CORD-19_Custom_license_subset  

CORD-19:4c64fdedbafa647d17c84faa5a8853c5d824a6f0 JSONTXT 8 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-131 Sentence denotes Acceptability of A/H1N1 vaccination during pandemic phase of influenza A/H1N1 in Hong Kong: population based cross sectional survey
T2 133-322 Sentence denotes The earliest confirmed case of influenza A/H1N1 (swine flu) in 2009 was reported in Mexico on 23 April, 1 and the World Health Organization declared the disease to be a pandemic on 11 June.
T3 323-466 Sentence denotes 2 As of 13 September 2009 the virus has spread to over 170 countries, territories, and areas, and is estimated to have caused over 3486 deaths.
T4 467-632 Sentence denotes 3 The mortality from A/H1N1 appears moderate, although the virus does seem to be more infectious than seasonal influenza 4 and children are particularly susceptible.
T5 633-738 Sentence denotes 5 On 20 September, 22 054 cases of influenza A/H1N1 and 15 associated deaths were confirmed in Hong Kong.
T6 739-805 Sentence denotes 6 The government has now suspended the testing of suspected cases.
T7 806-905 Sentence denotes The development of A/H1N1 vaccines would be one of the most effective ways to control the pandemic.
T8 906-999 Sentence denotes 7 Many governments have announced large scale plans for vaccination against influenza A/H1N1.
T9 1000-1316 Sentence denotes On 19 June 2009 the government of Hong Kong passed legislation to purchase five million doses of influenza A/H1N1 vaccine and indicated that a large scale vaccination campaign would be launched at the end of the year, 8 9 with an acknowledgement that the vaccine might not have gone through complete clinical trials.
T10 1317-1625 Sentence denotes The government announced that the vaccine would be provided to a high risk group of two million people, including healthcare workers, people aged more than 65, children aged 6 months to 6 years, and those with particular health conditions, along with 500 000 people who would voluntarily pay for the service.
T11 1626-1698 Sentence denotes 10 The tender was unsuccessful and a new round of bidding was initiated.
T12 1699-1747 Sentence denotes The cost of vaccination has not yet been agreed.
T13 1748-1849 Sentence denotes The market price for seasonal influenza vaccination in Hong Kong is around US$20-25 (£13-16; €14-17).
T14 1850-2279 Sentence denotes A recent study reported that 48% of healthcare workers in Hong Kong were willing to accept vaccination at the prepandemic phase of the influenza A/H1N1 epidemic and that the perceived risk of contracting the virus and history of vaccination against seasonal influenza were associated with the willingness to take up vaccination, whereas fear of side effects and doubts about vaccine efficacy were major reasons for unwillingness.
T15 2280-2593 Sentence denotes 11 The uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination in Hong Kong during September 2006 to April 2007 among community dwelling older people aged 65 or more was 35% and it was lower among pregnant women (4%), children aged 6-23 months (9%), those with chronic diseases (23%), and adults in the general population (15%).
T16 2594-2779 Sentence denotes 12 We investigated the intention of taking up vaccination against influenza A/H1N1 under five hypothetical scenarios including cost and availability of clinical evidence on the vaccine.
T17 2780-2867 Sentence denotes The target population was Chinese adults aged between 18 and 60 who lived in Hong Kong.
T18 2868-3133 Sentence denotes The study was carried out during 2-8 July 2009, after influenza A/H1N1 had been declared a pandemic (11 June), 2 the first community infected case had been reported (10 June), 13 and before the first reported death associated with the virus in Hong Kong (27 July) .
T19 3134-3206 Sentence denotes 14 We carried out telephone surveys by using a structured questionnaire.
T20 3207-3383 Sentence denotes Study methods were similar to those used in local studies related to severe acute respiratory syndrome, [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] avian flu, [20] [21] [22] and influenza A/H1N1.
T21 3384-3532 Sentence denotes 23 Telephone numbers were randomly selected from current telephone directories; over 95% of households in Hong Kong have a telephone line installed.
T22 3533-3633 Sentence denotes 24 25 Interviews were done from 6 30 pm to 10 pm to avoid over-representation of people not working.
T23 3634-3704 Sentence denotes An eligible member was selected from each of the contacted households.
T24 3705-3836 Sentence denotes If more than one household member was eligible, we invited the one whose birthday was closest to the survey date to join the study.
T25 3837-3927 Sentence denotes Verbal consent was obtained from the participants and the interview took about 20 minutes.
T26 3928-4047 Sentence denotes At least three telephone calls were made at different hours and weekdays before we considered the number to be invalid.
T27 4048-4170 Sentence denotes A total of 378 eligible participants were identified and 301 completed the interview; the response rate was 80% (301/378).
T28 4171-4316 Sentence denotes The questionnaire items were modified from those that had been used in some of the studies on avian flu 21 26 27 and a study on influenza A/H1N1.
T29 4317-4619 Sentence denotes 23 Participants were asked sequentially about intentions to take up vaccination against influenza A/H1N1 under five hypothetical scenarios: vaccination is free; vaccination per dosage costs less than $HK100, $HK101-200, or more than $HK200; and clinical data are lacking on vaccine efficacy and safety.
T30 4620-4737 Sentence denotes Response categories included unlikely (certainly not, mostly not), unsure, and highly likely (mostly and definitely).
T31 4738-4822 Sentence denotes As a reference, the median family income in Hong Kong in 2006 was around $HK 17 250.
T32 4823-4959 Sentence denotes 28 Participants were asked whether clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of the influenza A/H1N1 vaccine was currently available.
T33 4960-5107 Sentence denotes Other questions were related to knowledge about different modes of transmissions of the virus and perceptions related to the virus and its vaccine.
T34 5108-5160 Sentence denotes We tabulated the distributions of several variables.
T35 5161-5208 Sentence denotes Analyses were carried out in SPSS version 16.0.
T36 5209-5401 Sentence denotes Of the 301 participants, 55% (n=165) were women, 47% (n=140) were aged less than 40, 37% (n=111) had received some education after secondary school, and 63% (n=189) were married or cohabiting.
T37 5402-5524 Sentence denotes Twenty per cent of the participants (n=61) self reported ever receiving vaccination against seasonal influenza (table 1) .
T38 5525-5803 Sentence denotes Intentions-When the participants were asked about their intention to take up free vaccination against influenza A/H1N1, 45% (n=135) thought it highly likely (that is, mostly or certainly) and 55% (n=166) thought it unlikely or were unsure (mostly not, certainly not, or unsure).
T39 5804-5984 Sentence denotes The prevalence of intention (highly likely to take up the vaccine), however, decreased with increasing cost in the hypothetical scenarios where a charge was levied for vaccination:
T40 5985-6124 Sentence denotes 36% (n=108) were highly likely to take up vaccination for less than $HK100, 24% (n=72) for $HK101-200, and 15% (n=45) for more than $HK200.
T41 6125-6221 Sentence denotes In the absence of data on efficacy and safety the prevalence decreased to 5% (n=14 ; table 1) .
T42 6222-6673 Sentence denotes Positive and negative attitudes-39% (n=117) of participants believed that vaccination would be effective at preventing influenza A/H1N1, 63% (n=189) erroneously believed that efficacy of influenza A/H1N1 vaccine had been confirmed by clinical trials, and 16% (n=49) believed that it is necessary for everyone in Hong Kong to take up vaccination against influenza A/H1N1 (49%, n=146, not quite necessary and 32%, n=95, completely unnecessary; table 2).
T43 6674-6907 Sentence denotes Overall, 27% (n=81) of the participants believed vaccination against influenza A/H1N1 would be inconvenient and 16% (n=49) believed that it would cause quite a lot of side effects or that side effects would be very severe (table 2) .
T44 6908-7144 Sentence denotes Knowledge-51% (n=153) of the participants gave correct responses to all three questions on modes of transmission through droplets, bodily contact with infected people, and touching objects contaminated with the A/ H1N1 virus (table 2) .
T45 7145-7614 Sentence denotes Perceived severity-30% (n=90) of the participants erroneously believed that the fatality associated with A/H1N1 among adults exceeded 1%; 14% (n=41) believed that A/H1N1 results in severe and irreversible damage to the body among adults; 13% (n=37) believed that more than 10 deaths related to A/H1N1 infection would occur in Hong Kong, and 40% (n=118) believed that there are quite a lot or many hidden H1N1 cases of influenza A/H1N1 in the local community (table 2) .
T46 7615-7836 Sentence denotes Compared with seasonal flu, less than half of the participants believed that A/H1N1 would result in a higher fatality rate (36%, n=108), higher infectivity (42%, n=126), and more severe bodily damage (33%, n=95; table 2).
T47 7837-8207 Sentence denotes Risk perception-Around 10% of the participants considered themselves (10%, n=31), their family members (10%, n=30), or the general public (12%, n=35) to have a high or very high chance of contracting A/H1N1 in the next year, and 28% perceived a high (high, very high, or certain) chance of having a large scale outbreak of influenza A/H1N1 in the coming year (table 2) .
T48 8208-8295 Sentence denotes DISCUSSION A vaccine against influenza A/H1N1 will become available in the near future.
T49 8296-8544 Sentence denotes Over 30 governments placed orders for vaccines by June 2009 29 : the United Kingdom ordered enough to cover its entire population, 30 Japan intended to provide enough for half its population, 31 and Australia ordered enough for half its population.
T50 8545-8650 Sentence denotes 32 It is uncertain whether the early production of vaccine could meet the demands of different countries.
T51 8651-8768 Sentence denotes 31 Many governments therefore intend to provide A/H1N1 vaccine to a substantial proportion of the general population.
T52 8769-9008 Sentence denotes A few countries are more conservative-the US government will confirm the proportion of citizens who need to be vaccinated after the completion of clinical trials, 7 whereas mainland China plans to provide vaccines for 5% of its population.
T53 9009-9075 Sentence denotes 31 Most of the governments have not announced the pricing schemes.
T54 9076-9244 Sentence denotes Our results are comparable to those of a study in health workers, 11 with a similar prevalence for intention to take up A/H1N1 vaccination when it was free (48% v 45%).
T55 9245-9353 Sentence denotes Lack of data on safety and efficacy was the reason for health workers' unwillingness to take up vaccination.
T56 9354-9422 Sentence denotes No trials have studied the responsiveness of the general population.
T57 9423-9600 Sentence denotes Our results show that intention to take up A/H1N1 vaccination would be highly sensitive to cost as well as to the availability of scientific evidence on its efficacy and safety.
T58 9601-9735 Sentence denotes As the population of Hong Kong is seven million, the Hong Kong government plans to purchase five million doses of the A/ H1N1 vaccine.
T59 9736-9863 Sentence denotes The actual demand would depend on the cost and, more importantly, the availability of clinical evidence on efficacy and safety.
T60 9864-9979 Sentence denotes Without such an assurance the prevalence of uptake of vaccination in the general population would be lower than 5%.
T61 9980-10226 Sentence denotes It is not known whether the prevalence for high risk groups would be different but previous data showed that, except for elderly people, the prevalence of vaccination against seasonal influenza for other risk groups in Hong Kong tended to be low.
T62 10227-10395 Sentence denotes 12 There are reasons to speculate that in the absence of scientific evidence, the prevalence of uptake of A/H1N1 vaccination in these high risk groups would remain low.
T63 10396-10640 Sentence denotes The intention to take up free vaccination might, however, be an over-estimation as most of the participants (63%) erroneously believed that at the time of the survey clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of A/ H1N1 vaccine was available.
T64 10641-10773 Sentence denotes Many of these participants may change their mind if clinical evidence remains unavailable when the vaccination campaign is launched.
T65 10774-10952 Sentence denotes The publicity that less than half of the local healthcare workers were willing to take up A/ H1N1 vaccination 11 might also undermine the public's confidence in being vaccinated.
T66 10953-11158 Sentence denotes The relatively low levels of positive intention to take up A/H1N1 vaccination in the general population may be partially explained by the confusion between different types of influenza related vaccination.
T67 11159-11343 Sentence denotes A previous study showed that a high proportion (39%) of the general public were under the misconception that seasonal influenza vaccination is effective at preventing influenza A/H1N1.
T68 11344-11578 Sentence denotes 23 Without clarifying such a misconception, people may resort to seasonal influenza vaccination, which has passed clinical trials on efficacy and safety, rather than receiving a new vaccine, especially if it has not been fully tested.
T69 11579-11829 Sentence denotes Although about one third of participants believed that A/H1N1 has a fatality of more than 1%, that A/H1N1 is more severe than seasonal flu, and that many hidden cases of A/H1N1 exist in the community, over half of the participants believed otherwise.
T70 11830-11925 Sentence denotes Perceived susceptibility was also relatively low (around 10% perceived susceptibility as high).
T71 11926-12172 Sentence denotes Therefore in the context of the study influenza A/H1N1 was seen by the participants as a relatively mild disease and that it might not be worth the risk to be vaccinated against A/H1N1 as it has not been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy.
T72 12173-12338 Sentence denotes Despite Hong Kong being a fairly affluent city with a high degree of vigilance for A/H1N1, 23 acceptability of the A/H1N1 vaccine was still highly sensitive to cost.
T73 12339-12502 Sentence denotes It is expected that such sensitivity would be even higher in developing countries and in those countries where people may feel less anxious about influenza A/H1N1.
T74 12503-12610 Sentence denotes Moreover, since the A/H1N1 vaccine is new, people worldwide are curious about its effectiveness and safety.
T75 12611-12927 Sentence denotes In developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, the strength of governmental measures to control influenza A/H1N1 has been much weaker that in Hong Kong-Hong Kong had exercised quarantine measures and still recommends closure of schools with the rate of sick leave reaching or exceeding 10%.
T76 12928-13107 Sentence denotes 33 The results also suggest that as the scientific evidence is not available, expected uptake of A/H1N1 vaccination in the general populations of different countries would be low.
T77 13108-13209 Sentence denotes The results provide some insights into different international settings, with important implications.
T78 13210-13402 Sentence denotes Governments want to promote A/H1N1 vaccination in the general population and need to understand barriers and facilitators for its acceptability before implementing vaccination on a full scale.
T79 13403-13538 Sentence denotes From our results it seems that free or low cost vaccination needs to be provided to achieve a high rate of vaccination against A/ H1N1.
T80 13539-13700 Sentence denotes More importantly, the general public has to be convinced about the vaccine's efficacy and safety as misconceptions may exist about what the scientific data show.
T81 13701-13865 Sentence denotes Good communication between health workers and the public is therefore a prerequisite for a successful A/H1N1 vaccination programme targeting the general population.
T82 13866-13960 Sentence denotes Acceptability studies and real time monitoring are crucial for the success of such programmes.
T83 13961-13993 Sentence denotes This study has some limitations.
T84 13994-14106 Sentence denotes Firstly, the response rate was lower than 80%, although comparable to those of other relevant published studies.
T85 14107-14207 Sentence denotes 17 27 34 35 The sex and age distributions of the sample were comparable to those of the census data.
T86 14208-14436 Sentence denotes 36 In this sample, 45% of the participants were men (census data 46%), 25% were aged less than 30 years (census data 25%), 21% aged 30-39 (census data 24%), 29% aged 40-49 (census data 27%), and 25% aged 50-60 (census data 24%).
T87 14437-14638 Sentence denotes Secondly, Hong Kong went through a unique experience with the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome, the results of the current study may not be applicable to the situations in other countries.
T88 14639-14722 Sentence denotes Some observations about A/H1N1 vaccination may, however, be shared among countries.
T89 14723-14894 Sentence denotes Thirdly, this study could only document the willingness of people to accept vaccination against influenza A/H1N1, which may not necessarily reflect their actual behaviour.
T90 14895-15058 Sentence denotes Fourthly, we did not record participants' chronic disease status; those with chronic disease may have different intentions from the rest of the general population.
T91 15059-15142 Sentence denotes Participants did not consider universal vaccination against A/H1N1 to be necessary.
T92 15143-15197 Sentence denotes Efficacy and safety data are needed to enhance uptake.
T93 15198-15317 Sentence denotes Cost is important although our study suggests that most of the population would not take up vaccination against A/H1N1.
T94 15318-15449 Sentence denotes As the A/H1N1 vaccine is new and major plans regarding the vaccine have been made in many countries, further research is warranted.
T95 15450-15634 Sentence denotes Further studies should also monitor the level and factors predicting intentions towards A/H1N1 vaccination longitudinally in different risk groups as well as in the general population.
T96 15635-15680 Sentence denotes International comparisons are also warranted.
T97 15681-15795 Sentence denotes Such studies would improve the understanding of vaccination against different types of influenza related diseases.
T98 15796-16041 Sentence denotes We thank the participants; Tony Yung and Johnson Lau for their assistance in the preparation of the questionnaire; Mei Wah Chan, Mason Lau, and Cheri Tong for coordination of the telephone survey; and colleagues who interviewed the participants.
T99 16042-16185 Sentence denotes Contributors: JTFL designed and supervised the study, finalised the analysis, interpreted the findings, and wrote the drafts of the manuscript.
T100 16186-16202 Sentence denotes He is guarantor.
T101 16203-16300 Sentence denotes NCYY commented on and helped revise drafts of the manuscript and carried out a literature review.
T102 16301-16323 Sentence denotes KCC analysed the data.
T103 16324-16413 Sentence denotes MYMC and HYT carried out a literature review and assisted in designing the questionnaire.
T104 16414-16485 Sentence denotes SG made suggestions to improve the manuscript and revised later drafts.