prior to eradication therapy, and to detect mutations responsible for clarithromycin resistance.
T20 2023-2044 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T21 2045-2123 Sentence denotes During 2000 Á/ 2001, 57 H. pylori strains were isolated from gastric biopsies.
T22 2124-2187 Sentence denotes Susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined by the E -test.
T23 2188-2309 Sentence denotes Mutations in the 23S rRNA gene associated with clarithromycin resistance were analysed by PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing.
T24 2310-2318 Sentence denotes Results:
T25 2319-2494 Sentence denotes Overall, 24 strains (42%) were resistant to metronidazole, 25 strains (44%) were resistant to clarithromycin, and 14 strains (25%) were simultaneously resistant to both drugs.
T26 2495-2547 Sentence denotes All cultured isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin.
T27 2548-2666 Sentence denotes Primary resistance to clarithromycin was mainly associated with an A2143G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene of H. pylori .
T28 2667-2749 Sentence denotes However, isolates containing an A2142G mutation had higher MICs of clarithromycin.
T29 2750-2761 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T30 2762-2922 Sentence denotes Our results show the high prevalence of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin in Polish children, which implies a need for pretreatment susceptibility testing.
T31 2923-3018 Sentence denotes 23S rRNA genotype in Helicobacter pylori strains resistant to clarithromycin in children SoA4.3
T32 3019-3030 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T33 3031-3229 Sentence denotes To study the primary resistance to clarithromycin (CLA) in children, to analyse the point mutations associated with CLA resistance and to compare these data with the resistance obtained from adults.
T34 3230-3238 Sentence denotes Methods:
T35 3239-3337 Sentence denotes Thirty-six resistant strains from children and 30 from adults were obtained from gastric biopsies.
T36 3338-3411 Sentence denotes In vitro susceptibility to CLA was determined by an agar dilution method.
T37 3412-3476 Sentence denotes DNA from the isolates was extracted by the Ge and Taylor method.
T38 3477-3552 Sentence denotes A2142G and A2143G mutations were determined by PCR-RFLP (Versalovic, 1996).
T39 3553-3634 Sentence denotes A 1.4 kpb of the 23S rRNA gene was amplified and digested with Bsa I or Mbo II. :
T40 3635-3822 Sentence denotes S 0 9 2 4 -8 5 7 9 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 3 3 -X Contribution of rdxA and frxA mutations to metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori : an examination of multiple-isolate patient sets SoA4.4
T41 3823-3844 Sentence denotes Chisholm SA, Owen RJ.
T42 3845-3931 Sentence denotes Central Public Health Laboratory, Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, London, UK Purpose:
T43 3932-4117 Sentence denotes Mutations in rdxA and frxA genes, encoding NADPH nitroreductase and NADPH flavin oxidoreductase, respectively, reportedly lead to metronidazole (Mtz) resistance in Helicobacter pylori .
T44 4118-4340 Sentence denotes As no single mutation type has been identified that directly correlates with resistance acquisition, we examined rdxA and frxA in paired Mtz sensitive (S) and resistant (R) isolates and in mixed Mtz-S/R strain populations.
T45 4341-4519 Sentence denotes Isolates from nine dyspeptic patients that had different Mtz susceptibilities (S and R) before and after therapy and mixed Mtz-S/R subpopulations that were separated were tested.
T46 4520-4582 Sentence denotes Both rdxA and frxA from each isolate population was sequenced.
T47 4583-4591 Sentence denotes Results:
T48 4592-4759 Sentence denotes Several different mutations were identified in rdxA , but rarely in frxA , of Mtz-R strains (post-treatment) that were absent in matched Mtz-S strains (pre-treatment).
T49 4760-4905 Sentence denotes In contrast, sequences from pre-treatment Mtz-R sub-populations were identical to Mtz-S strains in 5/9 cases for rdxA and in 8/9 cases for frxA .
T50 4906-4918 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T51 4919-5010 Sentence denotes Data suggest mutations in rdxA were not always essential for acquisition of Mtz resistance.
T52 5011-5141 Sentence denotes Observed mutations in the post-treatment Mtz-R isolates may therefore be coincidental and not contributing to the Mtz-R phenotype.
T53 5142-5229 Sentence denotes For most strains, frxA mutations were not a factor in Mtz resistance of these isolates.
T54 5230-5304 Sentence denotes Other mechanisms therefore may contribute to Mtz resistance in H. pylori .
T55 5305-5461 Sentence denotes Accuracy of 23S ribosomal RNA gene mutation analysis for predicting high level clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori in the United Kingdom SoA4.5
T56 5462-5481 Sentence denotes Elviss NC, Owen RJ.
T57 5482-5702 Sentence denotes Central Public Health Labortory, Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, London, UK Pre-treatment resistance of Helicobacter pylori to clarithromycin (CLA) and metronidazole (MTZ) is a key factor in eradication therapy failure.
T58 5703-5846 Sentence denotes Adenine (A) to guanine (G) or A to cytosine (C) mutations at nucleotide 2142, or A to G at 2143 in the 23S rDNA confer in vitro CLA resistance.
T59 5847-5998 Sentence denotes Our aims were to determine if mutation type and high level CLA resistance was linked and to test for cross-associations with high level MTZ resistance.
T60 5999-6135 Sentence denotes One thousand one hundred and fifty-one UK isolates from routine endoscopies were tested for susceptibility to CLA and MTZ using E -test.
T61 6136-6319 Sentence denotes PCR-RFLP identified rDNA mutations in the 92 CLA resistant isolates using Mbo II and Bsa I, respectively for the A2142G and A2143G mutations, and by PCR assay for the A2142C mutation.
T62 6320-6391 Sentence denotes Mutation frequency was: A2142G, 22.8%; A2143G, 63.0%; and A2142C, 3.3%.
T63 6392-6450 Sentence denotes In addition, 3.3% were heterozygous for A2142G and A2143G.
T64 6451-6531 Sentence denotes No mutation was detected in 7.6% of resistant strains (confirmed by sequencing).
T65 6532-6639 Sentence denotes High level CLA resistance (MIC !/ 256 mg/ml) occurred in 43.3% strains representing 17/21 A2142G mutations.
T66 6640-6775 Sentence denotes Fifty-six isolates were both CLA and MTZ resistant, of these 30 strains had high level CLA resistance and 27 high level MTZ resistance.
T67 6776-6834 Sentence denotes No single mutation predominated in dual resistant strains.
T68 6835-6938 Sentence denotes Our findings indicate that an A2142G mutation predicts a 81.4% likelihood of high level CLA resistance.
T69 6939-7045 Sentence denotes Our mutation assays provide a specific basis to obtain CLA resistance data for treatment and surveillance.
T70 7046-7187 Sentence denotes Real-time PCR detection of 23S rDNA mutations conferring clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori using the Roche Light-Cycler SoA4.6
T71 7188-7218 Sentence denotes Lawson AJ, Elviss NC, Owen RJ.
T72 7219-7386 Sentence denotes Central Public Health Laboratory, Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, London, UK Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa of Â/50% of the worlds human population.
T73 7387-7553 Sentence denotes In a significant subgroup of infected hosts, H. pylori is associated with the aetiology of a number of gastric diseases, most notably gastric and duodenal ulceration.
T74 7554-7681 Sentence denotes The macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin is a key component of many combination therapies used to eradicate H. pylori infection.
T75 7682-7763 Sentence denotes However, resistance to clarithromycin is an important cause of treatment failure.
T76 7764-7910 Sentence denotes Clarithromycin resistance is associated with mutations in 23S rRNA nucleotides 2142 and 2143 that inhibit the binding of the drug to the ribosome.
T77 7911-8059 Sentence denotes A rapid, real-time PCR assay for the detection of 23S rDNA mutations conferring clarithromycin resistance was developed using the Roche LightCycler.
T78 8060-8257 Sentence denotes The assay utilized a pair of biprobes, one specific for the A2142G mutation and one for the wild type sequence (A2142C and A2143G mutations were detected by characteristic reduction in biprobe Tm).
T79 8258-8461 Sentence denotes The PCR assay was applied to DNA extracted from 150 selected H. pylori isolates from UK patients and identified the 23S rDNA as wild type (45), A2142G (17), A2142C (3), A2143G (70) and heterozygous (15).
T80 8462-8584 Sentence denotes These results correlated (95%) with those obtained by disk diffusion sensitivity testing and PCR-RFLP based methodologies.
T81 8585-8771 Sentence denotes The LightCycler assay was successfully applied to DNA extracted from 20 gastric biopsy samples, thus offering the potential to inform patient management without the necessity of culture.
T82 8772-8901 Sentence denotes Efficacy and tolerability of different triple macrolide-containing anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment regimens in children SoA4.7
T83 8903-8924 Sentence denotes f Spain Introduction:
T84 8925-9092 Sentence denotes The prevalence of erythromycin resistance (ER-R) in group A streptococci (GAS) has increased in Spain since early 90s with current rates exceeding 40% in some regions.
T85 9093-9177 Sentence denotes This study determined the emm -types associated to erythromycin resistance in Spain.
T86 9178-9199 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T87 9200-9256 Sentence denotes Isolates belonged to the SAUCE* surveillance collection.
T88 9257-9395 Sentence denotes Rapid sequence analysis of specific PCR products was used to deduce emm -types corresponding to the majority of the known GAS M serotypes.
T89 9396-9490 Sentence denotes PCR primers used: GASM1 (5?-TATTGCGCT-TAGAAAATTAA-3?) and GASM2 (5?-GCAAGTTCTT-CAGCTTGTTT-3?).
T90 9491-9583 Sentence denotes Sequencing was done with the Big Dye terminator mix and autosequenator (Applied Biosystems).
T91 9584-9669 Sentence denotes DNA sequences were subjected to homology searches against the bacterial DNA database.
T92 9670-9678 Sentence denotes Results:
T93 9679-9730 Sentence denotes Overall, 670 GAS isolates (345 ER-R) were analysed.
T94 9731-9859 Sentence denotes Three M-types (M4, ST1812 and M12) accounted for 66.4% of the ER-R isolates, whereas they just represented a 16.7% of the Ery-S.
T95 9860-10039 Sentence denotes For ER-R isolates the strongest association was seen with M4 (OR0/12; 95% CI 6.7 Á/22.1), and M75 was second after M4 only in the last temporal period of the study (1998 Á/1999) .
T96 10040-10104 Sentence denotes No homogeneous distribution of ER-R M-types by centres was seen.
T97 10105-10117 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T98 10118-10184 Sentence denotes Few M-types (leading by M4) are responsible for the ER-R in Spain.
T99 10185-10316 Sentence denotes But for M4, the remaining ER-R M types (ST1815, M12 and M75) did not show a temporally nor geographically homogeneous distribution.
T100 10317-10549 Sentence denotes *SAUCE is an acronym standing for 'Sensibilidad a los Antimicrobianos Utilizados en la Comunidad en Espana' (Susceptibility to the Antimicrobials Commonly Used in the Community in Spain ) and is the Spanish word for the willow tree.
T101 10550-10724 Sentence denotes Significant increase in the prevalence of erythromycin-resistant, clindamycin and miocamycin-susceptible (M-Phenotype) Streptococcus pyogenes in Spain (1998 ( Á/2001 Purpose:
T102 10725-10833 Sentence denotes A variety of methods is used for a molecular typing of Enterococcus spp. and related gram-positive bacteria.
T103 10834-11094 Sentence denotes These include DNA-based methods such as macrorestriction analysis using pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE), ribotyping, and amplification-based methods such as rapid amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP).
T104 11095-11271 Sentence denotes We used a homogeneous strain collection of 24 transconjugants resulting from filter-matings with different antibiotic-resistant E. faecium and a recipient isolate from our lab.
T105 11272-11396 Sentence denotes The influence of transferred antibiotic-resistance determinants on the outcome of different typing methods was investigated.
T106 11397-11405 Sentence denotes Results:
T107 11406-11518 Sentence denotes Fragment patterns resulting from PFGE indicated minor differences between the transconjugants and the recipient.
T108 11519-11651 Sentence denotes In respect to different primers used for RAPD, none or only a single fragment shift was detected in the resulting fragment patterns.
T109 11652-11812 Sentence denotes AFLP clusters all transconjugants into a group of major relatedness, but the result was strongly dependent on the mathematical method used for cluster analysis.
T110 11813-11942 Sentence denotes Fragment patterns of digested plasmids showed the possession of different or only widely related plasmids in the transconjugants.
T111 11943-11955 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T112 11956-12126 Sentence denotes The results of this study clearly show that under certain situations typing methods commonly used for enterococci and related gram-positive bacteria come to their limits.
T113 12127-12288 Sentence denotes The SASSS network aims to set up a national surveillance study to obtain standardized information on antimicrobial susceptibility to various bacterial pathogens.
T114 12289-12398 Sentence denotes Currently, 25 hospitals are participating in the project from different geographical regions in Saudi Arabia.
T115 12399-12472 Sentence denotes During the 1st year (2001), the SASSS focused on setting up this network.
T116 12473-12587 Sentence denotes Overall, high frequencies of resistance to antibiotics to different bacterial pathogens in Saudi Arabia were seen.
T117 12588-12698 Sentence denotes Geographical variations of resistance were noticed, which could be related to different prescribing practices.
T118 12699-12831 Sentence denotes Approximately, 9 and 32% of Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae , respectively, were Extended Spectrum â-Lactamases (EBLs) producers.
T119 12832-12918 Sentence denotes Resistance of Enterobacteriacae group to Carbapenem and Pipracillin/tazobactam is low.
T120 12919-13038 Sentence denotes Resistance of Pseudomonas aeurginosa to various anti-Pseudomonal antibiotics including Carbapenem is high and alarming.
T121 13039-13126 Sentence denotes Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) comprised 36% of S. aureus isolates.
T122 13127-13184 Sentence denotes No Vancomycin Intermediate S. aureus (visa) was detected.
T123 13185-13334 Sentence denotes High level resistance to Gentamicin in Enterococcus were seen in 12% of the isolates and only 2% of Enterococcus facieum were glycopeptide resistant.
T124 13335-13420 Sentence denotes Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin ranged between 2% to almost 52%.
T125 13421-13562 Sentence denotes Surveillance of antibiotic resistance on a national level is necessarily to give guidance to practicing physicians on the best agents to use.
T126 13563-13756 Sentence denotes The world-wide problem of betalactam resistance (R) in Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) has been complicated by increasing R to macrolides and some older fluoroquinolones (FQ) (ciprofloxacin CIP).
T127 13757-13960 Sentence denotes Aim of our study was to evaluate rate of acquisition of resistance to different FQ: CIP, sparfloxacin (SPX) and levofloxacin (LEV) of SP strains with different levels of susceptibility to penicillin (P).
T128 13961-14127 Sentence denotes Fifteen strains were serially and daily passaged in subinhibitory concentrations of these four antibiotics by a gradient plate method until acquisition of resistance.
T129 14128-14198 Sentence denotes Clinical strains isolated from children in day-care centers were used.
T130 14199-14297 Sentence denotes Five strains were susceptible (S) to penicillin (P) (one reference strain, four clinical isolates:
T131 14298-14373 Sentence denotes P MICsB/0.064 mg/l): five were intermediate (I) to P (one reference strain:
T132 14374-14420 Sentence denotes P MIC 0.19 mg/l, four clinical strains P MICs:
T133 14421-14483 Sentence denotes 0.5 Á/1 mg/l), five were resistant (R) to P (P MICs 1.5 mg/l).
T134 14484-14664 Sentence denotes Mean of number of passages (n ) necessary to reach I or R level with each FQ as selecting agent are in the following table: SPX and LEV induced resistance but more slowly than CIP.
T135 14665-14823 Sentence denotes Our results show that rate of acquisition of resistance to FQ is strongly related to alteration of susceptibility to P, probably by modification of cell wall.
T136 14824-14875 Sentence denotes These results are concordant with clinical results.
T137 14876-15019 Sentence denotes Clinical relevance of phase variation in pneumococcal opacity: nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization in children from day care centers (DCC) SoA8.11
T138 15020-15093 Sentence denotes Carsenti H, Mancini G, Bensoussan M, Dunais B, Pradier CH, Dellamonica P.
T139 15094-15355 Sentence denotes Archet Hospital, Infectious Disease, Nice, France Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) adherence to nasopharyngeal (NP) epithelium is a prerequisite for induction of otitis Transparent SP (T) have been shown to colonize the NP of infant rats better than opaque (O) SP.
T140 15356-15450 Sentence denotes Opaque SP has proven more virulent than the T form during systemic infection in a mouse model.
T141 15451-15532 Sentence denotes Aim of this study was to evaluate phase variation in the nasopharynx of children.
T142 15533-15635 Sentence denotes SP strains were isolated during a winter epidemiology study of NP samples in children from family DCC.
T143 15636-15743 Sentence denotes MICs determinations were performed by E -test for penicillin (P), amoxicilline (AMX) and ceftriaxone (CRO).
T144 15744-15797 Sentence denotes Serotypes were performed using the Quellung reaction.
T145 15798-15963 Sentence denotes Upon oil immersion microscopic examination short chains of six to eight cocci were noted as 0, '/, '/'/, '/'/'/ for absence, 1, 2, !/3 chains by field, respectively.
T146 15964-16178 Sentence denotes Phase variation was detected on catalase Trypticase Soja plates, AMX and CRO MICs and bactericidal activity was determined for 10 pairs of O and T variants with different serotypes and susceptibility to penicillin.
T147 16179-16235 Sentence denotes Seventy strains of SP were screened for phase variation.
T148 16236-16368 Sentence denotes Nine out of 42 with chain length 0, '/ had O variants while 23 out of 28 strains with chain length '/'/ or '/'/'/ showed O variants.
T149 16369-16438 Sentence denotes Proportion of O variants was predominant when chain length increased.
T150 16439-16466 Sentence denotes Serotype 23F was prevalent.
T151 16467-16546 Sentence denotes Bactericidal activity of O variants showed a four-to eightfold increase of MBC.
T152 16547-16637 Sentence denotes O variants may be present in NP of children while T are predominant form for colonization.
T153 16638-16745 Sentence denotes These virulent variants with lower level of autolysis showed less susceptibility to killing by antibiotics.
T154 16746-16828 Sentence denotes They may persist in NP and explain the absence of eradication by active molecules.
T155 16829-16995 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial resistance among clinical strains of S. pneumoniae isolated from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTI) in Russia SoA8.12
T156 16996-17213 Sentence denotes Kozlov RS a , Bogdanovitch TM a , Sivaya OV a , Agapova ED b , Ahmetova LI b , Furletova b , Gudkova LV b , Gugutsidge b , Ilyina VN b , Marusina b , Multich IG b , Ortenberg EA b , Schetinin EV b , Shturmina Purpose:
T157 17214-17313 Sentence denotes To determine the antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci causing CARTI in different Russian cities.
T158 17314-17322 Sentence denotes Methods:
T159 17323-17411 Sentence denotes A total of 142 non-duplicate strains isolated in 14 Russian cities in 2001 were studied.
T160 17412-17698 Sentence denotes Antimicrobials tested included penicillin (PEN), amoxicillin (AMO), erythromycin (ERY), azithromycin (AZI), clarithromycin (CLA), midecamycin (MID), spiramycin (SPI), clindamycin (CLI), levofloxacin (LEV), vancomycin (VAN), rifampicin (RIF), tetracycline (TET) and co-trimoxazole (SXT).
T161 17699-17890 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution with interpretation of the results according to NCCLS guidelines (2001) A map of bacterial resistance in a Hungarian region SoA8.16
T162 17891-18214 Sentence denotes Farkas A a , Juhasz A b , Orosi P a , Miszti C c , Balogh M d . a Kenezy Teaching Hospital, Hygienie, Debrecen, Hungary , b Kenezy Teaching Hospital, Laboratory, Debrecen, Hungary , c University of Debrecen, Microbiology Lab, Debrecen, Hungary , d Regional Hospital Berettyóújfalu, Laboratory, Debrecen, Hungary Background:
T163 18215-18347 Sentence denotes Regional trends of microbiological resistance pattern constitute basic data and qualifying criteria for effective infection control.
T164 18348-18356 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T165 18357-18478 Sentence denotes The aim of our study was to establish an internationally compatible regional database in a Hungarian county Hajdú -Bihar.
T166 18479-18487 Sentence denotes Methods:
T167 18488-18597 Sentence denotes Our model is the National Nosocomial Infections Society publications' format from the U.S. published in 2001.
T168 18598-18690 Sentence denotes It contains data regarding various ICU types, ambulatory patients and hospitalised patients.
T169 18691-18792 Sentence denotes The same format is used for antibiotic utilisation data and device related infections' rates as well.
T170 18793-18896 Sentence denotes We collected cleaned data of years 2000 Á/2001 from all the microbiological laboratories of our county.
T171 18897-18905 Sentence denotes Results:
T172 18906-18955 Sentence denotes Ciprofloxacin P E. coli 6.8 4.5 9.6 75 Á/above 90
T173 18956-19204 Sentence denotes Susceptibilities not significantly different from U.S. data were as follows: MR CNS, Streptococcus pneumoniae /penicillin and 3rd generation cephalosporin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa /piperacillin and Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia coli /ceftriaxon.
T174 19205-19217 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T175 19218-19399 Sentence denotes This database proved to be a very useful tool for choosing primary wards of active surveillance including places for infectious disease physician's visit (ICU, rehabilitation unit).
T176 19400-19654 Sentence denotes Additional analysis is needed at an individual institution's level for other heavily used (or useable) antibiotics and bacteria as well (aminoglycosides, beta-lactam Á/beta lactamase inhibitor combinations, 2nd generation cephalosporins, corynebacteria .
T177 19655-19878 Sentence denotes To compare epidemiological, clinical, and immunological features of ADD before and after HAART introduction, between the 436 patients (p) diagnosed in 1985 Á/1995, and the 103 p detected since 1997, in a case-control study.
T178 19879-20110 Sentence denotes Though the mean number of newly diagnosed AIDS p had a sharp drop in the HAART era, from 65 p/year in 1991 Á/ 1995 to 22 p/year since 1997 (P B/0.001), the distribution of ADD and underlying immunodeficiency showed limited changes.
T179 20111-20283 Sentence denotes When excluding a greater frequency of tuberculosis (TB) (P B/0.001) and wasting syndrome (P B/0.04), all other ADD did not show a different frequency before and after 1997.
T180 20284-20355 Sentence denotes A tendency towards a higher mean CD4 count at AIDS disease was noticed:
T181 20356-20501 Sentence denotes 78 vs 61 cells/ml (P B/0.003), with a significant difference for Candida esophagitis , toxoplasmosis, Kaposi sarcoma and TB (P B/0.002 Á/B/0.03).
T182 20502-20636 Sentence denotes The limited variation of clinical and immunological presentation are attributable to the poor impact of HAART before AIDS recognition:
T183 20637-20781 Sentence denotes 88.4% of p detected since 1997 did not receive HAART or had insufficient compliance to antiretrovirals, so that 58.2% of p were AIDS presenters.
T184 20782-20874 Sentence denotes During the HAART era, an increase of mean age and sexual transmission was found (P B/0.001).
T185 20875-21094 Sentence denotes Notwithstanding the effects of HAART on the natural history of HIV disease, the consequences on ADD distribution and related immunodeficiency were negligible, since most p could not benefit from HAART before AIDS onset.
T186 21095-21204 Sentence denotes A high clinical suspicion for ADD should be maintained when facing p with missed or undertreated HIV disease.
T187 21205-21374 Sentence denotes Radata */communication internet platform management of resistance analysis guided haart switch for implementation in clinical practice of HIV-infected individuals SoA9.3
T188 21375-21420 Sentence denotes Paech V, Lorenzen T, Stoehr A, Plettenberg A.
T189 21421-21489 Sentence denotes IFI, interdisciplinary Infectiology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
T190 21490-21630 Sentence denotes Purpose: HIV-resistance analyses are indicated to prepare switch of HAART in HIV-infected individuals with failure to ongoing HAART regimen.
T191 21631-21795 Sentence denotes Specialists at several responsible sites often feel lack of complementary informations if interpretation of resistance analyses is done independent from each other.
T192 21796-21973 Sentence denotes Clinical benefits from resistance analysis assays are sigfnificantly higher for those physicians, who can access external advice from HIV-experts for possible treatment options.
T193 21974-22106 Sentence denotes The database concept 'Radata' (www.radata.de) was developed in Germany to generate expert advice for implementation in HAART switch.
T194 22107-22115 Sentence denotes Results:
T195 22116-22290 Sentence denotes Fifteen HIV-treatment centres, seven laboratories and 15 high ranked authorities in HIV-Medicine contribute to Radata database since it is started in January 2002 in Germany.
T196 22291-22420 Sentence denotes HIV-infected subjects are eligible to participate at the project after presentation of failure to HAART (viral load !/1000 c/ml).
T197 22421-22536 Sentence denotes Expert advice is generated after all data are evaluated and based on recommendations of 2 Á/4 external HIV-experts.
T198 22537-22609 Sentence denotes Observation after therapy switch is scheduled for a period of 12 months.
T199 22610-22622 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T200 22623-22764 Sentence denotes Radata is a novel database concept with features for evaluation of data and availability of complementary information to participating sites.
T201 22765-22875 Sentence denotes The project is designed to provide its proficiency to patients and centres from Germany and foreign countries.
T202 22876-22962 Sentence denotes Further information will be provided after the number enclosed subjects have enlarged.
T203 22963-23373 Sentence denotes In vitro effects of HIV infection on ABC transporter expression and antiretroviral drug efficacy SoA9.4 Therefore, we evaluate in primary cultures of human monocytederived macrophages (MDM) and lymphocytes, effects: (1) of retroviral infection and HAART on the expression and activity of P-gp and MRP; and (2) of specific inhibitors of these host proteins on antiretroviral activities of NRTI, non-NRTI and IP.
T204 23374-23382 Sentence denotes Results:
T205 23383-23520 Sentence denotes On the one hand, we evidenced a transitory increase of P-gp mRNA expression in lymphocytes and MDM in response to in vitro HIV infection.
T206 23521-23647 Sentence denotes This was correlated to an increased P-gp cell surface expression and activity, and an increased TNF-alpha production and mRNA.
T207 23648-23707 Sentence denotes In contrast, no significant modulation of MRP was observed.
T208 23708-23813 Sentence denotes On the other hand, PSC833 and probenecid potentiated in vitro the anti-HIV activity of AZT and indinavir.
T209 23814-23886 Sentence denotes These effects were accentuated when PSC833 and probenecid were combined.
T210 23887-23898 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T211 23899-24169 Sentence denotes These results showed that: (1) HIV infection by increasing ABC transporter expression could favorise the efflux of antiretroviral drugs and decrease their pharmacological effects; and (2) specific inhibitors of these transporters could reverse these deleterious effects.
T212 24170-24381 Sentence denotes Effects of Interferon alpha plus ribavirine therapy on frequencies of HCV, HIV and CMV specific CD4-T-cell responses in peripheral blood of HIV/HCV coinfected patients after 6 months of treatment SoA9.5 Methods:
T213 24382-24445 Sentence denotes Two groups of patients with chronic HCV infection were studied:
T214 24446-24533 Sentence denotes 26 HIV coinfected progressors with antiretroviral therapy and 13 HIV-negative controls.
T215 24534-24631 Sentence denotes Twelve HCV/HIV and 9 HCV patients have already reached 6 months of IFN-alpha'/ribavirine therapy.
T216 24632-24782 Sentence denotes Virusspecific CD4-T-cells in peripheral blood were analyzed by IFNgamma-ELISPOT-assays using HIV-p24, one CMV and three HCV (Core, NS3, NS4) antigens.
T217 24783-24791 Sentence denotes Results:
T218 24792-25180 Sentence denotes (1) at baseline, HCV-specific CD4-Th1-cells frequencies were significantly lower than HIV-and CMV-specific ones; (2) frequencies of CD4-Th1-cells against HCV as well as against CMV were similar in the two groups; (3) in HCV'//HIV'/, HCV specific CD4-T-cell frequencies did not change between baseline and 6th month of anti-HCV treatment, decreased in three and increased in only one case.
T219 25181-25247 Sentence denotes HIV-and CMV-specific frequencies were decreased in seven patients.
T220 25248-25300 Sentence denotes Similar results were observed in HIV-negative group.
T221 25301-25563 Sentence denotes Conclusion: (1) HCV-specific immune responses might be more prone to tissue compartmentalization than HIV-specific ones; (2) immune defects induced by HIV infection might not be responsible for the low level of HCV-specific responses observed in HIV-progressors;
T222 25564-25700 Sentence denotes (3) IFN-alpha'/ribavirine therapy influence on HCV-and HIVspecific CD4-T-cell frequencies after 6 months of treatment will be discussed.
T223 25701-25847 Sentence denotes Frequencies of HIV-1-p24 specific Th1 cells (ELISPOT) are correlated with plasma HIV-1 viral load in a cohort of LT-NP and slow progressors SoA9.6
T224 25848-26417 Sentence denotes Martinez V a , Alatrakchi N a , Costagliola D b , Bonduelle O a , Agut H c , Autran B a , ALT Study Group a . a Hopital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, Paris, France , b Faculté de Medecine Saint-Antoine, INSERM SC4, Paris, France , c Hopital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France Background: HIV-1-specific T helper-1 cell responses have been associated with long-term-non-progression (LT-NP) in HIV infection but the correlation between frequencies of HIV-1-p24-specific Th1 cells and viral load has not yet been studied.
T225 26418-26521 Sentence denotes We prospectively quantified these frequencies by using an IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay in a cohort of LT-NP.
T226 26522-26530 Sentence denotes Methods:
T227 26531-26638 Sentence denotes A cohort of 62 LT-NP and slow progressors (infection !/ 8 years and CD4 counts !/600/mm 3 ) was analysable.
T228 26639-26773 Sentence denotes HIV-1-p24specific T cells were analyzed using: proliferation, IFN-gamma ELI-SPOT assays and IFN-gamma production in cell supernatants.
T229 26774-26782 Sentence denotes Results:
T230 26783-26942 Sentence denotes Wide ranges were observed in the frequencies of HIV-1-p24-specific CD4 Th1 cells as assessed by ELISPOT (0-3770 SFC/106 PBMC) with a median of 70 SFC/106 PBMC.
T231 26943-27159 Sentence denotes These frequencies were negatively correlated with viral load (r0/(/0.304, P 0/0.026) but not with CD4 counts and associated with a low level of T cell activation assessed by CD71 on CD4 cells (r0/(/0.266, P 0/0.035).
T232 27160-27241 Sentence denotes Similar results were obtained with T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production.
T233 27242-27253 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T234 27254-27566 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the numbers of HIV-1-p24-specific Th1 cells correlate with plasma viral load, independently of CD4 counts indicating that: (1) the defect in HIV-1-specific CD4 Th1 cells does not reflect the global CD4 depletion; and (2) these responses are strongly correlated to the control of virus replication.
T235 27567-27684 Sentence denotes Impact of drug Á/drug interactions on therapeutical management of active tuberculosis in HIV infected patients SoA9.7
T236 27685-28167 Sentence denotes Martinez V a , Truffot C b , Caumes E c , Katlama C c , Jarlier V b , Bricaire F c , Jouan M d . a Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France , b Department of Bacteriology, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France , c Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France , d Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France
T237 28168-28349 Sentence denotes Since 1996 and the use of HAART, management of HIV patients with active tuberculosis raised the question of drug Á/drug interactions and therapeutical management of both infections.
T238 28350-28377 Sentence denotes Retrospective cohort study:
T239 28378-28464 Sentence denotes Follow-up of 43 HIV patients with active tuberculosis diagnosed between 1996 and 2000.
T240 28465-28608 Sentence denotes Studied data included evolution of tuberculosis and HIV, CD4 cell counts, plasma HIV viral loads, antituberculosis and antiretroviral regimens.
T241 28609-28734 Sentence denotes Ninety-four percent of patients were treated by quadruple combination antituberculosis drug with rifabutin for five patients.
T242 28735-28985 Sentence denotes Fourteen patients were treated by double antiretroviral therapy of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and 29 by triple or more drugs (NRTIs and/or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors NNRTIs and/or protease inhibitors PIs).
T243 28986-29021 Sentence denotes The median follow-up was 24 months.
T244 29022-29279 Sentence denotes There was no difference on CD4 cell counts and viral loads in the two groups and between the patients treated by NNRTIs and PIs at the diagnosis of tuberculosis, at the time of antituberculosis drug discontinuation and concerning cure rates of tuberculosis.
T245 29280-29411 Sentence denotes On the other hand, the plasma HIV viral load was significantly better controlled in patients with NNRTIs than with PIs (P B/0.005).
T246 29412-29637 Sentence denotes In HIV patients with active tuberculosis receiving HAART, antiretroviral combination including NNRTIs allows a better control of viral replication than regimen including PIs without impact of the use of rifampin or rifabutin.
T247 29638-29708 Sentence denotes Adherence is essential to the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy.
T248 29709-29763 Sentence denotes A pharmacy visit would improve the patient advisement.
T249 29764-29830 Sentence denotes A survey was carried out over a period of 3 months in the U.M.I.T.
T250 29831-29877 Sentence denotes A self-report was distributed to 150 patients.
T251 29878-29900 Sentence denotes Ninety were evaluated.
T252 29901-30014 Sentence denotes For 66%, information's given by the clinician were sufficient and for 76% the treatment advice cards were useful.
T253 30015-30074 Sentence denotes However, 72% of them would like to attend a pharmacy visit.
T254 30075-30198 Sentence denotes The topics they would prefer to be tackled were drug interactions (51%), side effects (49%) and effect of forgetting (44%).
T255 30199-30290 Sentence denotes The treatment was well accepted and tolerated for, respectively 91 and 65% of the patients.
T256 30291-30368 Sentence denotes The viral load and the CD4 count were well known by, respectively 52 and 46%.
T257 30369-30582 Sentence denotes However, inaccurate pattern of treatment was frequent ( !/50%) and bad adherence was observed: treatment forgotten occasionally (60%), regularly (30%) or inadequate attitude when the treatment was forgotten (76%).
T258 30583-30678 Sentence denotes Number of pills, dose frequency, length of the treatment would be risk factors of nonadherence.
T259 30679-30754 Sentence denotes For the majority of patients, a pharmacy visit is necessary and beneficial.
T260 30755-30918 Sentence denotes The first result shows a better understanding of the treatment, an improvement of the adherence and an enhancement of plasma concentration of antiretroviral drugs.
T261 30919-31052 Sentence denotes In vivo activity of glycopeptides against S. aureus infection in a rabbit endocarditis model: is MIC predictive for in vivo efficacy?
T262 31053-31139 Sentence denotes SoA10.3 Asseray N, Caillon J, Lemabecque V, Jacqueline C, Batard E, Potel G, Bugnon D.
T263 31140-31201 Sentence denotes Laboratoire Antibiologie, Faculte de Medecine, Nantes, France
T264 31202-31493 Sentence denotes We have studied the in vivo efficacy of vancomycin (V) and teicoplanin (T) against five Staphylococcus aureus (SA) strains: two methicillin-susceptible (MSSA 1 and 2), two methicillin-resistant (MRSA 3 and 4) and one glycopeptide-intermediate (GISA 5) strain, in a rabbit endocarditis model.
T265 31494-31622 Sentence denotes MICs of V and T (V/T) were 0.5/0.25, 1/0.5, 1/1, 0.5/0.5, and 4/8, for MSSA 1, MSSA 2, MRSA 3, MRSA 4, and GISA 5, respectively.
T266 31623-31719 Sentence denotes The animals were randomly infected with one of these strains, then treated for 2 days by V or T.
T267 31720-31795 Sentence denotes A continuous infusion of V, simulating a 30 mg/kg/24 h human dose was used.
T268 31796-31904 Sentence denotes T was infused as a continuous infusion allowing simulating a 6 mg/kg human dose, following an initial bolus.
T269 31905-32014 Sentence denotes These regimens achieved clinically relevant serum steady-state concentrations of glycopeptides ( !/20 mg/ l).
T270 32015-32144 Sentence denotes Results were as follows: expressed in log CFU/g of vegetations (mean9/SD, followed in parenthesis by the number of rabbits used).
T271 32145-32153 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T272 32154-32386 Sentence denotes To determine the prevalence of the decreased glycopeptides susceptibility among 187 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus collected from patients hospitalized in Strasbourg University Hospital between 15/01/2000 and 01/03/2000.
T273 32387-32543 Sentence denotes The susceptibility to glycopeptides of 38 S. aureus isolates collected from hospital environment during approximately the same period was also investigated.
T274 32544-32552 Sentence denotes Methods:
T275 32553-32632 Sentence denotes The susceptibility to glycopeptides was studied among the MRSA isolates, using:
T276 32633-32943 Sentence denotes Á/ detection of the decreased susceptibility to glycopeptides using agar plates containing 6 mg/l teicoplanin, Á/ detection of hetero-VISA strains using agar plates containing 4 mg/ l vancomycin, Á/ determination of the MICs of vancomycin and teicoplanin using the agar dilution and the E -test strips methods.
T277 32944-32952 Sentence denotes Results:
T278 32953-33037 Sentence denotes Thirty-nine percent of S. aureus clinical isolates (74 out of 187 strains) are MRSA.
T279 33038-33081 Sentence denotes No VISA or hetero-VISA strain was detected.
T280 33082-33155 Sentence denotes Six percent MRSA isolates are teicoplanin intermediate S. aureus strains.
T281 33156-33241 Sentence denotes In the environment, 13% S. aureus isolates are methicillinresistant (five out of 38).
T282 33242-33296 Sentence denotes The five strains are all susceptible to glycopeptides.
T283 33297-33308 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T284 33309-33357 Sentence denotes The results regarding vancomycin are reassuring.
T285 33358-33516 Sentence denotes However, the high rate of MRSA and the presence of teicoplanin intermediate S. aureus isolates prove that prevention and control measures need to be improved.
T286 33517-33683 Sentence denotes Comparative investigation of polymerase chain reaction and a conventional methods for detection of methicilin resistant Staphylococcus amont clinical isolates SoA10.5
T287 33684-33958 Sentence denotes Kantardjiev TV a , Vacheva-Dobrevski RS b , Panajotov SV a , Bachvarova AM a , Velinov TI a , Levterova VS a . a National Center of Infectious and parasitic Diseases, Microbiology, Sofia, Bulgaria , b Military Medical Academy, Clinical Microbiology, Sofia, Bulgaria Purpose:
T288 33959-34091 Sentence denotes Identification on methicillin resistant Staphylococci has a great clinical implication and significant impact of antibiotic therapy.
T289 34092-34229 Sentence denotes The aim of this study is to compare the disc-diffusion test (DDT), oxacillin agar screen test (OAST) and PCR for detection of mec A gene.
T290 34230-34386 Sentence denotes Fifty selective clinical isolates (41 Staphylococcus aureus and nine S. epidermidis ) determined as methicillin resistant by DDT were enrolled in the study.
T291 34387-34493 Sentence denotes DDT was performed with oxacillin disk (1 mkg/ml) on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) without NaCl (NCCLS, 2000) .
T292 34494-34563 Sentence denotes OAST was performed on MHA with 4% NaCl, oxacillin 6 mkg/ ml, T 35 8C.
T293 34564-34782 Sentence denotes These strains was genotypically characterized for the mec A gene presence by PCR method using the mec A 1-5?-AAA ATC CAT GGT AAA GGT TGG C-3? and the mec A 2 Á/5?-AGT TCT GCA GTA CCG GAT TTG C-3? primers (GIBCO, BRL) .
T294 34783-34791 Sentence denotes Results:
T295 34792-34874 Sentence denotes In the group of 50 MRS isolates, detected by PCR, positive results were as follow:
T296 34875-34912 Sentence denotes 23 S. aureus and six S. epidermidis .
T297 34913-34981 Sentence denotes For six S. aureus isolates DDT and OAST were positive; PCR-negative.
T298 34982-35078 Sentence denotes For two S. aureus and two S. epidermidis isolates PCR was positive; phenotypic methods-negative.
T299 35079-35091 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T300 35092-35169 Sentence denotes Accurate and rapid detection of MRS is a constant challenge for laboratories.
T301 35170-35398 Sentence denotes The PCR assay (first time in our country) appears to be more reliable than routine susceptibility testing for the rapid diagnosis of MRSA infections at hospitals, particularly due to the heterogeneous resistance of many strains.
T302 35399-35469 Sentence denotes 7.39/1.7 (6) 9.79/0.9 (5) 8.79/0.9 (5) 8.49/1.3 (8) 8.29/1.1 (4) V 3 .
T303 35470-35541 Sentence denotes 0 9/1.3* (7) 8.39/1.5 (5) 3.09/0.9* (4) 6.69/1.6 (6) 6.79/1.9 (6) T 3 .
T304 35542-35607 Sentence denotes 0 9/0.6* (4) 7.59/0.4 (4) 4.59/1.6* (6) 8.29/0.6 (4) 5.79/1.9 (6)
T305 35608-35746 Sentence denotes Distribution and antibiotic susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from suspected urinary tract infections of inpatients in Hungary SoA13.2
T306 35747-35821 Sentence denotes Rozgonyi F, Csukás Z, Kamotsay K, Szabó D, Ostorházi E, Berek Z, Maródi C.
T307 35822-35897 Sentence denotes Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
T308 35898-36074 Sentence denotes Between l January 1997 and 31 December 2000, a total of 12, 143 urine samples were cultured 40% as native urine (NU) and 60% as Uricult-Plus (UP) (Orion Diagnostica, Finland) .
T309 36075-36200 Sentence denotes Cultivations were negative in 39% of NU and 42% of UP specimens, while contamination was revealed in 20% of NU and 30% of UP.
T310 36201-36424 Sentence denotes In the clinical bacteriologically evaluable positive 1726 NU and 1656 UP cultures, the distribution of the Gram-negatives was very similar with the predominance of Escherichia coli (43 and 41%) followed by Enterobacter spp.
T311 36425-36519 Sentence denotes The distribution of Gram-positives differed significantly according to the types of specimens.
T312 36520-36615 Sentence denotes NU resulted in 13% Group-D and 6% group-B Streptococcus while UP did 22 and 1.5%, respectively.
T313 36616-36767 Sentence denotes Third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolons were equally very effective against E. coli strains, while ampicillin inhibited growth of 42% only.
T314 36768-36864 Sentence denotes Carbapenems, cefepime and the fluoroquinolons were the most active against Enterobacter strains.
T315 36865-36982 Sentence denotes Interestingly, trimethoprim'/ sulfarmetoxazole combination could inhibit more than 75% of Enterobacteriaceae strains.
T316 36983-37115 Sentence denotes Piperacillin'/tazobactam (89%), imipenem (83%), and ciprofloxacin (82%) could be the drog of choice against Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
T317 37116-37260 Sentence denotes Enterococcus strains were highly sensitive to glycopeptides (100%), nitrofurantoin (99%), imipenem (95%) and amoxicillin'/clavulanic acid (94%).
T318 37261-37383 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial susceptibility levels of Escherichia coli isolates cultured from urine at a tertiary care teaching hospital.
T319 37384-37487 Sentence denotes Temporal trend and comparison between community-acquired and nosocomial urinary tract infection SoA13.3
T320 37488-37542 Sentence denotes Nanetti A, Manfredi R, Valentini R, Calza L, Chiodo F.
T321 37543-37602 Sentence denotes Uni versity of Bologna, Infectious Diseases, Bologna, Italy
T322 37603-37882 Sentence denotes In order to assess the local temporal trend of antibiotic sensitivity of the most common urinary tract bacterial pathogen, all urine-cultured Escherichia coli isolates were reviewed as to susceptibility profile, and specimen source (community-versus hospital-acquired infection).
T323 37883-38160 Sentence denotes When evaluating sensitivity levels of 2070 community-acquired pathogens (1999 Á/2001), a significant resistance rise was limited to cotrimoxazole (P B/0.01) and nalidixic acid (P B/0.02), while a tendency towards increased resistance regarded norfloxacin (P 0/ 0.05) (Fig. 1) .
T324 38161-38557 Sentence denotes When 1570 community-acquired E. coli isolates were compared with 2687 nosocomial strains (tested in the years 2000 Á/ 2001), a greater susceptibility of community-acquired E. coli isolates was limited to cotrimoxazole versus all other compounds in the year 2000 (P B/0.03), while it was extended to amoxicillin, cephalotin, nitrofurantoin and piperacillin in the year 2001 (P B/0.0001) (Fig. 2) .
T325 38558-38850 Sentence denotes On the whole, E. coli showed an elevated sensitivity rate ( !/90% of tested strains) to nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, amikacin, and 2nd-and 3rd-generation cephalosporins, while only amoxicillin and piperacillin had a mean resistance rate !/30%, regardless of the community or nosocomial origin.
T326 38851-39144 Sentence denotes A permanent surveillance of sensitivity levels of the most common pathogens responsible for infectious diseases enables to identify local antimicrobial activity and its temporal variations, and plays a key role in starting empiric therapy, pending bacterial identification and in vitro assays.
T327 39145-39156 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T328 39157-39331 Sentence denotes In UTI, the antimicrobial agents such as 1st CG combined with aminoglycosides are recommended as initial treatment as well as the 3rd cephalosporin generation at monotherapy.
T329 39332-39407 Sentence denotes In addition, the fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides are effective in UTI.
T330 39408-39503 Sentence denotes Prevalence of resistance mutations to antirretrovirals and relation to virological failure S3.4
T331 39504-39741 Sentence denotes Garcia F a , Suarez S a , Alvarez M a , Martinez NM a , Valera B b , Pasquau J b , Hernandez Quero J a , Maroto MC a . a Hospital San Cecilio, Microbiology, Granada, Spain , b Hospital Virgen Nieves, Microbiology, Granada, Spain Purpose:
T332 39742-40038 Sentence denotes To investigate the prevalence of resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (P) genes of HIV and to relate it with the type of virological failure (VF), we have studied 88 patients (11% naïve or pregnant women, 31% were first VF, 23% were second VF, 35% more than two VF.
T333 40039-40132 Sentence denotes Resistance mutations were investigated using Trugene HIV-1 Genotyping Kit (Visible Genetics).
T334 40133-40141 Sentence denotes Results:
T335 40142-40328 Sentence denotes Global prevalence of resistance mutations for RT Inhibitors (RTI) has been !/20% for M41L, D67N, K103N, M184V, L210W, T215YF, and for L10I, M36I, L63P, A71VT, L90M for P Inhibitors (PI).
T336 40329-40489 Sentence denotes The prevalence of resistance mutations for the naïve patients studied was very low (A98G, V118I for RTI and L10I, M36I, M46I */all n0/1 */and L63P n0/4 for PI).
T337 40490-40974 Sentence denotes For patients on first VF only K103N, M184V, T215YF (RTI) were !/20%, as well as L10I, D30N, L63P (PI); when patients on second VF were studied, then M41L, E44D, K103N, M184V, G190A, L210W, T215YF, K219QE (RTI) and M36I, L63P, A71T (PI) were !/20% prevalence; finally, when patients with more than two VF were studied, the following resistance mutations were !/20%: M41L, D67N, K70R, K103N, V118I, Y181C, M184V, G190A, L210W, T215YF (RTI), and L10I, M36I, M46IL, L63P, A71T, L90M (PI).
T338 40975-40987 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T339 40988-41196 Sentence denotes The prevalence of primary resistance in the population studied is very low; the prevalence of mutations in the reverse transcriptase and protease genes increase in parallel to the type of virological failure.
T340 41197-41334 Sentence denotes Genotypic resistance in HIV-1 RNA from patient plasma compared with rapid virus isolation and phenotypic resistance in patient PBMCs S3.5
T341 41335-41379 Sentence denotes Stuermer M, Groeschel B, Cinatl J, Doerr HW.
T342 41380-41470 Sentence denotes Institute for Medical Virology, University Clinic Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Objective:
T343 41471-41573 Sentence denotes To compare HIV-1 virus isolation in the presence of antiretroviral drugs with plasma HIV-1 genotyping.
T344 41574-41653 Sentence denotes Materials and methods: HIV-1 genotyping was performed using the ViroSeqTM Vers.
T345 41654-41680 Sentence denotes 2 from Applied Biosystems.
T346 41681-41754 Sentence denotes Interpretation of genotype was done according to international standards.
T347 41755-41949 Sentence denotes CD4-cells were purified from patient plasma and cultivated in microtiter plates coated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies in the presence of different concentrations of antiretroviral drugs.
T348 41950-42006 Sentence denotes Virus production was measured using a p24 antigen assay.
T349 42007-42080 Sentence denotes Phenotypic activity was expressed as 50% reduction of p24 concentrations.
T350 42081-42089 Sentence denotes Results:
T351 42090-42122 Sentence denotes Seventeen samples were analyzed.
T352 42123-42263 Sentence denotes For 11 samples results were obtained from both methods, two samples could not be analysed by phenotyping and four samples not by genotyping.
T353 42264-42388 Sentence denotes Only 3/11 samples showed total and 2/11 samples partial concordance, 6/11 samples showed discordance between the two assays.
T354 42389-42455 Sentence denotes In discordant samples the genotype gave a definite interpretation.
T355 42456-42655 Sentence denotes Conclusion: HIV-1 virus isolation and phenotyping from PBMCs may overcome the problem of currently used resistance assays, which analyse only the Reverse Transcriptase and the Protease gene of HIV-1.
T356 42656-42791 Sentence denotes Possible mutations in other regions may influence viral fitness and therefore contribute to the growth of the virus population present.
T357 42792-42891 Sentence denotes The lack of concordance between the two assays is related to the different blood compartments used.
T358 42892-42966 Sentence denotes The clinical value of resistance tests using PBMCs is under investigation.
T359 42967-43077 Sentence denotes Interleukin-6 co-operates with a new type I IFN, IFN-tau to inhibit early steps of HIV-I biological cycle S3.6
T360 43078-43326 Sentence denotes Rogez C a , Clayette P a , Martin M a , Dereuddre-Bosquet N a , Martal J b , Dormont D c . a CEA, DRM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France , b INRA, Physiologie Animale, Jouy-en-Josas, France , c CEA, CRSSA, EPHE, DRM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Background:
T361 43327-43465 Sentence denotes Type I interferons (IFN) exhibit efficient antiviral activities notably against HIV, but severe side effects restrict their clinical uses.
T362 43466-43659 Sentence denotes IFN-tau is an ovine or bovine non-cytotoxic type I IFN which displays higher inhibitory effects towards HIV replication than IFN-alpha, particularly in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM).
T363 43660-43934 Sentence denotes The antiretroviral activity of IFN-tau seems to involve antiviral and immunomodulatory mechanisms: IL-6 synthesis is increased in dose-dependent manner in MDM treated with IFN-tau and a specific inhibition of IL-6 biological activity decreases its antiretroviral efficiency.
T364 43935-43943 Sentence denotes Results:
T365 43944-44060 Sentence denotes After a 1-h infection, a significant decrease of intracellular HIV RNA amount was found in MDM treated with IFN-tau.
T366 44061-44161 Sentence denotes In parallel, no additive inhibition was observed with IFN-tau during the elongation of proviral DNA.
T367 44162-44340 Sentence denotes These results suggest either an inhibition of HIV nucleocapsid uptake or an immediate HIV RNA degradation, and the expression of 2?,5?-OAS, MxA protein and PKR was then measured.
T368 44341-44405 Sentence denotes IFN-tau induced the expression of these three host cell factors.
T369 44406-44562 Sentence denotes The role of IL-6 on these different steps was evaluated and we showed that IL-6 co-operates with IFN-tau during the very early step of HIV biological cycle.
T370 44563-44574 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T371 44575-44771 Sentence denotes Altogether, these results evidence that IFN-tau uses the same antiretroviral pathway as others type I IFN in MDM, and that IL-6 takes part to its inhibition of early steps of HIV biological cycle.
T372 44772-44890 Sentence denotes Actinomycin-D as a modulator of resistances due to cell-wall active agents like Bacitracin (Bc) and lysozyme (Lz) S4.7
T373 44891-45054 Sentence denotes Chakrabarty AN a , Dastidar SG b . a Calcutta University, Medical Microbiology, Calcutta, India , b Jadavpur University, Pharmaceutical Technology, Calcutta, India
T374 45055-45228 Sentence denotes It was observed that development of Lzr in the Lzr mutants took placed at three different levels and was accompanied with unselected, distinctive and elevated levels of Bcr.
T375 45229-45304 Sentence denotes Similarly, Bcr in Bcr-mutants were also detected at three different levels.
T376 45305-45511 Sentence denotes Although the levels of Bcr (100/200 mg/ml) in the Bcr mutants could be raised only by persistent efforts, an increase in the levels of Lzr (as cross-resistance) in the same mutants could be easily achieved.
T377 45512-45795 Sentence denotes A correlation of actinomycin-D resistance with Lzr and Bcr of the mutant bacteria and the effects of lipase treatment on the same showed a 4 Á/20-fold rise in actinomycin-D resistance of the Lzr and Bcr mutants of Gram-positive bacteria compared with their correspondence wild-types.
T378 45796-46011 Sentence denotes These findings suggest that Lzr and Bcr are controlled by several genes accounting for reduced cell-wall and cell-membrane permeability and indirectly, by phenotypic alteration of the lipid content of the cell-wall.
T379 46012-46202 Sentence denotes Thus, the alteration of cell-walls and membranes and a phenotypic extra lipid layer can work in conjunction with the efflux pump mechanisms finally determining the levels of drug-resistance.
T380 46203-46332 Sentence denotes Experimental development of drug resistance to non-antibiotics: a role of alteration of membrane fluidity and efflux systems S4.8
T381 46333-46665 Sentence denotes Dastidar SG a , Mazumdar K a , Asok Kumar K a , Chakrabarty AN b . a Jadavpur University, Pharmaceutical Technology, Calcutta, India , b Department of Medical Microbiology, Calcutta University, Calcutta, India Drug resistance among clinical strains was studied by selecting mutants resistant to promazine (Pr) and methdilazine (Md).
T382 46666-46875 Sentence denotes The results showed that successive step-up mutants of Pr and Md developed cross-resistance to several unrelated drugs, which in subsequent steps had broader resistance spectra with higher levels of resistance.
T383 46876-47095 Sentence denotes Experiments on the membrane fluidity or permeability of bacterial cells using diphenyl hexatrine (DPH), a fluorescent probe on Md-mutants showed that three was marked reduction in the membrane fluidity and permeability.
T384 47096-47443 Sentence denotes When several analogues of the basic phenothiazine structure, e.g. 2-chlor-methyl-N -methyl-pyrrolidine (CMP), methyl-1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone-4-carboxylate (MMPC), 3 hydroxymethyl-N -methyl-pyrrolidine (HMP) and Md with final substitution were tested for antibacterial function on different strains, highest activity was observed with respect to Md.
T385 47444-47558 Sentence denotes With anaerobic bacteria the resistance(s) dependent on efflux pumps showed higher levels of resistance even to Md.
T386 47559-47728 Sentence denotes We have found the non-antibiotic agents triflupromazine, trimeprazine and diclofenac sodium have high degree of activity against vibrios, staphylococci and pseudomonads.
T387 47729-47818 Sentence denotes The explanation of such a phenomenon in terms of possible efflux pumps will be discussed.
T388 47819-47874 Sentence denotes CSF, plasma and urine PCR in Lyme neuroborreliosis S7.3
T389 47875-48197 Sentence denotes Pícha D a , Moravcová L a , Lásiková Š a , Marešová V a , Ž ïárský E b . a Charles University, 2nd Medical School, 1st Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Prague, Czech Republic , b Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Charles University, 3rd Medical School, 1st Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Prague, Czech Republic
T390 48198-48314 Sentence denotes The main reason for high diagnostic value of PCR in neuroborreliosis (NB) is the direct way of spirochete detection.
T391 48315-48445 Sentence denotes Two sets of primers in nested PCR were used: one for plasmide gene encoding OspC protein and second for chromosomal gene 16S rDNA.
T392 48446-48578 Sentence denotes So far 25 patients with clinically manifested involvement in NB were enrolled into the prospective designed study (being continued).
T393 48579-48720 Sentence denotes The main including criterion was positive prove of intrathecal specific antibody secretion (in 22 patients) and PCR positivity in CSF (in 3).
T394 48721-48885 Sentence denotes All patients were repeatedly examined by neurologist and samples of CSF, plasma and urine were taken: (1) before treatment; (2) after treatment; (3) after 3 months.
T395 48886-48972 Sentence denotes Before treatment were 12 patients PCR positive in CSF, six in plasma, and 10 in urine.
T396 48973-49053 Sentence denotes Five were parallel positive in CSF and plasma and four in all three body fluids.
T397 49054-49149 Sentence denotes Urine after treatment was positive in seven (28%) cases and completely negative after 3 months.
T398 49150-49258 Sentence denotes The PCR has had relative high sensitivity (44 %), but does not rich the sensitivity of antibody index (88%).
T399 49259-49299 Sentence denotes Supported by grant MZCR 6244; 111300003.
T400 49300-49391 Sentence denotes Consumption of imipenem correlates with b-lactam resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa S12.5
T401 49392-49654 Sentence denotes Lepper PM a , Hö gel J b , Trautmann M a , Grusa E c . a Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of ULM, ULM, Germany , b Department of Biostatistics, University of ULM, ULM, Germany , c Hospital Memmingen, Central Pharmacy, Memmingen, Germany
T402 49655-49663 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T403 49664-49871 Sentence denotes In the present study we investigated the monthly consume of three anti-pseudomonas-active antibiotics, namely imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam (PT) and ceftazidime during a period of 3 years (1997 Á/2000) .
T404 49872-49969 Sentence denotes The use of these antibiotics was correlated to the rate of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
T1 49970-49978 Sentence denotes Results:
T2 49979-50259 Sentence denotes Inspection of the time series for use of imipenem, ceftazidime, and PT, and the corresponding time series for resistance (each available from July 1997 to July 2000) indicates a remarkable coincidence between use of imipenem and resistance against the three antibiotics mentioned.
T3 50260-50509 Sentence denotes Pearsons's coefficient of correlation for the use of imipenem and the resistance against imipenem was 0.62 (P B/0.001), between imipenem use and PT resistance was 0.57 (P B/0.005), and between imipenem use and ceftazidim resistance 0.56 (P B/0.005).
T4 50510-50681 Sentence denotes We found positive regression coefficients quantifying an association with imipenem use in the same month (P B/0.01) and with the use during the preceding month (P B/0.05).
T5 50682-50838 Sentence denotes The same was true when checking dependence of ceftadizime resistance (P B/0.05) and PT resistance (P B/0.01) on imipenem use observed during the same month.
T6 50839-51018 Sentence denotes Neither the use of ceftadizime nor of PT could be identified as factors creating resistance to one of the three antibiotics under consideration within a reasonable period of time.
T7 51019-51030 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T8 51031-51106 Sentence denotes There might be a strong pressure towards resistance created by carbapenems.
T9 51107-51175 Sentence denotes This could limit the use of carbapenems for initial empiric therapy.
T10 51176-51295 Sentence denotes Treat hard and fast: short course antibiotic treatment and its relation with patient compliance and effectiveness S12.6
T11 51296-51535 Sentence denotes Perez-Gorricho BPG a , Ripoll M b , Pechere JC c . a Niño Jesus Hospital, Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain , b INSALUD, Outpatient Consult, Madrid, Spain , c University of Geneve, Microbiology, Geneve, Switzerland 'Treat hard and fast ':
T12 51536-51629 Sentence denotes Short course antibiotic treatment and its relation with patient compliance and effectiveness.
T13 51630-51938 Sentence denotes Finding the important implications for the way in which physicians manage patients with mild Á/moderate respiratory tract infections, and the relation of this management with the perception of antibiotic effectiveness, and the compliance with the antibiotic regimen has been the main purpose of the research.
T14 51939-52241 Sentence denotes In a pan-European market research study of more than 3000 patients, designed to determine behaviour to the antibiotic management of mild-moderate respiratory tract infections, patient expectations of antibiotic therapy were identified, particularly those aspects that relate to efficacy and compliance.
T15 52242-52429 Sentence denotes The study identifies three key drivers of patients perceived antibiotic efficacy: length of antibiotic course, time to onset of symptom relief and time to complete resolution of symptoms.
T16 52430-52643 Sentence denotes The results demonstrate that once daily treatment for short periods is perceived by patients to be significantly more effective than longer antibiotic courses and thus better meets patient expectations of therapy.
T17 52644-52827 Sentence denotes In this study, a macrolide, azithromycin, was selected as the drug therapy of shortest course, being the antibiotic with the shortest dosage schedule for common outpatient infections.
T18 52828-53008 Sentence denotes The perception of efficacy with short course therapy also correlates with overall satisfaction with management by the physician and with patient compliance with antibiotic therapy.
T19 53009-53030 Sentence denotes Purpose of the study:
T20 53031-53102 Sentence denotes Group B streptococci (GBS) remain a major cause of neonatal infections.
T21 53103-53262 Sentence denotes Consensus guidelines have recommended an intrapartum antibioprophylaxis by amoxicillin, which has reduced the incidence of early-onset neonatal GBS infections.
T22 53263-53368 Sentence denotes However, an increased incidence of beta-lactam-resistant Gram-negative neonatal sepsis has been reported.
T23 53369-53502 Sentence denotes The aim of our study was to analyse the consequences of this antibioprophylaxis on the intestinal microbial colonization of newborns.
T24 53503-53697 Sentence denotes A study of the fecal flora was carried out on 50 stools samples from 3 days-old newborns divided into groups: group A intrapartum treated mothers (n 0/25); and group B untreated mothers (n0/25).
T25 53698-53844 Sentence denotes Both groups were matched with regards to known factors affecting intestinal microbial colonization: gestational age, type of delivery and feeding.
T26 53845-53853 Sentence denotes Results:
T27 53854-54050 Sentence denotes Colonization by enterobacteria and enterococci was not significantly different and occurrence of amoxicillin-resistant enterobacteria was similar (11/13 and 13/16 in groups A and B, respectively).
T28 54051-54207 Sentence denotes However, the colonization by clostridia was modified: the number of newborns colonized was significantly less important in group A than in group B (group A:
T29 54208-54225 Sentence denotes 3/25 and group B:
T30 54226-54242 Sentence denotes 10/25 P B/0.05).
T31 54243-54254 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T32 54255-54436 Sentence denotes In our study, intrapartum antibioprophylaxis did not affect intestinal colonization by aerobes but reduced significantly colonization by clostridia, potentially anaerobic pathogens.
T33 54437-54631 Sentence denotes Impact of an antibiotic policy restricting the use of b-lactams and macrolides on the incidence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in general medical, renal and elderly patients S12.8
T34 54632-54908 Sentence denotes Boswell TC a , Pacey S b , Broomfield S c , Westmoreland D c , Yates C c . a Nottingham City Hospital, Microbiology, Nottingham, UK , b Nottingham City Hospital, Pharmacy, Nottingham, UK , c Nottingham City Hospital, Infection Control, Nottingham, UK The purpose of the study:
T35 54909-55156 Sentence denotes To investigate the short-term impact of a new antibiotic policy for the treatment of urinary and respiratory infections on the incidence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (CDAD) in hospitalised medical, elderly care and renal patients.
T36 55157-55178 Sentence denotes The results obtained:
T37 55179-55413 Sentence denotes A policy restricting the use of b-lactams (except parenteral penicillin), and promoting alternative antibiotics including levofloxacin for pneumonia, and doxycycline for non-pneumonic respiratory infections, was launched in July 2000.
T38 55414-55591 Sentence denotes As a result there was a significant and sustained reduction in use of aminopenicillins, cefuroxime and macrolides, with a corresponding increase in doxycycline and levofloxacin.
T39 55592-55725 Sentence denotes The incidence of CDAD was determined during the 1st 12 months of the new policy and compared to the last 12 months of the old policy.
T40 55726-55851 Sentence denotes The incidence of CDAD fell from 10.02 to 4.91 per 1000 patients, and from 1.2 to 0.59 per 1000 in-patient days (P B/0.00001).
T41 55852-55995 Sentence denotes In contrast, there was no change in the incidence of CDAD in other specialties (surgery, oncology etc.) that had not introduced the new policy.
T42 55996-56145 Sentence denotes There was no change in the incidence of nosocomial bacteraemia with quinolone-resistant coliforms or MRSA, despite the increased use of levofloxacin.
T43 56146-56158 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T44 56159-56293 Sentence denotes Hospital-wide reduction of b-lactam and macrolide use in medical patients can result in a significant and immediate reduction in CDAD.
T45 56294-56354 Sentence denotes Longer follow-up will determine if this effect is sustained.
T46 56355-56485 Sentence denotes Use of imipenem/cilastatin i.v. (tienam i.v.) for the treatment of low respiratory tract infections in intensive care units S12.10
T47 56486-56661 Sentence denotes Izzo L a , Orsetti R b , Boschetto A a , Binda B a , Della Casa U a , Caramanico L a , La Mazza A a . a Department of Surgery, Universitá degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza','P.
T48 56662-56690 Sentence denotes Valdoni', Rome, Italy , b S.
T49 56691-56742 Sentence denotes Camillo-Forlanini, Intensive Care Unit, Rome, Italy
T50 56743-57024 Sentence denotes Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is considered the most frequent infection in the intensive care unit (ICU), occurring in 9 Á/24% of patients intubated for longer than 48 h besides nosocomial pneumonia is a common complication in the critically ill surgical or trauma patient.
T51 57025-57149 Sentence denotes Inadequate treatment can lead to the complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), empyema, and lung abscess.
T52 57150-57371 Sentence denotes The most important aetiological agents both in VAP and in pneumonia which arise as complication in surgical or trauma patients are bacteria, whit a marked predominance of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
T53 57372-57635 Sentence denotes The Authors present their experience (30 cases) on the employment of imipenem/cilastatin i.v. (tienam i. v.) as initial empirical monotherapy at the dose of 500 mg)/3/day or 1 g)/3/ day for the treatment of the serious lower respiratory tract infection in an ICU.
T54 57636-57838 Sentence denotes Tienam is a well tolerated broad spectrum antibacterial agent that is effective against the majority of gram-positive and gram negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria including most Pseudomonas species.
T55 57839-58135 Sentence denotes Except one patient deceased for causes related to his very poor general conditions and three cases in which has been necessary the addition of an aminoglycoside, in all the other patients the imipenem/ cilastatin (tienam) monotherapy has shown satisfactory clinical and bacteriological responses.
T56 58136-58217 Sentence denotes Clinical auditing of the impact of recommendations on antibiotic treatment S12.11
T57 58218-58401 Sentence denotes Kinoo J a , David-Ouaknine F a , Hacquard B a , Echard Y a , Decazes JM b . a Centre Hospitalier Lagny Marne la Vallée, Lagny sur Marne, France , b Hospital Saint Louis, Paris, France
T58 58402-58577 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to assess the impact of curative antibiotic recommendations on suitable prescriptions at Lagny-Marne la Vallée Hospital (general hospital, 714 beds).
T59 58578-58815 Sentence denotes Two prospective exhaustive audits were made (all complete hospitalizations, excluding psychiatry, February Á/May 1997 and 2000) of the detailed curative antibiotic prescriptions, before and after distribution of internal recommendations.
T60 58816-58902 Sentence denotes The same methodology, designed by a multidisciplinary team, was used for both periods.
T61 58903-58955 Sentence denotes The same antibiotics were available at the pharmacy.
T62 58956-59153 Sentence denotes The prescriptions were assessed by an infectious diseases specialist and a pharmacist using pre-established criteria: literature recommendations (1997 audit), internal recommendations (2000 audit).
T63 59154-59277 Sentence denotes Six hundred and fifty-six prescriptions for 498 patients were collected and analysed in 1997, 738 for 497 patients in 2000.
T64 59278-59335 Sentence denotes Exhaustivity of the recovered prescriptions was over 95%.
T65 59336-59435 Sentence denotes Patient characteristics, infection sites and microbiological findings were similar for both groups.
T66 59436-59510 Sentence denotes Suitable prescriptions were significantly increased (47 Á/59%, P B/0.001).
T67 59511-59654 Sentence denotes Unsuitable prescriptions (economic reasons, too short or too long course, incorrect administration, or underdosage) were significantly reduced.
T68 59655-59775 Sentence denotes Prescriptions for incorrect indications were unchanged and necessary combined treatment not being prescribed, increased.
T69 59776-59910 Sentence denotes Local recommendations improved prescriptions, but efforts have to be done in order to go on the improvement of the practice behaviour.
T70 59911-60026 Sentence denotes Cost-effectiveness analysis of antibiotic therapy in hospitalized patients with COPD Exacerbations (AE-COPD) S12.12
T71 60027-60077 Sentence denotes Beghi G, Aiolfi S, Maghini L, Patruno V, Aiolfi E.
T72 60078-60154 Sentence denotes S Marta Hospital, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit, A.O., Rivolta d'Adda, Italy
T73 60155-60245 Sentence denotes Antibiotic costs represent a high burden of total drug costs for hospital administrations.
T74 60246-60391 Sentence denotes A scientific approach considering also the economic aspects of each therapeutic decision may gain optimal treatment objectives at pondered costs.
T75 60392-60518 Sentence denotes In our study we retrospectively evaluated the clinical effectiveness and costs of antibiotic therapy in patients with AE-COPD.
T76 60519-60838 Sentence denotes From 1997 to 2001 , 1058 Our retrospective study results support previous pharmaco-economic considerations according which in choosing an antibiotic regimen for AE-COPD we must take into consideration the expected clinical and microbiological results without forgetting to consider the economic burden of our decisions.
T77 60839-60914 Sentence denotes Significant increase in fungaemia due to Non-Albicans Candida species S20.4
T78 60915-60923 Sentence denotes Shah PM.
T79 60924-60941 Sentence denotes Klinikum der J.W.
T80 60942-61016 Sentence denotes Goethe Universitaet, Schwerpunkt Infektiologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
T81 61017-61097 Sentence denotes Until 1996, predominant Candida species in blood cultures was Candida albicans .
T82 61098-61164 Sentence denotes It accounted for 72.8% of all Candida species cultured from blood.
T83 61165-61254 Sentence denotes Since then we have observed a gradual increase in number of non-albicans Candida species.
T84 61255-61326 Sentence denotes From 1999, onwards nonalbicans Candida species out-number C. albicans .
T85 61327-61530 Sentence denotes This observation is especially important as non-albicans Candida species are generally non-susceptible to azole derivatives and empirical use of azoles in suspected Candidaemia should not be recommended.
T86 61531-61603 Sentence denotes Amphotericin B is uniformally active against almost all Candida species.
T87 61604-61639 Sentence denotes Echinocandin may be an alternative.
T88 61640-61657 Sentence denotes See figure below.
T89 61658-61711 Sentence denotes A search for newer antifungal chemotherapeutics S20.5
T90 61712-61897 Sentence denotes Chakrabarty AN a , Dastidar SG b , Saha B b , Basu L b . a Calcutta University, Medical Microbiology, Calcutta, India , b Jadavpur University, Pharmaceutical Technology, Calcutta, India
T91 61898-62144 Sentence denotes Fungal infections due to the mucor-rhizopus (M-Z) group present formidable problems due to lack of appropriate and effective drugs against them, as seen in increasing number of clinical situations; death due to mycoromycosis is nearly inevitable.
T92 62145-62275 Sentence denotes We analysed the biological 'weak-spots' of the mucor-rhizopus group and attempted to devise suitable drugs using their weak-spots.
T93 62276-62523 Sentence denotes We have noted that like many free-living fungi, the M-Z fungi are facultatively chemoautotrophic (can grow on simple sources of carbon and nitrogen and a solution of mineral salts), like the human pathogenic chemoautotrophic nocardioform bacteria.
T94 62524-62672 Sentence denotes We devised a minimal medium based on that of Davis and Mingioli, supplemented with simple chemical compounds as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen.
T95 62673-62778 Sentence denotes The key chemical here was diphenylamine with trypan blue (DPA Á/TB) and other similar sources of C and N.
T96 62779-62983 Sentence denotes We found that while media free of these chemicals (controls) allowed good growth of different strains of M-Z fungi, a mixture of DPA Á/TB completely prevented their growth over a wide concentration range.
T97 62984-63245 Sentence denotes Experiments with immunocompromised mice showed that these drugs at the concentrations used are well tolerated; mice experimentally infected with several clinical isolates of M-Z fungi and receiving these chemicals showed that these fungi could not grow in vivo.
T98 63246-63347 Sentence denotes In vitro activity of newer fluoroquinolones against multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhimurium S33.4
T99 63348-63390 Sentence denotes nolones resistance is being also reported.
T100 63391-63526 Sentence denotes We have studied the in vitro activity of b-lactams and fluoroquinolones against multi-drug resistant S. typhimurium from human sources.
T101 63527-63548 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T102 63549-63754 Sentence denotes Fifty multi-drug resistant S. typhimurium were tested against cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefepime, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin, by the agar dilution method according NCCLS guidelines.
T103 63755-63779 Sentence denotes Results and conclusions:
T104 63780-63948 Sentence denotes All the strains were resistant to four or more of the following antibiotics: ampicillin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides and nalidixic acid.
T105 63949-64036 Sentence denotes A high proportion of strains were intermediate or resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate.
T106 64037-64078 Sentence denotes We found no resistance to cephalosporins.
T107 64079-64158 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, 26% were intermediate to first and/or second gen. cephalosporins.
T108 64159-64226 Sentence denotes Cefotaxime and cefepime were the most active cephalosporins (MIC50:
T109 64227-64237 Sentence denotes 0.1 mg/l).
T110 64238-64380 Sentence denotes Though increasing fluoroquinolones resistance has been described among this kind of strains, no resistance to fluoroquinolones was found here.
T111 64381-64437 Sentence denotes Levofloxacin was the most active fluoroquinolone (MIC90:
T112 64438-64479 Sentence denotes 0.06 mg/l), followed by ofloxacin (MIC90:
T113 64480-64514 Sentence denotes 0.1 mg/l) and moxifloxacin (MIC90:
T114 64515-64525 Sentence denotes 0.2 mg/l).
T115 64526-64627 Sentence denotes High rates of resistance to antibiotics by salmonellae from diarrhoeic children in Zliten-Libya S33.5
T116 64628-64972 Sentence denotes Ghenghesh KS a , Ben Ali M b , Abuhelfaia A b , Dufani MA a . a Faculty of Medicine, Al-Fateh University, Medical Microbiology, Tripoli, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya , b Faculty of Arts and Sciences, El-Ghomes University, Biology, El-Ghomes, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Salmonellae are major bacterial cause of diarrhoea in Libya particularly in children.
T117 64973-65088 Sentence denotes Included in the present study 23 Salmonella species isolated from 169 children with diarrhoea in Zliten city-Libya.
T118 65089-65138 Sentence denotes The children aged between a few days to 10 years.
T119 65139-65246 Sentence denotes The organisms were tested for their susceptibility to antibacterial agents using the disc diffusion method.
T120 65247-65596 Sentence denotes Of the isolates examined, 23 (100%) were resistant to ampicillin, 22 (95.7%) to amoxicillin Á/clavulanic acid combination, 20 (87%) to cefoxitin, 22 (95.7%) to chloramphenicol, 21 (91.3%) to doxycycline, 18 (78.3%) to gentamicin, 1 (4.3%) to nalidixic acid, 1 (4.3%) to trimethoprim Á/sulphamethoxazole and none (0.0%) were resistant to norfloxacin.
T121 65597-65760 Sentence denotes A strong relationship was observed between the availability of antibiotics in the pharmacies of the city and resistance of the isolated salmonellae to these drugs.
T122 65761-65929 Sentence denotes The misuse of the antibiotics by the community may be an important factor (among others) in the emergence of these high rates of resistance by the salmonellae examined.
T123 65930-66045 Sentence denotes Effect of ceftriaxone along with probiotics administration on intestinal ecosystem and betalactamase activity S34.6
T124 66046-66263 Sentence denotes Bertazzoni Minelli E a , Benini A a , Zoppi G b . a Department of Medicine and Public Health-Pharmacology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy , b Department of Paediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
T125 66264-66337 Sentence denotes Oral bacteriotherapy during antibiotic treatment is a much debated topic.
T126 66338-66342 Sentence denotes Aim:
T127 66343-66492 Sentence denotes To study whether different probiotics can prevent imbalance of the intestinal ecosystem (dysbiosis) in children during therapy with ceftriaxone (Cx).
T128 66493-66501 Sentence denotes Methods:
T129 66502-66682 Sentence denotes Fifty-one children (mean age 5.1 years) with febrile respiratory tract infections were treated with Cx 50 mg/kg/day IV, alone (therapy 1) and along with the following preparations:
T130 66683-66936 Sentence denotes Saccharomyces boulardii (2); Enterococcus spp. (3); lactulose (4); L. casei GG (5); L. rhamnosus , L. bifidus and L. acidophilus (6); B. bifidum and L. acidophilus (7); and a mixture of various lactobacilli and bifidobacteria at high concentrations (8).
T131 66937-67084 Sentence denotes Faecal samples, collected before and after treatment, were analysed for microflora composition, Cx concentration, and beta-lactamase (BL) activity.
T132 67085-67093 Sentence denotes Results:
T133 67094-67125 Sentence denotes Cx causes intestinal dysbiosis.
T134 67126-67152 Sentence denotes No C. difficile was found.
T135 67153-67209 Sentence denotes Faecal BL increased after therapy in all treated groups.
T136 67210-67356 Sentence denotes Cx alone increased BL activity in 60% (3/5) of children (no activity before treatment); a higher incidence (75 Á/80%) was found in groups 2 and 5.
T137 67357-67438 Sentence denotes After therapies 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8, BL activity was found in 1 or 2 more children.
T138 67439-67480 Sentence denotes Cx was detected in 36% of faecal samples.
T139 67481-67493 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T140 67494-67622 Sentence denotes The probiotics administration seems to protect against dysbiosis caused by Cx and to contain the increase in faecal BL activity.
T141 67623-67728 Sentence denotes The effects differ according to the probiotic administered and are peculiar to certain bacterial species.
T142 67729-67773 Sentence denotes These preliminary data need further studies.
T143 67774-67871 Sentence denotes Comparative study of initial and acquired drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis in Iran S37.4
T144 67872-67909 Sentence denotes Mansoori D, Arami S, Mirabolhasani Z.
T145 67910-67979 Sentence denotes NRITLD, infectious disease, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Purpose:
T146 67980-68120 Sentence denotes Resistant to anti-tuberculosis agents particularly multiple drug resistant (MDR) is a major obstacle in treatment tuberculosis in the world.
T147 68121-68623 Sentence denotes Between September 1996 and March 2000 for 273 smear and culture positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients (old 0/86, new0/ 187) pretreatment susceptibility tests of isolated bacilli to INH, RIF, EMB and STM were performed by standard proportional method and the results were attributed to three groups: (I) newly diagnosed without any history of treatment; (II) patients with history of treatment for one course; (III) patients with history of treatment for two or more courses supposed to be MDR cases.
T148 68624-68740 Sentence denotes The results were collected for each drug individually and different combinations of two, three and four medications.
T149 68741-68749 Sentence denotes Results:
T150 68750-68903 Sentence denotes Resistance to one, two, three and four drugs was significantly increased in group III comparing to groups II and I, also in group II compared to group I.
T151 68904-69053 Sentence denotes We observed a high rate of primary resistance to INH and STM in groups I and II and a high rate of MDR (INH and RIF resistance) in groups II and III.
T152 69054-69065 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T153 69066-69181 Sentence denotes The duration of bacilli exposure to antituberculosis agents in the past is a major factor in developing resistance.
T154 69182-69538 Sentence denotes In contrast to WHO's guideline, due to high rate of primary resistance especially to STM in our area, we do not recommend addition of STM for treatment of patients whose initial four-drug regimens have been failed (group II). donors, to understand host interactions with this bacteria, to develop new methods of diagnosis and define new vaccine candidates.
T155 69539-69619 Sentence denotes Nineteen TB patients and seven healthy donors were enrolled in French Hospitals.
T156 69620-69761 Sentence denotes Cellular immune responses were evaluated by lymphoproliferation and ex-vivo quantification of specific Th1 cells by ELISPOT-IFN-gamma assays.
T157 69762-69878 Sentence denotes Four recombinant proteins of M. tuberculosis were tested: ESAT-6, 85B, Erp and TB B1.3 and compared with tuberculin.
T158 69879-70047 Sentence denotes We confirmed that 85B (but not ESAT-6 in our study) gives higher responses in TB patients compared to donors according to the results in proliferation assay (P 0/0.04).
T159 70048-70209 Sentence denotes In addition, frequencies of Th1 CD4 specific cells for ESAT-6 and tuberculin were statistical different between the two groups (P0/0.04 and 0.028, respectively).
T160 70210-70346 Sentence denotes 41.1% for 85B and 70.5% for ESAT-6 of the patients tested were responders in ELISPOT-assay versus 57.9% for both in proliferation assay.
T161 70347-70435 Sentence denotes For the new antigens Erp and TB B1.3, no difference was observed between the two groups.
T162 70436-70515 Sentence denotes In conclusion, 85B and ESAT-6 are recognised by a large number of our patients.
T163 70516-70638 Sentence denotes They seem to be promising antigens for the development of new methods of diagnosis or for the development of new vaccines.
T164 70639-70704 Sentence denotes Erp and TB B1.3 are not preferentially recognised by TB patients.
T165 70705-70744 Sentence denotes Other exported antigens will be tested.
T166 70745-70804 Sentence denotes The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is increasing worldwide.
T167 70805-70915 Sentence denotes In recent some years, geographical differences in the incidence of TB in former Yugoslavia have been observed.
T168 70916-70995 Sentence denotes An important rise in TB cases was registered in the bordering region of Bosnia.
T169 70996-71120 Sentence denotes It is likely that poorer living conditions, influenced by war and emotional stress, may promote such rising incidence of TB.
T170 71121-71262 Sentence denotes Renal tuberculosis was diagnosed in 25 patients (female 21, male 4) from district Brcko in Bosnia, during the period of 2 years, 2000 Á/2001.
T171 71263-71448 Sentence denotes At the same time none patient had active pulmonary TB lesions, fibrous lesions were noticed in 18 patients, but we did not diagnose any signs of previous pulmonary TB in seven patients.
T172 71449-71534 Sentence denotes Seven patients developed relapse of renal TB after 1 Á/5 years of previous treatment.
T173 71535-71688 Sentence denotes Guided by clinical parameters, precisely done renal echosonography enabled early suspicion and searching for renal TB, by radiological and other methods.
T174 71689-71815 Sentence denotes Bacteriological diagnosis was performed by detection Mycobacterium tuberculosis on Loewenstein Á/Jensen medium in 18 patients.
T175 71816-71982 Sentence denotes PCR as simple, fast and highly sensitive method enabled diagnosis in incipient stadium of disease, so antituberculous therapy could be instituted some months earlier.
T176 71983-72119 Sentence denotes Prompt diagnosis of renal tuberculosis (using PCR, besides standard methods) is necessary, otherwise delayed diagnosis may be dangerous.
T177 72120-72217 Sentence denotes A study on resistance to first generation anti-tuberculosis drugs in Mycobacterium kansasii S37.7
T178 72218-72317 Sentence denotes Mirsaeidi SM, Farnia P, Mohammadi F, Mansoori SD, Jabbari R, Taghizadeh R, Masjedi MR, Velayati AA.
T179 72318-72460 Sentence denotes National Research Inistitute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (NRITLD ), Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
T180 72461-72469 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T181 72470-72597 Sentence denotes This research has been performed to determine antibiotic resistance of atypical mycobacteria especially Mycobacterium kansasi .
T182 72598-72606 Sentence denotes Results:
T183 72607-72805 Sentence denotes Twenty-three pigmented colonies which indicated atypical agents from NRITLD's mycobacterium culturebank were selected, they then underwent type identification and antibiogram for INH, RIF, ETB, STM.
T184 72806-72967 Sentence denotes Nine samples were M. kansasi and 14 were other non-MTB, 4 was M. gordonei , 2 M. xenopi , 3 MAC, 1 M. bovis , 2 M. tererra , 1 M. asiatioum , 1 M. marinum and 1.
T185 72968-73095 Sentence denotes Mean age in M. kansasi cases was 34'/ 8.1 year and in non-kansasi cases 52'/ 15.6 year and in whole society NTM was 44.9'/16.4.
T186 73096-73384 Sentence denotes Frequency of resistance in kansasi group were 4 to INH (44%), 4 to RIF (44%) 4 to ETB (44%), 5 to STM (55%) and prevalence of MDR was 4 (44%) and in non-kansasi group frequency of resistance were 13 (92%) to INH, to RIF 9 (64%), to ETM 9 (64%) and to STM was 10 (71%), to MDR was 9 (64%).
T187 73385-73396 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T188 73397-73594 Sentence denotes A significant difference was seen between the age groups of patients who are affected with M. kansasi and non-kansasi (P B/ 0.01), also in frequency of resistance to first generation anti-TB drugs.
T189 73595-73751 Sentence denotes M. kansasi is detected as the most common atypical mycobacterium agent in pulmonary infections and attention to antibiogram is recommended before treatment.
T190 73752-73885 Sentence denotes Buruli ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans , is the third most common mycobacterial after tuberculosis and leprosy in west Africa.
T191 73886-73936 Sentence denotes Nowadays, the only effective treatment is surgery.
T192 73937-74021 Sentence denotes It consists in a large excision of the lesions, often followed by a skin transplant.
T193 74022-74191 Sentence denotes In this study, the effectiveness of rifampin, amikacin and their combination were estimated in the treatment of mice, which were infected experimentally by M. ulcerans .
T194 74192-74320 Sentence denotes After 15 weeks of treatment with rifampin, amikacin or their combination, no more viable bacilli were found in infected tissues.
T195 74321-74362 Sentence denotes The animals were kept for 3 other months.
T196 74363-74435 Sentence denotes Among the mice treated with rifampin alone, two mice out of 30 relapsed.
T197 74436-74524 Sentence denotes The minimal inhibitory concentration of these isolated strains went from 0.5 to 8 mg/ml.
T198 74525-74682 Sentence denotes The DNA sequence, obtained from a 93-pb of the rpob gene from these strains, showed a missense mutations, which affect a Ser-415 replaced by a phenylalanine.
T199 74683-74788 Sentence denotes This modification on the gene leads to an important inefficacy of treatment when rifampin was used alone.
T200 74789-74977 Sentence denotes This study showed that rifampin and amikacin have a bactericidal action on M. ulcerans and that a combination of these antibiotics is necessary to avoid the selection of resistant mutants.
T201 74978-75093 Sentence denotes Histopathologic and electron microscopy studies of a severe isolated HIV enteropathy detected in an AIDS presenter.
T202 75094-75140 Sentence denotes Favorable response to HAART introduction OR1.1
T203 75141-75171 Sentence denotes Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F.
T204 75172-75230 Sentence denotes University of Bologna, Infectious Diseases, Bologna, Italy
T205 75231-75472 Sentence denotes Advanced HIV infection was detected in a heterosexual female with a 1-year history of chronic diarrhoea and severe wasting, as expressed by a body weight of 39 kg, a CD4'/ count of 64 cells/ml, and a plasma viraemia of 2.5 million copies/ml.
T206 75473-75697 Sentence denotes A malabsorption syndrome was confirmed by D-xylose test, but repeated pathogen search tested negative at stool examination and light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (EM), and transmission EM study of enteric mucosa.
T207 75698-75922 Sentence denotes EM assays detected an ultrastructural modification of duodenal mucosa never reported to date: an extensive thinning of enterocytic microvilli, disappearance of glycocalix, and large vacuolization of the enterocyte cytoplasm.
T208 75923-76045 Sentence denotes Two weeks after starting an indinavir-based HAART, diarrhoea disappeared and our patient significantly gained body weight:
T209 76046-76181 Sentence denotes 6 kg after 4 months,15 kg after 8, and 18 kg after 1 year, paralleling a CD4'/ increase to 299 cells/ml, and undetectable HIV viraemia.
T210 76182-76357 Sentence denotes The subsequent 3-year follow-up confirmed absence of gut disturbances, a stable body weight, a CD4'/ count of 350 Á/480 cells/ml, and HIV viraemia persistently B/50 copies/ml.
T211 76358-76521 Sentence denotes Repeated endoscopy and related histopathologic and EM assays documented a notable improvement of mucosal damage, with complete cure reached after 2 years of HAART.
T212 76522-76702 Sentence denotes A direct intestinal localization of HIV may be responsible for severe diarrhoea, malabsorption, and wasting, though the morphological features of HIV enteropathy are still unclear.
T213 76703-76771 Sentence denotes HAART acts favourably also against isolated HIV-related enteropathy.
T214 76772-76891 Sentence denotes Kaposi's sarcoma in a non-HIV immunocompetent adult: relapsing due to the development of a squamus cell carcinoma OR1.2
T215 76892-77177 Sentence denotes Sioula E a , Magira EE a , Georgopoulou C a , Rontogiani D b , Gounaris T a . a Evagelismos, Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Athens, Greece , b Evagelismos, Pathology, Athens, Greece A 26-year-old heterosexual HIV negative girl was diagnosed with cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma.
T216 77178-77288 Sentence denotes The disease was started 2 years earlier with the appearance of lesions on the left feet and on the right knee.
T217 77289-77403 Sentence denotes Absolute number of CD4 and CD8 were 1200 and 486 cells/dl, respectively with a decreased lymphocyte proliferation.
T218 77404-77517 Sentence denotes Human herpesvirus type 8 had been detected in biopsy specimens and she placed on recombinant interferon alpha-2b.
T219 77518-77575 Sentence denotes Follow up few months later the lesions decreased in size.
T220 77576-77715 Sentence denotes Two years after the onset of the disease the patient readmitted because of a mass on the left paratracheal region along with mediastinitis.
T221 77716-77751 Sentence denotes Her body temperature was increased.
T222 77752-77947 Sentence denotes The patient underwent thoracic CT scan, which demonstrated mediastinal well defined soft tissue infiltration associated with mediastinitis and a well-defined mass in the left paratracheal region.
T223 77948-77997 Sentence denotes The mass biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma.
T224 77998-78066 Sentence denotes Several violaceus lesions were observed on the arms, hands and face.
T225 78067-78221 Sentence denotes Severe bilateral lymphedema of the legs with a reddish papules nodules and tumors from 0.5 to 7 cm in diameter on the soles, toes and calves were present.
T226 78222-78373 Sentence denotes This case illustrates the significant relapsing of the cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma soon after the appearance of and the carcinoma and the mediastinitis.
T227 78374-78496 Sentence denotes A 58-year-old male patient with insulin-dependent diabetes underwent cardiac surgery for aortocoronary bypass 2 years ago.
T228 78497-78635 Sentence denotes Two weeks after surgery he developed mediastinitis and sternal osteomyelitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
T229 78636-78714 Sentence denotes Twice, revisions and plastic surgery for sternal osteomyelitis were performed.
T230 78715-78772 Sentence denotes The patient received initially treatment with vancomycin.
T231 78773-78938 Sentence denotes Then the patient received intravenous outpatient treatment with teicoplanin for 6 weeks followed by by treatment with fusidic acid and then trimethoprim/sulfametrol.
T232 78939-78962 Sentence denotes The fistula was closed.
T233 78963-79044 Sentence denotes Four months later he presented again with substernal pain and purulent discharge.
T234 79045-79157 Sentence denotes The culture revealed the growth of staphylococci which were first mistaken for coagulase-negative staphylococci.
T235 79158-79243 Sentence denotes After closer investigation these staphylococci were identified as small variant MRSA.
T236 79244-79309 Sentence denotes Computer tomography (CT) revealed multiple mediastinal abscesses.
T237 79310-79431 Sentence denotes The patient was treated with intravenous linezolid 600 mg bid for 10 days and then switched to oral linezolid 600 mg bid.
T238 79432-79499 Sentence denotes The oral therapy was pursued for 16 weeks under close surveillance.
T239 79500-79571 Sentence denotes The patient improved substantially, the purulent discharge disappeared.
T240 79572-79657 Sentence denotes The mediastinal abscesses were not detected any longer by CT at the end of treatment.
T241 79658-79706 Sentence denotes The treatment with linezolid was well tolerated.
T242 79707-79794 Sentence denotes Platelets decreased initially but rose to normal values without treatment modification.
T243 79795-79968 Sentence denotes Nosocomial pneumonia due to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a profound granulocytopenic patient hospitalized for community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus severe sepsis OR1.5
T244 79969-80263 Sentence denotes Radulescu A a , Sasca N b , Lupse M c , Tatulescu D c . a University of Medicine and Pharmac, Epidemiology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania , b The Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory, Cluj-Napoca, Romania , c University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
T245 80264-80274 Sentence denotes Objective:
T246 80275-80380 Sentence denotes To present the diverse opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients and treatment difficulties.
T247 80381-80390 Sentence denotes Findings:
T248 80391-80550 Sentence denotes A 35-year-old women was admitted to the Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases Cluj with a 2-day history of fever, myalgia, lumbar pain, hemorrhage syndrome.
T249 80551-80752 Sentence denotes Severe sepsis was diagnosed and the conditions that evolved in it were paronychia in a patient with chronic leukemia having prolonged and profound granulocytopenia due to aggressive treatment with IFN.
T250 80753-80863 Sentence denotes The condition at admission was critical due to trombocytopenia ( B/2000 platelets/ml) and hemorrhage syndrome.
T251 80864-81077 Sentence denotes The evolution was favorable under antimicrobial treatment (imipenem), blood and platelet transfusion, intravenous immunoglobulins, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, antifungal prophylaxis and supportive care.
T252 81078-81115 Sentence denotes Blood and pus cultures revealed MSSA.
T253 81116-81205 Sentence denotes In the 6th day of hospitalization she developed bronchopneumonia and respiratory failure.
T254 81206-81316 Sentence denotes The sputum culture was positive for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia susceptible to ceftazidime, fluoroquinolones.
T255 81317-81410 Sentence denotes Treatment was unsatisfactory until introducing ticarcilline Á/clavulanate and ciprofloxacine.
T256 81411-81485 Sentence denotes She had uneventful recovery despite remaining granulocyto-trombocytopenic.
T257 81486-81498 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T258 81499-81715 Sentence denotes Treatment of infections with emerging agents in immunocompromised patients is difficult, guidance by results of susceptibility testing being misleading with a poor correlation between the tests and treatment outcome.
T259 81716-81844 Sentence denotes Early disseminated listeriosis in a liver transplant recipient (LTR): a rare case due to an in vitro multiresistant strain OR1.6
T260 81845-81977 Sentence denotes Manfredi R, De Ruvo N, Vivarelli M, Bellusci R, Montalti R, La Barba G, Abtueli Aden A, Cucchetti A, Attard L, Calza L, Cavallari A.
T261 81978-82219 Sentence denotes University of Bologna, Infectious Diseases, Bologna, Italy A LTR receiving cyclosporin, azathioprine and steroids, developed an extraordinary episode of sepsis and pleural effusion due to a multiresistant Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) isolate.
T262 82220-82238 Sentence denotes A Lm strain serov.
T263 82239-82461 Sentence denotes 4 showing the same, extensive resistance pattern (all penicillins and 1stand 2nd-generation cephalosporins), was isolated from multiple blood cultures and pleural fluid 2 weeks after surgery, while stool exam was negative.
T264 82462-82565 Sentence denotes Our p spent her life in countryside and bred some animals, but denied consumption of uncontrolled food.
T265 82566-82663 Sentence denotes Iv cotrimoxazole administration achieved a complete clinical and microbiological cure in 10 days.
T266 82664-82832 Sentence denotes Underlying immunodeficiency may prompt unusual/severe Lm infection, but because of its usual community-acquired origin, Lm disease remains infrequent in hospitalized p.
T267 82833-82963 Sentence denotes Only seven anecdotal reports of Lm infection were described in LTR, 1986 Á/2000, all but 1 occurring months Á/years after surgery.
T268 82964-83215 Sentence denotes An early respiratory and systemic infection caused by a community-acquired Lm strain which proved resistant to first-choice antibiotics, but had a favorable response to cotrimoxazole (used only once in a LTR with Lm sepsis), characterized our episode.
T269 83216-83317 Sentence denotes An epidemiological survey retrieved the possible source of this usually community-acquired infection.
T270 83318-83429 Sentence denotes Lm should be regarded as an emerging opportunistic pathogen in LTR, and specific risk factors should be seeked.
T271 83430-83660 Sentence denotes When immunodeficiency is of concern, the unpredictable sensitivity of Lm should prompt in vitro assays to adjust antimicrobial therapy Problems for discussion HBV Á/HCV and liver carcinogenesis: where does the viral influence end?
T272 83661-83677 Sentence denotes OR2.2 Pappas GA.
T273 83678-83906 Sentence denotes University Hospital, Internal Medicine, Ioannina, Greece Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major clinical problem worldwide, usually evolving over a long-standing liver pathology, in the latter stages in the form of cirrhosis.
T274 83907-83987 Sentence denotes HBV and HCV chronic infection is a common etiology of cirrhosis, and hence, HCC.
T275 83988-84093 Sentence denotes A number of studies have attempted to clarify the role of these viruses into the progression towards HCC.
T276 84094-84135 Sentence denotes Does their end in the stage of cirrhosis?
T277 84136-84253 Sentence denotes Is progression towards HCC independent of the etiology of cirrhosis (since alcoholic cirrhosis also proceeds to HCC)?
T278 84254-84664 Sentence denotes Do the trials with interferon alfa for patients with HBV or HCV cirrhosis exhibit a favorable result due to the antiviral properties of interferon, or is interferon exhibiting anti-oncogenic potential?, and is HCC cytokine and hormone sensitive (view ongoing trials with somatostatine analogues versus HCC)? (hence, if we treat alcoholic cirrhosis patients with interferon could we have a favorable response?).
T279 84665-84821 Sentence denotes Which patients with HBV or HCV cirrhosis are eligible for interferon treatment?: interferon treatment is a potential hazard for those with thrombocytopenia.
T280 84822-84940 Sentence denotes How ethical is it to conduct a randomised trial where one leg of cirrhotic patients is left without antiviral therapy?
T281 84941-85038 Sentence denotes And on the basis of which classification system should the two legs of such a trial be separated?
T282 85039-85178 Sentence denotes Moreover, do viral proteins with oncogenic potential exist (the controversy over the recently discovered HBV protein is still, unresolved)?
T283 85179-85221 Sentence denotes A major topic awaiting for a major debate.
T284 85222-85376 Sentence denotes To assess the role of HIV-associated campylobacteriosis (C) according to HAART availability, 17 patients with positive culture were identified since 1991.
T285 85377-85539 Sentence denotes Compared with the Â/1000 HIV-infected P followed in the last decade, no epidemiological differences were shown, save a greater sexual exposure to HIV (P B/0.005).
T286 85540-85789 Sentence denotes The introduction of HAART caused a drop of frequency of C (from 1.8 to 0.9 episodes per 1000 p-year; P B/0.0001), and modified clinical features, with disappearance of dissemination and mortality, reported in 7 and 2 patients before 1996 (P B/0.03).
T287 85790-85914 Sentence denotes HIV-related immunodeficiency and disease stage were significantly related to C features before and after HAART availability:
T288 85915-85985 Sentence denotes P B/0.0001 for CD4 and neutrophil count, P B/0.007 for AIDS diagnosis.
T289 85986-86089 Sentence denotes Most cases (15) were community-acquired, but alimentary or environmental risk factors were never found.
T290 86090-86258 Sentence denotes Ten patients received cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (nine before 1996; P B/ 0.03), while no relationship occurred with steroid or antibiotic use, caused 14 cases out of 17.
T291 86259-86405 Sentence denotes A 100% sensitivity was found to quinolones, followed by cephalosporins (82.3%), gentamicin (76.5%), macrolides (64.7%), and cotrimoxazole (47.1%).
T292 86406-86572 Sentence denotes A 8 Á/18-day antimicrobial therapy cured 16 P , but relapses caused by similar strains occurred in 6 patients within 2 Á/8 weeks, all in the pre-HAART era (P B/0.05).
T293 86573-86654 Sentence denotes C still occurs in the HAART era, probably due to its varied mode of transmission.
T294 86655-86801 Sentence denotes The frequency of C is greater in HIV-infected patients, but less frequent visceralization, recurrences, and mortality characterized the HAART era.
T295 86802-86812 Sentence denotes Objective:
T296 86813-87002 Sentence denotes To determine the incidence and risk factors for nosocomial viral respiratory infections (NRVI) and involvement of Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) in a neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit.
T297 87003-87011 Sentence denotes Methods:
T298 87012-87044 Sentence denotes Prospective observational study.
T299 87045-87158 Sentence denotes Nasal samples were obtained by cytological brush at admission and weekly thereafter for all hospitalized infants.
T300 87159-87203 Sentence denotes Nasal samples were taken monthly from staff.
T301 87204-87422 Sentence denotes Virological studies were performed, using immunofluorescence for Respiratory Syncitial Virus (RSV), Influenza viruses, paramyxoviruses, and adenoviruses; both immunofluorescence and RT-PCR were used for HCoV detection.
T302 87423-87431 Sentence denotes Results:
T303 87432-87513 Sentence denotes During 1998, 42 HCoV related NRVI were detected in 152 NN and six in 92 children.
T304 87514-87646 Sentence denotes Three HCoV-related outbreaks were observed (February, August and December), associated with a high prevalence of infection in staff.
T305 87647-87735 Sentence denotes During August outbreak, 18 HCoVinfected NRVI were detected over 23 hospitalized infants.
T306 87736-87853 Sentence denotes Seventy-five of hospitalized preterm NN with gestational age under 32 weeks and 52.4% of staff members were infected.
T307 87854-87970 Sentence denotes Risk factors for NRVI in NN were birth weight, gestational age, ventilation, oxygenation and hospitalization length.
T308 87971-88081 Sentence denotes Ninety-two percent of infected preterm NN were symptomatic, mainly with bradycardia and respiratory worsening.
T309 88082-88094 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T310 88095-88210 Sentence denotes These data provide additional evidence for a significant role of HCoV in NRVI occurring in hospitalized preterm NN.
T311 88211-88339 Sentence denotes Strain typing and screening of 8 DNA targets to assess Echinococcus sp transmission in new and old geographic endemic foci OR2.5
T312 88340-88621 Sentence denotes Bart JM a , Piarroux R a , Dia L b , Benchikh-Elfegoun MC c , Vuitton DA a , Bardonnet K a . a SERF, Parasitology, BESANCON, France , b National Centre of veterinary study, Parasitology, Nouakchott, Mauritania , c University of Mentouri, Parasitology, Constantine, Algeria Purpose:
T313 88622-88678 Sentence denotes Cystic echinococcosis is due to Echinococcus granulosus.
T314 88679-88844 Sentence denotes Parasite cycles depending on the main intermediate host species involved in different foci have been described promoting mixed infection in the same definitive host.
T315 88845-88993 Sentence denotes Strain typing is a tool to identify the main intermediate host involved via the dogs in the human infection route and to focus the control measures.
T316 88994-89101 Sentence denotes Many DNA targets have been used to compare samples and to access the parasite cycle in different countries.
T317 89102-89163 Sentence denotes But no study has compared the value of each of these targets.
T318 89164-89309 Sentence denotes Eight targets have been tested in Mauritania where echinococcosis is an emergent disease, and in Algeria where strain typing has never been done.
T319 89310-89435 Sentence denotes Thirty-five cyst samples from human, ovine, camel and bovine have been tested with six nuclear and two mitochondrial targets.
T320 89436-89444 Sentence denotes Results:
T321 89445-89560 Sentence denotes The two mitochondrial targets and four out the six nuclear targets have allowed to discriminate the different foci.
T322 89561-89678 Sentence denotes Two strains have been found infectious to human : the 'sheep' strain in Algeria and the 'camel' strain in Mauritania.
T323 89679-89690 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T324 89691-89866 Sentence denotes Although overlapping geographically sometimes, this raises the question of the respective genetic evolution of the different strains and of their involving in human infection.
T325 89867-89917 Sentence denotes Alveolar echinococcosis in France: an update OR2.6
T326 89918-90168 Sentence denotes Bardonnet K, Bresson-Hadni S, Bartholomot B, Gérard A, Watelet J, Beytout J, Saurin JC, Piarroux R, Vuitton DA, WHO Centre Collaborating for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France Introduction:
T327 90169-90265 Sentence denotes The highest prevalence rate for alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in Europe has been found in France.
T328 90266-90414 Sentence denotes In 1997, a French observatory of human AE was done in order to get data that could be used to evaluate presentation, evolution and management of AE.
T329 90415-90432 Sentence denotes Material-Methods:
T330 90433-90489 Sentence denotes French cases were collected for the period 1982 Á/ 2002.
T331 90490-90560 Sentence denotes Registration of every case was performed with the subject's agreement.
T332 90561-90681 Sentence denotes A questionnaire was filled in by referring to the patients' medical files or to practitioners or to patients themselves.
T333 90682-90776 Sentence denotes Completeness of the collection of cases was ensured by multiplying the sources of information.
T334 90777-90785 Sentence denotes Results:
T335 90786-90845 Sentence denotes Two hundred and sixty nine French patients were registered.
T336 90846-90867 Sentence denotes Sex ratio averaged 1.
T337 90868-90906 Sentence denotes Mean age at diagnostic was 54.8 years.
T338 90907-90978 Sentence denotes 12.5% of diagnosis was performed in 'echinococcosis free' French areas.
T339 90979-91073 Sentence denotes Symptoms, but not always specific liver symptoms, were present at diagnosis in 76.4% of cases.
T340 91074-91135 Sentence denotes The liver was the main location of lesions in 93.6% of cases.
T341 91136-91232 Sentence denotes A wide spectrum of management of the patients was observed, accounting for regional differences.
T342 91233-91244 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T343 91245-91354 Sentence denotes This French observatory of human EA will facilitate a better management of the disease at the national level.
T344 91355-91440 Sentence denotes It shows new epidemiological trends, and especially an extension of the endemic area.
T345 91441-91499 Sentence denotes Can coins and paper currency transmit Bacillus anthracis ?
T346 91500-91505 Sentence denotes OR2.7
T347 91506-91519 Sentence denotes Ghenghesh KS.
T348 91520-91692 Sentence denotes Faculty of Medicine, Al-Fateh University, Medical Microbiology, Tripoli, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Anthrax is an often fatal bacterial infection caused by Bacillus anthracis .
T349 91693-91840 Sentence denotes Recent events that began in September 2001 in US has gained the organism worldwide attention and heightened awareness of and concern about anthrax.
T350 91841-92006 Sentence denotes Many cases of anthrax with a number of deaths have been reported as a result of contact with envelopes, sent through postal mail, containing B. anthracis endospores.
T351 92007-92270 Sentence denotes A number of studies have shown that currency is colonized with bacterial organisms, that include enteropathogens (e.g. Shigella sp.), other enteric flora (e.g. Escherichia coli ) and potential pathogens (e.g. Staphylcoccus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp.).
T352 92271-92416 Sentence denotes Furthermore, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates that produced enterotoxin (SEB) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 also been reported.
T353 92417-92571 Sentence denotes All of these studies do agree on that currency may be considered as a method of spreading potentially pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria in the community.
T354 92572-92691 Sentence denotes Therefore, currency could also be a vehicle for spreading other highly pathogenic organisms that include B. anthracis .
T355 92692-92814 Sentence denotes In addition, the introduction of the 'euro' could also allow such bacteria greater freedom to travel across the euro zone.
T356 92815-93016 Sentence denotes The threat of using currency, particularly paper notes, in spreading lethal organisms should be investigated and proper measures to prevent the use of such a method by terrorists should be implemented.
T357 93017-93120 Sentence denotes Salvage of temporary femoral catheters for haemodialysis using antibiotics in ambulatory patients OR2.8
T358 93121-93159 Sentence denotes Gerasimovska V, Oncevski A, Dejanov P.
T359 93160-93250 Sentence denotes Department of Nephrology, Clinical Centre, Skopje, The Former Yugoslav Republic, Macedonia
T360 93251-93345 Sentence denotes The stay of femoral catheters (FC) for haemodialysis is typically short-term for several days.
T361 93346-93525 Sentence denotes We used FC as a temporary vascular access (VA) for a longer period of time in outpatients going on regular ambulatory haemodialysis, who had a problem with their permanent access.
T362 93526-93591 Sentence denotes We analysed 43 patients who were discharged from hosptal with FC.
T363 93592-93696 Sentence denotes Duration time of FC was between 13 and 183 days (average 44.2 days) with cummulative total of 1989 days.
T364 93697-93764 Sentence denotes The incidence of bacteriaemia was 2.51 episodes/1000 catheter days.
T365 93765-94043 Sentence denotes In six patients we had signs of infection, so according to our protocol we took blood cultures from peripheral vein, and from catheter (at same time) and started with antibiotic therapy (AB) systemically and locally (AB was 'locked' in catheter) with different duration of time.
T366 94044-94195 Sentence denotes Dominant microorganism was Staphylococcus coagulasa negative, and much less Staphylococcus aureus , and Enterococcus.AB that were frequently used were:
T367 94196-94236 Sentence denotes Cefotaxim, Vancomycin and Ciprofloxacin.
T368 94237-94324 Sentence denotes At one of six patients we removed catheter at once without trying to save the catheter.
T369 94325-94380 Sentence denotes Catheter tip was sent for microbiological analysis too.
T370 94381-94529 Sentence denotes Criteria for catheter-related bacteriemia (CRB) was found in only one patient, and for possible CRB in five patients after we removed the catheters.
T371 94530-94733 Sentence denotes In the absence of clinical signs of infection, AB treatment was not provided for positive tip culture alone or for positive blood culture of the catheter with negative blood culture from peripheral vein.
T372 94734-94772 Sentence denotes Advances in meningitis education OR2.9
T373 94773-94985 Sentence denotes Holt DE a , Tait MI b , Cavanna AL b , Worgan-Brown S a , Hart B a . a The Meningitis Trust, Stroud, UK , b The Computer-aided Learning Unit, School of Health Science, University of Wales, Swansea, UK Background:
T374 94986-95103 Sentence denotes Meningitis remains an important cause of death worldwide despite improvements in diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
T375 95104-95305 Sentence denotes Clinical and lay awareness of the disease relies on education, however educational delivery has changed and the introduction of material suitable for computer and internet application is now necessary.
T376 95306-95440 Sentence denotes We have developed educational material on CDROM and on the internet applicable both at tertiary university and secondary school level.
T377 95441-95453 Sentence denotes Application:
T378 95454-95551 Sentence denotes A computer-aided learning program on CDROM, covering all aspects of meningitis has been produced.
T379 95552-95668 Sentence denotes It is suitable for undergraduate teaching of healthcare professionals from student nurse and doctors to pharmacists.
T380 95669-95799 Sentence denotes In order to reach school children in a form acceptable to both pupils and teachers, we have developed a curriculum-linked website.
T381 95800-95960 Sentence denotes These applications are simple to use and can be incorporated into existing courses of study, so that issues raised can be discussed with tutors and group peers.
T382 95961-95969 Sentence denotes Comment:
T383 95970-96086 Sentence denotes The introduction of new methods of teaching and learning mean that compatible educational material must be produced.
T384 96087-96292 Sentence denotes We believe that these applications, focusing on meningitis, are the first of their kind and that they offer tutors the opportunity to progress their teaching of the disease both in methodology and content.
T385 96293-96421 Sentence denotes Brivudin compared to famciclovir for improved therapy of herpes zoster: effects on acute disease and postherpetic neuralgia OR3.
T386 96422-96567 Sentence denotes Potentially treatment-related adverse events occurred in 11.8% of the brivudin recipients and in 10.1% of the famciclovir recipients (P 0/ 0.26).
T387 96568-96580 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T388 96581-96717 Sentence denotes In zoster patients ]/50 years, brivudin 1)/125 mg and famciclovir 3)/250 mg showed equivalent effects on prevalence and duration of PHN.
T389 96718-96811 Sentence denotes Brivudin is as effective as famciclovir in stopping viral replication in acute herpes zoster.
T390 96812-96918 Sentence denotes Brivudin offers the advantage of a once daily dosage regimen while being as well tolerated as famciclovir.
T391 96919-97120 Sentence denotes Activity of complexes of Pt(II) and Pd(II) with pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (HFoTsc) (Acta Virol., 2001, 45, 87) with selectivity index (SI) 1.5 times higher than that of acyclovir (ACV).
T392 97121-97281 Sentence denotes In order to evaluate virus specific response and structure Á/activity relationships we continue our investigations with three Pt(II) and three Pd(II) complexes.
T393 97282-97476 Sentence denotes The activity was evaluated against sensitive to ACV HSV 2 (strain Bja) and resistant strains R-100 (HSV 1) and PU (HSV 2) and compared to that obtained against strain Victoria (HSV 1) infection.
T394 97477-97508 Sentence denotes SI was indicative for activity.
T395 97509-97701 Sentence denotes The virus specific response was demonstrated by the fact that viruses sensitive to ACV were also sensitive to Pt(HFoTsc) 2 ]Cl 2 , while ACV resistant viruses were sensitive to [PtCl(FoTsc) ].
T396 97702-97822 Sentence denotes The structure Á/activity relationship was proved by the fact that the less active against HSV infection was [Pd(FoTsc)].
T397 97823-97952 Sentence denotes Influenza diagnosis, treatment, and the impact of new antivirals on current treatment behaviours during influenza outbreaks OR3.3
T398 97953-98000 Sentence denotes Schaetz L a , Sessa A b , a Hoffman-La Roche F.
T399 98001-98085 Sentence denotes Basel, Switzerland , b Italian College of General Practitioners, Italy Introduction:
T400 98086-98184 Sentence denotes Annual influenza epidemics severely affect individuals, families, health care systems and society.
T401 98185-98292 Sentence denotes The availability of new and specific antivirals provides an opportunity for better management of influenza.
T402 98293-98301 Sentence denotes Methods:
T403 98302-98523 Sentence denotes During the 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 influenza seasons, physicians ( Â/100/country) and public ( Â/1000/country) in the USA and Europe were interviewed to determine perceptions of influenza and behaviours for its treatment.
T404 98524-98532 Sentence denotes Results:
T405 98533-98647 Sentence denotes Patients recognise influenza illness as severe and identify it by symptoms of fever, muscle aches/pains and cough.
T406 98648-98820 Sentence denotes Physicians use these symptoms to diagnose influenza clinically (93% fever, 78% muscle aches/pains, 47% cough); their main treatment objective being to reduce complications.
T407 98821-98996 Sentence denotes Antibiotics for influenza treatment are broadly recommended/prescribed by about 30% of European physicians, whereas currently available antivirals are only recommended by 10%.
T408 98997-99151 Sentence denotes The recommendation of antivirals by US physicians increased from 47% (season 99/00) to 62% (00/01) and markedly decreased antibiotic use (from 25 to 11%).
T409 99152-99343 Sentence denotes Experience from the two influenza seasons shows that influenza antivirals are only used while the virus is circulating and that the volume of use is proportional to the size of the outbreaks.
T410 99344-99356 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T411 99357-99491 Sentence denotes Experiences in the USA show that with prompt outbreak information antivirals can be used appropriately in times of influenza activity.
T412 99492-99607 Sentence denotes Influenza treatment with oseltamivir: costs and benefits for the individual as well as for society OR3.4 Objective:
T413 99608-99741 Sentence denotes To evaluate the effects of treatment of influenza with antivirals (oseltamivir) on health outcomes and costs to patients and society.
T1 99742-99750 Sentence denotes Methods:
T2 99751-99847 Sentence denotes Based on clinical trial data and data from the literature a simulation model has been developed.
T3 99848-99960 Sentence denotes The underlying clinical pathway covers morbidity and mortality due to influenza and its specified complications.
T4 99961-100028 Sentence denotes Health outcome data and costs were attached to events in the model.
T5 100029-100154 Sentence denotes The model compares various scenarios, which are defined by treatment schemes within defined populations and other parameters.
T6 100155-100300 Sentence denotes Application of the model is shown using UK unit cost data simulating an otherwise healthy adult population comparing oseltamivir with usual care.
T7 100301-100309 Sentence denotes Results:
T8 100310-100438 Sentence denotes Early treatment results in reduced morbidity, which translates into faster recovery and return to normal activities (1.93 days).
T9 100439-100537 Sentence denotes Lower morbidity and mortality make this a cost-effective intervention from a societal perspective.
T10 100538-100655 Sentence denotes The analysis covers more than 10 different scenarios and the incremental cost effectiveness ratios will be discussed.
T11 100656-100667 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T12 100668-100842 Sentence denotes Antiviral treatment appears to be effective in terms of health outcome and cost for otherwise healthy adults from the perspectives of both the individual patient and society.
T13 100843-100963 Sentence denotes However, this effect is very sensitive to time when treatment is started and the accuracy of the diagnosis of influenza.
T14 100964-101021 Sentence denotes Oseltamivir is well tolerated by all patient groups OR3.5
T15 101022-101223 Sentence denotes Thakar B a , Dutkowski R b , Froelich E c , Gilbride J a , Ward P a . a Roche Global Development, Welwyn, UK , b F Hoffman-La Roche, Nutley, USA , c F Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland Introduction:
T16 101224-101393 Sentence denotes Oral oseltamivir, the ethyl ester pro-drug of a potent inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase, is licensed for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in the USA.
T17 101394-101415 Sentence denotes Patients and Methods:
T18 101416-101662 Sentence denotes Safety data [adverse events, laboratory safety evaluations] derived from clinical trials involving !/12 000 subjects (including Â/1000 children and Â/1200 high-risk adults) and 400 healthy volunteers in a large study investigating ECG parameters.
T19 101663-101777 Sentence denotes Spontaneous event reports from MEDWATCH or yellow-card reports following use by Â/2 000 000 individuals worldwide.
T20 101778-101888 Sentence denotes An observational case-control study of !/10 000 subjects with influenza-like illness treated with oseltamivir.
T21 101889-101897 Sentence denotes Results:
T22 101898-102052 Sentence denotes Oseltamivir was well tolerated in clinical trials; drug-related side-effects were limited to transient GI effects occurring in 5/1:10 exposed individuals.
T23 102053-102130 Sentence denotes These resolved spontaneously and caused drop out in B/1% of treated subjects.
T24 102131-102217 Sentence denotes No effects on ECG parameters were noted at doses ]/sixfold above the licensed regimen.
T25 102218-102275 Sentence denotes Oseltamivir had no adverse effects on pulmonary function.
T26 102276-102396 Sentence denotes No additional effects were identified among high-risk adults or children, or following prolonged dosing for prophylaxis.
T27 102397-102521 Sentence denotes Occasional reports of liver dysfunction have been documented post-marketing but causal association has not been established.
T28 102522-102534 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T29 102535-102643 Sentence denotes Oral oseltamivir is an effective and safe antiviral suitable for influenza management in all patient groups.
T30 102644-102854 Sentence denotes The decision to stop the vaccination against smallpox and the loss of specific immunity of a high proportion of the population made apocalyptic the perspective of a natural or provoked re-emergence of smallpox.
T31 102855-102968 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is important to improve the current capacities to prevent or to treat the orthopoxvirus infections.
T32 102969-103065 Sentence denotes Uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) is one viral enzyme indispensable to the replication of poxviruses.
T33 103066-103292 Sentence denotes UDG of the Copenhagen strain of Vaccinia virus (VV) was characterized with the aim of defining specific inhibitors susceptible to be used as a new class of active antiviral substances on the viruses of the Orthopoxvirus genus.
T34 103293-103479 Sentence denotes The activity of this enzyme was analysed in real time, in an original method, on a PCR quantitative instrument by digestion of amplified DNA revealed by fluorescent intercaled molecules.
T35 103480-103568 Sentence denotes This technique was used to screen and select several active antiviral substances on UDG.
T36 103569-103674 Sentence denotes Moreover, the antiviral activity was estimated by the cytopathic effect of the VV on infected Vero cells.
T37 103675-103746 Sentence denotes The cytotoxicity was determined by inhibition of Trypan Blue exclusion.
T38 103747-103874 Sentence denotes The specificity of action of each tested compound was estimated by the selective index (50% cytotoxic dose/50% effective dose).
T39 103875-104049 Sentence denotes Two antiviral compounds were selected for their inhibitory effect on UDG activity and on VV replication in Vero cell culture : ('/)-5-iodo-2?-deoxyuridine and 4-chlorouracil.
T40 104050-104125 Sentence denotes These compounds are candidates for the chemotherapy of poxvirus infections.
T41 104126-104136 Sentence denotes Objective:
T42 104137-104249 Sentence denotes To study the efficacy and tolerance of Russian antiviral drugs produced from DNA in a limited resources context.
T43 104250-104258 Sentence denotes Results:
T44 104259-104308 Sentence denotes The drug Derinat was produced from salmons' milt.
T45 104309-104387 Sentence denotes Mm of DNA was 270 Á/500 kDa, hyperchrome effect !/37%, protein content B/0.5%.
T46 104388-104674 Sentence denotes The conjugation of the DNA with Fe3'/ resulted in a new drug named Ferrovir which influences DNA and RNA synthesis during early stages of HIV-1 replication by blocking the virus's action on cells' metabolism and reduces cytomegalovirus titre in fibroblast cells for 1.5 Á/2.0 Ig TCID50.
T47 104675-104756 Sentence denotes A protective effect of ferrovir against fatal herpes encephalitis mice was found.
T48 104757-104781 Sentence denotes The drugs are not toxic.
T49 104782-104800 Sentence denotes IC50!/ 4000 mg/ml.
T50 104801-104846 Sentence denotes EC90 of ferrovir against HIV-1 was 800 mg/ml.
T51 104847-104933 Sentence denotes In limited clinical trials patients received 75 mg of drugs twice daily (7 Á/14 days).
T52 104934-105002 Sentence denotes Administration was well tolerated and no side effects were observed.
T53 105003-105120 Sentence denotes Derinat in 88.1% cases of herpesvirus infection (42 patients) improved the healing and shortened duration of illness.
T54 105121-105274 Sentence denotes HIV-infected patients (34) treated with ferrovir showed sustained, elevated CD4'/ counts and a significant reduction in HIV-1 viral load (median 1.8 Ig).
T55 105275-105368 Sentence denotes The apparent remission was found in patients with concomitant HIV and Herpes Virus infection.
T56 105369-105381 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T57 105382-105600 Sentence denotes Antivirals show good antiviral potency against RNAand DNA-viruses; are well tolerated by patients and are useful in case of mixed infections; low price makes them accessible to populations with low financial resources.
T58 105601-105724 Sentence denotes Ortho Total HCV core antigen assay can aid early prediction of response in patients treated with Interferon/Ribavirin OR3.8
T59 105725-105897 Sentence denotes Lunel F a , Veillon P b , Payan C b . a AHU Angers, Laboratoire de Bacterio-Virologie, Angers, France , b CHU Angers, Laboratoire de Bacterio-Virologie, Angers, France Aim:
T60 105898-106008 Sentence denotes Evaluate the predictive value of Total HCV Core Antigen Assay and viral kinetics in patients with chronic HCV.
T61 106009-106017 Sentence denotes Methods:
T62 106018-106132 Sentence denotes One hundred and twenty two patients infected by genotype 1, 4, 5 or pretreatment viral load (bDNA 2.0, Chiron) !/3
T63 106133-106221 Sentence denotes Meq/ml, with no previous treatment, received 6 MU interferon (IFN) during 12 months (M).
T64 106222-106320 Sentence denotes Ribavirin was given with IFN after 3 months therapy, for 9 months in patients with detectable RNA.
T65 106321-106395 Sentence denotes Viral load was expressed as Log (UI/ml) and HCV Ag as log (pg/ml)/10 000).
T66 106396-106404 Sentence denotes Results:
T67 106405-106474 Sentence denotes Pretreatment Ag values were correlated with viral load (r 2 0/0.779).
T68 106475-106595 Sentence denotes We observed a rapid decrease of Ag (5.2 log pg/ml) and viral load (5.1 log UI/ml) after M1 in sustained responders (SR).
T69 106596-106712 Sentence denotes In patients who relapsed (RR) after IFN alone, the fall was less important (2.6 log pg/ml, 3.6 log UI/ml) during M1.
T70 106713-106813 Sentence denotes In SR and RR to combination therapy, the decrease of Ag and viral load at M1 was, respectively, (Ag:
T71 106814-106841 Sentence denotes 1.2 and 1.4 log pg/ml; RNA:
T72 106842-106865 Sentence denotes 2.4 and 1.5 log UI/ml).
T73 106866-106946 Sentence denotes We did not observed significant variation of Ag and viral load in nonresponders.
T74 106947-107075 Sentence denotes The negative predictive value of HCV RNA and Ag after M1 of treatment were 100%, and positive predictive values were 81 and 82%.
T75 107076-107228 Sentence denotes After 1 month of IFN alone, the HCV Ag decrease was highly predictive of SR, correlated with RNA negativation and early reduction of HCV RNA ( !/2 log).
T76 107229-107240 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T77 107241-107340 Sentence denotes Early measurements of Total HCV Core Antigen are useful to predict long-term response to treatment.
T78 107341-107395 Sentence denotes Lamivudine in the treatment of acute hepatitis B OR3.9
T79 107396-107472 Sentence denotes Vincenti A, Meini M, Luchi S, De Gennaro M, Ricciardi L, Moneta S, Scasso A.
T80 107473-107643 Sentence denotes Infectious Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases, Lucca, Italy Acute hepatitis B is a self-limiting infection, but in some cases its course may be particularly severe.
T81 107644-107739 Sentence denotes We report a case of a 77-years-old woman affected by acute hepatitis B treated with lamivudine.
T82 107740-107943 Sentence denotes On admission in the hospital the alanino-aminotransferase was1060 U/l, the aspartate-aminotransferase 1017 U/l, bilirubin 10,2 mg/dl, HBsAg, HBcIgM and HBeAg were positive, HBV DNA was 300.000 copies/ml.
T83 107944-108125 Sentence denotes During the following days, the levels of AST and ALT gradually rose; on the 14th day prothrombine time was 39%, bilirubin 30 mg/dl and the patient developed signs of encephalopathy.
T84 108126-108233 Sentence denotes Four plasmapheresis were practiced without benefit, so the patient was treated with lamivudine, 100 mg/day.
T85 108234-108344 Sentence denotes After 24 days of therapy, lamivudine was discontinued because of the appearance of diffuse maculopapular rash.
T86 108345-108469 Sentence denotes At this time the results of liver function tests were normal; after four months HBsAg and HBV DNA were no longer detectable.
T87 108470-108531 Sentence denotes In our patient lamivudine prevented an acute hepatic failure.
T88 108532-108695 Sentence denotes Our experience suggests a promising role of lamivudine in the treatment of acute hepatitis B, but how long such therapy have to be practiced and in which patients?
T89 108696-108804 Sentence denotes Prospective, controlled, clinical studies using lamivudine in patients with acute-hepatitis B are necessary.
T90 108805-108902 Sentence denotes The cost-effectiveness of amantadine versus symptomatic care in the treatment of influenza OR3.10
T91 108903-109083 Sentence denotes Morris S a , Carman WF b , Barber J c . a City University, London, UK , b West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow, UK , c Alliance Pharmaceuticals, Chippenham, UK Aim:
T92 109084-109200 Sentence denotes To assess the cost-effectiveness of amantadine versus best symptomatic care in the treatment of influenza in the UK.
T93 109201-109209 Sentence denotes Methods:
T94 109210-109299 Sentence denotes We constructed an economic model populated with parameters from the published literature.
T95 109300-109455 Sentence denotes The model structure is the same as that used in the economic evaluation of zanamivir published by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence in the UK.
T96 109456-109571 Sentence denotes We conducted a cost-utility analysis (incremental cost per QALY gained) of amantadine versus best symptomatic care.
T97 109572-109775 Sentence denotes The analyses are conducted for all adults (average-risk group) and the at-risk population (high-risk group), based on the prevalence of influenza over an average season and when the virus is circulating.
T98 109776-109811 Sentence denotes The perspective is that of the NHS.
T99 109812-109820 Sentence denotes Results:
T100 109821-110024 Sentence denotes In the average-risk group the incremental cost per QALY gained of amantadine relative to best symptomatic care is UK£30,488 during an average influenza season and UK£12,538 when the virus is circulating.
T101 110025-110105 Sentence denotes For high-risk individuals the figures are UK£35,278 and UK£14,526, respectively.
T102 110106-110160 Sentence denotes The results are sensitive to the hospitalisation rate.
T103 110161-110174 Sentence denotes Conclusions :
T104 110175-110433 Sentence denotes If the threshold for cost-effectiveness is £20,000 per QALY gained amantadine represents value for money in the treatment of influenza in a variety of scenarios, including the baseline for both average-risk and high-risk groups when the virus is circulating.
T105 110434-110445 Sentence denotes Background:
T106 110446-110594 Sentence denotes Surveillance studies all over the world have revealed an extraordinary increase in the prevalence of penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae .
T107 110595-110675 Sentence denotes The newer quinolones are believed to have broad activity against S. pneumoniae .
T108 110676-110684 Sentence denotes Methods:
T109 110685-110972 Sentence denotes A total of 87 penicillin resistant clinical strains isolated from patients at Hacettepe Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey between 1999 and 2001 were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to various antibiotics that are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
T110 110973-111247 Sentence denotes The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, doxycycline, azithromycin, clarithromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin were determined using the NCCLS recommended procedure for E -test.
T111 111248-111256 Sentence denotes Results:
T112 111257-111364 Sentence denotes The range of MICs, MIC50 and MIC90 values for all agents tested against the strains are shown in the Table.
T113 111365-111457 Sentence denotes Gemifloxacin and moxifloxacin had the highest in-vitro activity among the quinolones tested.
T114 111458-111571 Sentence denotes All strains tested were susceptible to B/0.2 mg/ml gemifloxacin, B/1 mg/ml moxifloxacin and 2 mg/ml levofloxacin.
T115 111572-111584 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T116 111585-111712 Sentence denotes There is some degree of resistance to all the drugs except the newer quinolones which were active against all isolates studied.
T117 111713-111721 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T118 111722-111804 Sentence denotes Stenotrophomonas maltophilia prevalence is growing, mainly in some hospital areas.
T119 111805-111854 Sentence denotes S. maltophilia is frequently multidrug resistant.
T120 111855-111965 Sentence denotes Fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance varies from one to another study, but in whole resistance is moderate to high.
T121 111966-112028 Sentence denotes GyrA and parC QRDR partial codes have been recently described.
T122 112029-112148 Sentence denotes We have studied correlations between FQ-resistance and mutations in these sequences in S. maltophilia clinical strains.
T123 112149-112303 Sentence denotes Material and methods: gyrA and parC QRDR regions from six FQresistant and two FQ-susceptible S. maltophilia clinical strains were amplified and sequenced.
T124 112304-112479 Sentence denotes MICs of ciprofloxacin (CFX), gatifloxacin (GFX) and clinafloxacin (CNFX) were determined by the agar dilution method, according guidelines defined by NCCLS for P. aeruginosa .
T125 112480-112597 Sentence denotes Results and conclusions: MICs ranges of CFX, GFX and CNFX for resistant strains were 8 Á/32, 1 Á/32 and 0.5 Á/8 mg/l.
T126 112598-112692 Sentence denotes Susceptible strains had MICs of CFX, GFX and CNFX of 1, 0.2 and 0.06 Á/0.1 mg/l, respectively.
T127 112693-112788 Sentence denotes Most susceptible and resistant strains had no significant mutations in the fragments sequenced.
T128 112789-112955 Sentence denotes Only one resistant strain (MIC of CFX 16 mg/l) and one susceptible strain (MIC of CFX1 mg/l) had a significant gyrA mutation, the same in both strains (Ile112 Á/Val).
T129 112956-113127 Sentence denotes Thus, FQ resistance in S. maltophilia shall derive from changes in other areas in the topoisomerases or probably from other mechanisms of resistance, such as efflux pumps.
T130 113128-113136 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T131 113137-113251 Sentence denotes Corynebacterium urealyticum is the cause of encrusted cystitis and other inespecific UTIs and systemic infections.
T132 113252-113347 Sentence denotes It is frequently multi-drug resistant, with a high rate of resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQ).
T133 113348-113427 Sentence denotes The mechanisms of resistance to FQs have not been described in C. urealyticum .
T134 113428-113528 Sentence denotes We describe the C. urealyticum parC gene QRDR region and its relationship with quinolone resistance.
T135 113529-113551 Sentence denotes Materials and methods:
T136 113552-113774 Sentence denotes The activity of ciprofloxacin (CFX), levofloxacin (LFX), gatifloxacin (GFX), clinafloxacin (CNFX) and moxifloxacin (MFX) against 30 C. urealyticum clinical strains was determined following NCCLS guidelines for enterococci.
T137 113775-113838 Sentence denotes We amplified and sequenced their parC QRDR by standard methods.
T138 113839-113863 Sentence denotes Results and conclusions:
T139 113864-114014 Sentence denotes Five strains (16.6%) were CFX-susceptible (MIC 0.1 Á/0.5 mg/l), 5 had MICs 1 Á/2 mg/l and 20 (66.7%) were highlevel CFX-resistant (MIC 32 Á/128 mg/l).
T140 114015-114053 Sentence denotes CNFX was 64-fold more active than CFX.
T141 114054-114093 Sentence denotes MFX and GFX had MICs90 of 4 and 8 mg/l.
T142 114094-114318 Sentence denotes All the strains, including the type strain, showed a C to T change at the 2614 position referred to wild type S. aureus parC gene, leading to a Ser-80-Phe change, described as the main parC change in FQ-resistant S. aureus .
T143 114319-114578 Sentence denotes This finding suggest that this mutant sequence, as compared with parC sequences from other Grampositives, might be the wild-type for this species, and might explain in part its high resistance rate, and its apparent lightness to develop high-level resistance.
T144 114579-114587 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T145 114588-114747 Sentence denotes During routine surveillance, we identified 32 ciprofloxacinresistant (MIC!/8 mg/l) pneumococcal isolates and compared clinical details and resistance patterns.
T146 114748-114756 Sentence denotes Results:
T147 114757-114860 Sentence denotes They were isolated from sputa (29) and blood cultures (3) from adults, most with heart or lung disease.
T148 114861-114944 Sentence denotes Hospital admissions were common; half had been inpatients in the previous 3 months.
T149 114945-115133 Sentence denotes Nineteen patients received quinolones in the preceding 3 months, in part reflecting the local policy (introduced in 1997) of penicillin and ofloxacin for first line treatment of pneumonia.
T150 115134-115242 Sentence denotes Thirteen patients had radiological signs of pneumonia and 10 were pyrexial with raised inflammatory markers.
T151 115243-115371 Sentence denotes Agar dilution MICs for quinolones, including norfloxacin with and without reserpine, penicillin and erythromycin were performed.
T152 115372-115469 Sentence denotes An increase in norfloxacin MICs was noted over the period 1997 (16 Á/64 mg/l) to 2001 (256 mg/l).
T153 115470-115525 Sentence denotes Fluoroquinolone efflux was suggested in three isolates.
T154 115526-115599 Sentence denotes Resistance to moxifloxacin (MIC 8 Á/16 mg/l) was noted from 1998 onwards.
T155 115600-115674 Sentence denotes All isolates were serotype 9V and resistant to penicillin (MIC!/0.5 mg/l).
T156 115675-115731 Sentence denotes Thirty-one were resistant to erythromycin (MIC!/1 mg/l).
T157 115732-115743 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T158 115744-115873 Sentence denotes The 1997 policy of using quinolones may have contributed to the development of quinolone resistance and this cluster of isolates.
T159 115874-116029 Sentence denotes The increasing levels of quinolone resistance observed raise concerns about the future use of newer quinolones for the treatment of respiratory infections.
T160 116030-116169 Sentence denotes S. maltophilia has emerged in the last years as an important nosocomial pathogen, inherently resistant to most of the antimicrobial agents.
T161 116170-116342 Sentence denotes New quinolones has been proposed as a treatment of choice because their enhanced activity, but several parameters (T a , atmosphere, method) can affect the results of MICs.
T162 116343-116351 Sentence denotes Methods:
T163 116352-116462 Sentence denotes We have performed MICs using two different methods (agar dilution and microdilution) and different conditions:
T164 116463-116561 Sentence denotes 35 and 30 8C of temperature; atmosphere of O 2 and CO 2 , and incubation times of 18, 24 and 48 h.
T165 116562-116643 Sentence denotes A total of 78 strains were assayed with nine quinolones following standard NCCLS.
T166 116644-116740 Sentence denotes Comparisons were made between results with 18 Á/24 and 24 Á/48 h using the x 2 -test (a 0/0.05).
T167 116741-116749 Sentence denotes Results:
T168 116750-116888 Sentence denotes No differences were found between 18 Á/24 and 24 Á/48 h results with agar dilution, except with 3 ATBs in the case of MICs at 30 8C CO 2 .
T169 116889-117054 Sentence denotes On the contrary, almost all the ATBs showed significant differences in the results with 24 and 48 h using microdilution method, at any condition of Ta or atmosphere.
T170 117055-117182 Sentence denotes Comparison of MICs (P values, significance level 0/95%) with incubation times of 24 and 48 h at different procedure conditions.
T171 117183-117400 Sentence denotes The incubation time is a parameter that seems to affect significantly the results of MICs of quinolones when microdilution method is used, whereas only few differences can be encountered with the agar dilution method.
T172 117401-117409 Sentence denotes Results:
T173 117410-117458 Sentence denotes Breakpoints were used as proposed by NCCLS 1999.
T174 117459-117531 Sentence denotes During the study period the pneumococci resistance was noted as follows:
T175 117532-117568 Sentence denotes 65% to PC, 39% to EM and 73% to SXT.
T176 117569-117768 Sentence denotes The rank order of activity of the five FQs against multi-drug resistant pneumococci was: CIP (MIC 90:2 mg/l), OFX (MIC 90:2 mg/l), LVX (MIC 90:1 mg/l), GRX (MIC 90:0.25 mg/l), TVX (MIC 90:0.25 mg/l).
T177 117769-117781 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T178 117782-118041 Sentence denotes In Romania, fluoroquinolones represent alternative treatment to beta-lactams and macrolides for first-line empirical treatment for respiratory tract infections caused by pneumococci but, continued vigilance for emerging resistance to FQs is further indicated.
T179 118042-118076 Sentence denotes Introduction and Material/methods:
T180 118077-118417 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing (semiautomated broth microdilution method, Sensititre, Trek Diagnostics, USA, following NCCLS recommendations) was performed with six different quinolones to 817 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with a ciprofloxacin-CIP */MIC ]/2 mg/l collected in two consecutive SAUCE$ surveillances in Spain (1996 Á/97/1998 Á/99).
T181 118418-118629 Sentence denotes NCCLS resistance (R) breakpoints were used ( ]/8 for ofloxacin-OFL and levofloxacin-LEV; ]/2 for sparfloxacin-SPA; ]/4 for gatifloxacin-GAT */and moxifloxacin-MOX), but for gemifloxacin-GEM */where ]/1 was used.
T182 118630-118654 Sentence denotes Results were as follows.
T183 118655-118667 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T184 118668-118727 Sentence denotes For CIP-R isolates GEM and MOX were the most active agents.
T185 118728-119100 Sentence denotes GEM was the only agent not influenced by CIP MIC increase regarding prevalence of R , with 0% resistance for strains with CIP MIC ]/8 mg/l. $SAUCE is an acronym standing for 'Sensibilidad a los Antimicrobianos Utilizados en la Comunidad en Españ a' (Susceptibility to the Antimicrobials Commonly Used in the Community in Spain) and is the Spanish word for the willow tree.
T186 119101-119230 Sentence denotes In vitro activity of gatifloxacin and seven other antibiotics against respiratory and urinary tract pathogens from the community.
T187 119231-119348 Sentence denotes First results of the BASIC */study PS110 Grimm H, on behalf of a European Multicenter Study Group, Institute for Med.
T188 119349-119577 Sentence denotes Microbiology, 88250 Weingarten, Germany A total of 24 centers in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland are involved in the BASIC study (Bacterial Annual Susceptibility Information Collection).
T189 119578-119823 Sentence denotes The MICs of gatifloxacin (Gati), ciprofloxacin (Cipro), clarithromycin (Clari), benzylpenicillin G (Pen), amoxicillin (Amox), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augm), cefuroxime (Cur) and cefixime (Cix) were determined using the microdilution method.
T190 119824-120104 Sentence denotes Each center is requested to investigate 30 strains each of the following species: S. pneumoniae (Spn), S. pyogenes (Spy), S. aureus (Sau), E. faecalis (Efa), M. catarrhalis (Mca), H. influenzae (Hin), E. coli (Eco), K. pneumoniae (Kpn), P. mirabilis (Pmi) and P. aeruginosa (Pae).
T191 120105-120152 Sentence denotes So far approximately 1400 strains are enrolled.
T192 120153-120213 Sentence denotes Some important MIC90%/percentage resistance were as follows:
T193 120214-120368 Sentence denotes From the oral antibiotics tested gatifloxacin has the highest activity and broadest spectrum against all relevant respiratory and urinary tract pathogens.
T194 120369-120463 Sentence denotes Gatifloxacin is a promising alternative for therapy of respiratory tract bacterial infections.
T195 120464-120596 Sentence denotes In vitro activity of gatifloxacin against Bordetella pertussis in comparison with erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin PS111
T196 120597-120670 Sentence denotes Bourgeois N, Pangon B, Ghnassia JC, Doucet-Populaire F, de Versailles CH.
T197 120671-120704 Sentence denotes Microbiologie, Le Chesnay, France
T198 120705-120726 Sentence denotes Purpose of the study:
T199 120727-120833 Sentence denotes Bordetella pertussis infections are far more common in adults and adolescents than is generally estimated.
T200 120834-120873 Sentence denotes However, they are often not recognised.
T201 120874-120963 Sentence denotes Infected or colonised adults can act as a reservoir of infection, passing it to children.
T202 120964-121102 Sentence denotes Fluoroquinolones are currently recommended for the treatment of respiratory tract infection in adult patients, which is usually empirical.
T203 121103-121220 Sentence denotes Gatifloxacin is a novel 8-methoxyquinolone, with a potent activity against both Gram-negative and -positive bacteria.
T204 121221-121497 Sentence denotes The in vitro activity of gatifloxacin was compared with those of erythromycin, the drug of choice for both treatment and prophylaxis of pertussis, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, against 52 clinical isolates strains of B. pertussis including 12 erythromycin resistant strains.
T205 121498-121506 Sentence denotes Results:
T206 121507-121641 Sentence denotes We used the agar dilution method on Mueller Á/Hinton medium supplemented with 10% horse blood to determine the MIC of each antibiotic.
T207 121642-121851 Sentence denotes Gatifloxacin (MIC90, 0.125mg/l) was as active as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin (MIC90, 0.06mg/l) against both sensitive erythromycin (MIC90, 0.015 mg/l) and resistant erythromycin (MIC90, !/512 mg/l) strains.
T208 121852-121863 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T209 121864-121982 Sentence denotes Gatifloxacin may be an effective drug in the treatment or prophylaxis of adults with suspected or confirmed pertussis.
T210 121983-122166 Sentence denotes Ex vivo serum activity (killing rates) after gemifloxacin 320 mg versus trovafloxacin 200 mg single doses against ciprofloxacin-susceptible andresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae PS112
T211 122167-122383 Sentence denotes Calvo A a , Giménez MJ b , Alou L a , Gó mez-Lus ML a , Aguilar L b , Prieto J a . a Microbiology Department, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain , b GlaxoSmithKline, Medical Department, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
T212 122384-122593 Sentence denotes Serum bactericidal activity was measured ex vivo after single dose administration of gemifloxacin (GEM) 320 mg and trovafloxacin (TRO) 200 mg to 12 healthy volunteers in a randomized, cross-over phase I trial.
T213 122594-122946 Sentence denotes Blood samples were collected 1 h (Cmax) after dosing and serum killing rates were determined against a serotype 3 penicillin (PEN) Á/ciprofloxacin (CIP) susceptible strain (S3) (MICs of 0.03, 1, 0.015 and 0.06 mg/l for PEN, CIP, GEM and TRO) and a serotype 9 PEN Á/CIP resistant strain (S9) (MICs of 2, 4, 0.03 and 0.25 mg/l for PEN, CIP, GEM and TRO).
T214 122947-123061 Sentence denotes Tubes with 1.6 ml of serum sample and 0.4 ml broth (50% Todd Á/Hewitt'/50% HBSS) were incubated over 3 h at 35 8C.
T215 123062-123092 Sentence denotes Final inocula was 10 7 cfu/ml.
T216 123093-123166 Sentence denotes Mean colony counts for samples and controls (K ) are shown in the figure:
T217 123167-123266 Sentence denotes GEM exhibited higher colony counting decrease of the initial inocula, versus TRO, for both strains.
T218 123267-123532 Sentence denotes After 3 h incubation, the initial inocula decrease obtained with TRO and the CIP susceptible strain was similar to that obtained with GEM and the resistant strain, showing a lower influence of CIP MIC increase in the ex vivo bactericidal activity of GEM versus TRO.
T219 123533-123653 Sentence denotes Urine bactericidal activity after administration of gemifloxacin and trovafloxacin single doses in a phase I study PS113
T220 123654-124023 Sentence denotes García-Calvo G a , Parra A a , Giménez MJ b , Ponte C a , Aguilar L b , Soriano F a . a Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Medical Microbiology, Madrid, Spain , b GlaxoSmithKline, Medical, Madrid, Spain Urine bactericidal activity after o.d. administration of gemifloxacin (GEM) 320 mg and trovafloxacin (TRO) 200 mg, was assessed in six adult males in a cross-over phase I trial.
T221 124024-124278 Sentence denotes Urine killing rates (UKR) against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC mg/l of 0.008 and 0.015 for GEM and TRO) and S. saprophyticus ATCC 1970 (MIC mg/l 0.015 and 0.06 for GEM and TRO) were performed with samples collected at 0, 2 Á/4, 16 Á/24 and 60 Á/72 h.
T222 124279-124419 Sentence denotes A 1.6 ml of Iso-Sensitest broth and 0.4 ml of bacterial logarithmic growth were added to 2 ml sample, giving a final inoculum of 107 cfu/ml.
T223 124420-124483 Sentence denotes Colony counting was performed after 1, 2, 3 and 4 h incubation.
T224 124484-124547 Sentence denotes Percentages of initial inocula reduction (IIR) were calculated.
T225 124548-124607 Sentence denotes Mean urine concentrations measured by bioassay were (mg/l):
T226 124608-124665 Sentence denotes 28.4, 14.7 and 0.5 for GEM, and 3.6, 3.0 and 0.1 for TRO.
T227 124666-124780 Sentence denotes Against E. coli , an IIR of 99.9% was obtained after 2 h incubation with all samples except with TRO at 60 Á/72 h.
T228 124781-124936 Sentence denotes Against S. saprophyticus an IIR of 90% was obtained after 3 h incubation with all samples except with TRO at 60 Á/72 h, where bacterial regrowth was found.
T229 124937-125064 Sentence denotes The maintenance over 72 h of GEM urine antibacterial activity suggests its efficacy in the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis.
T230 125065-125228 Sentence denotes Influence of the decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin on gemifloxacin versus levofloxacin efficacy in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia in guinea pigs PS114
T231 125229-125439 Sentence denotes Garcia-Olmos M a , Parra A a , Gimenez MJ b , Garcia-Calvo G a , Ponte C a , Aguilar L b , Soriano F a . a Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Medical Microbiology, Madrid, Spain , b GlaxoSmithKline, Medical, Madrid, Spain
T232 125440-125738 Sentence denotes The efficacy of ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LEV) and gemifloxacin (GEM) in the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia was assessed in a guinea pig model using three strains (S) with MICs (mg/l) of 2, 2 and 0.03 (S1), 32, 4 and 0.25 (S2) and 64, 32 and 1 (S3) for CIP, LEV and GEM, respectively.
T233 125739-125862 Sentence denotes Intraperitoneal treatments started 1 h after S. pneumoniae intratracheal inoculation, and continued t.i.d up to four doses.
T234 125863-125903 Sentence denotes Ten animals were included in each group.
T235 125904-126054 Sentence denotes Doses (mg/kg) used were 20, 16 and 6 for CIP, LEV and GEM, respectively, in order to mimic AUC0-24 h and Cmax obtained in humans after standard doses.
T236 126055-126372 Sentence denotes Animals that survived 48 h after inoculation were sacrificed and colony counts were performed in lungs ( The purpose of the study Levofloxacin (LFX) is a fluoroquinolone whose activity against both Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci enables its use in monotherapy for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia.
T237 126373-126580 Sentence denotes Our aim was to study the pharmacokinetic Á/pharmacodynamic appropriateness of LFX 500mg iv bid in the treatment of six inpatients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (459/25 years; 4M Á/2F; 749/9 kg).
T238 126581-126671 Sentence denotes Blood and urine samples were collected in steadystate conditions at appropriate intervals.
T239 126672-126713 Sentence denotes LFX concentrations were analysed by HPLC.
T240 126714-126825 Sentence denotes The aetiological agent was identified in all the cases and its in vitro sensitivity to LFX was always assessed.
T241 126826-126911 Sentence denotes The results obtained mean values (9/SD) of the major pharmacokinetic parameters were:
T242 126912-127035 Sentence denotes Cmax, 8.789/2.05 mg/ml; Vdss, 1.259/0.36 l/kg; t1/2b, 4.699/0.87 h; Cl, 3.659/1.01 ml/min/kg; AUC0-t, 32.479/12.80 mg/ml h.
T243 127036-127130 Sentence denotes Cumulative urinary excretion was 82.899/10.23%, confirming that LFX clearance is mainly renal.
T244 127131-127238 Sentence denotes Clinical cure and microbiological eradication were obtained in all the patients after a 7 Á/13 day therapy.
T245 127239-127324 Sentence denotes A suprainfection due to Acinetobacter anitratus insensitive to LFX occured in 1 case.
T246 127325-127492 Sentence denotes The major pharmacodynamic parameters of fluoroquinolone efficacy were significantly higher than the proposed threshold (Cmax/MIC !/10; AUC/MIC !/125) in all the cases.
T247 127493-127641 Sentence denotes The conclusion reached The findings suggest that LFX 500 mg bid iv may be considered effective in the treatment of VAP caused by sensitive bacteria.
T248 127642-127789 Sentence denotes Comparative pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in patients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) being treated with sequential therapy PS116
T249 127790-128046 Sentence denotes Pea F a , Brollo L a , Lugatti E b , Di Qual E a , Dolcet F b , Talmassons G b , Furlanut M a . a Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, DPMSC, University of Udine, Udine, Italy , b Division of Pneumology, SM Misericordia Hospital, Udine, Italy
T250 128047-128243 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study Levofloxacin (LFX) is a fluoroquinolone whose activity against both Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci enables its use in monotherapy for the treatment of LRTI.
T251 128244-128511 Sentence denotes Our aim was to study the pharmacokinetic Á/pharmacodynamic appropriateness of a standard switch LFX iv/os regimen (500 mg iv od for 5 Á/7 days followed by 500 mg os od for 4 Á/10 days) in the treatment of seven inpatients with LRTI (709/17 years; 6M Á/1F; 769/15 kg).
T252 128512-128593 Sentence denotes Blood samples were collected in steady-state conditions at appropriate intervals.
T253 128594-128642 Sentence denotes LFX plasma concentrations were analysed by HPLC.
T254 128643-128743 Sentence denotes The aetiological agent was identified in 2/7 cases and its in vitro sensitivity to LFX was assessed.
T255 128744-128905 Sentence denotes The results obtained Absolute oral bioavailability was 1.079/0.19, with a Cmax of 10.899/3.39 vs 8.369/3.90 mg/ml after iv and oral administration, respectively.
T256 128906-129007 Sentence denotes No significant difference in the main pharmacokinetic parameters was observed between the two routes.
T257 129008-129186 Sentence denotes The major pharmacodynamic parameters of fluoroquinolone efficacy were significantly higher than the proposed threshold (Cmax/MIC !/10; AUC/MIC !/125) in the two assessable cases.
T258 129187-129253 Sentence denotes All the patients were clinically cured after a 9 Á/15 day therapy.
T259 129254-129498 Sentence denotes The conclusion reached The ad interim findings show that LFX 500 mg od may guarantee per os an exposure similar to that achievable after iv administration, suggesting that sequential therapy may be considered effective in the treatment of LRTI.
T260 129499-129569 Sentence denotes Levofloxacine in the exacerbations of copd due to Pseudomonas ae PS117
T261 129570-129751 Sentence denotes Micheletto C, Tognella S, Pomari C, Dal Negro R, Ospedale Orlandi, Div.Pneumologia, Bussolengo, Italy Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a problem of great concern.
T262 129752-129949 Sentence denotes Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps), are responsible for a significant proportion of episodes of COPD exacerbations, particularly in elderly (1).
T263 129950-130121 Sentence denotes Aim was to check the susceptibility to common antimicrobial treatments against Ps strains isolated from bronchial secretions in patients with severe exacerbations of COPD.
T264 130122-130130 Sentence denotes Methods:
T265 130131-130308 Sentence denotes Microbial investigations were conducted on 290 specimens: spontaneous purulent sputum (88.4%), and tracheobronchial aspirates (11.6%, collected with a protected specimen brush).
T266 130309-130317 Sentence denotes Results:
T267 130318-130417 Sentence denotes Fifty-seven Ps pathogen strains (106 CFU) were identified (19.6%) and tested over a 6-month period:
T268 130418-130443 Sentence denotes Ps. aeruginosa 91.2%; Ps.
T269 130444-130509 Sentence denotes Putida 3.5%; Ps. fluorescens 3.5%, and Burkholderia Cepacia 1.8%.
T270 130510-130702 Sentence denotes The assessed susceptibility to most common antibiotics was: levofloxacine (90%), ciprofloxacine (84%), ipenem cil. (88%), ceftazidime (84%); amikacin (84%), and Piperacillin'/tazobactam (74%).
T271 130703-130821 Sentence denotes A much lower susceptibility was found for ticarcillin Á/clavulanic acid (58%), gentamicin (48%), and netilmicin (40%).
T272 130822-131099 Sentence denotes (1) At present, Levofloxacine proves the most effective antimicrobic option for treating COPD exacerbations due to Ps infection; (2) a much more efficient policy of antibiotic prescribing should be promoted in order to prevent the selection of resistant strains in these cases.
T273 131100-131337 Sentence denotes These results confirm the excellent 'in vitro' activity of levofloxacin against nosocomial Gram-negative pathogens, including the ESBL producing strains (90% of Escherichia coli , E. cloacae and K. pneumoniae were inhibited at 0.5 mg/l).
T274 131338-131457 Sentence denotes Levofloxacin was more rapid than ciprofloxacin to determine a bactericidal effect particularly against S. maltophilia .
T275 131458-131628 Sentence denotes Moreover, considering the favourable PK/PD profile, levofloxacin can represent a valid therapeutic option for the treatment of severe Gram-negative nosocomial infections.
T276 131629-131697 Sentence denotes Moretti F, Quiros-Roldan E, Casari S, Chiodera A, Viale P, Carosi G.
T277 131698-131782 Sentence denotes University of Brescia, Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Brescia, Italy
T278 131783-131877 Sentence denotes A 34-year-old man, IVDU, HIV positive was attended in aur hospital for fever and toracic pain.
T279 131878-131981 Sentence denotes A X-chest radiography revealed a round lesion of 5 cm near the lingula with central hyper-diaphan area.
T280 131982-132053 Sentence denotes Lymphocytes CD4'/ count was 21 cells/mm 3 and viral load 91.900 cp/ ml.
T281 132054-132156 Sentence denotes Hospital stay Rhodococcus equi was found in cultures of peripheral blood, faecal and sputum specimens.
T282 132157-132264 Sentence denotes Antibiotic treatment with oral rifampin (600 mg/QD) and with intravenous imipenem (500 mg tid) was started.
T283 132265-132458 Sentence denotes Due to the persisting fever, immodificated radiography and negativity for P. carinii , Mycobacteria and bacteria in BAL coltures, imipenem was substituted by parenteral vancomycin (400 mg bid).
T284 132459-132638 Sentence denotes After 10 days, because of persisting fever and increase of the diameter of the lung lesion (6 cm) vancomycin was sustituted by oral levofloxacyn (500 mg bid), continuing rifampin.
T285 132639-132704 Sentence denotes After a 4 days course of levofloxacyn therapy the fever remitted.
T286 132705-132888 Sentence denotes The patient was discharged with levofloxacyn (500 mg bid) and rifampin and, after 2 months of follow-up, a radiological control pointed-out a remarkable resolution in the lung lesion.
T287 132889-133048 Sentence denotes We may suppose that levofloxacyn can be effective for the treatment of R. equi infection, even if more studies (particularly controlled studies) are necessary.
T288 133049-133157 Sentence denotes Liberti A a , Izzo B a , Loiacono L b , Calabria G a , Patarino T a , Izzo E a . a II Department, Naples, D.
T289 133158-133212 Sentence denotes Cotugno Hospital, Italy , b III Department, Naples, D.
T290 133213-133236 Sentence denotes Cotugno Hospital, Italy
T291 133237-133507 Sentence denotes The increasing prevalence of Salmonella typhi strains with reduced susceptibility of chloramphenicol had prompted the search for other antibiotics with the same efficacy.Quinolones are a class of antibiotic with an activity in vitro and in vivo against enteropathogenes.
T292 133508-133611 Sentence denotes We inwestigated the use of Levoxacin in two regimens of treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid infection.
T293 133612-133633 Sentence denotes Patients and methods:
T294 133634-133817 Sentence denotes Thirty-two adult patients were incluted in this study from September 1999 to April 2001; 26 patients had positive culture for S. typhi and six had positive cultures for S. paratyphi .
T295 133818-133867 Sentence denotes All isolated were fully susceptible to Levoxacin.
T296 133868-134022 Sentence denotes We compared treatment with Levoxacin for 7 days, 500 mgr b.i.d. (group 1, 16 patients), with treatment for 10 days, 500 mgr b.i.d. (group 2, 16 patients).
T297 134023-134175 Sentence denotes Clinical cure was defined as defervescenze of fever by day 3 of treatment, with an absence of complications and no clinical relapse during the followup.
T298 134176-134199 Sentence denotes Results and conclusion:
T299 134200-134356 Sentence denotes The clinical cure rate was 87% (14 patients) for group 1 and 94% (15 patients) for group 2; the difference in these rates was not statistically significant.
T300 134357-134576 Sentence denotes The blood cultures of all patients were sterile by day 2 of treatment and remained so until the 6th month of follow-up, no subjects had clinical or microbiological relapse and all stool cultures remained negative, also.
T301 134577-134874 Sentence denotes The two regimens of treatment was good tollerated and no adverse event was registered; it was concluded that Levoxacin treatment for 10 days in enteric fever is not necessary the mulidrug-resistence of S. typhi led to the use of Quinolones as the first-line drug in the treatment of enteric fever.
T302 134875-134951 Sentence denotes Pefloxacin in the treatment of patient with acute infectious diarrhoea PS121
T303 134952-135174 Sentence denotes Troselj-Vukiae TVB a , Strahinja V b , Poljak I a , Stojanoviae D c , Nikoliae N d . a Department of Infectious Disease, University Hospital Center, Rijeka, Croatia , b GlaxoSmithKline, Marketing, Rijeka, Croatia , c Dept.
T304 135175-135236 Sentence denotes Rijeka, Institute of Public Health, Rijeka, Croatia , d Dept.
T305 135237-135278 Sentence denotes Rijeka, Maritime Academy, Rijeka, Croatia
T306 135279-135443 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study was to investigate clinical and bacteriological efficiency in 5 and 7 days pefloxacin treatment and to compare it with symptomatic therapy.
T307 135444-135621 Sentence denotes The results obtained in 47 patients treated with pefloxacin the therapy was clinically effective already in the third day while in the control group this happend in the 7th day.
T308 135622-135765 Sentence denotes Bacteriological eradication was noted in 18 patients (95%) of the first and 25 patients (93%) of second group in the 5th days of the treatment.
T309 135766-135853 Sentence denotes They all had negative cultures 1 and 4 weeks after pefloxacin protocols were completed.
T310 135854-135993 Sentence denotes Only 22 patients (63%) in control group had negative stool cultures in the 7th day of the treatment and all of them 4 weeks after it ended.
T311 135994-136163 Sentence denotes There was no statistically significant difference in clinical (P 0/0.232) and bacteriological (P 0/0.972) efficiency between 5 and 7 days pefloxacin treatment protocols.
T312 136164-136292 Sentence denotes Both protocols significantly differed in clinical (P B/0.001) and bacteriological (P0/0.017) eradication from the control group.
T313 136293-136477 Sentence denotes The conclusion reached is that the efficiency of pefloxacin (quinolones) in the treatment of acute infectiuos diarrhoea and justifies their use in the more severe forms of the disease.
T314 136478-136593 Sentence denotes Dalhoff A a , Ullmann U b , Schubert S b . a Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany , b University of Kiel, Institute of Med.
T315 136594-136633 Sentence denotes Microbiology, Kiel, Germany Background:
T316 136634-136803 Sentence denotes The antibacterial activity of moxifloxacin (MXF) was compared to levofloxacin (LEV), amoxicillin (AMX), clarithromycin (CLA) and erythromycin (ERY) in an in vitro model.
T317 136804-136811 Sentence denotes Method:
T318 136812-136989 Sentence denotes Pharmacokinetics in bronchial mucosa (BM) and serum (S) following single oral doses of 400 mg MXF or CLA and 500 mg LEV, AMX or ERY were simulated using a one compartment model.
T319 136990-137033 Sentence denotes Bacteria tested Staphylococcus aureus (Nos.
T320 137034-137077 Sentence denotes 133, 25895), Streptococcus pneumoniae (Nos.
T321 137078-137089 Sentence denotes 4241, 672).
T322 137090-137179 Sentence denotes Aliquots were taken (0 Á/8 h) and plated on to Brain Heart Infusion agar for enumeration.
T323 137180-137245 Sentence denotes Results: S. pneumoniae 4241 was eliminated by all agents studied.
T324 137246-137333 Sentence denotes Significant differences were apparent with S. pneumoniae 672 and the S. aureus strains:
T325 137334-137344 Sentence denotes Objective:
T326 137345-137490 Sentence denotes To compare the safety and efficacy of once-daily moxifloxacin with once-daily ceftriaxone in the treatment of CAP in HIV-infected patients (pts).
T327 137491-137511 Sentence denotes Methods and Results:
T328 137512-137699 Sentence denotes In a retrospective survey, oral moxifloxacin (400 mg daily)/12 Á/15 days) was compared to standard regimen of i.v. ceftriaxone (2 g daily)/10 Á/12 days) for treatment of CAP in HIV'/ pts.
T329 137700-137801 Sentence denotes Adults pts with clinical signs and symptoms of CAP and consistent chest X-ray findings were included.
T330 137802-137870 Sentence denotes Pts had a median age of 39 years (range 29 Á/529 and 70% were male).
T331 137871-137989 Sentence denotes Demographic characteristics were similar in both treatment groups; 15 pts received mxifloxacin and 25 pts ceftriaxone.
T332 137990-138063 Sentence denotes Clinical success rates were 94% for moxifloxacin and 96% for ceftriaxone.
T333 138064-138190 Sentence denotes At a post-study evaluation approximately 8 weeks later, 2 moxifloxacin-treated pts and 3 ceftriaxone-treated pts had relapsed.
T334 138191-138261 Sentence denotes The adverse events reported were comparable for both treatment groups.
T335 138262-138392 Sentence denotes There were four-related adverse events (3 GI, 1 headache) for moxifloxacin-treated and 7 (4GI, 3 skin) for ceftriaxonetreated pts.
T336 138393-138404 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T337 138405-138564 Sentence denotes The results of this study show that moxifloxacin as oral therapy is as effective and well tolerated as i.v. ceftriaxone in the treatment of HIV'/ pts with CAP.
T338 138565-138668 Sentence denotes Therapy with moxifloxacin was not associated with any significant clinical or laboratory abnormalities.
T339 138669-138839 Sentence denotes These data suggest that once-daily oral administration of moxifloxacin is potentially convenient and cost-effective alternative therapy for CAP in pts with HIV infection.
T340 138840-138988 Sentence denotes Moxifloxacin in the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis after first-line therapy failure or acute sinusitis with high risk of complications PS124
T341 138989-139240 Sentence denotes Gehanno P a , Berche P b , Perrin A b , Arvis P c . a ENT Department, Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France , b Microbiology Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France , c Bayer Pharma, Medical Affairs Department, Paris, France
T342 139241-139461 Sentence denotes The efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin (MXF) 400 mg once daily for 7 days was evaluated in the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis after first-line therapy failure, or acute sinusitis with high risk of complications.
T343 139462-139870 Sentence denotes In this prospective, multicenter study, a total of 216 patients with acute bacterial sinusitis confirmed by sinus X-ray were valid for efficacy analysis: one hundred and seventy five patients (81.0%) had an acute maxillary sinusitis which failed to respond to a previous antibiotic therapy given for a mean duration of 7.2 days, and 41 (19.0%) had an acute sinusitis with high risk of complications (frontal:
T344 139871-139889 Sentence denotes 24, pan-sinusitis:
T345 139890-139906 Sentence denotes 15 and sphenoid:
T346 139907-139910 Sentence denotes 2).
T347 139911-139968 Sentence denotes Ninety two patients (42.6%) were microbiologically valid.
T348 139969-140091 Sentence denotes Clinical cure and continued clinical cure rates at 7 Á/10 and 28 Á/35 days post-therapy were 92.6 and 99.0%, respectively.
T349 140092-140269 Sentence denotes Clinical cure rates at 7 Á/10 days post-therapy were 94.9 and 82.9% in sinusitis after first-line therapy failure and in sinusitis with high risk of complications, respectively.
T350 140270-140340 Sentence denotes Bacteriological eradication rate during therapy (Day 3 Á/4) was 95.7%.
T351 140341-140369 Sentence denotes At 7 Á/10 days post-therapy.
T352 140370-140542 Sentence denotes Bacteriological success rates were 97.1% in patients who failed to respond to a previous antibiotic and 95.4% of patients who had sinusitis with high risk of complications.
T353 140543-140681 Sentence denotes 12.2% of patients experienced drug-related adverse events, abdominal pain (2.4%), nausea (2.4%) being the most frequently reported events.
T354 140682-140766 Sentence denotes MXF was rapidly effective and a well-tolerated treatment for this kind of infection.
T355 140767-141056 Sentence denotes Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to penicillin and ciprofloxacin: novel mutation patterns in the gyr A and par C genes of ciprofloxacin resistant isolates and plasmid profile of penicillin resistant isolates of N. gonorrhoeae in India (Delhi) PS125 Chaudhry U, Saluja D.
T356 141057-141060 Sentence denotes Dr.
T357 141061-141063 Sentence denotes B.
T358 141064-141066 Sentence denotes R.
T359 141067-141141 Sentence denotes Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
T360 141142-141224 Sentence denotes Commercial sex workers (CSWs) serve as the most important reservoir of gonorrhoea.
T361 141225-141438 Sentence denotes Periodic monitoring of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a high-risk population provides essential clues regarding the rapidly changing pattern of antimicrobial susceptibilities.
T362 141439-141556 Sentence denotes In India, such a surveillance of the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae was established in 1997.
T363 141557-141725 Sentence denotes Significant increasing trend of penicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance with high MIC of 2 Á/16 and 1 Á/32 mg/ml, respectively were found over the years (1997 Á/2001) .
T364 141726-141854 Sentence denotes The molecular basis of ciprofloxacin resistance, i.e. mutations in the gyr A and the par C genes of 170 isolates, were analyzed.
T365 141855-142007 Sentence denotes Four isolates (with an MIC of 32 mg/ml for ciprofloxacin) harbored triple mutations (Ser-91 to Phe, Asp-95 to Asn and Val-120 to Leu) in the gyr A gene.
T366 142008-142170 Sentence denotes The third mutation of Val-120 to Leu, lies downstream of the quinolone resistance determining region of the gyr A and has not been described before in gonococcus.
T367 142171-142275 Sentence denotes In addition, these isolates had a Phe-100 to Tyr substitution in the par C, a hitherto unknown mutation.
T368 142276-142458 Sentence denotes The alterations in the par C gene were seen in these isolates only in the presence of changes in the gyr A gene and comprised amino acid changes at codons 91, 100, 104, 109, and 131.
T369 142459-142640 Sentence denotes The presence of b-lactamase plasmid among the penicillinresistant isolates was determined by their plasmid profiles and further confirmation was carried out by a PCR based protocol.
T370 142641-142862 Sentence denotes Our findings suggest that emergence of penicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae isolates from a major STD center in India, indicates the need for the increased awareness and prudent use of antimicrobials.
T371 142863-142959 Sentence denotes In vitro activity of newer antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus PS126
T372 142960-143043 Sentence denotes Gutierrez Zufiaurre MN, Sanchez Hernandez J, Munoz-Bellido JL, Garcia-Rodriguez JA.
T373 143044-143112 Sentence denotes Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Microbiología, Salamanca, Spain
T374 143113-143205 Sentence denotes Purpose: MRSA are frequently co-resistant to a number of structurally unrelated antibiotics.
T375 143206-143296 Sentence denotes More than 70% MRSA are resistant to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, macrolides and clindamycin.
T376 143297-143385 Sentence denotes Newer antibiotics active against multi-drug resistant Grampositives have been developed.
T377 143386-143519 Sentence denotes We have tested the in vitro activity of newer antibiotics against genetically-characterized, high level ciprofloxacin resistant MRSA.
T378 143520-143541 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T379 143542-143809 Sentence denotes Thirty-six ciprofloxacin-resistant, gyrA/grlA mutant MRSA clinical strains were tested against levofloxacin (LFX), ciprofloxacin (CFX), moxifloxacin (MFX), gatifloxacin (GFX), erythromycin (ER), telithromycin (TL), linezolid (LIN), synercid (SYN) and vancomycin (VA).
T380 143810-143887 Sentence denotes MICs were determined by the agar dilution method, according NCCLS guidelines.
T381 143888-143912 Sentence denotes Results and conclusions:
T382 143913-144010 Sentence denotes All the strains were resistant to CFX, 55,5% were LFX-susceptible and 63.9% were GFX-susceptible.
T383 144011-144128 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, MICs of LFX and GFX for all susceptible strains was in the highest extreme of the susceptibility range.
T384 144129-144163 Sentence denotes MFX was the most active quinolone.
T385 144164-144249 Sentence denotes Almost all the strains were high-level ER-resistant with constitutive MLSB phenotype.
T386 144250-144377 Sentence denotes TL did not improve significantly its behaviour, although it was 10-fold as active as ER against the only ER-susceptible strain.
T387 144378-144441 Sentence denotes VA, LIN and SYN had excellent activity against all the strains.
T388 144442-144582 Sentence denotes They showed a very homogeneous behaviour against all the strains that were included in a range of 1 Á/4 mg/l of LIN and VA and 0.5 Á/1 mg/l.
T389 144583-144666 Sentence denotes Sanchez Hernandez J, Gutierrez Zufiaurre MN, Munoz-Bellido JL, Garcia-Rodriguez JA.
T390 144667-144735 Sentence denotes Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Microbiología, Salamanca, Spain
T391 144736-144744 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T392 144745-144888 Sentence denotes Corynebacterium urealyticum is the etiologic agent of encrusted cystitis and inespecific UTIs, and can be also involved in systemic infections.
T393 144889-145082 Sentence denotes C. urealyticum is frequently multi-drug resistant, so only glycopeptide antibiotics and tetracyclines have high susceptibility rates, while fluoroquinolones resistance rates vary significantly.
T394 145083-145246 Sentence denotes We have tested the in vitro activity of linezolid, telithromycin, synercid and newer fluoroquinolones against multi-drug resistant C. urealyticum clinical strains.
T395 145247-145268 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T396 145269-145484 Sentence denotes Sixty-four C. urealyticum clinical strains were tested against levofloxacin (LFX), ciprofloxacin (CFX), moxifloxacin (MFX), erythromycin (ER), telithromycin (TL), linezolid (LIN), synercid (SYN) and vancomycin (VA).
T397 145485-145592 Sentence denotes MICs were determined by the agar dilution method according guidelines defined by the NCCLS for enterococci.
T398 145593-145617 Sentence denotes Results and conclusions:
T399 145618-145750 Sentence denotes Results confirm the high resistance rate to older fluoroquinolones and macrolides, with !/50% CFX resistance and 100% ER-resistance.
T400 145751-145788 Sentence denotes LFX was more active (MIC90 32 mg/ml).
T401 145789-145846 Sentence denotes MFX was the most active fluoroquinolones (MIC90 4 mg/ml).
T402 145847-145911 Sentence denotes TL improve its behaviour in respect to ER (range 0.5 Á/1 mg/ml).
T403 145912-145965 Sentence denotes VA, LIN and SYN had excellent antimicrobial activity.
T404 145966-145998 Sentence denotes No resistant strains were found.
T405 145999-146043 Sentence denotes MIC90 were 1, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml, respectively.
T406 146044-146308 Sentence denotes MICs were similar for all the strains independently of their resistance to other antibiotics Plasma concentrations, urinary excretion and bactericidal activity of linezolid (600 mg) versus ciprofloxacin (500 mg) in healthy volunteers after a single oral dose PS128
T407 146309-146559 Sentence denotes Wagenlehner FME a , Wydra S a , Onda H a , Kinzig-Schippers M b , Sö rgel F b , Naber KG a . a Hospital St. Elisabeth, Urologic Clinic, Straubing, Germany , b Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, (IBMP), Nürnberg-Heroldsberg, Germany
T408 146560-146581 Sentence denotes Purpose of the study:
T409 146582-146830 Sentence denotes In a randomized cross-over study 12 volunteers received a single oral dose of 600 mg linezolid versus 500 mg ciprofloxacin to assess plasma concentrations (up to 24 h), urinary excretion (by HPLC), and urinary bactericidal titers (UBT) up to 120 h.
T410 146831-146929 Sentence denotes The mean maximum plasma concentration of linezolid was 12.1 mg/ ml and of ciprofloxacin 2.4 mg/ml.
T411 146930-147023 Sentence denotes The cumulative renal excretion (mean) of parent drug was 40%/41% for linezolid/ciprofloxacin.
T412 147024-147325 Sentence denotes UBTs were determined for a reference strain and five Gram-positive clinical uropathogens with the following MICs (mg/ml) for linezolid/ciprofloxacin: S. aureus ATCC 27278 (4/0.25), S. aureus (MSSA) (2/32), S. aureus (MRSA) (2/128), S. saprophyticus (MSSE) (2/0.5), E. faecalis (2/1), E. faecium (2/2).
T413 147326-147334 Sentence denotes Results:
T414 147335-147480 Sentence denotes Median UBTs measured within the first 6 h for linezolid were 1:96 for enterococcal strains and 1:128 to 1:256 for the four staphylococal strains.
T415 147481-147660 Sentence denotes Median UBTs for ciprofloxacin were 1:64 for the two enterococcal strains, 1:384 to 1:512 for the two ciprofloxacin susceptible, 1:1.5 for the two resistant staphylococcal strains.
T416 147661-147826 Sentence denotes Areas under the UBT Á/time-curve showed statistically significant differences only for the two ciprofloxacin resistant staphylococcal strains in favour of linezolid.
T417 147827-147838 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T418 147839-147945 Sentence denotes Linezolid exhibited the same bactericidal activity against ciprofloxacin resistant as susceptible strains.
T419 147946-148060 Sentence denotes Linezolid should be tested for treatment of complicated UTI due to Gram-positive uropathogens in a clinical trial.
T420 148061-148106 Sentence denotes Whitehouse T a , Cepeda JA a , Tobin Purpose:
T421 148107-148288 Sentence denotes We performed pharmacokinetics within a double-blind, randomised trial comparing linezolid and teicoplanin in intensive care patients with known or suspected Gram-positive infection.
T422 148289-148475 Sentence denotes They received either 600 mg linezolid intravenously 12-hourly, or 400 mg teicoplanin 12-hourly for the first three doses and once daily thereafter (or every 3rd day if renally impaired).
T423 148476-148546 Sentence denotes Blood samples were collected to create serum pharmacokinetic profiles.
T424 148547-148638 Sentence denotes Linezolid was quantitated by HPLC and teicoplanin by fluorescence polarization immunoassay.
T425 148639-148647 Sentence denotes Results:
T426 148648-148758 Sentence denotes Twenty two patients were studied in the linezolid group (M Á/F 13:9, mean age 54 years [range 19 Á/90 years]).
T427 148759-148813 Sentence denotes Median treatment duration was 8.5 days (range 4 Á/18).
T428 148814-148943 Sentence denotes Eighteen patients were treated with teicoplanin (M Á/F 13:5, mean age 57 years [range 17 Á/86]) for median 9 days (range 4 Á/17).
T429 148944-149067 Sentence denotes Steady state peak concentrations (mean9/ SD) for linezolid and teicoplanin were 12.89/5.0 and 10.59/4.7 mg/l, respectively.
T430 149068-149166 Sentence denotes Trough concentrations at day 4 were 4.79/4.3 mg/l for linezolid and 7.99/2.5 mg/l for teicoplanin.
T431 149167-149268 Sentence denotes Recommended breakpoints of Staphylococcus aureus are 4 mg/l for linezolid and 8 mg/l for teicoplanin.
T432 149269-149364 Sentence denotes Accumulation occurred in one 90-year-old linezolidtreated patient with impaired renal function.
T433 149365-149376 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T434 149377-149536 Sentence denotes Current recommended dosing regimens for linezolid and teicoplanin are generally appropriate in the critically ill, though a more detailed analysis is required.
T435 149537-149621 Sentence denotes Stamos G, Lebessi E, Ioannidou S, Paleologou N, Kallergi K, Foustoukou M, 'P. and A.
T436 149622-149682 Sentence denotes Kyriakou ' Children's Hospital, Microbiology, Athens, Greece
T1 149683-149941 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study was to investigate the susceptibility of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from a 500-bed Paediatric Hospital to Quinupristin/Dalfopristin (Q/D, streptogramin combination) and Linezolid (LZD, oxazolidinone).
T2 149942-149951 Sentence denotes Material:
T3 149952-150251 Sentence denotes We performed a retrospective analysis of 85 MRSA strains, isolated from patients hospitalized in miscellaneous medical departments [Neonatal Unit (35) , Surgical Wards (15), Orthopaedic Wards (9), Oncology Unit (7), other wards (8) and outpatient clinic (11)], during a 3-year period (1998 Á/2000) .
T4 150252-150384 Sentence denotes The sources of isolation were pus (23), throat (22), nasal (8), bronchial (5), skin (6), stool (6) ear (4) and other (11) specimens.
T5 150385-150497 Sentence denotes All isolates were sensitive to glycopeptides, while 22.4% were resistant to gentamicin and 7.1% to erythromycin.
T6 150498-150506 Sentence denotes Methods:
T7 150507-150645 Sentence denotes The sensitivity testing was performed by a disk diffusion method (BBL sensitivity disks, Becton Dickinson), according to NCCLS guidelines.
T8 150646-150784 Sentence denotes The breakpoint zone diameters for LZD and Q/ D were ]/21 and ]/19 mm for susceptibility and 5/17 and 5/15 mm for resistance, respectively.
T9 150785-150793 Sentence denotes Results:
T10 150794-150857 Sentence denotes All isolates were proved to be susceptible to both antibiotics.
T11 150858-150923 Sentence denotes The mean inhibition zones were 29.1 mm for LZD and 26 mm for Q/D.
T12 150924-151048 Sentence denotes Conclusions: LZD and Q/D are very promising antimicrobial agents, showing excellent activity against MRSA clinical isolates.
T13 151049-151138 Sentence denotes The prudent therapeutic use is strongly recommended to avoid the emergence of resistance.
T14 151139-151347 Sentence denotes In vitro activity of streptogramins and oxazolidinones against Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates PS131 Stamos G, Lebessi E, Paleologou N, Psatha M, Sanida P, Zaphiropoulou A, Foustoukou M, 'P. and A.
T15 151348-151408 Sentence denotes Kyriakou ' Children's Hospital, Microbiology, Athens, Greece
T16 151409-151681 Sentence denotes The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of Linezolid (LZD), a member of oxazolidinones and the streptogramin combination Quinupristin/Dalfopristin (Q/D) against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from a tertiary care Paediatric Hospital.
T17 151682-151691 Sentence denotes Material:
T18 151692-151811 Sentence denotes A total of 53 pneumococcal isolates exhibiting reduced susceptibility to common antibiotics were included in the study.
T19 151812-151942 Sentence denotes The strains were isolated from middle ear fluid (34), eye (4), nasal (5) blood (6) and other (4) cultures during the last 4 years.
T20 151943-152100 Sentence denotes The percentages of the isolates that were resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, cotrimoxazole and clindamycin were 67.9, 67.9, 67.9 and 26.4%, respectively.
T21 152101-152109 Sentence denotes Methods:
T22 152110-152229 Sentence denotes The susceptibility testing was performed by a standard disk diffusion method (BBL sensitivity disks, Becton Dickinson).
T23 152230-152378 Sentence denotes In case of marginal results or intermediate sensitivity to Quinupristin/ Dalfopristin, the MIC was determined using the E -test method (AB Biodisk).
T24 152379-152387 Sentence denotes Results:
T25 152388-152435 Sentence denotes All isolates were found to be sensitive to LZD.
T26 152436-152597 Sentence denotes Q/D was very active as well, except for two isolates that exhibited intermediate susceptibility, showing cross-resistance to macrolides and clindamycin, as well.
T27 152598-152610 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T28 152611-152821 Sentence denotes The new antimicrobial agents show excellent activity against resistant to common antimicrobials pneumococcal isolates, but the clinical use is not suggested, unless no other therapeutic solutions are available.
T29 152822-152985 Sentence denotes Linezolid is a new oxazolidinone with excellent activity against Gram-positive organisms including glycopeptide-resistant strains of staphylococci and enterococci.
T30 152986-153089 Sentence denotes In ICU linezolid has been used for the treatment of severe Gram-positive infections in a control trial.
T31 153090-153182 Sentence denotes The susceptibility pattern of all Gram-positive isolates from ICU patients has been studied.
T32 153183-153191 Sentence denotes Methods:
T33 153192-153308 Sentence denotes A total of 2427 specimens from ICU patients were processed, 767 were from patients enrolled in the antibiotic trial.
T34 153309-153489 Sentence denotes All methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Enterococcus sp and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) were tested.
T35 153490-153558 Sentence denotes The break point for linezolid was 4 mg/l and for teicoplanin 8 mg/l.
T36 153559-153610 Sentence denotes Isolates were tested for susceptibility by E -test.
T37 153611-153619 Sentence denotes Results:
T38 153620-153778 Sentence denotes Linezolid (1063 isolates) MIC 50/90 (mg/l) were as follows: MRSA (N 0/541) 0.6/2, CoNS (N0/143) 0.9/1.4, Enterococcus sp (N0/39) 0.7/0.8, MSSA (N0/340) 0.8/1.
T39 153779-153922 Sentence denotes Teicoplanin (782 isolates) MIC 50/90(mg/l) MRSA (N0/415) 1.9/3.5, CoNS (N 0/100) 4/7.4, Enterococcus sp (N0/24) 0.9/1.4, MSSA (N0/243) 2.2/2.6.
T40 153923-154082 Sentence denotes All Grampositive isolates were inhibited by concentrations of linezolid below the breakpoint including eight strains of staphylococci resistant to teicoplanin.
T41 154083-154095 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T42 154096-154154 Sentence denotes Linezolid was highly active against Grampositive isolates.
T43 154155-154218 Sentence denotes Resistance to teicoplanin was similar to other reported series.
T44 154219-154269 Sentence denotes There was no emergence of resistance to linezolid.
T45 154270-154338 Sentence denotes MRSA colonization is often a limiting factor for discharge from ICU.
T46 154339-154417 Sentence denotes Clearance of MRSA is seldom achieved with conventional glycopeptide treatment.
T47 154418-154569 Sentence denotes The oxazolidinone, linezolid, has excellent soft tissue and respiratory tract penetration and might be expected to eradicate carriage in some patients.
T48 154570-154688 Sentence denotes We recently performed a doubleblind randomized trial in 204 ICU patients with known/suspected Gram positive infection.
T49 154689-154787 Sentence denotes 100 received intravenous linezolid, 600 mg b.d., and 104 patients received teicoplanin 400 mg o.d.
T50 154788-154869 Sentence denotes MRSA clearance was assessed at End of Treatment (EOT), at 7-and 21days follow-up.
T51 154870-154878 Sentence denotes Results:
T52 154879-155022 Sentence denotes In the linezolid and teicoplanin groups, 45 and 43 were known to be colonized with MRSA at study entry, respectively, while 39 and 40 were not.
T53 155023-155217 Sentence denotes Detection of clearance of MRSA colonization at EOT was 51% for linezolid vs 19% for teicoplanin group (x b P B/ 0.005), at 7 days it was 35% vs 14% (x b P B/0.1), and at 21 days 19% vs 33% (ns).
T54 155218-155229 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T55 155230-155437 Sentence denotes Short-term MRSA clearance can be achieved in significantly more patients treated with linezolid however this was not maintained at 21 days, either because of incomplete initial eradication or recolonization.
T56 155438-155518 Sentence denotes Further analysis will follow when molecular typing of the isolates is completed.
T57 155519-155599 Sentence denotes Penetration of linezolid into bone, fat and muscle during hip arthroplasty PS134
T58 155600-155866 Sentence denotes Lovering AM, Bannister GC, Zhang J, MacGowan AP, Southmead Hospital, BCARE, Bristol, UK There are limited data describing the concentrations and penetration of linezolid (LZD) into tissues, such as bone, that can be used to guide therapy for non-vascular infections.
T59 155867-155986 Sentence denotes Here we report the concentrations and penetration of LZD for bone, fat and muscle in comparison with cefamandole (CMD).
T60 155987-156117 Sentence denotes Twelve patients received 600 mg LZD as a 20 min infusion and 1000 mg CMD as a bolus injection immediately before hip arthroplasty.
T61 156118-156246 Sentence denotes Bone, fat, muscle and blood samples were collected at timed intervals after the infusion and assayed by a validated HPLC method.
T62 156247-156437 Sentence denotes For bone, peak levels of both agents occurred 10 min after administration with mean levels of LZD 9.1 mg/kg versus CMD 17.5 mg/kg, decreasing to LZD 5.7 mg/kg versus CMD 9.7 mg/kg at 30 min.
T63 156438-156564 Sentence denotes Correction for blood concentrations gave penetration of LZD 51% versus CMD 25% at 10 min and LZD 46% versus CMD 23% at 30 min.
T64 156565-156628 Sentence denotes For fat and muscle, peak levels occurred 20 min after infusion.
T65 156629-156738 Sentence denotes Mean levels were LZD 5.2 mg/kg versus CMD 10.9 mg/kg (fat) and LZD 13.4 mg/kg versus CMD 10.9 mg/kg (muscle).
T66 156739-156860 Sentence denotes Correction for blood concentrations gave penetration of LZD 37% versus CMD 19% (fat) and LZD 95% versus CMD 31% (muscle).
T67 156861-157138 Sentence denotes We conclude that linezolid exhibits rapid penetration into bone and associated soft tissues achieving levels in excess of the MIC for sensitive organisms; with a similar distribution and penetration profile to agents currently used for treatment of infections in these tissues.
T68 157139-157640 Sentence denotes Bacqué E a , Barrière JC a , Berthaud N b , Desmazeau P b , Dutruc-Rosset G b , Dutka-Malen S b , Ronan B b . a Aventis Pharma, Chemistry, Paris, France , b Aventis Pharma, Disease Group, Paris, France XRP2868 is a new oral streptogramin composed of 2 semi-synthetic synergistic components in a 30/70 (w/w) association: RPR202868 (5d-(1-morpholino)methyl-5d,5g-dehydro pristinamycin I E ) from PI A and RPR132552 [(16R )-16-deoxy-16-fluoro pristinamycin II B ] from PII B by original synthetic routes.
T69 157641-157768 Sentence denotes The association has antibacterial activity against staphylococci including methicillin */MLS B -resistant strains (MIC90 range:
T70 157769-157806 Sentence denotes 0.12 */1 mg/ml), streptococci (MIC90:
T71 157807-157877 Sentence denotes 0.25 mg/ml), pneumococci including multidrug resistant strains (MIC90:
T72 157878-157950 Sentence denotes 0.50 mg/ ml), enterococci including vancomycin-resistant strains (MIC90:
T73 157951-158003 Sentence denotes 4 mg/ ml), M. catarrhalis and Neisseria spp. (MIC90:
T74 158004-158038 Sentence denotes 0.12 mg/ml), H. influenzae (MIC90:
T75 158039-158072 Sentence denotes 1 mg/ml), Legionella spp. (MIC90:
T76 158073-158110 Sentence denotes 0.06 mg/ml) and anaerobes (MIC range:
T77 158111-158127 Sentence denotes 0.06 Á/4 mg/ml).
T78 158128-158351 Sentence denotes XRP2868 is generally bactericidal at the concentration of 2 Á/4)/the MIC against S. aureus , S. pneumoniae , H. influenzae and demonstrates consequent PAE (2.1 Á/ !/5.7 h at 2 Á/4)/MIC, following an exposure of 0.25 Á/2 h).
T79 158352-158508 Sentence denotes Mutants of S. aureus to XRP2868 were isolated at low frequencies (3.6)/ 10 (9 Á/9.7)/10 (10 ) at 2)/ and 4)/MIC while no mutant could be isolated at 8)/MIC.
T80 158509-158631 Sentence denotes These results suggest that XRP2868 (30/70 w/w) is a promising compound for the treatment of community-acquired infections.
T81 158632-158737 Sentence denotes Ex vivo evaluation of RPR202868/RPR132552 (XRP2868), a new oral streptogramin PS136 Berthaud N, Diallo N.
T82 158738-158796 Sentence denotes Aventis Pharma SA, Infectious Disease Group, Paris, France
T83 158797-158966 Sentence denotes The intra cellular activity of XRP2868, was assessed in J774 murine macrophages containing ingested Staphylococcus aureus (three strains) or L. pneumophila (one strain).
T84 158967-159170 Sentence denotes At the concentration of 8 )/ the MIC, growth of S. aureus was strongly inhibited after a 3-h period of incubation (D log 10 cfu/ml vs T 0 controls range: (/2.16 Á/(/1.24, according to the strain tested).
T85 159171-159386 Sentence denotes At the concentration of 8)/ the MIC, growth of intracellular L. pneumophila was inhibited after a 48 Á/ 72-h period of incubation (D log 10 cfu/ml vs T controls about (/1.30 and (/1.48 at 48 and 72 h, respectively).
T86 159387-159561 Sentence denotes RPR202868 and RPR132552 alone had also inhibiting effect on bacterial growth (D log 10 cfu/ml vs T 0 controls after 72 h of incubation about (/1.54 and (/0.87, respectively).
T87 159562-159843 Sentence denotes The bactericidal activity of XRP2868 was also assessed against slowly growing S. aureus , under experimental conditions mimicking those observed in patients with an infected indwelling device (first step of infection: adherence to inert support; declared infection: biofilm model).
T88 159844-160009 Sentence denotes Under the experimental conditions, XRP2868 demonstrated a rapid and potent bactericidal effect against S. aureus adherent to an inert support or included in biofilm.
T89 160010-160129 Sentence denotes This effect was observed at each of the three concentrations tested (5, 10, 50 and 8, 100 and 200)/ MIC, respectively).
T90 160130-160213 Sentence denotes In vivo evaluation of XRP2868 (RPR202868/RPR132552), a new oral streptogramin PS137
T91 160214-160292 Sentence denotes Berthaud N, Huet Y, Aventis Pharma SA, Infectious Disease Group, Paris, France
T92 160293-160389 Sentence denotes The oral efficacy of XRP2868, was assessed in Staphylococcus and pneumococcal murine infections.
T93 160390-160446 Sentence denotes Mice were challenged ip ( )/10, and )/100 times LD 50 ).
T94 160447-160553 Sentence denotes Abscesses were established by intramuscular injection of about 10 7 bacteria into the right thigh of mice.
T95 160554-160627 Sentence denotes Pneumonia was established by intranasal injection of about 10 7 bacteria.
T96 160628-160783 Sentence denotes Mice were treated twice a day for 1 (Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia and abscesses), 2 (S. pneunomoniae septicaemia) or 3 days (S. pneumoniae pneumonia).
T97 160784-161043 Sentence denotes Six to 15 days post infection, for septicaemia and abscesses the results were expressed as ED 50 , whereas for pneumonia they were expressed as the dose yielding an average survival time (AST) significantly longer than that of the untreated infected controls.
T98 161044-161200 Sentence denotes XRP2868 was efficacious in the treatment of experimental infections in mice caused by MLS B -sensitive and -constitutively resistant S. aureus (ED 50 range:
T99 161201-161291 Sentence denotes 20 Á/44 and 24 Á/60 mg/kg/administration in septicaemia and abscess models, respectively).
T100 161292-161455 Sentence denotes It was also efficacious in the treatment of infections caused by S. pneumoniae whatever the serotype and the resistance profile of the strains tested (ED 50 range:
T101 161456-161506 Sentence denotes 28 Á/55 mg/ kg/administration in septicaemia, AST:
T102 161507-161532 Sentence denotes 50 mg/kg/administration).
T103 161533-161670 Sentence denotes These results suggest that XRP2868 might be effective for the treatment of staphylococcal and pneumococcal community-acquired infections.
T104 161671-161861 Sentence denotes XRP2868 (RPR202868/RPR132552), a new oral streptogramin: bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics in a model of Streptococcus pneumoniae mouse pneumonia PS138 Berthaud N, Huet Y, Diallo N.
T105 161862-161920 Sentence denotes Aventis Pharma SA, Infectious Disease Group, Paris, France
T106 161921-162229 Sentence denotes The bactericidal activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae of XRP2868, a new oral streptogramin composed of two semi-synthetic synergistic components in a 30/70 (w/w) association (RPR202868, pristinamycin I derivative and RPR132552, pristinamycin II derivative), was assessed in lungs of mice with pneumonia.
T107 162230-162319 Sentence denotes Mice were inoculated intranasally with about 10 7 cfu of strain 6254-01 (MLS Bresistant).
T108 162320-162390 Sentence denotes Eighteen hours later (T 0 ), animals received XRP2868 (120 mg/kg p.o).
T109 162391-162457 Sentence denotes The administration was repeated 6, 24, 30, 48 and 54 h afterwards.
T110 162458-162679 Sentence denotes To study the influence of varying the ratio of PI to PII component administered on activity and PK parameters, ratios of RPR202868 to RPR132552 ranging from 0/100 to 100/0 were also administered under the same conditions.
T111 162680-162874 Sentence denotes After an oral unitary administration at 120 mg/kg, XRP2868, as well as ratios of RPR202868 to RPR132552 ranging from 50/50 to 90/10, demonstrated strong and quick bactericidal activity in lungs.
T112 162875-162973 Sentence denotes Lung levels of RPR202868 and RPR132552 were generally equal or two times higher than blood levels.
T113 162974-163190 Sentence denotes Resulting RPR202868/RPR132552 ratios in blood and lung, although not in accordance with the initial ratio administered, were synergistic for 3 Á/4 h in blood and for 1 Á/3 h in lungs explaining the activity observed.
T114 163191-163202 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T115 163203-163286 Sentence denotes Based on in vitro data, telithromycin is a good candidate for the treatment of RTI.
T116 163287-163485 Sentence denotes In vitro evaluation of abt-773, telithromycin and azithromycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae , Moraxella catarrhalis , Haemophilis influenzae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus PS140
T117 163486-163549 Sentence denotes Steele-Moore L, Berg D, Barnes I, Couch K, Klein J, Holloway W.
T118 163550-163747 Sentence denotes Christiana Care, Infectious Disease, Wilmington, US Macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is a worldwide concern predominantly because these isolates tend to be multiply drug resistant.
T119 163748-163832 Sentence denotes New agents with increased activity against these pathogens are clinically important.
T120 163833-163968 Sentence denotes The ketolide class of antimicrobial agents demonstrate excellent in vitro activity against SP, even those that are macrolide resistant.
T121 163969-164183 Sentence denotes The in vitro activities of the ketolides ABT-773 (A) and telithromycin (T) were compared to azithromycin (AZ) against clinical isolates of SP, Moraxella catarrhalis (M.cat), Haemophilis influenzae (H.flu) and MRSA.
T122 164184-164201 Sentence denotes Organisms tested:
T123 164202-164279 Sentence denotes 51 strains of SP (including 14 AZ resistant), 25 H.flu, 25 MRSA and 10 M.cat.
T124 164280-164531 Sentence denotes Microdilution MIC tests were performed following NCCLS recommendations using freshly prepared plates containing Haemophilis Test Medium for H.flu, cation adjusted Mueller-Hinton Broth (CAMHB) with laked horse blood for SP and CAMHB for M.cat and MRSA.
T125 164532-164669 Sentence denotes The new ketolides, A and T had superior activity against SP including the AZ resistant strains (MIC90s: A0/0.12 mcg/ml, T 0/0.25, AZ0/4).
T126 164670-164767 Sentence denotes All compounds had excellent activity against M.cat while none demonstrated activity against MRSA.
T127 164768-164816 Sentence denotes H.flu activity was comparable among A, T and AZ.
T128 164817-164914 Sentence denotes These new ketolides are not currently approved by the FDA; however T has been approved in Europe.
T129 164915-164970 Sentence denotes Ló pez H, Vidal GI, Salomó n JM, Scaglione M, Zitto TR.
T130 164971-165050 Sentence denotes Centro de Infectología, Infectious Diseases, Buenos Aires, Argentina Objective:
T131 165051-165246 Sentence denotes We evaluated the impact of the initial treatment failure rate, hospitalisation and costs in outpatient treatment of adult CAP in Argentina comparing amoxicillin, clarithromycin and telithromycin.
T132 165247-165254 Sentence denotes Method:
T133 165255-165324 Sentence denotes A probabilistic model was implemented in outpatient treatment of CAP.
T134 165325-165409 Sentence denotes We estimated an initial treatment with amoxicillin, clarithromycin or telithromycin.
T135 165410-165482 Sentence denotes We assumed expected clinical cure at 90.1, 88.5 and 94.6%, respectively.
T136 165483-165677 Sentence denotes For those patients with failure treatment we evaluated a second-line of antibiotics (amoxicillin followed by clarithromycin and clarithromycin followed by new fluorquinolone) or hospitalisation.
T137 165678-165795 Sentence denotes Patients with telithromycin and failure treatment must be hospitalised without a second line of outpatient treatment.
T138 165796-165909 Sentence denotes Costs of CAP included drug's costs by 10 days, medical visits, chest radiographies, analysis and hospitalisation.
T139 165910-165918 Sentence denotes Results:
T140 165919-166077 Sentence denotes We estimated treatments in 100 patients and first-line drug failure in 10, 11 and 5 patients with amoxicillin, clarithromycin and telithromycin, respectively.
T141 166078-166325 Sentence denotes Costs in outpatient treatment were: hospitalisation $12,224 and $13,489.4; second-line drug $1039 and $1045; second-line hospitalised $1320.4 and $1232 with amoxicillin and clarithromycin, respectively and hospitalisation with telithromycin $6137.
T142 166326-166338 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T143 166339-166417 Sentence denotes Telithromycin showed lower clinical failure, hospitalisation and costs in CAP.
T144 166418-166550 Sentence denotes Some studies suggest shortening CAP telithromycin treatment to 7 days helping adherence to treatment and decreasing costs even more.
T145 166551-166660 Sentence denotes The new macrolides */a good alternative of tetracycline in the treatment of Mediterranean Spotted Fever PS142
T146 166661-166993 Sentence denotes Popivanova NIP a , Petrov AIP a , Boykinova OBB a , Kazakova ZKK a , Baltadjiev AGB b . a Medical University, Infectious Disease, Plovdiv, Bulgaria , b Department of Anatomy, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Mediterranean Spotted Fever (MSF) caused by Rickettsia conorii appears an endemic disease for some regions in Bulgaria.
T147 166994-167065 Sentence denotes Frequently the disease has a severe course with multiple organ lesions.
T148 167066-167155 Sentence denotes The early and adequate treatment is of extreme importance for the outcome of the disease.
T149 167156-167343 Sentence denotes Searching an alternative antibiotic treatment of this disease we considered macrolides for their good cell and tissue penetration and dose-dependent bacteriostatic and bactericide effect.
T150 167344-167541 Sentence denotes We treated 27 MSF patients with doxycycline 2)/100 mg/day, 25 patients with clarithromycin 2)/250 mg/day, as well as 25 patients with midecamycin 2)/400 mg/day and midecamycin acetate 30 mg/kg/day.
T151 167542-167633 Sentence denotes As a surrogate marker for treatment evaluation the effect on the febrile syndrome was used.
T152 167634-167822 Sentence denotes Our findings showed that by the 5th day of treatment the fever normalized in 89.47, 88.24 and 76.47% of the patients treated with doxycycline, clarithromycin and midecamycin, respectively.
T153 167823-167920 Sentence denotes For the same period the patient fever decreased below 38 8C in 100, 100 and 94.12%, respectively.
T154 167921-168018 Sentence denotes The intoxication symptoms were influenced within the same period equally in all treated patients.
T155 168019-168031 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T156 168032-168130 Sentence denotes We suggest that the new macrolides appear a good alternative of tetracycline on patients with MSF.
T157 168131-168186 Sentence denotes Erythromycin resistance of Gram /'// cocci in Bulgaria.
T158 168187-168266 Sentence denotes Benefits of the new macrolides in the treatment of respiratory infections PS143
T159 168267-168514 Sentence denotes Popivanova NI a , Yovtchev IP b , Dobreva MD c , Argirova TA c . a Medical University, Infectious Disease, Plovdiv, Bulgaria , b Medical University, Ear-Nose-Throat Disease, Plovdiv, Bulgaria , c Medical University, Microbiology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
T160 168515-168849 Sentence denotes In the recent 2 years we tested Erythromycin sensitivity of 474 species of Gram /'// cocci isolated from throat and nose secretions, ear and eye effusions, sputa, cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures, vaginal and urethral secretions, urine and fecal samples from patients with inflammatory diseases of the listed organs and systems.
T161 168850-168963 Sentence denotes Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus coagulase /(//, Streptococcus â-haemolyticus , Enterococcus were isolated.
T162 168964-169020 Sentence denotes Of these microorganisms S. aureus was the most abundant.
T163 169021-169184 Sentence denotes Our resistograms revealed sensitivity of the Gram /'// cocci in 76.97 and 68.60% for 2000 and 2001, respectively, and resistance of 23.03 and 31.40%, respectively.
T164 169185-169316 Sentence denotes In the tests with Midecamycin and Midecamycin acetat the same microorganisms showed sensitivity of 85.38% and resistance of 14.62%.
T165 169317-169438 Sentence denotes The clinical findings showed excellent effect of the new macrolides including Clarithromycin and azalides */Azithromycin.
T166 169439-169586 Sentence denotes We conclude the resistance of Gram /'// cocci and especially of S. aureus to Erythromycin increases very quickly and has reached dramatical extent.
T167 169587-169714 Sentence denotes By now, the new 14, 15, and 16-membered ring macrolides and azalides show high antibacterial activity and good clinical effect.
T168 169715-169772 Sentence denotes Pappas GA, Liberopoulos E, Tsiara S, Elisaf M, Tsianos E.
T169 169773-169829 Sentence denotes University Hospital, Internal Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
T170 169830-170052 Sentence denotes Quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D) is a novel injectable streptogramin antibiotic which initiation in therapeutics was hailed as an important step towards treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) species.
T171 170053-170119 Sentence denotes Initial reports concluded in an excellent response of VREF to Q/D.
T172 170120-170204 Sentence denotes Reports of Q/D-resistant strains of E. faecium have emerged, both in USA and Europe.
T173 170205-170308 Sentence denotes We report two cases of E. faecium bacteremia in which the responsible isolate was not sensitive to Q/D.
T174 170309-170374 Sentence denotes The first patient was a woman with acute leukemia and septicemia.
T175 170375-170567 Sentence denotes E. faecium was cultured from blood samples: the species was resistant to almost all antibiotics, exhibiting sensitivity only to tetracycline (!), while its sensitivity to Q/D was indermediate.
T176 170568-170783 Sentence denotes The second patient was a man with endocarditis, in whom blood cultures isolated E. faecium sensitive to a number of antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin and vancomycin; still the sensitivity to Q/D was indermediate.
T177 170784-170867 Sentence denotes Q/D has not been officially introduced to the antibiotic arsenal of Greek medicine.
T178 170868-170948 Sentence denotes Moreover, the drug has never been used in our hospital, not even experimentally.
T179 170949-171026 Sentence denotes Other E. faecium species isolated in our hospital have been sensitive to Q/D.
T180 171027-171116 Sentence denotes How much hope can be put on a drug that seems to be partly useless before its initiation?
T181 171117-171261 Sentence denotes Increasing reports of V/ Q-resistant strains of E. faecium from all over Europe raises fears that the V/D story might well end before it begins.
T182 171262-171515 Sentence denotes Varadinova T a , Diakov T a , Karagiozova D a , Genova P a , Pardon P b , Baudry C b , Quideau S b . a Sofia University, Virology, Sofia, Bulgaria , b et Institut du Pin, Centre de Recherche en Chimie Moleculaire, Universite Bordeaux 1, Bordeaux, France
T183 171516-171579 Sentence denotes Vegetable tannins posses a wide range of biological activities.
T184 171580-171696 Sentence denotes The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of five purified vegetable tannins against MDBK cells.
T185 171697-171865 Sentence denotes The maximal nontoxic concentrations (MNC) and the concentrations required to inhibit cell growth by 50% (CC 50 ) were evaluated after 24, 48 and 72 h periods of action.
T186 171866-171992 Sentence denotes MNC values after 48 h indicated that compounds stimulated cell surveillance when applied in concentrations lower than 0.01 mM.
T187 171993-172300 Sentence denotes CC 50 values indicated: (i) a decrease in cytotoxicity after 48 h as CC 50 were up to 70 times lower than those observed after the 24 h period, and (ii) a re-increase in cytotoxicity when the period of action was prolonged up to 72 h as CC 50 were 2500 times lower than those observed after the 48 h period.
T188 172301-172457 Sentence denotes These data thus appear to reveal the capability of the investigated natural polyphenolic products to stimulate cell surveillance in a time-dependent manner.
T189 172458-172608 Sentence denotes Antibacterial effect survey of enoxolone on periodontopathogenic and capnophilic bacteria isolated from specimens of patients with periodontitis PS146
T190 172609-172838 Sentence denotes Salari MH a , Kadkhoda Z b , Sohrabi N a . a Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pathobiology, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran , b Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dentistry, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Objectives:
T191 172839-172935 Sentence denotes Most of the microorganisms associated with periodontitis are capnophilic and anaerobic bacteria.
T192 172936-173061 Sentence denotes Purpose of this study was to detection of antibacterial effect of enoxolone on periodontopathogenic and capnophilic bacteria.
T193 173062-173070 Sentence denotes Methods:
T194 173071-173217 Sentence denotes In this study 136 periodontopathogenic and capnophilic bacteria were isolated from 400 specimens of patients with periodontitis by culture method.
T195 173218-173399 Sentence denotes An anti-bacterial activity of enoxolone against these microorganisms was investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods.
T196 173400-173408 Sentence denotes Results:
T197 173409-173633 Sentence denotes Based on our findings the MIC, MBC and Lethal does 50 (LD50) of Enoxolone for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , Eikenella corrodens and Capnocytophaga were '8, 16, 64', '16, 16, 32', and '8, 16, 32' mg/ml, respectively.
T198 173634-173645 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T199 173646-173764 Sentence denotes Our results show enoxolone has antibacterial effect on A. actinomycetemcomitans , E. corrodens and Capnocytophaga spp.
T200 173765-173778 Sentence denotes Sakalova STN.
T201 173779-173828 Sentence denotes Medical University, Microbiology, Grodno, Belarus
T202 173829-173951 Sentence denotes We have synthesized diamides of dicarboxylic acids, with components such as 5-nitrothiazole benzolsulphamides and triazol.
T203 173952-174038 Sentence denotes All the above compounds exhibited bacteriostatic activity towards some microorganisms.
T204 174039-174243 Sentence denotes For further studies of bacteriostatic activity of amides and diamides of dicarboxylic acids, as well as for determination of 'structure Á/activity' relationship, we have synthesized a range of monoamides.
T205 174244-174342 Sentence denotes Antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds was studied in vitro by agar dilution methods.
T206 174343-174688 Sentence denotes For this purpose, approximately 50 various Gram-positive and -negative microorganisms including clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis , Serratia marcescens , Escherichia coli , Proteus morganii , Micrococcus lisodeicticus , Staphylococcus epidermidis , Shigella sonnei , Salmonella typhimurium , Yersinia enterocolitica .
T207 174689-174745 Sentence denotes Minimum inhibitory concentration was expressed in mg/ml.
T208 174746-174790 Sentence denotes Nitazole was used as a comparison substance.
T209 174791-174975 Sentence denotes Analysis that new derivatives of 5-nitrotiasole have high antibacterial activity relative towards certain microorganisms included strains obtained from infection department's patients.
T210 174976-174998 Sentence denotes Results will be shown.
T211 174999-175076 Sentence denotes Microbial susceptibility to the essential oil of Ziziphora clinopodiodes Lam.
T212 175077-175082 Sentence denotes PS148
T213 175083-175104 Sentence denotes Purpose of the study:
T214 175105-175208 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial activities of essential oils vary from oil to oil and from one micro organism to another.
T215 175209-175641 Sentence denotes The antimicrobial and chemical properties of essential oil from Ziziphora clinopodiodes Lam. has not been studied and hence the present study was planned to evaluate those properties against a series of micro organisms viz, Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeroginosa , Klebsiella pneumonia , Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus licheniformis , Streptococcus faecalis , Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae .
T216 175642-175789 Sentence denotes Results: Z. clinopodiodes Lam. essential oil was found to have remarkable antimicrobial property against all the microorganisms but P. aeroginosa .
T217 175790-175867 Sentence denotes The oil exhibited its best antimicrobial activity within a maximum of 45 min.
T218 175868-176222 Sentence denotes Seventeen components were identified by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC and GC/MS) analysis of the oil, out of which Pulegone (24.5%), Neomenthol (12.8%), Cyclohexene,5-methyl-3-(1-methenyl)trans (12.2%), 2,4-cycloheptadien-1-one,3,6,6-trimethyl (9.2%), Piperitone (4.2%), and Limonene'/ 1,8-cineole (4.1%) constitute major parts of the oil.
T219 176223-176234 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T220 176235-176280 Sentence denotes Monoterpenes seem to have antimicrobial role.
T221 176281-176435 Sentence denotes It seems necessary to explore antimicrobial properties of new harmless antimicrobial agents from natural sources as substitutes for common chemical drugs.
T222 176436-176661 Sentence denotes Methanol extract of Carpobrotus edulis enhances killing of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosed by THP-1 human monocyte derived macrophages and promotes the release of modulators of cellular immunity PS149
T223 176662-176798 Sentence denotes Although alkaloids from the family Mesembryanthemaceae have anti-cancer activity, species of this family have received little attention.
T224 176799-177125 Sentence denotes Because these alkaloids also exhibit properties normally associated with compounds that have activity at the level of the plasma membrane, we have studied a crude methanol extract of Carpabrotus edulis , a common plant found along the Portuguese coast, for properties normally associated with plasma membrane active compounds.
T225 177126-177410 Sentence denotes The results of this preliminary study show that the extract is non-toxic at concentrations that prime THP-1 human monocytederived macrophages to kill ingested methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and promote the release of lymphokines associated with cellular immune functions.
T226 177411-177553 Sentence denotes The extract also induces the proliferation of THP-1 cells within 1 day of exposure and 2 days earlier than that induced by phytohemagglutinin.
T227 177554-177655 Sentence denotes Similar results were obtained with monocyte-derived macrophages isolated from human peripheral blood.
T228 177656-177812 Sentence denotes The active component or components of the plant extract may be exploited as intracellular active anti-bacterials as well as modulators of cellular immunity.
T229 177813-177923 Sentence denotes Enhancing of Erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea NUR001 with common and uncommon oils PS150
T230 177924-178135 Sentence denotes Hamedi J a , Malekzadeh F a,b Saghafi-Nia AE b . a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran , b Shafe-e-Sari Co., Antibiotic Production Co., Teheran, Iran
T231 178136-178333 Sentence denotes Enhancing effect of various oils on the erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea NUR001 were evaluated in a complex medium consisting soybean flour and dextrin as the main substrates.
T232 178334-178437 Sentence denotes The biomass, erythromycin, dextrin and oil concentrations, and pH value were measured on a daily basis.
T233 178438-178518 Sentence denotes Also, the kinds and frequencies of fatty acids of the oils used were determined.
T234 178519-178603 Sentence denotes Saturated fatty acids in the shark oil were higher than that of vegetable oils used.
T235 178604-178851 Sentence denotes Erythromycin concentration in the melon (Cucumis melo var. inderus cultivar mashhad ) seed oil containing medium was 4.56 times higher than that of the control medium (without oil) and 1.18 times higher than that of rapeseed oil containing medium.
T236 178852-179077 Sentence denotes Erythromycin concentration in the other oil containing media, including rapeseed, soybean, shark (Carcharhinus dussumieri ), and safflower oils was 3.88, 3.03, 2.59, 2.44 time higher than that of control medium, respectively.
T237 179078-179210 Sentence denotes The melon seed oil had the least enhancing effect on the biomass production, and thus decreasing the cost of the biomass separation.
T238 179211-179661 Sentence denotes Can varicella be eliminated by universal childhood vaccination ? */ Epidemiological and economic data from Germany PS151 Wutzler P a , Banz K b , Neiss A c , Goertz A d , Bisanz H d . a Institute for Antiviral Chemotherapy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany , b Outcomes International, Basle, Switzerland , c Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University, Munich, Germany , d GlaxoSmithKline, Pharma, Munich, Germany Purpose:
T239 179662-179865 Sentence denotes Universal varicella vaccination in childhood is expected to reduce substantially the number of uncomplicated cases of chickenpox and to decrease the number of complicated cases requiring hospitalization.
T240 179866-180012 Sentence denotes To generate fundamental data for decisions of the health authorities epidemiological and health-economic data were collected in two large studies.
T241 180013-180180 Sentence denotes Using an age-structured decision analytic model the benefits, costs and cost-effectiveness of a varicella immunization program over a period of 30 years were assessed.
T242 180181-180189 Sentence denotes Results:
T243 180190-180292 Sentence denotes It could be shown, that the vast majority of varicella cases occur in children aged less than 8 years.
T244 180293-180344 Sentence denotes In 16.3% of the cases a severe course was assessed.
T245 180345-180405 Sentence denotes Overall incidence of complications was estimated to be 5.7%.
T246 180406-180595 Sentence denotes A routine varicella vaccination program targeting healthy children could prevent 82.6% of varicella cases and over 4700 major complications per year provided the coverage rate would be 85%.
T247 180596-180699 Sentence denotes Under these conditions the elimination of varicella is predicted to be achievable within 15 Á/20 years.
T248 180700-180802 Sentence denotes A combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine is expected to provide the required coverage.
T249 180803-180815 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T250 180816-181031 Sentence denotes Routine childhood varicella vaccination appears to be a highly efficient strategy to significantly reduce the sizeable burden of varicella and leads to significant savings from both societal and payer's perspective.
T251 181032-181073 Sentence denotes Bulgakova VA, Balabolkin II, Sentsova TB.
T252 181074-181217 Sentence denotes Scientific Center of Child Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Scientific Research Institute of Pediatrics, Moscow, Russian Federation
T253 181218-181228 Sentence denotes Objective:
T254 181229-181305 Sentence denotes To estimate efficacy of vaccine Influvac at children with allergic diseases.
T255 181306-181314 Sentence denotes Methods:
T256 181315-181414 Sentence denotes Twenty children aged 3 Á/18 years with allergic diseases received vaccine Influvac (Solvay Pharma).
T257 181415-181562 Sentence denotes For the control group of children, with allergic pathology did not receive this vaccine because of an intolerance of chicken protein (10 children).
T258 181563-181571 Sentence denotes Results:
T259 181572-181656 Sentence denotes All vaccinated children for the observable season of 6 months did not get influenza.
T260 181657-181717 Sentence denotes General and aboriginal reactions to a vaccine did not occur.
T261 181718-181861 Sentence denotes In control group for the observable season two children were ill with influenza and four children with acute respiratory virus infection (60%).
T262 181862-182019 Sentence denotes Among vaccinated children there was an increase in titre to a protective level (1:40 and above) to all to three strains of influenza 30 days after injection.
T263 182020-182181 Sentence denotes Vaccine Influvac can be recommended for an immunisation against influenza of children with an allergic pathology because of efficacy and absence of side effects.
T264 182182-182248 Sentence denotes Ló pez H, Zitto TR, Vidal GI, Cánepa MC, Salomó n JM, Scaglione M.
T265 182249-182317 Sentence denotes Centro de Infectología, Infectious Diseases, Buenos Aires, Argentina
T266 182318-182329 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T267 182330-182485 Sentence denotes Our study examines the possible economic impact of the influenza on health working adults in Argentina, and the intervention cost saving with immunization.
T268 182486-182494 Sentence denotes Methods:
T269 182495-182553 Sentence denotes This is a theoretical study based on a mathematical model.
T270 182554-182613 Sentence denotes Population data was published in 2001s national statistics.
T271 182614-182678 Sentence denotes The global incidence of influenza infection was estimated at 5%.
T272 182679-182909 Sentence denotes We have estimated the direct cost on influenza infection (outpatient visits, drugs and hospitalization) and indirect cost (work absenteeism and productivity loss) and projected net saving for the 20 Á/64 year-old vaccinated group.
T273 182910-182964 Sentence denotes The vaccine effectiveness was estimated at 70 and 90%.
T274 182965-182998 Sentence denotes The price of vaccine was $8 each.
T275 182999-183018 Sentence denotes Results Conclusion:
T276 183019-183112 Sentence denotes Influenza vaccination is effective in diminishing cases of flu and reducing working-day loss.
T277 183113-183151 Sentence denotes Its a safe and cost-effective vaccine.
T278 183152-183182 Sentence denotes Ló pez H, Zitto TR, Cánepa MC.
T279 183183-183453 Sentence denotes Centro de Infectología, Infectious Diseases, Buenos Aires, Argentina Flu infection is a major cause of illness and one of the most common cause of work absenteeism, increasing institution costs, healthcare provider visits, use of drugs, and decreasing work productivity.
T280 183454-183532 Sentence denotes Vaccine against flu has an effectiveness between 70 and 90%, in health adults.
T281 183533-183543 Sentence denotes Objective:
T282 183544-183698 Sentence denotes Evaluate the impact of flu-like respiratory tract infections in a health institution staff during 1 year, comparing vaccinated with not-vaccinated groups.
T283 183699-183707 Sentence denotes Methods:
T284 183708-183897 Sentence denotes We evaluated all causes of absenteeism along 1 year (2001), based on the written note made by the professional who has evaluated ill people, selecting flu-like respiratory infection causes.
T285 183898-184003 Sentence denotes We evaluated age, working days loss related to illness, and cost on vaccinated and not-vaccinated groups.
T286 184004-184012 Sentence denotes Results:
T287 184013-184159 Sentence denotes One hundred and sixty eight of the total staff (479 people) were vaccinated, 21 of them had flu-like infection, resulting in 40 working days lost.
T288 184160-184221 Sentence denotes For not-vaccinated group, 33 people had flu and 56 lost days.
T289 184222-184302 Sentence denotes Lost cost for vaccinated group was of $1267, and for notvaccinated group, $1874.
T290 184303-184314 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T291 184315-184430 Sentence denotes We observed a decrease in working days loss and money waste related to flu-like infections on the vaccinated group.
T292 184431-184574 Sentence denotes Because of safety and effectiveness of vaccine against flu, the implementation of vaccination will be cost-effective for all institution staff.
T293 184575-184700 Sentence denotes We studied functioning of the interferon system in 108 children with atopic bronchial asthma (BA) at the age of 2 Á/14 years.
T294 184701-184748 Sentence denotes The control group included 10 healthy children.
T295 184749-184864 Sentence denotes We investigated the interferon status (method of Grigoryan S.) and serum concentrations of IFNgamma (IFNg) (ELISA).
T296 184865-184997 Sentence denotes There was a decrease in the IFN-producing ability of leukocytes to the synthesis of IFNa at 50% and IFNg at 84% of children with BA.
T297 184998-185200 Sentence denotes Serum level of IFN of children with BA during all period of illness is compared to the children without predisposition to atopy (94.99/10.3 and 192.39/7.8 pg/ml accordingly) was significantly decreased.
T298 185201-185289 Sentence denotes Production of IFNa increased after using viferon (recombinant a2b IFN and antioxidants).
T299 185290-185407 Sentence denotes Decreased ability of gammainterferonogenesis in the most children was not affected by the action of immunomodulators.
T300 185408-185601 Sentence denotes There was shown interferon system's dysfunction in the development of atopy and increasing predisposition to respiratory infections and to persistent of atypical infections in children with BA.
T301 185602-185629 Sentence denotes Harxhi A, Pilaca A, Pano K.
T302 185630-185837 Sentence denotes University Hospital Center of Tirana, Infectious Diseases, Tirana, Albania Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever is viral disease with a high rate of mortality that is caused by a Nairovirus, Bunyaviride species.
T303 185838-185968 Sentence denotes This is a zoonotic disease, which affects sporadically humans and is geographically distributed even in Eastern Europe and Balkan.
T304 185969-186081 Sentence denotes During the months of May and June 2001, in northeast of Albania were reported eight cases of haemorrhagic fever.
T305 186082-186222 Sentence denotes Serologic tests performed in the laboratory of reference in Thesaloniki, Greece confirmed the diagnosis of Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever.
T306 186223-186408 Sentence denotes In the mean time, WHO reported the outbreak in southwest Kosovo of 69 cases suspected for haemorrhagic fever from which 18 were confirmed laboratory as Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever.
T307 186409-186496 Sentence denotes We are describing here the clinical history of one of eight cases with CCHF in Albania.
T308 186497-186775 Sentence denotes From the epidemiological point of view this case was considered peculiar, as it was the only one hospitaly acquired, and due to the gravity of the haemorrhagic syndrome was admitted at the intensive care unit at infectious diseases service, University Hospital Center of Tirana.
T309 186776-186784 Sentence denotes Results:
T310 186785-186937 Sentence denotes In the study were included 150 patients ]/18 years of age with documented HBsAg-carrier ]/6 months (average age */39.4 years, male */58%, female */42%).
T311 186938-187042 Sentence denotes HBV DNA in serum was tested by qualitative and quantitative PCR (commercial test-system Ampli-Sens HBV).
T312 187043-187106 Sentence denotes HBeAg, HBeAb, HBsAg were detected by ELISA (Hoffmann La Roche).
T313 187107-187339 Sentence denotes HBV DNA by qualitative PCR was detected in 41% patients, by qualitative PCR was detected in 13% patients in the concentration ]/10 5 copies/ml, in 4.3% ]/10 6 copies/ml, in 4.3% ]/10 7 copies/ml, in 2.1% ]/10 8 copies/ml ( Fig. 1 ).
T314 187340-187392 Sentence denotes HBV DNA level distribution among the HBsAG carriers.
T315 187393-187534 Sentence denotes Elevated (1.5 the upper limit of normal) ALT level was determined in 3.8% of the HBV DNA negative and 25.4% of the HBV DNA positive patients.
T316 187535-187656 Sentence denotes HBeAg was detected in 10.2% of the HBV DNA positive patients and had not been determined in the HBV DNA negative patient.
T317 187657-187877 Sentence denotes Eleven percent of patient had the combination of the biochemical, serological and virology criteria, which are typical for active chronic hepatitis B (HBsAg-carrier !/6 months, HBV DNA ]/ 10 )/5 copies/ml, elevated ALT).
T318 187878-187889 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T319 187890-187980 Sentence denotes In Smolensk 41% of the HBsAg-carriers have viral replication confirmed by qualitative PCR.
T320 187981-188036 Sentence denotes Eleven percent of them have active chronic hepatitis B.
T321 188037-188247 Sentence denotes Kandemir O a , Polat A b , Kaya A a . a Medicine of Faculty, Mersin University, Clinical microbiology and infectious disease, Mersin, Turkey , b Medicine of Faculty, Mersin University, Pathology, Mersin, Turkey
T322 188248-188344 Sentence denotes The exact potential of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis is not known.
T323 188345-188591 Sentence denotes The elevated nitric oxide production is assumed to be responsible for the pathological changes in many inflammatory conditions, mainly via peroxynitrite, a potential oxidant that is produced by the reduction of superoxyde anion with nitric oxide.
T324 188592-188865 Sentence denotes The intensity and the distribution of the immunohistochemical staining of intrahepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase were studied in the biopsy specimens obtained from 63 patients with viral hepatitis and 13 patients with elevated transaminase levels from other etiology.
T325 188866-188987 Sentence denotes Hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase staining was significantly more intense in the viral hepatitis group (P 0/0.000).
T326 188988-189169 Sentence denotes Inducible nitric oxide synthase staining levels correlated well with the severity of the viral hepatitis using the Knodell's liver histological activity index (r0/0.393, P 0/0.002).
T327 189170-189387 Sentence denotes Among the viral hepatitis group, the pathological distribution of the inducible nitric oxide synthase staining favored the periportal regions whereas less staining was observed in the bile duct and parenchyma regions.
T328 189388-189692 Sentence denotes As nitric oxide mediated nitration of hepatocellular proteins is found to be elevated in the inflamed hepatic tissues and it well correlated with the severity of the disease, we suggest that inducible nitric oxide synthase can possibly have a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis.
T329 189693-189978 Sentence denotes There were 36 patients under observation who were divided into two groups, the first of 18 patients (eight chronic virus hepatitis; three chronic virus hepatitis'/steatosis; four steatohepatitis; three chronic cryptogenic hepatitis; there were 14 men and four women aged from 35 to 74.
T330 189979-190124 Sentence denotes The second group consisted of 18 patients, eight with chronic virus hepatitis; four with steatohepatitis; six with chronic cryptogenic hepatitis.
T331 190125-190178 Sentence denotes There were 15 men and three women aged from 40 to 80.
T332 190179-190357 Sentence denotes Diagnosis was confirmed with the help of clinical data, biochemical tests, serological markers, PSR-diagnostics and ultrasound examination and computer tomography of the abdomen.
T333 190358-190627 Sentence denotes In the first group of patients the treatment with ursofalk was administered at the dosage of 10 mg/kg of body mass from 1 month to 3 years with improvement in general condition of the patients: heaviness, pain under the right rib, nausea and skin itch have disappeared.
T334 190628-190720 Sentence denotes In all the cases, improvement in the biochemical blood analysis took place during treatment.
T335 190721-190940 Sentence denotes The average index of ALT activity was before */105.88 U/l, after */62.06 U/l and AST */156.44 and 95.05 U/l; ALP */196.39 and 171.87 U/l; GGT */163.2 and 82.86 U/l; CHOL */5.38 and 4.8 mmol/l; TG */2.15 and 1.75 mmol/l.
T336 190941-191071 Sentence denotes In the second group of patients the treatment was carried out with various hepatoprotectors during the courses from 1 to 6 months.
T337 191072-191282 Sentence denotes Before the average index of ALT activity was 181.3 U/l, after */165.5 U/l; AST */126.9 and 129.0 U/l; ALP */229.8 and 213.5 U/l; GGT */204.2 and 238.0 U/l; CHOL */5.85 and 5.67 mmol/l; TG */1.72 and 1.8 mmol/l.
T338 191283-191455 Sentence denotes Treatment of patients suffering from hepatitis of viral and other aetiologies with ursofalk produces a positive effect on both clinical symptomatic and biochemical indices.
T339 191456-191529 Sentence denotes Remission was more stable during a long period of taking the preparation.
T340 191530-191648 Sentence denotes The hepatoprotective effect of ursofalk during the 3 years was sustained for the whole of the period of the treatment.
T341 191649-191716 Sentence denotes After stopping, an acute attack of cytolytic syndrome was observed.
T342 191717-191835 Sentence denotes With other hepatoprotectors we did not get any improvement in clinical scene of the disease or in biochemical indices.
T343 191836-191859 Sentence denotes Shavlov NM, Kletsky SK.
T344 191860-191945 Sentence denotes Minsk, Belarus HSV-1 and -11 have possibility to damage different organs and systems.
T345 191946-192019 Sentence denotes Sometimes they cause damage of the liver, which resemble viral hepatitis.
T346 192020-192100 Sentence denotes The etiology of such hepatitis may be confirmed only by results of liver biopsy.
T347 192101-192182 Sentence denotes We have diagnosed 12 cases of herpetic hepatitis: eight children and four adults.
T348 192183-192213 Sentence denotes Clinical course was different.
T349 192214-192426 Sentence denotes In five cases the acute beginning took place: high temperature, the jaundice at the 2 Á/3 day (the level of bilirubin was 200 Á/350 mkmol, especially direct), cholestasis, the pain in upper right part of abdomen.
T350 192427-192534 Sentence denotes The ascites was found in three patients with acute hepatitis during 1st week from the beginning of disease.
T351 192535-192576 Sentence denotes In seven cases the beginning was gradual.
T352 192577-192695 Sentence denotes The temperature was subfebrile, prolonged; malaise and moderate pain in upper part of abdomen were constant complaint.
T353 192696-192759 Sentence denotes The jaundice was moderate; bilirubin increased until 120 mkmol.
T354 192760-192816 Sentence denotes The level of ALT was moderately increased (5 Á/7 times).
T355 192817-192902 Sentence denotes The blood analysis showed moderate leukocytosis with neutrophilia, and increased SRE.
T356 192903-192978 Sentence denotes The serological markers of hepatitis A, B, C, D were negative in all cases.
T357 192979-193016 Sentence denotes HSV-1 and -2 were found in the blood.
T358 193017-193190 Sentence denotes The diagnosis was defined by the results of hystochemical investigations, when the viruses were found in liver bioptat, and confirmed with the results of specific treatment.
T359 193191-193291 Sentence denotes Specific damage of liver cells was found: protein dystrophy and specific inclusions in cell nucleus.
T360 193292-193345 Sentence denotes In all cases the treatment with acyclovir were given.
T361 193346-193490 Sentence denotes The results we have observed during 1st week: the temperature became normal, the jaundice decreased and bilirubin was normal during 5 Á/10 days.
T362 193491-193557 Sentence denotes In one case the recidive took place 2 weeks later after treatment.
T363 193558-193621 Sentence denotes The second course of acyclovir with Intron A gave good results.
T364 193622-193885 Sentence denotes Nesic Z a , Delic D b , Prostran M a , Vuckovic S a , Stojanovic R a . a Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia , b Clinical Center of Serbia, Institute for Infection and Tropical Disease, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
T365 193886-193989 Sentence denotes The large number of unsolved cases of acute and chronic hepatitis has most probably the viral etiology.
T366 193990-194133 Sentence denotes In mid 1990s, two independent groups of authors reported a new human hepatotropic virus, with flavivirus like genomes, hepatitis G virus (HGV).
T367 194134-194399 Sentence denotes The aim of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis G viral infection among patients at high risk of exposure to blood and blood products, as well as to evaluate if the risk of HGV infection was higher among them than in the general population.
T368 194400-194596 Sentence denotes Immunoenzyme test on microtitration plate for detection antibodies against HGV E2 antigen in plasma or sera (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA) was used for evidencing anti-HGV IgG antibodies in sera.
T369 194597-194691 Sentence denotes Anti-HGV antibodies were detected in the control group (blood donors) in 8.3% (2/24) patients.
T370 194692-194964 Sentence denotes Prevalence of anti-HGV antibodies among i.v. drug users was evidenced in 42.8% (9//21), in hemophiliacs 41.2% (7/17), in patients acquiring multiple blood transfusion 42.8% (3/7), in hemodialyzed patients 33.3% (4/12) and in patients with transplanted organs 57.14% (4/7).
T371 194965-195094 Sentence denotes Our results suggest that patients exposed to blood or blood products have a higher risk of HGV infection than general population.
T372 195095-195213 Sentence denotes Evaluation of Ortho Total HCV Core antigen assay in assessment and follow-up of patients treated for chronic HCV PS162
T373 195214-195242 Sentence denotes Lunel F, Veillon P, Payan C.
T374 195243-195455 Sentence denotes CHU Angers, Laboratoire de Bactério-Virologie, Angers, France An assay to quantitate 'Total' HVC Core antigen (HCV Ag) in serum or plasma, may reflect viral load, has been developed by Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics.
T375 195456-195464 Sentence denotes Methods:
T376 195465-195568 Sentence denotes We evaluated HCV Ag with two quantitative assays for HCV RNA: bDNA 3.0 (Bayer) and Monitor 2.0 (Roche).
T377 195569-195693 Sentence denotes We studied 191 samples from untreated patients and 237 from 144 patients with chronic HCV treated with IFN or IFN/Ribavirin.
T378 195694-195702 Sentence denotes Results:
T379 195703-195803 Sentence denotes Correlation of Ag and quantitative assays was high (r0/ 0.85 for bDNA 3.0 and 0.83 for Monitor 2.0).
T380 195804-195898 Sentence denotes No difference between the levels of RNA and Ag among HCV genotypes (r0/0.82 Á/0.96) was found.
T381 195899-196037 Sentence denotes Ag values, before treatment, were significantly lower in sustained responders (SR) than in other groups (5.4 log versus 6 log, P B/0.001).
T382 196038-196177 Sentence denotes In patients treated with IFN or combination therapy, we found very good correlation between decrease and negativation of Ag and viral load:
T383 196178-196289 Sentence denotes 2 log IU/ml decline after M1 of interferon was significantly correlated with the negativation of HCV Ag and SR.
T384 196290-196399 Sentence denotes Thirty-eight/41 of SR had a RNA load decrease !/2 log IU/ml and 39/ 41 had a negativation of HCV Ag after M1.
T385 196400-196411 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T386 196412-196498 Sentence denotes Total HCV Core Ag appears to be a new tool for monitoring patients with HCV infection.
T387 196499-196876 Sentence denotes Hepatitis C virus RNA and HCV Core antigen kinetics predict the efficiency of interferon-alfa and ribavirin therapy in naive patients infected by HCV genotype 2 or 3 PS163 Fifty-five patients infected by genotype 2 or 3 were treated with a primary dose of 3 (if hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA B/3 Meq/ml) or 6 million units of interferon alfa-2b (IFN) thrice weekly for 12 months.
T388 196877-196969 Sentence denotes Ribavirin was added at month 3 (M), until M12 if HCV RNA was found positive after M2 of IFN.
T389 196970-197186 Sentence denotes The viral kinetic was assessed during the follow up by serial measurements of HCV RNA (bDNA 3.0 and Monitor 2.0) and using a new assay from Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics which is able to quantify total HCV core antigen.
T390 197187-197260 Sentence denotes Sustained virologic response was observed in 65% of the patients (36/55).
T391 197261-197568 Sentence denotes After 1 month of IFN treatment, sustained responders had a fall of HCV RNA and HCV Core antigen higher than non-responders (4.339/1.84 log UI/ml versus 0.159/0.31 log UI/ml, P B/0.001, for HCV RNA) and (1.689/ 0.89 log (pg/ml)/10 000) versus 0.179/0.18 log (pg/ml)/10 000) P B/ 0.001, for HCV Core antigen).
T392 197569-197768 Sentence denotes After 1 month of IFN, the Positive and Negative Predictive Values of sustained response were, respectively, 100 and 17.4% for HCV RNA negativation and 97.5 and 37.5% for HCV antigenemia negativation.
T393 197769-197884 Sentence denotes These results suggest that both kinetics of viral load and antigenemia are highly predictive of sustained response.
T394 197885-197997 Sentence denotes Theodorou M, Petinelli I, Pontikaki D, Mela C, Blana A, Papanastasiou A, Toliopoulos A, Stavrakaki M, Sagkana E.
T395 197998-198078 Sentence denotes Microbiology Department, Western Attika General Hospital, Greece, Egaleo, Greece
T396 198079-198142 Sentence denotes Greece has accepted a big number of economic immigrants lately.
T397 198143-198269 Sentence denotes We investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B/C as well as the epidemiological features that might influence the public health.
T398 198270-198301 Sentence denotes 1.235 economic immigrants from:
T399 198302-198471 Sentence denotes Albania 630, Eastern Europe 411 and from Asiatic-African countries 194, visited our hospital to be checked in order to get a health certificate to obtain the green card.
T400 198472-198508 Sentence denotes They where tested for hepatitis B/C.
T401 198509-198575 Sentence denotes The serological markers were determined by immunoenzymatic method.
T402 198576-198669 Sentence denotes All HbsAg('/) and anti-HCV were further tested for HBV DNA and HCV RNA by competitive RT PCR.
T403 198670-198732 Sentence denotes HCV RNA('/) were genotyped by strip hybridization immunoassay.
T404 198733-198830 Sentence denotes In 630 Albanians 17.5% were HbsAg('/), 14.6% HBV DNA('/), 1.1% anti-HCV('/) and 0.8% HCV RNA('/).
T405 198831-198928 Sentence denotes In 411 East Europeans 5.1% were HbsAg('/), 4.4% HBV DNA('/), 2.43% anti-HCV('/) and 1.9% HCV RNA.
T406 198929-198992 Sentence denotes In 194 Asians-Africans, 2.6% were HbsAg('/) and 2% HBV DNA('/).
T407 198993-199058 Sentence denotes In 101 Pakistanis, 26.7% were anti-HCV('/) and 22.0% HCV RNA('/).
T408 199059-199137 Sentence denotes Of the rest of Asians-Africans, 11.82% were anti-HCV('/) and 9.3% HCV RNA('/).
T409 199138-199192 Sentence denotes Albanians: higher prevalence of HBV infection (14.6%).
T410 199193-199212 Sentence denotes Greek blood donors:
T411 199213-199301 Sentence denotes 1% Pakistanis: HCV infection is 22% (predominance of 3a type), General Greek population:
T412 199302-199305 Sentence denotes 2%.
T413 199306-199381 Sentence denotes Public health services in Greece and Europe must take appropriate measures.
T414 199382-199574 Sentence denotes El Zawawy LA a , Mohamed ON b , Ali SM a , Eissa ME a , Allam SR a . a Faculty of Medicine, Parasitology, Alexandria, Egypt , b High Institute of Public Health, Microbiology, Alexandria, Egypt
T1 199575-199798 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of schistosomal suppression on the antibody response to hepatitis-B vaccine (HBV) and to study if the vaccine has any protective effect on experimental () infection.
T2 199799-199889 Sentence denotes The results obtained revealed that infection reduced the serum antibody level against HBV.
T3 199890-199985 Sentence denotes Parasitological and histopathological findings showed significant protection against infection.
T4 199986-200269 Sentence denotes The conclusion reached was; in order to reduce the incidence of virus-B infection especially in schistosomiasis endemic areas, public health officials should evaluate a policy for regulation of HBV booster vaccination to enhance the population immunity against hepatitis-B infection.
T5 200270-200302 Sentence denotes Cooper E, Fisher T, Shingadia D.
T6 200303-200535 Sentence denotes Newham General Hospital, Family Clinic, London, UK Sustained anti-retroviral combination chemotherapy requires excellent adherence to the regimen so as to suppress viral replication sufficiently to delay the emergence of resistance.
T7 200536-200660 Sentence denotes If chemotherapy were taken to scale, e.g. in Africa, erratic adherence might soon lead to multi-resistant circulating virus.
T8 200661-200770 Sentence denotes We reviewed our experience in a well established London family clinic with a team including community nurses.
T9 200771-200918 Sentence denotes We reviewed the records of the 23 African immigrant children, aged 2 Á/14, treated with anti-retrovirals exclusively at our centre throughout 2001.
T10 200919-201023 Sentence denotes Whereas 14 had undetectable HIV RNA within the year, only four had undetectable RNA throughout the year.
T11 201024-201201 Sentence denotes Four failed therapy through proven resistance mutations, but nine were considered through circumstantial evidence to have rising viral loads primarily because of poor adherence.
T12 201202-201269 Sentence denotes Three were known to have stopped taking drugs for extended periods.
T13 201270-201383 Sentence denotes The three boys over 11 years were unreliable in adherence, but the one girl in this age-group was fully adherent.
T14 201384-201638 Sentence denotes Our preliminary assessment is that for the children in our families, despite a team approach and home visits, nonadherence to HAART may be twice as common as selection of a dominant viral mutant as a primary cause of failure to sustain viral suppression.
T15 201639-201700 Sentence denotes Quiros-Roldan E, Moretti F, Castelli F, El-Hamad I, Carosi G.
T16 201701-201833 Sentence denotes The prevalence of HIV related lipodystrophy-syndrome depending on the definition and severity of lipodystrophy ranges from 5 to 80%.
T17 201834-201919 Sentence denotes We have retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 58 African patients followed.
T18 201920-202078 Sentence denotes The characteristics are shown in The 3.4% of Africans had triglycerides !/200 mg/ml and 1.7% had cholesterol !/250 mg/ml, none had both metabolic alterations.
T19 202079-202130 Sentence denotes Glycemia !/120 mg/ml was observed in 8.6% patients.
T20 202131-202254 Sentence denotes It is interesting highlight that in any the Africans morphological changes were noted and all of them showed weight stable.
T21 202255-202502 Sentence denotes Although the low prevalence of metabolic alterations may be attributed to the different ethnic alimentary behavior if self-body perception by African is not as accurate as by caucasian on the estimation of the body changes have to be investigated.
T22 202503-202731 Sentence denotes Alabaz D a , Alhan E a , Yaman A b , Evliyaoglu N a , Kocabas E a , Aksaray N a . a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey , b Department of Microbiology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
T23 202732-202802 Sentence denotes Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is usually asymptomatic in children.
T24 202803-202926 Sentence denotes However, it may occasionally cause a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality, and loss of school or business days.
T25 202927-203086 Sentence denotes In a previous study, we have shown that every one of two to three school children from upper social classes living in Adana carries high risk of HAV infection.
T26 203087-203183 Sentence denotes It is well known that maternally transmitted anti-HAV antibodies interfere with HAV vaccination.
T27 203184-203426 Sentence denotes In an effort to determine the optimal age for HAV vaccination, 122 babies (52% girls and 48.5% boys) born in our hospital were prospectively followed up at least 24 months for the presence of maternal antibodies to hepatitis A (anti-HAV IgG).
T28 203427-203590 Sentence denotes Anti-HAV IgG titers were measured from the blood specimens obtained at birth from the mothers and from the offsprings at months, 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24.
T29 203591-203727 Sentence denotes The prevalence of positive anti-HAV at birth (95%) was similar to those of HAV seroprevalance studies carried out in adults in our area.
T30 203728-203808 Sentence denotes The disappearance of antibodies occurred between the 1st and 21st month of life.
T31 203809-203934 Sentence denotes The prevalence of anti-HAV IgG among children aged 0, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 months were 95, 60, 32, 9, 4 and 0%, respectively.
T32 203935-204035 Sentence denotes In light of these findings, we suggest that hepatitis A vaccination be given after 21 months of age.
T33 204036-204143 Sentence denotes Earlier vaccination may be ineffective due to interference with maternally transmitted anti-HAV antibodies.
T34 204144-204187 Sentence denotes Ghaderi B, Alaghebandan R, Rastegar lari A.
T35 204188-204333 Sentence denotes Department of Microbiology, Iran University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Diarrhoea is a major public health problem in developing countries.
T36 204334-204433 Sentence denotes Amoebiasis is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea in Iran as an endemic area for amoebiasis.
T37 204434-204509 Sentence denotes Little, however, is known about the extent of the condition in our society.
T38 204510-204634 Sentence denotes The aim of this study is to determine socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with intestinal amoebiasis.
T39 204635-204809 Sentence denotes During July and August 2001, we collected 90 patients with diarrhoea among 5000 patients who visited at a referral hospital in Shahriar area (in countryside of Tehran), Iran.
T40 204810-204939 Sentence denotes Thirty out of 90 patients (33%) had intestinal amoebiasis and were followed up prospectively until the resolution of the illness.
T41 204940-205020 Sentence denotes Nineteen of 30 (63.3%) patients were male and the remaining of 36.7% was female.
T42 205021-205075 Sentence denotes The patients were aged 1 Á/76 with mean of 28.4 years.
T43 205076-205196 Sentence denotes Most of the patients (70%) were below 30 years of age and the peak of occurrence was between the age of 17 and 26 years.
T44 205197-205266 Sentence denotes Watery diarrhoea with abdominal cramps was the main clinical feature.
T45 205267-205361 Sentence denotes Seventy percent of patients were resident in urban area and the remaining (30%) in rural area.
T46 205362-205441 Sentence denotes Average family income was low and all patients were in low socioeconomic level.
T47 205442-205501 Sentence denotes Water supplying system for all patients was pipeline water.
T48 205502-205647 Sentence denotes Low socioeconomic level associated with poor personal hygiene was the most important factor for highly prevalence of this problem in our society.
T49 205648-205732 Sentence denotes Also it seems that food plays important role in transmission of protozoa then water.
T50 205733-206026 Sentence denotes The new strategy for allele identification of the genes coding for pertactin and pertussis toxin subunit S1 in Bordetella pertussis PS170 Bordetella pertussis strains demonstrate a significant polymorphism in toxin S1 subunit and pertactin, which are major protective antigens of the organism.
T51 206027-206240 Sentence denotes Monitoring the changes in prevalence of particular alleles of genes coding for these proteins in local B. pertussis populations is an essential issue in cases of the observed decrease of vaccination effectiveness.
T52 206241-206363 Sentence denotes We have developed a new method for allele identification of these genes, which eliminates the necessity of DNA sequencing.
T53 206364-206605 Sentence denotes The approach is based on the identification of the number of repeats or the presence of specific nucleotides in the polymorphic regions or residues, respectively, of the genes and utilises products of their full or partial PCR amplification.
T54 206606-206796 Sentence denotes The nucleotide heterogeneity in each polymorphic site is analysed either by the differential digestion of the amplicons or by the ARMS (amplification-refractory mutation system) methodology.
T55 206797-206945 Sentence denotes Numbers of repeats in particular regions of the genes are revealed by the size analysis of the adequate PCR products or their restriction fragments.
T56 206946-207064 Sentence denotes In all cases the presence, size or pattern of DNA molecules obtained is visualised by the agarose gel electrophoresis.
T57 207065-207202 Sentence denotes The preliminary analysis of the recent and archival B. pertussis strains identified in Poland was performed using the described approach.
T58 207203-207367 Sentence denotes The presented strategy provides a much easier, faster and more cost-effective than DNA sequencing mean to study the polymorphism of the major B. pertussis antigens.
T59 207368-207524 Sentence denotes Vaccination coverage and history of vaccine preventable infectious diseases among students in second year of medicine and pharmacy of tours university PS171
T60 207525-207667 Sentence denotes Borderon JC a , Hamed A b , Ragot S b . a Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Tours, France , b Médecine Préventive Universitaire, Tours, France
T61 207668-207784 Sentence denotes The purpose of this study was to determine the level of infectious risk in students who will be exposed to patients.
T62 207785-207949 Sentence denotes Information was obtained by a questionnaire for each student, and by checking medical records for immunization coverage and vaccine preventable infectious diseases.
T63 207950-208035 Sentence denotes Answers could be specified for 138 students, of whom 97 females (F) and 41 males (M).
T64 208036-208189 Sentence denotes The number of non-immunized students was against diphtheria: two, tetanus: three, pertussis: four, poliomyelitis: two, hepatitis B: six, and hepatitis A:
T65 208190-208208 Sentence denotes 127, respectively.
T66 208209-208317 Sentence denotes Among the 52 students non-vaccinated against measles, 14 (nine F and five M) had no history of that disease.
T67 208318-208473 Sentence denotes Among 56 (31 F and 25 M) non-vaccinated against rubella, 17 (10 F and seven M) had no history of that disease, uncertain in seven others (six F and one M).
T68 208474-208539 Sentence denotes The date of vaccination was often late regarding recommendations.
T69 208540-208585 Sentence denotes Fifteen students had no history of varicella.
T70 208586-208631 Sentence denotes One student had not received BCG vaccination.
T71 208632-208697 Sentence denotes Fifty-eight students had received two, and 14 three BCG vaccines.
T72 208698-208789 Sentence denotes Post-BCG tuberculin skin testing was missing after 28 first BCG, 14 second and 3 third BCG.
T73 208790-208881 Sentence denotes The date of the first tuberculin test was often one or several years after BCG vaccination.
T74 208882-209027 Sentence denotes Adverse effects of vaccination were rarely reported: two cases of fever (DT polio, measles); three cases of local reaction (DT polio, DTP polio).
T75 209028-209092 Sentence denotes One case of contraindication for influenza vaccine: egg allergy.
T76 209093-209188 Sentence denotes The survey shows failure in immunization coverage actually recommended in health care students.
T77 209189-209200 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T78 209201-209305 Sentence denotes To present the morbidity of rabies and evaluate the efficiency of our prophylaxis scheme in Lasi county.
T79 209306-209326 Sentence denotes Material and method:
T80 209327-209436 Sentence denotes We made a retrospective study of the rabies cases in the patients admitted in our unit in a 13th-year period.
T81 209437-209511 Sentence denotes We have analysed all the clinical, epidemiological and biological aspects.
T82 209512-209520 Sentence denotes Results:
T83 209521-209625 Sentence denotes In a 30-year period, 22 cases of rabies were admitted in the Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital Lasi.
T84 209626-209748 Sentence denotes The highest incidence was for 1986 Á/1990 */eight cases (36%); the highest yearly cases were three cases in 1974 and 1986.
T85 209749-209826 Sentence denotes Most of the patients were male (59%), came from suburban areas (21 patients).
T86 209827-209920 Sentence denotes Eight cases occurred in May Á/June, wild animals were involved in half the cases (fox, wolf).
T87 209921-210006 Sentence denotes For 18 patients, no prophylaxis was performed and an incomplete course in four cases.
T88 210007-210083 Sentence denotes The period of time to the appearance of the first symptom was 18 Á/120 days.
T89 210084-210132 Sentence denotes The prophylaxis scheme led to a good protection.
T90 210133-210145 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T91 210146-210214 Sentence denotes In Lasi county, rabies is a problem with a prevalence of 0.73%/year.
T92 210215-210283 Sentence denotes Trends in the use of antimicrobials in Riyadh in 2000 were analyzed.
T93 210284-210414 Sentence denotes Data was obtained from a survey of 652 randomly selected families of school children aged 6 Á/8 years in a 3-month period in 2000.
T94 210415-210708 Sentence denotes One hundred and ninety-nine (33.8%) students were on antibiotics in the month preceding the study; 108 (56%) received antibiotics for the diagnosis of pharyngitis; 177 (90%) students antibiotics were prescribed by a physician; and in 161 (83%) the duration of antibiotics was less than 1 week.
T95 210709-210945 Sentence denotes This study shows a major problem in antibiotics prescription in our community and also the need to establish effective antibiotics policy in general practice to limit the potential emergence of drug resistance bacteria in the community.
T96 210946-211290 Sentence denotes Mir S a , Cura A a , Erdogan H a , Guler S a , Sengul GN a , Koyu A a , Ozinel MA b . a Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey , b Department of Microbiology, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey Antibiotic susceptibility spectrum of childhood urinary tract infection agents are geographical variation.
T97 211291-211408 Sentence denotes The current antibiotic regimens and the selection of antibiotics for prophylaxis should be re-evaluated periodically.
T98 211409-211569 Sentence denotes The objective of our study was to determine the local resistance rates to antibiotics and to give a direction for the selection of antibiotics in UTI treatment.
T99 211570-211826 Sentence denotes We evaluated 4124 urinary culture assays retrospectively, sent from Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery inpatient and outpatient clinics of our hospital during the last 6 months, and investigated the isolated pathogens and the resistance rates to antibiotics.
T100 211827-211892 Sentence denotes In addition, the data obtained were compared with of 5 years ago.
T101 211893-212206 Sentence denotes With respect to the resistance rates to antibiotics of UTI pathogens, the resistance rates of E. coli for carbapenems, aminoglycosides and third generation cephalosporins were 1, 10 and 10%, respectively as before, but the rates for ampicillin increased from 67 to 75% and for TMP-SMX it increased from 49 to 61%.
T102 212207-212410 Sentence denotes We concluded that the resistance profiles to antibiotics should be reviewed every 5 years at least and thus the selection of proper antibiotics would lessen the morbidity as well as the medical expenses.
T103 212411-212439 Sentence denotes Chanturidze TK, Tsiklauri R.
T104 212440-212526 Sentence denotes Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs, Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia Purpose:
T105 212527-212589 Sentence denotes Since 1991 infectious diseases (ID) are increasing in Georgia.
T106 212590-212800 Sentence denotes This study is aimed to reveal economic barriers of effective ID control by assessing financial contribution to ID from Public and Private sources, household's total spending on health and their capacity to pay.
T107 212801-212809 Sentence denotes Sources:
T108 212810-212863 Sentence denotes 1) National Household Expenditure and Revenue survey.
T109 212864-212911 Sentence denotes 2) WHO Fair Financial Contribution Methodology.
T110 212912-212929 Sentence denotes 3) Meta-Analysis.
T111 212930-212938 Sentence denotes Results:
T112 212939-213445 Sentence denotes 51.8% of population leaves under the poverty level; 70% out of total household expenditure (average 270 GeL; US$ 130) 30% is spent on food */non-subsistence income covers expenditures on goods and services including health; 15% of population refuses health services because of inability to pay; Public Spending on Health comprises 33% of total health expenditures; Public Spending on ID control is below 1 GeL per capita; Almost all private spending goes to ID treatment and equals to 28.6 GeL per patient.
T113 213446-213458 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T114 213459-213594 Sentence denotes Insufficient public spending on ID control transfers the burden to the population with extremely low capacity to cover health expenses.
T115 213595-213714 Sentence denotes Refusal to utilize health services, and incomplete treatment and increases the threat of ID spread and drug resistance.
T116 213715-213820 Sentence denotes Government should increase the allocations to ID from public sources for effective ID control in Georgia.
T117 213821-213893 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial consumption trends in children's university hospital PS177
T118 213894-213941 Sentence denotes Ratchina S a , Averchenkova L b , Jarkova L a .
T119 213942-214059 Sentence denotes Local surveillance of antimicrobial (AM) consumption is essential to promote the rational use of this group of drugs.
T120 214060-214175 Sentence denotes The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends of AM use in the Children University Hospital in 1998 and 2000.
T121 214176-214300 Sentence denotes Data on AM usage were obtained from the hospital drugstore requests in the 250-beds multi-ward Children University Hospital.
T122 214301-214373 Sentence denotes Consumption was expressed as the number of DDD per 100 bed-days (b Á/d).
T123 214374-214532 Sentence denotes The total AM consumption figures were similar in 1998 and 2000 (7.7 and 8.2 DDDs/100 b Á/d, respectively) with notable differences in AM prescribing patterns.
T124 214533-214623 Sentence denotes Penicillin consumption increased from 1.8 to 3.8 DDDs/100 b Á/d mostly due to amoxicillin.
T125 214624-214761 Sentence denotes The overall aminoglycoside usage remained comparable (0.95 vs. 0.82 DDDs/100 b Á/d) though amikacin has considerably replaced gentamicin.
T126 214762-215000 Sentence denotes There was a sevenfold increase of ciprofloxacin (0.03 vs. 0.2 DDDs/100 b Á/d) along with the evident decrease of tetracycline and co-trimoxazole consumption found (1.5 vs. 0.9 DDDs/ 100 b Á/d and 0.8 vs. 0.1 DDDs/100 b Á/d, respectively).
T127 215001-215252 Sentence denotes The tendency to prescribe more effective in respect of the local resistance data and/or more safe AM was detected in 2000 comparing with 1998 that can be explained by the introduction of the local guidelines for infectious diseases management in 1999.
T128 215253-215532 Sentence denotes Clarithromycin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis */a pilot study PS178 The aim of this pilot study was to determine the efficacy and tolerability of clarithromycin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT).
T129 215533-215639 Sentence denotes Fifty-two patients older than 18 years of age with diagnosed chronic Chlamydial prostatitis were enrolled.
T130 215640-215814 Sentence denotes The presence of CT in expressed prostatic secretion or urine specimen voided immediately after prostatic massage was confirmed by isolation on McCoy cells and Lugol staining.
T131 215815-215892 Sentence denotes The majority of patients suffered from suprapubic pain and pain in the groin.
T132 215893-215934 Sentence denotes Twelve patients had no clinical symptoms.
T133 215935-216056 Sentence denotes According to rectal palpation, prostate gland was normal in 35 patients, tender and soft in 12 and firm in five patients.
T134 216057-216127 Sentence denotes Clarithromycin was administered orally 500 mg twice daily for 14 days.
T135 216128-216212 Sentence denotes Simultaneously the patients' partners received 500 mg orally twice daily for 7 days.
T136 216213-216348 Sentence denotes Clinical efficacy and tolerability of administered clarithromycin were evaluated 1 Á/7 days and 4 Á/6 weeks after the end of treatment.
T137 216349-216445 Sentence denotes Bactericidal efficacy of administered drug was evaluated 4 Á/6 weeks after the end of treatment.
T138 216446-216547 Sentence denotes The eradication of CT was achieved in 30 out of 40 patients, while 28 patients were clinically cured.
T139 216548-216605 Sentence denotes Two patients had nausea and elevated serum transaminases.
T140 216606-216717 Sentence denotes In asymptomatic patients, the eradication of CT was achieved in 10 of 12 patients who reported no side effects.
T141 216718-216867 Sentence denotes This pilot study has shown an excellent efficacy and tolerability of clarithromycin in the treatment of patients with chronic Chlamydial prostatitis.
T142 216868-217009 Sentence denotes Women with diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTI) often demonstrate vaginal colonisation with alpha-haemolytic Escherichia coli strains.
T143 217010-217378 Sentence denotes In the present study we decided to evaluate a distribution of virulence genes encoding for cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (cnf1), P-fimbriae, S/F1C-fimbriae aerobactin (aer), and afa genes in alpha-haemolytic E. coli strains isolated from gynaecological material in our region and to compare the detected sequences in clinical isolates of other diagnostic groups.
T144 217379-217509 Sentence denotes Of 127 alpha-haemolytic E. coli strains, 41 were isolated from urine, 44 from gynaecological specimen, and 42 were faecal strains.
T145 217510-217602 Sentence denotes E. coli strains were tested for the production of haemolytic phenotype on blood agar plates.
T146 217603-217784 Sentence denotes The amplification of virulence factors was performed by PCR according to previously described protocols (Le Bouguenec et al., 1992; Blanco et al., 1996; and Yamamoto et al., 1995) .
T147 217785-217961 Sentence denotes We found that all gynaecological alphahaemolytic strains were positive for cnf1, (P B/0.001 compared to 78% of urine strains, and P B/0.0001 compared to 61% of faecal strains).
T148 217962-218141 Sentence denotes Similarly, sfa/foc specific DNA sequences were found in 100% of gynaecological isolates (P0/0.01 compared to 85% of urine strains and P 0/0.005 compared to 83% of faecal strains).
T149 218142-218265 Sentence denotes From this point of view, the female genital tract seems to be a potential reservoir of these uropathogenic E. coli strains.
T150 218266-218426 Sentence denotes Azithromycin in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis PS180 administered in 35 hospitalized patients with chlamydial PID.
T151 218427-218475 Sentence denotes The diagnosis was made prior to hospitalization.
T152 218476-218660 Sentence denotes Microbiological analysis of urine, blood and swab specimens collected from endocervix, vagina and urethra confirmed C. trachomatis to be the single suspected causative pathogen of PID.
T153 218661-218764 Sentence denotes The presence of C. trachomatis in swab specimens from endocervix was examined by DNK/RNK hybridization.
T154 218765-218899 Sentence denotes Azithromycin was administered 5 Á/7 days after samples for microbiological analysis were collected in dose of 1)/500 mg iv for 5 days.
T155 218900-219078 Sentence denotes Clinical efficacy and tolerability of therapy were assessed 1 Á/7 days after the end of therapy and clinical and microbiological analysis 3 Á/4 weeks after completion of therapy.
T156 219079-219233 Sentence denotes The eradication of C. trachomatis and normalization of gynecological findings were achieved in 33 and disappearance of subjective symptoms in 30 patients.
T157 219234-219346 Sentence denotes No side effects and deviations from normal values in hematologic and biochemical blood parameters were recorded.
T158 219347-219564 Sentence denotes This study showed high bactericidal efficacy, rapid clinical effect and good tolerability of once-daily administration of 500 mg azithromycin for 5 days in the treatment of patients with PID caused by C. trachomatis .
T159 219565-219778 Sentence denotes Altindis M a , Cevrioglu S b , Aktepe OC a , Cetinkaya a . a Kocatepe University School of Medicine, Microbiology, Afyon, Turkey , b Kocatepe University School of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Afyon, Turkey
T160 219779-219870 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of the causative organism of the vaginitis is usually based on clinical criteria.
T161 219871-219985 Sentence denotes A standardized, laboratory based and rapid diagnostic test for the identification of these organisms is desirable.
T162 219986-220332 Sentence denotes To determine the laboratory method that best predicted the causative organism, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of positive and negative test for clinical criteria, an oligonucleotide probe test (AFFIRM VPIII-BD USA) and compared them with the combination of positive vaginal culture and Gram-stained vaginal smear.
T163 220333-220419 Sentence denotes We evaluated 40 consecutive women aged 21 Á/48 years, attending for vaginal discharge.
T164 220420-220632 Sentence denotes Vaginal swab specimens were used for culture of Gardnerella vaginalis , Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida sp, preparation of a vaginal smear for Gram-stain interpretation and wet mount evaluation and AFFIRM test.
T165 220633-220756 Sentence denotes AFFIRM detected G. vaginalis in 10 (25%), Candida sp in three (7.5%) women and no trichomoniasis case found by any methods.
T166 220757-220893 Sentence denotes The sensitivity and negative predictive values of AFFIRM test and clinical signs were same (100%) in identifying of bacterial vaginosis.
T167 220894-221023 Sentence denotes However, AFFIRM test was more specific (94 vs 72%) and also has higher positive predictive value (80 vs 53%) than clinical signs.
T168 221024-221109 Sentence denotes We did not evaluate the results for patients with candidiasis because of less number.
T169 221110-221253 Sentence denotes According to these results AFFIRM-microbial identification tests are objective and specific for the rapid diagnosis of the bacterial vaginosis.
T170 221254-221397 Sentence denotes Comparison of efficacy of single dose of tinidazole with standard dose of metronidazole in Giardia lamblia infection (Preliminary report) PS182
T171 221398-221603 Sentence denotes Fallah M a , Moshtaghi AA b . a University of Medical Sciences, Parasitology, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of Iran , b University of Medical Sciences, Pediatrics, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of Iran Objectives:
T172 221604-221683 Sentence denotes Giardia lamblia is the most common intestinal protozoa in developing countries.
T173 221684-221816 Sentence denotes Treatment of the infection with metronidazole, the drug of choice, requires a long course of therapy and produced some side effects.
T174 221817-221922 Sentence denotes The object of this study is to determine efficacy and side effects of tinidazole in G. lamblia infection.
T175 221923-221972 Sentence denotes This is a preliminary report of an ongoing trial.
T176 221973-221981 Sentence denotes Methods:
T177 221982-222125 Sentence denotes A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out and 47 subjects with G. lamblia infection were treated with tinidazole or metronidazole.
T178 222126-222268 Sentence denotes Tinidazole 50 mg/kg single dose and metronidazole 25 mg/kg three times a day for 7 days were given orally to 24 and 23 children, respectively.
T179 222269-222390 Sentence denotes Parasitological cure was documented when there were consecutive negative stool examinations at 1 Á/2 weeks after therapy.
T180 222391-222399 Sentence denotes Results:
T181 222400-222527 Sentence denotes Twenty-one of 23 individuals treated with tinidazole and 20 of 24 children treated with metronidazole had parasitological cure.
T182 222528-222593 Sentence denotes Cure rates between two groups were not significant statistically.
T183 222594-222721 Sentence denotes No major side effects were observed except one case in metronidazole group who had mild headache and abdominal pain for 2 days.
T184 222722-222734 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T185 222735-222849 Sentence denotes We concluded, tinidazole at the dose has efficacy equal of metronidazole in the treatment of G. lamblia infection.
T186 222850-223013 Sentence denotes Because of single dose prescription, short course of therapy and good compliance of patients, this preparation is preferred to metronidazole in giardial infection.
T187 223014-223039 Sentence denotes Ebeid FA, Seif El-Din SH.
T188 223040-223269 Sentence denotes Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Pharmacology, Cairo, Egypt b-Carotein was given in different doses starting from 2.5 to 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) for different groups of albino mice 4 days before infection with S. mansoni .
T189 223270-223373 Sentence denotes Infection of animals was done by body immersion using 80 Egyptian strain of S. mansoni cercariae/mouse.
T190 223374-223497 Sentence denotes Forty-nine days after infection the animals were sacrificed and hepatic and mesenteric worms were extracted and determined.
T191 223498-223661 Sentence denotes Ova count in liver and intestinal tissue and the total number of worms/animals were also determined in experimental groups comparing with infected control animals.
T192 223662-223789 Sentence denotes The results indicated marked decrease in number of worms and ova count in both liver and intestine comparing with control ones.
T193 223790-223850 Sentence denotes This reduction increased significantly with increasing dose.
T194 223851-223951 Sentence denotes It was concluded that b-carotein could be used as a prophylactic agent against S. mansoni infection.
T195 223952-224020 Sentence denotes Barisic Z, Babic-Erceg A, Borzic E, Zoranic V, Carev M, Kaliterna V.
T196 224021-224088 Sentence denotes Department of Microbiology, Public Health Institute, Split, Croatia
T197 224089-224303 Sentence denotes The aim of this study is to determine frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infection (UTI) in outpatient's population in South Croatia and to suggest optimal antimicrobial treatment for these patients.
T198 224304-224451 Sentence denotes During 3 months long observation period, from total number of 13 158 examined urine specimens, significant bacteriuria was found in 2341 specimens.
T199 224452-224543 Sentence denotes P. aeruginosa was the sixth most common isolate, it was isolated from 94 specimens (4.02%).
T200 224544-224601 Sentence denotes These 94 specimens were taken from 57 different patients.
T201 224602-224943 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method, and the following results were obtained: resistance to cefibuten occurred in 94.74% patients, to norfoxacin in 49.12%, to ciprofloxacin in 47.37%, to gentamicin in 42.11%, to netilmicin in 35.09%, to amikacin in 24.56%, to ceftazidime in 3.51% and to imipenem in 1.75% patients.
T202 224944-225104 Sentence denotes P. aeruginosa strains showed better susceptibility to tested parenteral antibiotics than to antibiotics for oral use which complicated treatment in outpatients.
T203 225105-225388 Sentence denotes The best susceptibility was shown to imipenem, but this drug is inappropriate for use in outpatients setting, so the best choice for treatment P. aeruginosa UTI in our outpatients is treatment with ceftazidime, and the second choices are aminoglycoside drugs amikacin and netilmicin.
T204 225389-225676 Sentence denotes Silan L a , Breza J b , Krcmery V Jr. c . a Department of Internal Medicine, Derer s University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia , b Department of Urology, Comenius University School, Bratislava, Slovakia , c Department of Pharmacology, St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
T205 225677-225890 Sentence denotes We studied the clinical efficacy of oral treatment with ciprofloxacin/ CPF/ alone and combined with clarithromycin in patients with complicated urinary tract infection/CUTI/ with or without an indwelling catherer.
T206 225891-226013 Sentence denotes Patients were randomly allocated to 600 mg CPF/CPF group/ or to 600 mg CPF plus 600 mg CAM/combination group/ for 14 days.
T207 226014-226130 Sentence denotes Evaluation was done on day 14 according to the criteria advocated by the Japanese Urinary Tract Infection Committee.
T208 226131-226322 Sentence denotes In patients with a urinary catherer, the combination achieved a higher complete bacterial elimination rate /50%/ and clinical efficacy rate / 84%/ than CPF alone /30 and 61.5%, respectively/.
T209 226323-226548 Sentence denotes While no significant difference was found in the bacterial elimination rate between the two groups, the clinical effect of the combination /40%/ was superior to that of CPF alone /23%/ in patients with an indwelling catherer.
T210 226549-226679 Sentence denotes The better clinical efficacy of the combination may partly be attributed to the antibiofilm effect of CAM in the clinical setting.
T211 226680-226803 Sentence denotes The results also indicated that difficulties still remain in the treatment of CUTI in patients with an indwelling catherer.
T212 226804-226930 Sentence denotes In conclusion, clinical study suggested that CAM might have an inhibitory action on biofilm formation in the clinical setting.
T213 226931-227047 Sentence denotes Combination of CAM with other appropriate antimicrobial agents may have a favorable effect on the treatment of CUTI.
T214 227048-227302 Sentence denotes Vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infections */the management of primary vesico-eureteral reflux in children PS186 The children studied presented with primary vesicoureteral reflux at Derer s Universitz Hospital in Bratislava between 1974 and 1994.
T215 227303-227526 Sentence denotes Seven hundred and sixty patients, 179 boys and 581 girls, suffering from primary vesicoureteral reflux in age from 6 months to 18 years were tested and systematically analyzed outcomes data for seven treatment alternatives.
T216 227527-227711 Sentence denotes Key outcomes identified were probability of reflux resolution, likelihood of developing pyelonephritis and scarring, and possibility of complications of medical and surgical treatment.
T217 227712-227877 Sentence denotes Available outcomes data on the various treatment alternatives were summarized and the relative probabilities of possible outcomes were compared for each alternative.
T218 227878-227890 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T219 227891-228058 Sentence denotes Increased of urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux nephropathy includes early diagnosis, appropriate evaluation, effective ATB therapy, and surgery indicated.
T220 228059-228277 Sentence denotes The main determinants of renal damage are bstruction, age, sex, predisposition on renal scarring, reflux grade and laterality, therapeutic delay, individual susceptibility, bacterial virulence and immunogenetic status.
T221 228278-228280 Sentence denotes 3)
T222 228281-228532 Sentence denotes The one and only absolute indication for surgical management is failure of medical therapy to prevent chronic recurrent pyelonephritis, renal injury or other reflux complications and eliminations of the reflux condition will minimize their likelihood.
T223 228533-228688 Sentence denotes Genetically conditioned immunopathogenic mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of the chronic recurrent pyelonephritis in patient suffering from VUR.
T224 228689-228970 Sentence denotes For most children we recommended continuous antibiotic prophylaxis as initial treatment-medical therapy is based on the principle that reflux often resolves with time, and antibiotics maintain urine sterility and prevent infections while the patients awaits spontaneous resolution.
T225 228971-229143 Sentence denotes 6) VUR predispose an individual to renal infection, the immunological and inflammatory reaction caused by a pyelonephritic infection may result in renal injury or scarring.
T226 229144-229340 Sentence denotes Silan L a , Breza J b . a Department of Internal Medicine, Derer s University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia , b Department of Urology, Comenius University School of Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
T227 229341-229451 Sentence denotes Elderly patients with UTI are believed less likely to be cured by antimicrobial therapy than younger patients.
T228 229452-229516 Sentence denotes The reasons for this poorer outcome have not yet been clarified.
T229 229517-229617 Sentence denotes We have investigated the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy in elderly patients with complicated UTI.
T230 229618-229855 Sentence denotes Five hundred patients, 260 men and 240 women, who had complicated UTI/268 symptomatic and 240 symptomatic and were 21 Á/80 years of age, were treated with one of three different drugs, one was a never quinolone and two were oral cephems.
T231 229856-230144 Sentence denotes Multivariate logistic regression analysis of treatment outcome revealed that the clinical response was significantly related to general underlying diseases and diseases of the urinary tract, but not to age, symptomatic or asymptomatic UTI, or infection site such as the kidney or bladder.
T232 230145-230431 Sentence denotes We concluded that the clinical effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent was not directly related to age, and that urological examination for underlying disease and control of them is quite important for effective treatment and control of complicated UTIs, especially in elderly patients.
T233 230432-230603 Sentence denotes The study on the frequency and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia (E ) coli in urine isolates of patients admitted to Maribor Teaching Hospital in 1998 and 2000 PS188
T234 230604-230850 Sentence denotes Rebersek Gorisek J a , Baklan Z a , Unuk S a , Novak D b . a Department for Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia , b Department for Microbiology, Regional Institute of Public Health Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia Purpose:
T235 230851-231047 Sentence denotes The aim of the study was to determine the frequency and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from urine samples of patients admitted to Maribor Teaching Hospital in 1998 and 2000.
T236 231048-231137 Sentence denotes The frequency and the antimicrobial resistance were compared between years 1998 and 2000.
T237 231138-231146 Sentence denotes Methods:
T238 231147-231294 Sentence denotes In the prospective study going on between 1998 and 2000, all urine isolates from patients at Maribor Teaching Hospital were collected and analysed.
T239 231295-231354 Sentence denotes Urine cultures were done using the modified Sanford method.
T240 231355-231440 Sentence denotes The susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to NCCLS.
T241 231441-231449 Sentence denotes Results:
T242 231450-231544 Sentence denotes In the year 1998, 2563 urine isolates and in the year 2000, 2325 urine isolates were analysed.
T243 231545-231633 Sentence denotes E. coli represented 39.1% of urine isolates in 1998 and 39.4% of urine isolates in 2000.
T244 231634-231947 Sentence denotes E. coli resistance rates (%) to amoxycillin was 39.5 in the year 1998 and 38.4 in the year 2000; to amoxycillin/clavulate was 15.4 and 10.5; to cefalotin was 7.8 and 5.7; to cefaclor 2.8 and 2.18; to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole was 15.0 and 18.4; to ciprofloxacin was 4.9 and 6.9; to gentamicin was 2.3 and 2.2.
T245 231948-231959 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T246 231960-232067 Sentence denotes Compared to 1998, the frequency of E. coli isolated from urine samples is similar to that in the year 2000.
T247 232068-232133 Sentence denotes The resistance to amoxycillin, cefaclor and gentamicin is stable.
T248 232134-232284 Sentence denotes The resistance to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin is increased and the resistance to amoxycillin/clavulate and cefalotin is decreased.
T249 232285-232598 Sentence denotes Prevalence of the resistance to metronidazole, furazolidone and nitrofurantoin in Helicobacter pylori clinical strains PS189 de la Obra Sanz P a , Roman JL a , Lomas E a , Villar H b , Lopez-Brea M a . a Hospital de la Princesa, Microbiology, Madrid, Spain , b Hospital de San Agustin, Microbiology, Aviles, Spain
T250 232599-232761 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of metronidazole, furazolidone and nitrofurantoin resistance in Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates.
T251 232762-232770 Sentence denotes Methods:
T252 232771-232835 Sentence denotes A total of 286 strains of H. pylori were included in this study.
T253 232836-232956 Sentence denotes All these were tested against metronidazole, and 164 against furazolidone and nitrofurantoin by an agar dilution method.
T254 232957-233066 Sentence denotes Resistance was defined as: metronidazole, MIC !/8 mg/l; and MIC !/4 mg/l for furazolidone and nitrofurantoin.
T255 233067-233075 Sentence denotes Results:
T256 233076-233136 Sentence denotes Sixty-eight strains were resistant to metronidazole (23.8%).
T257 233137-233197 Sentence denotes The MIC50 and MIC90 values were 1 and 32 mg/l, respectively.
T258 233198-233381 Sentence denotes Three of 164 strains (1.8%) were furazolidone resistant (MIC 0/4 mg/l), two of these strains were metronidazole resistant (MIC0/16 mg/l) and they had MIC of 2 mg/l for nitrofurantoin.
T259 233382-233461 Sentence denotes The MIC50 and the MIC90 were 0.125 and 0.5 mg/l, respectively for furazolidone.
T260 233462-233634 Sentence denotes Only one of the 164 strains (0.6%) was nitrofurantoin resistant (MIC 4 mg/l), this strain was metronidazole resistant (MIC 128 mg/l) and had a MIC0/1 mg/l for furazolidone.
T261 233635-233712 Sentence denotes The MIC50 and the MIC90 were 0.5 and 1 mg/l, respectively for nitrofurantoin.
T262 233713-233724 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T263 233725-233950 Sentence denotes The low frequency of furazolidone and nitrofurantoin resistance, compared to metronidazole suggests that the furazolidone and the nitrofurantoin may be good alternatives to metronidazole for treatment of H. pylori infections.
T264 233951-234026 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolated from human origins PS190
T265 234027-234056 Sentence denotes Zhukhovitsky VG, Drabkina IV.
T266 234057-234128 Sentence denotes Department of Bacteriology, Botkin Hospital, Moscow, Russian Federation
T267 234129-234321 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance of 50 thermophilic enteropathogenic Campylobacter spp. (TEC) isolated from human under acute diarrhoea in 2001 in Moscow.
T268 234322-234389 Sentence denotes Among 50 TEC strains 45 C. jejuni and five C. coli were identified.
T269 234390-234741 Sentence denotes The antibiotic tested by disk diffusion test on Mueller-Hinton agar with sheep blood were ampicillin (A), amoxycillin/clavulanate (AC), imipenem (I), meropenem (M), erythromycin (E), clarithromycin (Cl), tetracycline (T), doxycycline (D), gentamicin (G), azithromycin (Az), chloramphenicol (Ch), lincomycin (L), ciprofloxacin (C), nalidixic acid (NA).
T270 234742-234866 Sentence denotes The resistant rate of the TEC isolates was highest for NA (42%) followed by A (38%), T (36%), D (20%), N (20%) and Cl (16%).
T271 234867-234945 Sentence denotes A moderate resistance rate was obtained for A (8%), Ch (6%), Az (6%), AC (2%).
T272 234946-235080 Sentence denotes None of the isolates demonstrated resistance to I, M and G and four of 50 isolates (8%) were sensitive for all the antibiotics tested.
T273 235081-235118 Sentence denotes MIC90 to NA was estimated as 64 mg/l.
T274 235119-235216 Sentence denotes Among 21 NA resistant TEC strains 20 (40%) were identified as C. jejuni and one (2%) as C. coli .
T275 235217-235292 Sentence denotes Among C. jejuni and C. coli NA resistant rate was 44 and 20%, respectively.
T276 235293-235382 Sentence denotes One NA resistant C. coli and nine NA resistant C. jejuni were resistant to ciprofloxacin.
T277 235383-235404 Sentence denotes Ring C, Atanassova V.
T278 235405-235516 Sentence denotes Department of Food Hygiene and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany Aim of the study:
T279 235517-235682 Sentence denotes Poultry meat is known to be often contaminated with Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens and thus has to be considered as a possible source for human infections.
T280 235683-235830 Sentence denotes The aim of the study was to monitor the resistance of Salmonella isolates from poultry meat of different European countries to various antibiotics.
T281 235831-235852 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T282 235853-236103 Sentence denotes From September 2001 to December 2001 a total of 422 samples of frozen poultry meat from France, Germany, Italy, Spain, The Netherlands and Portugal were examined for the prevalence of Salmonella using classical cultural detection as well as RFLP-PCR.
T283 236104-236305 Sentence denotes All isolates were tested for their sensitivity towards ampicilline, kanamycine, ciprofloxacine, tetracycline, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid and erythromycine using standard procedures.
T284 236306-236314 Sentence denotes Results:
T285 236315-236381 Sentence denotes From 18.01% of all examined samples Salmonella spp. were isolated.
T286 236382-236488 Sentence denotes Of these isolates 32.9% were characterized as Salmonella , 42.1% as S. hadar and 17.1% as S. typhimurium .
T287 236489-236548 Sentence denotes Nearly 100% of all isolates were resistant to erythromycin.
T288 236549-236620 Sentence denotes Resistance towards four or more isolates was observed in several cases.
T289 236621-236632 Sentence denotes Discussion:
T290 236633-236779 Sentence denotes The consumption of poultry meat, if insufficiently prepared, has still to be considered as a major source for human infection with Salmonella spp.
T291 236780-236921 Sentence denotes The question arises whether the resistance of the isolates to various antibiotics is of clinical importance in the treatment of the patients.
T292 236922-236932 Sentence denotes Objective:
T293 236933-237076 Sentence denotes To provide insight into the epidemiologic situation of Salmonellosis for the Nis area (the largest area in Serbia, with inhabitants */648,000).
T294 237077-237085 Sentence denotes Methods:
T295 237086-237190 Sentence denotes The material was processed at the Institute for Public Health (Epidemiology and Microbiology divisions).
T296 237191-237356 Sentence denotes Isolation of microorganisms was performed on apparatus for rapid identification (Vitek-Biomerieux) and by applying ELISA tests and classical microbiological methods.
T297 237357-237365 Sentence denotes Results:
T298 237366-237450 Sentence denotes In the period 1992 Á/2000, 2857 Salmonella laboratory confirmed cases were reported.
T299 237451-237508 Sentence denotes The greatest number of diseased in the 0 Á/4 years group.
T300 237509-237806 Sentence denotes The most frequent isolated salmonellae were: S. enteritidis (83.7%) and S. typhimurium (11.2%), S. hadar , S. agona , S. virchow , S. infantis , S. derby , S. enteritidis showed the greatest sensitivity to antibiotics with the infrequent resistance to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
T301 237807-237947 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium showed the greater resistance to the wide spectrum of antibiotics and some isolates were resistant to all antibiotics tested.
T302 237948-238069 Sentence denotes The less common types of Salmonella were sensitive to all antibiotics except trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and ampicillin.
T303 238070-238081 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T304 238082-238147 Sentence denotes Specific resistance to some antibiotics was related to serotypes.
T305 238148-238241 Sentence denotes Typhoid fever */retrospective study of 52 cases in Lebanon PS193 Tohme A, Abboud J, Ghayad E.
T306 238242-238309 Sentence denotes Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Internal Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon Objectives:
T307 238310-238387 Sentence denotes To present epidemiological and clinical features of typhoid fever in Lebanon.
T308 238388-238396 Sentence denotes Methods:
T309 238397-238481 Sentence denotes Fifty-two patients were seen at Hotel-Dieu Hospital of Beirut between 1995 and 1999.
T310 238482-238675 Sentence denotes Diagnostic criteria were positive blood culture for S. typhi or paratyphi and/or a somatic O agglutinin titer ]/ 1/160 as determined by the Widal test with symptoms suggestive of typhoid fever.
T311 238676-238791 Sentence denotes We also present an epidemiological study of 3864 cases registered by the Ministry of Health during the same period.
T312 238792-238800 Sentence denotes Results:
T313 238801-238910 Sentence denotes Among the 3864 cases, 40% of the patients' ages were between 15 and 40 years and 33% were less than 14 years.
T314 238911-239019 Sentence denotes The overall male to female ratio was 0.98 and 24% of cases were seen on January, February and 11% on August.
T315 239020-239079 Sentence denotes Among the 52 patients, young adults were the most affected.
T316 239080-239145 Sentence denotes Average duration of symptoms before the diagnosis was 109/8 days.
T317 239146-239251 Sentence denotes The main presenting symptoms were: fever (96%), diarrhoea (37%), abdominal pain (31%) and headache (29%).
T318 239252-239345 Sentence denotes Complications were noted in 33% of cases and digestive complications were the most prevalent.
T319 239346-239393 Sentence denotes Leucopenia was not a helpful diagnostic marker.
T320 239394-239451 Sentence denotes S. typhi was the most frequent (84%) serotype identified.
T321 239452-239537 Sentence denotes Resistance to ampicilline was 13%, to cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol 10% for each.
T322 239538-239564 Sentence denotes The mortality rate was 2%.
T323 239565-239576 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T324 239577-239746 Sentence denotes Typhoid fever is still an endemic disease in our country and the occurrence of resistant strains of S. typhi will favor ceftriaxone or fluoroquinolones in the treatment.
T325 239747-240049 Sentence denotes Maaloul I a , Hammami B a , Zambaa F a , Elleuch R a , Hammami A b , -Ben Jemaa M a . a CHU Hedi Chaker, Service des Maladies infectieuses, Sfax, Tunisia , b CHU Habib Bourguiba, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Sfax, Tunisia Although its not very frequent, the psoas abscess is not an exceptional entity.
T326 240050-240242 Sentence denotes In order to specify its clinical, biological, radiological and evolutionary features, a retrospective study has been led in our service, on a period of 14 years (January 1988 Á/December 2001).
T327 240243-240283 Sentence denotes On the whole, 25 cases have been listed.
T328 240284-240313 Sentence denotes They were 16 men and 9 women.
T329 240314-240367 Sentence denotes The age average was 40 years (extreme 14 Á/74 years).
T330 240368-240460 Sentence denotes The study did not find any underlying diseases, except diabetes mellitus for three patients.
T331 240461-240572 Sentence denotes The clinical symptoms were dominated by fever with abdomino-lumbar aches (20 cases), and psoitis (eight cases).
T332 240573-240662 Sentence denotes Biology showed an inflammatory syndrome in all cases and a hyperleucocytosis in 17 cases.
T333 240663-240759 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of psoas abscess, evoked on clinical data, has been confirmed by the imagery data:
T334 240760-240854 Sentence denotes Ultra-Songraphy (16 cases), CT scanning (six cases), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (three cases).
T335 240855-241013 Sentence denotes The tubercular etiology has been confirmed in six cases, among which two were associated to Escherichia coli (one case) and to Brucella melitensis (one case).
T336 241014-241281 Sentence denotes The other etiologic agents were dominated by Staphylococcus aureus (eight cases), B. melitensis (two cases), E. coli (one case), Bacteroides fragilis (one case), Streptococcus anginosus (one case), Fusobacterium nucleaticum (one case) and Candida glabrata (one case).
T337 241282-241375 Sentence denotes All patients received an anti-infectious treatment adapted to the micro organism in question.
T338 241376-241484 Sentence denotes A drainage of the abscess has been realized for 15 patients (percutaneous: nine cases, surgical: six cases).
T339 241485-241530 Sentence denotes The evolution was favourable for 23 patients.
T340 241531-241596 Sentence denotes However, two patients had a relapse after stopping the treatment.
T341 241597-241608 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T342 241609-241726 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of the psoas abscess, difficult on the clinical data, is based on the imagery techniques (US, CT, RMI).
T343 241727-241830 Sentence denotes The percutaneous drainage guided by the imagery is recommended (in an etiological and therapeutic aim).
T344 241831-241911 Sentence denotes Associated to an adapted antibiotherapy, it allows to defer a surgical drainage.
T345 241912-241952 Sentence denotes Zezoski MBZ, Nikolova O, Gavriloski PMG.
T346 241953-242046 Sentence denotes Medical Center, Infectious Diseases, Prilep, The Former Yugoslav Republic, Macedonia Purpose:
T347 242047-242136 Sentence denotes To make a list of the most frequent abdominal changes in patients with human brucellosis.
T348 242137-242159 Sentence denotes Materials and methods:
T349 242160-242240 Sentence denotes There were 769 new patients with human brucellosis, between 01 1991 and 12 2001.
T350 242241-242468 Sentence denotes Diagnosis was made using standard clinical, biochemical and serological investigations (BAB, Wright, COOMB'S, RVK, 2-mercaptoethanol, ELISA IgM and IgG), and specially ultrasound examination of the abdomen and retro peritoneum.
T351 242469-242477 Sentence denotes Results:
T352 242478-242553 Sentence denotes Weight loss is the most frequent change, presented in 665 (86.5%) patients.
T353 242554-242768 Sentence denotes Follow atypical abdominal pain in 89 (5.3%), vomiting in 59 (7.7%), diarrhea in 44 (5.3%), enlarged liver in 594 (77.2%), enlarged spleen in 573 (74.5%) and hepatic lesion with increased AST and ALT in 174 (22.6%).
T354 242769-242780 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T355 242781-242876 Sentence denotes Although frequent, abdominal changes seldom could be missed in patients with human brucellosis.
T356 242877-243011 Sentence denotes We recommend routine ultrasound examination with standard biochemical test for liver function, due to avoid unnecessary complications.
T357 243012-243067 Sentence denotes Osteoarticular complications are common in Brucellosis.
T358 243068-243128 Sentence denotes The most common site of involvement is the sacroiliac joint.
T359 243129-243234 Sentence denotes The osteoarticular complications such as, sacroiliitis and spondylitis are diagnosed with radiologically.
T360 243235-243387 Sentence denotes In the present study, we aimed to determine the severity (grade) of sacroiliitis by using some laboratory parameters such as ESR, CRP and tube agg test.
T361 243388-243474 Sentence denotes Seventy-two (34 male, 38 female) patients with Brucellosis were included in the study.
T362 243475-243529 Sentence denotes Osteoarticular involvement was present in 44 patients.
T363 243530-243608 Sentence denotes The most common osteoarticular finding was sacroiliitis in the patients (86%).
T364 243609-243668 Sentence denotes Twenty (20) healthy subjects were formed the control group.
T365 243669-243825 Sentence denotes There was statistically significant difference between patients and controls regarding ESR, CRP, and tube agg test (P 0/0.000, 0.0017, 0.000, respectively).
T366 243826-243881 Sentence denotes In addition, sacroiliitis has an effect on ESR and CRP.
T367 243882-243992 Sentence denotes There was a positive correlation between the grade of sacroiliitis and the value of CRP (P0/0.006, r 0/0.414).
T368 243993-244148 Sentence denotes In conclusion, it has been suggested that, CRP may be used as an auxiliary or a secondary parameter in grading sacroiliac joint involvement in Brucellosis.
T369 244149-244364 Sentence denotes Magira EE a , Papandreoy S a , Gounaris T a , Spirelis MA a , Tasopoulos G a , Anagnostopoulou M b , Paniara O b , Gounari P a , Sioulal E a . a Evagelismos, Internal Medicine, Athens, Greece , b Evagelismos, Micro-
T370 244365-244541 Sentence denotes A 65-year-old Greek farmer was admitted to the hospital because of painful scrotal swelling, hepatosplenomegaly, lumbar pain and lowgrade fever accompanied by profuse sweating.
T371 244542-244636 Sentence denotes His life style included occupational animal exposure ingestion of raw milk and dairy products.
T372 244637-244687 Sentence denotes The laboratory data were within the normal ranges.
T373 244688-244864 Sentence denotes Focal hypoechoic right testicular lesions, swelling of the concurrent epididimis along with an increase in the vascularity of the right testis were seen on an Echo examination.
T374 244865-244929 Sentence denotes These findings were consisting in unilateral epididimo-orchitis.
T375 244930-245253 Sentence denotes A CT scan of the lumbar spine area showed a decrease of the signal intensity localized in the anterior aspect of L5 vertebral body at the diskovertebral junction involving the subchondrial parts of the L5 and S1 vertebrae Standard tube agglutination test was positive for antibodies to Brucella melitensis (titer !/1/1280).
T376 245254-245315 Sentence denotes Cultures of blood specimens were positive for B. melitensis .
T377 245316-245419 Sentence denotes The patient had been given to a combination of antibiotics with doxycycline, streptomycin and rifampin.
T378 245420-245496 Sentence denotes A remarkable improvement of his clinical condition was showed 2 weeks later.
T379 245497-245703 Sentence denotes This case illustrates the following point: in areas in which brucellosis is endemic when scrotal abnormalities are seen the possibility of genitourinary tract complications of Brucella should be considered.
T380 245704-245829 Sentence denotes Pappas GA a , Akritidis NK b , Mastora M b , Tsianos E a . a University Hospital, Internal Medicine, Ioannina, Greece , b 'G.
T381 245830-245904 Sentence denotes Hatzikosta ' Hospital, Internal Medicine, Ioannina, Greece Aims and scope:
T382 245905-245994 Sentence denotes To determine the incidence and forms of complications associated with Brucella infection.
T383 245995-246016 Sentence denotes Patients and methods:
T384 246017-246251 Sentence denotes We studied the 100 most recent patients, in all larger series approaching 1000, diagnosed as suffering from Brucellosis, and assessed the presence of signs and symptoms of arthritis and spondylitis, or other forms of bone involvement.
T385 246252-246385 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of Brucellosis was based on serology or isolation of Brucella species from blood cultures or cultures from other media.
T386 246386-246394 Sentence denotes Results:
T387 246395-246516 Sentence denotes Osteoarticular complications were noted in 23 patients, 13 presenting with arthritis, and 10 presenting with spondylitis.
T388 246517-246673 Sentence denotes Eight patients presented with genitourinary complications, either orcheoepididymitis (four patients), or hematuria resolving with treatment (four patients).
T389 246674-246713 Sentence denotes Meningitis was present in two patients.
T390 246714-246839 Sentence denotes Gastrointestinal complications (vomit and diarrhea) were present in three patients, while one patient presented with ascites.
T391 246840-247032 Sentence denotes Respiratory tract complications, in the form of pneumonia (four patients) or bronchitis (three patients) were noted in seven patients, while one patient with pneumonia exhibited pleural fluid.
T392 247033-247094 Sentence denotes Skin rashes, of macular type, were present in three patients.
T393 247095-247150 Sentence denotes No patient presented with complications from the heart.
T394 247151-247347 Sentence denotes Hematologic complications were frequent, in the form of severe (one patient) or moderate (two patients) pancytopenia, isolated thrombocytopenia (three patients), or lymphocytosis (eight patients).
T395 247348-247398 Sentence denotes Akritidis NK a , Pappas GA b , Mastora M a . a 'G.
T396 247399-247534 Sentence denotes Hatzikosta ' Hospital, Internal Medicine, Ioannina, Greece , b University Hospital, Internal Medicine, Ioannina, Greece Aims and scope:
T397 247535-247631 Sentence denotes To determine the incidence and modes of bone and joint involvement in the course of Brucellosis.
T398 247632-247653 Sentence denotes Patients and methods:
T399 247654-247817 Sentence denotes We studied the 100 most recent patients, in all larger series approaching 1000, diagnosed with Brucellosis, and assessed the presence of arthritis and spondylitis.
T400 247818-247922 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of brucellosis was based on serology or isolation of Brucella species from blood cultures.
T401 247923-247931 Sentence denotes Results:
T402 247932-248001 Sentence denotes Twenty-three patients exhibited a form of osteoarticular involvement.
T403 248002-248156 Sentence denotes Arthritis was present in 13 patients, most often involving the knees, but also the hips, elbows, even smaller joints as intephalangeal joints of the hand.
T404 248157-248250 Sentence denotes Synovial fluid, when aspirated, was often characterised by an intense mononuclear infiltrate.
T405 248251-248358 Sentence denotes Spondylitis was present in 10 patients, most often involving the lumbar spine, but also the thoracic spine.
T406 248359-248535 Sentence denotes The characteristic erosion on the upper anterior crest of the vertebral body was visible in plain X-rays in three patients, while MRI and bone scan were helpful in other cases.
T407 248536-248547 Sentence denotes Discussion:
T408 248548-248657 Sentence denotes Osteoarticular involvement in the course of brucellosis is the most common focal presentation of the disease.
T409 248658-248830 Sentence denotes Acute brucellosis is often accompanied by bone and joint ache, especially of the lumbar spine, still frank involvement in the form of arthritis and spondylitis is not rare.
T410 248831-249020 Sentence denotes Arthritis usually presents in the acute form of the disease, while spondylitis tends to be characteristic of a chronic form of the disease, often necessitating prolonged use of antibiotics.
T411 249021-249082 Sentence denotes Bosilkovski M, Krteva L, Caparoska S, Grozdanovski K, Sajn B.
T412 249083-249202 Sentence denotes Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions, Medical Faculty, Skopje, The Former Yugoslav Republic, Macedonia
T1 249203-249283 Sentence denotes One hundred and twenty-six patients with brucellosis were studied prospectively.
T2 249284-249343 Sentence denotes Seventy-eight (61%) of them had osteoarticular involvement.
T3 249344-249518 Sentence denotes Peripheral arthritis in 46 (59%) patients was the most frequent, followed by spondilitis in 27 (35%), sacroiliitis in 15 (19%), rarely bursitis, tendinitis and osteomyelitis.
T4 249519-249560 Sentence denotes The overall male to female ratio was 2:1.
T5 249561-249600 Sentence denotes Their average age was 39 (SD 20) years.
T6 249601-249797 Sentence denotes Direct contact with animals was the reason for acquisition of the illness in 59% of patients, in 29% alimentary or aerogenous route was incriminated, and in 12% the route of aqisition was unknown.
T7 249798-249900 Sentence denotes The average duration of the symptoms from the onset to establishing the diagnosis was 68 (SD 78) days.
T8 249901-250000 Sentence denotes The main presenting symptoms were joint pain (100%), sweating (77%), fatigue (58%) and fever (57%).
T9 250001-250033 Sentence denotes Hepatomegaly was present in 58%.
T10 250034-250099 Sentence denotes In 49% of patients, involvement of some other system was evident.
T11 250100-250359 Sentence denotes Comparison with patients, who did not have osteoarticular illness, showed that patients with osteoarticular involvement had significantly more often joint pain, fatigue, weight loss and more prolonged duration of symptoms before the diagnosis was established.
T12 250360-250449 Sentence denotes Doxycycline and chloroquine as combination therapy for chronic Q fever endocarditis PS201
T13 250450-250490 Sentence denotes Calza L, Attard L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F.
T14 250491-250549 Sentence denotes Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna, S.
T15 250550-250595 Sentence denotes Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy Introduction:
T16 250596-250841 Sentence denotes Endocarditis is the main clinical manifestation of chronic Q fever, occurring in about 60 Á/70% of all reported cases, and it is diagnosed almost exclusively in patients with either cardiovascular abnormalities or an immunocompromised condition.
T17 250842-250854 Sentence denotes Case report:
T18 250855-250992 Sentence denotes A 62-year-old Caucasian male patient with biological prosthetic aortic valve was first hospitalized because of an interstitial pneumonia.
T19 250993-251091 Sentence denotes Six months later, our patient was re-admitted owing to intermittent fever, chills and weight loss.
T20 251092-251192 Sentence denotes Echocardiographic study showed a small vegetation of 12 mm in diameter on left cusp of aortic valve.
T21 251193-251357 Sentence denotes Serology for Coxiella burnetii revealed a complement-fixing IgG antibody titer to phase I antigen of more than 1:2048, consistent with chronic Q fever endocarditis.
T22 251358-251491 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial therapy with i.v. doxycycline and oral chloroquine was started, leading to a clinical and echocardiographical recovery.
T23 251492-251615 Sentence denotes Therapy was continued by oral doxycycline and chloroquine, and the patient remained asymptomatic during a 2-year follow up.
T24 251616-251627 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T25 251628-251840 Sentence denotes The optimal treatment of Q fever endocarditis has not been well established: the most effective antimicrobials are fluoroquinolones and rifampin, but chloramphenicol, doxycycline and trimethoprim are also useful.
T26 251841-252019 Sentence denotes The role of chloroquine in combination with doxycycline seems to be promising, because chloroquine may increase the lysosomal pH, enhancing the doxycycline bactericidal activity.
T27 252020-252098 Sentence denotes Akritidis NK a , Pappas GA b , Mastora M a , Liappis E a , Tsianos E b . a 'G.
T28 252099-252235 Sentence denotes Hatzikosta ' Hospital, Internal Medicine, Ioannina, Greece , b University Hospital, Internal Medicine, Ioannina, Greece Aims and scopes:
T29 252236-252399 Sentence denotes To review the incidence and the forms of lower respiratory tract infection in patients suffering from Q fever, and their clinical and radiological characteristics.
T30 252400-252421 Sentence denotes Patients and methods:
T31 252422-252549 Sentence denotes Twenty-seven patients diagnosed as suffering from Q fever, were assessed for the presence of lower respiratory tract infection.
T32 252550-252592 Sentence denotes The diagnosis was confirmed serologically.
T33 252593-252601 Sentence denotes Results:
T34 252602-252718 Sentence denotes Thirteen patients expressed lower respiratory tract pathology, as confirmed by clinical examination and chest X-ray.
T35 252719-252840 Sentence denotes In 11 of these patients the main cause of admission was respiratory tract symptoms, ranging from dry cough to hemoptysis.
T36 252841-252885 Sentence denotes Chest X-ray was pathological in 13 patients:
T37 252886-252992 Sentence denotes 10 patients had lobar pneumonia, two of them multiple nodular opacities, and one of them bronchopneumonia.
T38 252993-253024 Sentence denotes Hepatitis was a common finding.
T39 253025-253069 Sentence denotes All patients were treated with tetracycline.
T40 253070-253081 Sentence denotes Discussion:
T41 253082-253241 Sentence denotes Although Coxiella burnetii infection is acquired via the respiratory tract, it is paradoxical that symptoms attributed to the lung are not invariably positive.
T42 253242-253322 Sentence denotes Q fever pneumonia is an atypical pneumonia that usually follows a benign course.
T43 253323-253427 Sentence denotes Diangostic suspicion is usually raised by the epidemiologic pattern and the accompanying mild hepatitis.
T44 253428-253469 Sentence denotes Pleural effusion is not a common finding.
T45 253470-253565 Sentence denotes The usual radiologic appearance of Q fever pneumonia is that of a lobar or segmental pneumonia.
T46 253566-253771 Sentence denotes One important aspect of Q fever pneumonia is its common presentation in the form of multiple nodular opacities often necessitating the exclusion of malignancy. (16), culture (4), and serology'/culture (2).
T47 253772-253829 Sentence denotes There were 0 Á/4 cases per year, mainly in October (73%).
T48 253830-253916 Sentence denotes A history of exposition to hare was present in 24/25 (96%) and to marmot in 1/25 (4%).
T49 253917-254059 Sentence denotes Skinning (18/25 72%), animal contact (5/25 20%), bite (1/25) and wound during bait preparation with frozen meat for hunting (1/25) were noted.
T50 254060-254156 Sentence denotes The initial clinical presentation was ulceroglandular (77%), glandular (19%) and pneumonic (4%).
T51 254157-254255 Sentence denotes The involved nodes distribution was axillary (12/24), cubital/axillary (10/24) and cubital (2/24).
T52 254256-254405 Sentence denotes Median incubation period was 3 days (range 1 Á/6); time to consultation 3 days (range 0 Á/7), and time for effective treatment 7 days (range 0 Á/23).
T53 254406-254470 Sentence denotes An initial diagnosis of tularemia was made presumptively in 42%.
T54 254471-254573 Sentence denotes Effective antibiotic regimen used was aminoglycosides in 73% (19/26), and tetracyclines in 27% (7/26).
T55 254574-254627 Sentence denotes Note that intravenous netilmicin was used in 6 cases.
T56 254628-254769 Sentence denotes Complication rate was 35% (9/26) with one death (4%), and was associated with delay in effective treatment ( !/8 days of illness) (P B/0.05).
T57 254770-254781 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T58 254782-254913 Sentence denotes In our area tularemia occured mainly in male population, during autumn, with a short incubation period and history of hare contact.
T59 254914-254981 Sentence denotes Delay before appropriate treatment increased the complication rate.
T60 254982-255094 Sentence denotes Bompolaki I, Doukakis S, Triantafillidou D, Polimili G, Kastanakis M, Nikiforakis K, Vittorakis E, Kastanakis S.
T61 255095-255285 Sentence denotes First Medical Department, 'Saint George ' General Hospital, Chania, Greece A severe frontal and/or retroorbital headache represents the most common neurologic manifestation of murine typhus.
T62 255286-255433 Sentence denotes Other neurologic manifestations as confusion, stupor, nuchal rigidity and in severe cases delirium, extreme agitation or coma appear less commonly.
T63 255434-255598 Sentence denotes Eightyfour patients with compatible clinical status of murine typhus and high serological titers of antibodies against Rickettsia typhi, were studied from our team.
T64 255599-255690 Sentence denotes Seventy-four patients (88%) presented headache and nine patients (11%) presented confusion.
T65 255691-255824 Sentence denotes One patient (1.1%) presented nuchal rigidity in combination with severe headache and confusion giving us the suspicion of meningitis.
T66 255825-255928 Sentence denotes In this case a lumbar puncture was performed emergently and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined.
T67 255929-255963 Sentence denotes The findings of CSF were proteins:
T68 255964-255977 Sentence denotes 9 mg/dl, WBC:
T69 255978-255996 Sentence denotes 16/ml and glucose:
T70 255997-256035 Sentence denotes 73 mg/dl and its culture was negative.
T71 256036-256105 Sentence denotes All patients were treated with a specific anti-rickettsial treatment.
T72 256106-256176 Sentence denotes The outcome of murine typhus was favorable for all 84 patients (100%).
T73 256177-256222 Sentence denotes No one patient presented neurologic sequelae.
T74 256223-256349 Sentence denotes Conjunctivitis usually accompany rickettsial diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, epidemic typhus and murine typhus.
T75 256350-256593 Sentence denotes Eightythree patients with compatible clinical status of murine typhus and high serological titers of antibodies against Rickettsia typhi , were studied from our team, during a period of time between January 1993 and the first semester of 1998.
T76 256594-256703 Sentence denotes The clinical examination of these patients revealed the presence of conjunctivitis in 21/83 patients (25.6%).
T77 256704-256783 Sentence denotes In the same time these patients referred retroocular pain and mild photophobia.
T78 256784-256871 Sentence denotes This study showed that in murine typhus the injection of conjunctivae is rather common.
T79 256872-257034 Sentence denotes Almost a quarter of the patients presented conjunctivitis despite the fact, that this ocular manifestation is less severe than in other typhus and spotted fevers.
T80 257035-257279 Sentence denotes Eighty-three patients with compatible clinical status of murine typhus and high serological titers of antibodies against Rickettsia typhi , were studied from our team, during a period of time between January 1993 and the first semester of 1998.
T81 257280-257383 Sentence denotes Three blood samples were obtained from each patient for the study of their hematological abnormalities.
T82 257384-257514 Sentence denotes The first sample was obtained on admission, the second sample 2 weeks after the first, the third sample, 1 month after the second.
T83 257515-257659 Sentence denotes On admission 26/83 patients (31%) presented anemia, 6/83 patients (7%) presented leukopenia and 42/83 patients (51%) presented thrombocytopenia.
T84 257660-257779 Sentence denotes The mean value of hematocrit, white blood cells and platelets was 12.4 g/dl, 6.1)/10 3 and 147)/10 3 /ml, respectively.
T85 257780-257977 Sentence denotes Two weeks later anemia was presented in 45/83 patients (54%), 3/83 patients (4%) presented leukopenia, 3/83 patients (4%) presented leucocytosis and 15/83 patients (18%) presented thrombocytopenia.
T86 257978-258097 Sentence denotes The mean value of hematocrit, white blood cells and platelets was 11.3 g/dl, 7.0)/10 3 and 248)/10 3 /ml, respectively.
T87 258098-258196 Sentence denotes One month later 11/42 patients (26%) had anemia and 2/42 patients (5%) presented thrombocytopenia.
T88 258197-258316 Sentence denotes The mean value of hematocrit, white blood cells and platelets was 12.4 g/dl, 6.4)/10 3 and 242)/10 3 /ml, respectively.
T89 258317-258454 Sentence denotes Our study showed that early thrombocytopenia and anemia are frequent in murine typhus and that white blood cells count is usually normal.
T90 258455-258607 Sentence denotes Renal function in murine typhus: a study of 83 cases PS207 Doukakis S, Polimili G, Triantafillidou D, Kastanakis M, Vittorakis E, Palla K, Kastanakis S.
T91 258608-258682 Sentence denotes First Medical Department, 'Saint George ' General Hospital, Chania, Greece
T92 258683-258783 Sentence denotes The clinical course of murine typhus is usually uncomplicated and the mortality rate is low ( B/1%).
T93 258784-258927 Sentence denotes Advanced age and prolonged interval before administration of a specific anti-rickettsial treatment are correlated with severity of the disease.
T94 258928-259035 Sentence denotes Renal function in murine typhus is usually unaltered except in elderly patients with prolonged hypotension.
T95 259036-259279 Sentence denotes Eighty-three patients with compatible clinical status of murine typhus and high serological titres of antibodies against Rickettsia typhi, were studied from our team, during a period of time between January 1993 and the first semester of 1998.
T96 259280-259370 Sentence denotes Three blood samples were obtained from each patient for the study of their renal function.
T97 259371-259567 Sentence denotes The first sample was obtained on admission, the second sample approximately 2 weeks after the first, the third sample, taken from the half of the patients, was obtained one month after the second.
T98 259568-259632 Sentence denotes On admission 4/83 patients (5.0%) presented acute renal failure.
T99 259633-259704 Sentence denotes The outcome of murine typhus was favourable for all 83 patients (100%).
T100 259705-259858 Sentence denotes The four patients who presented acute renal failure reversed after the administration of anti-rickettsial treatment and careful administration of fluids.
T101 259859-259995 Sentence denotes In murine typhus the induction of hypovolaemia insufficiently corrected by normal homeostatic mechanisms may lead to prerenal azotaemia.
T102 259996-260162 Sentence denotes In these cases the immediate onset of an antirickettsial treatment and the correction of hypovolaemia are essential for the rapid clinical improvement of the patient.
T103 260163-260270 Sentence denotes Experimental ocular toxoplasmosis: clinical, histopathological, immunological and therapeutic studies PS208
T104 260271-260453 Sentence denotes El Zawawy LAE a , Hammoda NA a , Allam SR a , Ali SM a , Galal AS b . a Faculty of Medicine, Parasitology, Alexandria, Egypt , b Faculty of Medicine, Ophthalmology, Alexandria, Egypt
T105 260454-260738 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study was to investigate clinical, histopathological, immunological and therapeutic features of an experimental model of ocular toxoplasmosis in sensitized and non sensitized rabbits and to assess the influence of treatment by interleukin2 (IL-2) on ocular lesions.
T106 260739-260889 Sentence denotes The results obtained was that 'Toxoplasma' retnochoroiditis developed in both groups of rabbits with more pronounced effect in non sensitized animals.
T107 260890-260999 Sentence denotes Administration of IL-2 improved ocular lesions in both groups with more evident effect in sensitized rabbits.
T108 261000-261088 Sentence denotes Immunological findings were consistent with clinical and histopathological observations.
T109 261089-261208 Sentence denotes The conclusion reached was that; ocular lesions were manifested in non sensitized rabbits more than in sensitized ones.
T110 261209-261309 Sentence denotes IL-2 revealed a significant impact on improving the host defense against toxoplasm infection in eye.
T111 261310-261408 Sentence denotes Immunotherapy with IL-2 would open the way for a new range of treatment based on immunomodulation.
T112 261409-261562 Sentence denotes Express-diagnostic of Streptococcus antigen for the adequate antibiotic therapy in patients with pharyngitis PS209 Pertseva TO, Konopkina LI, Kireeva TV.
T113 261563-261613 Sentence denotes DSMA, Internal Medicine , Dniepropetrovsk, Ukraine
T114 261614-261639 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study:
T115 261640-261768 Sentence denotes Evaluation of effectivness of Streptococcus express-diagnostic for the adequate antibiotic therapy in patients with pharyngitis.
T116 261769-261777 Sentence denotes Results:
T117 261778-261863 Sentence denotes We deal with clinical and microbiological comparison in 53 patients with pharyngitis.
T118 261864-262011 Sentence denotes Using of Streptococcus antigen express diagnostic in swabs from the backside of pharynx allowed to get positive results in the seven cases (13.2%).
T119 262012-262065 Sentence denotes Following cultural study has confirmed these results.
T120 262066-262219 Sentence denotes Positive test was more probable in patients with pronounced fever (more than 38 8C), headache, weakness and in cases associated with chronic tonsillitis.
T121 262220-262400 Sentence denotes Isolated Streptococcus pyogenes was susceptible to ampicillin, claritromicin, erytromicin, azytromicin, , clindamicin, ceftriaxon, levafloxacin, oxacillin, cefuroxim, roxytromicin.
T122 262401-262412 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T123 262413-262604 Sentence denotes Using of the express diagnostic of Streptococcus antigen allows to restrict groundless prescription of antibiotic therapy in patients with other types pharyngitis (i.e. viral, candidal etc.).
T124 262605-262828 Sentence denotes Alabaz D a , Turgut M a , Kocabas E a , Tumgor G a , Yaman A b , Alhan E a . a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey , b Department of Microbiology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
T125 262829-262939 Sentence denotes Chickenpox is a common viral infection that usually follows a benign, self limited course in healthy children.
T126 262940-263108 Sentence denotes The most common complication in children with varicella is superimposed cutaneous infections with pyogenic bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus ).
T127 263109-263227 Sentence denotes Varicella gangrenosum, a necrotising soft tissue infection complicating the vesicular eruption of chickenpox, is rare.
T128 263228-263318 Sentence denotes Here we present three cases with necrotising soft tissue infections following chicken pox.
T129 263319-263467 Sentence denotes These children were admitted because of common crusted lesions and necrotising soft tissue infection over the neck, the back, and the inguinal area.
T130 263468-263534 Sentence denotes They all had the contact history and ensuing vesiculopapular rush.
T131 263535-263628 Sentence denotes These infections were caused by group A streptococci in two cases, and S. aureus in one case.
T132 263629-263762 Sentence denotes After instituting of appropriate antibiotic therapy, each patient underwent a surgical exploration with fasciotomies and debridement.
T133 263763-263973 Sentence denotes Widespread use of varicella vaccine may decrease invasive infections in children, adolescents, and adults, thus decreasing the burden the disease with its complications impose up on the family and the society .
T134 263974-264021 Sentence denotes Cefprozil is a second generation cephalosporin.
T135 264022-264189 Sentence denotes The aim of this open, multicentre, non-comparative study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of cefprozil in the treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis.
T136 264190-264286 Sentence denotes Fifty-eight patients were clinically assessed for signs and symptoms of streptococcal infection.
T137 264287-264411 Sentence denotes Laboratory confirma-tion was sought using three tests; culture, rapid Strepto Test and estimation of antistreptolysin (ASO).
T138 264412-264465 Sentence denotes One or more tests were done in 47 of the 58 patients.
T139 264466-264552 Sentence denotes Treatment was for 5 days, 25 mg/kg per day in children, 500 mg per day in adolescents.
T140 264553-264614 Sentence denotes Patients were again clinically assessed on the 5th Á/6th day.
T141 264615-264727 Sentence denotes The results showed clinical success in 56 patients (96.5%) and in 46 of the 47 who had laboratory tests (97.8%).
T142 264728-264809 Sentence denotes Two patients had treatment withdrawn because of nausea and abdominal pain (3.5%).
T143 264810-264881 Sentence denotes Of the 47 patients with laboratory tests at least one test was ositive.
T144 264882-264987 Sentence denotes The most helpful was the Strepto Test giving the quickest positive result in 92% of those tested (38/41).
T145 264988-265040 Sentence denotes Culture was positive in 58% of those tested (24/41).
T146 265041-265075 Sentence denotes The ASO test was of limited value.
T147 265076-265196 Sentence denotes In conclusion, cefprozil showed high clinical efficacy and safety in the treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis.
T148 265197-265241 Sentence denotes Tsiara S, Militadou G, Milionis C, Elisaf M.
T149 265242-265395 Sentence denotes Internal Medicine Department, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece Streptococcus group B Agalactiae (GBS) is a rare pathogen for healthy male adults.
T150 265396-265463 Sentence denotes We present an old man in whom (GBS) was isolated in blood cultures.
T151 265464-265476 Sentence denotes Case report:
T152 265477-265587 Sentence denotes A 79-year-old man was admitted to the hospital in order to investigate osteolytic lesions in the lumbar spine.
T153 265588-265722 Sentence denotes Two weeks before, he experienced severe low back pain radiating to the right leg and fever arising to 39.50 8C with chills and rigors.
T154 265723-265806 Sentence denotes A GBS was isolated from blood cultures and treatment with penicillin was initiated.
T155 265807-265905 Sentence denotes A spine CT scan revealed osteolysis in the T12 and S1 vertebrae and the patient transferred to us.
T156 265906-265938 Sentence denotes He was a previously healthy man.
T157 265939-265981 Sentence denotes He received only antihypertensive therapy.
T158 265982-266041 Sentence denotes On admission he was afebrile with arthralgias and myalgias.
T159 266042-266149 Sentence denotes On clinical examination there was tenderness on the right pleurospondylic angle radiating to the right leg.
T160 266150-266179 Sentence denotes Laboratory data on admission:
T161 266180-266183 Sentence denotes Hb:
T162 266184-266199 Sentence denotes 11.2 g/dl, WBC:
T163 266200-266218 Sentence denotes 7.4)/10 9 /l, ESR:
T164 266219-266227 Sentence denotes 77 mm/h.
T165 266228-266349 Sentence denotes Biochemical values, serum protein electrophoresis, rectal examination and a prostatic specific antigen (PSA) were normal.
T166 266350-266400 Sentence denotes A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy were negative.
T167 266401-266519 Sentence denotes A transoesophageal ultrasound revealed vegetation on the right cusp of the aortic valve, with low grade regurgitation.
T168 266520-266681 Sentence denotes An MRI of the lumbar spine revealed infectious myositis with concomitant osteomyelitis involving the L4, L5 vertebrae without any evidence of osteolytic lesions.
T169 266682-266765 Sentence denotes A thorough investigation did not revealed any underlying immunosuppressive disease.
T170 266766-266903 Sentence denotes Treatment with vancomycin and gentamycin IV was initiated and the patient discharged from the hospital in excellent health after 6 weeks.
T171 266904-267050 Sentence denotes Discussion: GBS infections usually occur in neonates and pregnant, or in adults with underlying disease as diabetes mellitus or immunosuppression.
T172 267051-267100 Sentence denotes The most common site of infection is soft tissue.
T173 267101-267206 Sentence denotes We present this case because GBS infections are rare in the elderly in the absence of underlying disease.
T174 267207-267331 Sentence denotes Common sites of involvement are soft tissues, while bone, joints, and heart valves account to 1 Á/2% of the involved organs.
T175 267332-267484 Sentence denotes Although our patient had more than one site of involvement he responded well to medical treatment without surgical debriment or heart valve replacement.
T176 267485-267495 Sentence denotes Objective:
T177 267496-267618 Sentence denotes To evaluate the safety and efficacy of rHuGM-CSF in combination with broad-spectrum antibiotics for the treatment of CCNF.
T178 267619-267639 Sentence denotes Methods and results:
T179 267640-267796 Sentence denotes A retrospective review of all patients (pts) with CCNF treated with antibiotics'/rHuGM-CSF at our hospital from January 1997 to December 2001 was performed.
T180 267797-267854 Sentence denotes Five patients were identified with the diagnosis of CCNF.
T181 267855-267923 Sentence denotes Ages ranged from 33 to 71 years; there were three women and two men.
T182 267924-267983 Sentence denotes Dental infection was the most common source of CCNF in 90%.
T183 267984-268034 Sentence denotes One patient had acute tonsillitis leading to CCNF.
T184 268035-268189 Sentence denotes All cases studied experienced infection of the neck with spread into the submandibular, submental, sublingual, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal spaces.
T185 268190-268224 Sentence denotes All infections were polymicrobial.
T186 268225-268274 Sentence denotes Diabetes mellitus was a co-morbidity in one case.
T187 268275-268453 Sentence denotes All pts were treated with dual antibiotic coverage (vancomycin'/meropenem), rHuGM-CSF (10 mcg/kg/daily given s.c.) and aggressive wound care. rHuGM-CSF was given for 7 Á/10 days.
T188 268454-268569 Sentence denotes In spite of the severity of the infection all pts recovered and do not experienced local or systemic complications.
T189 268570-268737 Sentence denotes Discussion: CCNF is a severe bacterial infection of the cervical fascia resulting in extensive fascial necrosis with widespread undermining of the surrounding tissues.
T190 268738-268842 Sentence denotes Prompt antibiotic therapy combined with rHuGM-CSF resulted in a 100% overall survival in our experience.
T191 268843-268993 Sentence denotes To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the successful treatment of CCNF with use of broad-spectrum antibiotics combined with rHuGM-CSF.
T192 268994-269085 Sentence denotes The following case adds to the clinical manifestations and course of meningococcal disease.
T193 269086-269222 Sentence denotes A previously healthy 3-year-old girl presented acutely with high fever purpuric rash including conjuctival haemorrhages and hypotension.
T194 269223-269257 Sentence denotes The child had also neck stiffness.
T195 269258-269405 Sentence denotes A presumptive diagnosis of meningococcal septicaemia was made and treatment with penicilline, chloramphenicole, fluids and inotropes was initiated.
T196 269406-269443 Sentence denotes Laboratory investigations showed WBC:
T197 269444-269456 Sentence denotes 4300/ml, Hb:
T198 269457-269472 Sentence denotes 12.2 g/dl, Hct:
T199 269473-269484 Sentence denotes 39.5%, ESR:
T200 269485-269512 Sentence denotes 1 mm in the first hour, PT:
T201 269513-269524 Sentence denotes 26 s, APTT:
T202 269525-269530 Sentence denotes 90 s.
T203 269531-269599 Sentence denotes Neisseria meningitidis Group B was isolated from the blood cultures.
T204 269600-269674 Sentence denotes CSF obtained after antibiotics were started did not grow N. meningitidis .
T205 269675-269710 Sentence denotes The patient had an adverse outcome.
T206 269711-269750 Sentence denotes She died after 12 h of hospitalization.
T207 269751-269814 Sentence denotes This patient developed a fulminating meningococcal septicaemia.
T208 269815-269965 Sentence denotes Shock is a clinical diagnosis arising from the failure of compensatory mechanisms that maintain perfusion of vital organs at the expense of non vital.
T209 269966-270109 Sentence denotes Septic shock results from loss of circulating plasma volume due to increased vascular permeability and maldistribution of intravascular volume.
T210 270110-270357 Sentence denotes In young children there is a prevalence of serogroup B meningococcal disease which can be explained by the immaturity of the immune system and by the fact the group B capsule synthesis is known to inhibit alternative complement pathway activation.
T211 270358-270445 Sentence denotes This case emphasizes the need for further protection against N. meningitidis group B. .
T212 270446-270454 Sentence denotes Results:
T213 270455-270504 Sentence denotes Forty-eight patients were included in this study.
T214 270505-270750 Sentence denotes The etiological agents were: viral (n 0/26, 54.2%, mean ('x ) age0/28 years), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n 0/8, 16.6%,'x age0/53), Neisseria meningitidis (n0/7, 14.6%, 'x age0/28), S. viridans (n0/6, 12%, 'x age0/34), P. multocida (n0/1, age 75).
T215 270751-271203 Sentence denotes The peak incidence of bacterial meningitis was in winter (pneumococcal 73%, meningococcal 86%, s. viridans 83%) .The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in viral meningitis were 'x white cells 0/340/mm 3 , 'x PMN0/27%, 'x glucose CSF/ serum 0.55, 'x protein 39 mg/dl and in bacterial meningitis were 'x white cells0/5800/mm 3 , 'x PMN0/80%, 'x glucose CSF/ serum0/ 0.2, 'x protein0/350 mg/dl, Gram stain was positive in 55%, culture was positive in 45%.
T216 271204-271278 Sentence denotes All pneumococcal and meningococcal strains were susceptible to penicillin.
T217 271279-271381 Sentence denotes The case fatality rates for pneumococcal and meningococcal meningitis were 25 and 14.3%, respectively.
T218 271382-271394 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T219 271395-271498 Sentence denotes The cases of bacterial meningitis were according to typical epidemiological features of age and season.
T220 271499-271610 Sentence denotes The case fatality rate of pneumococcal meningitis appear to be high regardless of susceptibility to penicillin.
T221 271611-271672 Sentence denotes None had received pneumococcal vaccine prior to becoming ill.
T222 271673-271778 Sentence denotes Diagnosis and therapy of meningococcal meningitis */trend and particularities of a 'Romanian model' PS216
T223 271779-271822 Sentence denotes Lintmaer I, Moroti R, Popescu A, Popescu C.
T224 271823-271908 Sentence denotes Institute of Infectious Diseases Matei Bals , Unit 5 , Bucharest, Romania Background:
T225 271909-272051 Sentence denotes Newer diagnosis methods and antimicrobials are expected to change the management of menigococcal meningitis (MM) and to improve its prognosis.
T226 272052-272063 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T227 272064-272175 Sentence denotes To determine the changes in the diagnosis methods and therapy of MM patients in a Infectious Diseases Hospital.
T228 272176-272235 Sentence denotes To compare MM management in Bucharest with literature data.
T229 272236-272244 Sentence denotes Methods:
T230 272245-272324 Sentence denotes Retrospective rewiew of MM in adult patients hospitalized over a 6-year period.
T231 272325-272406 Sentence denotes Our results were compared with other studies made in the 90s, taken from MEDLINE.
T232 272407-272415 Sentence denotes Results:
T233 272416-272530 Sentence denotes There were 97 episodes of MM during the study period (52 episodes in 1995 Á/1997 and 45 episodes in 1998 Á/2000) .
T234 272531-272611 Sentence denotes We noticed a defined diagnosis increase and increased blood culture specificity.
T235 272612-272699 Sentence denotes The antimicrobial monotherapy was maintained but penicilin was replaced by ceftriaxone.
T236 272700-272756 Sentence denotes HHC was replaced by dexamethasone in pathogenic therapy.
T237 272757-272822 Sentence denotes We noticed a shorter length of treatment and a reduced lethality.
T238 272823-272998 Sentence denotes The most important differences between our results and other studies are: monotherapy regimens are less frequent and therapy lengths are longer; however, prognosis is similar.
T239 272999-273011 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T240 273012-273157 Sentence denotes The MM management has been modified in the last 3 Á/ 4 years: prognosis is improved, but the changes do not bring clear cost/ effective benefits.
T241 273158-273239 Sentence denotes Tiouiri TH, Kilani B, Amari L, Zouiten F, Kanoun KF, Ghbontini A, Ben Chaabene T.
T242 273240-273291 Sentence denotes Rabta Hospital, Infectious Diseases, Tunis, Tunisia
T243 273292-273303 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T244 273304-273417 Sentence denotes In order to study epidemiological, clinical and therapeutical characteristics of the infective endocarditis (IE).
T245 273418-273426 Sentence denotes Methods:
T246 273427-273488 Sentence denotes We reviewed all the cases of IE fulfilling the Duke criteria.
T247 273489-273582 Sentence denotes Data were collected during a 19-year period (1980 Á/1998) in the unit of infectious diseases.
T248 273583-273591 Sentence denotes Results:
T249 273592-273636 Sentence denotes One hundred and eight cases were identified.
T250 273637-273665 Sentence denotes The mean age was 37.5 years.
T251 273666-273684 Sentence denotes Sex ratio was 0.8.
T252 273685-273787 Sentence denotes Eighty-five IE (78.6%) occured in patients with native valve, and 23 IE (21.4%) with prosthetic valve.
T253 273788-273882 Sentence denotes Fever was the most common sign, 12% had a congestive heart failure, 26.9% had cutaneous signs.
T254 273883-273935 Sentence denotes The most common primary focus of IE was orthodontic.
T255 273936-273981 Sentence denotes Blood cultures were positive in 63% of cases.
T256 273982-274042 Sentence denotes In one case, serological test identified Rickettsia conori .
T257 274043-274120 Sentence denotes Streptococci and staphylococci were isolated in 27.8 and 25.9%, respectively.
T258 274121-274179 Sentence denotes Echocardiography detected abnormalities in 63.4% of cases.
T259 274180-274240 Sentence denotes Rheumatic heart disease was the most predisposing condition.
T260 274241-274316 Sentence denotes Empirical therapy was based on combination of b lactam with aminoglycoside.
T261 274317-274355 Sentence denotes Recovery was obtained for 60 patients.
T262 274356-274398 Sentence denotes Cardiac surgery was performed in 26 cases.
T263 274399-274432 Sentence denotes Overall mortality rate was 19.4%.
T264 274433-274470 Sentence denotes Conclusion: IE affects young persons.
T265 274471-274529 Sentence denotes Prevention needs eradication of acute rheumatic arthritis.
T266 274530-274607 Sentence denotes A major outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Spain: diagnostics aspects PS218
T267 274608-274869 Sentence denotes Guerrero C a , Toldos CM a , Yagü e G b , Ramírez C a , Rodríguez T a , -Segovia M a . a Hospital Morales Meseguer, Servicio de Microbiología, Murcia, Spain , b Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain Objective:
T268 274870-275094 Sentence denotes To evaluate the value of different methods (serological tests, culture of respiratory secretions, blood cultures and urinary antigen testing) for the diagnosis of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia during an outbreak in Spain.
T269 275095-275103 Sentence denotes Results:
T270 275104-275191 Sentence denotes We have studied 542 patients from a recent outbreak of legionellosis in Murcia (Spain).
T271 275192-275235 Sentence denotes The diagnosis was achieved in 305 patients.
T272 275236-275283 Sentence denotes Urinary antigens were positive in 187 patients.
T273 275284-275429 Sentence denotes In the 355 patients with urinary antigen negative the serological response was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) in 118 patients.
T274 275430-275473 Sentence denotes All Blood cultures processed were negative.
T275 275474-275580 Sentence denotes Sputum samples were obtained from 154 patients, of these L. pneumophila was isolated only in six patients.
T276 275581-275646 Sentence denotes In all of them direct immunofluorescence test (DFA) was positive.
T277 275647-275659 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T278 275660-275834 Sentence denotes Although the serological diagnosis was the most sensitive method the urinary antigen testing was of great value in the rapid diagnosis of the legionella's outbreak in Murcia.
T279 275835-275956 Sentence denotes The isolation of L. pneumophila by culture showed a poor sensitivity probably because of the low severity of the illness.
T280 275957-275965 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T281 275966-276071 Sentence denotes To evaluate chloramphenicol for an initial empiric antibiotic treatment of purulent meningitis in adults.
T282 276072-276084 Sentence denotes Study group:
T283 276085-276278 Sentence denotes One hundred and twenty patients hospitalized for the diagnosis purulent meningitis in the department in years 1997 Á/2000, 67 males and 53 females, age range 15 Á/81 years, mean age 52.6 years.
T284 276279-276321 Sentence denotes Children up to 15 years were not included.
T285 276322-276329 Sentence denotes Method:
T286 276330-276448 Sentence denotes A retrospective analysis of the study group focused on antibiotic treatment both initial and changes during treatment.
T287 276449-276457 Sentence denotes Results:
T288 276458-276659 Sentence denotes Chloramphenicol was used as an initial antibiotic in 59 (49%), 3rd generation cephalosporin in 30 (25%), penicillin in 21 (17%), ampicillin in five (4%) and other antibiotic in five (4%), respectively.
T289 276660-276860 Sentence denotes During treatment chloramphenicol was switched for 3rd gen cephalosporin in seven of 23 patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis and in five of 28 patients with meningitis of unknown etiology.
T290 276861-277006 Sentence denotes The reason for the change was non-improving CSF formula in three, persisting CSF culture positivity in two and persisting coma in seven patients.
T291 277007-277018 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T292 277019-277229 Sentence denotes Because of repeated necessity to switch chloramphenicol for 3rd gen cephalosporin during treatment of purulent meningitis of pneumococcal and unknown etiology the initial treatment strategy was changed in 2001.
T293 277230-277362 Sentence denotes Third gen cephalosporin is now used as a first choice antibiotic, what is in consent with international recommendation of treatment.
T294 277363-277493 Sentence denotes To evaluate and compare groups treated initially with chloramphenicol and with 3rd gen cephalosporin will need several more years.
T295 277494-277603 Sentence denotes Low prevalence of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Jerez de la Frontera-Cadiz (SPAIN) PS220
T296 277604-277663 Sentence denotes Alados JC, Aller AI, De Miguel C, De Francisco JL, Calbo L.
T297 277664-277760 Sentence denotes Hospital del SAS-JEREZ , Microbiologia, Jerez de la Frontera, CADIZ, Spain Introduction and aim:
T298 277761-277871 Sentence denotes Previous reports indicate that multi-drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is an worldwide problem.
T299 277872-277985 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to review the resistance of MTB to the first-line antimycobacterial agents in our area.
T300 277986-278007 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T301 278008-278192 Sentence denotes Over a period of 4 years (1998 Á/2001), 151 strains of MTB isolated from non-treated patients with tuberculosis (38 strain in 1998, 48 in 1999, 37 in 2000 and 28 in 2001) were studied.
T302 278193-278396 Sentence denotes These isolates were tested for in vitro drugs susceptibility to Isoniacid-I, Rifampicin-R, Streptomycin-S and Ethambutol-E using the Bact/ Alert method (Organon Teknica) as described by the manufacturer.
T303 278397-278405 Sentence denotes Results:
T304 278406-278489 Sentence denotes Our results showed that 10.6% (16/151) strains were resistant to one or more drugs.
T305 278490-278609 Sentence denotes Single drug resistances were detected on nine strains to I (6.3%), one to R (0.66%), two to S (1.3%), one to E (0.66%).
T306 278610-278801 Sentence denotes Three MTB strains were resistant to more than one drug but only one was multi-drug resistant (I'/R).The incidence of I-resistant strains over the period fell from 13% in 1998 to 3.6% in 2001.
T307 278802-278943 Sentence denotes Conclusions: (1) Multi-drug resistance is not an important problem in our area. (2) Isoniacid resistance was declined to an admissible level.
T308 278944-279248 Sentence denotes To investigate the anti-tuberculosis drug resistance pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis isolates in southern Taiwan, an area with higher tuberculosis incidence and mortality than other regions of the island, we performed a hospital-based surveillance at a southern Taiwan medical center from 1996 to 2000.
T309 279249-279530 Sentence denotes The combined drug resistance rates to at least one of five first-line agents was 84.8%, and to both isoniazid and rifampin (multi-drug resistance, MDR) was 11.4%, indicating high resistance rates compared with those reported in the WHO/IUATLD global project and in northern Taiwan.
T310 279531-279640 Sentence denotes The resistance rates to two second-line drugs, cycloserine, and kanamycin, were 75.7 and 23.7%, respectively.
T311 279641-279763 Sentence denotes A significant decreasing trend in resistance rates to all drugs except streptomycin was observed during the 5-year period.
T312 279764-280292 Sentence denotes Though combined drug resistance rate may not be the most accurate tool as it includes previously treated cases which inflates the resistance rate, the observation of trends in the susceptibility of pulmonary tuberculosis in accompany with the increasing percentages of tuberculosis patients receiving complete treatment course and the decreasing percentages of cases lost of follow-up in Kaohsiung after the institution of new governmental regulations for case management in 1997 suggest the usefulness of intervention programs.
T313 280293-280462 Sentence denotes Lipid profile in patients with multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis PS223 Extrapulmonary tuberculosis may sometimes present with confusing clinical manifestations.
T314 280463-280566 Sentence denotes A 77-year-old female patient was admitted with a history of recurrent supra-sternal abscess for 1 year.
T315 280567-280652 Sentence denotes MRI confirmed the presence of sternal osteomyelitis and an anterior mediastinal mass.
T316 280653-280740 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of tuberculosis was proved by histologic examination and acid-fast stain.
T317 280741-280845 Sentence denotes The patient was treated with first-line agents, which isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol.
T318 280846-281262 Sentence denotes Tobacco smoking as a factor of the decrease of chemotherapy effectiveness and of the development of the drug resistance in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis PS225 Shprykov AS a , Zhadnov VZ a , Shprykova ON b . a Medical Academy, Department of Tuberculosis and Lung diseases, Nyzhny Novgorod, Russian Federation , b Medical Clinic for Infectious #2, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Nyzhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
T319 281263-281370 Sentence denotes Studies of the effect of smoking on the results of chemotherapy of 798 patients with tuberculosis of lungs.
T320 281371-281541 Sentence denotes Intensive tobacco smoking slowed down clearance of positive sputum and of lung tissue destruction (in smokers 92.1% and 70.1 vs. 98.0% and 90.6% in nonsmokers, P B/0.01).
T321 281542-281665 Sentence denotes Drug-resistant MTB strains have been found to be isolated more often in smokers */43.4 vs. 19.4% in non-smokers, P B/ 0.01.
T322 281666-281773 Sentence denotes Resistance to streptomycin and isoniazid prevailed, reaching in heavy smokers 50.0 and 30.5%, respectively.
T323 281774-281819 Sentence denotes Resistance to rifampicin increased 1.5 times.
T324 281820-281911 Sentence denotes The concentration of rifampicin in the blood serum of heavy smokers decreased in 1.8 times.
T325 281912-281991 Sentence denotes Clinical data are in complete correlation with the findings of our experiments:
T326 281992-282170 Sentence denotes 67% of experimental cultures developed resistance to streptomycin, isoniazid and less to rifampicin in the study of drug sensitivity under the effect of tobacco smoke condensate.
T327 282171-282331 Sentence denotes Thus, our findings show the development of drug resistance in MTB under the effect of components of tobacco smoke and also showed less effectiveness in therapy.
T328 282332-282384 Sentence denotes Kilani KB, Ammari LA, Tiouiri HT , Ben Chaabène TBC.
T329 282385-282557 Sentence denotes Rabta hospital, Infectious Diseases, Tunis, Tunisia Guerrero C a Actinomycosis is a chronic disease characterized by abcess formation, tissue fibrosis and draining sinuses.
T330 282558-282628 Sentence denotes It is caused by anaerobic bacteria belonging to the genus actinomyces.
T331 282629-282709 Sentence denotes Thoracic actinomycosis may involve the lungs, pleura, mediastinum or chest wall.
T332 282710-282798 Sentence denotes The authors present a case of pulmonary actinomycosis complicating a cervicofacial site.
T333 282799-282996 Sentence denotes A 32-year-old man with a history of cervicofacial actinomycosis treated by penicillin G 2 years ago was admitted because of right-sided chest pain for 2 months before presentation, cough and fever.
T334 282997-283099 Sentence denotes Physical examination shows a painless indurated mass in the neck with multiple fistula of the sternum.
T335 283100-283234 Sentence denotes Chest radiograph and CT scan revealed a mass in the upper lobe of the right lung with an infiltrate of the upper lobe of the left one.
T336 283235-283353 Sentence denotes Magnetic resonance imaging confirms the previous lesions, with extending process to the sternum and right collar bone.
T337 283354-283424 Sentence denotes Bronchoscopy was performed while patient was on antimicrobial therapy.
T338 283425-283478 Sentence denotes Culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was negative.
T339 283479-283520 Sentence denotes Transbronchial biopsy was not conclusive.
T340 283521-283602 Sentence denotes Fungal serologies were negative for aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis.
T341 283603-283714 Sentence denotes Bacterial examination of purulent drainage from sternal wound shows inclusion bodies identified as actinomyces.
T342 283715-283797 Sentence denotes He was treated then with penicillin IV for 2 months, than switched to doxycycline.
T343 283798-283876 Sentence denotes After 8 months of treatment, he is asymptomatic with radiological improvement.
T344 283877-284212 Sentence denotes Kanellopoulou M a , Skarmoutsou N a , Iglezos I b , Mylona E a , Martsoukou M a , Apostolopoulou F b , Papafrangas E a . a Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Sismanoglio General District Hospital of Attica, Athens, Greece , b 2nd Department of Pneumology, Sismanoglio General District Hospital of Attica, Athens, Greece Introduction:
T345 284213-284265 Sentence denotes Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a rare human pathogen.
T346 284266-284375 Sentence denotes It is an important cause of bacteremia in patients with cardiac diseases, malignancies and immunosuppression.
T347 284376-284499 Sentence denotes It has been recently recognized as an emerging microorganism in Cystic Fibrosis (CF), whose its pathogenic role is unknown.
T348 284500-284504 Sentence denotes Aim:
T349 284505-284640 Sentence denotes To investigate the sensitivity to eleven different antibiotics of 27 A. xylosoxidans strains isolated from adults with CF, during 2001.
T350 284641-284649 Sentence denotes Methods:
T351 284650-284798 Sentence denotes The susceptibility was tested by Kirby Bauer and microdilution methods (Wider I, Fransisco Soria Melguizo, S.A.), according to NCCLS recomendations.
T352 284799-284807 Sentence denotes Results:
T353 284808-284854 Sentence denotes The resistance to antibiotics was as follows :
T354 284855-285009 Sentence denotes Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Aztreonam 100%, Amikacin 96%, Ceftazidime 85%, Ticarcillin 66%, Carbapenems, Cotrimoxazole 59%, Colistin 51% and Piperacillin 22%.
T355 285010-285336 Sentence denotes Conclusions: (1) A. xylosoxidans isolated from CF patients appeared resistant to the most usually tested antibacterial agents. (2) Colistin which is used as aerolized antibiotic for CF patients seems to be effective in the half of the isolated strains. (3) Piperacillin was the most active antibiotic against A. xylosoxidans .
T356 285337-285375 Sentence denotes Morris KA, Perry JD, Jain S, Gould FK.
T357 285376-285574 Sentence denotes Microbiology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Alafosfalin, L-alanyl-L-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid, is an antibacterial peptide mimetic which inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
T358 285575-285744 Sentence denotes We report the in-vitro activity of this compound in combination with ceftazidime, cefsulodin, fosfomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin and timentin.
T359 285745-285901 Sentence denotes Drug combinations were evaluated against 20 Burkholderia cepacia strains, and 20 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis.
T360 285902-286067 Sentence denotes For this purpose a chequerboard technique was adopted using doubling dilutions of each antibiotic incorporated into a highly defined agar medium free of antagonists.
T361 286068-286264 Sentence denotes The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) of all the antibiotic combinations were determined which revealed the antibiotic interaction occurring.
T362 286265-286444 Sentence denotes Alafosfalin in combination with ceftazidime, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and timentin demonstrated the highest percentages of synergy in both B. cepacia and P. aeruginosa .
T363 286445-286578 Sentence denotes Synergy was shown to occur in 15, 15, 10 and 10% of B. cepacia strains respectively, and in 10, 5, 5 and 5% of P. aeruginosa strains.
T364 286579-286685 Sentence denotes These four combinations were re-tested with all 40 isolates and the results were shown to be reproducible.
T365 286686-286853 Sentence denotes Alafosfalin shows potential as a treatment for cystic fibrosis patients colonised with P. aeruginosa and/or B. cepacia , when applied in combination with these agents.
T366 286854-286911 Sentence denotes Community-acquired pneumonia */does its aetiology matter?
T367 286912-286951 Sentence denotes PS229 Lintmaer I, Popescu A, Popescu C.
T368 286952-287023 Sentence denotes Institute of Infectious Diseases Matei Bals, Unit 5, Bucharest, Romania
T369 287024-287119 Sentence denotes The aetiology of a pneumonia is not one of the criteria used to determine pneumonia's severity.
T370 287120-287230 Sentence denotes However, it is accepted that identified based Á/based therapy is less expensive (and possibly more effective).
T371 287231-287242 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T372 287243-287386 Sentence denotes Our study aims were to: (1) to evaluate the role of aetiology identification in pneumonia; (2) to evaluate the first-line therapy in pneumonia.
T373 287387-287395 Sentence denotes Methods:
T374 287396-287498 Sentence denotes We conducted a retrospective study in an Infectious Diseases Hospital on 1126 patients with pneumonia.
T375 287499-287551 Sentence denotes We excluded all the cases with nosocomial pneumonia.
T376 287552-287735 Sentence denotes Primary end-point was the 28day clinical failure (deaths, ICU admission), secondary end-points were the average time of fever and length of stay and the antimicrobial regimen changes.
T377 287736-287744 Sentence denotes Results:
T378 287745-287791 Sentence denotes Causative agent identification rate was 24.6%.
T379 287792-287900 Sentence denotes The evolution was different for patients with identified aetiology compared with other patients in terms of:
T380 287901-287974 Sentence denotes 28-day failures, length-of-stay and changes of the antimicrobial regimen.
T381 287975-288141 Sentence denotes The 61 patients with inadequate first-line therapy had a more severe course of illness with a greater rate of 28day clinical failure, longer fever and length-of-stay.
T382 288142-288154 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T383 288155-288237 Sentence denotes Pneumonia's treatment was better for the patients with identified causative agent.
T384 288238-288370 Sentence denotes That is why we should include aetiology among the pneumonia severity criteria, especially at an 'after 3-day therapy' re-evaluation.
T385 288371-288379 Sentence denotes Results:
T386 288380-288476 Sentence denotes Pneumomococcal AOM was detected in 94 children (41.0%) and S.pn. was the only pathogen in 80.9%.
T387 288477-288756 Sentence denotes The resistance rates of the organism to antibiotics were as follows: penicillin 48.9% (MICB/1 mg/ml; intermediately resistant 31.9%, MIC 1.5 mg/ml 8.5%, and MIC!/2 mg/ml; highly resistant 8.5%), erythromycin 55.3%, clindamycin 11.7%, cotrimoxazole 41.5% and chloramphenicol 6.4%.
T388 288757-288826 Sentence denotes All isolates were uniformly susceptible to rifambicin and vancomycin.
T389 288827-288963 Sentence denotes The large majority of pneumococcal isolates (80.8%) had the Mphenotype and the remaining strains (19.2%) the constitutive MLS phenotype.
T390 288964-289117 Sentence denotes A various of serogroups were detected; the serogroup 19 was the most predominant one (50.0%), followed by serogroups 14 (14.9%), 23 (10.6%) and 6 (6.4%).
T391 289118-289184 Sentence denotes The non-typable S.pn. strains compromised the 8.5% of the strains.
T392 289185-289197 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T393 289198-289320 Sentence denotes High prevalence of resistance to penicillin, macrolides and cotrimoxazole in pneumococcal AOM of childhood was recognized.
T394 289321-289410 Sentence denotes A strategy for preventing AOM caused by drug-resistant pneumococci is mandatory to start.
T395 289411-289432 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T396 289433-289476 Sentence denotes A total number of 82 strains were examined.
T397 289477-289609 Sentence denotes The sensitivity test was performed by Kirby Bauer, microdilution method (Pasco, Difco) according to NCCLS guidelines and by E -test.
T398 289610-289618 Sentence denotes Results:
T399 289619-289793 Sentence denotes A percentage of 5.5 % of S. pneumoniae strains revealed high level resistance to Penicillin (MIC]/2 mg/ml), while the 28% showed intermediate resistance (MIC 0.12 Á/1 mg/ml).
T400 289794-289911 Sentence denotes The resistance to Erythromycin and Cotrimoxazole was 8.3 % (MIC ]/1 mg/ml) and 5.5 % (MIC]/4/76 mg/ml), respectively.
T401 289912-290061 Sentence denotes All strains were sensitive to Cefotaxime (MIC 0.05 mg/ml), Vancomycin (MIC5/0.5 mg/ml), Meropenem (MIC 5/0.25 mg/ml) and Levofloxacin (MIC5/2 mg/ml).
T402 290062-290184 Sentence denotes Conclusions: (1) The prevalence of high resistance S. pneumoniae to Penicillin seems to be low in examined strains (5.5%).
T403 290185-290473 Sentence denotes (2) Intermediate resistance to Penicillin of S. pneumoniae isolates was high as expected (28%). (3) Most of the strains were sensitive to Erythromycin (91.7%) and Cotrimozaxole (94.5%). (4) S. pneumoniae isolates were completely (100%) sensitive to Levofloxacin, Vancomycin and Meropenem.
T404 290474-290524 Sentence denotes Beghi G, Aiolfi S, Maghini L, Patruno V, Aiolfi E.
T405 290525-290601 Sentence denotes S Marta Hospital, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit, A.O., Rivolta d'Adda, Italy
T406 290602-290775 Sentence denotes Aim: of this study was a retrospective (1997 Á/2001) evaluation of the more effective and practical antibiotic treatment in 1058 AE-COPD patients (pts) admitted to our Unit.
T407 290776-291006 Sentence denotes Methods: before introducing any antimocrobial drug, sputum specimens were collected for microbiological purposes, while blood analysis, to monitor adverse systemic effects, were performed at the beginning and the end of treatment.
T408 291007-291080 Sentence denotes Antibiotic treatment ranged from 8 to 15 days according to four regimens:
T409 291081-291120 Sentence denotes Regimen A (832 pts)0/oral therapy only:
T410 291121-291286 Sentence denotes 30.9% with AMC 1 g b.i.d.; 24.4% with CIP 500 mg b.i.d.; 17.4% with DOX 100 mg u.i.d.; 10.2% with LEV 750 mg u.i.d.; 8.5% with CLA 500 mg b.i.d.; 7.8% miscellaneous.
T411 291287-291350 Sentence denotes Regimen B (94 pts)0/sequential therapy (e.v. for 3 days0/oral):
T412 291351-291406 Sentence denotes 56.4% with AMC 1 g b.i.d.; 37.2% with CLA 500 mg b.i.d.
T413 291407-291457 Sentence denotes Regimen C (68 pts)0/e.v. therapy only: same drugs.
T414 291458-291512 Sentence denotes Regimen D (64 pts)0/an association of two antibiotics.
T415 291513-291640 Sentence denotes Results: of 1058 evaluated pts, only 199 (19.6%) required a second regimen of treatment because of failure of the previous one:
T416 291641-291722 Sentence denotes 19.7% of Regimen A; 12.7% of Regimen B; 23.5% of Regimen C, and 14% of Regimen D.
T417 291723-291775 Sentence denotes Mild adverse effects were detected only in four pts.
T418 291776-291953 Sentence denotes Our results confirm that oral antibiotic treatment is practical, safe, and effective, and can be considered as the first line regimen also in hospitalized patients with AE-COPD.
T419 291954-292121 Sentence denotes Becher G a , Gillissen A a , Rothe M b . a St. George Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Hospital, Leipzig, Germany , b FILT, Lung and Chest Diagnostics Ltd., Berlin, Germany
T420 292122-292232 Sentence denotes Patients with severe form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are prone by frequent exacerbations.
T421 292233-292305 Sentence denotes Bacterial infections are judged to cause at least half of exacerbations.
T422 292306-292541 Sentence denotes Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most frequent isolates, Gramnegative bacilli account for the severe cases, aggravating the inflammatory process in the airways eventually leading to respiratory insufficiency.
T423 292542-292792 Sentence denotes The aim of this ongoing placebo controlled, parallel group, mono center study trial is to evaluate beneficial effect of cefixim to reduce bacterial load and pulmonary inflammation in patients (n0/ 30) with acute bacterial exacerbation of severe COPD.
T424 292793-292890 Sentence denotes Thus, 30 patients received in randomized fashion either Cefixim (400 mg/day) or placebo (5 days).
T425 292891-293021 Sentence denotes On days 1, 2, 5 and 8 breath condensate is collected using 'EcoScreen' (Jaeger Germany) for LTB4-, IL-8-, Nitrite-and PH-analysis.
T426 293022-293134 Sentence denotes In parallel sputum gathered for detection of bacterial strains, and for LTB4-, and IL-8 quantification purposes.
T427 293135-293297 Sentence denotes These data are compared to clinical outcome parameters such as lung function tests, radiographic findings, serum inflammatory markers and length of hospital stay.
T428 293298-293611 Sentence denotes The preliminary data obtained confirm successful antibiotic therapy with oral Cefixim in bacterial related acute exacerbations of COPD is a useful approach to reduce bacterial load, and concomitantly lower inflammatory indices of the central and peripheral airways leading to clinical improvement of the patients.
T429 293612-294001 Sentence denotes Soriano Garcia F a , Fenoll A b , Fernandez-Roblas R a , Coronel P c , Gimeno M c , Rodenas E c , Garcia M a , Granizo JJ d . a Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Microbiology, Madrid, Spain , b Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional Microbiologia, Majadahonda, Spain , c Tedec Meiji Farma, Scientific, Alcala de Henares, Spain , d Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Epidemiology, Madrid, Spain Purpose:
T430 294002-294172 Sentence denotes To describe the susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae against cefditoren and 10 other antimicrobials by serotype a multicenter study in South Europe was carried out.
T431 294173-294369 Sentence denotes A total of 877 strains were collected between September 2000 and March 2001 from adult patients (more than 16 y.o.) with respiratory tract infection (respiratory tract samples and blood cultures).
T432 294370-294570 Sentence denotes All the isolates were sent to a central Laboratory (Fundació n Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain) where susceptibility test was performed by broth microdilution (Sensititre) following NCCLS recommendations.
T433 294571-294669 Sentence denotes Serotype was determined by Quellung reaction and Dot Assay in Carlos III Institute in 806 strains.
T434 294670-294678 Sentence denotes Results:
T435 294679-294725 Sentence denotes A total of 25 strains (3.1%) were not typable.
T436 294726-294828 Sentence denotes The most prevalent serotypes were 23 (15.4%), 6 (11.4%), 19 (10.8%), 3 (9.6%), 14 (8.9%) and 9 (8.1%).
T437 294829-294903 Sentence denotes Two hundred and sixty-four strains were grouped in 27 different serotypes.
T438 294904-295153 Sentence denotes The proportion of susceptible strains by serotype to penicillin, erythromycin and levofloxacin were: serotype 3 (90.9, 93.5, 100%); 6 (50.0, 34.8, 96.7%); 9 (36.9, 86.2, 93.8%); 14 (38.9, 48.6, 94.4%); 19 (60.9, 44.8, 97.7%); 23 (58.9, 49.2, 99.2%).
T439 295154-295263 Sentence denotes The MIC 90 to cefditoren was 5/0.03 (serotype 3); 0.5 (serotype 6, 9 and 19) and 1 mg/l (serotype 14 and 23).
T440 295264-295276 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T441 295277-295312 Sentence denotes The most prevalent serotype was 23.
T442 295313-295385 Sentence denotes The susceptibility was higher in serotype 3 than in serotypes 14 and 23.
T443 295386-295537 Sentence denotes Community acquired pneumonia */a study among closed military community of young people PS235 Martynova AV, Turkutyukov VB, Vostrikova AA, Andryukov BG.
T444 295538-295621 Sentence denotes Vladivostok State Medical University, Epidemiology, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
T445 295622-295630 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T446 295631-295681 Sentence denotes The etiology of pneumonia is still partly unknown.
T447 295682-295798 Sentence denotes We should like to clear up an etiological role of respiratory pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia among youth.
T448 295799-295982 Sentence denotes And we had chosen for it a model of a closed community both investigation of etiology of disease and for further investigation of mechanisms of transmission drug-resistant mechanisms.
T449 295983-295991 Sentence denotes Methods:
T450 295992-296201 Sentence denotes We studied 300 adults in age of 17 Á/25 from closed military collectives who presented to two public hospitals (one urban and one rural) with acute radiologically confirmed pneumonia during winter 2000 Á/2001.
T451 296202-296360 Sentence denotes We did blood and lung-aspirate cultures, mycobacterial cultures, serotype-specific pneumococcal antigen detection, and serology for viral and atypical agents.
T452 296361-296369 Sentence denotes Results:
T453 296370-296546 Sentence denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae is recognized as an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia, it probably accounts for 65% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia among youth.
T454 296547-296637 Sentence denotes Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae responsible for approximately 20% of cases.
T455 296638-296748 Sentence denotes Haemophilus influenzae caused 7.5% sever cases of disease, 3% of all cases were due to Moraxella catharralis .
T456 296749-296760 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T457 296761-296826 Sentence denotes Pneumococcial infection accounted for 65% of the cases diagnosed.
T458 296827-296950 Sentence denotes S. pneumoniae was the most common bacterial infective agent, with a low incidence of both M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae .
T459 296951-297060 Sentence denotes Other causative pathogens occurred only within groups of individuals with deficiency of immunological status.
T460 297061-297167 Sentence denotes Berezin EN a , Cardenuto MD a , Nobuko E b , Guerra ML c , Brandileone MC d . a Santa Casa, Pediatrics, S.
T461 297168-297214 Sentence denotes Paulo, Brazil , b Santa Casa, Microbiology, S.
T462 297215-297262 Sentence denotes Paulo, Brazil , c Adolfo Lutz, Microbiology, S.
T463 297263-297310 Sentence denotes Paulo, Brazil , d Adolfo Lutz, Bacteriology, S.
T464 297311-297324 Sentence denotes Paulo, Brazil
T465 297325-297498 Sentence denotes To determine antimicrobial susceptibility of SP isolated from the upper respiratory tract, we collected NP swab specimens from 80 children, between 3 months and 5 years old.
T466 297499-297550 Sentence denotes Those children attended the outpatient clinic in S.
T467 297551-297669 Sentence denotes Paulo City, with diagnosis of bacterial infection requiring antibiotic therapy between March 15, 2000 to May 20, 2001.
T468 297670-297829 Sentence denotes Penicillin susceptibility of isolates was determined by screening with oxacillin 1 mcg disk and performing the minimal inhibitory concentration by the E -test.
T469 297830-297897 Sentence denotes We performed also susceptibility test for amoxicillin and cefaclor.
T470 297898-297955 Sentence denotes Results: SP was recovered from NP of 42 children (52.5%).
T471 297956-298112 Sentence denotes The carriage of SP was more prevalent in children attending day care centers, children with young siblings at home, and children with tobacco users at home.
T472 298113-298217 Sentence denotes The prevalence of penicillin non-susceptible strains was 40.4% all of them with intermediate resistance.
T473 298218-298303 Sentence denotes All the strains were susceptible to amoxicillin and 19.2% were resistant to cefaclor.
T474 298304-298363 Sentence denotes Serotypes 14.6B, 19F, 9N, 4, 6A and 5 were the most common.
T475 298364-298586 Sentence denotes These findings suggest that nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from children with upper respiratory infections can be used to conduct surveillance for antimicrobial resistance in a defined geographic area.
T476 298587-298698 Sentence denotes We were able to conclude also that penicillin intermediate resistent strains can be susceptible to amoxicillin.
T477 298699-298899 Sentence denotes Hinojosa RM a , Saenz A a , Collazo M a , Echaniz G b . a Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Infectologia, Monterrey, Mexico , b Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Epidemiologia, Cuernavaca, Mexico
T478 298900-299081 Sentence denotes The emergence of penicillin-and multidrug-resistant pneumococcal strains has become a global concern, necessitating the identification of the epidemiological spread of such strains.
T1 299082-299091 Sentence denotes Material:
T2 299092-299192 Sentence denotes Ninety Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates were collected from March 1997 through March 1999.
T3 299193-299271 Sentence denotes Typing was done by the capsular reaction with pooled, type, or group antisera.
T4 299272-299370 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing to 11 antimicrobials was done by the E -Test and the disk diffusion method.
T5 299371-299379 Sentence denotes Results:
T6 299380-299501 Sentence denotes Only 46 (51%) S. pneumoniae strains were classified by serotyping; the most frequent types were 6A/B, 23F, 9V, 19F and 4.
T7 299502-299634 Sentence denotes The Oxacillin screening test detected 37.2% penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae strains isolated from children and 44.6% from adults.
T8 299635-299733 Sentence denotes The susceptibility percentage of S. pneumoniae to Ceftriaxone was 93% in both children and adults.
T9 299734-299873 Sentence denotes S. pneumoniae isolates from children exhibit a susceptibility of 88% to Azithromycin, while in adults 91% of the isolates were susceptible.
T10 299874-299957 Sentence denotes For the rest of the antimicrobial agents, the susceptibility ranged from 69 to 89%.
T11 299958-300032 Sentence denotes S. pneumoniae had a lower susceptibility to ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin.
T12 300033-300045 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T13 300046-300134 Sentence denotes Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin had a good in-vitro activity against S. pneumoniae strains.
T14 300135-300310 Sentence denotes But the percentage of penicillinresistant S. pneumoniae detected in this study is alarming, therefore we conclude that a continuous surveillance system is necessary in Mexico.
T15 300311-300355 Sentence denotes Vertkine AL, Prokhorovitch EA, Alexanyan LA.
T16 300356-300444 Sentence denotes A retrospective analyses of 221 cases of ambulant pneumonia with fatal outcome was made.
T17 300445-300576 Sentence denotes Among the patients who died from ambulant pneumonia the prevailing age was over 60 (63.8%) and the prevailing sex was male (68.8%).
T18 300577-300706 Sentence denotes 95.9% had pneumonia accompanied with some pathology: chronic lung disease (43.9%), alcoholism (26.2%), diabetes mellitus (10.4%).
T19 300707-300856 Sentence denotes 62.5% of the patients had a big volume of lungs lesion */55.7% of the patients suffered from bilobular pneumonia and 6.8% */from trilobate pneumonia.
T20 300857-300954 Sentence denotes In 57.0% of the cases pneumonia was complicated with abscess formation and/or exudative pleurisy.
T21 300955-301022 Sentence denotes We studied the antibiotics therapy used for the patients treatment.
T22 301023-301208 Sentence denotes The change of antibiotics was made only in 53 cases (24.0%) whereas in the other cases no change of preparations was made though the signs of the therapy non-effectiveness were obvious.
T23 301209-301334 Sentence denotes Thus, the rational antibiotics therapy with the timely change of non-effective antibacterial drug is significantly important.
T24 301335-301532 Sentence denotes While choosing the antibiotics, the patient's age, the accompanying diseases, the volume of the lungs lesion and complications which define pneumonia seriousness are to be taken into consideration.
T25 301533-301850 Sentence denotes Perronne C a , Rouveix B b , Guillemot D c , Zuck P d , Reitz C e , Tsatsaris A e . a Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Garches, France , b Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France , c Institut Pasteur, Paris, France , d Hôpital de Metz, Metz, France , e Laboratoires Abbott, Rungis, France Objectives:
T26 301851-301972 Sentence denotes To describe the management of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in healthy adults, by general practitioners (GP).
T27 301973-301981 Sentence denotes Methods:
T28 301982-302055 Sentence denotes A questionnaire was sent to a representative national sample of 4092 GPs.
T29 302056-302405 Sentence denotes This questionnaire assessed their perception and management of LRTI, the indication for antibiotics (AB) in a case of LRTI in a healthy adult with no focal signs and no signs of severity, knowledge of the micro-organisms responsible for acute bronchitis and knowledge of the AFSSAPS (French Agency for the Safety of Health Products) recommendations.
T30 302406-302414 Sentence denotes Results:
T31 302415-302591 Sentence denotes Three thousand seven hundred and thirty-eight GPs, who reported seeing an average of 131 patients per week, including 10.39/ 9.6 patients with LRTI, returned the questionnaire.
T32 302592-302744 Sentence denotes The main results are presented in the following For the majority of GPs, the main objective of the visit is to determine the indication for antibiotics.
T33 302745-302833 Sentence denotes According to GPs, ALP and whooping cough are rare, while atypical pneumonia is frequent.
T34 302834-302963 Sentence denotes GPs also declare that the diagnosis of ALP is often easy right from the first visit, in contrast with that of atypical pneumonia.
T35 302964-303017 Sentence denotes Complementary investigations are not often requested.
T36 303018-303163 Sentence denotes GPs consider that they often delay prescription of antibiotics (41%) and declare that they tend to prescribe a macrolide as first-line treatment.
T37 303164-303339 Sentence denotes Finally, GPs have a poor knowledge concerning the micro-organisms responsible for acute bronchitis and the majority of GPs declare to be familiar with AFSSAPS recommendations.
T38 303340-303657 Sentence denotes Perronne C a , Rouveix B b , Guillemot D c , Zuck P d , Reitz C e , Tsatsaris A e . a Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Garches, France , b Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France , c Institut Pasteur, Paris, France , d Hôpital de Metz, Metz, France , e Laboratoires Abbott, Rungis, France Objectives:
T39 303658-303779 Sentence denotes To study the management of one case of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in adults by general practitioners (GPs).
T40 303780-303788 Sentence denotes Methods:
T41 303789-303865 Sentence denotes Prospective study conducted on a representative national sample of 4092 GPs.
T42 303866-304051 Sentence denotes Each GP had to include the first healthy adult patient seen during the 3-week data collection period, either on a home visit or in the office for recent cough and acute fever !/37.8 8C.
T43 304052-304229 Sentence denotes Clinical data, the diagnostic perception and the therapeutic approach to the patient were collected by means of a standardised questionnaire, distributed by Abbott laboratories.
T44 304230-304238 Sentence denotes Results:
T45 304239-304330 Sentence denotes Three thousand seven hundred and thirty-eight general practitioners included 3738 patients.
T46 304331-304343 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T47 304344-304467 Sentence denotes During LRTI in adults, GPs observe few focal signs, confirming the marked predominance of bronchitis compared to pneumonia.
T48 304468-304562 Sentence denotes In view of the frequency of the signs, the diagnosis of pneumonia appears to be overestimated.
T49 304563-304711 Sentence denotes One-third of clinical situations were diagnosed as 'bacterial superinfection of acute bronchitis', despite it is not a recognised diagnostic entity.
T50 304712-304794 Sentence denotes Antibiotic prescription was immediate in 87% of cases and delayed in 10% of cases.
T51 304795-305048 Sentence denotes This last point shows that clinical practice differs from the GP's perception of their described prescribing practice shown in a simultaneous survey (56% of GPs declared that they prescribed antibiotics immediately, while 41% delayed this prescription).
T52 305049-305057 Sentence denotes Results:
T53 305058-305210 Sentence denotes Thirty-three patients (20 men, mean age 49 b 19 years, mean APACHE II score 15.3 &bdqup;b 7.3) during the years 1998 Á/ 2001 were prospectively studied.
T54 305211-305282 Sentence denotes Thirteen patients (39%) had no identifiable risk factor for severe CAP.
T55 305283-305337 Sentence denotes An etiologic factor was revealed in 15 patients (45%).
T56 305338-305395 Sentence denotes In 14 of them this was achieved with noninvasive methods.
T57 305396-305468 Sentence denotes PSB cultures were taken from eight patients and were positive in only 1.
T58 305469-305502 Sentence denotes The offending organisms included:
T59 305503-305724 Sentence denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae in six cases, GNB as the sole pathogen in six cases, Haemophilus influenzae (with S. pneumoniae or Klebsialla pneumoniae ) in two cases, S. aureus in two and Legionella pneumophila in one patient.
T60 305725-305974 Sentence denotes Initial antibiotic regimen a combination of marcodile '/3rd gen cephalosporin9/aminoglycoside was successful in 12 patients who all survived and had to be changed empirically or according to culture results in 17 patients who had a mortality of 65%.
T61 305975-306010 Sentence denotes The overall mortality rate was 42%.
T62 306011-306098 Sentence denotes The identification of the causative factor did not seem to have any impact on survival.
T63 306099-306110 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T64 306111-306180 Sentence denotes Severe CAP in our ICU was most often caused by S. pneumoniae and GBN.
T65 306181-306357 Sentence denotes The high mortality of this entity seems to be influenced by the immediate use of the appropriate antibiotic combination and not by the identification of the causative organism.
T66 306358-306497 Sentence denotes This underscores the need for knowledge of topical microbiology which helps in designing an effective empirical initial antibiotic regimen.
T67 306498-306731 Sentence denotes Mily MN a , Golubev SA b , Lugovoy VY a , Voronov GG b . a Vitebsk Emergency Hospital, Pharmacotherapy unit, Vitebsk, Belarus , b Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Department, Vitebsk State Medical University, Vitebsk, Belarus Purpose:
T68 306732-306884 Sentence denotes The study aims were to assess the spectrum and predictors of the antibiotic use during pneumonia management in a regional emergency hospital in Belarus.
T69 306885-307114 Sentence denotes Patients, treatment and physicians characteristics of 195 cases (2000 Á/2001) were collected and possible associations were examined with using defined daily doses methodology (DDD) and American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines.
T70 307115-307123 Sentence denotes Results:
T71 307124-307220 Sentence denotes The mean treatment duration was 13.99/7.4 days, the total antibiotic DDD/100 bed-days was 130.4.
T72 307221-307372 Sentence denotes The DDD/100 bed-days of the most used antibiotics were: penicillins 54.0; aminoglycosides 29.5; macrolides 21.9; cephalosporins 9.8; tetracyclines 8.2.
T73 307373-307486 Sentence denotes In MANOVA certain ATS categories were associated with DDD/day, but not with frequency of definite antibiotic use.
T74 307487-307553 Sentence denotes DDD/day was higher in case of multilobar infiltrates ( Conclusion:
T75 307554-307663 Sentence denotes Our study indicated the low rate of macrolides and cephalosporins using, and the high one of aminoglycosides.
T76 307664-307805 Sentence denotes Antibiotic prescriptions were associated with disease severity and physician personality rather then with empirical choice rules recommended.
T77 307806-307928 Sentence denotes Acute exacerbation of COPD: most frequent infecting agents and their suspectability to the different types of penicillins.
T78 307929-307968 Sentence denotes Analysis of medical documentation PS243
T79 307969-308008 Sentence denotes Pertseva TO, Bogatska KE, Gashynova KY.
T80 308009-308059 Sentence denotes DSMA, Internal Medicine , Dniepropetrovsk, Ukraine
T81 308060-308111 Sentence denotes Number of COPD cases has been increased in Ukraine.
T82 308112-308223 Sentence denotes Treatment of acute exacerbation (AE) of COPD is not always successful because of inadequate antibiotic therapy.
T83 308224-308377 Sentence denotes The aim of study was to reveal most frequent infecting agents and their susceptibility to the different types of penicillins in patients with AE of COPD.
T84 308378-308452 Sentence denotes Medical documentation of 48 patients with AE of COPD (type I) was studied.
T85 308453-308598 Sentence denotes Data of sputum analysis and susceptibility of isolated agents to penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin and amoxicillin/clavulone acid were evaluated.
T86 308599-308918 Sentence denotes There were patients with Haemophilus influencae/parainfluencae (43.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (25%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.5%), Pseudomonas fluorescens , Pseudomonas putida , Serratia marcescens , Serratia liquefaciens (6.8% each), Streptococcus agalactiae , Acinetobacter baumanii (4.1% each) in samples of sputum.
T87 308919-308959 Sentence denotes In 31.3% cases there was mixt infection.
T88 308960-308993 Sentence denotes 6.8% had no any bacterial agents.
T89 308994-309085 Sentence denotes Only 10% of agents were susceptible to penicillin, 35% */to ampicillin, 15% */to oxacillin.
T90 309086-309178 Sentence denotes However, 70% of microorganisms were susceptible to amoxicillin combined with clavulone acid.
T91 309179-309303 Sentence denotes This study has shown that most frequent infecting agents caused AE of COPD were Gram-negative microorganisms and S. aureus .
T92 309304-309407 Sentence denotes According to antibiogram the prescription of amoxicillin/clavulone acid is most expedient in this case.
T93 309408-309473 Sentence denotes Pertseva TO, Bogatska KE, Konopkina LI, Kireeva TV, Gashynova KY.
T94 309474-309534 Sentence denotes DSMA, Internal Medicine Department, Dniepropetrovsk, Ukraine
T95 309535-309634 Sentence denotes We examined 32 patients (22 men, mean age 52.39/4.7 years) with acute exacerbation of COB (type I).
T96 309635-309872 Sentence denotes The most frequently isolated agents were Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae */eight patients, Gram-negative rods in 8, Staphylococcus aureus in two and mixed in six and one patient had no bacterial agents isolated in their sputum.
T97 309873-309997 Sentence denotes High susceptibility to azithromycin was found in all cases of Gram-positive agents and in H. influenzae and parainfluenzae .
T98 309998-310062 Sentence denotes Other Gram-negative agents were resistant to this drug in vitro.
T99 310063-310155 Sentence denotes However, treatment with 500 mg/day during 3 days was clinically effective in 93.7% of cases.
T100 310156-310219 Sentence denotes Only 25.0% of patients had a further acute exacerbation of COB.
T101 310220-310317 Sentence denotes There were peculiarities of the infecting agents causing acute exacerbation of COB in this study:
T102 310318-310403 Sentence denotes Klebsiella pneumoniae and S. aureus were found more frequently than in other studies.
T103 310404-310501 Sentence denotes High efficacy of surnamed in the treatment of acute exacerbation of COB was established in 68.7%.
T104 310502-310564 Sentence denotes 25.0% had partial positive clinical effect after this therapy.
T105 310565-310608 Sentence denotes There were no patients with adverse events.
T106 310609-310764 Sentence denotes Efficacy and tolerance of amoxicillin 30 mg/kg bid versus amoxicillin 15 mg/kg tid in the treatment of acute otitis media (AOM) in children 5/2 years PS245
T107 310765-311180 Sentence denotes Borek M a , Guggenbichler JP b . a Biochemie GmbH, International Medical Department, Kundl, Austria , b Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany Five hundred and sixteen patients (mean age 49/2.6 years) with clinical and otoscopic diagnosis of AOM were included in a randomized, double blind, multicentre study, and were treated 10 days either with AMOX 30 mg/kg bid or AMOX 15 mg/kg tid.
T108 311181-311303 Sentence denotes Assessments were made during therapy (day 3 Á/5), after End of Therapy (EOT, day 12 Á/14) and Follow Up (FU, day 38 Á/46).
T109 311304-311416 Sentence denotes The primary efficacy endpoint was the clinical response at EOT defined as success (cure/improvement) or failure.
T110 311417-311582 Sentence denotes Both regimens were well tolerated; one or more drug-related adverse events (AEs) were reported in 17.2% (11/64) of bid patients and in 21.7% (13/60) of tid patients.
T111 311583-311747 Sentence denotes The most frequently reported drugrelated AEs in each group were gastrointestinal symptoms (bid 11.5% vs. tid 13.5%), which were mainly of mild or moderate severity.
T112 311748-311789 Sentence denotes Both regimens were clinically equivalent.
T113 311790-311903 Sentence denotes The higher cure rates in the bid group suggest a possible higher benefit from bid therapy in children 5/ 2 years.
T114 311904-312123 Sentence denotes Children attending family day-care (FDC) should be less exposed to upper respiratory tract infections than those in group day-care (GDC) and therefore to antibiotic treatment; fewer should thus carry resistant bacteria.
T115 312124-312413 Sentence denotes To test this hypothesis, NP carriage of SP and HI with reduced susceptibility to penicillin (PDSP and HI BL'/, respectively) was investigated among children in FDC (maximum three children) and in GDC (25 Á/100 children) in the Alpes Maritimes (France) between November 1999 and March 2000.
T116 312414-312487 Sentence denotes A two stage cluster sample of children attending GDC or FDC was selected.
T117 312488-312527 Sentence denotes NP samples were cultured for SP and HI.
T118 312528-312660 Sentence denotes Penicillin susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion and E -test, and b-lactamase production by API-NH † tests (BioMerieux, Lyon).
T119 312661-312752 Sentence denotes Two hundred and thirty-five children in FDC and 298 in GDC aged 6 Á/36 months were sampled.
T120 312753-312806 Sentence denotes Age and sex distribution were similar in both groups.
T121 312807-312901 Sentence denotes SP was isolated in 80 children in FDC (34%), and in 163 (54.7%) children in GDC (P B/10 Á/6 ).
T122 312902-312965 Sentence denotes Proportions of PDSP were 52.5 and 55.8%, respectively (P0/0.6).
T123 312966-313039 Sentence denotes HI was present in 37.6% of children in GDC vs. 23.8% in FDC (P B/ 0.001).
T124 313040-313107 Sentence denotes Proportions of HI BL'/ were 40.2% vs. 46.4%, respectively (P0/0.4).
T125 313108-313219 Sentence denotes Antibiotic exposure during the previous 3 months concerned 46.2% of children in GDC vs. 48.7% in FDC (P 0/0.6).
T126 313220-313307 Sentence denotes There was no correlation between antibiotic use and carriage of PDSP or HI B'/ strains.
T127 313308-313391 Sentence denotes SP and HI carriage rates are significantly lower among children in FDC than in GDC.
T128 313392-313528 Sentence denotes Advising alternative types of daycare for children attending GDC should reduce exposure and thus limit the spread of resistant bacteria.
T129 313529-313654 Sentence denotes However, the proportion of PDSP and HI BL'/ is similar in both groups and comparable patterns of antibiotic use are observed.
T130 313655-313810 Sentence denotes Continued efforts must concentrate on parental education and enforcement of recommendations for management of pediatric upper respiratory tract infections.
T131 313811-313969 Sentence denotes During a period between January 1999 and August 2001, 43 invasive Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) isolates had been collected at the Children's Hospital of Tunis.
T132 313970-314036 Sentence denotes We used Haemophilus Test Medium to test antibiotic susceptibility.
T133 314037-314085 Sentence denotes The MIC of beta-lactams was measured by E -test.
T134 314086-314177 Sentence denotes Beta-lactamase production was determined by using the cefinase test and biotyping by ApiNH.
T135 314178-314251 Sentence denotes Presence of capsular antigen was determined by using Hi typing anti sera.
T136 314252-314334 Sentence denotes Hi strains were isolated from meningitidis (35), bacteremia (5) and arthritis (3).
T137 314335-314411 Sentence denotes All strains were serotype b and 62.2% of them belonged to biotypes I and II.
T138 314412-314492 Sentence denotes Amoxicillin resistance with beta-lactamase producing mechanism occured in 34.8%.
T139 314493-314575 Sentence denotes MIC90 of beta-lactamase producing strains was 32 vs 0.5 mg/l in non-producing one.
T140 314576-314662 Sentence denotes There is no betalactamasenegative amoxicillin resistant among these invasive isolates.
T141 314663-314711 Sentence denotes Antibiotic resistance concerned chloramphenicol:
T142 314712-314748 Sentence denotes 9.3%, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole:
T143 314749-314769 Sentence denotes 11.6%, tetracycline:
T144 314770-314789 Sentence denotes 4.6% and kanamycin:
T145 314790-314796 Sentence denotes 11.6%.
T146 314797-314886 Sentence denotes Invasive Hi infections in tunisian children's were always associated with type b strains.
T147 314887-314953 Sentence denotes Introduction of a Hib vaccine programme in Tunisia is recommended.
T148 314954-315089 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical picture and treatment of neurological manifestations of neuroborreliosis in children.
T149 315090-315220 Sentence denotes The study included 22 children (2 Á/16 years) with neuroborreliosis diagnosed on the basis of the clinical and serologic criteria.
T150 315221-315377 Sentence denotes Symptoms of facial palsy occurred in six children symptoms of III Á/VI cranial nerves palsy in three children, meningitis in four and paresthesias in three.
T151 315378-315496 Sentence denotes Symptoms of V or VIII nerve palsy, mental disturbances, radiculoneuritis or cerebellitis were found in singular cases.
T152 315497-315557 Sentence denotes All children received ceftriaxone intravenously 3 Á/4 weeks.
T153 315558-315639 Sentence denotes Total recovery was obtained in 18 children following the first course of therapy.
T154 315640-315774 Sentence denotes Recovery following the second course of therapy (amoxicillin) occurred in one child with mental disorders and one with VI nerve palsy.
T155 315775-315893 Sentence denotes Improvement was achieved after the second course in the patient with radiculitis, however, muscular atrophy persisted.
T156 315894-316016 Sentence denotes Irreversible, unilateral deafness was found in a child with VIII nerve palsy in spite of three courses of therapy applied.
T157 316017-316119 Sentence denotes Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in children causes a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations.
T158 316120-316171 Sentence denotes Facial palsy was the most common sign in our study.
T159 316172-316271 Sentence denotes Applying ceftriaxone in the treatment of neuroborreliosis is characterised by a good effectiveness.
T160 316272-316371 Sentence denotes Double infection by C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae as a cause of cystic changes in the lungs PS249
T161 316372-316400 Sentence denotes Streharova A, Moravcikova D.
T162 316401-316474 Sentence denotes Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Trnava, TRNAVA, Slovakia
T163 316475-316584 Sentence denotes Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are human respiratory pathogens manifested in early childhood.
T164 316585-316648 Sentence denotes Immunological disbalance could trigger autoaggressive diseases.
T165 316649-316809 Sentence denotes The authors describe the case of a15-year-old girl with development of multiorgan failure and septic state, which followed multiple cystic changes in the lungs.
T166 316810-316863 Sentence denotes The girl did not have a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
T167 316864-316967 Sentence denotes The authors consider that cystic changes are a consequence of double infection by C. and M. pneumoniae.
T168 316968-317030 Sentence denotes Dzarlieva M, Momeva L, Temelkovska G, Balevska P, Pejkovska M.
T169 317031-317221 Sentence denotes Medical centre, Neonatology, Bitola, The Former Yugoslav Republic, Macedonia UNICEF Skopje has supported a nationwide Safe Motherhood Needs Assessment in representative samples of hospitals.
T170 317222-317310 Sentence denotes Eighteen of 28 maternity wards and facilities renovated and certified as 'babyfriendly'.
T171 317311-317478 Sentence denotes All mature newborns with successful adaptation to extra uterine life and satisfactory vital parameters are 24 h during the day with their mothers at rooming-in system.
T172 317479-317483 Sentence denotes Aim:
T173 317484-317565 Sentence denotes With rooming-in system we reached decreasing of incidence of neonatal infections.
T174 317566-317587 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T175 317588-317636 Sentence denotes History records of newborns from our department.
T176 317637-317694 Sentence denotes For the period of 9 months, 907 neonates have been borne.
T177 317695-317749 Sentence denotes With suspection of infection there */49 babies (5.4%).
T178 317750-317809 Sentence denotes Newborns borne through meconium stained liquid */40 (4.4%).
T179 317810-317818 Sentence denotes Results:
T180 317819-317983 Sentence denotes Microbiological findings: from blood culture */Staphylococcus coagulaza negative from swabs */Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus epidermidis.
T181 317984-317995 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T182 317996-318159 Sentence denotes In 1999, from all babies who had risk factors for infection in 56 newborns (5%) we had positive findings and in year 2000 (before rooming-in sistem), in 44 (3.9%).
T183 318160-318215 Sentence denotes After that period (with rooming-in) 15 newborns (1.5%).
T184 318216-318396 Sentence denotes With rooming-in system we reached decreasing in incidence of neonatal infections by breaking the chain of infection */only mothers take care of their babies with help of the staff.
T185 318397-318476 Sentence denotes Newborns are in their micro environment, the same they will have at their home.
T186 318477-318544 Sentence denotes With this practice we have also reduction of nosocomial infections.
T187 318545-318724 Sentence denotes A study on antibiotic susceptibility and resistance factor transmissibility among antibiotic resistant salmonellae isolated from children affected to diarrhea PS251 Sharifzadeh A.
T188 318725-318806 Sentence denotes Azad University of Shahrekord, Microbiology, Shahrekord, Islamic Republic of Iran
T189 318807-318940 Sentence denotes In spite of happened drug resistance, antibacterial therapy still is the best route of treatment of Salmonellosis in man and animals.
T190 318941-319119 Sentence denotes In order to detection of dominants serotypes of salmonellae in children and detection of antibiotic susceptibility and R-factor transmissibility among those isolated salmonellae.
T191 319120-319311 Sentence denotes This study was conducted on 400 diarrheic stool samples were collected from children affected by diarrhea in Ayatollah Kashany hospital of Shahrekord, during Spring of 1999 to Autumn of 2000.
T192 319312-319393 Sentence denotes After isolation and identification of salmonellae, seven serotypes were detected.
T193 319394-319467 Sentence denotes One of those was S. typhi and another six serotypes were S. paratyphi B .
T194 319468-319566 Sentence denotes In order to detection of antibiotic different antibiotic disks were used in disk diffusion method.
T195 319567-319653 Sentence denotes Best results were taken from Ceftizoxim, Cephtriaxon, Cephazolin and Chloramphenichol.
T196 319654-319793 Sentence denotes The R-factor were transferred from isolated salmonellae to Escherichia coli K12 in all of cases of resistance to Penicillin and Ampicillin.
T197 319794-319960 Sentence denotes Pharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae and group A BHS were evaluated in 652 randomly selected school children aged 6 Á/ 8 years in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
T198 319961-320236 Sentence denotes Fifty-six children (8.6%) had positive culture for either organisms of the 56 isolates from school children, 17 (30%) were S. pneumoniae , of them 14 (82%) were penicillin-sensitive, three (18%) were penicillin-resistant, and two (11.7%) were resistant to two antimicrobials.
T199 320237-320282 Sentence denotes Forty isolates of BHS (71%) were group A BHS.
T200 320283-320339 Sentence denotes All isolates were penicillin and erythromycin sensitive.
T201 320340-320491 Sentence denotes The carrier rate among school children for penicillin-resistance S. pneumoniae and resistance to two antimicrobials were (4.6%) and (3%), respectively.
T202 320492-320535 Sentence denotes The carrier rate of group A BHS was (6.1%).
T203 320536-320693 Sentence denotes Riyadh has a low rate of antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae and a similar rate of group A BHS carriers among school children as that seen in temperate areas.
T204 320694-320790 Sentence denotes Boukadida J a , Boukadida N b , Hannechi N a , Said H b , Erraii S a , Elmhabrech H a . a CHU F.
T205 320791-320874 Sentence denotes HACHED, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Sousse, Tunisia , b C S Base, Sousse, Tunisia
T206 320875-320991 Sentence denotes The acute pharyngitis is a very frequent pathology in which Group A Streptococcus is the most incriminated bacteria.
T207 320992-321068 Sentence denotes However, other non A b-haemolytic Streptococcus (SBNA) could be responsible.
T208 321069-321233 Sentence denotes The aim of this work is to determine the part of each non A b hemolytic streptococci (SBNA) in acute pharyngitis and the related antibiotics susceptibility pattern.
T209 321234-321320 Sentence denotes The study was realized in Sousse-Tunisia (north Africa) during 5 months from May 2001.
T210 321321-321407 Sentence denotes The origin materials of isolates are throat swab (Transystem Venturi, Copan, Bovezzo).
T211 321408-321472 Sentence denotes The mean age of patients is 23 years with extremes 3 Á/72 years.
T212 321473-321545 Sentence denotes The samples are cultured on blood agar plates in a delay of 3 h maximum.
T213 321546-321655 Sentence denotes Identification was done to samples that have over than 20 b-hemolytic colonies, groupage with pastorex STREP.
T214 321656-321757 Sentence denotes Sanofi Pasteur France, Susceptibility pattern according to NCCLS norms, MIC is determined by E -test.
T215 321758-321805 Sentence denotes The control strain is S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619.
T216 321806-322031 Sentence denotes Twentyone clinical isolates of SBNA are distinguished from 80 clinical isolates of b-hemolytic streptococci recovered from 143 patients with acute pharyngitis without symptoms of viruses' infections (tearing, corysa, sneeze).
T217 322032-322105 Sentence denotes All b-hemolytic Streptococcus represents 55.94% of all collected samples.
T218 322106-322139 Sentence denotes SBNA were 26.25% of the isolates.
T219 322140-322257 Sentence denotes SBNA were 11 strains Group G streptococci, seven strains Group C streptococci and three strains Group F streptococci.
T220 322258-322331 Sentence denotes Susceptibility pattern of each SBNA to antimicrobial agents is as follow:
T221 322332-322353 Sentence denotes Group G streptococci:
T222 322354-322513 Sentence denotes Peni G 0/100%, Amoxicillin 0/100%, Pristinamycin 100%, Clindamycin and Erythromycin0/45.46%, Tetracyclin 0/9.1%, Telithromycin 63.63% and Levofloxacin0/45.45%.
T223 322514-322535 Sentence denotes Group C streptococci:
T224 322536-322699 Sentence denotes Peni G0/ 100%, Amoxicillin 0/100%, Pristinamycin 100%, Clindamycin0/ 57.15%, Erythromycin0/42.86%, Tetracyclin0/71.42%, Tel-ithromycin0/85.72%, Levofloxacin0/100%.
T225 322700-322857 Sentence denotes Group F streptococci-Peni G0/100%, Amoxicillin0/100%, Clindamycin0/66.66%, Erythro0/33.34%, Tetracyclin 0/66.66%, Telithromycin 0/100%, Levofloxacin0/66.66%.
T226 322858-322907 Sentence denotes All SBNA have MIC to Penicillin G under 0.1 mg/l.
T227 322908-323072 Sentence denotes According to available data, Penicillin G and Amoxicillin still the reference treatment of acute bacterial pharyngitis in spite of the new antibiotics introduction.
T228 323073-323202 Sentence denotes Berezin EN a , Quevedo SG b , Nicolla L b , Viegas D c , Eizenberg B d , Pedrosa F b , Santos AG a . a Santa Casa, Pediatrics, S.
T229 323203-323247 Sentence denotes Paulo, Brazil , b Elly Lilly, Scientific, S.
T230 323248-323270 Sentence denotes Paulo, Brazil , c FAC.
T231 323271-323347 Sentence denotes ABC, Pediatrics, Santo Andre, Brazil , d University Hospital, Pediatrics, S.
T232 323348-323361 Sentence denotes Paulo, Brazil
T233 323362-323620 Sentence denotes A multicenter, open label, prospective, randomized trial in which patients 2 Á/16 years of age with proven GABHS pharyngitis were randomized to receive either 10-day course of the broad spectrum oral cephalosporin, cefaclor or a 10-day course of amoxicillin.
T234 323621-323760 Sentence denotes Patients were included if they have signs and symptoms of Streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis and a rapid streptococcal rapid test positive .
T235 323761-323832 Sentence denotes Patients were evaluated at days 3 Á/5, 13 Á/16 and 24 Á/35 posttherapy.
T236 323833-323918 Sentence denotes Pharyngeal cultures were conducted at baseline and at follow-up visit (13 Á/16 days).
T237 323919-324017 Sentence denotes We considered for bacteriologic eradication analysis only patients with positive culture to GABHS.
T238 324018-324080 Sentence denotes There were 148 patients with a rapid streptococcal rapid test.
T239 324081-324142 Sentence denotes Clinical success were achieved in around 95% of the patients.
T240 324143-324272 Sentence denotes For evaluate eradication of the initial pathogen we considered 42 patients of the amoxil arm and 40 patients of the cefaclor arm.
T241 324273-324459 Sentence denotes Thirty-four of 42 patients of the amoxil arm (80.9%) and 36 of 40 (90%) patients of the cefaclor arm were considered bacteriological cured at the second culture performed at day 13 Á/16.
T242 324460-324574 Sentence denotes Ten days of a penicillin or amoxicillin therapy may not be the best therapeutic choice for all pediatric patients.
T243 324575-324746 Sentence denotes In developing countries where rheumatic fever is still an important problem to evaluate the bacterial eradication achieved with the different antibiotics may be important.
T244 324747-324860 Sentence denotes Prophylactic affect of Saccharomyces boulardii for antibiotic-associated diarrhea in a paediatric age group PS256
T245 324861-324912 Sentence denotes Erdeve O, Tiras U, Camurdan MO, Tanyer G, Dallar Y.
T246 324913-324979 Sentence denotes Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey
T247 324980-325087 Sentence denotes The process resulting in antibiotic associated diarrhea is the alteration of enteric flora due to bacteria.
T248 325088-325207 Sentence denotes Saccharomyces boulardii is a yeast, isolated from cover of a kind of hazelnut and its usage became widespread recently.
T249 325208-325279 Sentence denotes There is no enough study about S. boulardii activity at pediatric ages.
T250 325280-325410 Sentence denotes We aimed to define S. boulardii activity on azithromycin and sulbactam-ampiciline, and associated diarrhea at pediatric age group.
T251 325411-325536 Sentence denotes The 18.9% of cases only with antibiotic usage developed diarrhea, whereas rate was 5.7% for probiotic using group (P B/0.05).
T252 325537-325635 Sentence denotes All of the Clostridium difficile toxin A defined cases were from sulbactam-ampiciline using group.
T253 325636-325804 Sentence denotes The rate of diarrhea for sulbactam-ampiciline using group was 25.6%, while it was 5.9% for group used S. boulardii as probiotic beside sulbactam-ampiciline (P B/ 0.05).
T254 325805-325884 Sentence denotes It was observed that probiotic usage decreases diarrhea rate four times (P B/0.
T255 325885-325889 Sentence denotes 05).
T256 325890-326083 Sentence denotes When age groups considered, the rate of sulbactamampiciline associated diarrhea increased at 1 Á/5 ages and S. boulardii effect on preventing diarrhea was significant at 1 Á/12 ages (P B/0.05).
T257 326084-326167 Sentence denotes Antibiotic associated diarrhea is a common clinical problem at pediatric age group.
T258 326168-326264 Sentence denotes S. boulardii is a hope giving probiotic especially for sulbactam-ampiciline associated diarrhea.
T259 326265-326495 Sentence denotes Grey E a Bilikova E a , Hafed BM a , Kovacicova G a , Chovancova D b , Huttova M b , Krcmery V a . a School of Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia , b Postgraduate Academy of Medicine, Neonatal Clinic, Bratislava, Slovakia
T260 326496-326521 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study:
T261 326522-326652 Sentence denotes The aim of the study was to find out, whether artificial abortion of a mother has impact on neonatal infection of her future baby.
T262 326653-326674 Sentence denotes The results obtained:
T263 326675-326896 Sentence denotes Therefore, we compared 39 neonates with infection, who were born to mothers with past history of abortion (1 Á/7 artificial abortions within 10 years), with the babies of mothers, who have not experienced abortion before.
T264 326897-326994 Sentence denotes Control group consisted of 207 neonates hospitalized at the same clinic, at the same time period.
T265 326995-327307 Sentence denotes According to the analysis of risk factors for neonatal infections, it was found, that prematurity (28 Á/32 weeks of gestation) (30.77 vs. 14.01%, P 0.019) and low birth weight-1500 Á/2500 g (58.97 vs. 39.13%, P 0.03) were significantly more frequently observed in babies of mothers with past history of abortion.
T266 327308-327507 Sentence denotes Drug abuse (heroin) (12.82 vs. 1.45%, P 0.003) and nicotine use (15.38 vs. 2.42%, P 0.0027), were more significantly related to neonatal infections in babies of mothers with past history of abortion.
T267 327508-327676 Sentence denotes Etiological analysis showed that only Candida albicans (5.13 vs. 0%, P 0.024) was significantly related to neonatal infections in mothers with past history of abortion.
T268 327677-327700 Sentence denotes The conclusion reached:
T269 327701-327823 Sentence denotes In conclusion, artificial abortion has not only direct impact to the health of the mother, but also on her next pregnancy.
T270 327824-327899 Sentence denotes Bacteraemia and patient mortality in a peadiatric intensive care unit PS258
T271 327900-327933 Sentence denotes Armenian SH, Singh J, Arrieta AC.
T272 327934-328012 Sentence denotes Children's Hospital of Orange County, Infectious Disease, Orange, USA Purpose:
T273 328013-328181 Sentence denotes This study will identify the factors that significantly contribute to mortality in patients with bloodstream infections (BSI) at a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).
T274 328182-328190 Sentence denotes Results:
T275 328191-328291 Sentence denotes Medical records of 63 patients who were admitted to the PICU and had a documented BSI were reviewed.
T276 328292-328402 Sentence denotes There were 74 separate episodes of BSI's, with nine patients having multiple BSI's during their hospital stay.
T277 328403-328432 Sentence denotes A casecontrol model was used.
T278 328433-328545 Sentence denotes Cases were BSI's with eventual mortality (N0/27; 36.5%) and controls were those who survived BSI (N0/47; 63.5%).
T279 328546-328794 Sentence denotes Patients who died were older (5.7 vs. 2.4 years; PB/ 0.01), more likely to have a nosocomial BSI (42.9 vs. 16.7%; PB/ 0.05), longer hospitalization prior to BSI (30.5 vs. 9.8 days; PB/ 0.05), and have a polymicrobial BSI (66.7 vs. 30.6%; PB/ 0.05).
T280 328795-329096 Sentence denotes Infection related mortality (IRM)-defined as death within 7 days of BSI */was significantly higher in those receiving inadequate antibiotic treatment at the time of diagnosis of BSI (54.5 vs. 12.7%; P B/ 0.01), as well as in those with gram negative bacteremia and/or fungemia (35 vs. 13%; P B/ 0.05).
T281 329097-329172 Sentence denotes Logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounding variables.
T282 329173-329185 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T283 329186-329340 Sentence denotes We found that being older, multiple organisms, and a longer hospitalization prior to the BSI were significantly associated with overall patient mortality.
T284 329341-329483 Sentence denotes IRM was significantly higher for those with inadequate initial antibiotic coverage and in those with gram negative bacteremia and/or fungemia.
T285 329484-329800 Sentence denotes Somer A a , Gü r D a , Diri S a , Yalcýn I a , Salman N a , Ongen B b , Gü rler N b . a Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey , b Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
T286 329801-330170 Sentence denotes Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic active against a broad range of Gram-positive pathogens including methicillin-resistant staphylococci and offers the advantages of once daily administration, choice of administration route, lack of requirement for routine therapeutic drug monitoring and lower propensity to cause nephrotoxiticy and anaphylactoid-like reactions.
T287 330171-330300 Sentence denotes In this study the efficacy and safety of teicoplanin were evaluated retrospectively in children with serious bacterial infection.
T288 330301-330510 Sentence denotes Sixty-three children (18 girls, 45 boys) aged between 1 month and 15 years were treated with teicoplanin (three loading dosages of 10 mg/kg at 12 h intervals, followed by a maintenance dosage of 10 mg/kg/day).
T289 330511-330683 Sentence denotes The infections treated were pleural empyema (n0/25), joint and bone infections (n 0/22), septicemia (n0/9), skin and soft tissue infections (n0/4), and lung abscess (n0/3).
T290 330684-330890 Sentence denotes The pathogens isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (n 0/30, 16 of which were methicillin resistant), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n0/4), S. pneumoniae (n0/4), and Group A hemolytic streptococci (n 0/2).
T291 330891-330958 Sentence denotes The duration of therapy ranged from 14 to 81 days (median 28 days).
T292 330959-331031 Sentence denotes Clinical success (cure plus improvement) was achieved in 96.8% of cases.
T293 331032-331101 Sentence denotes No side effects attributable to teicoplanin therapy were encountered.
T294 331102-331219 Sentence denotes Teicoplanin appears to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for serious Gram-positive infections in children.
T295 331220-331289 Sentence denotes The risk of infection is present in all children with acute leukemia.
T296 331290-331523 Sentence denotes Two hundred and sixty episodes of febrile neutropenia were analyzed in 149 children (aged 1.5 Á/16 years) with AML */43 cases and ALL */ 106 cases over 10 years during cytostatic therapy (protocols: mBFM */ 87 AML and mBFM */90 ALL).
T297 331524-331588 Sentence denotes A degree of FN occurred in 90% of cases in AML, in 53% */in ALL.
T298 331589-331684 Sentence denotes The sites of infection were: blood'/ central venous catheter (32%) and respiratory tract (49%).
T299 331685-331720 Sentence denotes Pathogens isolated from blood were:
T300 331721-331904 Sentence denotes Gram-positive */CNS */70%, Streptococcus spp. */18.7%, Gram-negative */Enterobacteria */41%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa */23%, Candida spp. */23.5%, Aspergillus spp. */5.9%, other */5.9%.
T301 331905-331968 Sentence denotes For the treatment of FN we used empirical antibiotics regimens.
T302 331969-332153 Sentence denotes Clinical response was noticed: in 1st line of therapy */ cephalosporins 3 Á/4 generation used */45%, carbapenems used */60% as 2nd Á/3rd lines */vancomycin */70%, amphotericin B */80%.
T303 332154-332243 Sentence denotes Thirtytwo percent of children with AML and 5.2% children with ALL died because of sepsis.
T304 332244-332255 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T305 332256-332358 Sentence denotes Carbapenems are more active in the 1st line of antibiotics therapy both for patients with AML and ALL.
T306 332359-332418 Sentence denotes Vancomycin is useful in the 2nd line for patients with ALL.
T307 332419-332513 Sentence denotes Amphotericin B and vancomycin are useful in combination in the 2nd line for patients with AML.
T308 332514-332532 Sentence denotes Pavlenishvili IVP.
T309 332533-332578 Sentence denotes Medical Academy, Pediatrics, Tbilisi, Georgia
T310 332579-332640 Sentence denotes Our drug of choice in cases of complicated neonatal sepsis I.
T311 332641-332941 Sentence denotes Pavlenishvili, G, Iobashvili Tbilisi, Medical Academy Georgian Society of pediatrics Chemotherapy (GSPC) with collaborations of Drug and Therapeutic Committee (DTC) of Childers hospital 'Republic' finished the observation study about nosocomial infections of Neonatal ICU in above mentioned hospital.
T312 332942-332974 Sentence denotes Study begins from November 2000.
T313 332975-333079 Sentence denotes During this period we observe 45 cases of neonatal sepsis, most of them were due gram-negative bacteria.
T314 333080-333199 Sentence denotes Thirty-four cases of neonatal sepsis were cause different stains of Escherichia coli , Proteus spp. and Acinetobacter .
T315 333200-333379 Sentence denotes We notice that during last 2 years the role of Acinetobacter in etiology of neonatal sepsis and nosocomial complications of neonatal sepsis in our hospital is gradually increased.
T316 333380-333514 Sentence denotes As our observation reveals most optimal in the case of complicated neonatal sepsis was (according criteria of DTS) use of Ceftasidime.
T317 333515-333568 Sentence denotes Almost in all cases we used Ceftasidime with success.
T318 333569-333604 Sentence denotes We have only one case of mortality.
T319 333605-333772 Sentence denotes Since the macrolide resistance (MR) in Streptococcus pyogenes has been increasing in Europe, we studied the incidence and genetic basis of MR in S. pyogenes in Russia.
T320 333773-333944 Sentence denotes S. pyogenes isolated at baseline and during follow-up visits from children with acute pharyngitis receiving penicillin or midecamycin (16-membered macrolide) were studied.
T321 333945-334019 Sentence denotes MR was evaluated by agar dilution (NCCLS), resistance mechanisms */by PCR.
T322 334020-334124 Sentence denotes A total of 149 S. pyogenes were obtained at the baseline, 21 (14%) of which were erythromycin-resistant:
T323 334125-334231 Sentence denotes 19 strains (90%) were erm (A)-positive, one */mef (A)-positive, and one was negative for all primers used.
T324 334232-334369 Sentence denotes All erm (A)-strains were inducibly resistant to clindamycin and represented seven PFGE profiles with one profile found in 11/ 19 strains.
T325 334370-334746 Sentence denotes In three midecamycin treated patients MR was selected during the therapy (one strain had erm (A), one */mef (A), one */ unknown resistance determinant). mef (A)-strain obtained during follow-up visit had different PFGE pattern with mef (A) strain isolated at baseline, while both the baseline and follow-up strains with unknown mechanism of resistance had unique PFGE pattern.
T326 334747-334834 Sentence denotes These data showed moderate incidence of erythromycin-resistant S. pyogenes in Smolensk.
T327 334835-335004 Sentence denotes Ribosomal methylation (erm (A)) was the most common mechanism and though the polyclonal nature of MR was established, most erm (A)-strains belonged to only a few clones.
T328 335005-335297 Sentence denotes Bacillus cereus infections in traumatology-orthopaedy department: retrospective study and re-evaluation of healthcare practices PS263 Bacillus cereus was cultured for 30 patients from traumatology department who had developed postoperative wound infections between August 1997 and March 2000.
T329 335298-335433 Sentence denotes All patients presented inferior members open fractures, frequently contaminated with telluric material and requiring external fixators.
T330 335434-335578 Sentence denotes Genomic study of clinical isolates by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and Random analysis polymorphic DNA, allowed us to eliminate an outbreak.
T331 335579-335726 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the reduced delay in which patients developed the infection (6 days'//-2) led us to re-evaluate the procotols used in our institution.
T332 335727-335880 Sentence denotes Indeed, all patients had received amoxycillin '/ clavulanate IV 2g for antibioprophylaxis during anesthetical induction then relayed per os for 48 hours.
T333 335881-335991 Sentence denotes Because of the production of a potent beta-lactamase by the bacteria, this association could not be efficient.
T334 335992-336259 Sentence denotes Furthermore, accordingly to the AFNOR EN 1040 norm, we have tested clinical isolates' sensitivity to the principal antiseptics used for antisepsis and disinfection (iodophors, chloride derivated and biguanidines) and observed a major resistance of all strains tested.
T335 336260-336453 Sentence denotes Even if these postoperative wound infections are considered as nosocomial because of the delay in appearance, we actually think that Bacillus cereus were initially present in telluric material.
T336 336454-336623 Sentence denotes This fact led us to propose a systematic screening for Bacillus at admission for this type of wound and to administrate quinolones such as ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis.
T337 336624-336782 Sentence denotes Internal thiols and reactive oxygen species in the candidacidal activity exerted by a N-terminal peptide of human lactoferrin PS 264 The purpose of the study:
T338 336783-336933 Sentence denotes The emergence of Candida albicans strains resistant to current antifungals points to the need for new antifungal agents, e. g. antimicrobial peptides.
T339 336934-336956 Sentence denotes The results obtained :
T340 336957-337209 Sentence denotes We report that hLF(1-11), a synthetic Nterminal peptide of human lactoferrin, displays excellent killing effect against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans and that sub-optimal concentrations of this peptide combined with fluconazole act synergistically.
T341 337210-337373 Sentence denotes Previous investigations revealed that hLF(1-11) required an energized mitochondrion, ATP release by Candida , and ligation of ATP receptors for its killing effect.
T342 337374-337471 Sentence denotes We now report that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the killing effect of hLF(1-11).
T343 337472-337630 Sentence denotes Since internal thiols protect cells from oxidative damage, our observation that hLF(1-11) caused a 20% reduction of internal thiols in Candida is of interest.
T344 337631-337770 Sentence denotes As expected, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), which is a precursor of glutathione and a ROS scavenger, inhibited the killing effect of hLF(1-11).
T345 337771-337919 Sentence denotes Diamide, which oxidizes internal thiols, was candidacidal and hLF(1-11) and diamide acted synergistically in killing C. albicans and ROS production.
T346 337920-338067 Sentence denotes Moreover, the hLF(1-11)-induced activation of mitochondria was inhibited by NAC, indicating that internal thiols/ROS affect mitochondrial activity.
T347 338068-338092 Sentence denotes The conclusion reached :
T348 338093-338189 Sentence denotes The candidacidal activity of hLF(1-11) involves ROS production and reduction of internal thiols.
T349 338190-338201 Sentence denotes Objective :
T350 338202-338381 Sentence denotes An audit was conducted to explore the observation of increasing resistance to Ciprofloxacin in enterobacteriacea isolated from specimens from such patients in the hematology unit.
T351 338382-338391 Sentence denotes Results :
T352 338392-338503 Sentence denotes Enterobacteriacea isolates in specimens from such patients processed over the years 1997 to 2001 were examined.
T353 338504-338684 Sentence denotes Number of specimens per year was */109, 152, 132, 160 and 170 respectively and the annual percent ciprofloxacin resistant enterobacteriacea from these was 2%, 9%, 12%, 14% and 21%.
T354 338685-338697 Sentence denotes Conclusion :
T355 338698-338980 Sentence denotes Conclusion drawn from the audit was that rapid rise in Ciprofloxacin resistance may possibly be attributed to the use of this fluoroquinolone as a single agent in dose of 250/500 mg [cut off patient weight 40 Kg] twice a day in neutropenic patients till neutrophils exceed 500/c.mm.
T356 338981-339146 Sentence denotes Subsequent to the audit, prophylaxis protocol was modified to use of oral Colistin 3-mega units/twice a day in combination with ciprofloxacin 250/500 mg twice a day.
T357 339147-339220 Sentence denotes A prospective audit is proposed to test the benefits of this combination.
T358 339221-339378 Sentence denotes Rhinocerebral zygomycosis: diagnostic dilemma for emergency physician: can the associated morbidity and mortality in this rare but deadly disease be reduced?
T359 339379-339409 Sentence denotes PS 266 Samavedam S, Guleri AS.
T360 339410-339623 Sentence denotes Western Infirmary, Clinical Microbiology, Glasgow, United Kingdom Rhinocerebral zygomycosis [RCZ] is a rare, invasive, rapidly progressive opportunistic infection caused by ubiquitous fungi of the order mucorales.
T361 339624-339685 Sentence denotes It usually occurs in diabetics or immunocompromised patients.
T362 339686-339827 Sentence denotes The emergency physician will typically see patients with RCZ in its earliest stages masquerading as a variety of other less serious diseases.
T363 339828-340009 Sentence denotes The key markers like necrotic patch on hard palate, nasal septum or turbinate, marked facial pain, and cellulites with marked eye and neurological signs may present late in disease.
T364 340010-340127 Sentence denotes We report a case of RCZ caused by Rhizopus arrhizus [oryzae] in an 84 year old woman with poorly controlled diabetes.
T365 340128-340217 Sentence denotes She presented with a right-sided facial droop of short origin and being generally unwell.
T366 340218-340330 Sentence denotes CT scan was non-conclusive and delayed presentation of key markers of RCZ permitted disease to rapidly progress.
T367 340331-340452 Sentence denotes Despite an intensive antifungal therapy with AmBisome and Insulin sliding scale, patient rapidly succumbed within 4 days.
T368 340453-340561 Sentence denotes Fine needle aspiration cytology is less invasive, easier and equally effective alternative to pre op biopsy.
T369 340562-340885 Sentence denotes The key to successful reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with this rapidly fatal disease is -Increasing awareness of the disease, an early diagnosis, correction of underlying metabolic derangement, prompt intensive antifungal therapy with amphotericin B and radical surgical debridement of the necrotic tissue.
T370 340886-340938 Sentence denotes An 'optimal dosage' of AmBisome requires discussion.
T371 340939-341172 Sentence denotes Clinical audit in the haematology ward of a tertiary care hospital: study of degree of correlation between bacteraemia and oro-pharyngeal screens in immunocompromised patients over five years and role of antibiotic prophylaxis PS 267
T372 341173-341194 Sentence denotes Guleri AS, Butcher I.
T373 341195-341275 Sentence denotes Western Infirmary, Clinical Microbiology, Glasgow, United Kingdom Introduction :
T374 341276-341554 Sentence denotes A clinical audit was carried out over 5-years [1997] [1998] [1999] [2000] [2001] in the immunocompromised patients including neutropenic patients and bone marrow [autograft] transplant recipients in hematology ward of Gartnaval General Hospital, Glasgow, a tertiary care center.
T375 341555-341566 Sentence denotes Objective :
T376 341567-341734 Sentence denotes It was aimed to establish the degree of correlation between bacterial isolates in oro-pharyngeal screen during bacteraemia episodes and role of antibiotic prophylaxis.
T377 341735-341752 Sentence denotes Methods Purpose :
T378 341753-341924 Sentence denotes To assess whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) intensification, GM-CSF use and Remune initiation before stopping ART lead to viremia containment, and long periods off ART.
T379 341925-341934 Sentence denotes Methods :
T380 341935-342069 Sentence denotes Ten adults with chronic HIV disease, HIV-1 RNA levels (VL) B/1.7 log copies/ml and median CD4'/ -T cell count of 385/ml were enrolled.
T381 342070-342217 Sentence denotes After ART intensification with ddI (6 months) '/ hydroxyurea [HU](5 mo.) '/ GM-CSF (3 mo.) and a Remune dose, ART was stopped but Remune continued.
T382 342218-342328 Sentence denotes ART was resumed if rebound VL did not decrease to B/4.7 log in 3 months or if CD4'/ counts decreased to B/200.
T383 342329-342439 Sentence denotes Results : VL rebounded in all patients after stopping ART, and 7 developed an acute retroviral syndrome (ARS).
T384 342440-342498 Sentence denotes CD4'/-T cells decreased, and CD8'/38'/ increased (5-fold).
T385 342499-342653 Sentence denotes After a median stoppage of 16 weeks, ART was resumed in 9 patients and VL decreased to B/ 1.7 log, CD4'/ counts were regained, IL-2 and IL-15 levels rose.
T386 342654-342783 Sentence denotes At the 2nd interruption, 9/9 patients had a rebound, and 3/9 had a 2nd ARS, but peak VL and loss of CD4'/ were lower (P 0/0.003).
T387 342784-342837 Sentence denotes After 21.3 weeks off ART, 8 patients resumed therapy.
T388 342838-342920 Sentence denotes The breadth and magnitude of HIV-specific activity increased and thymus size grew.
T389 342921-342984 Sentence denotes The patients were off ART for a median of 49.5 out of 80 weeks.
T390 342985-343055 Sentence denotes Two of them are off ART for 80 and 44 weeks respectively ( VLB/4 log).
T391 343056-343069 Sentence denotes Conclusions :
T392 343070-343211 Sentence denotes This approach led to a high ARS incidence, long periods off ART, increases in HIV-specific responses, IL-2 and IL-15 levels, and thymus size.
T393 343212-343288 Sentence denotes Urinary tract infection in hospitalized population is a significant problem.
T394 343289-343364 Sentence denotes This is a study of catherized patients urinary infection in Corfu Hospital.
T395 343365-343442 Sentence denotes In 2000 Á/2001, 3500 urine cultures were sent to our bacteriology laboratory.
T396 343443-343489 Sentence denotes 650 of them were collected from the catheters.
T397 343490-343545 Sentence denotes Clinical data of age and type of disease were analysed.
T398 343546-343614 Sentence denotes The samples were cultured on Mc Conkey agar-Urotube and Vitek cards.
T399 343615-343668 Sentence denotes The organisms identified with Vitek automatic system.
T400 343669-343730 Sentence denotes The sensitivity was tested with Vitek and Kirby-bauer method.
T401 343731-343739 Sentence denotes Results:
T402 343740-343772 Sentence denotes No growth of organisms in 46.5%.
T403 343773-343795 Sentence denotes Positive cultures 35%.
T404 343796-343846 Sentence denotes 62.2% of the bacteria were Gram((/) rods (45.6% E.
T405 343847-343870 Sentence denotes Coli , Pseudomonas spp.
T406 343871-343965 Sentence denotes 0%), 16% were Gram('/) cocci (Enterococcus spp.) and 22% was Candida spp. the resistance of E.
T407 343966-343975 Sentence denotes Coli was:
T408 343976-344037 Sentence denotes 37% to Ampicillin , 17% to Co-Trimoxazol and 2% to quinolons.
T409 344038-344083 Sentence denotes E. faecalis was resistant 10% to Vancomycin .
T410 344084-344374 Sentence denotes Conclusions : (1) The possible interference of acetaminophen in the amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (A/C) or erythromycin (ERY) efficacy in the treatment of acute otitis media (AOM), and its possible role in the evolution to otitis media with effusion (OME), were determined in a gerbil model.
T411 344375-344492 Sentence denotes A 23F Streptococcus pneumoniae strain exhibiting a MIC of A/C and ERY of 1/0.5 and 0.12 mg/l, respectively, was used.
T412 344493-344542 Sentence denotes Both antibiotics were tested at 2.5 and 10 mg/kg.
T413 344543-344621 Sentence denotes Acetaminophen at 50 mg/kg was administered 30 min before each antibiotic dose.
T414 344622-344696 Sentence denotes Antibiotic concentrations in serum and middle ear exudate were determined.
T415 344697-344884 Sentence denotes Both antibiotics significantly reduced the number of culture-positive ears and colony counts, with serum concentrations over the MIC of the microorganism for ]/15% of the dosing interval.
T416 344885-345008 Sentence denotes Antibiotic concentrations in middle ear exudate were almost identical in animals receiving and not receiving acetaminophen.
T417 345009-345178 Sentence denotes Clinical and microbiological efficacy was correlated with antibiotic concentrations in middle ear exudate ]/1.7 times the MIC of the microorganism, for both antibiotics.
T418 345179-345282 Sentence denotes Both antibiotics demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of pneumococcal AOM, with the same rate of OME.
T419 345283-345435 Sentence denotes Acetaminophen, concomitantly administered, did not interfere the efficacy of the two antibiotics tested and did not prevent the evolution of AOM to OME.
T420 345436-345979 Sentence denotes Parra A a , Ponte C a , Cenjor C b , García-Olmos M a , Giménez MJ c , Aguilar L c , Soriano F a . a Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Medical Microbiology, Madrid, Spain , b Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Otorrinolaryngology, Madrid, Spain , c GlaxoSmithKline, Medical Department, Madrid, Spain A gerbil model of otitis media with effusion (OME) induced by Haemophilus influenzae (amoxicillin/clavulanate-A/C-and erythromycin-ERY-MICs of 1/0.5 and 4 mg/l, respectively) was used to evaluate the efficacy of A/C (10/2 and 15/3 mg/kg) and ERY (20 and 50 mg/kg).
T421 345980-346185 Sentence denotes Antibiotics were administered subcutaneously 2 h post-middle ear inoculation, and continued t.i.d for 24 h, with or without acetaminophen (AP), at 50 mg/kg, administered 30 min before each antibiotic dose.
T422 346186-346267 Sentence denotes Antibiotic concentrations in serum and middle ear (ME) were measured by bioassay.
T423 346268-346323 Sentence denotes ME samples for colony counting were collected on day 2.
T424 346324-346565 Sentence denotes A/C reduced (P 5/0.05) positive ME samples and colony counts versus untreated controls or ERY: ME positive cultures of 90% for controls, 0% for A/C 15, 7% for A/C 10, 17% for A/C 10'/AP, 90% for ERY 20, 57% for ERY 50 and 87% for ERY 50'/AP.
T425 346566-346741 Sentence denotes This was due to A/C (but not ERY) concentrations in ME exceeding 1.8 times the MIC despite the higher percentage of antibiotic penetration of ERY versus A/C (43 versus 8/14%).
T426 346742-346981 Sentence denotes Animals receiving AP showed less polymorphonuclear cells and more bacteria in ME than those receiving only antibiotics, suggesting that the anti-inflamatory drug diminish the phagocytes and therefore, the efficiency in bacterial clearance.
T427 346982-347083 Sentence denotes Amoxycillin treatment for acute otitis media caused by penicillinresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae .
T428 347084-347116 Sentence denotes A pharmacodynamic analysis PM103
T429 347117-347218 Sentence denotes Parra A a , Ponte C a , Cenjor C b , García-Calvo G a , Giménez MJ c , Aguilar L c , Soriano Methods:
T430 347219-347430 Sentence denotes A serotype 23F Streptococcus pneumoniae strain exhibiting a MIC of amoxycillin of 1 mg/l was used in an experimental model performed in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus ) following previously described procedures.
T431 347431-347477 Sentence denotes Amoxycillin was tested at the following doses:
T432 347478-347515 Sentence denotes 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg.
T433 347516-347617 Sentence denotes Amoxycillin concentrations in serum and middle ear exudate were determined after drug administration.
T434 347618-347626 Sentence denotes Results:
T435 347627-347834 Sentence denotes Doses of ]/2.5 mg/kg significantly reduced the number of culture-positive ears, colony counts and otorrhoea (P 5/0.05) as compared with untreated controls or animals treated with doses lower than 1.25 mg/kg.
T436 347835-348043 Sentence denotes Doses of ]/2.5 mg/kg achieved antibiotic concentrations in the middle ear 1.4 Á/2.4 times higher than the MIC of the infecting strain and serum concentrations over the MIC for 14 Á/19% of the dosing interval.
T437 348044-348056 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T438 348057-348273 Sentence denotes Amoxycillin at doses achieving serum concentrations similar to those obtained in children after standard doses, obtained therapeutic and microbiological efficacy regardless the susceptibility of the infecting strain.
T439 348274-348490 Sentence denotes Better correlation was found between antibiotic efficacy and antibiotic concentrations in middle ear exudate than between efficacy and serum concentrations, which were suboptimal from the pharmacodynamic perspective.
T440 348491-348658 Sentence denotes Increasing prevalence of amoxycillin Á/clavulanate-resistance among E. coli strains in a Hungarian university hospital PM104 Veréb I, Vígh A, Urbán E, Hajdú E, Nagy E.
T441 348659-348745 Sentence denotes Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary Background:
T442 348746-348875 Sentence denotes Amoxicillin Á/clavulanate resistance (ACR) is an emerging problem in Escherichia coli as reported from different parts of Europe.
T443 348876-349042 Sentence denotes The aims of the present study were to evaluate statistically the prevalence of ACR among E. coli isolates and to investigate the genetic background of the resistance.
T1 349043-349051 Sentence denotes Methods:
T2 349052-349172 Sentence denotes All E. coli strains isolated between 2000 1 1 and 2001 9 1 were screened for ACR by Kirby Á/Bauer disc diffusion method.
T3 349173-349307 Sentence denotes The resistance to other beta-lactam Á/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations and to different beta-lactam antibiotics were also tested.
T4 349308-349376 Sentence denotes Selected strains underwent determination of beta-lactamase activity.
T5 349377-349458 Sentence denotes Confirmatory tests for suspected extended spectrum beta-lactamase were performed.
T6 349459-349553 Sentence denotes PCR testing for TEM and SHV genes were carried out on plasmids isolated from selected strains.
T7 349554-349562 Sentence denotes Results:
T8 349563-349670 Sentence denotes In 2000 out of 1109 E. coli strains 102 (9.2%) were found to be resistant to amoxicillin clavulanate (AMC).
T9 349671-349797 Sentence denotes Most of the resistant strains (95%) were obtained from the genitourinary tract and no ACR isolate was found in blood cultures.
T10 349798-349936 Sentence denotes In 2001 out of 2167 isolates 239 (11%) proved to be ACR and 2.5% were isolated from blood cultures and 66.9% from the genitourinary tract.
T11 349937-349988 Sentence denotes Thirty-five selected strains were further analysed.
T12 349989-350067 Sentence denotes Thirty-two were also resistant to (SAM) and six were further resistant to TZP.
T13 350068-350187 Sentence denotes Quantitative beta-lactamase determination showed increased activity in strains which were partially susceptible to AMC.
T14 350188-350252 Sentence denotes The presence of ESBL could be proved only in three ACR isolates.
T15 350253-350415 Sentence denotes This open parallel-group study compared the efficacy and tolerability of CEF with CFIX 400 mg once daily in the treatment of community acquired uncomplicated UTI.
T16 350416-350514 Sentence denotes Seventy-eight female patients were randomized to receive either oral CEF or CFIX for 5 or 10 days.
T17 350515-350743 Sentence denotes The efficacy of treatment was evaluated by clinical response (by symptoms of UTI dysuria frequency urgency suprapubian pain and by clinical signs) by bacteriologic response and health status measures at baseline and posttherapy.
T18 350744-350752 Sentence denotes Results:
T19 350753-350932 Sentence denotes The clinical cure (complete resolution of symptoms and signs) rate for patients receiving CEF was 95.12% of the 41 evaluable patients and 89.18% of the 37 patients receiving CFIX.
T20 350933-351078 Sentence denotes Bacteriologic response (based on the results of urine cultures obtained posttherapy) the pathogen was eradicated in 82.3% for CEF 73.3% for CFIX.
T21 351079-351208 Sentence denotes No drug related side effects have been reported in CEF and side effects were experienced by 5.40% of the patients receiving CFIX.
T22 351209-351385 Sentence denotes Improvement in health status comparing visual scale scores baseline and poststudy to have detected a higher change in average score from 17 to 94 in CEF, from 20 to 82 in CFIX.
T23 351386-351514 Sentence denotes Wilcoxon improvement value was significant on the 3rd day of therapy in case of CEF and on the 5th day of therapy in CFIX group.
T24 351515-351742 Sentence denotes In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that CEF course is more effective than CFIX in producing a favourable clinical outcome and achieving higher bacteriologic eradication rate, furthermore CEF was better tolerated.
T25 351743-351953 Sentence denotes Cefepime is a fourth generation cephalosporine that has a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than the third generation cepfalosporines and is more active in vitro against Gram-positive aerobic bacteria.
T26 351954-352104 Sentence denotes The purpose of this study was to measure cefepime concentrations in plasma, bile fluid and gall bladder tissue in patients undergoing cholecystectomy.
T27 352105-352150 Sentence denotes Thirty patients 12 male, 18 female, mean age:
T28 352151-352225 Sentence denotes 48 years had data acceptable for analysis and were included in this study.
T29 352226-352267 Sentence denotes All patients received iv 2 g of cefepime.
T30 352268-352436 Sentence denotes Several hours after administration and at different time intervals, during surgery, samples were obtained from plasma, bile fluid and gall bladder tissue concomitantly.
T31 352437-352497 Sentence denotes Antibiotic levels were measured by an agar diffusion method.
T32 352498-352535 Sentence denotes The mean delta time was 2849/255 min.
T33 352536-352656 Sentence denotes The values for plasma, bile fluid and gall bladder tissue, were 33.69/28.5, 6.69/4.3 and 16.19/12.9 mg/ml, respectively.
T34 352657-352699 Sentence denotes The plasma/bile fluid ratio was 2.69/ 2.4.
T35 352700-352814 Sentence denotes There was a significant correlation between plasma and gall bladder tissue concentration (r0/0.771, P0/ B/0.0001).
T36 352815-352899 Sentence denotes A correlation between bile fluid and plasma cefepime concentration was not observed.
T37 352900-353135 Sentence denotes The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data from previous in vitro studies indicate that the cefepime concentration observed in plasma bile and tissue samples of this study would be adequate against typical biliary tract pathogens.
T38 353136-353297 Sentence denotes Furthermore, these cefepime concentrations correlated well with the favorable clinical outcome reported in previous clinical studies in biliary tract infections.
T39 353298-353524 Sentence denotes There was also good correlation between delta time and plasma and tissue concentrations and if the dose were given closer to the time of surgery, cefepime concentration would be higher reducing the possibility of an infection.
T40 353525-353536 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T41 353537-353652 Sentence denotes The use of antibiotics may lead to decreased colonization resistance and increased formation of resistant bacteria.
T42 353653-353718 Sentence denotes Present concept was developed to overcome these untoward effects.
T43 353719-353805 Sentence denotes Methods: b-Lactamase of Bacillus licheniformis was overproduced in Bacillus subtilis .
T44 353806-353928 Sentence denotes This targeted recombinant b-lactamase enzyme (TRBL) was released in the small bowel from a controlled-release formulation.
T45 353929-354086 Sentence denotes Beagles (n0/6) were treated BID with either 20 mg/kg ampicillin (i.v.)'/placebo (p.o.), 20 mg/kg ampicillin (i.v.)'/TRBL (p.o.) or only placebo (i.v.'/p.o.).
T46 354087-354124 Sentence denotes Stool was collected at days 4 and 10.
T47 354125-354217 Sentence denotes Samples were cultured for total and main groups of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and yeast.
T48 354218-354311 Sentence denotes Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) was used to separate the ribosomal RNA genes.
T49 354312-354320 Sentence denotes Results:
T50 354321-354543 Sentence denotes Ampicillin'/placebo group had clearly decreased counts of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria during the treatment, whereas those receiving TRBL had only minor overall changes and some occasional changes by single species.
T51 354544-354616 Sentence denotes Intravenous ampicillin decreased the fecal similarity percentage to 60%.
T52 354617-354731 Sentence denotes The similarity percentage during treatment with ampicillin'/TRBL did not differ from that of placebo (86 vs. 81%).
T53 354732-354744 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T54 354745-354841 Sentence denotes According to our results the TRBL can maintain the large intestinal microflora almost unchanged.
T55 354842-355001 Sentence denotes These results indicate that TRBL is a promising novel approach for overcoming the ecological adverse effects on gut flora caused by b-lactam antibiotic agents.
T56 355002-355164 Sentence denotes Adamis Since broad-spectrum â-lactams combined with amikacin are often applied for nosocomial infections, their pharmacokinetic interactions might be interesting.
T57 355165-355293 Sentence denotes One gram of aztreonam and 0.5 g of amikacin were administered intravenously single and in combination in six healthy volunteers.
T58 355294-355507 Sentence denotes Blood samples were collected at regular time intervals and concentrations of antimicrobials were determined by a microbiological assay applying a strain developing resistance to single agent after serial passages.
T59 355508-355778 Sentence denotes Mean concentrations of amikacin in serum when administered alone and in combination with aztreonam were 26.2 and 20.3, 11.8 and 12.3, 8.4 and 12.2, 6 .3 and 9.7, 1.8 and 4.3 and 0 and 1.3 mg/ml immediately after and 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after infusion of antimicrobials.
T60 355779-355918 Sentence denotes Respective concentrations of aztreonam were 63.5 and 25.3, 27.5 and 21.6, 24.2 and 10.5, 19.5 and 13.6, 5.8 and 4.4 and 1.8 and 4 .0 mg/ml.
T61 355919-356046 Sentence denotes AUCs for amikacin when administered alone and in combination with aztreonam were 35.59/10.9 and 50.59/7.8 mg h/l, respectively.
T62 356047-356114 Sentence denotes Respective AUC for aztreonam were 99.79/35.2 and 76.49/31.5 mg h/l.
T63 356115-356319 Sentence denotes It is concluded that the co-administration of aztreonam and amikacin results in earlier clearance of aztreonam and in higher levels of amikacin compared to the administration of each single antimicrobial.
T64 356320-356496 Sentence denotes Molecular modelling of b-lactams reveals the structural basis for their inhibition of penicillin-binding proteins, susceptibility to b-lactamases and oral bioavailability PM110
T65 356497-356525 Sentence denotes Grail BM, Gupta S, Payne JW.
T66 356526-356733 Sentence denotes School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, UK b-Lactam antibiotics are peptide mimetics that act as suicide substrates for transpeptidase enzymes that cross link bacterial cellwall peptides.
T67 356734-356994 Sentence denotes For the first time, the structural and electronic features needed for their recognition by transpeptidase have been fully described, using innovative molecular modelling techniques to compare the conformational forms adopted by cell-wall peptides and blactams.
T68 356995-357245 Sentence denotes Comparison of features in the backbone and C-terminal regions of conformers of active b-lactam antibiotics and model cellwall peptides, has allowed definition of the molecular recognition template required for substrate recognition by transpeptidase.
T69 357246-357349 Sentence denotes These shared structural features allow both to act as substrates and to acylate the active-site serine.
T70 357350-357593 Sentence denotes However, a significant difference in a critical backbone torsion between the two substrates, provides an explanation for the inability of the enzyme Á/antibiotic complex to undergo the deacylation step that causes inhibition of transpeptidase.
T71 357594-357826 Sentence denotes On the other hand, b-lactamases appear to have evolved molecular mechanisms that facilitate the deacylation reaction through compensating for the altered structural orientations in b-lactams caused by the different backbone torsion.
T72 357827-358053 Sentence denotes Finally, analysis of the conformer repertoires of blactams for structural features required for substrate uptake by peptide transporters, provides insights into how their structures can be tailored for optimal oral absorption.
T73 358054-358191 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) PM111 Objectives:
T74 358192-358340 Sentence denotes The aim of the present study was to determine in vitro susceptibility to antimicrobials of Proteus mirabilis isolated from urinary tract infections.
T75 358341-358349 Sentence denotes Methods:
T76 358350-358504 Sentence denotes We studied the susceptibility profile of ESBL positive P. mirabilis strains in three adopted children from India with age range from 20 months to 2 years.
T77 358505-358999 Sentence denotes ESBL was identified using the synergic effect of clavulanate with betalactams (ceftazidime and cefotaxime The in vivo efficacy of amoxicillin (AMX) sub-therapeutic doses (3.12 mg/kg, t.i.d for 48 h, achieving serum levels over the MIC of only 3% of the dosing interval) and concomitant specific serotherapy (single intraperitoneal dose of 1/4 diluted hyperimmune serum (HS) obtained from mice immunized with the heat-inactivated strain) was assessed in a pneumococcal sepsis BALB/c mouse model.
T78 359000-359194 Sentence denotes Mice (five mice/ treatment group) were intraperitoneally infected with 1.5 )/10 8 cfu/ ml of a serotype 6B penicillin-resistant strain (MIC of 2 and 4 mg/l for penicillin and AMX, respectively).
T79 359195-359246 Sentence denotes Treatments started 1 h after bacterial inoculation.
T80 359247-359338 Sentence denotes Study groups were: control (K; receiving nonimmune serum (NHS)), AMX'/NHS, HS, and AMX'/HS.
T81 359339-359373 Sentence denotes Survival rates (%) over time were:
T82 359374-359395 Sentence denotes Purpose of the study:
T83 359396-359656 Sentence denotes The study was performed to determine the consumption of imipenem and resistance of gram-negative pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Acinetobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli , Proteus mirabilis , Serratia marcescens , Enterobacter sp. ) to imipenem.
T84 359657-359780 Sentence denotes Gram-negative pathogens were isolated at the Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital from Zagreb, Croatia, in 1999 and 2000.
T85 359781-359866 Sentence denotes The imipenem sensitivity testing was performed by disk diffusion and E -test methods.
T86 359867-359954 Sentence denotes The consumption of imipenem was expressed in DDD/100 hospital days in the same periods.
T87 359955-359972 Sentence denotes Results obtained:
T88 359973-360166 Sentence denotes Imipenem resistance of Acinetobacter sp. decreased significantly in the year 2000 (P0/0.0052), especially in the first 6 months (P 0/0.021) when the lowest consumption of imipenem was recorded.
T89 360167-360251 Sentence denotes Imipenem resistance of other gram-negative pathogens did not decrease significantly.
T90 360252-360271 Sentence denotes Conclusion reached:
T91 360272-360372 Sentence denotes Comsumption of imipenem might lead to changes in resistance to imipenem among Acinetobacter strains.
T92 360373-360404 Sentence denotes Vacheva-Dobrevski RS, Savov EZ.
T93 360405-360469 Sentence denotes Military Medical Academy, Clinical Microbiology, Sofia, Bulgaria
T94 360470-360478 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T95 360479-360658 Sentence denotes Acinetobacter baumanii is becoming increasingly frequent nosocomial pathogen at our hospital, and beta-lactam resistant strains are on the increase, especially among icu isolates.
T96 360659-360798 Sentence denotes To study the susceptibility of A. baumanii clinical isolates to beta-lactams and to determine the ESBL-producing strains during 2001, year.
T97 360799-360927 Sentence denotes A total 438 Gram-negative nonfermenters (GNNF) isolates was investigated by semiautomated Mini API System (Bio Merieux, France).
T98 360928-361079 Sentence denotes Eighty-four A. baumanii non-repeated isolates was studied for ESBL-producing by Double-disk synergy test (DDT) and ATB-BLSE test (Bio Merieux, France).
T99 361080-361150 Sentence denotes MICs for beta-lactams were determined by E -test (AB Biodisk, Sweden).
T100 361151-361210 Sentence denotes Results: A. baumanii (n0/84) showed a multidrug resistance.
T101 361211-361379 Sentence denotes The isolates were resistant to cefotaxime (79%), cefoxitin (96%), ceftazidime (49%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (76%), piperacillin (72%), aztreonam (84%), imipenem (12%).
T102 361380-361491 Sentence denotes The 32 (38%) of investigated A. baumanii expressed ESBL activity and originated more frequently from ICU (78%).
T103 361492-361607 Sentence denotes ESBLs producing strains were isolated from endotracheal aspirate (52%), surgery wounds (29%), blood culture (5.7%).
T104 361608-361620 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T105 361621-361711 Sentence denotes In general resistance levels were higher in clinical isolates A. baumanii to beta-lactams.
T106 361712-361805 Sentence denotes The DDT seems to be a practical method for ESBL-screening; ATB-BLSE method is more sensitive.
T107 361806-361902 Sentence denotes Our study display to be the first report of ESBL-producing A. baumanii strains from our country.
T108 361903-361971 Sentence denotes Carbapenems seems to be the most active agents against A. baumanii .
T109 361972-362079 Sentence denotes Salmonella infantis , strain 111, was isolated from a newborn baby at Wassila Bourguiba Maternity in Tunis.
T110 362080-362275 Sentence denotes It exhibited high resistance to penicillins, extended-spectrum cephalosporines (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefpirome) and aztreonam but remained susceptible to cefoxitine and imipenem.
T111 362276-362387 Sentence denotes Involvement and characterization of enzymatic mechanism in b-lactam resistance were investigated in strain 111.
T112 362388-362465 Sentence denotes Isoelectricfocusing revealed that this strain produced a b-lactamase of pI 6.
T113 362466-362637 Sentence denotes This enzyme had a broad-substrate profile, hydrolyzing amoxicillin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, cephaloridine, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefpirome and ceftazidime.
T114 362638-362697 Sentence denotes The highest specific activity was observed with ampicillin.
T115 362698-362785 Sentence denotes Cefotaxime was hydrolyzed the most efficiently of the extended-spectum cephalosporines.
T116 362786-362879 Sentence denotes The pI 6 extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) was inhibited by clavulanic acid and sulbactam.
T117 362880-362934 Sentence denotes No inhibition of the ESBL was observed with 1 mM EDTA.
T118 362935-363001 Sentence denotes Thus, no metal ion is involved in hydrolysis for this b-lactamase.
T119 363002-363108 Sentence denotes Resistance due to the production of the pI 6 ESBL was transferred with DNA plasmid into Escherichia coli .
T120 363109-363251 Sentence denotes On the basis of substrate and inhibition profiles and isoelectric point, the pI 6 ESBL was not previously described in S. infantis in Tunisia.
T121 363252-363390 Sentence denotes The presence of such a resistance on a plasmid raises concer for rapid dissemination among bacteria and loss of effectiveness of blactams.
T122 363391-363762 Sentence denotes Poizot-Martin I a , Enel P b , Benhaïm S c , Vion-Dury F c , Dinh T c , Drogoul MP c , Gastaut JA c . a Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CISIH Sud, Pr JA Gastaut, Marseille, France , b Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Cellule Santé Publique DMI2, Marseille, France , c Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CISIH Sud, Marseille, France Objective:
T123 363763-363900 Sentence denotes To assess liver biopsy (LB) practices in a cohort of 255 co-infected HCV and HIV patients followed up in an HIV specialized medical unit.
T124 363901-363908 Sentence denotes Method:
T125 363909-364031 Sentence denotes Transversal study with questionnaire among patients in pre-therapeutic's evaluation with PCR'/ and without LB at 6 months.
T126 364032-364040 Sentence denotes Results:
T127 364041-364144 Sentence denotes Among the 255 patients, 28 (11%) are lost of follow up, 159 (62.3%) have had LB, 68 (26.2%) have no LB.
T128 364145-364407 Sentence denotes The characteristics of these 68 patients are: median age 0/38.59/6 years; sex ratio 0/2.14, CDC-stage A0/33.3% B 0/47.0% C 0/19.7%, undetectable viral load0/33.3%, median CD40/3269/204, anti-retroviral therapy0/ 95.5%, HCV-genotype 10/46.7%; 3a0/31.7%; 40/21.7%.
T129 364408-364833 Sentence denotes Causes of non-made LB are: (1) refusal from patients because of biopsy's fear0/ 35.3%; (2) contraindications because of HIV infection0/33.8% (clinical events0/16.2% which contraindicate anti-HCV treatment, grade III thrombocytopenia0/8.8% which contraindicate biopsy, non-adherence to previous HIV follow up0/8.8%); (3) other0/30.9% (alcoholism0/13.2%, psychiatric/depressive disorders0/11.8%, decompensated cirrhosis0/5.9%).
T130 364834-364919 Sentence denotes Drug use or methadone/buprenorphine treatment are not considered as contraindication.
T131 364920-364931 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T132 364932-364971 Sentence denotes One-third of patients are afraid of LB.
T133 364972-365078 Sentence denotes Alcoholism and psychiatric/depressive disorders are the principal contraindications to anti-HCV treatment.
T134 365079-365233 Sentence denotes It seems important to improve information of patients about LB and to focus on alcohol and psychiatric/depressive disorders management in such population.
T135 365234-365462 Sentence denotes Kashiwagi KK a , Furusyo NF a , Nakashima HN a , Kashiwagi SK b , Hayashi JH a . a Department of Environmental Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan , b National Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
T136 365463-365488 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study:
T137 365489-365638 Sentence denotes The aim of this prospective study was to explore the effect of HTLV-I co-infection on the development of HCC among patients with chronic HCV viremia.
T138 365639-365761 Sentence denotes A total of 764 consecutive patients with chronic HCV viremia were studied and followed-up over a mean period of 5.1 years:
T139 365762-365835 Sentence denotes 172 (22.5%) were infected with HTLV-I infection and 592 (77.5%) were not.
T140 365836-365987 Sentence denotes The results obtained the annual HCC development rate was 3.4% in patients co-infected with HCV and HTLV-I and 1.4% in patients infected with HCV alone.
T141 365988-366161 Sentence denotes HCC was significantly higher in 33 (19.2%) of the 172 patients co-infected patients than in 39 (6.6%) of the 592 patients infected with HCV alone (P B/ 0.001, Logrank test).
T142 366162-366563 Sentence denotes In patients under the age of 55 years, HCC development was significantly higher in seven (17.1%) of 19 patients co-infected with HCV and HTLV-I than in eight (2.9%) of 220 patients with HCV alone (PB/ 0.05, Logrank test), whereas there was no significant difference in HCC development between patients over age 55 with or without HTLV-I infection (26 (2.0%) of 131 and 31 (9.9%) of 312, respectively).
T143 366564-366716 Sentence denotes The conclusion reached HTLV-I infection accelerates the development of HCC in chronic HCV patients, especially among patients under the age of 55 years.
T144 366717-366976 Sentence denotes To analyze HBV genotype-related clinical differences among patients with chronic HBV infection, all 158 patients were serially tested for serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and followed up for a mean 10.8 (6.4) year period.
T145 366977-367066 Sentence denotes Genotypes B and C were found in 58 (36.7%) and 100 (63.3%) of the patients, respectively.
T146 367067-367260 Sentence denotes HBeAg positivity and ALT abnormality rates at the start of the observation period were significantly higher in genotype C patients (66.0 and 84.0%) than in genotype B patients (34.5 and 22.4%).
T147 367261-367413 Sentence denotes The annual rate of spontaneous HBeAg disappearance in genotype B patients was much higher than in genotype C patients (8.38 versus 2.34%, respectively).
T148 367414-367571 Sentence denotes Patients with genotype C who were continuously HBeAg negative from entry had significantly higher ALT abnormality (58.8%) than those with genotype B (19.2%).
T149 367572-367695 Sentence denotes Interestingly, patients with genotype C who became HBeAg negative by interferon treatment had high ALT abnormality (58.8%).
T150 367696-367758 Sentence denotes All patients with ALT abnormality were serum HBV DNA positive.
T151 367759-367948 Sentence denotes These findings indicate that HBV genotype C patients are more severe liver deterioration because of the delay of HBeAg disappearance and continued HBV replication after HBeAg disappearance.
T152 367949-368028 Sentence denotes Nossik NN a , Nebolsin VE b , Zheltukhina GA c , Yevstigneeva RP c . a The D.I.
T153 368029-368282 Sentence denotes Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Viral Reproduction, Moscow, Russian Federation , b Pparminterprisis Co., Chemistry, Mocow, Russian Federation , c Moscow State Academy of Fine Chemical Technology, Piptide Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation Objective:
T154 368283-368515 Sentence denotes To study the effects of 'gamma'-L-Glutamylhistamine (Glu-HA) derivates on non-specific immunity ('alfa'-IFN, 'gamma'-IFN and NK cell activity) and antiviral activity on the experimental influenza and herpes virus infections in mice.
T155 368516-368600 Sentence denotes The Glu-YA and its derivate Glu-II were synthesized by peptide chemistry techniques.
T156 368601-368644 Sentence denotes The Glu-HA and Glu-II was administered i.p.
T157 368645-368854 Sentence denotes 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg before and after influenza virus (type A/Aichi) and showed a protective effect even at the high infective dose (100LD50) */the rate of protection0/ 42 Á/51/60% in the positive/control group.
T158 368855-368947 Sentence denotes They were not very effective in the protection of herpes simplex virus encephalitis in mice.
T159 368948-369058 Sentence denotes The model of the physico-emotional stress in mice was used to investigate the IFN system and NK cell activity.
T160 369059-369192 Sentence denotes The production of IFNs and NK cell activity of splenocytes decreased in 2 h after the stress and back to normal level in 7 Á/10 days.
T161 369193-369389 Sentence denotes It was shown that Glu-HA and Glu-II can protect or substantially prevent the decrease in NK cell activity and IFNs synthesis in post-stress period (so normally did not induce the IFNs' synthesis).
T162 369390-369402 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T163 369403-369491 Sentence denotes The Glu-HA and Glu-II showed antiviral effect against influenza virus infection in mice.
T164 369492-369681 Sentence denotes The immunomodulating activity and ability to normalize the IFN synthesis and NK cell activity depressed the post-stress period and probably play an essential role in the antiviral activity.
T165 369682-369795 Sentence denotes No dose adjustment of an anti-influenza prodrug oseltamivir is required in patients with hepatic impairment PM120
T166 369796-370015 Sentence denotes Oo C a , Snell PR b , Liu B a , Martin D b , Simkins T b , Small I b , Ward P b . a Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Global Development, Nutley, USA , b Roche Products Ltd., Global Development, Welwyn Garden City, UK Background:
T167 370016-370142 Sentence denotes Oseltamivir (OSE; Ro 64-0796, Tamiflu † ) is an oral ethyl ester prodrug of its active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate (OC:
T168 370143-370226 Sentence denotes Ro 64-0802), a potent and selective neuraminidase inhibitor of the influenza virus.
T169 370227-370336 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study is to evaluate the need for OSE dosage adjustment in hepatic impaired patients (HI).
T170 370337-370344 Sentence denotes Method:
T171 370345-370490 Sentence denotes Healthy volunteers (HV) versus HI (Child-Pugh Score 7 Á/ 9) [matched on the basis of age (9/10 years), gender and weight (9/ 20%)] were compared.
T172 370491-370523 Sentence denotes Each subject received 75 mg OSE.
T173 370524-370532 Sentence denotes Results:
T174 370533-370665 Sentence denotes Based on C max (ng/ml) and AUC inf (ng h/ml) analysed using nominal times, LS mean ratios and 90% CI between HI and HV were similar.
T175 370666-370757 Sentence denotes OSE* values in HI were marginally elevated but not sufficiently to require dose adjustment.
T176 370758-370945 Sentence denotes The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of molecular structure of macrocyclic pyridinophanes and their analogs on antiinfluenza and antiherpetic activity of these compounds.
T177 370946-371034 Sentence denotes We used 4D-QSAR approaches on the basis of simple representation of molecular structure.
T178 371035-371196 Sentence denotes Such representation for biologically active substances allows the description of the spatial structure of compounds with the complete stereochemical information.
T179 371197-371298 Sentence denotes It determines spatial structures either promoting or interfering of the concrete biological activity.
T180 371299-371435 Sentence denotes It is easy to realize the molecular design of compounds with the given level of activity with the help of the combinations of simplexes.
T181 371436-371555 Sentence denotes Statistic characteristics for QSAR of Partial Least-Squares models are satisfactory (R0/0.92 Á/0.97; CVR0/0.76 Á/0.86).
T182 371556-371655 Sentence denotes The molecular fragments that increase the antiviral activity were defined and will be demonstrated.
T183 371656-371812 Sentence denotes This information was used for design and directed synthesis of several novel antiviral agents with predicted high anti-influenza or antiherpetic activities.
T184 371813-371864 Sentence denotes Predicted activities were confirmed experimentally.
T185 371865-371934 Sentence denotes 4D-QSAR approaches are useful for development of antiviral compounds.
T186 371935-372012 Sentence denotes This work was partially supported by INTAS foundation (grant INTAS 97-31528).
T187 372013-372025 Sentence denotes Lozitsky VP.
T188 372026-372107 Sentence denotes Ukrainian Mechnikov Research Anti-Plague Institute, Chemotherapy, Odessa, Ukraine
T189 372108-372209 Sentence denotes The purpose of this study was to research the anti-influenza activity of proteolytic inhibitor E-ACA.
T190 372210-372355 Sentence denotes It prevents the enhancement of proteolysis during the interaction of virions with cell membranes and decreases penetration of virions into cells.
T191 372356-372480 Sentence denotes E-ACA brings down proteolytic cleavage of HA-precursor to HA-1 and HA-polypeptides and reduces the infectious virus harvest.
T192 372481-372645 Sentence denotes It shows the prophylactic and therapeutic action during the experimental influenza reducing the enhancement of alkaline proteases activity in lungs after infection.
T193 372646-372842 Sentence denotes E-ACA promotes the intensification of specific antibodies production and cell immunity, prevents vessels' permeability and hemorrhagic phenomena, decreases the destruction of bronchi's epithelium.
T194 372843-372938 Sentence denotes It reduces the duration of intoxication, catarrhal instances and hyperthermia in sick children.
T195 372939-373053 Sentence denotes E-ACA improves the indexes of immunity, non-specific resistance and decreases the rate of bacterial complications.
T196 373054-373193 Sentence denotes Application of E-ACA for treatment influenza and other ARVI in children is recommended in Ukraine on the base of results of our researches.
T197 373194-373323 Sentence denotes The higher effects demonstrated as a result of combine usage of E-ACA with specific Ig, or Deitiforin, or Unithyol, or Ribavirin.
T198 373324-373498 Sentence denotes In our opinion, the study of effectiveness of E-ACA combine application with inhibitors of influenza NA is the perspective direction of anti-influenza researches development.
T199 373499-373756 Sentence denotes We should we treat immediately all varicella patients with acyclovir if the patient is older than 20 years PM123 During past 2 years in Institute for Infectious and Tropical Diseases in Belgrade, 89 immunocompetent varicella patients were treated and cured.
T200 373757-373805 Sentence denotes Among them 32 were older than 20 years (35.95%).
T201 373806-373844 Sentence denotes X-rays were performed in all patients.
T202 373845-373950 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of pneumonia was made in 32 patients (35.95%), but in 26 (81.25%) patients older than 20 years.
T203 373951-374063 Sentence denotes Varicella is a benign, self-limited disease, if it strikes early, i.e. preschool, school children and teenagers.
T204 374064-374115 Sentence denotes At that time there is no need for specific therapy.
T205 374116-374243 Sentence denotes But in neonates, immunocompetent adults and in all immunocompromised patients it can be difficult and life-threatening disease.
T206 374244-374338 Sentence denotes In immunocompetent adult population pneumonia is a very serious, sometimes fatal complication.
T207 374339-374575 Sentence denotes Knowing the pathophysiology of primary varicella Á/zoster infection, specific therapy with acyclovir should be started immediately after making the diagnosis in patients older than 20 years, without waiting for X-ray proof of pneumonia.
T208 374576-374709 Sentence denotes Brivudin compared to acyclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster: effects on acute disease and posttherapeutic pain PM124 Objective:
T209 374710-374842 Sentence denotes Comparison of efficacy and safety of brivudin 1)/125 mg and acyclovir 5)/800 mg, both for 7 days, in the treatment of herpes zoster.
T210 374843-374851 Sentence denotes Methods:
T211 374852-374967 Sentence denotes Randomised, double-blind study on 1227 immunocompetent patients ]/18 years (brivudin: n 0/613, acyclovir: n 0/614).
T212 374968-375118 Sentence denotes A subgroup of patients ]/50 years (brivudin: n0/309, acyclovir: n0/299) was examined for the occurrence of posttherapeutic pain in a poststudy survey.
T213 375119-375238 Sentence denotes Posttherapeutic pain was defined as any zoster-associated pain, regardless of intensity, after the end of acute zoster.
T214 375239-375247 Sentence denotes Results:
T215 375248-375344 Sentence denotes Brivudin was superior to acyclovir in reducing time to last occurrence of new vesicles (RR(ITT):
T216 375345-375375 Sentence denotes 1.13 [1.01 Á/1.27], P 0/0.01).
T217 375376-375454 Sentence denotes The advantage of brivudin was more pronounced in patients ]/50 years (RR(ITT):
T218 375455-375485 Sentence denotes 1.16, [1.01 Á/1.34], P0/0.02).
T219 375486-375604 Sentence denotes Incidence of posttherapeutic pain was significantly lower with brivudin (32.7%) than with acyclovir (43.5%, P0/0.006).
T220 375605-375666 Sentence denotes Duration of pain was comparable in both treatment groups (RR:
T221 375667-375698 Sentence denotes 1.11, [0.93 Á/1.32], P 0/0.27).
T222 375699-375827 Sentence denotes Potentially treatment-related adverse events occurred in 7.7% of the brivudin recipients and in 10% of the acyclovir recipients.
T223 375828-375840 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T224 375841-375966 Sentence denotes Brivudin 125 mg once daily for 7 days is superior to standard acyclovir in stopping viral replication in acute herpes zoster.
T225 375967-376089 Sentence denotes In patients ]/50 years, brivudin is more effective than acyclovir in reducing the risk of developing posttherapeutic pain.
T226 376090-376133 Sentence denotes Brivudin is as well tolerated as acyclovir.
T227 376134-376347 Sentence denotes Varadinova T a , Genova P a , Garcia-Raso A b , Terron A b , Fiol J b , Badenas F b . a Laboratory of Virology, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria , b Chemistry, Universitat de les Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
T228 376348-376453 Sentence denotes We have published that Cu(II) complexes of acyclovir (ACV) are active against HSV infection (MBD, 1996) .
T229 376454-376656 Sentence denotes Here we present data on the activity of ACV complexes of Ni(II), Cd(II), Co(II) and Ag(I) against resistant to ACV HSV 1 strain R-100 in comparison with the effect against ACV sensitive strain Victoria.
T230 376657-376735 Sentence denotes Selectivity indexes (SI) compared to that of ACV were indicative for activity.
T231 376736-377173 Sentence denotes The following data were obtained: (i) 1 was 10 times less selective inhibitor of strain R-100 than of strain Victoria; (ii) under the action of [Cd(ACV)Cl 2 ], [Ni(ACV) 2 (H 2 O) 4 ]Cl 2 ×/2ACV and [Ni(ACV)(NO 3 )] 3 ×/5H 2 O was up to 90% higher than that in the control; (ii) 2 was 28 times less selective inhibitor than ACV; (iv) SI of 3 was two times higher for strain R-100 and five times lower for strain Victoria then that of ACV.
T232 377174-377302 Sentence denotes These data show that the selectivity of ACV against resistant HSV 1 strains can increase when ACV is bond to a proper metal ion.
T233 377303-377311 Sentence denotes Methods:
T234 377312-377501 Sentence denotes An antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex virus of the type I (HSV-I/Leningrad/248/88) and variant HSV-1 (VVT/4/00R) resistant to acyclovir was determined using commonly accepted method.
T235 377502-377545 Sentence denotes Viruses were grown on a continuous culture.
T236 377546-377704 Sentence denotes Maximal toxic dose was determined by the administration of compounds orally (300 mg/kg) or intraabdominally (100 mg/kg) to white mice that had mass 18 Á/20 g.
T237 377705-377757 Sentence denotes Condition of the animals was controlled during 72 h.
T238 377758-377821 Sentence denotes Mice pneumonia model was used for the testing activity in vivo.
T239 377822-377830 Sentence denotes Results:
T240 377831-377911 Sentence denotes Derivatives tested have activity against HSV-1 and HSV-1 resistant to acyclovir.
T241 377912-378011 Sentence denotes Maximum protection of the cells up to 80% was reached at concentration of compounds 100 Á/10 mg/kg.
T242 378012-378144 Sentence denotes Tested compounds have low toxicity and animals did not die after intraabdominal and after per oral administration of the substances.
T243 378145-378214 Sentence denotes Using these compounds led to essential relief of diseases in animals.
T244 378215-378339 Sentence denotes The number and square of virus specific areas of inflammation in lung was decreased to compare with control untreated group.
T245 378340-378421 Sentence denotes Tested compounds protected animals similar to acyclovir that was used as control.
T246 378422-378433 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T247 378434-378572 Sentence denotes Derivatives of carboalkoxysulfanilic acids are active against HSV in vitro and in vivo and act on the acyclovir resistant variant viruses.
T248 378573-378747 Sentence denotes Markiewicz R a , Szepietowski JC b . a Jelfa S.A., Medical Department, Jelenia Gora, Poland , b Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine, Wroclaw, Poland Background:
T249 378748-378892 Sentence denotes Denotivir is a 5-benzoamino-4?-chloro-3-methyl-4isothiazolecarboxanilide anti-inflammatory agent with antiviral and immunomodulatory activities.
T250 378893-378952 Sentence denotes It possesses also mild antibacterial and antifungal action.
T251 378953-378978 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study:
T252 378979-379105 Sentence denotes The aim of this presentation is to give an overview of recent studies demonstrating denotivir efficacy in herpetic infections.
T253 379106-379127 Sentence denotes The results obtained:
T254 379128-379257 Sentence denotes In vitro studies revealed that denotivir in the doses below its cytotoxicity (about 25 uM) significantly inhibited (by 90 Á/99%).
T255 379258-379348 Sentence denotes Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 replication in fibroblast and kidney cell cultures.
T256 379349-379472 Sentence denotes Moreover, it was showed that denotivir in the dose of 37 mg/ml markedly inactivated HSV-2 after 30 min incubation in 37 8C.
T257 379473-379634 Sentence denotes In giunea pigs research, 2% denotivir in 90% DMSO appeared to be superior to 90% DMSO alone and untreated groups in the therapy of animal skin infected by HSV-2.
T258 379635-379809 Sentence denotes There was no huge difference in eythema and oedema scorings between studied groups, however in the group treated with denotivir, in contrast to others, no vesicles developed.
T259 379810-379950 Sentence denotes Several clinical studies showed usefulness of denotivir in controlling herpetic infections in dermatology, ophthalmology and otolaryngology.
T260 379951-380111 Sentence denotes In the majority of studies within few hours after the drug application itch and pain relief was noted and within 1 Á/2 days the vesicular lesions were dried up.
T261 380112-380135 Sentence denotes The conclusion reached:
T262 380136-380196 Sentence denotes In conclusion, denotivir is an effective antiherpetic agent.
T263 380197-380267 Sentence denotes This study was conducted on 12 cows affected with teat papillomatosis.
T264 380268-380331 Sentence denotes In the first step, each cow was located on one of three groups.
T265 380332-380439 Sentence denotes The first group contained four cows from 1 to 4 years that were treated with fig tree (Ficus carica) latex.
T266 380440-380605 Sentence denotes The second group contained four cows from 1.5 to 4 years that were treated with a 10% solution of salicylic acid, and the third group contained four cows as control.
T267 380606-380768 Sentence denotes In group one and two following treatment with fig tree latex and salicylic acid, superficial necrosis begun from day 5 and all of the warts disappeared by day 30.
T268 380769-380901 Sentence denotes In the control group, after day 20, there were no changes in number of lesions, but some of them were larger than first observation.
T269 380902-381026 Sentence denotes On day 25, one of the marked warts disappeared and on day 35 another wart was disappeared but six were present until day 45.
T270 381027-381148 Sentence denotes Comparison of effects of salicylic acid and fig latex showed similar effects in treatment of udder papillomatosis in cow.
T271 381149-381365 Sentence denotes Laboratory markers of skeletal muscle toxicity in HIV-infected patients: a cross-sectional case-control survey of frequency, potential correlation with antiretroviral therapy, clinical significance, and outcome PM130
T272 381366-381424 Sentence denotes Manfredi R, Motta R, Patrono D, Calza L, Chiodo F, Boni P.
T273 381425-381725 Sentence denotes To assess skeletal muscle toxicity among Â/1000 HIV-infected outpatients (p), the 129 p who had ]/1 altered CPK assay ( !/195 U/l) between May and November 2001, were compared with 387 p randomly selected among those who had ]/2 laboratory exams in this 6-month interval, in a 1:3 case-control study.
T274 381726-381822 Sentence denotes Among the 129 p with altered CPK levels only six were females, and 110 received antiretrovirals.
T275 381823-381932 Sentence denotes The overall frequency of altered CPK among all p who underwent ]/2 laboratory workouts in 6 months was 14.4%.
T276 381933-382161 Sentence denotes CPK alteration was transient in 98 p, with values ranging from 196 to 3463 (mean 256.29/62.3) U/l, but was recognized ]/2 times in 2 Á/6 months in 31 p (24%), 24 of them showing concomitant high aldolase levels (3.1 Á/10.8 U/L).
T277 382162-382277 Sentence denotes A myopathy or a rhabdomyolisis were recognized in four p only; a myositis was confirmed in one p by histopathology.
T278 382278-382799 Sentence denotes In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, when excluding the unexpected prevalence of the male gender (P B/0.0001), no significant difference emerged between p and controls as to age, risk for HIV infection, iv drug use, duration of HIV infection, prior anti-HIV therapy and its length, selected drug combinations, administered nucleoside analogues,HIV disease stage, mean CD4'/ count and HIV viremia, signs and duration of lipodystrophy, increased glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and other therapies.
T279 382800-382983 Sentence denotes Muscle abnormalities, though frequently asymptomatic, are underestimated HIV disease complications, and the role of metabolic (i.e. mitochondrial) alterations, deserves investigation.
T280 382984-383176 Sentence denotes Poor efficacy of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)based salvage HAART in HIV-infected patients heavily pre-treated with all other classes of antiretroviral compounds PM131
T281 383177-383207 Sentence denotes Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F.
T282 383208-383266 Sentence denotes Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
T283 383267-383356 Sentence denotes Poorly comparable literature series show conflicting results of NNRTI-based rescue HAART:
T284 383357-383392 Sentence denotes 20 Á/70% rate of virologic success.
T285 383393-383735 Sentence denotes To assess the response to a 4 Á/5-drug rescue HAART including a NNRTI, 72 patients (p) treated with nucleoside analogues (NA) and protease inhibitors (PI) for !/18 and !/15 months, respectively but naïve to NNRTI, with a viremia !/10 000 copies/ml, were prospectively followed during 1 Á/2 years, provided that they ensured a !/90% adherence.
T286 383736-383805 Sentence denotes Efavirenz was used in 41 p, nevirapine in 29, and delavirdine in two.
T287 383806-383977 Sentence denotes Most p (88.9%) had an early laboratory improvement, but mean peak viral load decrease was 0.4 Log, and a significant reduction vs baseline (P B/0.02) lasted 3 months only.
T288 383978-384117 Sentence denotes A mean 17% increase of zenith CD4 count was obtained (P B/0.001), but only 18.1% of p remained !/200 cells/ml 1 year after switch to NNRTI.
T289 384118-384538 Sentence denotes In a multivariate analysis, the concurrent introduction of novel PI(s) (32 p) and/or different NA(s) (19 p) acted favorably until the 9th month of follow-up (P B/0.04), while genotypic mutations conferring NNRTI cross-resistance, usually associated with a broad resistance profile, predicted failure in all p (P B/0.001), and the response did not vary according to duration and type of prior therapy, and selected NNRTI.
T290 384539-384705 Sentence denotes A deep salvage NNRTIbased HAART has a poor and transient virologic outcome also in NNRTI-naïve p, while a more evident and sustained immunologic response is expected.
T291 384706-384818 Sentence denotes P who can introduce novel PI/NA and have no mutations impairing NNRTI activity are entitled to a better outcome.
T292 384819-384958 Sentence denotes Fatal lactic acidosis without elevation of liver-enzymes during the treatment with stavudine, didanosine and efavirenz: a case report PM132
T293 384959-385008 Sentence denotes Winzer R, Langmann P, Väth T, Zilly M, Klinker H.
T294 385009-385264 Sentence denotes Medizinische Poliklinik der Universität Würzburg, Schwerpunkt Hepatologie/Infektiologie, ürzburg, Germany Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) cause various side effects, many of which are thought to be due to their effects on mitochondria.
T295 385265-385301 Sentence denotes A 36-year-old HIV positive (HIV RNA:
T296 385302-385333 Sentence denotes 6000 copies/ml, CD4 cell count:
T297 385334-385366 Sentence denotes 359/ml), obese (body-mass-index:
T298 385367-385779 Sentence denotes 40.9), therapy-naïve female patient, who after 7 months of well tolerated and effective antiretroviral therapy (stavudine, didanosine, efavirenz), had slight gastrointestinal discomfort and suddenly developed a lactic acidosis (arterial-pH 7.03 [7.36 Á/7.44 She died 4 days later despite intensive care (continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration, sodium-bicarbonate infusion, high doses of vitamins, respiration).
T299 385780-386026 Sentence denotes The pathologic examination showed an enlarged liver (2370 g) with yellowish appearance and pasty consistency, which microscopically appeared as a massive macro-and microvesicular fatty degeneration, and only slight signs of terminal pancreatitis.
T300 386027-386191 Sentence denotes This reported case gives evidence that a massive lactate acidosis may develop without previously disarranged laboratory parameters for liver or pancreatic function.
T301 386192-386258 Sentence denotes A fatal outcome may evolve without further accompanying-illnesses.
T302 386259-386419 Sentence denotes Efficacy and tolerability of atorvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART PM133 Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F.
T303 386420-386504 Sentence denotes Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Introduction:
T304 386505-386745 Sentence denotes Significant increases in plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels have been reported in patients treated with HAART, and prolonged metabolic imbalances could significantly act on the longterm prognosis and outcome of HIV-infected persons.
T305 386746-386767 Sentence denotes Patients and methods:
T306 386768-387067 Sentence denotes Fourteen HIV-infected patients on PI-based HAART since at least 12 months and presenting hypercholesterolemia ( !/290 mg/dl) of at least 6-month duration and unresponsive to a hypolipidemic diet and physical exercise, have been treated with a single daily dose of atorvastatin (20 mg) for 18 months.
T307 387068-387076 Sentence denotes Results:
T308 387077-387138 Sentence denotes One patient was ecluded from evaluation due to early dropout.
T309 387139-387277 Sentence denotes Ongoing antiretroviral treatment included ritonavir in four cases, indinavir in four, nelfinavir in three, and saquinavir hard-gel in two.
T310 387278-387495 Sentence denotes At the close of 18-month follow-up of atorvastatin therapy, a decrease of total cholesterol level of 21.9% versus respective baseline value was observed; eight out of 13 patients reached normal values for cholesterol.
T311 387496-387637 Sentence denotes Mild gastroenteric symptoms were found in only one of the 13 treated patients, while no skeletal muscle and liver toxicity has been observed.
T312 387638-387649 Sentence denotes Discussion:
T313 387650-387865 Sentence denotes In our study, pharmacological treatment with atorvastatin proved certainly effective in the management of diet-resistant hypercholesterolemia, and was associated with a favourable tolerability and adherence profile.
T314 387866-388133 Sentence denotes The effect of combination antiretroviral therapy regimens on HIV-1 proviral DNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was examined in 12 HIV-1-positive patients, using endpoint dilution PCR and serially cloning and sequencing of the gag region of HIV-1.
T315 388134-388283 Sentence denotes The major clone was defined as the most numerous of 10 analyzed clones, and observation periods ranged from 8 to 32 months (mean, 19.89/10.2 months).
T316 388284-388444 Sentence denotes In five patients (one with primary-stage HIV-1 infection) receiving three antiretroviral drugs, HIV-1 RNA levels reduced to undetectable (i.e. B/100 copies/ml).
T317 388445-388536 Sentence denotes HIV-1 proviral DNA levels and the number of major clones reduced in four of these patients.
T318 388537-388611 Sentence denotes HIV-1 RNA levels reduced, but remained detectable, in five other patients.
T319 388612-388729 Sentence denotes In the two remaining patients (both receiving two rather than three antiretroviral drugs) HIV-1 RNA levels increased.
T320 388730-388896 Sentence denotes These results suggested that the population of the major clones may be affected when HIV-1 RNA levels reduce following combination regimens of antiretroviral therapy.
T321 388897-389070 Sentence denotes Saquinavir hard gel (Shg) as a part of a spontaneous 12 Á/18-month deintensification anti-HIV regimen following successful highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) PM135
T322 389071-389101 Sentence denotes Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F.
T323 389102-389160 Sentence denotes Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
T324 389161-389336 Sentence denotes The induction-maintenance concept was poorly studied in HIV'/ patients (p), and Shg was never assessed after prolonged response to potent protease inhibitors (PI)-based HAART.
T325 389337-389532 Sentence denotes Shg-naïve p who refused indinavir, ritonavir, or nelfinavir-based HAART after achieving long-term viral suppression, and resorted to Shg'/2 nucleoside analogues (NA), were followed prospectively.
T326 389533-389602 Sentence denotes In 60.7% of the 61 p assessed for 12 Á/18 months, ]/1 NA was changed.
T327 389603-389773 Sentence denotes Prior HAART was interrupted after 8.49/2.9 months, due to adverse events (46 p), or p's request (15 p), while a viremia B/50 copies/ml was present since 4.79/ 1.5 months.
T328 389774-390086 Sentence denotes A viremia of 50 Á/1000 HIV-RNA copies/ml was maintained in 49 p (80.3%), while a higher viral load occurred in 12 p after 5.99/0.6 months, and was related to a pre-HAART viremia !/100 000/ ml, a more frequent !/100% recovery of CD4 count, mutations of codons 48 Á/90, and failure to change NA (P B/0.05 Á/0.001).
T329 390087-390283 Sentence denotes A CD4 drop !/20%/150 cells/mL was found after 7.19/0.5 months in only eight p, who also had virologic failure: immunologic deterioration was earlier and deeper when NA were not changed (P B/0.05).
T330 390284-390429 Sentence denotes All the 37 p who introduced Shg'/novel NA after a successful !/6-month induction with a potent PI-based HAART had a stable 12 Á/18-month outcome.
T331 390430-390609 Sentence denotes A suboptimal HAART including the less effective but better tolerated Shg may be effective for !/1 year, especially when novel NA are introduced, and specific mutations are absent.
T332 390610-390724 Sentence denotes Despite a lower potency, drugs with a good safety and compliance profile may be recovered for simplified regimens.
T333 390725-390735 Sentence denotes Objective:
T334 390736-390840 Sentence denotes To evaluate efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with two or three drugs in the nervous 'reservoir'.
T335 390841-390850 Sentence denotes Patients:
T336 390851-391062 Sentence denotes Thirteen acute neurological and ART naive AIDS patients underwent a paired and simultaneous sample from plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for a quantitative detection of HIV-1 RNA (Amplicor Roche) before ART.
T337 391063-391137 Sentence denotes All patients underwent a CT and/or MR of the brain to perform a diagnosis.
T338 391138-391209 Sentence denotes All of them had an HIV related neurological acute inflammatory disease.
T339 391210-391252 Sentence denotes After diagnosis all patients received ART:
T340 391253-391346 Sentence denotes 7/13 received two NRTI and 6/13 received HAART including two NRTI and one protease inhibitor.
T341 391347-391460 Sentence denotes All patients underwent a paired and simultaneous follow-up from plasma and CSF during the 2nd month of treatment.
T342 391461-391469 Sentence denotes Results:
T343 391470-391608 Sentence denotes In all patients baseline levels of HIV-RNA were higher (P B/ 0.05) in the plasma (log 10 5.37'/0.93) than in the CSF (log 10 4.33'/1.379).
T344 391609-391822 Sentence denotes The 7/13 patients who received dual therapy had undetectable levels (cut-off 200 copies/ml) of viral RNA at the follow-up in CSF, but not in plasma: three of these seven patients had a detectable plasma HIV-1 RNA.
T345 391823-391922 Sentence denotes All 6/13 patients with HAART had undetectable HIV-1 RNA both in plasma and in CSF at the follow up.
T346 391923-391935 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T347 391936-392123 Sentence denotes Dual NRTI therapy is rapidly effective in CSF (because of an high penetration of drugs through a more permeable blood Á/brain barrier and lower HIV RNA baseline levels) but not in plasma.
T348 392124-392186 Sentence denotes HAART is rapidly and equally effective both in CSF and plasma.
T349 392187-392361 Sentence denotes There are no reports of fulminant and fatal hepatic failure after the start of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in an HIV subject without chronic viral hepatitis.
T350 392362-392374 Sentence denotes Case report:
T351 392375-392455 Sentence denotes A 30-year-old naive AIDS woman with clinical symptoms due by a PCP was observed.
T352 392456-392558 Sentence denotes Baseline ALT was increased (0.5 m.n.v.) because of a mild hepatosteatosis and a silent cholelithiasis.
T353 392559-392662 Sentence denotes Serology for HBV, HDV and HCV was negative; IgG anti-HAV, anti-EBV, anti-CMV and anti-HSV were present.
T354 392663-392711 Sentence denotes HIV-1 RNA was 5.7 log 10, CD4'/ count was 26/ml.
T355 392712-392834 Sentence denotes During the PCP treatment with cotrimoxazole ALT values increased ( !/5 m.n.v.); nevertheless, she completed the treatment.
T356 392835-392904 Sentence denotes Liver enzymes returned to the pre-treatment values over several days.
T357 392905-392969 Sentence denotes Then she started HAART with stavudine, lamivudine and efavirenz.
T358 392970-393097 Sentence denotes After 10 days the patient showed an efavirenz-related skin rush that resolved within 5 days, without treatment discontinuation.
T359 393098-393155 Sentence denotes Fourteen days after the start of HAART jaundice appeared.
T360 393156-393316 Sentence denotes Laboratory revealed severe ALT increase ( !/8 m.n.v.) and hyperbilirubinemia (17 mg/dl) and she died because of an acute liver failure syndrome within few days.
T361 393317-393545 Sentence denotes An HAART efavirenzbased regimen can result highly hepatotoxic when given in presence of a hepatosteatosis, of a recent hepatotoxicity caused by a nonantiretroviral treatment and of a previous idiosyncratic reaction to efavirenz.
T362 393546-393667 Sentence denotes Our experience with Bulgarian herbal extracts for improving the general condition of HIV-positive patients PM138 Methods:
T363 393668-393836 Sentence denotes We used a combination of 19 Bulgarian herbal extracts and treated six patients, divided in two groups: three with symptomatic and three with asymptomatic HIV-infection.
T364 393837-394063 Sentence denotes The all three patients with asymptomatic HIV-infection were treated only with herbal extracts, another three patients with symptomatic HIV-infection were treated with combination of herbal extracts and anti-retroviral therapy.
T365 394064-394160 Sentence denotes The general status of patients has been evaluated by both subjective and objective surveillance.
T366 394161-394246 Sentence denotes The immunologic monitoring has been performed by absolute count of CD4'/ lymphocytes.
T367 394247-394255 Sentence denotes Results:
T368 394256-394419 Sentence denotes All patients have shown an obvious improvement in their general condition: high spirit and working capacity, good appetite and sleep, a restoration of body weight.
T369 394420-394491 Sentence denotes The number of CD4'/ lymphocytes has been lightly increased or constant.
T370 394492-394503 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T371 394504-394644 Sentence denotes The combination of Bulgarian herbal extracts has shown significant positive effect on the general condition and improve the quality of life.
T372 394645-394801 Sentence denotes Antifungal activity of in vitro and in vivo combinations of voriconazole with 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B against Candida and Cryptococcus spp PM139
T373 394802-394867 Sentence denotes Hitchcock CA, Andrews RJ, Lewis BGH, Pye GW, Oliver GP, Troke PF.
T374 394868-394962 Sentence denotes Pfizer Global Research and Development, Department of Discovery Biology, Sandwich, UK Purpose:
T375 394963-395222 Sentence denotes The present study was designed to determine whether the activity of voriconazole (VOR), a novel triazole, was reduced against candidal and cryptococcal infections by the addition of standard antifungal agents, amphotericin B (AMB) and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC).
T376 395223-395413 Sentence denotes VOR was tested in combination with standard antifungal agents both in vitro, using a checkerboard MIC determination test, and in vivo in immune normal guinea pig models of fungal infections.
T377 395414-395547 Sentence denotes The results indicate that the efficacy of VOR against Candida albicans and C. neoformans was not antagonised by AMB or 5-FC in vitro.
T378 395548-395770 Sentence denotes Furthermore, in guinea pig models of systemic candidiasis and intracranial cryptococcosis, no antagonism was observed between the lower doses of VOR and either AMB or 5-FC on the basis of reductions in tissue fungal loads.
T379 395771-395976 Sentence denotes At the highest doses of VOR, both AMB and 5-FC showed some antagonism, but the combinations were still effective in significantly reducing fungal tissue loads compared with vehicle-treated control animals.
T380 395977-395988 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T381 395989-396235 Sentence denotes These results suggest that VOR may be used in combination with standard antifungal agents, and future studies to elucidate the clinical potential of VOR combination therapies in the management of Candida and Cryptococcus infections are warranted.
T382 396236-396344 Sentence denotes Itraconazole in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor PM140 Tiodorovic J, Jovanovic D, Binic I, Nikolic LJ.
T383 396345-396541 Sentence denotes Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Dermatovenerology, Nis, Serbia, Yugoslavia A comparison of two short-term dose schedules with itraconazole was carried out in 50 patients with pityriasis versicolor.
T384 396542-396582 Sentence denotes The patients were divided in two groups.
T385 396583-396658 Sentence denotes Each group consisted of 25 patients who completed the therapy and controls.
T386 396659-396745 Sentence denotes The clinical diagnosis was confirmed mycologically, by direct microscopic examination.
T387 396746-396811 Sentence denotes The first group received 400 mg of itraconazole daily for 3 days.
T388 396812-396862 Sentence denotes The second group received 200 mg daily for 5 days.
T389 396863-396970 Sentence denotes The patients were controlled clinically and mycologically 15 and 30 days after the initiation of treatment.
T390 396971-397027 Sentence denotes Erythema, scaling and pruritus was evaluated clinically.
T391 397028-397090 Sentence denotes Clinically and mycologically cured patients accepted as cured.
T392 397091-397171 Sentence denotes The cure rate were 76% in the first group and 72% in the second group at day 30.
T393 397172-397216 Sentence denotes The effects of these two groups are similar.
T394 397217-397260 Sentence denotes None of the patients reported side-effects.
T395 397261-397366 Sentence denotes Fungal urinary infections: emerging species, antifungal susceptibility trends and antibody response PM141
T396 397367-397701 Sentence denotes Badawi HE a , Kamel AI b , Fam NS a , El-Sayed ME a , Elian SAE c . a Theodor Bilharz Medical Research Institute (TBMRI ), Microbiology, Giza, Egypt , b Theodor Bilharz Medical Research Institute (TBMRI ), Urosurgery, Giza, Egypt , c Faculty of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Objectives:
T397 397702-398020 Sentence denotes To assess the role of Candida species in 120 patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) with or without schistosomiasis and/or cancer bladder, to compare chromogenic; CHROMagar (CMA), BIGGY agar; morphologic (corn meal, rice agar-Tween 80) media and biochemical candifast test for identification of Candida species.
T398 398021-398197 Sentence denotes Susceptibility to antifungal agents using E -test and candifast and the performance of ELISA test for detection of anticandida antibodies (IgM and IgG) in serum were evaluated.
T399 398198-398285 Sentence denotes Results: C. albicans was the most frequent (43.4%) species responsible for fungal UTIs.
T400 398286-398399 Sentence denotes However, non-albicans species, C. glabrata (23.3%), C. tropicalis (20%) and C. krusei (13.3%) were also isolated.
T401 398400-398505 Sentence denotes Rice agar-Tween 80 was found to be cheap, available and sufficient to make a final identification (100%).
T402 398506-398542 Sentence denotes CMA could not identify C. glabrata .
T403 398543-398605 Sentence denotes BIGGY agar could not adequately differentiate Candida species.
T404 398606-398675 Sentence denotes Candifast biochemical identification showed low sensitivity of 83.3%.
T405 398676-398805 Sentence denotes E -test on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) is simple method for MICs determination and could detect S-DD strains in case of azoles.
T406 398806-398817 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T407 398818-398866 Sentence denotes The emergence of non-albicans species such as C.
T1 398867-398943 Sentence denotes glabrata , C. tropicalis and C. krusei have contributed to complicated UTIs.
T2 398944-399032 Sentence denotes This necessitates accurate isolation and identification of Candida to the species level.
T3 399033-399199 Sentence denotes Morphology on rice agar-Tween 80 and antifungal susceptibility using E -test on SDA is a simle rapid scheme for routine identification of clinically important yeasts.
T4 399200-399208 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T5 399209-399331 Sentence denotes Classification of Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis (AFR) is based on the immunologic relationship of the host to the fungus.
T6 399332-399494 Sentence denotes AFR must be differentiated from other fungal rhinosinusitis infections, which include acute invasive, chronic invasive, fungal balls and saprophytic colonization.
T7 399495-399663 Sentence denotes Although many cases of fungal rhinosinusitis is caused by species of Aspergillis , dermatiaceous moulds have become an emerging pathogen in immunocompetent individuals.
T8 399664-399672 Sentence denotes Results:
T9 399673-399783 Sentence denotes Our case study involved a 36 year male suffering from facial pain, headache, postnasal drip and loss of smell.
T10 399784-399820 Sentence denotes He was HIV negative and a nonsmoker.
T11 399821-399867 Sentence denotes The following laboratory tests were performed:
T12 399868-400094 Sentence denotes IgE-2331.40 (0.00 Á/25.00) IU/ml IgA-2.16 (0.70 Á/4.00) g/l IgM-0.61 (0.40 Á/ 2.30) g/l Allergen specific IgE for Alternaria */20.00 (0.00 Á/0.5) kU/l FBC-Normal except eosinophils slightly raised 0.60 (0.00 Á/0.50))/10 9 / l.
T13 400095-400202 Sentence denotes CT scans indicated fungus proliferation, bone erosion and extension of disease into adjacent anatomic area.
T14 400203-400274 Sentence denotes Sinus tissue following debridement was sent for microscopy and culture.
T15 400275-400391 Sentence denotes Hyphae was microscopically observed and cultures yielded two dermatiaceous fungi, Bipolaris spp and Alternaria spp .
T16 400392-400403 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T17 400404-400519 Sentence denotes It is important to differentiate these two species from Curvularia , Helminthosporum , Drechelria and Exserohilum .
T18 400520-400723 Sentence denotes Knowledge of these dermatiaceous fungi is important in directing appropriate antifungal therapy and selecting the correct antigens for postsurgical immunotherapy after initial debridement and irrigation.
T19 400724-400873 Sentence denotes Antifungal activity of in vitro and in vivo combinations of voriconazole with 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B against Aspergillus fumigatus PM143
T20 400874-400939 Sentence denotes Hitchcock CA, Andrews RJ, Lewis BGH, Pye GW, Oliver GP, Troke PF.
T21 400940-401034 Sentence denotes Pfizer Global Research and Development, Department of Discovery Biology, Sandwich, UK Purpose:
T22 401035-401172 Sentence denotes A key requisite for a new antifungal drug is to demonstrate that it is devoid of significant antagonism in combination with other agents.
T23 401173-401485 Sentence denotes Combinations of the new triazole, voriconazole (VOR), and standard antifungal agents (5-fluorocytosine or amphotericin B; 5-FC or AMB) were tested against Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro and in guinea pig models of infections to confirm that antifungal activity was not antagonised by using combination therapies.
T24 401486-401688 Sentence denotes VOR was studied in combination with AMB or 5-FC in vitro, using a checkerboard MIC determination test, and in vivo, using immune normal and immunocompromised guinea pig models of systemic aspergillosis.
T25 401689-401697 Sentence denotes Results:
T26 401698-401938 Sentence denotes The results indicate that the potency of VOR was not antagonised by AMB or 5-FC in vivo; indeed, at lower concentrations of VOR, significant improvements in reducing fungal burden in both in vivo models were achieved by the addition of AMB.
T27 401939-402062 Sentence denotes In vitro, no antagonism was found between VOR and AMB, although 5-FC had a significant antagonistic effect on VOR activity.
T28 402063-402074 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T29 402075-402311 Sentence denotes These results from in vitro and in vivo models of aspergillosis suggest that VOR may be used in combination with standard antifungal agents and, therefore, justify further examinations of VOR combination therapies in a clinical setting.
T30 402312-402472 Sentence denotes In vitro activity of caspofungin compared to that of amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole against Candida species PM144 Arikan S, Sancak B, Hascelik G.
T31 402473-402587 Sentence denotes Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey Purpose:
T32 402588-402778 Sentence denotes To evaluate the in vitro activity of caspofungin against various Candida spp. and particularly against isolates with decreased amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole susceptibilities.
T33 402779-402787 Sentence denotes Methods:
T34 402788-402891 Sentence denotes Susceptibility tests were done by NCCLS M27A microdilution guidelines for 239 clinical Candida strains.
T35 402892-402934 Sentence denotes The MICs (mg/ml) were read at 24 and 48 h.
T36 402935-402943 Sentence denotes Results:
T37 402944-402992 Sentence denotes Caspofungin MICs at 24 h are shown in the table.
T38 402993-403036 Sentence denotes MICs at 48 h were similar to 24 h readings.
T39 403037-403136 Sentence denotes Expectedly, no evidence of crossresistance was detected between caspofungin and other drugs tested.
T40 403137-403240 Sentence denotes Caspofungin was similarly active against fluconazole-or itraconazolesusceptible and resistant isolates.
T41 403241-403559 Sentence denotes Conclusions: (1) Caspofungin is active in vitro against all Candida spp. tested. (2) Caspofungin MICs are slightly higher for C. parapsilosis compared to other species. (3) Its activity against fluconazole-and itraconazole-resistant isolates is noteworthy. (4) Validation of these data require clinical investigations.
T42 403561-403633 Sentence denotes Oropharyngeal microbiological samples of 80 BMT patients were evaluated.
T43 403634-403834 Sentence denotes Weekly cultures (days (/7, 0 and '/7) revealed presence of fungi in 27 patients (33.7%): in four (5%) patients before BMT only, in 12 (15%) after BMT only, and in 11 (13.8%) both before and after BMT.
T44 403835-403928 Sentence denotes In one patient Candida norvegensis was isolated from the throat, buccal and palatal surfaces.
T45 403929-404098 Sentence denotes Three C. albicans , two C. krusei , and three C. norvegensis from four patients were chosen to comper their antifungal sensitivities and extracellular virulence factors.
T46 404099-404245 Sentence denotes Using Fungitest method we determined the sensitivities of these isolates to flucytosine, amphotericin B, miconazole, ketoconazole and fluconazole.
T47 404246-404312 Sentence denotes The fluconazole sensitivities were also determined by the E -test.
T48 404313-404454 Sentence denotes On the basis of the Fungitest data the three C. norvegensis isolates were sensitive to flucytosine, amphotericin B, and also to ketoconazole.
T49 404455-404543 Sentence denotes In case of fluconazole and miconazole they proved to be susceptible dependent upon dose.
T50 404544-404680 Sentence denotes The MIC fluconazole values determined by the E -test for the three C. norvegensis isolates were 96, ]/256 and ]/256 mg/ml, respectively.
T51 404681-404834 Sentence denotes The oropharyngeal isolates of C. norvegensis produced high amounts of extracellular aspartic protease and phospholipase similarly to C. albicans strains.
T52 404835-404921 Sentence denotes These enzymes may contribute to the pathogenesis of this new emerging Candida species.
T53 404922-405051 Sentence denotes In vitro activities of antifungal and antiseptic agents against Rhodotorula sp PM148 Preney L, Théraud M, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP.
T54 405052-405109 Sentence denotes Laboratory Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Rennes, France
T55 405110-405131 Sentence denotes Purpose of the study:
T56 405132-405202 Sentence denotes Rhodotorula species are common saprophyte yeasts widespread in nature.
T57 405203-405369 Sentence denotes Since the last 10 years, they have been implicated in several severe infections, especially in immunocompromised patients, and various antifungal therapies were used.
T58 405370-405488 Sentence denotes However, only limited data are available on the susceptibility of Rhodotorula sp. to antifungal and antiseptic agents.
T59 405489-405510 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T60 405511-405746 Sentence denotes In this work, we evaluated the in vitro activities of eight antifungal agents against 30 strains of Rhodotorula (21 strains of R. rubra and nine strains of R. glutinis using ATB Fungus system (bioMerieux) and Etest strips (AB-Biodisk).
T61 405747-405835 Sentence denotes Beside, the effect of eight antiseptic agents was assessed on a suspension of R. rubra .
T62 405836-405979 Sentence denotes The quantification of yeasts after exposure to antiseptic agents was performed by subculturings using a microtitration method in 96well plates.
T63 405980-406003 Sentence denotes Results and discussion:
T64 406004-406077 Sentence denotes All strains tested were susceptible to amphotericin B, 5FC, and nystatin.
T65 406078-406186 Sentence denotes Twenty-nine out of 30 strains were susceptible to ketoconazole, 21 out of 30 were intermediate to econazole.
T66 406187-406437 Sentence denotes All strains were resistant to fluconazole (CMI!/64 mg/ml) and itraconazole (CMI!/1 mg/ml), and 29 out of 30 were resistant to miconazole, suggesting that antifungal therapy must be adapted when Rhodotorula yeasts are implicated in invasive infection.
T67 406438-406579 Sentence denotes Beside, 5 min exposure to sodium hypochlorite 128, chlorhexidine 0.5% or Ecodiol (isopropyl alcohol'/alkylamin) showed fungicidal activities.
T68 406580-406712 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing of Aspergillus fumigatus and emerging Aspergillus pathogens by a modification of the NCCLS M38-P method PM149
T69 406713-407091 Sentence denotes Logotheti M a , Kapsanaki-Gotsi E b , Velegraki A a , Zagoura D b . a Department of Microbiology, Mycology Reference Laboratory, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece , b Biology Department, Section Ecology and Systematics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece Aspergillosis in high risk groups of patients is still associated with high mortality rate (30 Á/90%).
T70 407092-407198 Sentence denotes Aspergillus fumigatus is the primary pathogen, while other opportunistic Aspergillus species are emerging.
T71 407199-407384 Sentence denotes Amphotericin B (AB), itraconazole (IT), voriconazole (VO) and terbinafine (TE) minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by modifying the NCCLS M38-P microdilution method.
T72 407385-407495 Sentence denotes Stock drug solutions were prepared in RPMI 1640, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and polyethylene glycol (PEG 400).
T73 407496-407665 Sentence denotes Inocula, of the A. fumigatus group (7), A. flavus group (6) (2) and the M38-P quality control strains were prepared according to, and by modifying, the NCCLS guidelines.
T74 407666-407728 Sentence denotes Plates were incubated at 30 and 35 8C and read at 24 and 48 h.
T75 407729-407808 Sentence denotes PEG 400 effectively dissolved IT and VO, while either DMSO or PEG dissolved TE.
T76 407809-407889 Sentence denotes Low 30 and 35 8C Á/48 h AB, IT, VO and TE MICs (0.062 Á/0.5 mg/l) were recorded.
T77 407890-407949 Sentence denotes A. terreus (1) and A. parasiticus (2) were resistant to AB.
T78 407950-408021 Sentence denotes Certain clinical isolates demonstrate clinical and in vitro resistance.
T79 408022-408143 Sentence denotes Standardization of susceptibility testing would offer reliable assistance in selecting and monitoring antifungal therapy.
T80 408144-408171 Sentence denotes Otag F, Aslan, G, Ozturk C.
T81 408172-408251 Sentence denotes Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
T82 408252-408313 Sentence denotes Rates of opportunistic fungal infections have risen markedly.
T83 408314-408494 Sentence denotes Because some of these species have potential resistance to antifungal agents, rapid presumptive species level identification is crucial in allowing for directed antifungal therapy.
T84 408495-408609 Sentence denotes In this study, 55 isolated yeasts from the clinical specimens were identified by ATB ID 32 C (BioMerieux, France).
T85 408610-408876 Sentence denotes The number of identified yeasts were, respectively; 33 (60%) Candida albicans , six (10%) C. glabrata , five (9.1%) C. tropicalis , three (5.4%) C. parapsilosis , two (3.6%) C. krusei , two (3.6%) C. kefyr , one (1.8%) C. guillermondii , one (1.8%) C. dubliniensis .
T86 408877-408988 Sentence denotes Twenty-one of 55 strains were investigated for antifungal sensitivities by ATB Fungus kit (BioMerieux, France).
T87 408989-409016 Sentence denotes The results are as follows:
T88 409017-409140 Sentence denotes 100% sensitivity was detected to myconasol, 94% to flusitozin, nystatin and econasol, 95% to amphtericin B and ketokonazol.
T89 409141-409273 Sentence denotes It is important to achieve empirik treatment of the opportunistic Candida infections and the following of resistance to antifungals.
T90 409274-409305 Sentence denotes Shakhmatov DA, Strelchenco, OV.
T91 409306-409550 Sentence denotes Novosibirsk State Medical Academy, Dermatovenerology, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation At the present stage in Russia with a background of a high case rate of syphilis, it becomes necessary to exclude biological false positive serological tests.
T92 409551-409717 Sentence denotes Because the serodiagnosis of syphilis has significant limitations, the direct detection of T. pallidum in suspect blood may serve as an alternate diagnostic strategy.
T93 409718-409801 Sentence denotes Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been the most widely used amplification method.
T94 409802-410002 Sentence denotes The study of 56 patients receiving examination related and treatment for syphilis in STD clinic and persons directed from other hospitals where routine serologic examination revealed doubtful results.
T95 410003-410133 Sentence denotes PCR reaction was carried out with nested primer pairs based on the DNA sequence of the 47 Á/1 and 47 Á/2 kDa gene of T. pallidum .
T96 410134-410168 Sentence denotes PCR was utilized with whole blood.
T97 410169-410257 Sentence denotes A complex of serological tests: FTA-abs and TIT was used as the &rdqup; gold standard''.
T98 410258-410329 Sentence denotes As a result the sensitivity of PCR was 91.2% and specificity was 90.9%.
T99 410330-410458 Sentence denotes Selective comparison of PCR results with VDRL, the FTA-abs and treponemal immobilisation test (TIT) has shown concurrence 96.8%.
T100 410459-410642 Sentence denotes In conclusion, the preliminary results of PCR in whole blood in syphilis detection revealed its high sensitivity and specificity; possibility to obtain rapid results in unclear cases.
T101 410643-410758 Sentence denotes Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) is an atypical pathogen whit intracellular location, whose eradication is very difficult.
T102 410759-410979 Sentence denotes In the past years it has been objects of many studies that lead to the demonstration of a relationship between its presence and the development of widespread multifactorial pathologies such as atherosclerosis and asthma.
T103 410980-411060 Sentence denotes The lack of its eradication can become an important clinical and social problem.
T104 411061-411242 Sentence denotes The study objective is the comprehension of pathogen Á/host interaction mechanism, to characterize therapeutics protocols that cold lead to complete eradication of Cp from organism.
T105 411243-411384 Sentence denotes The research had been principally made on the studying the molecular mechanisms that are at the root of pathogen permanence inside host cell.
T106 411385-411501 Sentence denotes Using proliferation and apoptosis tests we underlined a different behaviour of infected cells towards control cells.
T107 411502-411765 Sentence denotes In presence of P1 (20 mg/ml), i.e. a peptide that can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in vitro inhibiting NF-kB, uninfected cells proliferation decreased of 35% in comparison whit the controls, while the one of infected decreased only of about 15%.
T108 411766-411898 Sentence denotes Moreover, using various apoptosis-inducers, the infected cells showing apoptosis were about 10% while the uninfected were about 40%.
T109 411899-411968 Sentence denotes The caspace III activity increased significantly in uninfected cells.
T110 411969-412075 Sentence denotes In conclusion, Cp could delay its elimination from the host inhibiting the apoptosis via NF-kB activation.
T111 412076-412311 Sentence denotes Hryniewiecki T a , Gzyl A b , Rawczynska-Englert I a , a Department of Acquired Valvular Heart Disease, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland , b Department of Sera and Vaccines, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
T112 412312-412501 Sentence denotes Infective endocarditis (IE) frequently causes problems in diagnosis, especially where blood cultures are negative and with fungal etiology (also as a fungal superinfection in bacterial IE).
T113 412502-412527 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study:
T114 412528-412664 Sentence denotes The purpose of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of broad-range fungal PCR in diagnosis of fungal superinfection of bacterial IE.
T115 412665-412757 Sentence denotes Twenty-five blood samples were taken for analysis from patients with infective endocarditis.
T116 412758-412836 Sentence denotes IE was diagnosed according to Duke criteria including positive blood cultures.
T117 412837-412978 Sentence denotes Suspicion of fungal superinfection was established on serological investigation in five patients, confirmed by blood culture in two patients.
T118 412979-413036 Sentence denotes Control group consisted of 15 patients without infection.
T119 413037-413100 Sentence denotes DNA was isolated using the commercially available S.N.A.P. kit.
T120 413101-413191 Sentence denotes Amplification products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide.
T121 413192-413315 Sentence denotes The results obtained: fungal DNA was found in two patients with fungal superinfection of bacterial IE confirmed by culture.
T122 413316-413387 Sentence denotes In the remaining patients with IE and controls no fungal DNA was found.
T123 413388-413411 Sentence denotes The conclusion reached:
T124 413412-413563 Sentence denotes Broad-range fungal PCR is a fast and inexpensive tool for the detection of fungal DNA, but it is more prone to contamination than species-specific PCR.
T125 413564-413680 Sentence denotes The method may be valuable in the identification of fungal superinfection of bacterial IE or diagnosis of fungal IE.
T126 413681-413732 Sentence denotes Rivanera D, Lilli D, Lozzi MA, Piunno M, Mancini C.
T127 413733-413790 Sentence denotes Microbiology, Science and Public Health, Rome, Italy Aim:
T128 413791-414073 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to evaluate the EIA method for detection of antibody to TTV virus (TTV) and to investigate the anti-TT virus prevalence in patients with hepatitis B (HBV) virus, hepatitis C (HCV) virus, in group of 'high risk'subjects to hepatitis and in healthy subjects.
T129 414074-414289 Sentence denotes The Elisa methods (Nuclear laser Vienna Lab) using TTV S and NS antigens: ORF1 (770 aa) and ORF2 (202 aa) was applied to detect anti-TTV; the serological screening was performed from 250 samples to Italian subjects.
T130 414290-414298 Sentence denotes Results:
T131 414299-414438 Sentence denotes The positive rates of anti-TTV antibodies were 11.29% in 62 patients with hepatitis B Á/C and 14.06% in 119 'high risk' hepatitis patients.
T132 414439-414497 Sentence denotes The anti-TTV was also found in 7.56% in 69 healthy people.
T133 414498-414510 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T134 414511-414688 Sentence denotes The anti-TTV were detected in all groups studied, however, its positive rate was similar in patients with hepatitis B Á/C and in 'high risk' hepatitis respect to heathly people.
T135 414689-414824 Sentence denotes Our results shown that TT virus is frequent in Italy both in patients infected by others transmitted viruses and in general population.
T136 414825-414950 Sentence denotes The positivity found in healthy adults included in our studies suggests that the virus might be transmitted non-parenterally.
T137 414951-415054 Sentence denotes The study of pattern of antibody to TTV may be an infectious marker of TTV similar to that of anti-HCV.
T138 415055-415153 Sentence denotes A stress test on a miniaturized identification system designed for Neisseria and Haemophilus PM155
T139 415154-415375 Sentence denotes Rich M a , Bannatyne RM a , Memish ZA b . a King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Division of Microbiology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia , b King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Infection Prevention and Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
T140 415376-415552 Sentence denotes We report an incident that occurred in our laboratory when the BBL Crystal Identification System for Neisseria and Haemophilus was used to identify a Haemophilus-like-organism.
T141 415553-415616 Sentence denotes The numerical profile generated was not in the system database.
T142 415617-415742 Sentence denotes Conventional biochemical tests subsequently revealed an identification of Brucella melitensis , a common isolate in our area.
T143 415743-415874 Sentence denotes As a result of this revelation we subjected this system to a mini 'stress-test' with a collection of 20 isolates of B. melitensis .
T144 415875-415991 Sentence denotes Two numerical profiles were obtained, 1740616606 and 1740616607, neither of which are listed in the system database.
T145 415992-416157 Sentence denotes Brucella species have been misidentified as Moraxella species, Moraxella phenylpyruvica , and as Haemophilus influenzae biotype IV in various identification systems.
T146 416158-416245 Sentence denotes Two cases of laboratory-acquired brucellosis have been attributed to misidentification.
T147 416246-416424 Sentence denotes To its credit the BBL Crystal Identification System for Neisseria and Haemophilus neither generates a profile number with a misidentified organism nor assigns a confidence level.
T148 416425-416524 Sentence denotes Instead it properly directs the user to resort to conventional methods to secure an identification.
T149 416525-416829 Sentence denotes If further studies on additional Brucella isolates and strains from different geographical sources confirm the unique biochemical profiles identified here, it may be worthwhile to incorporate these into the database where they would be of considerable assistance in areas where brucellosis is widespread.
T150 416830-416896 Sentence denotes Cloning and characterization of AFLMP1 in Aspergillus flavus PM156
T151 416897-416935 Sentence denotes Chong TK, Woo PCY, Leung ASP, Yuen KY.
T152 416936-416999 Sentence denotes The University of Hong Kong, Microbiology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
T153 417000-417021 Sentence denotes Purpose of the study:
T154 417022-417238 Sentence denotes To clone and characterize an antigenic protein for serodiagnosis of infection caused by Aspergillus flavus which is the commonest Aspergillus species causing aspergilloma (AO) and invasive aspergillosis (IA) in Asia.
T155 417239-417255 Sentence denotes Result obtained:
T156 417256-417349 Sentence denotes We cloned the AFLMP1 gene, which encodes the first antigenic cell wall protein in A. flavus .
T157 417350-417592 Sentence denotes AFLMP1 codes for a protein, Aflmp1p, of 273 amino acid residues, with sequence features that are present in Mp1p and AFMp1p, the antigenic cell wall mannoprotein in Penicillium marneffei and Aspergillus fumigatus that we described previously.
T158 417593-417750 Sentence denotes It contains a serine-and threonine-rich region for O glycosylation, a signal peptide, and a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol attachment signal sequence.
T159 417751-417905 Sentence denotes Specific anti-Aflmp1p antibody was generated with recombinant Aflmp1p protein purified from Escherichia coli to allow further characterization of Aflmp1p.
T160 417906-418034 Sentence denotes Indirect immunofluorescent staining indicated that Aflmp1p is present in the cell walls of the hyphae and conidia of A. flavus .
T161 418035-418163 Sentence denotes Furthermore, it was observed that patients with AO and IA due to A. flavus develop a specific antibody response against Aflmp1p.
T162 418164-418183 Sentence denotes Conclusion reached:
T163 418184-418388 Sentence denotes This suggested that the recombinant protein and its antibody may be useful for serodiagnosis in patients with AO or IA, and the protein may represent a good cell surface target for host humoral immunitiy.
T164 418389-418403 Sentence denotes Grape Purpose:
T165 418404-418493 Sentence denotes To investigate the basis for increasing resistance to trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole.
T166 418494-418584 Sentence denotes Methods: PCR screening for integrons of 105 clinical urinary tract isolates was performed.
T167 418585-418639 Sentence denotes Isolates were tested for resistance to 12 antibiotics.
T168 418640-418680 Sentence denotes Integrons in 14 isolates were sequenced.
T169 418681-418689 Sentence denotes Results:
T170 418690-418776 Sentence denotes Integrons of class 1 were found in 43 isolates and class 2 integrons were found in 10.
T171 418777-418884 Sentence denotes Eight isolates in the study were resistant to five antibiotics or more and not shown to carry any integron.
T172 418885-418959 Sentence denotes Nineteen of 69 isolates resistant to trimethoprim did not carry integrons.
T173 418960-419058 Sentence denotes Only one of these isolates was shown to carry sul1 and is thus probably also carrying an integron.
T174 419059-419185 Sentence denotes None of the 19 isolates were shown to carry dfr8 , one of five trimethoprim resistance genes known to exist outside integrons.
T175 419186-419284 Sentence denotes Three isolates were resistant to sulphonamides but were not shown to carry neither sul1 nor sul2 .
T176 419285-419355 Sentence denotes Only dfr and aad gene cassettes were found in the sequenced integrons.
T177 419356-419368 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T178 419369-419535 Sentence denotes Resistance to trimethoprim in 19 of 69 trimethoprim resistant isolates is mediated by genes not detectable, as in the case with three sulphonamide resistant isolates.
T179 419536-419654 Sentence denotes Sequenced integrons that contain dfr genes do not carry any gene cassettes mediating resistance to modern antibiotics.
T180 419655-419801 Sentence denotes Unusual diagnosis tool for an unusual presentation of alveolar echinococcosis: report of two cases of local progression after an animal bite PM158
T181 419802-419915 Sentence denotes Bardonnet K, Bart JM, Loiseau J, Gérard A, Estavoyer JM, Heyd B, Badet JM, Dubiez A, Piarroux R, Bresson-Hadni S.
T182 419916-420054 Sentence denotes WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France Introduction:
T183 420055-420149 Sentence denotes The classical human contamination route for alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is ingestion of eggs.
T184 420150-420241 Sentence denotes Two exceptional human cases are reported with extensive local evolution of AE after a bite.
T185 420242-420250 Sentence denotes Case no.
T186 420251-420253 Sentence denotes 1:
T187 420254-420374 Sentence denotes Between 1954 and 1972, a patient underwent surgery seven times for a muscle growing tumour which developed after a bite.
T188 420375-420448 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of muscle AE was assessed on histopathological examination.
T189 420449-420526 Sentence denotes In 1980, serological tests were in accordance with Echinococcus sp infection.
T190 420527-420535 Sentence denotes Case no.
T191 420536-420538 Sentence denotes 2:
T192 420539-420646 Sentence denotes In 1985, a man presented 'cat-scratch fever' with a right supraclavicular tumefaction following a cat bite.
T193 420647-420696 Sentence denotes Between 1986 and 2000, five recurrences occurred.
T194 420697-420782 Sentence denotes Different surgical explorations indicated multiple abscesses of the cervical muscles.
T195 420783-420997 Sentence denotes In 2000, serological tests were in favour of Echinococcus sp infection and the pathologist described a parasitic wall suggesting hydatidosis, but specific PCR from histological samples prompted the diagnosis of AE.
T196 420998-421009 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T197 421010-421110 Sentence denotes In these exceptional observations, the liver which is the most usual location of AE was lesion-free.
T198 421111-421213 Sentence denotes The chronic inflammatory AE lesions have developed in the local lymphatic chain area of the bite site.
T199 421214-421347 Sentence denotes To perform diagnosis in these very unusual forms of AE, it is necessary to add unusual tests such as specific PCR to classical tests.
T200 421348-421431 Sentence denotes Antibiotic resistance in foodborne Salmonella is an emerging public health concern.
T201 421432-421567 Sentence denotes Integrons are now recognized as the main genetic vehicles of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, including in Salmonella .
T202 421568-421814 Sentence denotes The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of class I integrons in resistant isolates of several serotypes of Salmonella isolated from poultry products and to determine their association with multidrug-resistance phenotypes.
T203 421815-421903 Sentence denotes A total of 20 isolates of Salmonella belonging to seven different serotypes were tested.
T204 421904-422033 Sentence denotes The most frequent multiresistant phenotype, found alone or together with other resistances, was to streptomycin and tetracycline.
T205 422034-422139 Sentence denotes All but seven were resistant to three or more antimicrobial agents, including quinolones and amoxicillin.
T206 422140-422378 Sentence denotes PCR analysis with the 5?CS and 3?CS primers detected the presence of class I integrons of 1.5 kb in one isolate, with the multiresistant phenotype: amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, trimethoprim-sulphametoxazol and tetracycline.
T207 422379-422571 Sentence denotes Our findings suggest that the uncontrolled use of the antimicrobial agents in food animals may have contributed to the development of the pattern of resistance observed in Salmonella isolates.
T208 422572-422766 Sentence denotes Also the presence of integrons in low prevalent human Salmonella serotypes but associated with food animals underscores the public health problem of antibiotic resistance acquisition and spread.
T209 422767-422890 Sentence denotes Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolated from broilers and pigs in France PM161
T210 422891-423049 Sentence denotes Avrain L a , Humbert F b , Sanders P c , Kempf I a . a AFSSA, UMB, Ploufragan, France , b AFSSA, HQPAP, Ploufragan, France , c AFSSA, LERMVD, Fougères, France
T211 423050-423197 Sentence denotes In 1999, 620 caeca from standard, export or free-range broilers and in 2000, 600 fecal samples from pigs, were collected in French slaughterhouses.
T212 423198-423323 Sentence denotes Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli strains was 56.6% in standard, 51.3% in export and 80% in free-range broilers.
T213 423324-423465 Sentence denotes In standard and export productions, the most often isolated species was C. jejuni , whereas C. coli was predominant in free-range production.
T214 423466-423519 Sentence denotes 53.8% samples collected from pigs contained C. coli .
T215 423520-423707 Sentence denotes The sensitivity of strains to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin (broilers) or ciprofloxacin (pigs), tetracycline, erythromycin and gentamicin was tested by an agar dilution method.
T216 423708-423861 Sentence denotes In broilers, the percentages of resistant strains were, respectively 22, 25, 17, 57, 0.3 and 0% for C. jejuni and 29, 43, 40, 70, 31 and 0% for C. coli .
T217 423862-423952 Sentence denotes In pigs the percentages of resistant C. coli were, respectively 12, 21, 12, 83, 65 and 0%.
T218 423953-424147 Sentence denotes In broiler production, significant differences between distributions of species or percentages of resistant strains were observed according to type of production or administrated antimicrobials.
T219 424148-424292 Sentence denotes The enzyme DHPS (dihydropteroate synthase) participates in the folate synthesis pathway, and is well recognized as the target for sulphonamides.
T220 424293-424421 Sentence denotes The enzyme preceding DHPS in this pathway, PPPK (dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase), is another interesting candidate drug target.
T221 424422-424494 Sentence denotes The metabolic role of PPPK is to provide one of the substrates for DHPS.
T222 424495-424624 Sentence denotes Earlier studies have suggested that PPPK and DHPS enzymes need to have physical contact with each other for full enzyme activity.
T223 424625-424699 Sentence denotes Studies of potential interactions between the enzymes have been initiated.
T224 424700-424814 Sentence denotes So far, indication of a weak interaction has been detected in gelfiltration experiments and the two-hybrid system.
T225 424815-425014 Sentence denotes To confirm these results, we are currently developing a method to study substrate channeling, as interfering with such interactions could lead to impaired growth and thus be used as inhibitory drugs.
T226 425015-425171 Sentence denotes We have also cloned and sequenced the operons coding for the enzymes in the folate biosynthesis from different clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes .
T227 425172-425315 Sentence denotes Comparisons revealed some isolates with a mosaic structure in the operon, suggesting that horizontal transfer of genetic material has occurred.
T228 425316-425400 Sentence denotes Multi-resistance gene cluster on a plasmid in a clinical isolate of E. faecium PM163
T229 425401-425443 Sentence denotes Werner G, Hildebrandt B, Klare I, Witte W.
T230 425444-425531 Sentence denotes Department of Nosocomial Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Germany
T231 425532-425540 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T232 425541-425627 Sentence denotes Strain UW786 was isolated from an urine sample of a patient with a permanent catheter.
T233 425628-425726 Sentence denotes The purpose of our study was to identify and localize the resistance determinants in this isolate.
T234 425727-425735 Sentence denotes Results:
T235 425736-426170 Sentence denotes Isolate UW786 was resistant to the following antibiotics: penicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin (high-level), streptomycin (highlevel), erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, nourseothricin, rifampicin, and fusidic acid (lowlevel, MIC0/4 mg/l); but showed susceptibilities to oxytetracycline, phosphomycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol, linezolid, and quinupristin/dalfopristin.
T236 426171-426312 Sentence denotes Hybridization, PCR and sequencing experiments localized a cluster consisting of several resistance genes in a composite element on a plasmid.
T237 426313-426418 Sentence denotes The cluster included genes and transposons Tn1546 (vanA) Á/Tn917 (ermB) Á/Tn1505 (aadE Á/ sat4 Á/aphA-3).
T238 426419-426615 Sentence denotes The plasmid itself was not transferable in filter-matings into a fusidic acid high-level resistant Enterococcus faecium recipient while selecting either for erythromycin or vancomycin resistances.
T239 426616-426759 Sentence denotes However, after transposing a Tn916-related determinant into UW786, determinants became mobilizable with the help of the conjugative transposon.
T240 426760-426881 Sentence denotes Transconjugants were, besides others, high-level resistant to fusidic acid, but susceptible to penicillin and ampicillin.
T241 426882-427000 Sentence denotes PFGE of transconjugants demonstrated a pattern almost identical to the recipient but clearly different from the donor.
T242 427001-427012 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T243 427013-427128 Sentence denotes Resistance genes in E. faecium could be arranged in a cluster and are mobile via mobilizable/transferable plasmids.
T244 427129-427184 Sentence denotes Lilli D, Rivanera D, Barbacini IG, Lozzi MA, Mancini C.
T245 427185-427280 Sentence denotes Department of Science and Public Health, University La Sapienza, Microbiology, Rome, Italy Aim:
T246 427281-427477 Sentence denotes Hepatitis G virus (HGV), a new RNA virus that is parenterally trasmitted has frequentley been found in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection but its role in chronic liver desease is unknown.
T247 427478-427579 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HGV infection in patients infected with HCV.
T248 427580-427663 Sentence denotes Ninety-eight patients infected with HCV were evaluated for the presence of HGV RNA.
T249 427664-427770 Sentence denotes The HCV genotypes distribution was 30 genotype 1b, 10 genotype 1a, 54 genotype 3a and four genotype 4c/4d.
T250 427771-427822 Sentence denotes HCV RNA and HGV RNA were detected by RT-nested PCR.
T251 427823-427831 Sentence denotes Results:
T252 427832-427938 Sentence denotes Infection with hepatitis G virus was detected in 21 (21.4%) patients and 77 (78.6%) were HGV RNA negative.
T253 427939-428013 Sentence denotes None of our patients with genotypes 1a and 4c/4d results HGV RNA positive.
T254 428014-428119 Sentence denotes Prevalence of HGV infection was 10% in patients infected with HCV genotype 1b and 33.3% with genotype 3a.
T255 428120-428132 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T256 428133-428232 Sentence denotes Infection with HGV occurred frequently (21.4%) in this sample of patients with chronic hepatitis C.
T257 428233-428330 Sentence denotes We observed a height prevalence of HCV/HGV coinfection in patients infected with HCV genotype 3a.
T258 428331-428482 Sentence denotes This association with HCV genotype 3a was indipendent of the source of infection, infact some of our patients have not history of intravenous drug use.
T259 428483-428612 Sentence denotes Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)mediated resistance in Salmonella spp. from Durban, South Africa PM165
T260 428613-428711 Sentence denotes Moodley P a , Essack S b , Gajee K a , Sturm W a . a Department of Medical Microbiology, Nelson R.
T261 428712-428908 Sentence denotes Mandela School of Medicine, School of Infection, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa , b School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Durban Westville, Durban, South Africa Background:
T262 428909-429043 Sentence denotes Gastroenteritis is a common condition among the paediatric population presenting to King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban, South Africa.
T263 429044-429206 Sentence denotes From July 2001, we noticed that the susceptibility of the Salmonella spp. isolated from stool samples among these children were resistant to multiple antibiotics.
T264 429207-429211 Sentence denotes Aim:
T265 429212-429280 Sentence denotes To characterize the phenotype of the resistance mechanisms involved.
T266 429281-429289 Sentence denotes Methods:
T267 429290-429545 Sentence denotes Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, cefepime, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and gentamicin were determined by means of the agar dilution method.
T268 429546-429639 Sentence denotes Isolates were subjected to the E -test for extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) production.
T269 429640-429724 Sentence denotes Isoelectric focusing was performed as a preliminary step in enzyme characterization.
T270 429725-429748 Sentence denotes Results and conclusion:
T271 429749-429813 Sentence denotes Thirty isolates of multiresistant Salmonella spp. were obtained.
T272 429814-429878 Sentence denotes Antibiogram typing revealed six different resistance phenotypes.
T273 429879-429996 Sentence denotes All isolates depicted ceftazidime/ceftazidime Á/clavulanate ratio of !/8 and were considered putative ESBL-producers.
T274 429997-430135 Sentence denotes Isolates expressed 1 Á/3 beta-lactamases each with pI values ranging between 5 and 8.2 indicative of TEM-, SHV-and/or CTX-M-related ESBLs.
T275 430136-430239 Sentence denotes Nine isolates expressed two beta-lactamases each and two isolates expressed three beta-lactamases each.
T276 430240-430511 Sentence denotes There was evidence of the simultaneous expression of both TEM-and SHV-derived ESBLs as well as the simultaneous expression of multiple TEM-or SHV-derived ESBLs in single isolates, a phenomenon reported in ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated at the same hospital.
T277 430512-430672 Sentence denotes Neutrophils exhibit reduced chemiluminescence response to serum opsonized Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended spectrum b-lactamases (ESBL) PM166 Objective:
T278 430673-430840 Sentence denotes To investigate the ability of ESBL and non-ESBLproducing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates treated with human serum to induce a chemiluminescence response in neutrophils.
T279 430841-430849 Sentence denotes Methods:
T280 430850-431078 Sentence denotes Oxidative burst induced by the interaction of ESBL (n0/ 81) and non-ESBL-producing (n0/152) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates with neutrophils from healthy individuals was monitored by measuring the chemiluminescence response (CL).
T281 431079-431180 Sentence denotes Pooled sera from healthy individuals served as source of complement for pretreatment of the bacteria.
T282 431181-431256 Sentence denotes CL responses triggered by serum treated zymosan served as positive control.
T283 431257-431478 Sentence denotes The serum opsonized Klebsiella strains were arbitrarily graded as high (H) and low (L) inducers of CL when the CL response induced by the bacteria was CL B/60 and !/60%, respectively, of that induced by opsonized zymosan.
T284 431479-431487 Sentence denotes Results:
T285 431488-431661 Sentence denotes Out of 152 non-ESBL-producing Klebsiella isolates, 61.8% induced high CL response in neutrophils whereas only 42% of 81 ESBL-producing Klebsiella isolates did so (PB/ 0.02).
T286 431662-431674 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T287 431675-431849 Sentence denotes Strains harboring the ESBL plasmid were more virulent than non-ESBL-producing strains by virtue of their higher tendency to escape serum-dependent recognition by neutrophils.
T288 431850-431939 Sentence denotes Osiris */an automated system for susceptibility testing in agar diffusion technique PM167
T289 431940-431971 Sentence denotes Chegrani F, Kolbert M, Shah PM.
T290 431972-432252 Sentence denotes Universitätsklinik Frankfurt, Zentrum der Inneren Medizin Med III Schwerpunkt Infektiologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Objective: OSIRIS measured zone sizes were compared to manually measured inhibition zones using round 90 (RP) and 120 mm Mueller Hinton square Agarplates (SQP).
T291 432253-432431 Sentence denotes Variations of 9/3 mm in zone size measurements were defined as tolerable. 'Very major errors' (VME) were defined as classification of a resistant organism as sensitive by OSIRIS.
T292 432432-432621 Sentence denotes Thirty thousand two hundred and ninety-eight single measurements testing 42 antibiotics on 352 staphylococci and 113 Enterobacteriaceae were done according to the DIN 58940 recommendations.
T293 432622-432630 Sentence denotes Results:
T294 432631-432731 Sentence denotes Vancomycin, Rifampicin, Gentamicin gave the best results on RP with a concordance of 96, 88 and 86%.
T295 432732-432830 Sentence denotes Vancomycin, Rifampicin, Teicoplanin performed best with 97, 94, 93% on SQP testing Staphylococci .
T296 432831-432943 Sentence denotes Worst results on RP gave Cefuroxim (43.8%) and Fosfomycin (55.1%), on SQP Fosfomycin (36.4%), Ofloxacin (88.1%).
T297 432944-433096 Sentence denotes For Enterobacteriaceae Amikacin (100%), Gentamicin (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%) performed best on RP; worst Nalidixinacid (32.5%), Piperacillin (82.5%).
T298 433097-433213 Sentence denotes Concordance on SQP Amikacin (100%), Cefotaxim (100%), Gentamicin (100%), Nitrofurantoin (72.5%), Cotrimoxazol (90%).
T299 433214-433272 Sentence denotes Very major errors were seen in B/1% of all test performed.
T300 433273-433288 Sentence denotes Interpretation:
T301 433289-433422 Sentence denotes Osiris is a rapid and reliable system for susceptibility testing with round and square agarplates and has an excellent expert system.
T302 433423-433551 Sentence denotes Altindis M a , Aktepe OC a , Kocagoz T b . a Kocatepe University School Of Medicine, Microbiology, Afyon, Turkey , b Diomed Inc.
T303 433552-433924 Sentence denotes TR, Istanbul, Turkey Dio-Bacit, in a two section plate, that contains 5% sheep blood agar on one side and sheep blood agar with bacitracin (2 mg/ml) was compared for its efficiency in identification of Group A Beta hemolytic Streptococcus (GABS) with other two different growth plates, one containing 5% sheep blood agar with bacitracin (B) and the other containing B-SXT.
T304 433925-433974 Sentence denotes We used latex-agglutination for this comparision.
T305 433975-434125 Sentence denotes Throat specimens obtained from 490 cases were inoculated to Dio-Bacit plates, first to one side with 5% sheep blood agar and to the other side with B.
T306 434126-434441 Sentence denotes After an overnight inoculation at 37 8C, colonies with beta hemolysis an 5% sheep blood agar but no growth with B, were inoculated to 5% sheep blood agar again and antibiogram identification discs containing 0.04 U B and 1.25 and 23.75 mg SXT (Oxoid, UK) were placed onto the plate and incubated overnight at 37 8C.
T307 434442-434567 Sentence denotes After that, colonies with beta hemolysis were defined as B-sensitive while colonies resistant to SXT were defined to be GABS.
T308 434568-434645 Sentence denotes All colonies are serologically classified by latex-agglutination (Oxoid, UK).
T309 434646-434723 Sentence denotes Seventy-one (14.5%) inoculations revealed growth of GABS at Dio-Bacit plates.
T310 434724-434937 Sentence denotes After inoculating these colonies to 5% sheep blood agar, 72 of them were found to be sensitive to B, while 67 were found to be sensitive to B but resistant to SXT and 58 of them were defined as GABS by Latex test.
T311 434938-435072 Sentence denotes When compared with latex-agglutination test, we found Dio-Bacit method's sensitivity and spesificity to be 92 and 96.9%, respectively.
T312 435073-435080 Sentence denotes Method:
T313 435081-435240 Sentence denotes Agar diffusion technique as recommended by DIN 58940 was used to determine IZS (read using AURA and manually) for 178 Staphylococci and 22 Enterobacteriaceae .
T314 435241-435364 Sentence denotes Variations in automated measured zone sizes of 9/3 mm to the manual readings were considered to be within acceptable range.
T315 435365-435373 Sentence denotes Results:
T316 435374-435478 Sentence denotes Six thousand and fifty-two zone sizes were determined for Staphylococci and 748 for Enterobacteriaceae .
T317 435479-435605 Sentence denotes MHA displayed tendency to smaller zone sizes in automated readings than ISA, as well in Staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae .
T318 435606-435690 Sentence denotes On the other side automated readings presented on ISA more precise results than MHA.
T319 435691-435752 Sentence denotes Overall less major discrepancies ( B/3 mm) were found on ISA.
T320 435753-435787 Sentence denotes IZS were generally smaller on MHA.
T321 435788-435899 Sentence denotes The tables below show differences in manually and automated measured zone sizes on different media and species.
T322 435900-435974 Sentence denotes We discovered seven more cases of resistance in the case of metronidazole.
T323 435975-436027 Sentence denotes We did not have such experience with clarithromycin.
T324 436028-436039 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T325 436040-436175 Sentence denotes Our results show that E -test is comparable to AD for clarithromycin, but for metronidazole our findings confirm NCCLS recommendantion.
T326 436176-436243 Sentence denotes Classical AD is time consuming for every day use in the laboratory.
T327 436244-436358 Sentence denotes The use of screening agar plate with 8 mg/ml of metronidazole to detect possible resistance could be the solution.
T328 436359-436589 Sentence denotes Rokosz A a , Sawicka-Grzelak A a , Meszaros J b , Luczak M a . a Department of Medical Microbiology, The University Medical School, Warsaw, Poland , b Department of Bacteriology, State Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland Purpose:
T329 436590-436722 Sentence denotes To identify ESBL-positive strains and to compare two methods applied for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs).
T330 436723-436731 Sentence denotes Methods:
T331 436732-436849 Sentence denotes Two hundred and sixty strains of Gram-negative rods were cultured from clinical specimens from hospitalized patients.
T332 436850-436939 Sentence denotes Identification of strains was performed in the automatic ATB system (bioMerieux, France).
T333 436940-437081 Sentence denotes These strains were identified as ESBL-positive on the basis of the double-disc synergy test (DDST according to Jarlier et al., 1988) results.
T334 437082-437206 Sentence denotes All strains were also determined using a novel method of ESBL detection (DD, diagnostic disc) according to Appleton (1999) .
T335 437207-437319 Sentence denotes Two discs were applied in this test: CPD (cefpodoxime) and CD 01 (cefpodoxime/clavulanic acid) (Oxoid, England).
T336 437320-437328 Sentence denotes Results:
T337 437329-437453 Sentence denotes Consistent results of two methods (DDST and DD) were obtained in the case of 166 from among 260 of examined strains (60.4%).
T338 437454-437600 Sentence denotes Consistent results concerned 161 out of 222 strains of enteric rods (72.5%) and only five from among 38 other strains (mostly nonfermenting rods).
T339 437601-437613 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T340 437614-437753 Sentence denotes The novel method of ESBL-producers detection (DD) is more objective and easier for interpretation than the double-disc synergy test (DDST).
T341 437754-437860 Sentence denotes Diagnostic disc test should be used as the basic one or to confirm the results of DDST in difficult cases.
T342 437861-437941 Sentence denotes Assessment of E -test for determining penicillin resistance in pneumococci PM172
T343 437942-437986 Sentence denotes Sener B, Yeniþehirli G, Ercis S, Hasçelik G.
T344 437987-438076 Sentence denotes Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
T345 438077-438199 Sentence denotes There is a greater need for susceptibility testing methods that distinguish between susceptible and resistant pneumococci.
T346 438200-438316 Sentence denotes An alternative method could be the E -test, which is compared with the reference agar dilution method in this study.
T347 438317-438425 Sentence denotes Penicillin susceptibility of a total of 149 pneumococci was determined by E -test and agar dilution methods.
T348 438426-438521 Sentence denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 were used as controls.
T349 438522-438665 Sentence denotes The results were given in the Effect of anoxic conditions on the minimum inhibitory concentration of metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori PM173
T350 438666-438728 Sentence denotes de la Obra Sanz P, Lomas E, Roman JL, Alarcon T, Lopez-Brea M.
T351 438729-438879 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to determine the effect of incubation under anoxic conditions on the metronidazole resistance of Helicobacter pylori .
T352 438880-438888 Sentence denotes Methods:
T353 438889-438945 Sentence denotes A total of 35 clinical isolates were used in this study.
T354 438946-439046 Sentence denotes MICs were determined by an agar dilution method using Mueller-Hinton agar plus 7% lysed horse blood.
T355 439047-439149 Sentence denotes Three plates series contained twofold dilutions of metronidazole from 256 to 0.008 mg/l were prepared.
T356 439150-439436 Sentence denotes The first one was incubated under microaerophilic conditions (Oxoid) for 3 days; second and third series were incubated anaerobically (anaerobic system, Oxoid) for 8 and 18 h, respectively, and were then transferred to the microaerophilic enviroment up to complete 3 days of incubation.
T357 439437-439445 Sentence denotes Results:
T358 439446-439557 Sentence denotes With microaerophilic incubation, 12 of 35 strains were resistant (MIC50 and MIC90 were 1 and 32, respectively).
T359 439558-439673 Sentence denotes With 8 h anaerobic preincubation, four of 35 strains were resistant (MIC50 and MIC90 were 0.5 and 4, respectively).
T360 439674-439787 Sentence denotes With 18 h anaerobic preincubation, 1 of 35 strains was resistant (MIC50 and MIC90 were 0.25 and 1, respectively).
T361 439788-439800 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T362 439801-439950 Sentence denotes Anaerobic preincubations causes an increase in sensitivity to metronidazole, the extent of which was dependent on the length of the anaerobic period.
T363 439951-439959 Sentence denotes Methods:
T364 439960-440062 Sentence denotes The susceptibility to antibiotics was performed by microdilution method according to NCCLS guidelines.
T365 440063-440133 Sentence denotes The production of b-lactamase was tested by nitrocefin sticks (Oxoid).
T366 440134-440142 Sentence denotes Results:
T367 440143-440521 Sentence denotes The MICs50/MICs90 (mg/ml) appeared, respectively: ampicillin 1/4, amoxicillin/clavulanic 0.06/0.12, cefaclor 1/1, ceftriazone 0.06/0.5, erythromycin 0.12/0.25, azithromycin 5/0.03/0.06, clarithromycin 0.12/0.12, ciprofloxacin 0.03/0.06, imipenem 5/0.015/0.06, tetracycline 5/0.25/5/0.25, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 0.25/0.25. b-Lactamase was detected in 98.5% of the strains.
T368 440522-440728 Sentence denotes Conclusions: (1) M. catarrhalis isolates were uniformly susceptible to all tested antimicrobials except ampicillin. (2) The production of blactamase was responsible for ampicillin resistance (98.5%). (3) M.
T369 440729-440859 Sentence denotes catarrhalis strains had almost the same behavior 'in vitro' to the tested microlides (erythromycin, azithromycin, clarythromycin).
T370 440860-440898 Sentence denotes Rokosz A, Sawicka-Grzelak A, Luczak M.
T371 440899-440989 Sentence denotes Department of Medical Microbiology, The University Medical School, Warsaw, Poland Purpose:
T372 440990-441217 Sentence denotes To isolate, identify and determine the drug-susceptibility of fungal strains cultured from fecal samples routinely submitted for detection of Clostridium difficile and its toxins in cases of antibioticassociated diarrhea (AAD).
T373 441218-441226 Sentence denotes Methods:
T374 441227-441315 Sentence denotes One hundred fecal samples from hospitalized patients were examined (May Á/October 2001).
T375 441316-441380 Sentence denotes C. difficile toxins A/B were detected directly in stools with C.
T376 441381-441425 Sentence denotes DIFFICILE TOX A/B II test (TechLab † , USA).
T377 441426-441508 Sentence denotes Fecal specimens were inoculated on CCCA and Candida ID (bioMerieux, France) media.
T378 441509-441589 Sentence denotes C. difficile and fungi were identified with standard microbiological procedures.
T379 441590-441693 Sentence denotes Susceptibility of fungal strains to anti-fungal agents was determined (ATB FUNGUS, bioMerieux, France).
T380 441694-441812 Sentence denotes Results: C. difficile toxins were detected in 38 and C. difficile strains were isolated from 23 of examined specimens.
T381 441813-441912 Sentence denotes Sixty-two fungal strains of 8 genera were cultured from 50 stool samples (24 C. albicans isolates).
T382 441913-441981 Sentence denotes Massive fungal growths were observed on primary plates in all cases.
T383 441982-442140 Sentence denotes Fifty-five fungal strains were susceptible to nystatin, 53-to 5fluorocytosine, 52-to amphotericin B, 45-to ketoconazole, 43-to miconazole and 39-to econazole.
T384 442141-442153 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T385 442154-442262 Sentence denotes In some cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea fungal strains are responsible for symptoms of this disease.
T386 442263-442332 Sentence denotes Certain persons having AAD should be treated with anti-fungal agents.
T387 442333-442341 Sentence denotes Results:
T388 442342-442484 Sentence denotes A total of 291 isolates (33.2%) were penicillin nonsusceptible (intermediate and resistant) and 308 (35.1%) were erythromycin non-susceptible.
T389 442485-442549 Sentence denotes Non-susceptibility to both antibiotics was found in 183 (20.9%).
T390 442550-442562 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T391 442563-442755 Sentence denotes If penicillin administration eliminates all penicillin susceptible strains, the prevalence of penicillin non-susceptible strains will increase as well as the erythromycin non-susceptible ones.
T392 442756-442862 Sentence denotes This means that the proportion of erythromycin non-susceptible strains should increase from 35.1 to 62.9%.
T393 442863-443050 Sentence denotes At the same time, if erythromycin eliminate all susceptible strains to this antibiotic, the prevalence of penicillin non-susceptible strains would increase from the initial 33.2 to 59.4%.
T394 443051-443142 Sentence denotes These data can explain the co-selection results observed in different surveillance studies.
T395 443143-443282 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial susceptibility and capsular types/groups of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing pneumococcal diseases in Bulgaria PM178
T396 443283-443683 Sentence denotes Setchanova L a , Gergova R a , Ioneva M b , Sredkova V c . a Department of Microbiology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria , b Department of Microbiology, II City Hospital-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria , c Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pleven, Bulgaria A prospective study of pneumococcal infections was performed in cooperation with five clinical microbiology laboratories in Bulgaria.
T397 443684-443814 Sentence denotes MICs values to 12 antimicrobials and serotype/serogroup distribution were determined for 242 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae .
T398 443815-443895 Sentence denotes Pneumococci were isolated from patients with systemic or respiratory infections.
T399 443896-444006 Sentence denotes The incidence of penicillin G-intermediate and penicillin Gresistant isolate was 27.3 and 10.3%, respectively.
T400 444007-444258 Sentence denotes The rates of resistance to other antimicrobials were: cefotaxime/ceftriaxone */ 6.2%; erythromycin */21.5%; clindamycin */7.8%; tetracycline */ 24%; chloramphenicol */26.4%; trimethoprim/sulfamothoxazole */ 38%; ciprofloxacin */10.7%; rifampin */3.7%.
T401 444259-444323 Sentence denotes The S. pneumoniae isolates belonged to 19 capsular types/groups.
T402 444324-444528 Sentence denotes The most common serotypes/serogroups in Bulgaria are 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 14, 19 We aimed to determine the pneumococcal antibiotic resistance rates and the serotypes of those resistant isolates in our hospital.
T403 444529-444619 Sentence denotes The MIC values of 212 isolates (year 1996 Á/2001) were determined by agar dilution method.
T404 444620-444692 Sentence denotes Serotyping was performed by using 12 pooled antisera of the Pneumo-test.
T405 444693-444731 Sentence denotes The results were as follows (n 0/212).
T406 444732-444743 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T407 444744-444910 Sentence denotes To asses the antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from 1997 to 2000 and to monitor trends in antimicrobial resistance.
T408 444911-444985 Sentence denotes Methods: MICs were determined by microdilution testing according to NCCLS.
T409 444986-445139 Sentence denotes The antibiotics tested were: ceftazidime (CAZ), aztreonam (ATM), imipenem (IMP), gentamicin (CN), tobramycin (TB), amikacin (AK) and ciprofloxacin (CIP).
T410 445140-445148 Sentence denotes Results:
T411 445149-445188 Sentence denotes A total of 1293 isolates were included.
T412 445189-445349 Sentence denotes Urine was the most common site of isolation for outpatients isolates (61.2%) while for hospitalized patients respiratory samples were the most frequent (40.2%).
T413 445350-445384 Sentence denotes Susceptibility to antibiotics was:
T414 445385-445457 Sentence denotes 90% CAZ, 87.5% ATM, 93% IMP, 76.8% CN, 95.5% TB, 96.7% AK and 81.9% CIP.
T415 445458-445695 Sentence denotes Comparison of susceptibility data through 1997 Á/2000 showed that the increase in the resistance rate was significative for CAZ (4.6 vs 12.9%), ATM (9.9 vs 18%), CN (18 vs 26%), TB (1.85 vs 6.9%), AK (1.6 vs 5.7%) and CIP (15.17 vs 21%).
T416 445696-445877 Sentence denotes Significant differences were found under the following circumstances: isolates from intensive care units and from inpatients were significatively more resistant to CAZ, ATM and IMP.
T417 445878-446006 Sentence denotes Isolates from respiratory samples were more resistant to CAZ and ATM and isolates from urine samples were more resistant to CIP.
T418 446007-446019 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T419 446020-446181 Sentence denotes Although the antimicrobial susceptibility level has been decreasing P. aeruginosa isolates still show good susceptibility percentages for all antibiotics tested.
T420 446182-446312 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis : report on 27 isolates from Rouen, France PM181
T421 446313-446476 Sentence denotes Lemee L a , Nouvellon M a , Caron F b , Lemeland JF a . a CHU Rouen, Bacteriologie, Rouen, France , b CHU Rouen, Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Rouen, France
T1 446477-446768 Sentence denotes Reports of an increased clinical incidence of pertussis and the development of resistance by Bordetella pertussis to erythromycin prompted the collection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of recent clinical isolates from patients, who were hospitalized in Rouen between 1991 and 1999.
T2 446769-447020 Sentence denotes MICs of nine antimicrobial agents (erythromycin, josamycin, spiramycin, roxithromycin, ketolide HMR 3647, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and amoxicillin) were measured by agar dilution method on Mueller-Hinton agar containing 5% horse blood.
T3 447021-447117 Sentence denotes MBCs of erythromycin and rifampicin were also determined against four isolates of B. pertussis .
T4 447118-447194 Sentence denotes All isolates were fully susceptible to the nine antimicrobial agents tested.
T5 447195-447397 Sentence denotes MICs 90 (mcg/ml) were 0.03 for erythromycin, ketolide HMR 3647 and ciprofloxacin, 0.06 for josamycin, 0.25 for spiramycin, roxithromycin and rifampicin, 0.5/2.5 for cotrimoxazole, and 1 for amoxicillin.
T6 447398-447473 Sentence denotes MBCs (mcg/ml) were 0.125 Á/0.5 for eyrthromycin and 0.5 Á/1 for rifampicin.
T7 447474-447605 Sentence denotes In conclusion, our isolates of B. pertussis remain extremely susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested, especially macrolides.
T8 447606-447633 Sentence denotes No resistance was detected.
T9 447634-447764 Sentence denotes Finally, if erythromycin remains the molecule of choice, other macrolides (C14 and C16) also confirm their good in-vitro activity.
T10 447765-447957 Sentence denotes In addition, the good in-vitro potency of rifampicin, together with its great diffusion within the respiratory tract, suggests that rifampicin has potential clinical efficacy in pertussis too.
T11 447958-448133 Sentence denotes The emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) with diminished susceptibility to penicillin G (PSDP) suggests the use of other antibiotics such as newer fluoroquinolones (FQ).
T12 448134-448317 Sentence denotes The resistance phenotypes of 252 consecutive pneumococcal strains isolated from patients of four hospitals (Observatoire Régional des Pneumocoques du Nord-Pas de Calais) were studied:
T13 448318-448380 Sentence denotes 39 strains were susceptible to penicillin G and 213 were PSDP.
T14 448381-448493 Sentence denotes Reference strains provided from the Centre National de Réfeacute;rence des Pneumocoques were added to the study.
T15 448494-448606 Sentence denotes The activity of pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin was studied.
T16 448607-448657 Sentence denotes Reserpine was used to detect the efflux phenotype.
T17 448658-448793 Sentence denotes Methods used were performed according to the recommendations of the Comité de l'Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie.
T18 448794-448965 Sentence denotes For each strain, the resistance phenotype to FQ was deduced by comparison of MICs or diameters obtained with those obtained with the reference strains of known phenotypes.
T19 448966-449045 Sentence denotes FQ resistance phenotypes were not correlated to blactam agent susceptibilities.
T20 449046-449150 Sentence denotes Wild type phenotype was observed among 76.9 and 77.5% of the susceptible and PSDP strains, respectively.
T21 449151-449265 Sentence denotes A 'wild efflux' mechanism, deduced by addition of reserpine to norfloxacin, represented the predominant phenotype.
T22 449266-449357 Sentence denotes It was detected among Sp susceptible to penicillin G (23.1%) as well as among PSDP (17.4%).
T23 449358-449586 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to determine macrolide resistance phenotypes of SP isolated in three French departments (Alpes Maritimes, Doubs, Nord) from nasopharyngeal aspirates of children aged 3 months to 3 years attending a DCC.
T24 449587-449793 Sentence denotes A random sample of children attending randomly selected DCCs was obtained during three periods (Spring, Autumn and Winter 1999) in each department (10 494 children attending DCCs and 2565 children sampled).
T25 449794-449883 Sentence denotes Analysis of macrolide susceptibility of SP strains was performed using the CA-SFM method.
T26 449884-450002 Sentence denotes Out of 1262 strains, 64.7% had decreased susceptibility to penicillin (SPDP) and 77.5% were resistant to erythromycin.
T27 450003-450132 Sentence denotes The triple disk diffusion method (erythromycin (E), clindamycin (Cl) and spiramycin) was used to determine resistance phenotypes.
T28 450133-450221 Sentence denotes Macrolide resistance is a well known phenomenon in France and is confirmed by our study.
T29 450222-450404 Sentence denotes These results show that the constitutive phenotype is predominant as in other parts of Europe and the frequency of efflux mechanism is lower than that observed in the USA and Canada.
T30 450405-450500 Sentence denotes Developing antibiotic resistance surveillance of Helicobacter pylori in England and Wales PM184
T31 450501-450520 Sentence denotes Elviss NC, Owen RJ.
T32 450521-450607 Sentence denotes Central Public Health Laboratory, Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, London, UK Purpose:
T33 450608-450732 Sentence denotes Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance is a key contributing factor in Â/10% of infected patients failing drug treatment.
T34 450733-450846 Sentence denotes Our aim was to survey rates of primary in-vitro resistance at different locations, and links to disease severity.
T35 450847-451043 Sentence denotes Antral gastric biopsies/cultures were received from PHLs in Chelmsford, mid-Essex (1115 isolates 1995 Á/2001); London (103 isolates 1999 Á/2000); and Bangor, north Wales (165 isolates1999 Á/2001).
T36 451044-451214 Sentence denotes Susceptibilities to metronidazole (Mtz), clarithromycin (Cla), tetracycline (Tet) and amoxicillin (Amx) were tested by disc diffusion and also by E -test for Cla and Mtz.
T37 451215-451223 Sentence denotes Results:
T38 451224-451297 Sentence denotes Overall resistance rates (1383 isolates) were 38% for Mtz and 8% for Cla.
T39 451298-451334 Sentence denotes All were susceptible to Amx and Tet.
T40 451335-451363 Sentence denotes Dual resistance rate was 5%.
T41 451364-451417 Sentence denotes Breakdown by location showed some marked differences.
T42 451418-451509 Sentence denotes Mtz resistance was highest in London (63%) compared to 37% in Chelmsford and 20% in Bangor.
T43 451510-451592 Sentence denotes By contrast Cla rates were 11% for London, and about 5% for Bangor and Chelmsford.
T44 451593-451701 Sentence denotes In London, the majority of Mtz resistant isolates were from non-UK borne individuals (75% non-UK vs 25% UK).
T45 451702-451834 Sentence denotes Comparison of duodenal ulcer-associated isolates with those from non-ulcer patients indicated similar rates of Mtz resistance (28%).
T46 451835-451846 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T47 451847-452032 Sentence denotes Resistance rates may vary significantly between locations depending on the local population with non-UK birth being a key risk factor for primary resistance with a Mtz resistant strain.
T48 452033-452114 Sentence denotes Local resistance rates should be taken into account in test and treat strategies.
T49 452115-452153 Sentence denotes Potrykus J, Benetkiewicz M, Wegrzyn G.
T50 452154-452246 Sentence denotes Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland Purpose of the study :
T51 452247-452407 Sentence denotes Because of their ability to extrude a wide range of compounds, multidrug efflux pumps have recently become an important issue in combating bacterial infections.
T52 452408-452467 Sentence denotes AcrAB-TolC is the major efflux system of Escherichia coli .
T53 452468-452590 Sentence denotes We investigated the effect of AcrA on plasmid-borne and intrinsic chloramphenicol, tetracycline and ampicillin resistance.
T54 452591-452615 Sentence denotes Results and conclusions:
T55 452616-452739 Sentence denotes Recently, we reported a chloramphenicol sensitivity of E. coli mutant expressing cat , the chloramphenicol resistance gene.
T56 452740-452806 Sentence denotes The strain was shown to bear a nonsense mutation in the acrA gene.
T57 452807-452936 Sentence denotes Our studies indicate that this mutation is, at least in part, responsible for the observed chloramphenicol sensitivity phenotype.
T58 452937-453079 Sentence denotes The mutation seems also to influence the strain's susceptibility to ampicillin and tetA (C )-mediated (plasmid-borne) tetracycline resistance.
T59 453080-453255 Sentence denotes Although the TetA(C) protein retained its biological function, there was a considerable growth impairment of the mutant strain when cultured in tetracycline containing medium.
T60 453256-453337 Sentence denotes Deletion of the acrAB locus prevented any growth in the presence of tetracycline.
T61 453338-453435 Sentence denotes Upon the addition of ampicillin, the mutant underwent lysis more rapidly than the control strain.
T62 453436-453514 Sentence denotes Such was also observed in acrAB deletion derivatives of other E. coli strains.
T63 453515-453609 Sentence denotes We are trying to elucidate the role of the acrA gene product in the phenomena described above.
T64 453610-453691 Sentence denotes Existence of efflux pumps in wild type isolates of drug-resistance bacteria PM186
T65 453692-453704 Sentence denotes Raja Ray RR.
T66 453705-453924 Sentence denotes Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Calcutta University, Kolkata, India Efflux pumps possessed by the bacterial cells of different kinds of bacteria had presented as a newer mode of drug resistance in many organisms.
T67 453925-454070 Sentence denotes The capacity of bacterial cells to cause outward flow of noxious agents was known, however, for a considerable time with respect to tetracycline.
T68 454071-454243 Sentence denotes Recently, interest in the efflux pump system has brought to light some previously ill-understood mechanisms of drug resistance, involving noxious agents, toxins or poisons.
T69 454244-454426 Sentence denotes We have found high level of resistance in pseudomonads towards cetrimide and other germicides for which no definite chromosomal/plasmid-mediated genes/mechanisms could be identified.
T70 454427-454709 Sentence denotes Likewise, occurrence of nonantibiotic sensitive vibrios, staphylococci and pseudomonads in the background of their high level of resistance to most of the common antibiotics suggest a mechanism of interference with the efflux pump, which accounts for such sensitivity in such cases.
T71 454710-455046 Sentence denotes Involvement of multiple resistance of marine isolates of V. parahaemolyticus to numerous clinically used antibiotics to which they have never been exposed also suggests a possible role of efflux pumps in determining such resistance */that these can simultaneously develop against multiple marine toxins/poisons and other noxious agents.
T72 455047-455206 Sentence denotes Interaction between oxacillin and glycopeptides in a teicoplanin-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus epidermidis with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin PM187
T73 455207-455230 Sentence denotes Greco AA, Ben Hassen A.
T74 455231-455307 Sentence denotes Laboratory service of National Bone-Marrow Transplant Center, Tunis, Tunisia
T75 455308-455620 Sentence denotes We selected a laboratory-generated mutant of Staphylococcus epidermidis capable of growing in the presence of 256 mg/l of teicoplanin (353b TM256), from a methicillin-resistant (MIC!/256 mg/l), teicoplanin-sensitive (MIC 4 mg/l) and vancomycin-sensitive (MIC 2 mg/l) clinical isolate of S. epidermidis (353b SO).
T76 455621-455853 Sentence denotes In a previous work, we studied the different phenotypic characteristics acquired by the teicoplanin-resistant mutant 353b TM256 (20th Interdisciplinary Meeting on Anti-Infectious Chemotherapy, December 2000, poster sessions, 82/P1).
T77 455854-456034 Sentence denotes In this work, we examined the interaction between oxacillin and glycopeptides against this teicoplanin-resistant mutant of S. epidermidis with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin.
T78 456035-456231 Sentence denotes To study the combined antibiotic activity of oxacillin and glycopeptides, we used different methods: a modified disk diffusion test, the E -test, time-kill assays and population analysis profiles.
T79 456232-456399 Sentence denotes The synergistic activity of glycopeptides in combination with oxacillin against the teicoplaninresistant mutant 353b TM256 was demonstrated with a bactericidal effect.
T80 456400-456456 Sentence denotes No synergy was seen against the parental strain 353b SO.
T81 456457-456613 Sentence denotes Moreover, the synergy between glycopeptides and oxacillin occurred with suppression of the subpopulation with the highest level of glycopeptides resistance.
T82 456614-456807 Sentence denotes We concluded that combination of glycopeptides and oxacillin may be a possible alternative in the treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant, teicoplanin-resistant S. epidermidis .
T83 456808-457024 Sentence denotes Compositional changes in microcosm biofilms induced by application of minocycline: a preliminary study PM188 The aim of the study was to observe the effect of application of minocycline upon microcosm dental plaques.
T84 457025-457175 Sentence denotes The plaques were cultivated in a Constant Departmenth Film Fermentor (CDFF), which produces biofilms under conditions mimicking those present in vivo.
T85 457176-457279 Sentence denotes The composition of the biofilms was determined by viable counting on selective and non-selective media.
T86 457280-457427 Sentence denotes The proportion of antibiotic resistant genera within the biofilm was determined by viable counts utilising media containing minocycline (16 mg/ml).
T87 457428-457609 Sentence denotes Before commencing antibiotic pulsing, the biofilms had a total viable anaerobic count of 1.26)/10 10 CFU per biofilm, with negligible (6 CFU/biofilm) minocycline-resistant bacteria.
T88 457610-457809 Sentence denotes However, 24 h after introduction of the antibiotic, the total count had been reduced to 1.02)/10 9 CFU/biofilm whilst the number of minocycline-resistant bacteria had risen to 1.23)/10 6 CFU/biofilm.
T89 457810-457990 Sentence denotes At the final sampling time point (192 h) the total viable anaerobic count was 5.82)/10 8 CFU/biofilm whilst the number of minocycline-resistant bacteria was 1.12)/10 7 CFU/biofilm.
T90 457991-458178 Sentence denotes Hence, there is a very low basal level of inherent resistance to minocycline within microcosm dental plaques, but this increases considerably once the biofilms are exposed to minocycline.
T91 458179-458332 Sentence denotes Mechanism of resistance to aminoglycosides (AMG) E. coli isolated from children with community-acquired urinary tract infections (CAU-TIs) PM189 Methods:
T92 458333-458396 Sentence denotes During the 2000 Á/01 years nine centers took part in the study.
T93 458397-458505 Sentence denotes The MICs of antimicrobials were determined by the agar dilution method as described in the NCCLS guidelines.
T94 458506-458514 Sentence denotes Results:
T95 458515-458626 Sentence denotes A total of 710 consecutive urine isolates from 692 children aged 1 month to 18 years with CAUTI were collected.
T96 458627-458769 Sentence denotes The most frequently isolated species from children with CAUTI was E. coli (52.3%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (8.0%) and Proteus spp. (7.6%).
T97 458770-458860 Sentence denotes Results of the in vitro susceptibility testing of E. coli to AMG are shown in table below.
T98 458861-458942 Sentence denotes Resistance of the strains was conditioned on production of AMG-modifying enzymes.
T99 458943-459156 Sentence denotes There has been found following phenotypes among resistance strains: gentamicin Á/ tobramycin Á/netilmicin (77.8% */AAC(3)-V and 13.9% */AAC(3)-IV enzymes) and gentamicin Á/tobramycin (8.3%, due to ANT(2ƒ) enzyme).
T100 459157-459168 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T101 459169-459214 Sentence denotes Amikacin is most active AMG against E. coli .
T102 459215-459310 Sentence denotes Resistance to gentamicin and netilmicin was mainly determined by production of AAC(3)-V enzyme.
T103 459311-459478 Sentence denotes Effect of b-lactamase inhibitors (b-L-I) on the evolution of resistance (R) to b-lactams (b-L) in Gram The b-lactams antimicrobials still are the most frequently used.
T104 459479-459626 Sentence denotes Among the bacteria responsible of high resistance to b-lactams are gramnegative rods; its most frequent mechanism is the production of b-lactamase.
T105 459627-459696 Sentence denotes The use of b-L-I has reversed partially this mechanism of resistance.
T106 459697-459777 Sentence denotes We expect changes in the frequencies of R using b-LƒCI after more than 10 years.
T107 459778-460001 Sentence denotes Since 1988, The Venezuelan Group of Bacterial Resistance, with 29 health institution in the country; analyse and publish data on bacterial resistance of isolates from patients with bacterial infection coming from hospitals.
T108 460002-460046 Sentence denotes It was used diffusion disk, according NCCLS.
T109 460047-460116 Sentence denotes The software program WHONET (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION NET) was used.
T110 460117-460223 Sentence denotes We follow the trends of R of gram-negative rods to b-L alone and with b-L-I during the decade 1988 Á/1998.
T111 460224-460351 Sentence denotes Statistical analyses were made by evaluating the differences among percentages of resistance between the two series (P 5/0.05).
T112 460352-460375 Sentence denotes Results and discussion:
T113 460376-460627 Sentence denotes The difference in R between b-L and b-L/b-L-I are: (1) piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam: between 10 and 30% of R for most isolated, except for Escherichia coli (45%) and Serratia spp. (60%); (2) ampicilin, ampicilin/sulbactam: between 10 and 30%;
T114 460628-460688 Sentence denotes (3) cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam: between 5 and 25%.
T115 460689-460865 Sentence denotes How is expected gramnegative rods resistance to b-lactams with a b-L-I is lower than the b-lactam alone; furthermore the difference between both series, grows higher with time.
T116 460866-460977 Sentence denotes These results are relevant and they were not expected, since b-L-I have been shown to be b-lactamase inductors.
T117 460978-461093 Sentence denotes Trends in the Resistance (R) to b-lactams and others antimicrobials in P. aeruginosa in Venezuelan medical centres.
T118 461094-461300 Sentence denotes Nosocomial (Nos) and communitarian resistance PM191 In order to approach the infection produced by resistant bacteria, it is convenient to consider the hospital and the community as two separate ecosystems.
T119 461301-461401 Sentence denotes The hospital ecosystem has special relevance in the infection and R of gramnegative aerobic bacilli.
T120 461402-461507 Sentence denotes Today, they are the main responsible of Nos infection, with special reference to Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
T121 461508-461590 Sentence denotes Infection by resistant bacteria is a world wide problem, specially related to Nos.
T122 461591-461894 Sentence denotes Since 1988, The Venezuelan Group of Bacterial Resistance, with 29 health institution in the country; identify, analyse and publish data on bacterial R to antimicrobials: b-lactams, quinolones and aminoglicosides of isolates from patients with bacterial infection coming from hospitals and the community.
T123 461895-461939 Sentence denotes It was used diffusion disk, according NCCLS.
T124 461940-462010 Sentence denotes The software program WHONET (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZA-TION NET) was used.
T125 462011-462098 Sentence denotes Statistical significance (P 5/0.05) was determined by application of the x 2 technique.
T126 462099-462234 Sentence denotes We show significant differences in the R of P. aeruginosa Nos and communitarian (highest differences: piperacilina 40/7%, tobra 40/4%).
T127 462235-462398 Sentence denotes We also established significant differences between the R arising in public hospitals and private hospitals (highest differences: ceftazidime 50/5%, amika 25/ 5%).
T128 462399-462537 Sentence denotes We show the tendency in decreasing of frequency of R since 1998; this is more evident in private hospitals (b-lactam and aminoglicosides).
T129 462538-462650 Sentence denotes New antimicrobials and new mechanism of action, and in the future the new technology will solve today's problem.
T130 462651-462765 Sentence denotes However, the most important tools we have today are prevention and antimicrobials, and we must make them suitable.
T131 462766-462902 Sentence denotes Susceptibility to antibiotics of Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii from drinking water PM192 Quintera SM, Sousa JC, Peixe L.
T132 462903-462990 Sentence denotes Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
T133 462991-463230 Sentence denotes The increased use of antimicrobials in farming, together with the practice of raw sewage discharge into receiving waters, has resulted in a significant increase in the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria present in aquatic environment.
T134 463231-463405 Sentence denotes Our objective was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility, with focus on b-lactam resistance, among Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from raw drinking water samples.
T135 463406-463633 Sentence denotes Several isolates (n0/107) of Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii obtained from drinking waters were screened for antibiotic susceptibility patterns, using the agar diffusion technique, according to NCCLS's procedures.
T136 463634-463768 Sentence denotes Only 55% of E. cloacae strains, as well as 37% of C. freundii strains show resistance to amoxicillin and amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid.
T137 463769-463851 Sentence denotes A reduced incidence of resistance to several others antibiotics was also observed.
T138 463852-464043 Sentence denotes The obtained results suggest that strains isolated from raw drinking water have greater susceptibility to antimicrobial agents than pathogenic strains from hospital or outpatients infections.
T139 464044-464207 Sentence denotes The 'natural' antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, usually described for C. freundii and E. cloacae , only seem to apply to strains isolated from human infections.
T140 464208-464431 Sentence denotes Notwithstanding the high susceptibility of the tested isolates to b-lactams, the role of environmental bacteria as a reservoir of resistance genes justify its periodical monitoring as a valid index for resistance spreading.
T141 464432-464455 Sentence denotes A snapshot of the soil.
T142 464456-464786 Sentence denotes Using bacterial communities for tracing the evolution of metal-resistance PM193 Quintera SM a , Sousa JC a , Peixe L a , Monteiro NM b . a Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal , b Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
T143 464787-465010 Sentence denotes It is well known that pathogenic bacteria, specially those resistant to antimicrobial agents and heavy metals poses public health risks of great concern, and its detection, namely in soils is generally related to pollution.
T144 465011-465162 Sentence denotes In this study, the heavy metal resistance patterns of the microflora isolated from polluted (dump area) and unpolluted soil environments were examined.
T145 465163-465364 Sentence denotes The plate growth covering percentage in the soil samples was determined using Mueller-Hinton plates supplemented with different heavy metal (Al3'/, Cd2'/, Cu2'/, Pb2'/, Hg2'/ and Zn2'/) concentrations.
T146 465365-465477 Sentence denotes Parallelly, using ICP-AES, it was possible to ascertain the real heavy metal concentration for each soil sample.
T147 465478-465635 Sentence denotes We found that the percentage of plate growth covering from the used samples was closely linked to the level of chemical pollution measured for each location.
T148 465636-465710 Sentence denotes Moreover, using ANOVA, we found significant differences between locations.
T149 465711-465801 Sentence denotes The dump site showed the highest tolerance to all the tested metals (Newman Á/Keuls test).
T150 465802-465878 Sentence denotes This pattern of results was consistent when using the data from the ICP-AES.
T151 465879-466083 Sentence denotes Furthermore, it was possible to observe that Pseudomonas spp., with a relatively high MIC for the studied metals, might become a relevant model for both public health issues and eco-toxicological studies.
T152 466084-466169 Sentence denotes Biochemical characteristics of environmental isolates of Listeria monocytogenes PM194
T153 466170-466354 Sentence denotes Moshtaghi H a , Garg SR b , Mandokhot UV b . a Shahrekord University, Food Hygiene, Shahrekord, Islamic Republic of Iran , b Haryana Agricultural University, Food Hygiene, Hisar, India
T154 466355-466363 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T155 466364-466512 Sentence denotes The investigations were carried out to study the biochemical reactions of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from different sources in the environment.
T156 466513-466521 Sentence denotes Results:
T157 466522-466654 Sentence denotes A total of 12 isolates of L. monocytogenes were obtained from 230 samples of agricultural soil, faecal matter of animals and sewage.
T158 466655-466878 Sentence denotes All the isolates were Gram-positive, small rods, catalase positive, oxidase negative, motile with tumbling motility in hanging drop at 22 Á/25 8C, aerobic, facultative anaerobic, fermentative and produced acid from glucose.
T159 466879-466996 Sentence denotes All the isolates of L. monocytogenes were beta haemolytic and positive for CAMP reaction with Staphylococcus aureus .
T160 466997-467155 Sentence denotes All the isolates were negative for phenyl alanine deaminase, ornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, malonate utilization and beta galactosidase tests.
T161 467156-467322 Sentence denotes These were also negative for acid production from arabinose, D-xylose, mannitol, soluble starch and sucrose but acid was produced in rhamnose, salicin, and trehalose.
T162 467323-467460 Sentence denotes Hydrogen sulfide production was recorded in tripticase soy broth with lead acetate paper strips but negative with triple sugar iron agar.
T163 467461-467511 Sentence denotes All the isolates were found to hydrolyse aesculin.
T164 467512-467587 Sentence denotes Out of 12 isolates of L. monocytogenes only two produced acid from lactose.
T165 467588-467636 Sentence denotes In serotyping all the isolates were serotype 4b.
T166 467637-467648 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T167 467649-467761 Sentence denotes We can conclude that L. monocytogenes serotype 4b at least in fermentation of lactose shows different reactions.
T168 467762-467770 Sentence denotes Methods:
T169 467771-468017 Sentence denotes The samples were pre-enriched in BHI broth with and without vancomycin (6 mg/l) and then plated onto M-Enterococcus agar with and without antibiotics: vancomycin (6 mg/l), gentamicin (125 mg/l), kanamycin (500 mg/l), and streptomycin (1000 mg/l).
T170 468018-468131 Sentence denotes Representative colonies of each morphology were isolated and identified as Enterococcus sp as previous described.
T171 468132-468234 Sentence denotes PCR was used to identify E. faecium and E. faecalis and to characterise vancomycin resistant genotype.
T172 468235-468282 Sentence denotes API20Strep was also used in the identification.
T173 468283-468373 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing to 11 antibiotics was performed by an agar dilution method (NCCLS).
T174 468374-468382 Sentence denotes Results:
T175 468383-468496 Sentence denotes Three hundred and fifty-three enterococci were isolated from 92 of a total of 99 faecal samples (93%, n 0/92/99).
T176 468497-468589 Sentence denotes The majority of enterococci were identified as E. faecium , E. faecalis and Enterococcus sp.
T177 468590-468874 Sentence denotes Resistance to almost all antibiotics studied was observed: vancomycin */3.0%; teicoplanin */3.0; ampicillin */21.2%; tetracyclin */81.8; erythromycin */86.9%; ciprofloxacin */78.8%; chloramphenicol */54.5%; gentamicin */17.2%; streptomycin */ 78.8%; kanamycin */77.7%; linezolid */0%.
T178 468875-468938 Sentence denotes The vancomycin resistant enterococci presented a vanA genotype.
T179 468939-468950 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T180 468951-469082 Sentence denotes Resistance to several common antibiotics used in therapy was observed among enterococci isolated from healthy human from community.
T181 469083-469133 Sentence denotes Many of these isolates presented multi-resistance.
T182 469134-469264 Sentence denotes Of concern is the presence of vanA genotype among these populations that may constitute a reservoir of vancomycin resistant genes.
T183 469265-469418 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial resistance in tetracycline-resistant oral bacteria PM196 Mercury release from dental amalgam may select for mercuryresistant oral bacteria.
T184 469419-469495 Sentence denotes Mercury resistance is often associated with multiple antibiotic resistances.
T185 469496-469696 Sentence denotes The aims of this study were to determine whether tetracycline-resistant oral bacteria from children with and without amalgam fillings were also resistant to: (a) mercury; and (b) multiple antibiotics.
T186 469697-469806 Sentence denotes Tetracycline-resistant organisms were isolated on Iso-Sensitest/blood agar containing tetracycline (8 mg/ml).
T187 469807-469892 Sentence denotes The MIC of HgCl 2 and several antibiotics were determined using agar dilution (BSAC).
T188 469893-469969 Sentence denotes One hundred and three organisms were isolated from patients without amalgam.
T189 469970-470082 Sentence denotes Ninety-one were Streptococcus species, seven Neisseria species, three Veillonella dispar and two Rothia species.
T190 470083-470272 Sentence denotes Fifty-seven percent exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic, 12% were mercury-resistant, 42% were penicillin-resistant, 11% were ampicillin-resistant and 23% erythromycin-resistant.
T191 470273-470333 Sentence denotes Fiftytwo organisms were isolated from patients with amalgam.
T192 470334-470442 Sentence denotes Forty-five were Streptococcus species, five Neisseria species, one V. dispar and one Staphylococcus aureus .
T193 470443-470634 Sentence denotes Sixty-three percent exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic, 23% were mercury-resistant, 38% penicillinresistant, 11% were ampicillin-resistant and 31% showed erythromycin-resistance.
T194 470635-470820 Sentence denotes Statistically, the results showed that in tetracyclineresistant organisms, the presence of dental amalgam did not affect the level of resistance to mercury or to the antibiotics tested.
T195 470821-471082 Sentence denotes Conway-Wallace HL a , Mullany P a , Bedi R b , Wilson M a . a Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Microbiology, London, UK , b Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Transcultural Oral Health, London, UK The purpose of this study:
T196 471083-471231 Sentence denotes To determine the prevalence of antibioticresistant oral bacteria in children who had not received antibiotics during the 3 months prior to sampling.
T197 471232-471395 Sentence denotes Plaque samples were obtained from 16 children aged 4 Á/6 years and plated onto media containing: penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and vancomycin.
T198 471396-471486 Sentence denotes Resistant isolates were enumerated, sub-cultured and frozen for subsequent identification.
T199 471487-471534 Sentence denotes The process was repeated 6 and 12 months later.
T200 471535-471556 Sentence denotes The results obtained:
T201 471557-471723 Sentence denotes Bacteria resistant to each of the antibiotics were present in all of the children at each sampling time (except in the case of ampicillin and penicillin at 0 months).
T202 471724-471852 Sentence denotes The proportion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the oral microflora ranged from ]/13.7 (erythromycin) to 5/0.5% (ampicillin).
T203 471853-471981 Sentence denotes The proportions of bacteria resistant to a particular antibiotic remained reasonably constant over the 12-month sampling period.
T204 471982-472140 Sentence denotes In only two cases (penicillin and ampicillin) was there a statistically significant change in the proportions of resistant bacteria at different time periods.
T205 472141-472164 Sentence denotes The conclusion reached:
T206 472165-472371 Sentence denotes The results of the study have revealed that bacteria resistant to a wide range of antibiotics may be isolated from children who have not been administered these agents during the 3 months prior to sampling.
T207 472372-472503 Sentence denotes Furthermore, in many cases the proportion of bacteria resistant to a particular antibiotic remains constant over a 12-month period.
T208 472504-472617 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial use in the intensive care unit: results of a pharmacoepidemiological study in Italy PM198 Periti P.
T209 472618-472850 Sentence denotes E.I.F.T. srl, Firenze, Italy A retrospective survey of antimicrobial chemotherapy use in 560 Intensive Care Units in Italy was carried out in 1999 using a computerized questionnaire under the auspices of the Journal of Chemotherapy.
T210 472851-473000 Sentence denotes Of the ICUs contacted, 43.4% replied, being mainly general or post-surgical and pediatric units having a mean of 10 beds, nine doctors and 20 nurses.
T211 473001-473225 Sentence denotes The antimicrobial agents used in these wards were almost always polychemotherapy with prevalent use of beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides or as empirical treatment during the first 72 h after hospital admission.
T212 473226-473425 Sentence denotes The continual use of medium-high dose combinational antimicrobial chemotherapy was justified by microbiological testing, which revealed that more than one-third of bacterial pathogens were resistant.
T213 473426-473599 Sentence denotes Approximately, 60% of Gram-positive bacteria were methicillin-resistant, whereas about 13% of Gram-negative strains were resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics.
T214 473600-473768 Sentence denotes Forty percent of the responding ICUs furnished microbiological testing data, of which three quarters indicated the incidence of chemoresistance of the isolated strains.
T215 473769-473873 Sentence denotes Fungal infections were less frequent than bacterial, the most commonly isolated agent being Candida spp.
T216 473874-474095 Sentence denotes In conclusion, the sample of ICUs examined showed adequate and reasonable use of antimicrobial agents, with heavy reliance on medium-high dose combination therapy due to the elevated incidence of resistant isolates found.
T217 474096-474289 Sentence denotes Plasma concentrations (P), urinary excretion (U) and bactericidal activity of gatifloxacin (GAT) 400 mg versus ciprofloxacin (CIP) 500 mg in 12 healthy volunteers after a single oral dose PM199
T218 474290-474510 Sentence denotes Boy D a , Kinzig-Schippers M b , Sö rgel F b , Well Naber KG a . a Hospital St. Elisabeth, Urologic Clinic, Straubing, Germany , b Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, IBMP, Nürnberg-Heroldsberg, Germany
T219 474511-474695 Sentence denotes Twelve volunteers received a single oral dose of 400 mg GAT versus 500 mg CIP to assess P up to 36 h, U (by HPLC), and urinary bactericidal titers (UBT) in eight intervals up to 120 h.
T220 474696-474738 Sentence denotes The mean Pmax of GAT/CIP was 3.35/2.12 mg.
T221 474739-474782 Sentence denotes The Ucum (mean) for GAT/CIP was 81.0/43.2%.
T222 474783-474962 Sentence denotes The UBTs, i.e. the highest twofold dilution of urine still bactericidal, were determined for nine uropathogens and one reference strain */MICs (mg/ml) (microdilution) for GAT/CIP:
T223 474963-475244 Sentence denotes Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (0.008/0.008); E. coli (0.06/0.06); Klebsiella pneumoniae (0.03/0.016); Proteus mirabilis (0.25/0.06); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1/ 0.125); S. saprophyticus (0.125/0.25); two strains of S. aureus (0.06/ 0.125); two strains of E. faecalis (0.5/1 and 8/32).
T224 475245-475378 Sentence denotes The median UBTs measured within the first 6 h for gatifloxacin were between 1:16 and 1:1024 for the five Gram-negative strains (incl.
T225 475379-475457 Sentence denotes P. aeruginosa ) and between 1:8 and 1:1024 for the five Gram-positive strains.
T226 475458-475556 Sentence denotes The median UBTs for ciprofloxacin were between 1:64 and 1:1024 for the Gramnegative strains (incl.
T227 475557-475636 Sentence denotes P. aeruginosa ) and between 1:1.5 and 1:768 for the five Gram-positive strains.
T228 475637-475847 Sentence denotes For the UBTs up to 12 h, GAT was significantly superior to ciprofloxacin in all Gram-positive strains, not different in the two E. coli strains, and inferior in the Klebsiella , Proteus and Pseudomonas strains.
T229 475848-475974 Sentence denotes For the UBTs at 12 Á/24 h, GAT was generally superior to CIP, but showed no difference in the Proteus and Pseudomonas strains.
T230 475975-476042 Sentence denotes GAT showed overall comparable urinary bactericidal activity as CIP.
T231 476043-476107 Sentence denotes This is in agreement with a clinical study performed previously.
T232 476108-476189 Sentence denotes Malaria is one of the most prevalent endemic infectious disease affecting humans.
T233 476190-476270 Sentence denotes In Bichat hospital 111 cases of malaria acute illness were reported during 2001.
T234 476271-476350 Sentence denotes Among them, 96 patients were hospitalised and intravenously treated by quinine.
T235 476351-476667 Sentence denotes This retrospective study consisted of comparing the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of quinine distinguishing, respectively 36 and 60 patients cured in Infectious Medical Department (IMD) and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) where a standardised quinine regimen was established (62 and 47% malaria attacks, respectively).
T236 476668-476798 Sentence denotes In ICU, the treatment consisted of an infused loading dose 16 mg/kg/4 h of quinine diluted in 5% glucose followed by 24 mg/kg/day.
T237 476799-476927 Sentence denotes Plasma quinine maximal concentrations were assessed after selective liquid Á/liquid extraction and spectrofluorometry detection.
T238 476928-476977 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was performed using t -test.
T239 476978-477259 Sentence denotes Results showed that patients had comparable weight (71.49/19.7 and 70.89/17.9 kg) but quinine doses and plasma concentrations were significantly different in ICU and IMD, respectively (20.29/6.5 versus 22.79/3.7 mg/kg/day, PB/ 0.001 and 11.49/3.3 versus 10.39/3.2 mg/l, P B/ 0.01).
T240 477260-477289 Sentence denotes In ICU and IMD, respectively:
T241 477290-477586 Sentence denotes 57 and 49% were in the therapeutic range (10 Á/15 mg/l) with 29 and 43% below the requested therapeutic concentration (10 mg/l) and 13 and 8% above the limit of toxicity (15 mg/l) conveying the importance of TDM in intravenous quinine treatment to avoid infra-therapeutic or toxic concentrations.
T242 477587-477767 Sentence denotes Simultaneous central nervous system distribution using microdialysis and pharmacokinetic Á/pharmacodynamic modelling of the electroencephalogram effect of norfloxacin in rats PM201
T243 477768-477819 Sentence denotes Chenel M, Marchand S, Dupuis A, Bouquet S, Couet W.
T244 477820-477883 Sentence denotes University of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, Poitiers, France Purpose:
T245 477884-478129 Sentence denotes To investigate the epileptogenic activity of norfloxacin by a pharmacokinetic Á/pharmacodynamic (PK Á/PD) modelling approach and to assess the contribution of distributional processes across the blood Á/brain barrier (BBB) to the delayed effect.
T246 478130-478138 Sentence denotes Methods:
T247 478139-478205 Sentence denotes Rats (n0/10) received an IV bolus dose of norfloxacin (150 mg/kg).
T248 478206-478300 Sentence denotes Convulsant effect was quantified by electroencephalogram (EEG) recording during 9 h post-dose.
T249 478301-478365 Sentence denotes Arterial blood samples were collected for drug assays in plasma.
T250 478366-478546 Sentence denotes Unbound norfloxacin concentrations were monitored in brain extracellular fluid (ECF) using microdialysis with in vivo calibration of the probes by retrodialysis with ciprofloxacin.
T251 478547-478555 Sentence denotes Results:
T252 478556-478624 Sentence denotes The EEG effect reached its maximum between 70 and 190 min post-dose.
T253 478625-478696 Sentence denotes A PK/PD effect compartment model was successfully fitted to these data.
T254 478697-478806 Sentence denotes The relationship between effect and concentration at the effect site was best described by a spline function.
T255 478807-478992 Sentence denotes Norfloxacin concentrations in brain ECF were relatively low compared to plasma levels (ECF/plasma areas under curve (AUC) ratio equal to 9.79/ 2.8%), but central distribution was rapid.
T256 478993-479090 Sentence denotes Therefore, the effect versus brain ECF concentrations curves still exhibited a marked hysterisis.
T257 479091-479102 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T258 479103-479259 Sentence denotes The delay observed between plasma concentrations and norfloxacin convulsant effect cannot be explained by a slow distribution of norfloxacin across the BBB.
T259 479260-479697 Sentence denotes Pagoulatou A a , Kanellakopoulou K b , Vafiadou M a , Kostakopoulos TH c , Kastriotis I b , Giamarellou H c . a Department of Anesthesia, Sismanoglio General Hospital, Greece , b 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece , c Department of Urology, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece CSF kinetics of Van and Fu were studied in 57 patients who underwent short urological surgery under spinal anesthesia.
T260 479698-479819 Sentence denotes Patients were excluded if they were already receiving an antibiotic or were suffering from renal and hepatic dysfunction.
T261 479820-479866 Sentence denotes Van was administered at 1 g over 1 h infusion.
T262 479867-479956 Sentence denotes Serum and CSF samples were collected post-dose and the mean serum levels were as follows:
T263 479957-479970 Sentence denotes 30 min Á/1 h:
T264 479971-480007 Sentence denotes 21.1 mg/ml (five patients), 1 Á/2 h:
T265 480008-480044 Sentence denotes 10.1 mg/ml (five patients), 2 Á/4 h:
T266 480045-480079 Sentence denotes 8.5 mg/ml (six patients), 4 Á/6 h:
T267 480080-480117 Sentence denotes 6.7 mg/ml (six patients) and 6 Á/8 h:
T268 480118-480146 Sentence denotes 5.15 mg/ml (seven patients).
T269 480147-480200 Sentence denotes Fu was administered at 500 mg dose over 1 h infusion.
T270 480201-480300 Sentence denotes Serum and CSF samples were taken post-dose and the mean serum concentrations were found as follows:
T271 480301-480312 Sentence denotes 0 Á/30 min:
T272 480313-480354 Sentence denotes 43.08 mg/ml (six patients), 30 min Á/1 h:
T273 480355-480390 Sentence denotes 41.7 mg/ml (six patients), 1 Á/2 h:
T274 480391-480427 Sentence denotes 33.8 mg/ml (five patients), 2 Á/4 h:
T275 480428-480463 Sentence denotes 27.8 mg/ml (six patients), 4 Á/6 h:
T276 480464-480491 Sentence denotes 25.6 MG/ml (five patients).
T277 480492-480534 Sentence denotes In CSF, both Van and Fu were undetectable.
T278 480535-480682 Sentence denotes It is concluded that in the absence of meningeal inflammation Van and Fu do not penetrate (with the applied microbiological assay) the CSF barrier.
T279 480683-480785 Sentence denotes Comparison of the pharmacology of intravenous and orally given moxifloxacin in an in-vitro model PM203
T280 480786-480818 Sentence denotes Wiegand I, Pfeil E, Wiedemann B.
T281 480819-480890 Sentence denotes University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Bonn, Germany Purpose:
T282 480891-481020 Sentence denotes The intravenous form (IV) of 400 mg Moxifloxacin (MOX), one of the newer fluoroquinolones, has been recently approved by the FDA.
T283 481021-481154 Sentence denotes During the IV treatment higher peak serum concentrations are achieved in comparison to the oral administration (PO) of the same dose.
T284 481155-481229 Sentence denotes The antibacterial activity of fluoroquinolones is concentration dependent.
T285 481230-481461 Sentence denotes We therefore simulated human pharmacokinetics of single PO and IV dosages of 400 mg MOX in an in-vitro model using six different gram-negative and -positive pathogens to elucidate the different effect of these two dosing schedules.
T286 481462-481470 Sentence denotes Results:
T287 481471-481610 Sentence denotes The comparison of the pharmacological parameter AUC/ MIC shows an increase ( Table 1 ) that could predict an enhanced antibacterial effect.
T288 481611-481836 Sentence denotes However, the analysis of the killing curves with the following parameters, ka.max (maximal killing activity) and AAC (area above the killing curve between 0 and 24 h), reveals no major difference between the PO and IV dosage.
T289 481837-481848 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T290 481849-482067 Sentence denotes The serum concentration after oral administration is already sufficiently high to show the optimal bactericidal effect of MOX that can only be slightly increased by higher peak concentrations and higher AUC/MIC ratios.
T291 482068-482267 Sentence denotes Thus the concentration dependence is not linear but ends already at concentrations achievable by oral dosing and documents that AUC/MIC calculations cannot easily be translated into dosing schedules.
T292 482268-482280 Sentence denotes Background :
T293 482281-482346 Sentence denotes Bacteria growing in vivo multiply much more slowly than in vitro.
T294 482347-482479 Sentence denotes Whether the bactericidal activity of quinolones may be affected by an increase in generation time (g) was studied in batch cultures.
T295 482480-482488 Sentence denotes Methods:
T296 482489-482600 Sentence denotes By limiting the nutrient supply, generation times were lengthened from approximately 0.45 to 1.5 h up to 3.9 h.
T297 482601-482718 Sentence denotes Alternatively, the quinolones were added to the bacterial cultures during the lag-, exponential-and stationary phase.
T298 482719-482834 Sentence denotes Recent clinical isolates of Escherichia coli were exposed to multiples of the MICs of ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin.
T299 482835-482901 Sentence denotes The 'killing rates' were calculated in analogy to the growth rate.
T300 482902-482910 Sentence denotes Results:
T301 482911-483034 Sentence denotes The bactericidal activity of the quinolones tested against E. coli was minimally influenced by the reduced generation time.
T302 483035-483307 Sentence denotes Ciprofloxacin concentrations of ]/2)/MIC eliminated the test strains within 5/2 h from the test system if added during the lag or exponential growth phase; four times higher concentrations were needed to reduce CFUs by 99% within 2 h, if added during the stationary phase.
T303 483308-483350 Sentence denotes Norfloxacin was significantly less active.
T304 483351-483362 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T305 483363-483511 Sentence denotes In contrast to norfloxacin, the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin is minimally affected by the generation time or growth phase of the bacteria.
T306 483512-483544 Sentence denotes Wiegand I, Pfeil E, Wiedemann B.
T307 483545-483616 Sentence denotes University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Bonn, Germany Purpose:
T308 483617-483715 Sentence denotes Moxifloxacin (MOX) is one of the newer fluoroquinolones, now available for parenteral application.
T309 483716-483973 Sentence denotes The pharmacology of an intravenous once-daily dose (OD) of 400 mg MOX was determined with five gram-negative and -positive pathogens (Streptococcus pyogenes , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Moraxella catarrhalis , Escherichia coli , and Klebsiella pneumoniae ).
T310 483974-484103 Sentence denotes A twice-daily dose (BID) of 400 mg MOX was simulated with the gram-positive species in order to increase the bactericidal effect.
T311 484104-484112 Sentence denotes Results:
T312 484113-484259 Sentence denotes To determine the efficacy, killing curves were analyzed, and following parameters were calculated: ka.max: maximal killing activity [log cfu]; ka.
T313 484260-484271 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T314 484272-484349 Sentence denotes An intravenous once-daily dose of MOX is active against all tested pathogens.
T315 484350-484422 Sentence denotes The gram-negative species are rapidly killed (ka.1 h similar to ka.max).
T316 484423-484579 Sentence denotes There is no pronounced initial effect on the two gram-positive species but a general slow reduction in the viable cell count (ka.max is reached after 24 h).
T317 484580-484712 Sentence denotes The efficacy of MOX (measured as AAC and ka.max) on S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae is to some extent increased after the second dose.
T318 484713-484804 Sentence denotes However, the analysis of the killing curves reveals no major difference between OD and BID.
T319 484805-484901 Sentence denotes Even the OD nearly gives the maximal bacterical activity of MOX against gram-positive pathogens.
T320 484902-484913 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T321 484914-485036 Sentence denotes To evaluate the dose proportionality of amoxicillin and to compare the respective PK/PD parameters of two dosage regimens.
T322 485037-485045 Sentence denotes Methods:
T323 485046-485335 Sentence denotes The dose proportionality of amoxicillin was evaluated using linear regression of mean AUC 0-inf and C max data of 13 different bioequivalence studies (N0/477 volunteers) performed with formulations containing various amounts of amoxicillin alone or in the combination with clavulanic acid.
T324 485336-485409 Sentence denotes The volunteers received a single oral dose in the range of 250 Á/1000 mg.
T325 485410-485491 Sentence denotes Amoxicillin plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC/UV or LC/MS/MS methods.
T326 485492-485668 Sentence denotes Time above MIC (TMIC) expressed in% of dosing interval was calculated with three target MIC values (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l) for 500 mg 8hourly and 1 g 12-hourly dosage regimens.
T327 485669-485677 Sentence denotes Results:
T328 485678-485788 Sentence denotes The absorption of amoxicillin (AUC 0-inf ) showed a linear dependence with a correlation coefficient of 0.975.
T329 485789-485895 Sentence denotes The correlation coefficient of the linear regression for the Cmax dependence on the actual dose was 0.909.
T330 485896-486089 Sentence denotes The respective TMIC for both dosage regimens were very similar, with largely overlapping confidence intervals, supporting a PD breakpoint of 2 mg/l for the 1 g 12-hourly regimen (TMIC ]/2 mg/l:
T331 486090-486117 Sentence denotes 42.8%, 95% CI 38.6, 46.9%).
T332 486118-486129 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T333 486130-486301 Sentence denotes This analysis shows the dose proportionality of amoxicillin over the dosage range of 250 Á/1000 mg and supports the pharmacodynamic rationale for a 1 g bid dosage regimen.
T334 486302-486446 Sentence denotes Piperacillin/tazobactam concentration profile after high dose administration pattern in nosocomial pneumonias due to mecanical ventilation PM207
T335 486447-486621 Sentence denotes Pedeboscq S a , Gruson D b , Bassoua V a , Hilbert G b , Pometan JP a . a St. André Hospital, Pharmacy, Bordeaux, France , b Pellegrin Hospital, Reanimation, Bordeaux, France
T336 486622-486774 Sentence denotes The piperacillin (P)/tazobactam (T) antibacterial spectrum covers the largest part of bacteria responsible for pneumonias due to mechanical ventilation.
T337 486775-487042 Sentence denotes But, due to important bacterial inoculum and pharmacokinetic parameter modifications in intensive care patients, high doses of beta-lactamines seem to be necessary to obtain antibiotic concentrations above suspected bacteria's MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) .
T338 487043-487166 Sentence denotes This led us to compare, in patients with pneumonia due to mechanical ventilation, two intermittent administration patterns:
T339 487167-487253 Sentence denotes 4 g three times a day (usual pattern) versus 4 g four times a day (high dose pattern).
T340 487254-487410 Sentence denotes This study is carried out in collaboration with intensive care unit, bacteriological department and pharmacy where antibiotic concentrations are determined.
T341 487411-487523 Sentence denotes Twenty-three takings of blood are executed within a 48 h period, in addition to two bronchial secretion samples.
T342 487524-487671 Sentence denotes Concerning P seric concentrations, the high dose pattern seems to be more adapted because of relatively high residual concentrations ( !/20 mg/ml).
T343 487672-487775 Sentence denotes Three hours after each injection, T seric concentrations are lower than the 4 mg/ml activity threshold.
T344 487776-487913 Sentence denotes First and second day residual bronchial concentrations of P seem to be sufficient although T concentrations are below activity threshold.
T345 487914-488136 Sentence denotes These results are to be correlated with the MIC determined by the bacteriological department, and only this correlation will make us able to conclude the better efficacy of the high dose pattern in intensive care patients.
T346 488137-488231 Sentence denotes Anti-inflammatory drugs interference in absorption and tissue penetration of amoxycillin PM208
T347 488232-488510 Sentence denotes Del Fiol FS a , Menon SZ b , Caramez TH b , Celotto TF b , Lopes RAS b . a University of Sorocaba, Pharmacology, Sorocaba, Brazil , b School of Pharmacy, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil Antibiotics and anti-inflammatories are frequently associated in clinical practice.
T348 488511-488666 Sentence denotes There is some concern about the quantity of antibiotic that reaches the infection sites, which may be reduced in the presence of an anti-inflammatory drug.
T349 488667-488844 Sentence denotes The purpose of the present study was to analyse how steroids (dexamethasone (DEXA)) and AINES (celecoxib (CELE)) influence on the penetration of amoxicillin to inflamed tissues.
T350 488845-488977 Sentence denotes Thirty female rats (Rattus norvegicus ) were used with surgically implanted PVC sponges on their backs to form granulomatous tissue.
T351 488978-489036 Sentence denotes One week later the animals were divided into three groups.
T352 489037-489193 Sentence denotes One group received only AMOX (40 mg/kg), another received AMOX (40 mg/kg) plus CELE (6.0 mg/kg) and the last received AMOX (40 mg/kg) plus DEXA (0.3 mg/kg).
T353 489194-489311 Sentence denotes One hour later the animals were sacrificed and the concentration of amoxicillin in the serum and tissue investigated.
T354 489312-489469 Sentence denotes There was no difference among the groups in the quantity absorbed (AMOX0/18.879/2.05 mg/ml; AMOX'/CELE0/18.209/1.89 mg/ml and AMOX'/DEXA0/18.139/2.28 mg/ml).
T355 489470-489616 Sentence denotes There was a reduction in the tissue concentration of amoxicillin (P B/ 0.01 Tukey-Kramer) for the group that received the drug with dexamethasone.
T356 489617-489706 Sentence denotes For the other groups, there was no difference in the tissue concentration of amoxicillin.
T357 489707-489854 Sentence denotes The results indicated that in inflamed tissue, a significant reduction of antibiotic penetration was induced by sinultaneous dexamethasone therapy.
T358 489855-489991 Sentence denotes Prediction of the optimal amoxicillin dose regimen based on coupling of pharmacokinetic data and bactericidal activity PM209 Background:
T359 489992-490235 Sentence denotes Given its short half-life, amoxicillin (AMX) should be administered at least three times a day to patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, in order to achieve serum concentrations well above the MIC of the responsible pathogen.
T360 490236-490343 Sentence denotes However, several authors have recommended twice-daily administration of a higher dose for a shorter period.
T361 490344-490490 Sentence denotes We assessed the relationship between AMX sputum concentrations and antibacterial activity following two treatment schedules in healthy volunteers.
T362 490491-490512 Sentence denotes Subjects and methods:
T363 490513-490621 Sentence denotes Twelve healthy volunteers were randomized to receive AMX for 4 days at a dose of either 1 g bd or 500 mg bd.
T364 490622-490740 Sentence denotes Serum and sputum were collected every day, 3 h after the morning administration, and again 2 days after the last dose.
T365 490741-490812 Sentence denotes AMX concentrations were determined by HPLC with fluorometric detection.
T366 490813-490937 Sentence denotes Sputum killing activity was determined against Haemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis .
T367 490938-490946 Sentence denotes Results:
T368 490947-491115 Sentence denotes Mean serum concentrations measured 3 h after the morning administration were 1.5 (500 mg bd) and 1.95 mg/l (1 g bd), and were above the MICs of the three microrganisms.
T369 491116-491178 Sentence denotes In contrast, sputum concentrations were always below 0.5 mg/l.
T370 491179-491356 Sentence denotes In terms of sputum killing activity, 1 g bd was more effective than 500 mg bd against S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis , whereas no sputum samples were active on H. influenzae .
T371 491357-491368 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T372 491369-491478 Sentence denotes The optimal amoxicillin treatment schedule cannot be established on the basis of serum pharmacokinetics only.
T373 491479-491542 Sentence denotes Galmiche H, Louchahi K, Tod M, Drugeon H, Giroud JP, Rouveix B.
T374 491543-491708 Sentence denotes Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hopital Cochin, Paris, CREPIT 93, Hopital Avicenne, Bobigny, Service de Microbiologie, Hopital Laennec, Nantes, France Background:
T375 491709-491857 Sentence denotes Cysteine-based mucolytics are commonly used in combination with antibiotics to treat patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB).
T376 491858-491933 Sentence denotes They are also used to allow in vitro MIC determination in sputum specimens.
T377 491934-492068 Sentence denotes We conducted an in vitro and ex-vivo compatibility study designed to detect a possible interaction between mucolytics and antibiotics.
T378 492069-492077 Sentence denotes Methods:
T379 492078-492234 Sentence denotes Serial samples of bronchial secretions were collected from AECB patients and from healthy volunteers who received 1 g of amoxicillin twice a day for 4 days.
T380 492235-492289 Sentence denotes Two mucolytics were used to fluidify sputum specimens:
T381 492290-492371 Sentence denotes 2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-dithiolbutan (Digest-EUR † ) and acetylcysteine (10% solution).
T382 492372-492455 Sentence denotes Amoxicillin was assayed using a chromatographic system with fluorometric detection.
T383 492456-492511 Sentence denotes Each sample was also tested in a microbiological assay.
T384 492512-492520 Sentence denotes Results:
T385 492521-492595 Sentence denotes Amoxicillin could not be detected in the presence of the mucolytic agents.
T386 492596-492608 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T387 492609-492795 Sentence denotes This mucolytic Á/amoxicillin interaction may be explained by amoxicillin fixation to fluidified mucoproteins, and should be taken into account when assessing antibiotic efficacy in vivo.
T388 492796-492952 Sentence denotes Del Fiol FS a , Ferro C b , Albuquerques ET b . a University of Sorocaba, Pharmacology, Sorocaba, Brazil , b Uniso, School of Pharmacology, Sorocaba, Brazil
T389 492953-493072 Sentence denotes Physicians frequently recommend that macrolides should be administered with milk to decrease the discomfort they cause.
T390 493073-493272 Sentence denotes Thus the objective of this study was to verify the interference of milk in the absorption and distribution of erythromycin (ERYT); clarithromycin (CLAR); roxithromycin (ROXI) and azithromycin (AZIT).
T391 493273-493410 Sentence denotes Forty female rats (Rattus norvegicus ) were used with surgically implanted PVC sponges on their backs for granulomatous tissue formation.
T392 493411-493567 Sentence denotes One week later the animals were divided into groups that received the drugs ERYT, CLAR, ROXI and AZIT with and without milk (3.5 ml/kg [Ca'/'/]0/1.1 mg/ml).
T393 493568-493665 Sentence denotes The animals were sacrificed and the serum and tissue concentration of the drugs was investigated.
T394 493666-493793 Sentence denotes There was no reduction (PB/ 0.05 Tukey-Kramer) in the serum and tissue concentration in the presence of milk for AZIT and CLAR.
T395 493794-493963 Sentence denotes There was a 27% reduction for ROXI in the serum concentration in the presence of milk (11.84 9/1.35 and 8.639/1.34 mg/ml), but no alteration in the tissue concentration.
T396 493964-494147 Sentence denotes There was a 33% reduction for ERYT (P B/ 0.05), in the serum concentration in the presence of milk (10.209/ 1.06 and 6.839/0.88 mg/ml) and a 40% reduction in the tissue concentration.
T397 494148-494325 Sentence denotes The milk decreased the effectiveness of treatments with erythromycin and roxithromycin and the bioavailabilities of this macrolides were affected by co-administration with milk.
T398 494326-494476 Sentence denotes Del Fiol FS a , Souza GP b , Duzzi MR b . a University of Sorocaba, Pharmacology, Sorocaba, Brazil , b Uniso, School of Pharmacology, Sorocaba, Brazil
T399 494477-494540 Sentence denotes The degree to which tetracyclines are absorbed differs greatly.
T400 494541-494631 Sentence denotes This absorption is impaired by the concurrent ingestion of divalent and trivalent cations.
T401 494632-494834 Sentence denotes Thus the objective of this study was to investigate the interference of milk in the absorption and distribution of tetracycline (TETR), oxytetracycline (OXYT), minocycline (MINO) and doxycycline (DOXY).
T402 494835-494971 Sentence denotes Forty female rats (Rattus norvegicus ) were used with surgically implanted PVC sponges on their back for granulomatous tissue formation.
T403 494972-495130 Sentence denotes One week later the animals were divided into groups that received the drugs: TETR; OXYT; MINO; and DOXY with and without milk (3.5 ml/kg [Ca'/'/]0/1.1 mg/ml).
T404 495131-495227 Sentence denotes The animals were sacrificed and the drug concentrations in the serum and tissue were determined.
T405 495228-495347 Sentence denotes There was no reduction (PB/ 0.05 Tukey-Kramer) in the serum and tissue concentrations in the presence of milk for MINO.
T406 495348-495517 Sentence denotes There was a 25% reduction (P B/ 0.05) for DOXY in the serum concentration in the presence of milk (11.249/0.61 and 8.409/0.41 mg/ml) and 32% in the tissue concentration.
T407 495518-495690 Sentence denotes For OXYT, there was a reduction of 34% (PB/ 0.05) in the serum concentration in the presence of milk (14.579/1.51 and 9.549/1.51 mg/ml) and 16% in the tissue concentration.
T408 495691-495865 Sentence denotes The TETR results show a 35.4% reduction (P B/ 0.05) in the serum concentration in the presence of milk (13.469/3.39 and 8.699/3.03 mg/ml) and 40% in the tissue concentration.
T409 495866-495928 Sentence denotes Milk decreased tetracycline bioavailability and effectiveness.
T1 495929-495975 Sentence denotes Isotopic studies with oxine labelled platelet.
T2 495976-496051 Sentence denotes Platelet kinetics in thrombocytopenic malaria patients PM213 Introduction :
T3 496052-496110 Sentence denotes Thrombocytopenia is a common feature in human malaria (1).
T4 496111-496390 Sentence denotes Excessive splenic platelet pooling has been suggested to play a role in uncomplicated cases of malaria, but a moderately shortened platelet life span during the period with decreasing parasitaemia seems the most plausible cause of the frequently observed thrombocytopenia (2, 3).
T5 496391-496516 Sentence denotes Consumption coagulopathy, eventually manifested as disseminated intravascular coagulation, has been described in malaria (4).
T6 496517-496610 Sentence denotes In uncomplicated malaria, however disseminated intravascular coagulation is rarely found (3).
T7 496611-496619 Sentence denotes Results:
T8 496620-496686 Sentence denotes In malaria patients the sequestration was not different to normal.
T9 496687-496788 Sentence denotes Platelet half-life was reduced in patients with P. falciparum malaria to 10 Á/17 h (normal Â/8 days).
T10 496789-496856 Sentence denotes In one patient with P. vivax malaria Platelet half live was 59.5 h.
T11 496857-496868 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T12 496869-497026 Sentence denotes No significant differences in the sequestration of platelets when compared to healthy individuals could be detected by 111 In-labelled platelet scintigraphy.
T13 497027-497136 Sentence denotes Especially, no enhanced splenic sequestration, as previously expected, was the cause of the thrombocytopenia.
T14 497137-497277 Sentence denotes Therefore, other mechanisms than sequestration are responsible for the dramatically reduced life span of the platelets during acute malaria.
T15 497278-497310 Sentence denotes Zaharanka AG, Rozhdestvensky DA.
T16 497311-497366 Sentence denotes Vitebsk State Medical University, Vitebsk, Belarus Aim:
T17 497367-497574 Sentence denotes The studying of chromatingeterogenic test (CT) results in sperm of subjects taking doxycycline (D) and some macrolides (Erythromycine (E), Jozamycine (J), and Azytromycine (A)) in moderate therapeutic doses.
T18 497575-497583 Sentence denotes Methods:
T19 497584-497638 Sentence denotes Forty healthy volunteers (20 Á/23 years) were studied.
T20 497639-497806 Sentence denotes Daily dose of D was 0.2; E was administered in dose 0.25 four times per day 10 days; J */0.5 before meals twice daily 10 days; A */0.25 before meals once daily 5 days.
T21 497807-498010 Sentence denotes CT for evaluation of DNA condition in human spermatozoids was performed before treatment (twice), on the 5th and 10th days of treatment, as well as after 1 and 2 months after treatment course completing.
T22 498011-498127 Sentence denotes Results: CT data analysis revealed that the mean amount of defective spermato-zoids before treatment was 18.5'/3.5%.
T23 498128-498255 Sentence denotes By the 5th day of D treatment the index of de-natured DNA was 63.4'/6.5% (PB/ 0.001), by the 10th day */80.4'/7.2% (PB/ 0.001).
T24 498256-498421 Sentence denotes One and 2 months after the D treatment course the amount of generative cells with denatured DNA was 54.5'/4.6 and 42.5'/3.8%, respectively (P B/ 0.001 in both case).
T25 498422-498614 Sentence denotes Under E treatment the amount of defective spermatozoids changed as 38.2'/4.2 (5th day), 42.4'/2.7 (10th day), 35.6'/2.5 (after 1 month), and 30.5'/4.2% (after 2 months) (PB/ 0.05 in any case).
T26 498615-498850 Sentence denotes Under A using the CT results at the same control points were 39.5'/4.7, 46.5'/3.2, 40.2'/3.5, 25.6'/3.2% (PB/ 0.05 in any case); and under J treatment */18.2'/2.5, 20.3'/2.5, 17.2'/3.2, 15.2'/ 4.2%, respectively (P !/0.05 in any case).
T27 498851-498863 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T28 498864-498973 Sentence denotes The data obtained permit to conclude that D demonstrates the high level of toxicity to male generative cells.
T29 498974-499044 Sentence denotes This effect preserves during 2 months after the course of D treatment.
T30 499045-499055 Sentence denotes Objective:
T31 499056-499212 Sentence denotes To study the effect of aggressive isolation and decontamination measures to control an outbreak of multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii (MR-Ab) in an ICU.
T32 499213-499226 Sentence denotes The outbreak:
T33 499227-499375 Sentence denotes The index case was transferred from a Mediterranean hospital, directly into an open-plan 10-bedded ICU, with severe injuries to his head and thorax.
T34 499376-499408 Sentence denotes He died shortly after admission.
T35 499409-499689 Sentence denotes Sputum, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, blood cultures and a chest drain swab grew MR-Ab, resistant to ampicillin, co-amoxiclav, aztreonam, amikacin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, meropenem, piptazobactam, tobramycin and sensitive only to colistin.
T36 499690-499755 Sentence denotes Within 10 days, MR-Ab was isolated from two further ICU patients.
T37 499756-499830 Sentence denotes All isolates demonstrated identical antimicrobial susceptibility profiles.
T38 499831-499887 Sentence denotes The ICU was closed to admissions and thoroughly cleaned.
T39 499888-499943 Sentence denotes All patients were isolated and their contacts screened.
T40 499944-500016 Sentence denotes The ICU was reopened, however, MR-Ab was isolated from a fourth patient.
T41 500017-500141 Sentence denotes This patient was isolated, the ICU closed, for a second time, thoroughly cleaned, and all contacts isolated until discharge.
T42 500142-500198 Sentence denotes All subsequent patients screened were negative for MR-Ab
T43 500199-500210 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T44 500211-500457 Sentence denotes This illustrates the importance of aggressive isolation measures and thorough supervised cleaning in control of an outbreak, and the need to screen patients for resistant bacteria before admission to the intensive care unit in a General hospital.
T45 500458-500696 Sentence denotes Extended spectrum beta-lactamase-positive bacteria isolated in neonatal intensive care unit PM216 Sandorcinova Z a , Siegfried L a , Kmetova M a , Viragova S b . a Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J.
T46 500697-500796 Sentence denotes Safarik, Kosice, Slovakia , b Hospital, Kosice-Saca, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Kosice, Slovakia
T47 500797-500929 Sentence denotes Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases hydrolyse all penicilins, cephalosporins, including third-generation cephalosporins and aztreonam.
T48 500930-501035 Sentence denotes ESBL are predominantly produced by Klebsiella spp. but may be presented in other Enterobacteriaceae, too.
T49 501036-501201 Sentence denotes The aim of present study was to investigate the occurrence of ESBL-producing bacteria isolated from patients hospitalized at the neonatal Intensive Care Units (ICU).
T50 501202-501319 Sentence denotes Fifty Escherichia coli and 35 Klebsiella spp. were isolated from rectum of patients hospitalized at the neonatal ICU.
T51 501320-501446 Sentence denotes The MICs of antimicrobial agents were determined by the standard agar plate dilution method according to the NCCLS guidelines.
T52 501447-501622 Sentence denotes For screening of ESBL production we investigated strains showing reduced susceptibility (MIC equal and/or more than 2 ml/l) to at least one of third generation cephalosporins.
T53 501623-501785 Sentence denotes ESBL production was detected by double disk synergy test (DDST), E -test for ESBL, and PCR employing specific primers for the presence of blaSHV and blaTEM genes.
T54 501786-502008 Sentence denotes By using DDST and E -test, among E. coli isolates, an expression of ESBL was detected in the three by the former method, while among Klebsiella spp. isolates, a production of ESBL was found in the two by the latter method.
T55 502009-502188 Sentence denotes In ESBL-positive E. coli strains the presence of blaTEM genes fragments was detected while in ESBL-positive Klebsiella spp. genes encoding for SHV-type beta-lactamases were found.
T56 502189-502278 Sentence denotes Isolation of staphylococci from wound swabs and their susceptibility to antibiotics PM217
T57 502279-502346 Sentence denotes Markov MIJ, Shopovski E, Despotovski V, Angelevski A, Nikolovski B.
T58 502347-502436 Sentence denotes Military Hospital, Microbiology, Skopje, The Former Yugoslav Republic, Macedonia Purpose:
T59 502437-502545 Sentence denotes To determine percent of staphylococci from wound swabs and to establish their susceptibility to antibiotics.
T60 502546-502566 Sentence denotes Material and method:
T61 502567-502645 Sentence denotes The wound swabs have been evaluated with standards microbiological techniques.
T62 502646-502721 Sentence denotes Bacteria have been identified with strips from the 'ATB EXPRESSION' system.
T63 502722-502829 Sentence denotes The susceptibility testing has been performed with strips with dilution technique, read by the same system.
T64 502830-502838 Sentence denotes Results:
T65 502839-502973 Sentence denotes During the last 5 years (01 01 1997 Á/25 02 2002), a total of 1978 wound swabs have been evaluated in the Military Hospital in Skopje.
T66 502974-503121 Sentence denotes Positive bacterial finding have been determined in 1345 (68%) swabs with 1575 isolated bacterial species, from which 587 (37.3) were staphylococci:
T67 503122-503416 Sentence denotes Staphylococcus aureus 460 (29.2%) isolations (173 methycillin resistant S. aureus ); S. epidermidis 79 (5.0%); S. haemolyticus 21 (1.3%); S. hominis 11 (0.7%); S. chromogenes and S. lugdunensis nine (0.6%); S. intermedius , S. lentus , S. sciuri and S. warneri all with seven (0.4%) isolations.
T68 503417-503717 Sentence denotes The susceptibility of S. aureus was to: penicillin 2%, ampicillin 15%, amoksicillin/clavulonic acid 67%, ceftazidime 66%, gentamicin 29%, tetracycline's 28%, erythromycin 61%, lincomycin 44%, ciprofloksacin 95%, cotrimoxazole 82%, vancomycin 100%, fusidic acid 96%, cefixime 57%, and Azitromicin 78%.
T69 503718-503729 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T70 503730-503840 Sentence denotes In our study most frequently isolated bacteria from the wound swabs were staphylococci, especially S. aureus .
T71 503841-503919 Sentence denotes Susceptibility, except for the penicillin (2%), was high to other antibiotics.
T72 503920-503973 Sentence denotes The study went on from January 1999 to December 2000.
T73 503974-504055 Sentence denotes At Maribor Teaching Hospital, 2288 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were collected.
T74 504056-504108 Sentence denotes In 1999, 114 (10%) and in 2000, 73 (6.4%) were MRSA.
T75 504109-504209 Sentence denotes MRSA were recovered from routine clinical material and from surveillance swabs (nose, throat, skin).
T76 504210-504399 Sentence denotes For isolation, conventional culture media were used and for surveillance swabs MRSA-screening plate (manitol salt agar with 6% oxacillin) and Trypticase soy broth with 6.5% NaCl were added.
T77 504400-504469 Sentence denotes S. aureus was identified by catalase, DNA-se and tube-coagulase test.
T78 504470-504569 Sentence denotes Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk-diffusion method according to NCCI guidelines.
T79 504570-504778 Sentence denotes All 187 MRSA isolates were tested for sensitivity to the following antimicrobials: gentamicin, netilmicin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cotrimoxazol, vancomycin and clindamycin.
T80 504779-504891 Sentence denotes It was found that all MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and partially or totally resistant to the rest.
T81 504892-504960 Sentence denotes There were no important differences between the years 1999 and 2000.
T82 504961-505093 Sentence denotes Our MRSA isolates were completely (100%) susceptible to vancomycin, but resistant to the other antimicrobials in use to some extent.
T83 505094-505379 Sentence denotes Although the monitoring of MRSA susceptibility to antimicrobials once a year did not show any important change in antimicrobial resistance, the periodical monitoring of MRSA susceptibility to antimicrobials and revaluation of current treatment regimens of MRSA infections is necessary.
T84 505380-505603 Sentence denotes Staphylococcus aureus strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin among clinical isolates in University hospital in Warsaw PM219 The VISA and especially h-VISA are very difficult to be found in the routine laboratory.
T85 505604-505740 Sentence denotes In our investigations we examined 1011 of S. aureus strains isolated and stored in our laboratory for several last years (1997 Á/2001) .
T86 505741-505794 Sentence denotes Most strains were isolated in 2000, and some in 2001.
T87 505795-505917 Sentence denotes For all staphylococcal strains MRSA as well as MSSA the MICs of vancomycin were performed by the standard dilution method.
T88 505918-506021 Sentence denotes Among strains isolated in the last year three strains were recognized as VISA (MIC values were 8 mg/l).
T89 506022-506053 Sentence denotes The frequency of VISA was 0.3%.
T90 506054-506129 Sentence denotes In the aim of founding the h-VISA strains the population analysis was used.
T91 506130-506245 Sentence denotes For this analysis all strains growing on the concentration 4 mg/l of vancomycin from the inoculum 10 6 were chosen.
T92 506246-506311 Sentence denotes It was 54 strains, but only 32 of them were recognized as h-VISA.
T93 506312-506376 Sentence denotes The frequency of h-VISA among investigated strains was about 3%.
T94 506377-506456 Sentence denotes Most but not all of the h-VISA and all VISA strains were methicillin resistant.
T95 506457-506632 Sentence denotes In vitro activity of vancomycin, teicoplanin and oxacillin against staphylococci isolated from patients of surgical intensive care unit PM220 Kucukates E, Karayel N, Kansiz E.
T96 506633-506710 Sentence denotes Institute of Cardiology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey Objectives:
T97 506711-506811 Sentence denotes Oxacillin-resistant staphylococci have emerged as a major infection control problem in our hospital.
T98 506812-506935 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of vancomycin, teicoplanin and oxacillin against staphylococci.
T99 506936-506957 Sentence denotes Material and methods:
T100 506958-507074 Sentence denotes This study was performed between January 2000 and December 2001, at University of Istanbul, Institute of Cardiology.
T101 507075-507246 Sentence denotes The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 179 staphylococci isolates for vancomycin, teicoplanin and oxacillin have been investigated by E -test according to NCCLS guidelines.
T102 507247-507255 Sentence denotes Results:
T103 507256-507329 Sentence denotes Fifty-five (30.73%) of 179 clinical isolates were Staphylococcus aureus .
T104 507330-507436 Sentence denotes One hundred and twenty-four (69.27%) of 179 clinical isolates were coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS).
T105 507437-507501 Sentence denotes None of 179 staphylococci isolates were resistant to vancomycin.
T106 507502-507600 Sentence denotes But three of CNS isolates were intermediate and six of CNS isolates were resistant to teicoplanin.
T107 507601-507666 Sentence denotes Twenty-eight (50.9%) of 55 S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin.
T108 507667-507738 Sentence denotes Ninety (72.60%) of 124 CNS isolates were also resistant to methicillin.
T109 507739-507751 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T110 507752-507845 Sentence denotes Nosocomial staphylococcal infections, especially in intensive care units increase day by day.
T111 507846-507910 Sentence denotes Staphylococcal infections are a major problem in many hospitals.
T112 507911-508030 Sentence denotes According to our experiences the rate of oxacillin resistant staphylococci isolates in our hospital has also increased.
T113 508031-508224 Sentence denotes Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a clinically significant pathogen because MRSA is resistant to many kinds of antibiotics and causes nosocomial infections around the world.
T114 508225-508287 Sentence denotes The antiseptics are used for prevention of infections by MRSA.
T115 508288-508364 Sentence denotes Antisepticresistant MRSA strains have been isolated from clinical specimens.
T116 508365-508519 Sentence denotes Antiseptic resistance genes confer resistance to many kinds of drugs structurally and the resistance mechanism is the energy-dependent drug efflux system.
T117 508520-508635 Sentence denotes In addition, the fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistance gene, norA , confers also resistance to many kinds of antiseptics.
T118 508636-508739 Sentence denotes We studied the relation of the susceptibility to antiseptics and FQs of MRSA strains isolated in Japan.
T119 508740-508830 Sentence denotes A total of 420 strains of MRSA were isolated from 14 hospitals in Japan from 1998 to 1999.
T120 508831-508961 Sentence denotes Acriflavin (AF), acrinol, benzethonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine digluconate were used as the antiseptics.
T121 508962-509025 Sentence denotes Norfloxacin and sparfloxacin were also used in this experiment.
T122 509026-509108 Sentence denotes The MIC was determined by agar double-dilution method as recommended by the NCCLS.
T123 509109-509169 Sentence denotes About 65% of MRSA showed resistance to AF (MIC: !/64 ug/ml).
T124 509170-509219 Sentence denotes No strain was resistant to a specific antiseptic.
T125 509220-509279 Sentence denotes FQ-susceptible strains were susceptible to all antiseptics.
T126 509280-509369 Sentence denotes This study showed that antiseptic-resistant MRSA are widely spread at hospitals in Japan.
T127 509370-509529 Sentence denotes The drug of choice in treatment of serious infections caused by MRSA was still vancomycin, however sometimes failures were observed, especially in monotherapy.
T128 509530-509638 Sentence denotes Some conflicting are present in literature about an effect of combined action of vancomycin and betalactams.
T129 509639-509766 Sentence denotes In the present work, the common effect of vancomycin and methicillin against chosen Staphylococcus aureus strains was examined.
T130 509767-509882 Sentence denotes The investigated strains were characterized as VISA, h-VISA and clones obtained from h-VISA in population analysis.
T131 509883-509910 Sentence denotes Two methods were performed:
T132 509911-510097 Sentence denotes E -tests with methicillin and vancomycin placed on the media supplemented with the second antibiotic and the chessboard micro-analysis with increasing concentrations of both antibiotics.
T133 510098-510175 Sentence denotes The FIC indexes were calculated for different combinations of concentrations.
T134 510176-510376 Sentence denotes On the basis of the FIC indexes it was shown that the simultaneous action of vancomycin and methicillin was synergistic in all examined strains VISA and h-VISA, but only in appropriate concentrations.
T135 510377-510452 Sentence denotes In different combinations the observed effect was addition or indifference.
T136 510453-510483 Sentence denotes Antagonism was never observed.
T137 510484-510590 Sentence denotes The synergistic effect was not observed in the case of standard S. aureus strain sensitive to methicillin.
T138 510591-510676 Sentence denotes Supplementation of media with 4% of NaCl substantially decreased the observed effect.
T139 510677-510870 Sentence denotes Incidence of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains in Hungary with special reference to MRSA PM224 Ghidán Á , Maró di C, Csukás Z, Kamotsay K, Szabó D, Ostorházi E, Rozgonyi F.
T140 510871-510946 Sentence denotes Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
T141 510947-511179 Sentence denotes Between January 1997 and December 2000, a total of 3109 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients admitted to the clinics of the Semmelweis University were examined for antibiotic sensitivity with the disc diffusion test.
T142 511180-511469 Sentence denotes Resistance to individual antimicrobials were as follows: penicillin 84%, oxacillin 25%, erythromycin 31%, ciprofloxacin 15%, amikacin 12%, netilmicin 8%, tobramycin 10%, gentamicin 20%, clindamycin 22%, mupirocin 4%, tetracyclines 34%, chloramphenicol 9%, teicoplanin 2% and vancomycin 0%.
T143 511470-511505 Sentence denotes All MRSA were b-lactamase producer.
T144 511506-511627 Sentence denotes They showed coresistance to erythromycin (53%), ciproflxacin (36%), amikacin (29%), netilmicin (23%) and mupirocin (10%).
T145 511628-511722 Sentence denotes Multiple resistant MRSA strains to mupirocin'/tetracyclines'/chloramphenicol amounted to 0.9%.
T146 511723-511789 Sentence denotes Triple resistance to oxacillin'/ciprofloxacin'/netilmicin was 14%.
T147 511790-512130 Sentence denotes The detection of mecA gene by PCR in randomly chosen MRSA qualified with 1 mg oxacillin disc resulted in only 15% mecA positivity indicating that the traditional disc diffusion test overestimates the frequency of MRSA strains particularly in such an environment where the usage of penicillins and cephalosporins is so liberal as in Hungary.
T148 512131-512235 Sentence denotes Consequently, the selective pressure for blactam-resistance and b-lactamase induction exists everywhere.
T149 512236-512419 Sentence denotes This conclusion is coherent with the relatively low frequency of multiple resistant MRSA strains and urge the need of a routinely available genetic method to apply for MRSA detection.
T150 512420-512431 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T151 512432-512639 Sentence denotes The main objectives of this study were to monitor antibiotic resistance, identify new/emerging resistance mechanisms at an early stage, prevent their dissemination, early detection and prevent the outbreaks.
T152 512640-512648 Sentence denotes Methods:
T153 512649-512731 Sentence denotes Our laboratory used antibiotic disc sensitivity testing methodology (NCCLS 1993) .
T154 512732-512813 Sentence denotes Zone sizes were measured objectively using a BIOMIC automated radius zone reader.
T155 512814-512822 Sentence denotes Results:
T156 512823-513139 Sentence denotes Throughout 2 years (January 1999 till December 2000) we have surveyed 3190 organisms collected from Outpatient Departments (1145, 35.8%), Radio-Oncology Department (992, 31.1%), Medical Department (765, 23.9%), OBG Department (217, 6.8%), Surgical-Oncology Non ICU Department (207, 6.5%), ICU Department (175, 5.5%).
T157 513140-513287 Sentence denotes From 1543 (100%) strains of Enterobacteriaceae 68 (4.4%) were resistant to 4th generation fluoroquinolone and 44 (2.9%) strains were ESBL positive.
T158 513288-513398 Sentence denotes From 416 (100%) strains of Staphylococcus aureus were only five (1.2%) strains resistant to methicilin (MRSA).
T159 513399-513512 Sentence denotes We collected 370 (100%) strains of enterococci, whereabout only two (0.5%) were resistant to glycopeptides (VRE).
T160 513513-513610 Sentence denotes From 235 (100%) strains of Pesudomonas aeruginosa , 97 (41.2%) were resistant to aminoglycosides.
T161 513611-513623 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T162 513624-513927 Sentence denotes National restrictive antibiotic policy hand in hand with local hospital antibiotic policy and regular rotation of antibiotics used in prevention and treatment on all departments is leading in our case in positive situation in antibiotic resistance in comparing with other Slovakian and European centers.
T163 513928-514005 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial strains of Staphylococcus aureus PM226
T164 514006-514064 Sentence denotes Dekhnich AV, Stratchounski LS, Edelstain IA, Narezkina AD.
T165 514065-514134 Sentence denotes Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Smolensk, Russian Federation
T166 514135-514143 Sentence denotes Purpose:
T167 514144-514271 Sentence denotes To determine the antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus causing nosocomial infections in Smolensk Regional Hospital.
T168 514272-514280 Sentence denotes Results:
T169 514281-514355 Sentence denotes A total of 140 S. aureus strains isolated during 2000 Á/2001 were studied.
T170 514356-514682 Sentence denotes Antimicrobials tested included oxacillin (OXA), erythromycin (ERY), clindamycin (CLI), gentamicin (GEN), vancomycin (VAN), linezolid (LNZ), tetracycline (TET), chloramphenicol (CHL), rifampicin (RIF), fusidic acid (FUS), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TS), ciprofloxacin (CIP), mupirocin (MUP), quinupristin/dalfopristin (QD).
T171 514683-514808 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing and its interpretation were performed by agar dilution according to NCCLS guidelines where applicable.
T172 514809-514850 Sentence denotes Results are presented in the Conclusions:
T173 514851-515001 Sentence denotes The most active antimicrobials were vancomycin, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, fusidic acid, mupirocin, followed by co-trimoxazole, rifampicin.
T174 515002-515148 Sentence denotes Beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamydes, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol should not be used for the treatment of nosocomial S. aureus infections.
T175 515149-515315 Sentence denotes We investigated all staphylococcal infections within 2 years among 246 neonates hospitalized for infection in the neonatal ICU in a tertiary neonatal referral center.
T176 515316-515457 Sentence denotes Univariate analysis, to assess risk factors for neonates infected with Staphylococcus aureus (121) vs. without S. aureus (125) was performed.
T177 515458-515735 Sentence denotes From the total number of 246 cases, in 121 cases S. aureus was isolated from various samples; in 16 cases from blood cultures, in 36 cases from urine, in 18 cases from eye swabs and in 29 cases from gastric content (no significant differences in comparison with control group).
T178 515736-515972 Sentence denotes Colonization with S. aureus , was a predictor of infection: nasal swabs, throat swabs, ear swabs, skin swabs and umbilical swabs were significantly more commonly observed in neonates infected with S. aureus , than with other infections.
T179 515973-516187 Sentence denotes Etiological analysis showed that co-pathogens Escherichia coli and viridans streptococci were significantly more frequently associated with neonatal infection caused by S. aureus , in comparison to other organisms.
T180 516188-516318 Sentence denotes According to localization of infection site, conjunctivitis and thrush stomatitis was the commonest S. aureus neonatal infections.
T181 516319-516419 Sentence denotes Outcome was similar to other infections and without any significant differences between both groups.
T182 516420-516604 Sentence denotes Mortality was similar to other infections, probably because: initial therapy in our centre contains an antistaphylococcaly active agent (cefuroxime or cefotaxime plus aminoglycosides).
T183 516605-516628 Sentence denotes Morozova OT, Semina NA.
T184 516629-516734 Sentence denotes Laboratory of Hospital Infections, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
T185 516735-516932 Sentence denotes Purpose is to study the role of Enterococcus spp. in the aetiology of nosocomial infections among the patients of the childrens clinical hospital and susceptibility of these strains to antibiotics.
T186 516933-516941 Sentence denotes Methods:
T187 516942-517040 Sentence denotes The strains of enterococci were isolated from 66 patients with hospital infections in 2000 Á/2001.
T188 517041-517049 Sentence denotes Results:
T189 517050-517384 Sentence denotes The aetiological structure of Enterococcus -infections showed the predominance of skin and soft tissue infections (39.4%), urinary tract infections (33.3%), bloodstream infection (10.6%), pneumoniae (4.5%), infection of central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, eye, surgical wound infections were of rare incidence (3 Á/ 1.5%).
T190 517385-517493 Sentence denotes Various nosological forms of infections were caused more often by E. faecalis than E. faecium (72.7, 27.3%).
T191 517494-517660 Sentence denotes The antibiotic resistance to ampicillin and other beta-lactams occured in 100% of E. faecium isolates, but all strains of E. faecalis were susceptible to these drugs.
T192 517661-517843 Sentence denotes High-level gentamicin resistance demonstrated E. faecalis isolates */ 29.0%, E. faecium */100%; and high-level streptomycin resistance showed E. faecalis */67.7%, E. faecium */88.8%.
T193 517844-517941 Sentence denotes All the E. faecalis were active against fluoroquinolones, but E. faecium were resistant in 22.0%.
T194 517942-517989 Sentence denotes There were no vancomycin resistant enterococci.
T195 517990-518106 Sentence denotes Conclusion: E. faecalis predominated in the aetiological structure of nosocomial infections due to Enterococcus spp.
T196 518107-518231 Sentence denotes Antibiotic resistance patterns for two species of enterococci were different, all the strans were susceptible to vancomycin.
T197 518232-518333 Sentence denotes Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. experience of 6 years (1996 Á/2001) PM229
T198 518334-518423 Sentence denotes Lopez-Barba J, Jesus de la Calle I, Solino-Ocañ a I, Rodríguez-Iglesias M, Perez-Ramos S.
T199 518424-518505 Sentence denotes Microbiology Laboratory, Puerto Real University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain Objective:
T200 518506-518739 Sentence denotes Determination of quantitative changes in antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus isolated from clinically significant not urinary samples of patients remitted to the Laboratory of Microbiology during a 6 years period (1996 Á/2001) .
T201 518740-518749 Sentence denotes Material:
T202 518750-518810 Sentence denotes The period of the study was COMPRISED between 1996 and 2001.
T203 518811-518907 Sentence denotes The samples has been processed for the isolation of Enterococcus following conventional methods.
T204 518908-518947 Sentence denotes Were isolated 3424 enterococci strains.
T205 518948-519095 Sentence denotes The identification and susceptibility to antibiotics have been performed in automated system MicroScan(c) Dade-Behring(c) through panels Combo CGP.
T206 519096-519168 Sentence denotes The data were processed by the statistical system Statgraphics Plus 4.1.
T207 519169-519177 Sentence denotes Results:
T208 519178-519263 Sentence denotes Of the 3424 Enterococcus , have been identified 3298 E. faecalis and 126 E. faecium .
T209 519264-519300 Sentence denotes The resistance is shown in Table 1 .
T210 519301-519313 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T211 519314-519396 Sentence denotes The resistance to Va and Tei of E. faecalis remains through last 4 years (2 Á/3%).
T212 519397-519663 Sentence denotes The high resistance to erythromycin and tetracilin ( !/70%) and the resistance (30 Á/31%) to quinolones, antibiotics all of them used in community-acquired infections justify the susceptibility testing to the clinical strains isolated of this group of microorganism.
T213 519664-519786 Sentence denotes In E. faecium the antimicrobial resistances was high and increasingly to imipenem, meropenem, erythromycin and quinolones.
T214 519787-519866 Sentence denotes Characteristics of strains E. faecium colonizing the neutropenic patients PM230
T215 519867-519911 Sentence denotes Abbassi MS, Achour W, Gréco A, Ben Hassen A.
T216 519912-519971 Sentence denotes Laboratory of Bone Marrow Transplant Center, Tunis, Tunisia
T217 519972-520086 Sentence denotes Digestive colonization by Enterococcus faecium in the neutropenic patients under gut decontamination is important.
T218 520087-520639 Sentence denotes Seventeen multiresistant strains of E. faecium isolated from stools of seven neutropenic patients were the target of an epidemiological analysis through the determination of the MICs of amoxicillin, gentamicin, vancomycin, the transferability gentamicin resistance to the recipient strain E. faecalis JH2-2 by filter-mating assay, analysis of plasmid profiles of E. faecium -strain and of transconjugants and the amplification by PCR of the gene aac(6?)-aph(2??) coding for the bifunctional enzyme by using primer M13771 who gives a fragment of 174 kb.
T219 520640-520740 Sentence denotes Among the seventeen strains, eleven had the same antibiotype A1, 12 had a gentamicin MIC!/4096 mg/l.
T220 520741-520786 Sentence denotes The MIC90 of the amoxicillin was of 128 mg/l.
T221 520787-520832 Sentence denotes All the strains were sensitive to vancomycin.
T222 520833-520963 Sentence denotes Ten strains harbored a plasmid of 70 kb transfered at a frequency of 6.10 Á/5, also found in gentamicin-resistant transconjugants.
T223 520964-521028 Sentence denotes However, strains belong to nine distinguished plasmids profiles.
T224 521029-521136 Sentence denotes All high-level gentamicin resistant-strains had a positive PCR amplification of the aac (6?)-aph (2ƒ) gene.
T225 521137-521282 Sentence denotes The features of the studied strains establish their endogen origin, specific for every patient, sharing only high-level resistance to gentamicin.
T226 521283-521443 Sentence denotes Gut decontamination treatment with gentamicin enhance either the spread and the preservation of easy-transferable plasmid carrying genetic transposable element.
T227 521444-521604 Sentence denotes Frequency and antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from patients suffering infectious complications following the implantation of prosthetic devices PM231
T228 521605-521628 Sentence denotes Kristó f K, Rozgonyi F.
T229 521629-521704 Sentence denotes Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
T230 521705-521899 Sentence denotes For patients with indwelling joint prosthesis, early recognition and prompt therapy for infection in any location may be critical to reduce the risk of seeding the joint implant heamatogenously.
T231 521900-522064 Sentence denotes A year period (2001) a total of 2440 swabs of aspiration from patients with infectious complications following the implantation of prosthetic devices were cultured.
T232 522065-522228 Sentence denotes Cultivation and identification of the strains were performed by conventional methods and by VITEK system (bioMȇrieux) and susceptibility testing by disc diffusion.
T233 522229-522288 Sentence denotes Potentional pathogens were recovered in 324 cases (13.27%).
T234 522289-522393 Sentence denotes Gram positive cocci, in particular Staphylococcus spp. proved to be the most commonly isolated bacteria.
T235 522394-522588 Sentence denotes Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) was isolated more frequently (48%), followed by S. aureus (28%), Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium (11%), Gram-negatives (3%), anaerob isolates (7.5%).
T236 522589-522744 Sentence denotes Resistance to individual antimicrobials of S. aureus and CNS were as follows: methicillin 8 and 47%, clindamycin 4.5 and 21.7%, fluoroquinolones 0 and 18%.
T237 522745-522840 Sentence denotes Mupirocin resistant strains of S. aureus were not found, while 7.7% were among the CNS strains.
T238 522841-522936 Sentence denotes Our results could be essential for the rational selection of treatment at our orthopedic wards.
T239 522937-522945 Sentence denotes Results:
T240 522946-523122 Sentence denotes In the analysed period the percentage of isolated Enterococcus sp. strains among all non-repetitive clinical isolates in 1999, 2000 and 2001 was 3.9, 3.1 and 51%, respectively.
T241 523123-523212 Sentence denotes Cultured strains were identified as E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. gallinarum and E. avium .
T242 523213-523314 Sentence denotes The most prevalent was E. faecium strains, isolated with a frequency of 75, 62 and 75%, respectively.
T243 523315-523441 Sentence denotes Vancomycin-resistant strains were all identified as E. faecium and in 2001 they comprised 17% of all isolates of this species.
T244 523442-523826 Sentence denotes Conclusions: (1) The frequency of isolation of Enterococcus sp. in blood cultures of haematological patients remained relatively stable in 1999 Á/2001. (2) The predominant enterococcal species isolated from these patients was E. faecium . (3) In 2001 we recorded for the first time an emergence of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium , which comprised 17% of all isolates of this species.
T245 523827-523868 Sentence denotes Kalai S, Ben Hassen A, Achour W, Greco A.
T246 523869-524086 Sentence denotes Laboratory of Microbiology, National Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Tunis, Tunisia From April 1998 to June 2000, 47 non-repeated strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from 42 immunocompromised patients.
T247 524087-524187 Sentence denotes Thirty-six percent of strains were isolated from abscess, 27% from blood culture and 11% from urine.
T248 524188-524275 Sentence denotes Susceptibility to antibiotic was studied by the routine disk diffusion method (CA-SFM).
T249 524276-524390 Sentence denotes MICs were determined using agar dilution to 11 antibiotics (5b-lactams, four aminosides and two fluoroquinolones).
T250 524391-524511 Sentence denotes Serotyping of the different trains was performed using antisera to the International Antigenic Typing Systems Serotypes.
T251 524512-524712 Sentence denotes The study showed 80% of resistance to c Cochin Port Royal Hospital, Service de Gynecologie-Obstetrique Site St Vincent-de-Paul, Paris, France , d Cochin Port Royal Hospital, CCLIN, Paris, France Aims:
T252 524713-524813 Sentence denotes To determinate risk markers of an outbreak of postpartum endometritis due to group A Streptococcus .
T253 524814-524821 Sentence denotes Design:
T254 524822-524887 Sentence denotes A case-control study using data collected with a structured form.
T255 524888-524896 Sentence denotes Setting:
T256 524897-525055 Sentence denotes The cases of postpartum endometritis were diagnosed in the department of Obstetric of the Paris hospital network during 5 days (December 1999 Á/January 2000).
T257 525056-525153 Sentence denotes The group of controls consisted of women delivered in the same department during the same period.
T258 525154-525167 Sentence denotes Participants:
T259 525168-525202 Sentence denotes Cases (n0/3) and controls (n0/59).
T260 525203-525212 Sentence denotes Findings:
T261 525213-525371 Sentence denotes Cases had smoked more often during pregnancy (67 vs. 16%; P 0/0.089) and received more often immunosuppressive treatment than controls (33 vs. 0%; P 0/0.060).
T262 525372-525469 Sentence denotes Instrumental delivery has been needed more often for cases than controls (67 vs. 13%; P 0/0.062).
T263 525470-525593 Sentence denotes Cases had been hospitalized after delivery in a ward z of the department more often than controls (100 vs. 23%; P 0/0.017).
T264 525594-525766 Sentence denotes They had been examined after delivery more often by a midwife x (100 vs. 18%; P0/0.009) and a nurse y has provided care to cases and not to controls (33 vs. 0%; P 0/0.051).
T265 525767-525778 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T266 525779-525939 Sentence denotes Smoking, receiving immunosuppressive treatment during pregnancy, and instrumental delivery were significantly associated with postpartum endometritis (PB/ 10%).
T267 525940-526017 Sentence denotes A midwife and a nurse might be involved in the transmission of the infection.
T268 526018-526252 Sentence denotes Petoukhova I a , Sokolova E a , Dmitrieva N a , Nummaev B b . a Laboratory Microbiology, Cancer Research Center of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation , b Department of Oncogynecology, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
T269 526253-526317 Sentence denotes The aim of the study was to assess efficacy of perioperative AP.
T270 526318-526346 Sentence denotes Total 241 pts were included.
T271 526347-526552 Sentence denotes Two hundred and one pts with cervical cancer (CC) undergone extensive hysterectomy, 22 pts with cancer of vulva (CV)-extensive vulvoectomy, 18 pts with ovarian cancer (OC) Á/ extensive/combined operations.
T272 526553-526706 Sentence denotes Fifty-one pts (group 1) received AP with amoxicillin/clavulanate (AM/CL) 1.8 g IV 30 min prior to operation, then 1.2 g IV thrice per day for 3 Á/5 days.
T273 526707-526896 Sentence denotes Fifty pts (group 2) received cefotaxime (CTX) 2 g IV 30 min prior to operation, then 1 g four times per day for 3 Á/5 days'/metronidazole (MTZ) 500 mg two times per day for the same period.
T274 526897-527038 Sentence denotes One hundred and forty pts were retrospective control (they received II Á/III generation cephalosporins or linkosamides only after operation).
T275 527039-527185 Sentence denotes The rate of SWI in pts with CC, CV and OC was 13.5, 73, 29%, respectively; DWI */16.2, 0 and 21%, respectively; UTI */72, 80, 42.8%, respectively.
T276 527186-527328 Sentence denotes The AP with AM/CL was more effective compared to CTX'/MTZ (SWI */6 vs 18%, respectively, PB/ 0.05, DWI */9.8 vs 14%, respectively, P B/ 0.05).
T277 527329-527410 Sentence denotes The rate of postoperative UTI was equivalent in two groups (62 vs 74%, P 0/N.S.).
T278 527411-527487 Sentence denotes Thus, AP with AM/CL is preferrable option in extensive operations in OG pts.
T279 527488-527541 Sentence denotes Fifty-eight patients were randomized into two groups.
T280 527542-527641 Sentence denotes Group 1, a treatment consisting of 31 patients and Group 2, consisting of 27 patients as a control.
T281 527642-527794 Sentence denotes The patients were at the age of 679/1.2 and had had different surgical interventions with general anaesthesia from 1 to 3 h and accompanying COPD (89%).
T282 527795-527849 Sentence denotes Artificial pulmonary ventilation was used in 45 cases.
T283 527850-528077 Sentence denotes In the early post-surgery period the patients of Group 1 were administered inhalation therapy, including ipratopium of bromide in the combination with fenoterol (atrovent, berodual) and ambrocsol (lazolvan) through a nebulizer.
T284 528078-528149 Sentence denotes The inhalation therapy was not administered to the patients of Group 2.
T285 528150-528378 Sentence denotes Under the influence of the inhalation therapy pulmonary ventilation and respiratory metabolism was restored faster in all the resuscitation patients (in Group 1 */by the end of the first 24 h, in Group 2 */on the 3rd Á/4th day).
T286 528379-528446 Sentence denotes The percent rate of PEF1 was 76.7'/4.1 and 56.4'/4.5, respectively.
T287 528447-528517 Sentence denotes Artificial pulmonary ventilation ended in 9.2 and 7.3 h, respectively.
T288 528518-528629 Sentence denotes The time of the patients' stay in the resuscitation department was 3.2 days in Group 1 and 4.6 days in Group 2.
T289 528630-528738 Sentence denotes By the end of the 1st week pneumonia developed in one patient from Group 1 and in eight patients in Group 2.
T290 528739-528916 Sentence denotes Aerosol therapy application accelerates medication delivery to the respiratory tracts, increases the local activity and effects good prophylaxis for surgical hospital pneumonia.
T291 528917-529001 Sentence denotes Variation in ethiology of early and late onset ventilator associated pneumonia PM250
T292 529002-529102 Sentence denotes Nikolopoulos J, Daganou M, Michailidou M, Karabela E, Kavada K, Retsou S, Antoniadou A, Rasidakis A.
T293 529103-529143 Sentence denotes Department of Respiratory Abstracts S100
T294 529144-529228 Sentence denotes Failure and ICU, Sotiria General and Chest Disease Hospital, Athens, Greece Purpose:
T295 529229-529375 Sentence denotes To compare the distribution of causative microorganisms, their susceptibility to antibiotics and outcome of 'early' and 'late' VAP in a Greek ICU.
T296 529376-529396 Sentence denotes Methods and results:
T297 529397-529511 Sentence denotes Retrospective study of mechanical ventilated (MV) patients (pts) with early and late VAPs during a 6-month period.
T298 529512-529623 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of VAP was made by clinical, radiographic criteria and quantitative cultures of bronchial secretions.
T299 529624-529698 Sentence denotes VAP was diagnosed in 17 pts (26%) out of 67 consecutive admissions in ICU.
T300 529699-529758 Sentence denotes All pts before the development of VAP received antibiotics.
T301 529759-529954 Sentence denotes Three episodes of VAP (17.6%) were developed before the 7th day of MV (early VAP) and were caused: (1) by multi-resistant Acinetobacter; and (2) by antibiotic-susceptible Pseudomonas aeroginosa .
T302 529955-530035 Sentence denotes In this group one pt died from septic shock related to VAP and two pts survived.
T303 530036-530106 Sentence denotes Fourteen pts (82.4%) developed VAP after the 7th day of MV (late VAP).
T304 530107-530381 Sentence denotes Five cases were caused by multi-resistant P. aeroginosa , two cases by MRSA, two cases by multi-resistant Acinetobacter, two cases by susceptible to antibiotics Klebsiella pneumoniae , and three were polymicrobial and caused by multi-resistant microorganisms (MRSA and GNB).
T305 530382-530511 Sentence denotes Four pts died (28.6%) from septic shock related to VAP, five pts (36%) died because of another cause and five pts (36%) survived.
T306 530512-530524 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T307 530525-530615 Sentence denotes Early and late onset episodes of VAP were caused by 'potentially drug-resistant bacteria'.
T308 530616-530670 Sentence denotes P. aeroginosa as a cause of early VAP was susceptible.
T309 530671-530726 Sentence denotes Mortality attributed to early and late VAP was similar.
T310 530727-530815 Sentence denotes Antibiotic prophylaxis in oncological and major reconstructive orthopaedic surgery PM251
T311 530816-530862 Sentence denotes De Biase P, Ciampalini L, Astone A, Capanna R.
T312 530863-530951 Sentence denotes Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Oncological and reconstructive Centre, AOC, Florence, Italy
T313 530952-531111 Sentence denotes During last year patients scheduled for oncological surgery or major reconstructive procedures were randomised to either vancomycin or teicoplanin prophylaxis.
T314 531112-531216 Sentence denotes Prophylaxis was performed with either vancomycin 1 g i.v. twice daily or teicoplanin once daily 400 i.v.
T315 531217-531252 Sentence denotes Two hundred patients were included.
T316 531253-531318 Sentence denotes Four patients did not agree the study protocol and were excluded.
T317 531319-531391 Sentence denotes We treated 98 patients with teicoplanin and 98 patients with vancomycin.
T318 531392-531521 Sentence denotes Out of the 196 patients 117 were operated for oncological disease, while the remaining 79 underwent major orthopaedic procedures.
T319 531522-531606 Sentence denotes We experienced 10 cases of red man syndrome, and five cases of moderate hypotension.
T320 531607-531734 Sentence denotes Five patients had postoperative complications: two deep venous thrombosis, one pulmonary embolism, two postoperative haematoma.
T321 531735-531890 Sentence denotes In five patients we observed a wound dehiscence; two of these patients showed clinical sign of SSI and microbiological examinations were positive for MRSA.
T322 531891-532038 Sentence denotes One patient recovered from infection with medical therapy, while the other patient showed a local tumour recurrence and was amputated at the thigh.
T323 532039-532127 Sentence denotes At last surgery infection was still present clinical and at microbiological examination.
T324 532128-532281 Sentence denotes In conclusion we had an infection rate of 1.02% which is comparable to the infection rate of a 'clean' surgery in patients with normal risk of infection.
T325 532282-532424 Sentence denotes Teicoplanin showed lower toxicity, has a longer half-life and has a simpler way of infusion and it is our current choice in high risk surgery.
T326 532425-532553 Sentence denotes Injuries with contaminated sharp articles in health care workers in General Hospital Celje, Slovenia PM252 Lesnicar G, Sibanc B.
T327 532554-532626 Sentence denotes Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Center Celje, Celje, Slovenia
T328 532627-532802 Sentence denotes In a prospective study carried out from January 1997 till June 2001, we registered 133 subcutaneous injuries with sharp objects, mostly in nurses and cleaning service workers.
T329 532803-532903 Sentence denotes In 19% of cases the incident occurred outside the hospital, in persons who were not medical workers.
T330 532904-533031 Sentence denotes In 69 cases the injury causing object was a needle that had been used in known patients, 14 of which were hepatitis B positive.
T331 533032-533318 Sentence denotes Fifty-five (48.2%) of the injured health workers had been previously vaccinated against hepatitis B; the protective antibodies to hepatitis B in the blood were found in 35/114 (30.7%) health workers only, while the tests for antibodies to hepatitis C and HIV were negative in all cases.
T332 533319-533532 Sentence denotes Following the incident, the majority of the injured persons, i.e. 102, were vaccinated against hepatitis B, while 46 persons (34.6%) also received passive prophylaxis with human immunoglobulin against hepatitis B.
T333 533533-533626 Sentence denotes None of the injured persons have developed the disease or showed evidence of sero-conversion.
T334 533627-533743 Sentence denotes In the year 2000 the general as well as specific preventive measures practised in our hospital became more rigorous.
T335 533744-533847 Sentence denotes Thus, approximately 80% of our health workers at risk have already been vaccinated against hepatitis B.
T336 533848-534240 Sentence denotes To improve measures preventing dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MRB), a cross-sectional survey (2000) was conducted to analyse healthcare workers' (HCWs) isolation precaution knowledge for MRB infection at 21 investigation and outpatient departments excluding four declaring not to be involved in care to MRB patients (emergency, obstetrics, nuclear medicine, and bacteriology).
T337 534241-534331 Sentence denotes Two hundred and eight HCWs answered (67% of the paramedical staff, 28% of the physicians).
T338 534332-534431 Sentence denotes Thirty-three percent of them reported they do not know frequently or always the patient MRB status.
T339 534432-534524 Sentence denotes They (82%) wish MRB status to be mentioned on the test form or on the advice request letter.
T340 534525-534590 Sentence denotes MRB patient visit or test was appropriately timed in 62% answers.
T341 534591-534655 Sentence denotes Gowns (61%) or masks (58%) use were not systematically reported.
T342 534656-534795 Sentence denotes Other HCWs (74%) reported better isolation precaution knowledge than physicians (58%) and nurses (81%) than investigation assistants (58%).
T343 534796-534890 Sentence denotes Physicians declared lower compliance with use of gowns, gloves or draw-sheets than other HCWs.
T344 534891-534993 Sentence denotes They had also lower education in isolation precautions and were less interested in education programs.
T345 534994-535065 Sentence denotes This study suggests the necessity to improve MBR infection information.
T346 535066-535168 Sentence denotes Physicians and investigation assistants seem to be insufficiently aware of hospital infection control.
T347 535169-535325 Sentence denotes Therefore, education strategies targeted at physicians and investigation assistants working at outpatient and investigation departments should be developed.
T348 535326-535466 Sentence denotes Outbreak of Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhoea in Infectious Disease Department: risk factors and hygiene measures assessment PM254
T349 535467-535528 Sentence denotes Henoun Loukili N, Martin M, Remy V, Hansmann Y, Christmann D.
T350 535529-535811 Sentence denotes Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Strasbourg, France (shock)'/4* (bedridden status)'/4* (age !/65 years)'/3* (previous antibiotic treatment) and Points (women)0/6* (shock)'/4* (bedridden status)'/4* (age !/65 years)'/3* (immunosuppression).
T351 535812-536177 Sentence denotes The vast majority of patients (89 and 87% of males and females, respectively) could be classified in the subgroups with lower scores (six points or less) which had a very limited risk of death (0 Á/2.5 and 0 Á/2.3% for men and women, respectively), whereas for patients in the highest score subgroup (11 points or more), the risk was 100% for men and 91% for women.
T352 536178-536189 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T353 536190-536296 Sentence denotes Risk stratification of patients with AP is possible from simple clinical variables available on admission.
T354 536297-536447 Sentence denotes Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) for differentiation of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and severe sepsis PM259
T355 536448-536678 Sentence denotes Lupse M a , Ursu L b , Slavcovici A a , Carstina D a . a Clinical Department, Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania , b Laboratory Department, Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
T356 536679-536690 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T357 536691-536824 Sentence denotes To evaluate the value of PCT in the differentiation of patients with SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and bacteremia in comparison to CRP.
T358 536825-536832 Sentence denotes Design:
T359 536833-536993 Sentence denotes Prospective study including patients who meet criteria for SIRS, sepsis or severe sepsis (Consensus Conference of the ACCP/ SCCM) admitted over 18-month period.
T360 536994-537014 Sentence denotes Patients and method:
T361 537015-537111 Sentence denotes A total of 67 patients were included: eight with SIRS, 35 with sepsis and 24 with severe sepsis.
T362 537112-537152 Sentence denotes Sixteen from 59 patients had bacteremia.
T363 537153-537271 Sentence denotes PCT and CRP were evaluated in the first 24 h after admission: PCT by BRAHMS PCT-Q test and CRP by turbidimetric assay.
T364 537272-537378 Sentence denotes The sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of different cutoff points for CRP and PCT were determined.
T365 537379-537387 Sentence denotes Results:
T366 537388-537584 Sentence denotes With a cut off point of 0.5 ng/ml for PCT and 0.6 mg/dl for CRP sensitivity and specificity for sepsis were 73%, respectively 75% (PPV 95.6, NPV 27.3) and 96%, respectively 17% (PPV 87.2, NPV 75).
T367 537585-537697 Sentence denotes A cutoff point of 2 ng/ml for PCT accurately predict severe sepsis (sensitivity 80%, specificity 100%, PPV 100).
T368 537698-537823 Sentence denotes A PCT level of at least 10 ng/ml was a good predictor for bacteremia (sensitivity 86%, specificity 90%, PPV 73.7 and NPV 95).
T369 537824-537962 Sentence denotes Conclusion: PCT is a good discriminating marker to characterize the level of inflammation caused by infection and can predict bacteremia .
T370 537963-538268 Sentence denotes Giamarellou H a , Aoun A b , Klastersky J b , Anagnostopoulos N c , Galani L c , Grecka P c , Panaretou E c , Papageorgiou E c , Repoussis P c , Syrseloudis PCT has been considered as a useful diagnostic marker in neutropenic patients with bacteremia and/or severe sepsis (Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ et al.
T371 538269-538301 Sentence denotes Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:1718) .
T372 538302-538701 Sentence denotes In an attempt to define its value in the diagnosis of localized infections in neutropenic hosts, daily determinations of PCT and of C-reactive protein (CRP) were performed before and after the onset of fever in 50 subjects 27 male and 22 female aged 48.69/18.7 years with various haematologic malignancies (AML 26, NHL 17, MDS 5, ALL 2) developing neutropenia ( B/500 PMNs/mm 3 ) after chemotherapy.
T373 538702-538907 Sentence denotes Thirty-three patients were presented with fever of unknown origin (FUO) and 17 with localized bacterial infections (LBI; pneumonia 7, acute pyelonephritis 4, soft tissue infections 3, acute pharyngitis 3).
T374 538908-538982 Sentence denotes PCT was determined by an immunoluminometric assay and CRP by nephelometry.
T375 538983-539175 Sentence denotes It is concluded that febrile neutropenia followed by a localized bacterial infections is accompanied by significantly higher levels of PCT than in case of FUO (47.99/3.64 vs 0.519/0.16 ng/ml).
T376 539176-539263 Sentence denotes Similar differences are not observed with CRP, which lacks the appropriate specificity.
T377 539264-539474 Sentence denotes Our study included 35 patients who were categorized as having proven (9), probable (11), or possible (5) systemic fungosis according to EORTC criteria; 10 showed no sign of infection, and were used as controls.
T378 539475-539601 Sentence denotes Blood samples were received on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th day from the onset of signs of a fungal infection, and then twice a week.
T379 539602-539715 Sentence denotes PCT levels were determined by an immunochemioluminent assay, and Candida and aspergillus antigen levels by ELISA.
T380 539716-539813 Sentence denotes In only five patients PCT indicated early signs of infection, albeit at barely detectable limits.
T381 539814-539900 Sentence denotes Six patients, however, showed significantly increasing titres preceding time of death.
T382 539901-540005 Sentence denotes Positive antigens titres were observed only in 10 patients who had proven or probable systemic fungosis.
T383 540006-540115 Sentence denotes Only half of the control group had negative antigen titres; a high rate of false negatives was also observed.
T384 540116-540208 Sentence denotes Both PCT and antigens titres increased in parallel in 4/6 patients with unfavorable outcome.
T385 540209-540358 Sentence denotes PCT and antigens titres cannot reliably indicate early diagnosis of systemic fungal infections although may be used as a prognostic tool of severity.
T386 540359-540432 Sentence denotes Lactulose, a factor that decreases endotoxaemia, in obstructive jaundice?
T387 540433-540438 Sentence denotes PM262
T388 540439-540698 Sentence denotes Koutelidakis IM a , Papaziogas V a , Makris I a , Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ b , Giamarellou H b , Papaziogas T a . a Thessaloniki Med School, 2nd Surgical Clinic, Thessaloniki, Greece , b 4th Department Internal Medicine, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
T389 540699-540794 Sentence denotes Bacterial translocation is a process implicated in the pathogenesis of spontaneous peritonitis.
T390 540795-540957 Sentence denotes In order to evaluate the impact of lactulose administration on systemic endotoxaemia, obstructive jaundice was induced in 11 rabbits by common bile duct ligation.
T391 540958-541137 Sentence denotes Animals were divided into two groups, group A of five rabbits not receiving lactulose and group B of six rabbits, which received 1.5 ml/kg of lactulose orally by an oral catheter.
T392 541138-541226 Sentence denotes Blood was collected daily, before and after operation for a total duration of four days.
T393 541227-541328 Sentence denotes Samples were applied for culture and for determination of endotoxins (LPS) by the LAL QCL-1000 assay.
T394 541329-541481 Sentence denotes Concentrations of LPS (mean9/SD) of group A were 1.159/0.74, 2.249/0.74, 1.609/0.81 and 2.349/0.70 EU/ml on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th day, respectively.
T395 541482-541592 Sentence denotes Respective concentrations of LPS (mean9/SD) of group B were 0.849/0.28, 0.659/0.12, 0.819/0.20 and 0.609/0.42.
T396 541593-541640 Sentence denotes All blood cultures were sterile in both groups.
T397 541641-541652 Sentence denotes Differences