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CORD-19:07ea23dfe096a60cb5596f07dbe7bf0a6233f1f2 JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-62 Sentence denotes Public Health CALICIVIRUS GASTROENTERITIS IN NORTH WEST LONDON
T2 64-72 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 73-250 Sentence denotes yet been reported from Africa, India, or Central and South America, where viral diarrhoea (rotavirus) has recently proved to be a major cause of serious morbidity and mortality.
T4 251-306 Sentence denotes The Sapporo antigen and antisera were supplied by Prof.
T5 307-331 Sentence denotes S Chiba, Sapporo, Japan.
T6 332-348 Sentence denotes We thank Miss M.
T7 349-395 Sentence denotes Fielding for excellent secretarial assistance.
T8 397-502 Sentence denotes X-ray examination of the chest was performed in six of the children and aided the diagnosis in two cases.
T9 503-572 Sentence denotes A skull X-ray was performed in only one instance and was not helpful.
T10 573-706 Sentence denotes Negative radiological findings should not deter the clinician from screening relatives in an attempt to confirm the diagnosis of TBM.
T11 707-803 Sentence denotes In our small series, definite contacts were identified by chest X-ray in four out of five cases.
T12 804-936 Sentence denotes Three of the six children who had CAT scans had been referred initially to the neurosurgical unit to exclude spaceoccupying lesions.
T13 937-1058 Sentence denotes In five of these children the scan showed ventricular dilatation and was, therefore, helpful in diagnosis and management.
T14 1059-1239 Sentence denotes Only one child was old enough to have had routine antituberculous screening at school, but, although the Heaf test was positive, the chest X-ray at the time was reported as normal.
T15 1240-1393 Sentence denotes It is traditionally taught that there is a long history of illness in TBM, but some children, particularly younger ones, may have a much shorter history.
T16 1394-1573 Sentence denotes 5, 8 Convulsions were the presenting feature in up to 20% of children under 2 years in one study,5 and one child in our series was admitted with convulsions associated with fever.
T17 1574-1828 Sentence denotes Choroidal tubercles were not found in any of the seven cases, which is in agreement with the suggestion8 that choroidal tubercles are found in TBM only in association with miliary tuberculosis; none of the children in our series had miliary tuberculosis.
T18 1829-2027 Sentence denotes Although local increases in the frequency of TBM do not necessarily reflect a national trend, we have shown that TBM still occurs in children in the U.K. and it is not confined to immigrant familes.
T19 2028-2086 Sentence denotes The history may be short and convulsions are not uncommon.
T20 2087-2236 Sentence denotes The use of the wrong tuberculin skin test may delay treatment, and a Mantoux 1:1000 test should be used whenever the diagnosis of TBM is in question.
T21 2237-2291 Sentence denotes The diagnosis is not excluded by a normal chest X-ray.
T22 2292-2337 Sentence denotes Contacts should be followed up energetically.
T23 2338-2408 Sentence denotes A bromide partition test is an additional useful, safe, and easy test.
T24 2409-2456 Sentence denotes Requests for reprints should be addressed to A.
T25 2457-2459 Sentence denotes M.
T26 2460-2542 Sentence denotes W., University Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU.
T27 2543-2676 Sentence denotes During a thirty-month study of gastroenteritis in North West London, 592 cases were found to be associated with excretion of viruses.
T28 2677-2808 Sentence denotes 39 (6·6%) of these patients, most of whom were admitted to hospital because of gastroenteritis, were shedding caliciviruses.
T29 2809-2884 Sentence denotes The cases occurred throughout the year with a peak incidence in the winter.
T30 2885-2995 Sentence denotes The 39 patients ranged in age from 6 weeks to 13 years, the peak incidence beig among infants aged 1-6 months.
T31 2996-3100 Sentence denotes The clinical features of calcivirus infection are not distinguishable from those of rotavirus infection.
T32 3101-3269 Sentence denotes INTRODUCTION WITHIN the past decade viruses have been demonstrated by electron microscopy in the stools of those with and those without the symptoms of gastroenteritis.
T33 3270-3371 Sentence denotes The agents reported include rotavirus, Norwalk-like agents, calicivirus, astrovirus, and coronavirus.
T34 3372-3744 Sentence denotes The aetiological role of most of these agents is still not clearly defined and further information on the part they play in human diarrhoea has been called for.' I This report presents some further clinical, serological, and epidemiological data on one of the more recently discovered agents, calicivirus, and is based on a study of 39 sporadic cases in North West London.
T35 3745-4002 Sentence denotes Through the period January, 1979-June, 1981, samples of specimens of stools sent to the laboratory from patients with a history of gastroenteritis or diarrhoea and vomiting were examined by electron microscopy, whether or not such examination was requested.
T36 4003-4212 Sentence denotes Most of these specimens had been found to be negative for bacterial pathogens (shigella, campylobacter, and salmonella); however, for some of the others we do not know whether pathogenic bacteria were present.
T37 4213-4324 Sentence denotes The methods used for faecal examination and for immune electron microscopy (IEM) have been described elsewhere.
T38 4325-4634 Sentence denotes 2 2 Identification was based on demonstration of the characteristic morphological features of the Caliciviridae.2,3 When calicivirus particles were detected in a specimen a questionnaire restricted to a small number of features, to be indicated as present or absent, was sent to the clinician with the report.
T39 4635-4785 Sentence denotes The age and sex of the patient and month when the specimen was collected were obtained from the request forms as these data were regarded as reliable.
T40 4787-4915 Sentence denotes During the period of the study, viruses were detected by electron microscopy-in the stools of 592 patients with gastroenteritis.
T41 4916-5123 Sentence denotes 39 (6-6%) cases were associated with calicivirus excretion. (A separate report on other features of this study is being prepared.) Questionnaires were completed for 28 (72%) of the patients with calicivirus.
T42 5124-5268 Sentence denotes The data presented are based on these responses except in respect of age and sex of patient and month of infection, which are based on 39 cases.
T43 5269-5405 Sentence denotes OUTBREAK STRAINS OF CALICIVIRUS was reported in a third of the cases.9 Failure to thrive and malabsorption was reported in only 3 cases.
T44 5406-5427 Sentence denotes 5 children had fever.
T45 5428-5528 Sentence denotes The duration of symptoms ranged from two to eleven days with most illnesses lasting about four days.
T46 5529-5649 Sentence denotes 13 (46%) of the affected children had siblings and, of these, 5 had at least 1 sibling with similar symptoms of illness.
T47 5650-5754 Sentence denotes In 1 case the brother attended a school where there was a concurrent outbreak of diarrhoea and vomiting.
T48 5755-6143 Sentence denotes The duration of excretion of viruses is shown in table I; the finding that the chances of detecting virus diminishes after the fourth day emphasises the need to obtain specimens during the symptomatic phase of illness."5 Serology (immune electron microscopy [IEM] .-Four strains of virus found in sporadic infections were tested against sera from three reported outbreaks2,4,6 (table II).
T49 6144-6473 Sentence denotes There is little evidence of serological relations between the sporadic strains and strains associated with two of the outbreaks, but there is some evidence for a relation with the third.2 DISCUSSION Viruses morphologically identical with caliciviruses have recently been detected in animals',8 and people9-1 with gastroenteritis.
T50 6474-6655 Sentence denotes The study of outbreaks in man in the U.K.,2,4,12 Japan,6 and Canadal3 has provided evidence that these viruses can cause diarrhoea and vomiting in all agegroups other than neonates.
T51 6656-6805 Sentence denotes The apparent absence of cases in neonates may be due to predominantly asymptomatic infection or be associated with immunity due to maternal antibody.
T52 6806-7042 Sentence denotes In the series of sporadic cases reported here, diarrhoea was the most frequent symptom, whereas, in children aged four to six years, vomiting was more common.2 It has been suggested5 that these differences in symptoms may be agerelated.
T53 7043-7206 Sentence denotes However, since vomiting has been reported as the commonest feature in infected infants aged nine days to two years, age does not appear to be the sole determinant.
T54 7207-7320 Sentence denotes 13 Other clinical features, such as fever and upper respiratory tract infection, have been reported infrequently.
T55 7321-7441 Sentence denotes Thus the clinical features of calicivirus gastroenteritis are not distinguishable from those due to rotavirus infection.
T56 7442-7583 Sentence denotes Several cases of calicivirus infection associated with failure to thrive have led us to consider the possibility of an aetiological relation.
T57 7584-7668 Sentence denotes However, the results of this small survey do not provide much support for this view.
T58 7669-7846 Sentence denotes Diarrhoea developed ten or more days after admission to hospital in 3 out of 26 infants, indicating that caliciviruses, like rotaviruses, can be a cause of nosocomial infection.
T59 7847-7910 Sentence denotes Little is known about the range of human calicivirus serotypes.
T60 7911-8048 Sentence denotes Results from this and a previous study4 provide evidence for at least three distinct serotypes which have been associated with outbreaks.
T61 8049-8421 Sentence denotes The limited data obtained on the sporadic cases from North West London suggest that they may be associated with strains from one of these outbreaks.2 Whether strain differences, as reflected by IEM serology, have any implications for susceptibility to repeated infection with calicivirus or are, in any way, related to geographical distribution, remains to be established.
T62 8422-8564 Sentence denotes Caliciviruses have been identified as a cause of gastroenteritis only in countries where electron microscopy facilities are readily available.
T63 8565-8755 Sentence denotes Surveys of viral gastroenteritis in these areas indicate that calicivirus accounts for a proportion of gastroenteritis cases (Japan 2%,'° Scandinavia 5%,' and U.K [present study] 6' 6%).
T64 8756-8891 Sentence denotes Caliciviruses OPPORTUNITIES for specialist physicians wishing to work in tropical developing countries have diminished in recent years.
T65 8892-9048 Sentence denotes It is still possible to obtain a post in Papua New Guinea, although the positions available now will be filled within the next few years by local graduates.
T66 9049-9179 Sentence denotes Surprisingly little is known in Europe about the country,* and it is difficult to obtain accurate information about existing work.
T67 9180-9292 Sentence denotes The work of junior medical officers in Papua New Guinea has, however, been the topic of several recent articles.
T68 9293-9296 Sentence denotes 1,2
T69 9297-9424 Sentence denotes The central highlands are mostly above 5000 feet, and although just south of the equator, the climate is mild with cool nights.
T70 9425-9542 Sentence denotes As a result, malaria is not prevalent, and the valleys are densely populated; deforestation is accordingly extensive.
T71 9543-9787 Sentence denotes The coastal regions of the mainland, however, and the large islands to the north and east (Manus, New Ireland, New Britain, and Bougainville) are hot and humid throughout the'year; malaria is endemic and population densities are relatively low.
T72 9788-10316 Sentence denotes The Highlands Highway, which runs from Lae on the coast to Mount Hagen and beyond, is not completely sealed, and poor driving standards together with alcohol abuse contribute to a high rate of motoring accidents.3 In 1979, P.N.G. had 67 deaths per 10 000 registered vehicles.4 4 Communication between Port Moresby and the rest of the country and the outlying islands is by air or sea, although travel by air is expensive. *P N G. is 178 260 square nules in area, and the populanon is esumated to be 3 168 700 The Health Services
T73 10317-10384 Sentence denotes The health services of P.N.G. are comprehensive and well organised.
T74 10385-10475 Sentence denotes The Health Department has base hospitals at Port Moresby, Lae, Goroka, Madang, and Rabaul.
T75 10476-10682 Sentence denotes Port Moresby General Hospital has four general medical units, two of which are directed by university physicians, while the other base hospitals have one physician, surgeon, paediatrician, and obstetrician.
T76 10683-10778 Sentence denotes Anaesthetics are usually administered by specially trained nurses or resident medical officers.
T77 10779-10924 Sentence denotes Within the region served by a base hospital are a number of district hospitals staffed by general medical officers (often expatriate) and nurses.
T78 10925-11154 Sentence denotes The district hospitals in turn provide a referral centre for the health centres in outlying areas, which are manned by health extension officers (H.E.O.s), paramedical workers who have completed a 3-year course in basic medicine.
T79 11155-11334 Sentence denotes The health centres supervise a number of aid posts which are in the charge of aid post orderlies (A.P.O.s), competent to treat minor maladies and common illnesses such as malaria.
T80 11335-11414 Sentence denotes This system provides basic medical care for every person, even in remote areas.
T81 11415-11478 Sentence denotes The University of Papua New Guinea is situated in Port Moresby.
T82 11479-11614 Sentence denotes There are three posts for consultant physicians in clinical medicine, one chair and two senior lectureships, one of which is at Goroka.
T83 11615-11668 Sentence denotes The Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research is