CORD-19_Custom_license_subset  

CORD-19:0815316dd0837045c915a15e58b46c70cfbe189e JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-8 Sentence denotes Abstract
T2 9-200 Sentence denotes publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source.
T3 201-311 Sentence denotes These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
T4 312-365 Sentence denotes 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging: clinical article.
T5 367-576 Sentence denotes Ilaria Rubino 1 and Hyo-Jick Choi 1, * Respiratory protection against airborne pathogens is crucial for pandemic/epidemic preparedness in the context of personal protection, healthcare systems, and governance.
T6 577-770 Sentence denotes We expect that the development of technologies that overcome the existing challenges in current respiratory protective devices will lead to a timely and effective response to the next outbreak.
T7 771-846 Sentence denotes Influenza, a major respiratory disease, poses great risks to global health.
T8 847-1118 Sentence denotes Influenza epidemics and pandemics are responsible for 250 000-500 000 deaths each year (www.who.int/mediacentre/ factsheets/fs211/en/) and >50 million fatalities worldwide in the past century (www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/ basics/past-pandemics.html), respectively.
T9 1119-1193 Sentence denotes The next influenza pandemic is estimated to cause $60 million deaths [1] .
T10 1194-1285 Sentence denotes Ideally, vaccination within 2 months of the outbreak can provide effective protection [2] .
T11 1286-1439 Sentence denotes However, because several months are necessary for vaccine development and administration, the infection risk is heightened during the non-vaccine period.
T12 1440-1717 Sentence denotes This is further supported by the outcomes of 2002-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak that originated in China, in which the disease was transmitted globally within few weeks, but the first vaccine Phase I clinical study began a year after the outbreak [3] .
T13 1718-1948 Sentence denotes Logistically, an effective pandemic preparedness plan should include both vaccination and alternative mitigation methods (pharmaceuticalantiviral; non-pharmaceuticalisolation, administrative control, personal protective measures).
T14 1949-2097 Sentence denotes Therefore, respiratory protection devices are a key non-pharmaceutical intervention that is essential to the global strategy for pandemic readiness.
T15 2098-2339 Sentence denotes The parameters behind respiratory protection and airborne transmission intertwine in a complex system that can be broken down into four bidirectional components: (i) release, (ii) infection, (iii) filtration, and (iv) protection (Figure 1 ).
T16 2340-2679 Sentence denotes Once a subject is infected, nanometer-to-millimeter-sized pathogenic particles can be released while breathing, speaking, sneezing, or coughing, and infect a host respiratory tract via different mechanisms that depend on the aerodynamic size of the particles (d a <5 mm, lower respiratory tract; 5 < d a < 100 mm, upper respiratory tract).
T17 2680-2798 Sentence denotes Similarly to infection, current respiratory protection devices filter infectious particles in a size-dependent manner.
T18 2799-2917 Sentence denotes Filtration efficiency, comfort (e.g., breathability), and fit at the face-mask interface govern technical performance.
T19 2918-3208 Sentence denotes While effective management and availability of control measures are crucial to an outbreak response, the pathogens [ 1 1 4 _ T D $ D I F F ] (virus/bacteria/ fungi) captured on filters are an intrinsic concern because of fear of cross-infection, new aerosol release, and contaminated waste.
T20 3209-3430 Sentence denotes Recurrent recommendations regarding respiratory protective measures by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasize their prominent role in emergency preparedness.
T21 3431-3571 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, fewer scientific efforts have been focused on respiratory protection technologies compared to vaccine development technologies.
T22 3572-3758 Sentence denotes We present here an overview of currently available respiratory intervention technologies and their implications for future research directions in response to pandemic/epidemic outbreaks.
T23 3759-3902 Sentence denotes Surgical masks have been in use for over 100 years as barriers against the development of infection via large droplets produced during surgery.
T24 3903-4205 Sentence denotes N95 filtering facepiece respirators (N95 respirators) were introduced in 1995 as part of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 42 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 84 on non-powered air-purifying respirators (www.cdc. gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/ pt84abs2.html).
T25 4206-4327 Sentence denotes Currently, surgical masks and N95 respirators are the two main intervention measures for personal respiratory protection.
T26 4328-4525 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, technical challenges exist, some of which are shared by both devices: (i) filtration efficiency, (ii) cross[ 1 0 9 _ T D $ D I F F ] -infection, (iii) recyclability, and (iv) faceseal.
T27 4526-4640 Sentence denotes A primary issue concerning the efficacy of surgical masks against airborne pathogens is low filtration efficiency.
T28 4641-4829 Sentence denotes Although performance can vary drastically among models, inconsistent reports on surgical mask efficacy are probably associated with improper application, resulting in performance mismatch.
T29 4830-4910 Sentence denotes Another crucial issue is cross[ 1 0 9 _ T D $ D I F F ] -infection/transmission.
T30 4911-5116 Sentence denotes Because viruses and microorganisms can survive for at least a few hours to several days [4] , masks and respirators become a source of infection for the wearer and others, thus limiting them to single use.
T31 5117-5249 Sentence denotes Infectious aerosols on filters can also be re-released into the environment (i.e., reaerosolization), for example through accidents.
T32 5250-5405 Sentence denotes With a particle diameter of 1.15 mm, re-aerosolization from N95 respirators as a result of a fall (drop height, 0.76 m) was between 0.002% and 0.012% [5] .
T33 5406-5540 Sentence denotes Various sterilization methods (e.g., ethylene oxide, formalin, UV, bleach, hydrogen peroxide) have been tested to recycle respirators.
T34 5541-5682 Sentence denotes However, the drawbacks of each method, such as performance deterioration and generation of toxic residues, have restricted their application.
T35 5683-5838 Sentence denotes As an example, decontamination of N95 respirators by autoclave, 160 C dry heat, 70% isopropanol, and soap and water lowered the filtration efficiency [6] .
T36 5839-6079 Sentence denotes Ethylene oxide treatment of respirators caused deposition of hazardous residues of 2-hydroxyethyl acetate on the straps, and bleach, oxidants, or dimethyldioxirane raised issues of sharp odor and incompatibility with staples/nosepiece [7] .
T37 6080-6272 Sentence denotes Despite the need for further research, with safety as a preponderant concern, mask recyclability would be beneficial because it would reduce the amount of biohazardous waste and derived risks.
T38 6273-6365 Sentence denotes In addition, reusability would naturally address a shortage of respirators during pandemics.
T39 6366-6548 Sentence denotes Furthermore, aerosols penetrate through loose-fitting masks/respirators, based on wearer facial features, movement, proper and timely fit testing/check, aerosol size, and mask shape.
T40 6549-6702 Sentence denotes Particles <10 mm enter through faceleaks 5-6-fold and up to 10fold more than through the filter of surgical masks and N95 respirators, respectively [8] .
T41 6703-6846 Sentence denotes Thus, although improving filtration efficiency is necessary, better fitting should be a primary objective to fully address aerosol penetration.
T42 6847-6929 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the general public tends to disregard infection control guidelines.
T43 6930-7129 Sentence denotes As such, although respirators are recommended when airborne transmission is possible, surgical masks have experienced greater acceptance because of advantages such as comfort, availability, and cost.
T44 7130-7214 Sentence denotes However, inappropriate application of devices may not provide consistent protection.
T45 7215-7332 Sentence denotes This in turn stimulates research and development of new technologies to close the gap between guideline and practice.
T46 7333-7413 Sentence denotes Safer and More Effective Respiratory Protection for a Timely Emergency Response?
T47 7414-7621 Sentence denotes Diverse methods have been investigated to improve the performance of respiratory protection devices (Box 1), such as higher subject releases pathogenic aerosols by breathing, talking, sneezing, and coughing.
T48 7622-7905 Sentence denotes Depending on the size, the particles deposit in different levels of the respiratory tract À upper respiratory tract (green), tracheobronchial region (blue), and alveolar region (red) À as a result of different mechanisms (i.e., interception, impaction, sedimentation, and diffusion).
T49 7906-8047 Sentence denotes Based on the same mechanisms, with additional electrostatic interactions of charged fibers, masks offer respiratory protection by filtration.
T50 8048-8303 Sentence denotes The degree of respiratory protection is affected by the technical performance of the mask (filtration efficiency, comfort, faceseal, proper donning/doffing, and pathogen infectivity), as well as the infrastructure (available supplies, policies, and cost).
T51 8304-8480 Sentence denotes In addition, because virus/bacteria infectivity is maintained on the fibers, the filter becomes a source of cross-infection, re-aerosolization, and environmental contamination.
T52 8481-8630 Sentence denotes Neutralization of the pathogens on respiratory protective devices is an approach that can bridge this gap towards pandemic and epidemic preparedness.
T53 8631-8687 Sentence denotes filtration efficiency without sacrificing breathability.
T54 8688-8833 Sentence denotes Representative examples include fabrication using nanofibers and incorporation of electric charge by plasma treatment and charge-carrying agents.
T55 8834-8976 Sentence denotes However, major technical challenges remain to be addressed for effective preparedness from the standpoint of contamination and infrastructure.
T56 8977-9269 Sentence denotes Hence, production of a filter that inactivates the collected pathogens would bring key improvements to current surgical masks and respirators, resulting in increased protection, reduced risk of cross[ 1 0 9 _ T D $ D I F F ] -infection, and recyclability without decontamination ( Figure 1 ).
T57 9270-9466 Sentence denotes To inactivate viruses, antimicrobial treatments have been investigated for filters utilizing halogens, metals, quaternary ammonium compounds, antibody-antigen reaction, and salt recrystallization.
T58 9467-9616 Sentence denotes Chlorine compounds such as N-halamines and iodine-treated filters have been assessed against bacteria (Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli) [9] .
T59 9617-10016 Sentence denotes In addition, surgical masks functionalized with silver nitrate nanoparticles or quaternary ammonium inactivated bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively) by interaction with thiol groups (100% reduction in $48 h) and membrane permeability damage ($92% reduction in 1 h), respectively [10, 11] .
T60 10017-10197 Sentence denotes However, antimicrobial technologies based on silver/copper, reactive oxygen molecules, iodine, and titanium dioxide did not exhibit inactivation properties against MS2 virus [12] .
T61 10198-10332 Sentence denotes Another approach to inhibit virus transmission involves modification of the filter surface with the antigen-specific antibodies [13] .
T62 10333-10538 Sentence denotes Despite the merits of each approach, effective protection against virus aerosols is still limited by slow action (rapid inactivation should occur in the order of minutes, not hours) or binding specificity.
T63 10539-10754 Sentence denotes Recently, salt recrystallization was found to physically destroy viruses on surgical mask filters within few minutes in a strainindependent manner, potentially enabling reuse without separate processing steps [14] .
T64 10755-10862 Sentence denotes Notably, most studies have focused on the functionalization of the outermost and middle layers of the mask.
T65 10863-11002 Sentence denotes The final design of the protection device layers should consider the spatial deposition of aerosols within masks and their contact surface.
T66 11003-11117 Sentence denotes Based on the above observations, we identify three central parameters in developing pathogen-inactivating filters.
T67 11118-11247 Sentence denotes First, an inactivation mechanism should act rapidly to avoid cross[ 1 0 9 _ T D $ D I F F ] [ 1 0 8 _ T D $ D I F F ] -infection.
T68 11248-11504 Sentence denotes Although additional aspects are involved (e.g., fraction of transferred pathogens, surface area), unsafe handling and people's tendency to touch their face every $4 minutes lead to a risk of contact transmission from a pathogen-laden mask/respirator [15] .
T69 11505-11572 Sentence denotes Second, pathogens should be neutralized in a strainnonspecific way.
T70 11573-11686 Sentence denotes The pathogen/strain responsible for the next pandemic cannot be exactly predicted because of continuous mutation.
T71 11687-11809 Sentence denotes As such, antibodyfunctionalized protective devices that target a strain-specific virus would delay the emergency response.
T72 11810-11890 Sentence denotes Thus, the pathogen-killing mechanism should guarantee broad-spectrum protection.
T73 11891-11928 Sentence denotes Third, the ideal technology should be
T74 11930-12064 Sentence denotes The key technical components of the performance of current respiratory protection devices are filtration efficiency, fit, and comfort.
T75 12065-12170 Sentence denotes Each has a significant role in protective efficacy, and specific parameters can be tuned to improve them.
T76 12171-12267 Sentence denotes Fit: non-filtered air entering through a poor seal between mask and face is a prominent concern.
T77 12268-12329 Sentence denotes Efforts towards reducing faceleaks can be grouped as follows.
T78 12330-12399 Sentence denotes (i) Material selection that allows customizable mask shape/tightness.
T79 12400-12521 Sentence denotes (ii) Investigation of wearers' facial features, and simulation of the spatial distribution of leaks to guide mask design.
T80 12522-12594 Sentence denotes (iii) Fit testing/training optimization to increase efficacy/compliance.
T81 12595-12725 Sentence denotes Filtration efficiency: whereas N95 respirators have a certified filtration efficiency of 95%, surgical masks have low performance.
T82 12726-12841 Sentence denotes Several major parameters can be controlled to decrease particle penetration, (i) Decreasing the diameter of fibers.
T83 12842-12975 Sentence denotes (ii) Decreasing the size of filter pores, (iii) Controlling fiber electrical charge through manufacturing process/material selection.
T84 12976-13021 Sentence denotes (iv) Increasing the thickness of the filters.
T85 13022-13128 Sentence denotes User comfort: the wearer's perception of comfort is crucial to correct practices and effective protection.
T86 13129-13273 Sentence denotes Tolerability during mask use is often limited by the following factors. (iv) Discomfort from prolonged contact between skin and rough materials.
T87 13274-13327 Sentence denotes (iv) Difficulty in communicating. device-independent.
T88 13328-13444 Sentence denotes In the case of a pandemic outbreak, time-consuming production and cost would be major limitations to respirator use.
T89 13445-13664 Sentence denotes Although a certified respirator is recommended, considering the heavy use of surgical masks and scarcity of respirators, the technology should be easily extendable to masks and other existing infection control measures.
T90 13665-13802 Sentence denotes Therefore, the aforementioned factors outline the considerations that can enhance respiratory protection for a timely emergency response.
T91 13803-13959 Sentence denotes The unpredictable nature of airborne pandemic diseases and their impact on our economy and society present a big challenge at the national and global level.
T92 13960-14172 Sentence denotes Only a prompt and coordinated response among different sectors of society can maintain security from this threat, which can be implemented through the help of technological innovations and comprehensive planning.
T93 14173-14350 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, despite being recognized as a key technical element in pandemic/epidemic preparedness, innovation in the design of respiratory protection devices has been sparse.
T94 14351-14676 Sentence denotes In alignment with the strategic plan for pandemic/epidemic preparedness, we anticipate that incorporation of efficient pathogen-neutralization mechanisms can overcome the existing technical (contact transmission, source control, waste) and non-technical (supply shortage, policies, cost) challenges in respiratory protection.
T95 14677-14803 Sentence denotes Thus, we expect this engaging field to expand further, with the promise to offer enhanced protection to the global population.
T96 14804-14958 Sentence denotes Bacterial biohybrids use the energy of bacteria to manipulate synthetic materials with the goal of solving biomedical problems at the micro-and nanoscale.
T97 14959-15114 Sentence denotes We explore current in vitro studies of bacterial biohybrids, the first attempts at in vivo biohybrid research, and problems to be addressed for the future.
T98 15115-15326 Sentence denotes The aim of biohybrids is to harness cell motility and energy for user-desired tasks, including the transport of artificial cargo, drug delivery, or to power a tool for micromanipulation of other objects [1, 2] .
T99 15327-15441 Sentence denotes Bacteria-powered biohybrids (Box 1) present new micromachines to perform complex tasks at the micro-and nanoscale.
T100 15442-15644 Sentence denotes In vitro, biohybrids have demonstrated the ability to selectively sort particles [3] and even build microarchitectures [4] , but real-world applications for bacterial biohybrids have yet to be achieved.
T101 15645-15937 Sentence denotes However, the biomedical field offers many opportunities to utilize the micromaneuverability and natural sensing capabilities of biohybrids for non-invasive medical applications that are not possible with current technologies, and recent research has been pushing biohybrids towards this goal.
T102 15938-16101 Sentence denotes Current bacterial biohybrids have the potential to be used for cancer or disease detection, targeted drug release, and even disruption of infectious biofilm sites.
T103 16102-16272 Sentence denotes However, many challenges with external guidance, cargo loading and unloading, and efficient swimming remain, hindering their use in clinical and therapeutic applications.
T104 16273-16423 Sentence denotes We present here recent attempts and developments to improve bacterial biohybrid performance and move the field closer to in vivo medical applications.
T105 16424-16525 Sentence denotes Bacteria attached to micro-or nanoparticles are some of the best-studied bacterial biohybrid systems.
T106 16526-16631 Sentence denotes Bacteria adhere to the particle and carry it while swimming, creating an effective cargo delivery system.
T107 16632-16702 Sentence denotes Guided cell adhesion of the bacterial body to localized regions of the