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CORD-19:00ac0ed6be59b281c8f58c3d34387a424f5c6da1 JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-54 Sentence denotes Pathology of calves with diarrhoea in southern Britain
T2 56-64 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 67-240 Sentence denotes Twenty-one moribund calves with diarrhoea were purchased from 11 farms, their faeces examined for enteropathogens and samples of intestinal tissue removed under anaesthesia.
T4 241-380 Sentence denotes Lesions and presence of enteropathogens on the" mucosal surface were scored by histological examination of immunostained paraffin sections.
T5 381-436 Sentence denotes Two or more enteropathogens were detected in 19 calves.
T6 437-686 Sentence denotes Cryptosporidium appeared to be the principal cause of diarrhoea in six calves, rotavirus in four, Salmonella typhimurium in two, bacteria adherent to the surface of the large intestine in two, coronavirus in one and K99+ Escherichiacoli in one calf.
T7 687-807 Sentence denotes Diarrhoea in four calves was the consequence of mixed infections in which no one enteropathogen appeared to predominate.
T8 808-851 Sentence denotes In one calf no enteropathogen was detected.
T9 852-947 Sentence denotes Diarrhoea was associated with infections and lesions throughout the small and large intestines.
T10 948-1184 Sentence denotes The enteropathogens most frequently. associated with lesions in the small intestines were rotavirus, coronavirus and cryptosporidium; in the large intestines they were coronavirus and bacteria apparently adherent to the mucosal surface.
T11 1185-1440 Sentence denotes THE aetiology of neonatal calf diarrhoea is complex; many infectious agents, singly or in combination, have been associated with field outbreaks (Acres et al 1975 , Morin et al 1976 and non-infectious factors contribute to the disease process (Roy 1980) .
T12 1441-1736 Sentence denotes The infectious agents thought to contribute significantly are rotavirus, coronavirus, cryptosporidium, K99+ Escherichia coli and Salmonella species, and the importance of these agents has been investigated recently by means of a survey of the microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern Britain .
T13 1737-2020 Sentence denotes During the survey, 21 moribund calves with diarrhoea were purchased and examined post mortem with the following objectives: to describe the pathology of the natural disease and to investigate diagnostic problems by studying the relationship between the lesions and infectious agents.
T14 2021-2168 Sentence denotes The lesions detected in eight of the 21 calves, which were infected with rotavirus, have been described in a preliminary report (Hall et al 1986) .
T15 2169-2265 Sentence denotes Twenty-one calves with diarrhoea were purchased from 11 of the 34 outbreaks surveyed (Table 1 ).
T16 2266-2408 Sentence denotes The mean age of the calves was 11'4 days (range one to 23) and the mean duration of diarrhoea before necropsy was 2· 9 days (range O·5 to 14).
T17 2409-2532 Sentence denotes Several breeds and crossbreeds were represented within the group which contained males and females in almost equal numbers.
T18 2533-2579 Sentence denotes Some calves had been treated with antibiotics.
T19 2580-2719 Sentence denotes Faeces were collected from all calves on the day of necropsy and from seven calves on one or two occasions during the week before necropsy.
T20 2720-3137 Sentence denotes They were examined for rotavirus and coronavirus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, for cryptosporidium by microscopical examination of faecal smears stained by the Giemsa method, for K99+ E coli by slide agglutination tests of 10colonies per faecal sample and for Salmonella species by enrichment of faeces in Rappaport and selenitebrilliant green broths and subculture to brilliant green agar (Jones et aI1983) .
T21 3138-3311 Sentence denotes Fivegrams of faeces, prepared for electron microscopy by differential centrifugation followed by negative staining, were examined for Newbury agent (Bridger et al 1978). ...
T22 3312-3399 Sentence denotes Intestinal tissues for microscopy were removed under pentobarbitone sodium anaesthesia.
T23 3400-3801 Sentence denotes Short lengths (10 em) of small intestine (51), referred to as duodenum and 511 to 519, and four lengths (5 ern) of spiral colon were ligated and filled with fixative; fixatives used were mercuric formol, a fixative comprising nine parts saturated mercuric chloride and one part glacial acetic acid, 12 per cent neutral buffered formalin and 0·1 M phosphate buffered 3 per cent glutaraldehyde, pH 7· 3.
T24 3802-3928 Sentence denotes Duodenum was sampled adjacent to the pylorus, 511 close to the ligament of Treitz and 519 adjacent to the ileocaecal junction.
T25 3929-4003 Sentence denotes Sites 512 to 518 were spaced as equally as possible between sites 1 and 9.
T26 4004-4125 Sentence denotes The calves were killed by intravascular injection of an overdose of anaesthetic and the sacs excised and, 240 (Table 2) .
T27 4126-4263 Sentence denotes After fixation for 24 hours the mercuric formol and the mercuric chloride and acetic acid mixture were replaced with 80 per cent alcohol.
T28 4264-5072 Sentence denotes The immunostaining methods used were an indirect immunoperoxidase method with primary antisera to bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, Newbury agent SRV-J and purified K99adhesin prepared in calves and rabbits and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method (Sternberger et al 1970) with primary antisera to atypical E coli (SI02-9) .To obtain the enteropathogen scores the extent of infection of the cytoplasm or surface of enterocytes in the small and large intestines by enteropathogenic viruses, bacteria (salmonellae excluded) or protozoa, seen in a histological cross-section of intestine was assessed subjectively and scored as follows: o no enteropathogen-infected enterocytes detected; I -at least one enteropathogen-infected enterocyte detected; 2 -scattered enteropathogen-infected enterocytes detected;
T29 5073-5240 Sentence denotes • 3 -many enteropathogen-infected enterocytes detected; 4 -majority of enterocytes infected with enteropathogens; and 5 -all enterocytes infected with enteropathogens.
T30 5241-5410 Sentence denotes The sum of the scores of enteropathogens detected at a site was divided by five (the number of enteropathogens scored) to give a mean enteropathogen score for each site.
T31 5411-5646 Sentence denotes Calves infected with Salmonella typhimurium were excluded from the calculations because in salmonellosis, surface infection comprises . only part ofthe disease process and severe lesions may result from infection in the lamina propria.
T32 5647-6123 Sentence denotes To obtain lesion scores, one section from each of the 10small intestinal sites was scored on a scale from o to 5 for the following 11 lesions: villus stunting, villus fusion, presence of degenerate cells in the lamina propria, presence of leucocytes in lacteals, cuboidal enterocytes, exfoliated enterocytes, vacuo- lated enterocytes, abnormally arranged enterocytes and presence of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the lamina propria, crypts and intestinal lumen.
T33 6124-6352 Sentence denotes One section of caecum, colon and rectum was scored similarly for the following five lesions: exfoliated enterocytes, abnormally arranged enterocytes and presence of neutrophils in the lamina propria, crypts and intestinal lumen.
T34 6353-6467 Sentence denotes A maximum score of 55 could be allocated to each small intestinal site and 25 to each site in the large intestine.
T35 6468-6695 Sentence denotes Scores at 10 sites in the small intestines of IS calves, nine sites from three calves, eight sites from one calf and six sites from two calves were pooled to derive the contribution of each lesion type to the overall pathology.
T36 6696-6839 Sentence denotes Similarly, in the large intestines, scores from three sites from 17 calves, two sites from three calves and one site from one calf were pooled.
T37 6840-6974 Sentence denotes Intestinal tissues which were not scored and non-intestinal tissues were examined and abnormalities which were detected were recorded.
T38 6975-7315 Sentence denotes To gain an overall impression of which parts of the intestinal tract were most severely damaged, the sum of the lesion scores at each site was divided by the number of calves in which that site was examined, to give a mean lesion score; the mean lesion score at each site was also calculated, excluding the three salmonella-infected calves.
T39 7316-7608 Sentence denotes For statistical analysis mean lesion scores and the mean of all enteropathogen scores were calculated for upper (511 to 513), middle (514 to 516) and lower (517 to 519) small intestine and large intestine (caecum, colon and rectum); salmonella-infected calves were excluded from the analysis.
T40 7609-7676 Sentence denotes Correlations were calculated between the two scores at each region.
T41 7677-7918 Sentence denotes When histological examination revealed the presence of a lesion or infection which required further investigation, intestinal tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde were examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
T42 7919-8102 Sentence denotes Pieces of intestine were stored in the original glutaraldehyde at 4°C until required and processed for examination in transmission and scanning electron microscopes (Hall et al 1976 .
T43 8103-8356 Sentence denotes Faeces were not examined ante mortem for Newbury agent or for bacteria apparently adherent to the mucosal surface of the large intestine, and detections of these agents have beefi excluded from comparisons of results 'of faecal and mucosal examinations.
T44 8357-8528 Sentence denotes Detection of enteropathogens by examination of faeces or the intestinal mucosa gave identical results in nine of the calves (2, 3, 5, 8, IS, 16, 17, 19 and 21) (Table 1) .
T45 8529-8799 Sentence denotes More enteropathogens were detected by mucosal examination than by faecal examination in nine calves (4,6,7,9, 10, 11, 12, 14 and 20) ; the opposite was true for two calves (I and 13) and in another (18) rotavirus was detected in the faeces and coronavirus in the mucosa.
T46 8800-9004 Sentence denotes Combined faecal and mucosal examinations detected four enteropathogens in two calves, three in nine calves, two in seven, a single enteropathogen (rotavirus) in one calf and no enteropathogens in another.
T47 9005-9139 Sentence denotes In one calf (3) of 13 rotavirus-infected calves, rota- in natural (Langpap et al 1979) and experimental (Mebus et al 1973) infections.
T48 9140-9310 Sentence denotes In the nine calves remaining, coronavirus was either absent from the small intestines (five calves), or coronavirus scores in the small intestines were low (four calves).
T49 9311-9622 Sentence denotes In these nine calves other enteropathogens were detected which probably contributed to the disease process; one additional enteropathogen was detected by mucosal examination in two of the nine calves, two additional enteropathogens in five calves, and three additional enteropathogens in two of the nine calves.
T50 9623-9720 Sentence denotes Bacteria were detected apparently adherent to the surface of the large intestine in seven calves.
T51 9721-9839 Sentence denotes Cryptosporidium was detected by mucosal examination in seven of the nine, rotavirus in three and S typhimurium in one.
T52 9840-9842 Sentence denotes ,.
T53 9843-9851 Sentence denotes ..' ....
T54 9852-9962 Sentence denotes If", -' ", . ,.;. , . ., ..,.' " virus was the only enteropathogen detected by mucosal examination (Table I) .
T55 9963-10172 Sentence denotes High rotavirus scores were recorded throughout the small intestine and infection was present in the large intestine (Table 3) ; in this calf diarrhoea appeared to have been caused by rotavirus infection alone.
T56 10173-10408 Sentence denotes In five of the remaining 12 rotavirus-infected calves, one additional enteropathogen was detected by mucosal examination, in four calves two additional enteropathogens and in three calves three additional enteropathogens were detected.
T57 10409-10591 Sentence denotes Bacteria, apparently adherent to the surface of the large intestine, were seen in nine rotavirusinfected calves, coronavirus in five, cryptosporidium in six and Newbury agent in two.
T58 10592-10838 Sentence denotes In three rotavirusinfected calves (2, 5 and 7), despite the presence of other enteropathogens, the severity (Fig 1) and extent (Table 3 ) of rotavirus infection in the small intestine suggested that rotavirus was the important aetiological agent.
T59 10839-11092 Sentence denotes Lesions detected in the small intestines of calves in which rotavirus appeared the sole or principal cause of diarrhoea (2, 3, 5 and 7) were identical to those described in natural (Pearson et al 1978 and experimental (Mebus and Newman 1977) infections.
T60 11093-11204 Sentence denotes Severe infection and lesions were distributed widely in the small intestines of these calves (Fig I, Table 3 ).
T61 11205-11369 Sentence denotes Cryptosporidium was detected in 11 calves by either faecal or mucosal examination, by both methods in four calves, and by mucosal examination alone in seven calves.
T62 11370-11613 Sentence denotes In six calves (4, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20) mucosal examination showed infection with cryptosporidium to be severe and extensively distributed in mid and lower small intestines ( Table 3 ), suggesting that it was the principal cause of diarrhoea.
T63 11614-11822 Sentence denotes Infection with cryptosporidium was restricted largely to the small intestines of these six calves and the lesions were similar to those described previously , Pearson et al 1982 , Sanford and Josephson 1982 .
T64 11823-11953 Sentence denotes In all 11 calves other enteropathogens, which could have contributed to the disease process, were detected by mucosa] examination.
T65 11954-12144 Sentence denotes One additional enteropathogen was Cletected by mucosal examination in two of the 11 calves, two additional enteropathogens in seven calves and three additional enteropathogens in two calves.
T66 12145-12279 Sentence denotes Bacteria were detected apparently adherent to the surface of the large intestines of eight of the I 1 cryptosporidium-infected calves.
T67 12280-12412 Sentence denotes Coronavirus was detected by mucosal examination in seven of the II, rotavirus in four Newbury agent in two and S typhimurium in one.
T68 12413-12574 Sentence denotes Coronavirus was detected in 10 calves by either faecal or mucosal examination; by both methods in three calves, and by mucosal examination alone in seven calves.
T69 12575-12826 Sentence denotes In one calf (13) high coronavirus scores were present throughout the small and large intestines and coronavirus was the only enteropathogen detected by mucosal examination; in this calf, diarrhoea appeared to have been caused by coronavirus infection.
T70 12827-12919 Sentence denotes The lesions in the small and large intestines of this calf were identical to those described
T71 12920-13159 Sentence denotes Bacteria, apparently adherent to the surface of the large intestines, were detected by mucosal examination in 13 calves, always in association with one or more additional enteropathogens which could have contributed to the disease process.
T72 13160-13297 Sentence denotes Faeces were not examined ante mortem for these bacteria because their presence was not suspected until mucosae were examined post mortem.
T73 13298-13544 Sentence denotes One additional enteropathogen was detected by mucosal examination in four of the 13 calves, two additional enteropathogens in seven of the 13 calves and three additional entero- It 3 10 17 17 3 3 12 0 1 10 8 (17) or K99+ E coli (19) .
T74 13545-13672 Sentence denotes In two calves (18 and 21), there was disarrangement of enterocytes and some had' exfoliated; enteropathogens were not detected.
T75 13673-13893 Sentence denotes Enterocytes infected with Newbury agent were detected by mucosal examination, in the intestines of three calves (7, 18 and 19); additional pathogens which could have contributed to the disease process were also detected.
T76 13894-13972 Sentence denotes Cryptosporidium was detected in one calf (18) and K99+ E coli in another (19).
T77 13973-14226 Sentence denotes In the third calf (7), infection with Newbury agent extended throughout the small and large intestine but it was not possible to conclude that Newbury agent was a causal agent because the calf was infected extensively with rotavirus and cryptosporidium.
T78 14227-14423 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, lesions in the small intestines of the three calves were identical to those described in calves infected experimentally with Newbury agent (Hall et alI984) . pathogens in two calves.
T79 14424-14541 Sentence denotes Rotavirus was detected in eight calves, coronavirus in seven, cryptosporidium in eight and S typhimurium in one calf.
T80 14542-14811 Sentence denotes In two calves (6 and 9), the surface of the large intestine was infected severely and the severity of infection of the small and large intestines by other enteropathogens was slight; in these calves the adherent bacteria appeared to be the principal cause of diarrhoea.
T81 14812-15016 Sentence denotes Villi in the small intestines of these calves (6 and 9) were slightly stunted and some were fused, but these lesions could have been caused by enteropathogenic viruses which were detected in these calves.
T82 15017-15167 Sentence denotes Lesions seen in the large intestines were disarrangement and exfoliation of surface enterocytes and the lamina propria was infiltrated by neutrophils.
T83 15168-15439 Sentence denotes Light and electron microscopic examination of the mucosal surfaces of the large intestines of the 13 calves, in which bacteria were visible adherent to the mucosal surface, revealed variation in the nature of the bacterial colonisation and in the severity of the lesions.
T84 15440-15686 Sentence denotes In seven calves (1, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 15) , electron microscopic examination revealed that the bacteria were closelyattached to the surface of enterocytes (Fig 2) , often by means of 'cups' or 'pedestals', and microvilli were effaced (Fig 3) .
T85 15687-16076 Sentence denotes In the remaining six calves (2, 4, 5, 8, 14 and 16) the bacteria appeared, by light microscopy, to be adherent to the mucosal surface but examination by transmission electron microscopy revealed that, although closely associated with the musocal surface, they were not attached to the surface of enterocytes; they were detected most frequently in folds and crevices in the mucosa (Fig 4) .
T86 16077-16169 Sentence denotes In some calves, bacteria formed part of an exudate together with mucus and exfoliated cells.
T87 16170-16372 Sentence denotes The lesions detected in both groups were similar and comprised disarranged enterocytes, exfoliated enterocytes ( Fig 5) and infiltration of the lamina propria by neutrophils; lesions varied in severity.
T88 16373-16651 Sentence denotes Scanning electron microscopy revealed that in some animals bacteria were associated closely with enterocytes which were disarranged and exfoliated, but in other animals bacteria were not adherent to the abnormal enterocytes although bacteria were associated with adjacent cells.
T89 16652-16964 Sentence denotes Histological sections from the large intestines of the 13 calves in which bacteria were visible apparently adherent to the mucosal surface, were stained by the immunoperoxidase method , with a primary antiserum raised against E coli (SI02-9) which had been identified as a cause of dysentery in neonatal calves .
T90 16965-17137 Sentence denotes In seven calves in which there were lesions identical to those caused by S102-9the bacteria were stained in fivecalves (1,9,10, 11 and 15) but not in two calves (6 and 12).
T91 17138-17349 Sentence denotes Lesions were not detected in the large intestines of two of the eight calves in which bacteria were not associated with the mucosal surface of the large intestines (3 and 7) ; the lesions detected in four of the
T92 17351-17618 Sentence denotes Lesions were detected in the small intestines of four calves (8, 10, 11 and 15) in which no one enteropathogen appeared to play a major role; several enteropathogens were detected and bacteria, apparently adherenl to the surface of the large intestines, were present.
T93 17619-17793 Sentence denotes The lesions in these calves comprised stunted and fused villi covered by dis- Escherichia coli K99+ E coli were detected, by faecal and mucosal examination, in one calf (19).
T94 17794-18017 Sentence denotes Newbury agent was detected also in the small intestinal mucosa of this calf, but the severity and extent of infection of the small intestinal surface by E coli suggested that this agent was the principal cause of diarrhoea.
T95 18018-18407 Sentence denotes The lesions in the small intestine of this calf comprised mild enterocyte exfoliation and slight stunting and fusion of villi, which could have been caused by Newbury agent (Hall et al 1984) , and infiltration of Salmonella typhimurium S typhimurium was detected in three calves by either faecal or mucosal examination, by both methods in two calves and by faecal examination alone in one.
T96 18408-18700 Sentence denotes Mucosal examination detected other enteropathogens in three calves; coronavirus in one (17), cryptosporidium and bacteria apparently adherent to the surface of the colon in another (16) and rotavirus and E coli (SI02-9) adherent to the surface of the small and large intestine in a third (1).
T97 18701-18846 Sentence denotes The extent of infection and the nature of the lesions in two calves (1 and 17) suggested that S typhimurium was the principal cause of diarrhoea.
T98 18847-18999 Sentence denotes Villi in the small intestine of these calves were stunted and fused, enterocytes had exfoliated and remaining enterocytes were cuboidal and disarranged.
T99 19000-19186 Sentence denotes Neutrophils were numerous in the lamina propria, crypts (numerous crypt abscesses were seen) and intestinal lumen. arranged and cuboidal enterocytes; exfoliated enterocytes were present.
T100 19187-19370 Sentence denotes In the large intestines of these calves there were disarranged and exfoliated enterocytes on the mucosal surface and mild infiltration of the lamina propria and crypts by neutrophils.
T101 19371-19472 Sentence denotes Mean enteropathogen scores (Fig 6) increased along the small intestine and were highest in the colon.
T102 19473-19756 Sentence denotes The reason for high scores in the lower small intestine and the large intestine was the presence of multiple infections; coronavirus, rotavirus and cryptosporidium in the small intestine, and coronavirus and bacteria apparently adherent to the mucosal surface in the large intestine.
T103 19757-19912 Sentence denotes The duodenum appeared resistant to infection by all enteropathogens except coronavirus, which was detected in the duodenum of three calves (10, 13 and 15).
T104 19913-20105 Sentence denotes Lesions were detected in the small intestines of all calves (Table 3 ) and scores at sites 5 to 9 were higher than those at sites 1 to 4 (Fig 6) ; lesions were detected rarely in the duodenum.
T105 20106-20280 Sentence denotes Lesions were detected in the large intestines of 19 of the 21 calves (Table 3 ) and in nine of these calves (5, 6,8,9,12,13,15,16 and 17) severe lesions were seen (Table 3 ).
T106 20281-20803 Sentence denotes The contribution of the 11 lesions scored in the nine small intestinal sites, as a percentage of the overall pathology was: stunted villi 23 per cent, fused villi 18 per cent, cuboidal enterocytes 15 per cent, disarranged enterocytes 12 per cent, exfoliated enterocytes 12 per cent, neutrophils in the lamina propria 6 per cent, vacuolated enterocytes 5 per cent, neutrophils in crypts 4 per cent, neutrophils in the gut lumen 2 per cent, degenerate cells in the lamina propria 2 per cent and cells in lacteals 1 per cent.
T107 20804-21110 Sentence denotes The contribution of the five lesions scored in the large intestine as a percentage of the overall pathology was: exfoliated enterocytes 35 per cent, disarranged enterocytes 30 per cent, neutrophils in the lamina propria 20 per cent, neutrophils in crypts 9 per cent and neutrophils in the lumen 6 per cent.
T108 21111-21175 Sentence denotes Lesion scores and pathogen scores were correlated significantly.
T109 21176-21398 Sentence denotes Examination of each region separately indicated correlations between O'53 and O'59, which were significant statistically; P<O'05 in upper and lower small intestine and large intestine and P<O·OI in the mid small intestine.
T110 21399-21587 Sentence denotes Detection of infectious agents in faeces before death, and in the intestinal mucosa after death, was more helpful in understanding the aetiology of diarrhoea than faecal examination alone.
T111 21588-21851 Sentence denotes With the combined approach, cases where rotavirus, coronavirus, enterotoxigenic E coli, Salmonella species and cryptosporidium appeared to be the sole or principal causative agent were identified, although mixed infections were more common than single infections.
T112 21852-22091 Sentence denotes Lesions caused by these infections were recognised as identical to those described in natural and experimental infections (Jubb et al 1985) and in outbreaks of undifferentiated neonatal diarrhoea in North America (Morin et al 1976 , 1980 .
T113 22092-22330 Sentence denotes Previous authors recommended that outbreaks should be investigated by the combined use of bacteriological and virological methods, together with histological and immunofluorescent studies of fresh intestinal tissue from diarrhoeic calves.
T114 22331-22518 Sentence denotes This study has confirmed the value of histological examination and shown the value of immunocytochemical examination of intestinal tissue removed under anaesthesia from diarrhoeic calves.
T115 22519-22694 Sentence denotes The particular advantage of the immunoperoxidase method was that it allowed evaluation of mucosal infection and lesions in one histological section of paraffinembedded tissue.
T116 22695-22897 Sentence denotes The finding that enteropathogens were detected more frequently by immunocytochemical examination of tissues than by microbiological examination of faeces does not lessen the value of faecal examination.
T117 22898-23069 Sentence denotes Examination of faeces from several diarrhoeic calves from an outbreak, and faeces from contemporary normal calves on the same farm, is a valuable investigative procedure .
T118 23070-23171 Sentence denotes Tissue examination may be helpful in instances where faecal studies have not resulted in a diagnosis.
T119 23172-23439 Sentence denotes Pathogen and lesion scores were correlated significantly overall, although in one calf (2) high pathogen scores were detected in association with low lesion scores and in some calves lesions were present where enteropathogens were absent oi" present in small amounts.
T120 23440-23668 Sentence denotes It is probable that in these latter calves the lesions were the result of a preceding infection by an enteropathogen; also the possibility exists in all calves that lesions could have been caused by unrecognised enteropathogens.
T121 23669-23826 Sentence denotes Evaluation of infection and lesions in numerous intestinal sites revealed the severity and extent of infection and lesions in the small and large intestines.
T122 23827-24085 Sentence denotes It is assumed that the cumulative effect of different infectious agents, present in the calf at the same time, infecting and damaging different parts of the intestinal tract caused loss of digestive "and absorptive function sufficient to result in diarrhoea.
T123 24086-24455 Sentence denotes The concept of an additive effect on intestinal structure and function by enteropathogens infecting different parts of the alimentary tract, is supported by the results of an earlier study of the lesions in the intestines of clinically normal rotavirus-infected calves , in which the methods used to score infection and lesions were similar to those used in this study.
T124 24456-24667 Sentence denotes In rotavirus-infected calves which did not have diarrhoea, lesions and infection were severe in the upper small intestine and mild in the lower small intestine; and the large intestines were virtually undamaged.
T125 24668-25028 Sentence denotes In these calves it is probable that normal absorptive function in the lower small intestine and large intestine compensated for rotavirus-induced malabsorption in the upper small intestine; this hypothesis was proposed previously to explain why experimental infection of colostrumdeprived calves with rotavirus caused only a mild diarrhoea (Logan et al 1979) .
T126 25029-25202 Sentence denotes In the diarrhoeic calves in this study, where lesions caused by mixed infections occurred throughout the intestines, it is proposed that absorptive capacity was overwhelmed.
T127 25203-25353 Sentence denotes Analysis of the contribution of each lesion type to the overall pathology in the small intestine revealed lesions common to several infectious agents.
T128 25354-25534 Sentence denotes Regardless of infectious agent, disarrangement and exfoliation of enterocytes, with a change to stunted and fused villi covered by cuboidal enterocytes, were the principal lesions.
T129 25535-25763 Sentence denotes In calves infected with cryptosporidium, cuboidal enterocytes were especially prevalent, while in calves infected by S typhimurium, neutrophils were numerous in the lamina propria, in crypt abscesses and in the intestinal lumen.
T130 25764-25954 Sentence denotes It was possible, however, even in the absence of immunocytochemistry, to make a presumptive diagnosis of the cause of diarrhoea by histological examination of lesions in the small intestine.
T131 25955-26213 Sentence denotes Cryptosporidium and enterotoxigenic E coli were recognised on the mucosal surface following staining by the Giemsa method and S typhimurium infection was suspected by the presence of crypt abscesses and neutrophils in the lamina propria and intestinal lumen.
T132 26214-26393 Sentence denotes The possibility of confusion between the lesions produced by Salmonella species and enteropathogenic E coli remains because both cause infiltration of the mucosa with neutrophils.
T133 26394-26551 Sentence denotes Lesions induced by enteropathogenic E coli have been described as occurring primarily in the large intestine with little involvement of the small intestine .
T134 26552-26644 Sentence denotes However, a strain which causes severe lesions in the small intestine has been recognised (G.
T135 26645-26647 Sentence denotes R.
T136 26648-26876 Sentence denotes Pearson, personal communication) and in this study a mixed infection of the small intestine with S typhimurium and an E coli sero-. logically identical to the enteropathogenic strain E coli (S102-9) was detected in one calf (I).
T137 26877-27036 Sentence denotes Remaining cases were assumed to be virus-induced but the association of lesions with a particular virus could only be made by immunostaining for viral antigen.
T138 27037-27370 Sentence denotes Three types of infection which could have caused lesions were detected frequently in the mucosa of the large intestine; bacteria apparently adherent to the surface, coronavirus and rotavirus, In rotavirusinfected calves only a few enterocytes were infected in the large intestine and infection was not thought to have caused lesions.
T139 27371-27685 Sentence denotes Previous studies of rotavirus infections in calves, which have examined the distribution of rotavirus-infected cells using the immunofluorescence technique on cryostat sections, have failed to detect rotavirus-infected enterocytes in the large intestine (Mebus and Newman 1977, Pearson et a11978, Jubb et alI985) .
T140 27686-27867 Sentence denotes The detection of rotavirus-infected enterocytes in the large intestines of calves in this study is probably the result of a greater sensitivity shown by the immunoperoxidase method.
T141 27868-28103 Sentence denotes Six calves were affected by bacteria adherent to the mucosal surface, in the absence of coronavirus infection, and bacterial infection resulted in disarranged and exfoliated enterocytes, together with neutrophils in the lamina propria.
T142 28104-28185 Sentence denotes In two calves, coronavirus had caused characteristic lesions (Mebus et al 1973) .
T143 28186-28385 Sentence denotes Bacteria apparently adherent to the surface of the large intestine of diarrhoeic calves have not been recognised in neonatal calf diarrhoea except in a dysentery of calves caused by E coli (S102-9) .
T144 28386-28576 Sentence denotes In the present study five of the 13calves in which bacteria were detected adherent to the large intestinal mucosa were found, by immunoperoxidase staining, to be infected by E coli (S102-9).
T145 28577-28749 Sentence denotes Four of the calves originated from one farm and this was the farm on which the outbreak of calf dysentery had occurred ; the fifth calf originated from a separate outbreak.
T146 28750-28851 Sentence denotes Two other calves were examined from the farm on which the former outbreak of calf dysentery occurred.
T147 28852-29069 Sentence denotes Lesions were detected in the large intestines of these calves which were indistinguishable from those described in association with enteropathogenic E coli (Hall et a11985) , but the bacteria were not E coli (S102-9).
T148 29070-29203 Sentence denotes The nature of the adherent bacteria in the other seven calves is unknown, and their role in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea is unclear.
T149 29204-29441 Sentence denotes It is possible that, because they always occurred in association with other enteropathogens, their presence was the result of an altered bacterial flora, following diarrhoea caused by another enteropathogen, or by the use of antibiotics.
T150 29442-29625 Sentence denotes Alternatively, they may have contributed to the pathogenesis of diarrhoea by colonising the mucosal surface of the large intestine, causing lesions and inhibiting absorptive function.
T151 29626-30006 Sentence denotes The lesions with which they were associated were identical in nature to those seen in the four calves infected by the confirmed enteropathogen E coli (S102-9) , although the severity was variable; this suggests a pathogenic role for these unidentified bacteria which may be confirmed by isolation and identification of the bacteria involved and studies of experimental infections.