CORD-19_Custom_license_subset  

CORD-19:8c51cf0cc444f6a851ad178040369984759ddfec JSONTXT 8 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-64 Sentence denotes MINIREVIEWS Retinopathies Associated with Antiretinal Antibodies
T2 66-289 Sentence denotes The identification of autoantibodies during the course of a disease has been shown to be useful in making a diagnosis, understanding mechanisms of pathogenesis, identifying therapeutic strategies, and monitoring treatments.
T3 290-403 Sentence denotes Numerous examples of the utility of autoantibody detection are seen in both systemic and organ-specific diseases.
T4 404-574 Sentence denotes The topic of immunemediated vision loss, with an emphasis on autoimmune reactivity and autoimmune disease in the eye, is a rapidly expanding area of research and therapy.
T5 575-721 Sentence denotes The maintenance of self-tolerance within the retina may be overcome by a combination of factors, including both genetic and environmental factors.
T6 722-828 Sentence denotes In this review we highlight retinopathies that are associated with the presence of antiretinal antibodies.
T7 829-973 Sentence denotes We should stress that we are not inferring that all of the antiretinal antibodies described in this review are actually inducing ocular disease.
T8 974-1107 Sentence denotes Rather, we wish to highlight the concept that one may utilize sera to identify immune reactivity in the posterior segment of the eye.
T9 1108-1215 Sentence denotes The detection of autoantibodies may allow one to subtype the disease according to its autoantibody profile.
T10 1216-1321 Sentence denotes This process may help to define specific subgroups of retinopathies in terms of pathogenesis and therapy.
T11 1322-1496 Sentence denotes When there is immune-mediated retinal damage, it may result from a combination of factors, such as antibodies, activation of T cells and macrophages, and cytokine production.
T12 1497-1656 Sentence denotes In fact, cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules produced by infiltrating and ocular resident cells may contribute significantly to ocular tissue damage.
T13 1657-1768 Sentence denotes A variety of human and experimental retinopathies are associated with the production of antiretinal antibodies.
T14 1769-2035 Sentence denotes As is shown in Table 1 , these retinopathies can be categorized into three groups: (i) visual paraneoplastic disorders, frequently referred to as cancer-associated retinopathies (CAR), (ii) infection-associated retinopathies and (iii) retinal degenerative disorders.
T15 2036-2117 Sentence denotes Visual paraneoplastic disorders are observed in several malignancies ( Table 2 ).
T16 2118-2235 Sentence denotes The CAR syndrome is a retinal paraneoplastic disorder most commonly associated with small-cell carcinoma of the lung.
T17 2236-2320 Sentence denotes Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) can occur in patients with cutaneous melanoma.
T18 2321-2325 Sentence denotes CAR.
T19 2326-2517 Sentence denotes CAR is most commonly associated with small-cell carcinoma of the lung, but it has also been less frequently reported in patients with breast, endometrial, and other cancers (26, 42, 49, 52) .
T20 2518-2649 Sentence denotes In these patients, antibodies develop with reactivity to the retina, and this response is associated with rod and cone dysfunction.
T21 2650-2739 Sentence denotes Visual loss occurs over months and may even precede the identification of the malignancy.
T22 2740-2849 Sentence denotes This association between progressive blindness as a remote effect of cancer was first reported in 1976 (48) .
T23 2850-3058 Sentence denotes Subsequent studies have shown that autoimmune mechanisms in cancer-induced blindness may be operative since patients with antiretinal, antiphotoreceptor cell antibodies responded to corticosteroids (22, 28) .
T24 3059-3184 Sentence denotes During the past two decades, Thirkill and Keltner have been on the forefront of identifying antiretinal antibodies in CAR (J.
T25 3185-3187 Sentence denotes L.
T26 3188-3202 Sentence denotes Keltner and C.
T27 3203-3205 Sentence denotes E.
T28 3206-3230 Sentence denotes Thirkill, Editorial, Am.
T29 3231-3233 Sentence denotes J.
T30 3234-3245 Sentence denotes Ophthalmol.
T31 3246-3283 Sentence denotes 126:296-302 [Erratum 126:866], 1998).
T32 3284-3469 Sentence denotes Analysis of autoantibodies by immunofluorescent antibody (FA) assays using retinal sections demonstrates reactivity to the photoreceptor outer segments and ganglion cells of the retina.
T33 3470-3571 Sentence denotes Analysis of retinal antigens has revealed that a variety of antigens may be involved in this process.
T34 3572-3763 Sentence denotes The primary antigens identified are a 23-kDa antigen (recoverin), a retinal enolase (46 kDa), and a group of reactivities with retinal antigens identified as a 40-, 43-, and 60-kDa molecules.
T35 3764-3856 Sentence denotes A recent study has identified a Tubby-like protein 1 (TULP1) as an autoantigen in CAR (24) .
T36 3857-4067 Sentence denotes Although over 15 retinal antigens have been described in the CAR syndrome, the most common antigen linked to CAR is the 23-kDa recoverin, a calcium-binding protein found in both rods and cones (2, 44, 53, 54) .
T37 4068-4214 Sentence denotes The identification of antiretinal reactivity in CAR syndrome is important both in terms of therapy and the ability to monitor disease progression.
T38 4215-4336 Sentence denotes Treatments for CAR syndrome include anticancer therapy, prednisone, plasmapheresis, and intravenous immunoglobulin (17) .
T39 4337-4431 Sentence denotes We should point out that spontaneous recovery of vision in this disease has not been reported.
T40 4432-4564 Sentence denotes In some instances the administration of steroids and antilymphocytic serum has resulted in improvement in visual function (17, 23) .
T41 4565-4700 Sentence denotes A review of the literature has shown that, following corticosteroid treatment, 10 of 16 patients (62%) recovered visual function (17) .
T42 4701-4872 Sentence denotes It is generally believed that if immunosuppressive treatment is begun early in the course of the degenerative process, visual improvement or stabilization may be achieved.
T43 4873-5005 Sentence denotes However, therapy is not likely to be beneficial once widespread retinal degeneration has occurred (Keltner and Thirkill, Editorial).
T44 5006-5105 Sentence denotes Antiretinal antibodies are initially identified with an immunofluorescence assay on retinal tissue.
T45 5106-5210 Sentence denotes This can be followed by a confirmatory assay such as Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
T46 5211-5307 Sentence denotes Monitoring the level of antiretinal antibodies during immunosuppressive therapy has been tested.
T47 5308-5522 Sentence denotes At least five case reports have demonstrated a decrease in antiretinal autoantibodies in patients with CAR who recovered visual function following various forms of immunosuppressive treatment (13, 17, 23, 35, 52) .
T48 5523-5673 Sentence denotes Clearly, additional studies are needed to carefully evaluate fluctuations of the antibody titer during the course of the disease and during treatment.
T49 5674-5866 Sentence denotes Multicenter studies should be initiated to share sera and clinical information in order to determine if antibody profiles can be used as a marker to start, continue, and discontinue treatment.
T50 5867-5989 Sentence denotes The CAR syndrome is probably the most extensively studied blinding disease that is associated with antiretinal antibodies.
T51 5990-6057 Sentence denotes The most common, but not the only antigen, is the 23-kDa recoverin.
T52 6058-6171 Sentence denotes It has been reported that the malignant cells in small-cell carcinoma are induced to express recoverin (51, 55) .
T53 6172-6320 Sentence denotes McGinnis et al. suggested that a mutational event inactivating the p53 tumor suppressor gene may turn on the synthesis of a recoverin protein (30) .
T54 6321-6425 Sentence denotes Antibodies reactive to recoverin may result in the blockage of ion channels and cellular depolarization.
T55 6426-6476 Sentence denotes These events may lead to photoreceptor cell death.
T56 6477-6613 Sentence denotes The possible mechanisms involved in anti-recoverin antibody-induced photoreceptor cell death have been examined in three recent reports.
T57 6614-6730 Sentence denotes In vitro studies demonstrate that antirecoverin antibodies enter photoreceptor cells and trigger apoptosis (4, 11) .
T58 6731-6880 Sentence denotes When anti-recoverin antibodies were inoculated into rats by the intravitreal route, apoptosis of photo-receptors and bipolar cells was observed (3) .
T59 6881-7010 Sentence denotes Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that anti-recoverin antibody triggered apoptosis only in recoverin-positive cells.
T60 7011-7132 Sentence denotes These studies suggest that antibody-mediated degeneration of photoreceptors can occur through apoptotic mechanisms (60) .
T61 7133-7227 Sentence denotes A second paraneoplastic syndrome identified as MAR occurs in patients with cutaneous melanoma.
T62 7228-7327 Sentence denotes Progressive visual loss develops over months and is frequently associated with metastatic melanoma.
T63 7328-7449 Sentence denotes The electroretinogram (ERG) in these patients is characterized by a reduction of the photopic b-wave and scotopic b-wave.
T64 7450-7571 Sentence denotes These ERG changes correspond to a functional defect in retinal ON-pathway responses involving depolarizing bipolar cells.
T65 7572-7683 Sentence denotes Patients with MAR do not develop antibody reactivity to recoverin as was seen in the CAR syndrome (6, 25, 57) .
T66 7684-7805 Sentence denotes Antibodies in MAR patients react with bipolar cells and their dendrites in the outer plexiform layer of the retina (34) .
T67 7806-8026 Sentence denotes A recent work by Lei et al. demonstrated that the intravitreal injection of MAR immunoglobulin G into monkey eyes resulted in the alteration of monkey ERG patterns consistent with changes observed in bipolar cells (29) .
T68 8027-8189 Sentence denotes Clinical and experimental observations in CAR and MAR probably provide the best evidence for a pathologic role of self-reactive antibodies in human retinopathies.
T69 8190-8335 Sentence denotes First, CAR and MAR patients suffer from a retinopathy which is characterized by retinal tissue damage and the presence of antiretinal antibodies.
T70 8336-8424 Sentence denotes Second, some of these patients respond to plasma exchange and immunosuppressive therapy.
T71 8425-8573 Sentence denotes Third, retinal cell damage can be induced by the self-reactive antibodies in vitro, and there is evidence of passive transfer of disease to animals.
T72 8574-8710 Sentence denotes The second group of retinopathies associated with antiretinal antibodies is retinal disorders that are triggered by an infectious agent.
T73 8711-8847 Sentence denotes Numerous studies in other body sites have clearly identified links between infections and autoimmunity and autoimmune disease (14, 47) .
T74 8848-8922 Sentence denotes Only a limited number of studies of retinal disorders have been performed.
T75 8923-9178 Sentence denotes We will highlight two human diseases triggered by Onchocerca volvulus or Toxoplasma gondii and an experimental model referred to as experimental coronavirus retinopathy (ECOR), triggered by the murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) ( Table 3) .
T76 9179-9194 Sentence denotes Onchocerciasis.
T77 9195-9315 Sentence denotes Infection with the nematode parasite O. volvulus can result in severe eye disease, often referred to as river blindness.
T78 9316-9527 Sentence denotes It is estimated that approximately 18 million people in Africa and in Central and South America are infected with the organism and, of these, approximately one million are blind or have severe visual impairment.
T79 9528-9750 Sentence denotes Ocular disease occurring in the anterior segment of the eye consists of corneal opacification and sclerosing keratitis, whereas ocular disease occurring in the posterior pole is characterized by retinal degeneration (18) .
T80 9751-9866 Sentence denotes It is generally believed that ocular pathology is a result of host-directed inflammatory responses to the nematode.
T81 9867-10024 Sentence denotes Posterior ocular onchocerciasis is characterized by atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and, as lesions advance, subretinal fibrosis occurs (1) .
T82 10025-10121 Sentence denotes A number of studies indicate that this retinal disease process may involve autoimmune responses.
T83 10122-10252 Sentence denotes In 1987, Chan et al. found that a majority of onchocerciasis patients had antiretinal antibodies in their sera and vitreous (10) .
T84 10253-10371 Sentence denotes Using FA assays on human retinal tissue, Chan et al. observed reactivity in the inner retina and photoreceptor layers.
T85 10372-10514 Sentence denotes During the 1990s, Braun and associates performed a number of studies to elucidate the nature of the autoimmune reactivity (7, (31) (32) (33) .
T86 10515-10654 Sentence denotes These authors identified a recombinant antigen in O. volvulus that shows immunologic cross-reactivity with a component of the RPE (7, 31) .
T87 10655-10806 Sentence denotes By Western blot analysis, an antibody to a 22,000-molecular-weight (MW) antigen (OV39) of O. volvulus recognizes a 44,000-MW component of the RPE cell.
T88 10807-10935 Sentence denotes Subsequent studies have shown that hr44 antigen is present in the optic nerve, epithelial layers of iris, ciliary body, and RPE.
T89 10936-11047 Sentence denotes Although OV39 and the hr44 proteins are not homologus, they did show limited amino acid sequence identity (8) .
T90 11048-11204 Sentence denotes Immunization of rats with either OV39 from O. volvulus or hr44 from human retinal tissue induced ocular pathology and activation of retinal microglia (33) .
T91 11205-11293 Sentence denotes This was also associated with extensive breakdown of the posterior blood-ocular barrier.
T92 11294-11458 Sentence denotes These studies indicate that molecular mimicry between O. volvulus and the human RPE protein may contribute to the retinopathy found in patients with onchocerciasis.
T93 11459-11473 Sentence denotes Toxoplasmosis.
T94 11474-11567 Sentence denotes It is estimated that the protozoan parasite, T. gondii, infects 500 million humans worldwide.
T95 11568-11739 Sentence denotes T. gondii is also the most frequently identified etiologic agent in posterior uveitis, and toxoplasma retinochoroiditis is an important cause of blindness in young adults.
T96 11740-11831 Sentence denotes Historically, ocular manifestations were thought to be the result of congenital infections.
T97 11832-12012 Sentence denotes However, recent evidence accumulated over the past 10 years indicates that infection via ingestion of the parasite from contaminated soil or meat may also result in ocular disease.
T98 12013-12129 Sentence denotes In patients with toxoplasma retinochoroiditis, T. gondii cysts can be identified within the retina and the RPE cell.
T99 12130-12326 Sentence denotes Several mechanisms of retinal tissue damage have been identified, including direct parasite-induced cell lysis, production of a parasite toxin, and immunopathology from reactivity to the parasite.
T100 12327-12454 Sentence denotes In the 1980s, a number of reports identified antiretinal and anti-S antigen reactivity in T. gondii-infected individuals (40) .
T101 12455-12583 Sentence denotes A recent study has identified that antiretinal antibodies are also generated in patients with Toxoplasma retinochoriditis (59) .
T102 12584-12742 Sentence denotes Using FA analysis on human retinal tis-sue section, Whittle et al. (59) identified antiretinal antibodies in 94% of patients with Toxoplasma retinochoriditis.
T103 12743-12797 Sentence denotes These antibodies were directed against photoreceptors.
T104 12798-12931 Sentence denotes In these studies, a screening dilution of 1:10 identified positive reactions in 34 of 36 (90%) Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis patients.
T105 12932-13023 Sentence denotes In contrast, 6 of 16 normal subjects and 3 of 12 idiopathic uveitis patients were positive.
T106 13024-13093 Sentence denotes We feel that this screening dilution is probably inappropriately low.
T107 13094-13153 Sentence denotes Fortunately, the sera were also tested at higher dilutions.
T108 13154-13326 Sentence denotes At a 1:40 dilution, antiphotoreceptor antibody was detected in 50% of the Toxoplasma retino choroiditis patients, 6% of the normal subjects, and 1% of the uveitis patients.
T109 13327-13441 Sentence denotes Twenty-five percent of the Toxoplasma retino choroiditis patients showed a positive reactivity at a 1:80 dilution.
T110 13442-13596 Sentence denotes Taken together, these reports suggest a high prevalence of antiretinal antibodies directed against the photoreceptor layer in T. gondii-infected patients.
T111 13597-13689 Sentence denotes There is no evidence that these antibodies are acting alone to induce retinal tissue damage.
T112 13690-13840 Sentence denotes However, we do know from in vitro studies that T. gondii infections of human RPE cells result in the upregulation of a variety of cytokines (36, 37) .
T113 13841-14006 Sentence denotes Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and the adhesion molecule, ICAM-1, are produced when T. gondii replicates in human RPE.
T114 14007-14171 Sentence denotes As suggested by Rose, the cytokine profile initiated during the infection may drive the progression from benign autoimmunity to pathogenic autoimmune disease (47) .
T115 14172-14209 Sentence denotes Experimental coronavirus retinopathy.
T116 14210-14280 Sentence denotes The murine coronavirus, MHV, is a naturally occurring hepatitis virus.
T117 14281-14322 Sentence denotes Neurotropic strains have been identified.
T118 14323-14528 Sentence denotes Ocular infection of susceptible mouse strains leads to a biphasic disease that is first manifested as an acute retinal inflammation, followed by a chronic, immune-associated retinal degeneration (45, 46) .
T119 14529-14627 Sentence denotes During the degenerative phase of the disease, virus nucleic acid persists within the retina (27) .
T120 14628-14670 Sentence denotes However, infectious virus cannot be found.
T121 14671-14802 Sentence denotes Target cells for early infection are RPE cells, ciliary body epithelial cells and Muller-like cells, and some photoreceptors (56) .
T122 14803-14984 Sentence denotes The role of the immune system in the degenerative phase is supported by the identification of antiretinal and anti-RPE cell antibodies in retinal degenerationsusceptible mice (21) .
T123 14985-15118 Sentence denotes These autoantibodies are absent in retinal degeneration resistant mice (CD-1), which demonstrate only the acute phase of the disease.
T124 15119-15209 Sentence denotes We are presently evaluating the retinal and RPE cell epitopes that are identified in ECOR.
T125 15210-15312 Sentence denotes Virus infections in man have frequently been associated with the development of autoimmune reactivity.
T126 15313-15454 Sentence denotes ECOR is an animal model system, which was established to delineate the possible mechanisms operative in virus-triggered retinal degeneration.
T127 15455-15626 Sentence denotes Thus, ECOR provides a model which suggests that some human retinal degenerative diseases with genetic predisposition and autoimmune components may be triggered by viruses.
T128 15627-15688 Sentence denotes Thousands of humans are diagnosed with retinal degenerations.
T129 15689-15870 Sentence denotes However, our ability to determine which of these have a viral trigger and which do not has been hampered by difficulty obtaining ocular samples at the initial stages of the disease.
T130 15871-16068 Sentence denotes An alternative approach may consist of correlative studies to determine if certain retinal degenerative processes are associated with specific antiretinal antibodies that may have a viral etiology.
T131 16069-16204 Sentence denotes The third group of retinopathies associated with antiretinal antibodies is classified as the retinal degenerative disorders (Table 4) .
T132 16205-16478 Sentence denotes We have subdivided these disorders into five classes: retinitis pigmentosa (RP) with cystoid macular edema, recoverin-associated retinopathy (RAR), age-related macular degeneration, idiopathic retinopathies, and retinopathies associated with autoimmune neurologic diseases.
T133 16479-16482 Sentence denotes RP.
T134 16483-16562 Sentence denotes RP is considered a hereditary degenerative process, often leading to blindness.
T135 16563-16647 Sentence denotes However, up to 60% of patients do not have a family history of retinal degeneration.
T136 16648-16791 Sentence denotes Screening of patient sera by FA assays on human retinal tissues has shown that approximately 37% of these patients have antiretinal antibodies.
T137 16792-16903 Sentence denotes Galbraith et al. showed that these antiretinal antibodies can be directed against a neurofilament protein (15).
T138 16904-17058 Sentence denotes Moreover, RPE cells within the retinas of these patients have been upregulated to express major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules (12) .
T139 17059-17259 Sentence denotes Patients with RP have been shown to have a breakdown in the retinal-blood barrier, and it has been difficult to associate the development of antiretinal antibodies with specific retinal tissue damage.
T140 17260-17442 Sentence denotes Recently, Heckenlively et al. attempted to identify subpopulations of RP patients and to determine if antiretinal antibodies are associated with selected disease processes (19, 20) .
T141 17443-17667 Sentence denotes Fortified with the knowledge that macular edema is seen in CAR, these investigators initiated a prospective study evaluating antiretinal antibody in patients with bilateral cystoid edema or cysts and panretinal degeneration.
T142 17668-17783 Sentence denotes They found a significant association between cystoid macular edema and antiretinal antibodies in RP patients (20) .
T143 17784-17891 Sentence denotes Ninety percent (27 of 30) of RP patients with macular edema contained antiretinal antibodies in their sera.
T144 17892-18021 Sentence denotes In contrast, only 4 of 30 RP patients without macular edema and only 3 of 50 normal subjects had antiretinal antibody reactivity.
T145 18022-18113 Sentence denotes The most common retinal pro-teins were carbonic anhydrase II (30 kDa) and enolase (46 kDa).
T146 18114-18147 Sentence denotes Recoverin-associated retinopathy.
T147 18148-18379 Sentence denotes Recently, Whitcup et al. proposed the use of the term recoverin-associated retinopathy to describe a condition in patients with a clinical and immunologic disease similar to CAR but without a detectable underlying malignancy (58) .
T148 18380-18509 Sentence denotes These investigators described a patient with a rapidly progressive loss of vision, retinal degeneration, and an extinguished ERG.
T149 18510-18654 Sentence denotes Moreover, the patient had elevated levels of antibodies in serum against recoverin and displayed a strong cellular immune response to recoverin.
T150 18655-18781 Sentence denotes Thus, clinical, electrophysiological, and immunological data were all present despite the absence of an underlying malignancy.
T151 18782-18897 Sentence denotes Anti-recoverin antibodies have also been identified in 10 patients with clinical findings consistent with RP (19) .
T152 18898-19050 Sentence denotes These studies indicate that recoverin-associated retinopathy in the absence of cancer may be a more widespread phenomena than was previously recognized.
T153 19051-19056 Sentence denotes ARMD.
T154 19057-19214 Sentence denotes Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the most common cause of blindness in the United States and yet the etiology of this disease is still not defined.
T155 19215-19335 Sentence denotes Gurne et al. studied antiretinal autoimmunity as one of the pathogenetic factors in 30 patients with this disease (16) .
T156 19336-19458 Sentence denotes Sera from 14 of these patients demonstrated positive binding, predominantly to a doublet protein of between 58 and 62 kDa.
T157 19459-19586 Sentence denotes The serum antibodies also reacted with proteins from isolated photoreceptor outer segments of human, bovine, and monkey origin.
T158 19587-19825 Sentence denotes The cross-reactivity of the serum antibodies with a protein of 58 to 62 kDa, the lower band present in a bovine purified neurofilament-68-kDa protein preparation, suggests that this protein may be a component of the neuronal cytoskeleton.
T159 19826-19961 Sentence denotes It is unclear whether these autoantibodies play a direct role in the etiology of ARMD or simply represent a response to retinal damage.
T160 19962-19985 Sentence denotes Idiopathic retinopathy.
T161 19986-20123 Sentence denotes A variety of idiopathic retinopathies and retinal degenerative diseases have been associated with the presence of antiretinal antibodies.
T162 20124-20346 Sentence denotes For example, Whittle et al. (59) demonstrated that antibodies to the photoreceptor layer and outer plexiform layer are detected more frequently in patients with retinal vasculitis than in patients with systemic vasculitis.
T163 20347-20471 Sentence denotes Antiretinal Muller cell-specific autoantibodies have also been described in a patient with progressive loss of vision (43) .
T164 20472-20586 Sentence denotes Chan et al. (10) found antiretinal reactivity to photoreceptors and Muller cells in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome.
T165 20587-20653 Sentence denotes Here, the presence of antibodies correlated with disease activity.
T166 20654-20754 Sentence denotes It is also possible that antiretinal antibodies play a role in the retinal white dot syndromes (9) .
T167 20755-20836 Sentence denotes More extensive evaluation of the development of antiretinal antibodies is needed.
T168 20837-21000 Sentence denotes In these diseases, it is not clear if the antibodies preceded the retinal disease or if the immune reactivity is a consequence of the retinal degenerative process.
T169 21001-21074 Sentence denotes In either case, the autoantibodies may contribute to the disease process.
T170 21075-21186 Sentence denotes Ideally, further study and characterization of autoreactivity may allow the subclassification of retinopathies.
T171 21187-21264 Sentence denotes This analysis may then be instrumental in the design of treatment strategies.
T172 21265-21340 Sentence denotes A number of retinal antigens have been evaluated and implicated in uveitis.
T173 21341-21382 Sentence denotes S antigen and IRBP are two such antigens.
T174 21383-21497 Sentence denotes Both of these retinal antigens appear to play a role in T-cellmediated disease processes within the eye (39, 41) .
T175 21498-21560 Sentence denotes It is beyond Neurological disease with associated retinopathy.
T176 21561-21679 Sentence denotes Finally, recent studies have identified that a neurological disease may also present with immune-mediated retinopathy.
T177 21680-21791 Sentence denotes The concept of a pathogenetic role of autoantibodies in neurological diseases has recently been reviewed (50) .
T178 21792-21907 Sentence denotes Stiff-man syndrome is a rare neurological disorder which is characterized by rigid axial and proximal limb muscles.
T179 21908-22055 Sentence denotes An autoimmune pathogenesis is suggested due to the presence of autoantibodies directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in these patients.
T180 22056-22184 Sentence denotes Recently, Steffen et al. identified a patient with Stiff-man syndrome who developed severe bilateral visual deterioration (50) .
T181 22185-22368 Sentence denotes The patient sera contained anti-GAD antibodies, which reacted with GABA-ergic retinal structures, suggesting that this reactivity may be associated with the ophthalmic manifestations.
T182 22369-22490 Sentence denotes This review highlights the fact that patients with some retinal degenerative diseases develop antiretinal autoantibodies.
T183 22491-22570 Sentence denotes However, these antibodies are directed against a variety of different antigens.
T184 22571-22685 Sentence denotes To date, there is insufficient data to accurately identify the specificity and sensitivity of these assay systems.
T185 22686-22835 Sentence denotes It is obvious that standardization of antiretinal reactivity is critical to both research studies and to the development of diagnostic assay systems.
T186 22836-22990 Sentence denotes In the future it will be important to establish a dialog to encourage the exchange of serum among investigators to standardize antiretinal autoantibodies.
T187 22991-23124 Sentence denotes In addition, it will be advantageous to develop a proficiency testing program to monitor assay performance in different laboratories.
T188 23125-23232 Sentence denotes The pathogenetic involvement of antibodies or cellular immunity to retinal proteins in humans is not clear.
T189 23233-23372 Sentence denotes In this brief review, we have presented evidence that selected retinopathies are associated with the development of antiretinal antibodies.
T190 23373-23511 Sentence denotes The initiating factors that contribute to the generation of these autoantibodies may vary with the different clinicopathological settings.
T191 23512-23622 Sentence denotes In CAR, antibodies are directed against tumor-induced antigens that also recognize proteins within the retina.
T192 23623-23824 Sentence denotes In infection-associated retinopathies, antibodies directed against an infectious agent may cross-react with retinal proteins or the antibodies react with retinal antigens released during the infection.
T193 23825-23939 Sentence denotes In the retinal degenerative diseases, antibodies have been identified that react to a variety of retinal antigens.
T194 23940-24179 Sentence denotes In these diseases it is difficult to determine if the antiretinal antibodies initiated the disease process or if the retinal degeneration occurred first and an immune response was later triggered against selected released retinal antigens.
T195 24180-24335 Sentence denotes Irrespective of the initiating event, the presence of antiretinal antibodies may contribute to the pathologic processes involved in selected retinopathies.
T196 24336-24461 Sentence denotes Presently, the identification of antiretinal antibodies is neither specific nor sensitive for the diagnosis of retinopathies.
T197 24462-24597 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, demonstration of these antibodies may be helpful as diagnostic and prognostic markers in patients with reti-nal diseases.
T198 24598-24846 Sentence denotes Analysis of immune-mediated vision loss is in its infancy, and a careful analysis and characterization of antiretinal antibody specificies will help in our understanding of the mechanisms and the diagnosis of patients with this form of vision loss.