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CORD-19:00338998429de60726e4fe2dc07afaf65ed6f925 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-106 Sentence denotes IDENTIFICATION OF AN ENZOOTIC DIARRHEA ("Shasta River Crud") IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AS POTOMAC HORSE FEVER
T2 108-116 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 119-516 Sentence denotes For at least 25 years, veterinary practitioners in areas of Siskiyou and Shasta counties, California, have recognized a diarrheic disease of horses that is referred to locally as the "Shasta River crud" (SRC). t,2 It is seen in the spring and summer months along the Shasta and Klamath rivers, with the early cases developing nearest the river and later cases occurring progressively farther away.
T4 517-705 Sentence denotes The illness is characterized by signs of anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea, variable fever, and in some cases laminitis, and is responsive to systemic tetracyclines and intensive fluid therapy.
T5 706-878 Sentence denotes Limited serologic testing (immunofluorescence assay, IFA) has provided some evidence that the disease may be linked to Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever.
T6 879-1140 Sentence denotes 1,a Owing to the remarkably high false-positive rate of the E. risticii IFA, 4 however, as well as an absence of confirmatory findings (e.g., isolation or detection of the causative agent), the etiology of this seasonally-recurring illness has remained unclear.
T7 1141-1262 Sentence denotes Here we report the identification ofE. risticii DNA in blood buffy-coat cells from two horses with clinical signs of SRC.
T8 1263-1467 Sentence denotes The agent was detected by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 2 and by Southern hybridization using an internal oligonucleotide probeZ; final confirmation of identity was provided by DNA sequencing.
T9 1468-1588 Sentence denotes Sequencing results further indicated that the SRC agent is most closely related to the Kentucky strain s of E. risticii.
T10 1589-1597 Sentence denotes Case No.
T11 1598-1611 Sentence denotes 1 ("Shorty").
T12 1612-1795 Sentence denotes In early May 1996, a 10-9 1 2-+- year-old Quarter Horse gelding living along the Shasta River in Weed, California (Siskiyou County), was examined for an illness of 1-2 days' duration.
T13 1796-1915 Sentence denotes The horse had resided in the county for only a year and had been vaccinated in the spring for E. risticii by its owner.
T14 1916-2011 Sentence denotes The horse was alert and eating, with audible gut sounds and a profuse, soft-to-watery diarrhea.
T15 2012-2107 Sentence denotes The rectaltemperature was 99.5~ the heart rate 44 bpm, and the capillary refill time 2 seconds.
T16 2108-2212 Sentence denotes Hematologic abnormalities included neutrophilia with a left shift, lymphopenia, and elevated fibrinogen.
T17 2213-2459 Sentence denotes The horse was treated aggressively with over 30 liters of lactated Ringer's solution i.v., along with oral electrolytes, mineral oil, activated charcoal, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents, and antibiotics (including systemic oxytetracycline).
T18 2460-2560 Sentence denotes The gelding had been on antibiotics for about 24 hours at the time a blood sample was drawn for PCR.
T19 2561-2683 Sentence denotes The diarrhea ceased within 48 hours of initiation of therapy and the horse made an uneventful recovery over the next week.
T20 2684-2692 Sentence denotes Case No.
T21 2693-2707 Sentence denotes 2 ("Shotgun").
T22 2708-2798 Sentence denotes In mid-May 1996, a 3-year-old Quarter Horse gelding pastured along the Shasta River in Mt.
T23 2799-2884 Sentence denotes Shasta, California (Siskiyou County) was examined for an illness of 4 days' duration.
T24 2885-2942 Sentence denotes Clinical signs included lethargy, anorexia, and diarrhea.
T25 2943-3028 Sentence denotes Four other horses on the ranch had died with similar signs, several years previously.
T26 3029-3100 Sentence denotes The present horse had been vaccinated against E. risticii by its owner.
T27 3101-3208 Sentence denotes Clinical findings included a rectal temperature of 101.8~ a pulse rate of 60, and a respiratory rate of 30.
T28 3209-3246 Sentence denotes Moderate scleral injection was noted.
T29 3247-3318 Sentence denotes Decreased abdominal sounds and a profuse, watery diarrhea were evident.
T30 3319-3346 Sentence denotes Digital pulses were normal.
T31 3347-3405 Sentence denotes A fecal sample was positive for strongyles and protozoans.
T32 3406-3512 Sentence denotes The horse was treated with intravenous fluids, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent, and oxytetracycline.
T33 3513-3582 Sentence denotes A blood sample for PCR was obtained prior to oxytetracycline therapy.
T34 3583-3646 Sentence denotes The horse responded to therapy and made an uneventful recovery.
T35 3647-3812 Sentence denotes Buffy-coat cells from 8-10 ml of anticoagulated whole blood were obtained by hypotonic lysis and prepared for PCR by proteinase K digestion, as described previously.
T36 3813-3968 Sentence denotes 6 The nested PCR was performed using two pairs of oligonucleotide primers to amplify a 529-bp fragment of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene of E. risticii.
T37 3969-4044 Sentence denotes 2 Appropriate positive and negative controls were included in each PCR run.
T38 4045-4187 Sentence denotes Preliminary verification of identity of the amplified products was provided by Southern hybridization using an internal oligonucleotide probe.
T39 4188-4272 Sentence denotes 2 For final verification of identity the majority of the 16S rRNA gene from case no.
T40 4273-4314 Sentence denotes 2 was sequenced, as previously described.
T41 4315-4316 Sentence denotes 5
T42 4317-4437 Sentence denotes Blood buffy-coat cells from both cases of SRC produced amplified 529-bp bands characteristic of E. risticii (Figure 1 ).
T43 4438-4574 Sentence denotes Southern hybridization and DNA sequencing revealed that the 529-bp bands were indeed 16S rRNA gene fragments from an E. risticii strain.
T44 4575-4674 Sentence denotes Sequencing of the majority of the 16S rRNA gene (1422 bp) indicated that the SRC agent from the Mt.
T45 4675-4804 Sentence denotes Shasta horse was most closely related to the Kentucky strain ofE. risticii, with which only 3 nucleotide differences were noted (
T46 4806-4893 Sentence denotes Periods indicate conserved positions relative to E. risticii-Illinois, the type strain.
T47 4894-5055 Sentence denotes ences were found between the SRC agent and the E. risticii type strain (Illinois), while 6 were noted with the more distantly related Ohio 081 strain (Table 1) .
T48 5056-5206 Sentence denotes Anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea, and fever are major clinical findings in Potomac horse fever 7-1~ and represent the major clinical signs of SRC as well.
T49 5207-5475 Sentence denotes Similarly, laminitis is a significant complication in a percentage of cases, s,l~ Interestingly, the gradual spread of SRC farther away from the river as the season progresses is an exact echo of the initial descriptions of Potomac horse fever along the Potomac River.
T50 5476-5739 Sentence denotes 8 Horses with SRC are indistinguishable clinically from Potomac horse fever cases we have identified in nearby Klamath Falls in southern Oregon, a where the disease is known locally as "ditch fever" from its association with pastures bordering irrigation ditches.
T51 5740-6004 Sentence denotes The Klamath Falls area is contained within a northern excursion of the Siskiyou/ Shasta ecosystem, a combined upper Sonoran and transition zone that sweeps across portions of southern Oregon but is inhabited by vegetation and wildlife that are clearly Californian.
T52 6005-6197 Sentence denotes 11 Although the vector of E. risticii remains unidentifiedfl ~ it seems reasonable to suspect that if it is present in Klamath Falls, it may be present in Siskiyou and Shasta counties as well.
T53 6198-6342 Sentence denotes Available data suggest that the vector is not a tick, but is instead an organism closely associated in some way with river and irrigation water.
T54 6343-6347 Sentence denotes 2,1~
T55 6348-6575 Sentence denotes The nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA genes are known to vary in an orderly manner throughout the phylogenetic tree; as "molecular chronometers" they exhibit only minor sequence divergence among strains of an individual species.
T56 6576-6814 Sentence denotes 12 Three major groups of E. risticii based on 16S rRNA gene sequence differences have been described, s These include the type strain (Illinois) and related Ohio isolates; the Kentucky strain; and a more variable strain known as Ohio 081.
T57 6815-6903 Sentence denotes The genetic differences among these strains are mirrored in their antigenic differences.
T58 6904-7126 Sentence denotes 5,13 It has been suggested that the degree of divergence shown by the Kentucky and Ohio 081 strains from E. risticii-Illinois may justify their removal from the species risticii and reassignment to separate species status.
T59 7127-7256 Sentence denotes 5 Thus it is possible that Potomac horse fever (and thus SRC) may be caused by more than a single species of the genus Ehrlichia.
T60 7257-7522 Sentence denotes Isolation and cultivation of various strains of E. risticii from different areas of the country should improve our understanding of the genetic and antigenic divergence of the organism, and aid in the development of more effective vaccines and serodiagnostic tests.
T61 7523-7715 Sentence denotes To summarize, we have provided the first DNA-based evidence that the disease entity known to practitioners in far northern California as the "Shasta River crud" is in fact Potomac horse fever.
T62 7716-7984 Sentence denotes This part of California may be one of the few areas of the state where conditions necessary for the propagation and transmission of E. risticii and its reservoir hosts/vectors exist; overall the occurrence of Potomac horse fever in California horses appears to be low.
T63 7985-8181 Sentence denotes 4 Considering that SRC has been recognized in the region for at least 25 years, its clinical discovery appears to predate that of Potomac horse fever itself, which was first reported only in 1979.
T64 8182-8352 Sentence denotes 6 It is thus interesting to reflect how, but for the vicissitudes of history, the disease caused by E. risticii might just as easily have been named "Shasta horse fever."
T65 8353-8362 Sentence denotes Addendum.
T66 8363-8483 Sentence denotes Since this work was performed we have identified E. risticii by PCR in three additional cases of SRC in Siskiyou County.
T67 8484-8606 Sentence denotes The first was a febrile 21-yearold Quarter Horse gelding pastured at Horse Creek along the Klamath River, northwest of Mt.
T68 8607-8651 Sentence denotes Shasta (sample provided by Dr. Paul Miller).
T69 8652-8809 Sentence denotes The second was a 4-year-old Quarter Horse mare from Montague, along the Shasta River (sample provided by Dr. Bob Cook, Yreka Veterinary Hospital, Yreka, Ca).
T70 8810-8952 Sentence denotes The third was a febrile 15-yearold Quarter Horse gelding that has lived along the Shasta River for many years (sample provided by Dr. Miller).