CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:ef35abb710975a602c24e4eff920d99c022e9132 JSONTXT 8 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE-old TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-165 Sentence denotes Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Paulownia fortunei Flowers Attenuates Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in Obesity Mice by AMPK Pathway
TextSentencer_T1 0-165 Sentence denotes Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Paulownia fortunei Flowers Attenuates Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in Obesity Mice by AMPK Pathway
TextSentencer_T2 167-175 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T2 167-175 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 176-313 Sentence denotes The flavonoid-rich extract from Paulownia fortunei flowers (EPF) has been reported to prevent obesity and other lipid metabolism disease.
TextSentencer_T3 176-313 Sentence denotes The flavonoid-rich extract from Paulownia fortunei flowers (EPF) has been reported to prevent obesity and other lipid metabolism disease.
TextSentencer_T4 314-380 Sentence denotes However, the mechanism of its protective effects is not yet clear.
TextSentencer_T4 314-380 Sentence denotes However, the mechanism of its protective effects is not yet clear.
TextSentencer_T5 381-548 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to investigate molecular factors involved in the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of EPF in obese mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD).
TextSentencer_T5 381-548 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to investigate molecular factors involved in the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of EPF in obese mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD).
TextSentencer_T6 549-682 Sentence denotes Male h ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were fed a HFD containing or not containing the EPF (50 or 100 mg/kg) for eight weeks.
TextSentencer_T6 549-682 Sentence denotes Male h ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were fed a HFD containing or not containing the EPF (50 or 100 mg/kg) for eight weeks.
TextSentencer_T7 683-862 Sentence denotes EPF reduced body weight gain, lipid accumulation in livers and levels of lipid, glucose and insulin in plasma as well as reduced insulin resistance as compared with the HFD group.
TextSentencer_T7 683-862 Sentence denotes EPF reduced body weight gain, lipid accumulation in livers and levels of lipid, glucose and insulin in plasma as well as reduced insulin resistance as compared with the HFD group.
TextSentencer_T8 863-940 Sentence denotes EPF significantly decreased serum aminotransferase activity of the HFD group.
TextSentencer_T8 863-940 Sentence denotes EPF significantly decreased serum aminotransferase activity of the HFD group.
TextSentencer_T9 941-1177 Sentence denotes We observed that EPF administration significantly increased the level of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and prevented fat deposits in livers and HepG2 cells, but these effects were blocked by compound C (an AMPK inhibitor).
TextSentencer_T9 941-1177 Sentence denotes We observed that EPF administration significantly increased the level of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and prevented fat deposits in livers and HepG2 cells, but these effects were blocked by compound C (an AMPK inhibitor).
TextSentencer_T10 1178-1346 Sentence denotes The protective effects of EPF were probably associated with the decrease in HMGCR, SREBP-1c and FAS expressions and the increase in CPT1 and phosphor-IRS-1 expressions.
TextSentencer_T10 1178-1346 Sentence denotes The protective effects of EPF were probably associated with the decrease in HMGCR, SREBP-1c and FAS expressions and the increase in CPT1 and phosphor-IRS-1 expressions.
TextSentencer_T11 1347-1526 Sentence denotes Our results suggest that EPF might be a potential natural candidate for the treatment and/or prevention of overweight and hepatic and metabolic-related alterations induced by HFD.
TextSentencer_T11 1347-1526 Sentence denotes Our results suggest that EPF might be a potential natural candidate for the treatment and/or prevention of overweight and hepatic and metabolic-related alterations induced by HFD.
TextSentencer_T12 1527-1557 Sentence denotes Nutrients 2017, 9, 959 2 of 15
TextSentencer_T12 1527-1557 Sentence denotes Nutrients 2017, 9, 959 2 of 15
TextSentencer_T13 1558-1730 Sentence denotes Indigenous medicinal plants have been recommended for treatment of many metabolism diseases because of their easy availability and relatively fewer side effects [1, 3, 5] .
TextSentencer_T13 1558-1730 Sentence denotes Indigenous medicinal plants have been recommended for treatment of many metabolism diseases because of their easy availability and relatively fewer side effects [1, 3, 5] .
TextSentencer_T14 1731-2064 Sentence denotes Epidemiological studies revealed that an increased daily intake of phenolic compounds in dietary supplements act as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents to increase thermogenesis and energy expenditure while decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress, further supporting progress towards decreased metabolic disorders [1, 5] .
TextSentencer_T14 1731-2064 Sentence denotes Epidemiological studies revealed that an increased daily intake of phenolic compounds in dietary supplements act as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents to increase thermogenesis and energy expenditure while decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress, further supporting progress towards decreased metabolic disorders [1, 5] .
TextSentencer_T15 2065-2369 Sentence denotes Previous studies confirmed that the species of the genus Paulownia (belonging to the family scrophulariaceae) exhibited a broad spectrum of biological effects, including antioxidant, anticarcinogenic [6, 7] , antiphlogistic [8], antiviral [9], antimicrobial [10] and anti-cholinesterase activities [11] .
TextSentencer_T15 2065-2369 Sentence denotes Previous studies confirmed that the species of the genus Paulownia (belonging to the family scrophulariaceae) exhibited a broad spectrum of biological effects, including antioxidant, anticarcinogenic [6, 7] , antiphlogistic [8], antiviral [9], antimicrobial [10] and anti-cholinesterase activities [11] .
TextSentencer_T16 2370-2512 Sentence denotes Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl. is a fast growing ornamental tree, native to Mainland China and distributed almost all over the world [10] .
TextSentencer_T16 2370-2512 Sentence denotes Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl. is a fast growing ornamental tree, native to Mainland China and distributed almost all over the world [10] .
TextSentencer_T17 2513-2715 Sentence denotes This species is renowned as a polyphenol rich plant, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of hypertension, enteritis, tonsillitis, bronchitis and dysentery [7, 12, 13] .
TextSentencer_T17 2513-2715 Sentence denotes This species is renowned as a polyphenol rich plant, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of hypertension, enteritis, tonsillitis, bronchitis and dysentery [7, 12, 13] .
TextSentencer_T18 2716-2846 Sentence denotes The flowers of P. fortunei are also used as an additive to seasonal foods in China, made into a local delicacy called "Zheng Cai".
TextSentencer_T18 2716-2846 Sentence denotes The flowers of P. fortunei are also used as an additive to seasonal foods in China, made into a local delicacy called "Zheng Cai".
TextSentencer_T19 2847-3110 Sentence denotes Previous studies have shown that flower extracts of P. fortunei (EPF) contain high amounts of flavonoids, which are mainly composed of apigenin, luteolin, hesperetin, β-sitosterol, thunberginol A, daucosterol, quercetin, kaempferol, and their derivatives [12,13].
TextSentencer_T19 2847-3110 Sentence denotes Previous studies have shown that flower extracts of P. fortunei (EPF) contain high amounts of flavonoids, which are mainly composed of apigenin, luteolin, hesperetin, β-sitosterol, thunberginol A, daucosterol, quercetin, kaempferol, and their derivatives [12,13].
TextSentencer_T20 3111-3275 Sentence denotes In previous study, we showed that flavonoid puerarin could prevent hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and other lipid metabolism disorder disease in livers [14, 15] .
TextSentencer_T20 3111-3275 Sentence denotes In previous study, we showed that flavonoid puerarin could prevent hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and other lipid metabolism disorder disease in livers [14, 15] .
TextSentencer_T21 3276-3478 Sentence denotes For these reasons, we hypothesized that the extract from P. fortunei flowers (EPF) might play an important role in protecting HFD-induced hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and hepatic fat accumulation.
TextSentencer_T21 3276-3478 Sentence denotes For these reasons, we hypothesized that the extract from P. fortunei flowers (EPF) might play an important role in protecting HFD-induced hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and hepatic fat accumulation.
TextSentencer_T22 3479-3797 Sentence denotes In this study, for the first time, we used high-fat diet induced obese mice to verify the protective effects of ethanol extract of P. fortunei flowers containing the flavonoids and to study the mechanisms focusing on these effects in enhancing AMPK signaling pathway and inhibiting lipid metabolism disorder in livers.
TextSentencer_T22 3479-3797 Sentence denotes In this study, for the first time, we used high-fat diet induced obese mice to verify the protective effects of ethanol extract of P. fortunei flowers containing the flavonoids and to study the mechanisms focusing on these effects in enhancing AMPK signaling pathway and inhibiting lipid metabolism disorder in livers.
TextSentencer_T23 3799-3996 Sentence denotes High fat diet (HFD) could induce hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes and other lipid metabolism disorder disease by regulating signal pathway of lipid metabolism in livers [1, 2] .
TextSentencer_T23 3799-3996 Sentence denotes High fat diet (HFD) could induce hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes and other lipid metabolism disorder disease by regulating signal pathway of lipid metabolism in livers [1, 2] .
TextSentencer_T24 3997-4199 Sentence denotes AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), a phylogenetically conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, is a key regulator of energy metabolic homeostasis and a crucial target for drugs both ancient and modern [3] .
TextSentencer_T24 3997-4199 Sentence denotes AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), a phylogenetically conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, is a key regulator of energy metabolic homeostasis and a crucial target for drugs both ancient and modern [3] .
TextSentencer_T25 4200-4404 Sentence denotes Activation of AMPK can play an important role in regulating energy balance and nutrient metabolism, such as the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, glucose, and hepatic gluconeogenesis and translation.
TextSentencer_T25 4200-4404 Sentence denotes Activation of AMPK can play an important role in regulating energy balance and nutrient metabolism, such as the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, glucose, and hepatic gluconeogenesis and translation.
TextSentencer_T26 4405-4545 Sentence denotes Moreover, AMPK is considered an attractive target for the prevention of diseases such as obesity, diabetes, inflammation and cancer [3, 4] .
TextSentencer_T26 4405-4545 Sentence denotes Moreover, AMPK is considered an attractive target for the prevention of diseases such as obesity, diabetes, inflammation and cancer [3, 4] .
TextSentencer_T27 4546-4763 Sentence denotes It is reported that AMPK could be activated by natural phenolic compound, such as resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), curcumin, quercetin, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), berberine, and theaflavin [4] .
TextSentencer_T27 4546-4763 Sentence denotes It is reported that AMPK could be activated by natural phenolic compound, such as resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), curcumin, quercetin, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), berberine, and theaflavin [4] .
TextSentencer_T28 4764-4856 Sentence denotes The flowers of P. fortunei were collected at Xuzhou (Jiangsu Province, China) in April 2016.
TextSentencer_T28 4764-4856 Sentence denotes The flowers of P. fortunei were collected at Xuzhou (Jiangsu Province, China) in April 2016.
TextSentencer_T29 4857-4987 Sentence denotes Eight kilograms of dried flowers were pulverized into powders and extracted three times with 70% ethanol (5 L) at 40 • C for 48 h.
TextSentencer_T29 4857-4987 Sentence denotes Eight kilograms of dried flowers were pulverized into powders and extracted three times with 70% ethanol (5 L) at 40 • C for 48 h.
TextSentencer_T30 4988-5133 Sentence denotes After filtration and removal of residues, the extract was submitted to a spray-drying (180 • C inlet temperature and 100 • C outlet temperature).
TextSentencer_T30 4988-5133 Sentence denotes After filtration and removal of residues, the extract was submitted to a spray-drying (180 • C inlet temperature and 100 • C outlet temperature).
TextSentencer_T31 5134-5212 Sentence denotes The isolated flavonoids were purified by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography.
TextSentencer_T31 5134-5212 Sentence denotes The isolated flavonoids were purified by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography.
TextSentencer_T32 5213-5354 Sentence denotes Total flavonoid content was determined according to Samad et al. by the following colorimetric method, where catechin was used as a standard.
TextSentencer_T32 5213-5354 Sentence denotes Total flavonoid content was determined according to Samad et al. by the following colorimetric method, where catechin was used as a standard.
TextSentencer_T33 5355-5469 Sentence denotes Catechin concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 mg/mL were used to generate the standard calibration curve [16] .
TextSentencer_T33 5355-5469 Sentence denotes Catechin concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 mg/mL were used to generate the standard calibration curve [16] .
TextSentencer_T34 5470-5497 Sentence denotes The product yield is 5.28%.
TextSentencer_T34 5470-5497 Sentence denotes The product yield is 5.28%.
TextSentencer_T35 5498-5589 Sentence denotes The flower extracts of P. fortunei (EPF) contain high amounts of flavonoids (67.8% in EPF).
TextSentencer_T35 5498-5589 Sentence denotes The flower extracts of P. fortunei (EPF) contain high amounts of flavonoids (67.8% in EPF).
TextSentencer_T36 5590-5784 Sentence denotes The content (mg/g dry weight) of major flavonoids was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to the method described with slight modifications [17, 18] (Table 1) .
TextSentencer_T36 5590-5784 Sentence denotes The content (mg/g dry weight) of major flavonoids was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to the method described with slight modifications [17, 18] (Table 1) .
TextSentencer_T37 5785-5992 Sentence denotes Briefly, HPLC analyses were performed on an Agilent 1100 series liquid chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) consisting in a binary pump, an autosampler and a diode-array detector (DAD).
TextSentencer_T37 5785-5992 Sentence denotes Briefly, HPLC analyses were performed on an Agilent 1100 series liquid chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) consisting in a binary pump, an autosampler and a diode-array detector (DAD).
TextSentencer_T38 5993-6112 Sentence denotes A ZORBAX SB-C18 (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 µm particle diameter, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) column was employed.
TextSentencer_T38 5993-6112 Sentence denotes A ZORBAX SB-C18 (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 µm particle diameter, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) column was employed.
TextSentencer_T39 6113-6481 Sentence denotes Gradient elution was performed with solution A, composed of 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 3.3) and 10% methanol, and solution B, comprising 70% methanol, delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min as follows: initially 100% of solution A; for the next 15 min, 70% A; for another 30 min, 65% A; for another 20 min, 60% A; for another 5 min, 50% A; and finally 0% A for 25 min.
TextSentencer_T39 6113-6481 Sentence denotes Gradient elution was performed with solution A, composed of 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 3.3) and 10% methanol, and solution B, comprising 70% methanol, delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min as follows: initially 100% of solution A; for the next 15 min, 70% A; for another 30 min, 65% A; for another 20 min, 60% A; for another 5 min, 50% A; and finally 0% A for 25 min.
TextSentencer_T40 6482-6529 Sentence denotes The injection volume for the extract was 10 µL.
TextSentencer_T40 6482-6529 Sentence denotes The injection volume for the extract was 10 µL.
TextSentencer_T41 6530-6628 Sentence denotes A library was made, comprising retention times on HPLC and spectra of standard chemical compounds.
TextSentencer_T41 6530-6628 Sentence denotes A library was made, comprising retention times on HPLC and spectra of standard chemical compounds.
TextSentencer_T42 6629-6688 Sentence denotes The extracts were then analyzed using the same HPLC system.
TextSentencer_T42 6629-6688 Sentence denotes The extracts were then analyzed using the same HPLC system.
TextSentencer_T43 6689-6790 Sentence denotes The detected polyphenol peaks were compared with respect to retention time with those in the library.
TextSentencer_T43 6689-6790 Sentence denotes The detected polyphenol peaks were compared with respect to retention time with those in the library.
TextSentencer_T44 6791-6848 Sentence denotes Data are expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) (n = 3).
TextSentencer_T44 6791-6848 Sentence denotes Data are expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) (n = 3).
TextSentencer_T45 6849-6948 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.
TextSentencer_T45 6849-6948 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.
TextSentencer_T46 6949-7026 Sentence denotes Human HepG2 hepatocytes were cultured and treated previously described [19] .
TextSentencer_T46 6949-7026 Sentence denotes Human HepG2 hepatocytes were cultured and treated previously described [19] .
TextSentencer_T47 7027-7146 Sentence denotes Briefly, human hepatoma-derived HepG2 cells were maintained in low glucose-containing Dulbecco's modied Eagle's medium.
TextSentencer_T47 7027-7146 Sentence denotes Briefly, human hepatoma-derived HepG2 cells were maintained in low glucose-containing Dulbecco's modied Eagle's medium.
TextSentencer_T48 7147-7285 Sentence denotes After reaching 75% confluence, the cells were serum-starved for 16 h and then exposed to FFA (free fatty acids) to induce fat overloading.
TextSentencer_T48 7147-7285 Sentence denotes After reaching 75% confluence, the cells were serum-starved for 16 h and then exposed to FFA (free fatty acids) to induce fat overloading.
TextSentencer_T49 7286-7351 Sentence denotes The cells were treated with EPF (10-100 g/mL) or FFA (0.25-2 mM).
TextSentencer_T49 7286-7351 Sentence denotes The cells were treated with EPF (10-100 g/mL) or FFA (0.25-2 mM).
TextSentencer_T50 7352-7502 Sentence denotes Cellular triglyceride (TG) was detected with related kits as manufacturer's instructions (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China).
TextSentencer_T50 7352-7502 Sentence denotes Cellular triglyceride (TG) was detected with related kits as manufacturer's instructions (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China).
TextSentencer_T51 7503-7667 Sentence denotes The present research reported in this paper was conducted in accordance with the Chinese legislation and NIH publications on the use and care of laboratory animals.
TextSentencer_T51 7503-7667 Sentence denotes The present research reported in this paper was conducted in accordance with the Chinese legislation and NIH publications on the use and care of laboratory animals.
TextSentencer_T52 7668-7803 Sentence denotes Relevant university committees for animal experiments approved these experiments, ethic approval number: GB14925-2001; JSNUCAE-2017-12.
TextSentencer_T52 7668-7803 Sentence denotes Relevant university committees for animal experiments approved these experiments, ethic approval number: GB14925-2001; JSNUCAE-2017-12.
TextSentencer_T53 7804-7914 Sentence denotes Male ICR mice (20-25 g) were purchased from the Branch of National Breeder Center of Rodents (Beijing, China).
TextSentencer_T53 7804-7914 Sentence denotes Male ICR mice (20-25 g) were purchased from the Branch of National Breeder Center of Rodents (Beijing, China).
TextSentencer_T54 7915-8037 Sentence denotes Mice were maintained in an environmentally controlled room (23 ± 2 • C, 55 ± 10% humidity) for 1 week for acclimatization.
TextSentencer_T54 7915-8037 Sentence denotes Mice were maintained in an environmentally controlled room (23 ± 2 • C, 55 ± 10% humidity) for 1 week for acclimatization.
TextSentencer_T55 8038-8109 Sentence denotes Then, fifty mice were randomly assigned to five groups (10 mice/group).
TextSentencer_T55 8038-8109 Sentence denotes Then, fifty mice were randomly assigned to five groups (10 mice/group).
TextSentencer_T56 8110-8291 Sentence denotes Group I (vehicle control) mice were fed a standard normal chow diet (SND) consisting of 60% kcal carbohydrate, 24% kcal protein, and 16% kcal fat, with a total energy of 3.1 kcal/g.
TextSentencer_T56 8110-8291 Sentence denotes Group I (vehicle control) mice were fed a standard normal chow diet (SND) consisting of 60% kcal carbohydrate, 24% kcal protein, and 16% kcal fat, with a total energy of 3.1 kcal/g.
TextSentencer_T57 8292-8477 Sentence denotes Mice in Group II, Group III and Group IV were fed a high fat diet (HFD) consisting of 21.3% kcal carbohydrate, 18.4% kcal protein, and 60.3% kcal fat, with a total energy of 5.1 kcal/g.
TextSentencer_T57 8292-8477 Sentence denotes Mice in Group II, Group III and Group IV were fed a high fat diet (HFD) consisting of 21.3% kcal carbohydrate, 18.4% kcal protein, and 60.3% kcal fat, with a total energy of 5.1 kcal/g.
TextSentencer_T58 8478-8654 Sentence denotes Mice in Group III and Group IV were fed a high fat diet (HFD) and daily given EPF in distilled water containing 0.1% Tween 80 at two doses 50 and 100 mg/(kg day), respectively.
TextSentencer_T58 8478-8654 Sentence denotes Mice in Group III and Group IV were fed a high fat diet (HFD) and daily given EPF in distilled water containing 0.1% Tween 80 at two doses 50 and 100 mg/(kg day), respectively.
TextSentencer_T59 8655-8835 Sentence denotes Mice in Group V (EPF 100 mg/kg) were fed a standard normal chow diet (SND) and received EPF in distilled water containing 0.1% Tween 80 at a dose of 100 mg/(kg day) by oral gavage.
TextSentencer_T59 8655-8835 Sentence denotes Mice in Group V (EPF 100 mg/kg) were fed a standard normal chow diet (SND) and received EPF in distilled water containing 0.1% Tween 80 at a dose of 100 mg/(kg day) by oral gavage.
TextSentencer_T60 8836-8967 Sentence denotes The EPF concentration was set to the maximum concentration that had not affected the food intake in a preliminary experiment [20] .
TextSentencer_T60 8836-8967 Sentence denotes The EPF concentration was set to the maximum concentration that had not affected the food intake in a preliminary experiment [20] .
TextSentencer_T61 8968-9035 Sentence denotes The food intake and body weight of the animals were measured daily.
TextSentencer_T61 8968-9035 Sentence denotes The food intake and body weight of the animals were measured daily.
TextSentencer_T62 9036-9074 Sentence denotes The experiment lasted for eight weeks.
TextSentencer_T62 9036-9074 Sentence denotes The experiment lasted for eight weeks.
TextSentencer_T63 9075-9191 Sentence denotes At the end of treatment, mice were sacrificed and blood samples were drawn by cardiac puncture with heparined tubes.
TextSentencer_T63 9075-9191 Sentence denotes At the end of treatment, mice were sacrificed and blood samples were drawn by cardiac puncture with heparined tubes.
TextSentencer_T64 9192-9302 Sentence denotes The plasma was separated by centrifugation (3000× g for 10 min at 4 • C) and stored at −70 • C until analysis.
TextSentencer_T64 9192-9302 Sentence denotes The plasma was separated by centrifugation (3000× g for 10 min at 4 • C) and stored at −70 • C until analysis.
TextSentencer_T65 9303-9396 Sentence denotes The liver tissues was immediately excised for experiments or stored at −70 • C for later use.
TextSentencer_T65 9303-9396 Sentence denotes The liver tissues was immediately excised for experiments or stored at −70 • C for later use.
TextSentencer_T66 9397-9748 Sentence denotes The levels of serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), urea and creatinine and the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined using a commercial kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) [14, 15] .
TextSentencer_T66 9397-9748 Sentence denotes The levels of serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), urea and creatinine and the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined using a commercial kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) [14, 15] .
TextSentencer_T67 9749-9817 Sentence denotes Oral glucose tolerance was determined as described previously [21] .
TextSentencer_T67 9749-9817 Sentence denotes Oral glucose tolerance was determined as described previously [21] .
TextSentencer_T68 9818-9932 Sentence denotes Insulin levels were characterized by a corresponding mouse ELISA kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.
TextSentencer_T68 9818-9932 Sentence denotes Insulin levels were characterized by a corresponding mouse ELISA kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.
TextSentencer_T69 9933-10099 Sentence denotes Insulin resistance (IR) and the homeostatic index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were determined as described previously (KingMed Diagnostics, Gongzhou China) [21] .
TextSentencer_T69 9933-10099 Sentence denotes Insulin resistance (IR) and the homeostatic index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were determined as described previously (KingMed Diagnostics, Gongzhou China) [21] .
TextSentencer_T70 10100-10179 Sentence denotes Oil Red O was used to stain intracellular lipids as described previously [19] .
TextSentencer_T70 10100-10179 Sentence denotes Oil Red O was used to stain intracellular lipids as described previously [19] .
TextSentencer_T71 10180-10272 Sentence denotes Briefly, HepG2 cells in different groups were cultured in the corresponding medium for 24 h.
TextSentencer_T71 10180-10272 Sentence denotes Briefly, HepG2 cells in different groups were cultured in the corresponding medium for 24 h.
TextSentencer_T72 10273-10406 Sentence denotes Cells were then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with a freshly prepared working solution of oil red O at room temperature.
TextSentencer_T72 10273-10406 Sentence denotes Cells were then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with a freshly prepared working solution of oil red O at room temperature.
TextSentencer_T73 10407-10623 Sentence denotes The histological changes of liver were evaluated using a commercial kit, stained by the Oil Red O solution (0.5%; Nanjing Jiangcheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
TextSentencer_T73 10407-10623 Sentence denotes The histological changes of liver were evaluated using a commercial kit, stained by the Oil Red O solution (0.5%; Nanjing Jiangcheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
TextSentencer_T74 10624-10690 Sentence denotes Liver TG content was determined as described previously [14, 22] .
TextSentencer_T74 10624-10690 Sentence denotes Liver TG content was determined as described previously [14, 22] .
TextSentencer_T75 10691-10913 Sentence denotes The levels of hepatic TG in the extraction solution were determined by enzymatic methods using commercially available kits (Elabscience Biotechnology, Wuhan, Hubei, China) according to the instructions of the manufacturer.
TextSentencer_T75 10691-10913 Sentence denotes The levels of hepatic TG in the extraction solution were determined by enzymatic methods using commercially available kits (Elabscience Biotechnology, Wuhan, Hubei, China) according to the instructions of the manufacturer.
TextSentencer_T76 10914-11055 Sentence denotes To measure the effect of EPF on gene expression in mouse livers, Western blot analysis was performed as previously described by us [14, 15] .
TextSentencer_T76 10914-11055 Sentence denotes To measure the effect of EPF on gene expression in mouse livers, Western blot analysis was performed as previously described by us [14, 15] .
TextSentencer_T77 11056-11160 Sentence denotes Total protein content was determined by BCA protein assay (Thermo Scientific Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA).
TextSentencer_T77 11056-11160 Sentence denotes Total protein content was determined by BCA protein assay (Thermo Scientific Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA).
TextSentencer_T78 11161-11214 Sentence denotes Results were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE).
TextSentencer_T78 11161-11214 Sentence denotes Results were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE).
TextSentencer_T79 11215-11332 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test (ANOVA; p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T79 11215-11332 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test (ANOVA; p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T80 11333-11433 Sentence denotes We find that flower extracts of P. fortunei (EPF) contain high amounts of flavonoids (67.8% in EPF).
TextSentencer_T80 11333-11433 Sentence denotes We find that flower extracts of P. fortunei (EPF) contain high amounts of flavonoids (67.8% in EPF).
TextSentencer_T81 11434-11586 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1 , using standard chemical compound of flavonoids, seven kinds of flavonoids were identified in the extract from P. fortunei flowers.
TextSentencer_T81 11434-11586 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1 , using standard chemical compound of flavonoids, seven kinds of flavonoids were identified in the extract from P. fortunei flowers.
TextSentencer_T82 11587-11683 Sentence denotes Apigenin and luteolin 7-O-glucoside were major flavonoids in the extract of P. fortunei flowers.
TextSentencer_T82 11587-11683 Sentence denotes Apigenin and luteolin 7-O-glucoside were major flavonoids in the extract of P. fortunei flowers.
TextSentencer_T83 11684-11786 Sentence denotes Table 2 shows that mice fed HFD gained more body weight as compared with the control group (p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T83 11684-11786 Sentence denotes Table 2 shows that mice fed HFD gained more body weight as compared with the control group (p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T84 11787-11894 Sentence denotes The average daily food intake per mouse was greater in Group I (control) than that in Group II (HFD group).
TextSentencer_T84 11787-11894 Sentence denotes The average daily food intake per mouse was greater in Group I (control) than that in Group II (HFD group).
TextSentencer_T85 11895-12110 Sentence denotes Since the calorie density of standard normal chow diet is less than that of high fat diet, the average daily calorie intake per mouse was markedly less in the control group as compared with the HFD group (p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T85 11895-12110 Sentence denotes Since the calorie density of standard normal chow diet is less than that of high fat diet, the average daily calorie intake per mouse was markedly less in the control group as compared with the HFD group (p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T86 12111-12236 Sentence denotes However, treatment with EPF 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly ameliorated HFD-induced additional weight gain and calorie intake.
TextSentencer_T86 12111-12236 Sentence denotes However, treatment with EPF 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly ameliorated HFD-induced additional weight gain and calorie intake.
TextSentencer_T87 12237-12432 Sentence denotes The standard normal chow diet supplemented with EPF caused a slight decrease in body weight compared to the standard normal chow diet only, but this decline did not show a significant difference.
TextSentencer_T87 12237-12432 Sentence denotes The standard normal chow diet supplemented with EPF caused a slight decrease in body weight compared to the standard normal chow diet only, but this decline did not show a significant difference.
TextSentencer_T88 12433-12532 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.
TextSentencer_T88 12433-12532 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.
TextSentencer_T89 12533-12685 Sentence denotes Data represent mean ± standard error (SE) of 10 individual mice; values that do not share a common superscript (a,b,c) differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.
TextSentencer_T89 12533-12685 Sentence denotes Data represent mean ± standard error (SE) of 10 individual mice; values that do not share a common superscript (a,b,c) differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.
TextSentencer_T90 12686-12866 Sentence denotes SND, standard normal chow diet group (Control, low chow diet group); HFD, high fat diet group; HFD + EPF, high fat diet and the extracts from P. fortunei flowers (50 or 100 mg/kg).
TextSentencer_T90 12686-12866 Sentence denotes SND, standard normal chow diet group (Control, low chow diet group); HFD, high fat diet group; HFD + EPF, high fat diet and the extracts from P. fortunei flowers (50 or 100 mg/kg).
TextSentencer_T91 12867-12984 Sentence denotes To determine whether EPF can attenuate the liver damage in the HFD mice, we measured the aminotransferase activities.
TextSentencer_T91 12867-12984 Sentence denotes To determine whether EPF can attenuate the liver damage in the HFD mice, we measured the aminotransferase activities.
TextSentencer_T92 12985-13187 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 3 , Fat-rich diet led to higher serum aminotransferase activities of ALT (83.3%), AST (42.3%) as compared with the control group, but these effects were blocked by EPF supplementation.
TextSentencer_T92 12985-13187 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 3 , Fat-rich diet led to higher serum aminotransferase activities of ALT (83.3%), AST (42.3%) as compared with the control group, but these effects were blocked by EPF supplementation.
TextSentencer_T93 13188-13344 Sentence denotes No significant differences in the aminotransferase activities in serum were found between the normal diet supplied with the EPF group and the control group.
TextSentencer_T93 13188-13344 Sentence denotes No significant differences in the aminotransferase activities in serum were found between the normal diet supplied with the EPF group and the control group.
TextSentencer_T94 13346-13574 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 3 , a HFD induced marked elevations of blood glucose (101.1%), plasma insulin (61.2%) and HOMA-IR (169.8%), while EPF treatment markedly lowered fasting plasma insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR relative to HFD mice.
TextSentencer_T94 13346-13574 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 3 , a HFD induced marked elevations of blood glucose (101.1%), plasma insulin (61.2%) and HOMA-IR (169.8%), while EPF treatment markedly lowered fasting plasma insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR relative to HFD mice.
TextSentencer_T95 13575-13732 Sentence denotes No significant differences in blood glucose, plasma insulin and HOMA-IR were found between the normal diet supplied with the EPF group and the control group.
TextSentencer_T95 13575-13732 Sentence denotes No significant differences in blood glucose, plasma insulin and HOMA-IR were found between the normal diet supplied with the EPF group and the control group.
TextSentencer_T96 13733-13953 Sentence denotes As expected, mice fed with HFD exhibited a significant hyperlipidemia characterized by increased TC (141.8%), TG (89.2%) and LDL (541.5%) levels in serum compared with these of the control group, respectively (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T96 13733-13953 Sentence denotes As expected, mice fed with HFD exhibited a significant hyperlipidemia characterized by increased TC (141.8%), TG (89.2%) and LDL (541.5%) levels in serum compared with these of the control group, respectively (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T97 13954-14065 Sentence denotes Notably, EPF treatment markedly decreased serum TC, TG and LDL levels in HFD mice after eight weeks (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T97 13954-14065 Sentence denotes Notably, EPF treatment markedly decreased serum TC, TG and LDL levels in HFD mice after eight weeks (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T98 14066-14225 Sentence denotes Moreover, HDL level was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the group co-treated with HFD and EPF compared with the animals only treated with HFD (p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T98 14066-14225 Sentence denotes Moreover, HDL level was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the group co-treated with HFD and EPF compared with the animals only treated with HFD (p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T99 14226-14360 Sentence denotes No significant differences in blood lipid levels were found between the normal diet supplied with the EPF group and the control group.
TextSentencer_T99 14226-14360 Sentence denotes No significant differences in blood lipid levels were found between the normal diet supplied with the EPF group and the control group.
TextSentencer_T100 14361-14521 Sentence denotes In HFD group, the levels of liver weight and hepatic TG were increased by 37.4% and 144.8% as compared with those of the control group, respectively (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T100 14361-14521 Sentence denotes In HFD group, the levels of liver weight and hepatic TG were increased by 37.4% and 144.8% as compared with those of the control group, respectively (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T101 14522-14613 Sentence denotes However, EPF treatment reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and liver weight ( Figure 1B ,C).
TextSentencer_T101 14522-14613 Sentence denotes However, EPF treatment reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and liver weight ( Figure 1B ,C).
TextSentencer_T102 14614-14746 Sentence denotes No significant differences in liver TG content were found between the normal diet supplied with the EPF group and the control group.
TextSentencer_T102 14614-14746 Sentence denotes No significant differences in liver TG content were found between the normal diet supplied with the EPF group and the control group.
TextSentencer_T103 14747-14927 Sentence denotes Tissue sections stained with oil red O represented that a signification increase in the hepatic levels of lipid deposition in HFD-fed mice compared with those of the control group.
TextSentencer_T103 14747-14927 Sentence denotes Tissue sections stained with oil red O represented that a signification increase in the hepatic levels of lipid deposition in HFD-fed mice compared with those of the control group.
TextSentencer_T104 14928-15038 Sentence denotes Likewise, EPF treatment attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation, consistent with liver TG content ( Figure 1A ).
TextSentencer_T104 14928-15038 Sentence denotes Likewise, EPF treatment attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation, consistent with liver TG content ( Figure 1A ).
TextSentencer_T105 15039-15091 Sentence denotes LDL levels in HFD mice after eight weeks (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T105 15039-15091 Sentence denotes LDL levels in HFD mice after eight weeks (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T106 15092-15251 Sentence denotes Moreover, HDL level was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the group co-treated with HFD and EPF compared with the animals only treated with HFD (p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T106 15092-15251 Sentence denotes Moreover, HDL level was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the group co-treated with HFD and EPF compared with the animals only treated with HFD (p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T107 15252-15386 Sentence denotes No significant differences in blood lipid levels were found between the normal diet supplied with the EPF group and the control group.
TextSentencer_T107 15252-15386 Sentence denotes No significant differences in blood lipid levels were found between the normal diet supplied with the EPF group and the control group.
TextSentencer_T108 15387-15547 Sentence denotes In HFD group, the levels of liver weight and hepatic TG were increased by 37.4% and 144.8% as compared with those of the control group, respectively (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T108 15387-15547 Sentence denotes In HFD group, the levels of liver weight and hepatic TG were increased by 37.4% and 144.8% as compared with those of the control group, respectively (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T109 15548-15639 Sentence denotes However, EPF treatment reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and liver weight ( Figure 1B ,C).
TextSentencer_T109 15548-15639 Sentence denotes However, EPF treatment reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and liver weight ( Figure 1B ,C).
TextSentencer_T110 15640-15772 Sentence denotes No significant differences in liver TG content were found between the normal diet supplied with the EPF group and the control group.
TextSentencer_T110 15640-15772 Sentence denotes No significant differences in liver TG content were found between the normal diet supplied with the EPF group and the control group.
TextSentencer_T111 15773-15953 Sentence denotes Tissue sections stained with oil red O represented that a signification increase in the hepatic levels of lipid deposition in HFD-fed mice compared with those of the control group.
TextSentencer_T111 15773-15953 Sentence denotes Tissue sections stained with oil red O represented that a signification increase in the hepatic levels of lipid deposition in HFD-fed mice compared with those of the control group.
TextSentencer_T112 15954-16064 Sentence denotes Likewise, EPF treatment attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation, consistent with liver TG content ( Figure 1A ).
TextSentencer_T112 15954-16064 Sentence denotes Likewise, EPF treatment attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation, consistent with liver TG content ( Figure 1A ).
TextSentencer_T113 16066-16186 Sentence denotes To reveal the potential mechanisms of EPF action, we examined the AMPK phosphorylation levels in livers of HFD-fed mice.
TextSentencer_T113 16066-16186 Sentence denotes To reveal the potential mechanisms of EPF action, we examined the AMPK phosphorylation levels in livers of HFD-fed mice.
TextSentencer_T114 16187-16290 Sentence denotes Figure 2 showed that the AMPK phosphorylation levels significantly decreased in livers of HFD-fed mice.
TextSentencer_T114 16187-16290 Sentence denotes Figure 2 showed that the AMPK phosphorylation levels significantly decreased in livers of HFD-fed mice.
TextSentencer_T115 16291-16387 Sentence denotes However, the levels of phosphorylated AMPK were reduced by treatment with EPF (50 or 100 mg/kg).
TextSentencer_T115 16291-16387 Sentence denotes However, the levels of phosphorylated AMPK were reduced by treatment with EPF (50 or 100 mg/kg).
TextSentencer_T116 16388-16455 Sentence denotes We further examined the AMPK phosphorylation levels in HepG2 cells.
TextSentencer_T116 16388-16455 Sentence denotes We further examined the AMPK phosphorylation levels in HepG2 cells.
TextSentencer_T117 16456-16606 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 3 , the AMPK phosphorylation levels continuously increased until 8 h in HepG2 cells, when treated with 100 μg/mL EPF ( Figure 3A) .
TextSentencer_T117 16456-16606 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 3 , the AMPK phosphorylation levels continuously increased until 8 h in HepG2 cells, when treated with 100 μg/mL EPF ( Figure 3A) .
TextSentencer_T118 16607-16751 Sentence denotes Moreover, HepG2 cells were treated with 10-100 μg/mL EPF for 4 h. expression levels of phosphorylated AMPK increased in a dose-dependent manner.
TextSentencer_T118 16607-16751 Sentence denotes Moreover, HepG2 cells were treated with 10-100 μg/mL EPF for 4 h. expression levels of phosphorylated AMPK increased in a dose-dependent manner.
TextSentencer_T119 16752-16853 Sentence denotes However, after treatment with compound C (an AMPK inhibitor), the phosphorylated AMPK levels in HepG2
TextSentencer_T119 16752-16853 Sentence denotes However, after treatment with compound C (an AMPK inhibitor), the phosphorylated AMPK levels in HepG2
TextSentencer_T120 16855-16975 Sentence denotes To reveal the potential mechanisms of EPF action, we examined the AMPK phosphorylation levels in livers of HFD-fed mice.
TextSentencer_T120 16855-16975 Sentence denotes To reveal the potential mechanisms of EPF action, we examined the AMPK phosphorylation levels in livers of HFD-fed mice.
TextSentencer_T121 16976-17079 Sentence denotes Figure 2 showed that the AMPK phosphorylation levels significantly decreased in livers of HFD-fed mice.
TextSentencer_T121 16976-17079 Sentence denotes Figure 2 showed that the AMPK phosphorylation levels significantly decreased in livers of HFD-fed mice.
TextSentencer_T122 17080-17176 Sentence denotes However, the levels of phosphorylated AMPK were reduced by treatment with EPF (50 or 100 mg/kg).
TextSentencer_T122 17080-17176 Sentence denotes However, the levels of phosphorylated AMPK were reduced by treatment with EPF (50 or 100 mg/kg).
TextSentencer_T123 17177-17244 Sentence denotes We further examined the AMPK phosphorylation levels in HepG2 cells.
TextSentencer_T123 17177-17244 Sentence denotes We further examined the AMPK phosphorylation levels in HepG2 cells.
TextSentencer_T124 17245-17395 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 3 , the AMPK phosphorylation levels continuously increased until 8 h in HepG2 cells, when treated with 100 µg/mL EPF ( Figure 3A) .
TextSentencer_T124 17245-17395 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 3 , the AMPK phosphorylation levels continuously increased until 8 h in HepG2 cells, when treated with 100 µg/mL EPF ( Figure 3A) .
TextSentencer_T125 17396-17540 Sentence denotes Moreover, HepG2 cells were treated with 10-100 µg/mL EPF for 4 h. expression levels of phosphorylated AMPK increased in a dose-dependent manner.
TextSentencer_T125 17396-17540 Sentence denotes Moreover, HepG2 cells were treated with 10-100 µg/mL EPF for 4 h. expression levels of phosphorylated AMPK increased in a dose-dependent manner.
TextSentencer_T126 17541-17690 Sentence denotes However, after treatment with compound C (an AMPK inhibitor), the phosphorylated AMPK levels in HepG2 cells were significantly reduced ( Figure 3B ).
TextSentencer_T126 17541-17690 Sentence denotes However, after treatment with compound C (an AMPK inhibitor), the phosphorylated AMPK levels in HepG2 cells were significantly reduced ( Figure 3B ).
TextSentencer_T127 17691-17767 Sentence denotes These results clearly show that EPF treatment leads to AMPK phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T127 17691-17767 Sentence denotes These results clearly show that EPF treatment leads to AMPK phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T128 17768-17846 Sentence denotes Nutrients 2017, 9, 959 7 of 15 cells were significantly reduced ( Figure 3B ).
TextSentencer_T128 17768-17846 Sentence denotes Nutrients 2017, 9, 959 7 of 15 cells were significantly reduced ( Figure 3B ).
TextSentencer_T129 17847-17923 Sentence denotes These results clearly show that EPF treatment leads to AMPK phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T129 17847-17923 Sentence denotes These results clearly show that EPF treatment leads to AMPK phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T130 17925-18022 Sentence denotes We then examined the effects of AMPK activation on lipid accumulation in FFA-exposed hepatocytes.
TextSentencer_T130 17925-18022 Sentence denotes We then examined the effects of AMPK activation on lipid accumulation in FFA-exposed hepatocytes.
TextSentencer_T131 18023-18094 Sentence denotes HepG2 cells were treated with compound C 30 min prior to EPF treatment.
TextSentencer_T131 18023-18094 Sentence denotes HepG2 cells were treated with compound C 30 min prior to EPF treatment.
TextSentencer_T132 18095-18191 Sentence denotes Lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells was measured 24 h after FFA exposure using Oil Red O staining.
TextSentencer_T132 18095-18191 Sentence denotes Lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells was measured 24 h after FFA exposure using Oil Red O staining.
TextSentencer_T133 18192-18341 Sentence denotes EPF markedly inhibited lipid accumulation in FFA-exposed HepG2 cells at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. cells were significantly reduced ( Figure 3B ).
TextSentencer_T133 18192-18341 Sentence denotes EPF markedly inhibited lipid accumulation in FFA-exposed HepG2 cells at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. cells were significantly reduced ( Figure 3B ).
TextSentencer_T134 18342-18418 Sentence denotes These results clearly show that EPF treatment leads to AMPK phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T134 18342-18418 Sentence denotes These results clearly show that EPF treatment leads to AMPK phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T135 18420-18517 Sentence denotes We then examined the effects of AMPK activation on lipid accumulation in FFA-exposed hepatocytes.
TextSentencer_T135 18420-18517 Sentence denotes We then examined the effects of AMPK activation on lipid accumulation in FFA-exposed hepatocytes.
TextSentencer_T136 18518-18589 Sentence denotes HepG2 cells were treated with compound C 30 min prior to EPF treatment.
TextSentencer_T136 18518-18589 Sentence denotes HepG2 cells were treated with compound C 30 min prior to EPF treatment.
TextSentencer_T137 18590-18686 Sentence denotes Lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells was measured 24 h after FFA exposure using Oil Red O staining.
TextSentencer_T137 18590-18686 Sentence denotes Lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells was measured 24 h after FFA exposure using Oil Red O staining.
TextSentencer_T138 18687-18788 Sentence denotes EPF markedly inhibited lipid accumulation in FFA-exposed HepG2 cells at a concentration of 100 μg/mL.
TextSentencer_T138 18687-18788 Sentence denotes EPF markedly inhibited lipid accumulation in FFA-exposed HepG2 cells at a concentration of 100 μg/mL.
TextSentencer_T139 18790-18887 Sentence denotes We then examined the effects of AMPK activation on lipid accumulation in FFA-exposed hepatocytes.
TextSentencer_T139 18790-18887 Sentence denotes We then examined the effects of AMPK activation on lipid accumulation in FFA-exposed hepatocytes.
TextSentencer_T140 18888-18959 Sentence denotes HepG2 cells were treated with compound C 30 min prior to EPF treatment.
TextSentencer_T140 18888-18959 Sentence denotes HepG2 cells were treated with compound C 30 min prior to EPF treatment.
TextSentencer_T141 18960-19056 Sentence denotes Lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells was measured 24 h after FFA exposure using Oil Red O staining.
TextSentencer_T141 18960-19056 Sentence denotes Lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells was measured 24 h after FFA exposure using Oil Red O staining.
TextSentencer_T142 19057-19158 Sentence denotes EPF markedly inhibited lipid accumulation in FFA-exposed HepG2 cells at a concentration of 100 µg/mL.
TextSentencer_T142 19057-19158 Sentence denotes EPF markedly inhibited lipid accumulation in FFA-exposed HepG2 cells at a concentration of 100 µg/mL.
TextSentencer_T143 19159-19351 Sentence denotes Moreover, FFA exposure markedly increased intracellular TG levels in HepG2 cells by 78.8% as compared with these of the control group, but these effects were blocked by compound C (Figure 4 ).
TextSentencer_T143 19159-19351 Sentence denotes Moreover, FFA exposure markedly increased intracellular TG levels in HepG2 cells by 78.8% as compared with these of the control group, but these effects were blocked by compound C (Figure 4 ).
TextSentencer_T144 19352-19544 Sentence denotes Moreover, FFA exposure markedly increased intracellular TG levels in HepG2 cells by 78.8% as compared with these of the control group, but these effects were blocked by compound C (Figure 4 ).
TextSentencer_T144 19352-19544 Sentence denotes Moreover, FFA exposure markedly increased intracellular TG levels in HepG2 cells by 78.8% as compared with these of the control group, but these effects were blocked by compound C (Figure 4 ).
TextSentencer_T145 19546-19724 Sentence denotes To investigate the mechanisms through which EPF regulated hepatic lipid accumulation, we further evaluated the expressions of proteins associated with lipid metabolism in livers.
TextSentencer_T145 19546-19724 Sentence denotes To investigate the mechanisms through which EPF regulated hepatic lipid accumulation, we further evaluated the expressions of proteins associated with lipid metabolism in livers.
TextSentencer_T146 19725-19998 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 5 , the expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were markedly up-regulated in the livers of HFD group as compared with the control group.
TextSentencer_T146 19725-19998 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 5 , the expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were markedly up-regulated in the livers of HFD group as compared with the control group.
TextSentencer_T147 19999-20118 Sentence denotes However, EPF supplementation down-regulated the expression levels of SREBP-1c protein, and its target genes (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T147 19999-20118 Sentence denotes However, EPF supplementation down-regulated the expression levels of SREBP-1c protein, and its target genes (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T148 20119-20261 Sentence denotes The carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) expression level was also decreased in the livers of HFD group as compared with the control group.
TextSentencer_T148 20119-20261 Sentence denotes The carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) expression level was also decreased in the livers of HFD group as compared with the control group.
TextSentencer_T149 20262-20378 Sentence denotes Interestingly, EPF supplementation significantly enhanced the CPT1 expression in the livers of HFD group (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T149 20262-20378 Sentence denotes Interestingly, EPF supplementation significantly enhanced the CPT1 expression in the livers of HFD group (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T150 20380-20558 Sentence denotes To investigate the mechanisms through which EPF regulated hepatic lipid accumulation, we further evaluated the expressions of proteins associated with lipid metabolism in livers.
TextSentencer_T150 20380-20558 Sentence denotes To investigate the mechanisms through which EPF regulated hepatic lipid accumulation, we further evaluated the expressions of proteins associated with lipid metabolism in livers.
TextSentencer_T151 20559-20832 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 5 , the expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were markedly up-regulated in the livers of HFD group as compared with the control group.
TextSentencer_T151 20559-20832 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 5 , the expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were markedly up-regulated in the livers of HFD group as compared with the control group.
TextSentencer_T152 20833-20952 Sentence denotes However, EPF supplementation down-regulated the expression levels of SREBP-1c protein, and its target genes (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T152 20833-20952 Sentence denotes However, EPF supplementation down-regulated the expression levels of SREBP-1c protein, and its target genes (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T153 20953-21095 Sentence denotes The carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) expression level was also decreased in the livers of HFD group as compared with the control group.
TextSentencer_T153 20953-21095 Sentence denotes The carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) expression level was also decreased in the livers of HFD group as compared with the control group.
TextSentencer_T154 21096-21367 Sentence denotes Interestingly, EPF supplementation significantly enhanced the CPT1 expression in the livers of HFD group (p < 0.01). (C) relative density analysis of HMGCR; and (D) relative density analysis of CPT1. β-Actin was probed as an internal control in relative density analysis.
TextSentencer_T154 21096-21367 Sentence denotes Interestingly, EPF supplementation significantly enhanced the CPT1 expression in the livers of HFD group (p < 0.01). (C) relative density analysis of HMGCR; and (D) relative density analysis of CPT1. β-Actin was probed as an internal control in relative density analysis.
TextSentencer_T155 21368-21402 Sentence denotes The vehicle control is set as 1.0.
TextSentencer_T155 21368-21402 Sentence denotes The vehicle control is set as 1.0.
TextSentencer_T156 21403-21502 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.
TextSentencer_T156 21403-21502 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.
TextSentencer_T157 21503-21549 Sentence denotes Each value is expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7).
TextSentencer_T157 21503-21549 Sentence denotes Each value is expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7).
TextSentencer_T158 21550-21639 Sentence denotes Values that do not share a common superscript (a,b,c,d) differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.
TextSentencer_T158 21550-21639 Sentence denotes Values that do not share a common superscript (a,b,c,d) differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.
TextSentencer_T159 21640-21755 Sentence denotes The activation of insulin receptor substrates 1 (IRS1) played important role in blood glucose regulation in livers.
TextSentencer_T159 21640-21755 Sentence denotes The activation of insulin receptor substrates 1 (IRS1) played important role in blood glucose regulation in livers.
TextSentencer_T160 21756-21917 Sentence denotes To investigate the mechanisms through which EPF inhibited insulin resistance in HFD group, we evaluated the IRS-1(Ser 307) phosphorylation level in mouse livers.
TextSentencer_T160 21756-21917 Sentence denotes To investigate the mechanisms through which EPF inhibited insulin resistance in HFD group, we evaluated the IRS-1(Ser 307) phosphorylation level in mouse livers.
TextSentencer_T161 21918-22069 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 6 , the IRS-1(Ser 307) phosphorylation levels were markedly increased in the livers of HFD group as compared with the control group.
TextSentencer_T161 21918-22069 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 6 , the IRS-1(Ser 307) phosphorylation levels were markedly increased in the livers of HFD group as compared with the control group.
TextSentencer_T162 22070-22359 Sentence denotes Interestingly, EPF supplementation significantly enhanced the IRS-1(Tyr 307) phosphorylation in the livers of HFD-fed mice (p < 0.01). (C) relative density analysis of HMGCR; and (D) relative density analysis of CPT1. β-Actin was probed as an internal control in relative density analysis.
TextSentencer_T162 22070-22359 Sentence denotes Interestingly, EPF supplementation significantly enhanced the IRS-1(Tyr 307) phosphorylation in the livers of HFD-fed mice (p < 0.01). (C) relative density analysis of HMGCR; and (D) relative density analysis of CPT1. β-Actin was probed as an internal control in relative density analysis.
TextSentencer_T163 22360-22394 Sentence denotes The vehicle control is set as 1.0.
TextSentencer_T163 22360-22394 Sentence denotes The vehicle control is set as 1.0.
TextSentencer_T164 22395-22494 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.
TextSentencer_T164 22395-22494 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.
TextSentencer_T165 22495-22541 Sentence denotes Each value is expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7).
TextSentencer_T165 22495-22541 Sentence denotes Each value is expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7).
TextSentencer_T166 22542-22631 Sentence denotes Values that do not share a common superscript (a,b,c,d) differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.
TextSentencer_T166 22542-22631 Sentence denotes Values that do not share a common superscript (a,b,c,d) differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.
TextSentencer_T167 22632-22747 Sentence denotes The activation of insulin receptor substrates 1 (IRS1) played important role in blood glucose regulation in livers.
TextSentencer_T167 22632-22747 Sentence denotes The activation of insulin receptor substrates 1 (IRS1) played important role in blood glucose regulation in livers.
TextSentencer_T168 22748-22909 Sentence denotes To investigate the mechanisms through which EPF inhibited insulin resistance in HFD group, we evaluated the IRS-1(Ser 307) phosphorylation level in mouse livers.
TextSentencer_T168 22748-22909 Sentence denotes To investigate the mechanisms through which EPF inhibited insulin resistance in HFD group, we evaluated the IRS-1(Ser 307) phosphorylation level in mouse livers.
TextSentencer_T169 22910-23061 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 6 , the IRS-1(Ser 307) phosphorylation levels were markedly increased in the livers of HFD group as compared with the control group.
TextSentencer_T169 22910-23061 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 6 , the IRS-1(Ser 307) phosphorylation levels were markedly increased in the livers of HFD group as compared with the control group.
TextSentencer_T170 23062-23196 Sentence denotes Interestingly, EPF supplementation significantly enhanced the IRS-1(Tyr 307) phosphorylation in the livers of HFD-fed mice (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T170 23062-23196 Sentence denotes Interestingly, EPF supplementation significantly enhanced the IRS-1(Tyr 307) phosphorylation in the livers of HFD-fed mice (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T171 23197-23272 Sentence denotes Western blot analysis of IRS1 phosphorylation levels in the livers of mice.
TextSentencer_T171 23197-23272 Sentence denotes Western blot analysis of IRS1 phosphorylation levels in the livers of mice.
TextSentencer_T172 23273-23340 Sentence denotes The relative density is expressed as the ratio (Phospho-IRS1/IRS1).
TextSentencer_T172 23273-23340 Sentence denotes The relative density is expressed as the ratio (Phospho-IRS1/IRS1).
TextSentencer_T173 23341-23375 Sentence denotes The vehicle control is set as 1.0.
TextSentencer_T173 23341-23375 Sentence denotes The vehicle control is set as 1.0.
TextSentencer_T174 23376-23475 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.
TextSentencer_T174 23376-23475 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.
TextSentencer_T175 23476-23522 Sentence denotes Each value is expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7).
TextSentencer_T175 23476-23522 Sentence denotes Each value is expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7).
TextSentencer_T176 23523-23610 Sentence denotes Values that do not share a common superscript (a,b,c) differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.
TextSentencer_T176 23523-23610 Sentence denotes Values that do not share a common superscript (a,b,c) differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.
TextSentencer_T177 23611-23692 Sentence denotes The flower of P. fortunei has long been used a medicine and food source in China.
TextSentencer_T177 23611-23692 Sentence denotes The flower of P. fortunei has long been used a medicine and food source in China.
TextSentencer_T178 23693-23802 Sentence denotes However, detailed information related to the beneficial effects of its polyphenol composition remains scarce.
TextSentencer_T178 23693-23802 Sentence denotes However, detailed information related to the beneficial effects of its polyphenol composition remains scarce.
TextSentencer_T179 23803-23958 Sentence denotes Here, we aimed to evaluate the protective effects of extract from P. fortunei flowers (EPF) on insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders in livers.
TextSentencer_T179 23803-23958 Sentence denotes Here, we aimed to evaluate the protective effects of extract from P. fortunei flowers (EPF) on insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders in livers.
TextSentencer_T180 23959-24045 Sentence denotes We found that flower extracts of P. fortunei (EPF) contain high amounts of flavonoids.
TextSentencer_T180 23959-24045 Sentence denotes We found that flower extracts of P. fortunei (EPF) contain high amounts of flavonoids.
TextSentencer_T181 24046-24197 Sentence denotes The current study clearly indicated that EPF inhibited hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in obese mice by AMPK pathway.
TextSentencer_T181 24046-24197 Sentence denotes The current study clearly indicated that EPF inhibited hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in obese mice by AMPK pathway.
TextSentencer_T182 24198-24427 Sentence denotes Several studies had revealed that high fat diet could cause hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, insulin resistance and other lipid metabolism disorder disease in humans and in laboratory animals [1, 2] .
TextSentencer_T182 24198-24427 Sentence denotes Several studies had revealed that high fat diet could cause hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, insulin resistance and other lipid metabolism disorder disease in humans and in laboratory animals [1, 2] .
TextSentencer_T183 24428-24670 Sentence denotes The results of the present study showed that high-fat diet led to significant increase in body weight, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hepatic lipid accumulation, which were in agreement with previous studies [1, 2, 23] .
TextSentencer_T183 24428-24670 Sentence denotes The results of the present study showed that high-fat diet led to significant increase in body weight, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hepatic lipid accumulation, which were in agreement with previous studies [1, 2, 23] .
TextSentencer_T184 24671-24800 Sentence denotes Phenolic compounds, which are widespread in plants, showed therapeutic effects to obesity and other HFD-induced disease [1, 24] .
TextSentencer_T184 24671-24800 Sentence denotes Phenolic compounds, which are widespread in plants, showed therapeutic effects to obesity and other HFD-induced disease [1, 24] .
TextSentencer_T185 24801-25047 Sentence denotes In this study, as shown in Table 2 , we observed that supplementation with EPF (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly deceased body weight by 23.42% and 31.26% compared with HFD mice, respectively, which suggested that EPF has the anti-obesity effects.
TextSentencer_T185 24801-25047 Sentence denotes In this study, as shown in Table 2 , we observed that supplementation with EPF (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly deceased body weight by 23.42% and 31.26% compared with HFD mice, respectively, which suggested that EPF has the anti-obesity effects.
TextSentencer_T186 25048-25101 Sentence denotes High fat diet could induce liver damage [2, 25, 26] .
TextSentencer_T186 25048-25101 Sentence denotes High fat diet could induce liver damage [2, 25, 26] .
TextSentencer_T187 25102-25241 Sentence denotes Previous research found that the flower extracts of the Scrophulariaceae family plants had protective effects against hepatotoxicity [26] .
TextSentencer_T187 25102-25241 Sentence denotes Previous research found that the flower extracts of the Scrophulariaceae family plants had protective effects against hepatotoxicity [26] .
TextSentencer_T188 25242-25402 Sentence denotes Consistently, we found that EPF supplementation significantly decreased the diagnostic indicators of liver damage as compared with the fat-rich diet (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T188 25242-25402 Sentence denotes Consistently, we found that EPF supplementation significantly decreased the diagnostic indicators of liver damage as compared with the fat-rich diet (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T189 25403-25524 Sentence denotes These results suggest susceptibility of EPF to the harmful action of the fat-rich diet, and the protective effect of EPF.
TextSentencer_T189 25403-25524 Sentence denotes These results suggest susceptibility of EPF to the harmful action of the fat-rich diet, and the protective effect of EPF.
TextSentencer_T190 25525-25627 Sentence denotes It is well known that long-term HFD could induce hyperglycemia and elevations of blood insulin levels.
TextSentencer_T190 25525-25627 Sentence denotes It is well known that long-term HFD could induce hyperglycemia and elevations of blood insulin levels.
TextSentencer_T191 25628-25779 Sentence denotes Moreover, increased insulin secretion is in part related to pancreatic islet hyperplasia with progression of insulin-resistance by HFD supply [5, 22] .
TextSentencer_T191 25628-25779 Sentence denotes Moreover, increased insulin secretion is in part related to pancreatic islet hyperplasia with progression of insulin-resistance by HFD supply [5, 22] .
TextSentencer_T192 25780-25998 Sentence denotes In the present study, we found that blood glucose, insulin levels and HOMA-IR increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in the HFD group compared to the control group, revealing insulin resistance in the HFD group (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T192 25780-25998 Sentence denotes In the present study, we found that blood glucose, insulin levels and HOMA-IR increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in the HFD group compared to the control group, revealing insulin resistance in the HFD group (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T193 25999-26212 Sentence denotes Furthermore, this rising blood glucose levels may be attributed to the large accumulation of fat in the liver and the enhancement of gluconeogenesis induced by hepatic cells, reducing the transformation Figure 6 .
TextSentencer_T193 25999-26212 Sentence denotes Furthermore, this rising blood glucose levels may be attributed to the large accumulation of fat in the liver and the enhancement of gluconeogenesis induced by hepatic cells, reducing the transformation Figure 6 .
TextSentencer_T194 26213-26288 Sentence denotes Western blot analysis of IRS1 phosphorylation levels in the livers of mice.
TextSentencer_T194 26213-26288 Sentence denotes Western blot analysis of IRS1 phosphorylation levels in the livers of mice.
TextSentencer_T195 26289-26356 Sentence denotes The relative density is expressed as the ratio (Phospho-IRS1/IRS1).
TextSentencer_T195 26289-26356 Sentence denotes The relative density is expressed as the ratio (Phospho-IRS1/IRS1).
TextSentencer_T196 26357-26391 Sentence denotes The vehicle control is set as 1.0.
TextSentencer_T196 26357-26391 Sentence denotes The vehicle control is set as 1.0.
TextSentencer_T197 26392-26491 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.
TextSentencer_T197 26392-26491 Sentence denotes Significant differences among the groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.
TextSentencer_T198 26492-26538 Sentence denotes Each value is expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7).
TextSentencer_T198 26492-26538 Sentence denotes Each value is expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7).
TextSentencer_T199 26539-26626 Sentence denotes Values that do not share a common superscript (a,b,c) differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.
TextSentencer_T199 26539-26626 Sentence denotes Values that do not share a common superscript (a,b,c) differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.
TextSentencer_T200 26627-26708 Sentence denotes The flower of P. fortunei has long been used a medicine and food source in China.
TextSentencer_T200 26627-26708 Sentence denotes The flower of P. fortunei has long been used a medicine and food source in China.
TextSentencer_T201 26709-26818 Sentence denotes However, detailed information related to the beneficial effects of its polyphenol composition remains scarce.
TextSentencer_T201 26709-26818 Sentence denotes However, detailed information related to the beneficial effects of its polyphenol composition remains scarce.
TextSentencer_T202 26819-26974 Sentence denotes Here, we aimed to evaluate the protective effects of extract from P. fortunei flowers (EPF) on insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders in livers.
TextSentencer_T202 26819-26974 Sentence denotes Here, we aimed to evaluate the protective effects of extract from P. fortunei flowers (EPF) on insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders in livers.
TextSentencer_T203 26975-27061 Sentence denotes We found that flower extracts of P. fortunei (EPF) contain high amounts of flavonoids.
TextSentencer_T203 26975-27061 Sentence denotes We found that flower extracts of P. fortunei (EPF) contain high amounts of flavonoids.
TextSentencer_T204 27062-27213 Sentence denotes The current study clearly indicated that EPF inhibited hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in obese mice by AMPK pathway.
TextSentencer_T204 27062-27213 Sentence denotes The current study clearly indicated that EPF inhibited hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in obese mice by AMPK pathway.
TextSentencer_T205 27214-27443 Sentence denotes Several studies had revealed that high fat diet could cause hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, insulin resistance and other lipid metabolism disorder disease in humans and in laboratory animals [1, 2] .
TextSentencer_T205 27214-27443 Sentence denotes Several studies had revealed that high fat diet could cause hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, insulin resistance and other lipid metabolism disorder disease in humans and in laboratory animals [1, 2] .
TextSentencer_T206 27444-27686 Sentence denotes The results of the present study showed that high-fat diet led to significant increase in body weight, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hepatic lipid accumulation, which were in agreement with previous studies [1, 2, 23] .
TextSentencer_T206 27444-27686 Sentence denotes The results of the present study showed that high-fat diet led to significant increase in body weight, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hepatic lipid accumulation, which were in agreement with previous studies [1, 2, 23] .
TextSentencer_T207 27687-27816 Sentence denotes Phenolic compounds, which are widespread in plants, showed therapeutic effects to obesity and other HFD-induced disease [1, 24] .
TextSentencer_T207 27687-27816 Sentence denotes Phenolic compounds, which are widespread in plants, showed therapeutic effects to obesity and other HFD-induced disease [1, 24] .
TextSentencer_T208 27817-28063 Sentence denotes In this study, as shown in Table 2 , we observed that supplementation with EPF (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly deceased body weight by 23.42% and 31.26% compared with HFD mice, respectively, which suggested that EPF has the anti-obesity effects.
TextSentencer_T208 27817-28063 Sentence denotes In this study, as shown in Table 2 , we observed that supplementation with EPF (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly deceased body weight by 23.42% and 31.26% compared with HFD mice, respectively, which suggested that EPF has the anti-obesity effects.
TextSentencer_T209 28064-28117 Sentence denotes High fat diet could induce liver damage [2, 25, 26] .
TextSentencer_T209 28064-28117 Sentence denotes High fat diet could induce liver damage [2, 25, 26] .
TextSentencer_T210 28118-28257 Sentence denotes Previous research found that the flower extracts of the Scrophulariaceae family plants had protective effects against hepatotoxicity [26] .
TextSentencer_T210 28118-28257 Sentence denotes Previous research found that the flower extracts of the Scrophulariaceae family plants had protective effects against hepatotoxicity [26] .
TextSentencer_T211 28258-28418 Sentence denotes Consistently, we found that EPF supplementation significantly decreased the diagnostic indicators of liver damage as compared with the fat-rich diet (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T211 28258-28418 Sentence denotes Consistently, we found that EPF supplementation significantly decreased the diagnostic indicators of liver damage as compared with the fat-rich diet (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T212 28419-28540 Sentence denotes These results suggest susceptibility of EPF to the harmful action of the fat-rich diet, and the protective effect of EPF.
TextSentencer_T212 28419-28540 Sentence denotes These results suggest susceptibility of EPF to the harmful action of the fat-rich diet, and the protective effect of EPF.
TextSentencer_T213 28541-28643 Sentence denotes It is well known that long-term HFD could induce hyperglycemia and elevations of blood insulin levels.
TextSentencer_T213 28541-28643 Sentence denotes It is well known that long-term HFD could induce hyperglycemia and elevations of blood insulin levels.
TextSentencer_T214 28644-28795 Sentence denotes Moreover, increased insulin secretion is in part related to pancreatic islet hyperplasia with progression of insulin-resistance by HFD supply [5, 22] .
TextSentencer_T214 28644-28795 Sentence denotes Moreover, increased insulin secretion is in part related to pancreatic islet hyperplasia with progression of insulin-resistance by HFD supply [5, 22] .
TextSentencer_T215 28796-29014 Sentence denotes In the present study, we found that blood glucose, insulin levels and HOMA-IR increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in the HFD group compared to the control group, revealing insulin resistance in the HFD group (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T215 28796-29014 Sentence denotes In the present study, we found that blood glucose, insulin levels and HOMA-IR increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in the HFD group compared to the control group, revealing insulin resistance in the HFD group (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T216 29015-29272 Sentence denotes Furthermore, this rising blood glucose levels may be attributed to the large accumulation of fat in the liver and the enhancement of gluconeogenesis induced by hepatic cells, reducing the transformation of glucose into fat caused by lipodystrophy [27, 28] .
TextSentencer_T216 29015-29272 Sentence denotes Furthermore, this rising blood glucose levels may be attributed to the large accumulation of fat in the liver and the enhancement of gluconeogenesis induced by hepatic cells, reducing the transformation of glucose into fat caused by lipodystrophy [27, 28] .
TextSentencer_T217 29273-29671 Sentence denotes However, EPF supplementation in HFD-induced obesity mice for eight weeks markedly ameliorated insulin resistance conditions, as indicated by lower serum glucose and insulin levels at the end of the experiment compared to the HFD group, which is thought to stimulate the pancreatic insulin secretion from the β cells of the islets of langerhans and aldose reductase enzyme inhibitory activity [20] .
TextSentencer_T217 29273-29671 Sentence denotes However, EPF supplementation in HFD-induced obesity mice for eight weeks markedly ameliorated insulin resistance conditions, as indicated by lower serum glucose and insulin levels at the end of the experiment compared to the HFD group, which is thought to stimulate the pancreatic insulin secretion from the β cells of the islets of langerhans and aldose reductase enzyme inhibitory activity [20] .
TextSentencer_T218 29672-29827 Sentence denotes The rich flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, rutin and hesperetin) in EPF might play important role in the anti-obesity and hypoglycemic effects [24, 29, 30] .
TextSentencer_T218 29672-29827 Sentence denotes The rich flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, rutin and hesperetin) in EPF might play important role in the anti-obesity and hypoglycemic effects [24, 29, 30] .
TextSentencer_T219 29828-29960 Sentence denotes The decreased insulin levels in mice supplied with EPF may be attributed to reduced body weight gain and fat accumulation in livers.
TextSentencer_T219 29828-29960 Sentence denotes The decreased insulin levels in mice supplied with EPF may be attributed to reduced body weight gain and fat accumulation in livers.
TextSentencer_T220 29961-30137 Sentence denotes Moreover, the protective effects of EPF against obesity and lipid accumulation could also be attributed to the prevention of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia in mice fed with HFD.
TextSentencer_T220 29961-30137 Sentence denotes Moreover, the protective effects of EPF against obesity and lipid accumulation could also be attributed to the prevention of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia in mice fed with HFD.
TextSentencer_T221 30138-30237 Sentence denotes Thus, EPF could inhibit insulin-resistance or conduce to the classical diabetes mellitus treatment.
TextSentencer_T221 30138-30237 Sentence denotes Thus, EPF could inhibit insulin-resistance or conduce to the classical diabetes mellitus treatment.
TextSentencer_T222 30238-30456 Sentence denotes Previous research from our laboratory and others illustrated that several flavonoids including puerarin, quercetin, hesperetin, epicatechin, apigenin and anthocyanins could reduced serum lipid levels [14, 15, 24, 31] .
TextSentencer_T222 30238-30456 Sentence denotes Previous research from our laboratory and others illustrated that several flavonoids including puerarin, quercetin, hesperetin, epicatechin, apigenin and anthocyanins could reduced serum lipid levels [14, 15, 24, 31] .
TextSentencer_T223 30457-30621 Sentence denotes Previous reports have revealed different results regarding the change in serum TG, TC and LDL-C levels of ICR mice treated with HFD for eight weeks [32] [33] [34] .
TextSentencer_T223 30457-30621 Sentence denotes Previous reports have revealed different results regarding the change in serum TG, TC and LDL-C levels of ICR mice treated with HFD for eight weeks [32] [33] [34] .
TextSentencer_T224 30622-30749 Sentence denotes Present observations are in agreement with previous demonstrations that HFD increased the levels of TG, TC and LDL-C [33, 34] .
TextSentencer_T224 30622-30749 Sentence denotes Present observations are in agreement with previous demonstrations that HFD increased the levels of TG, TC and LDL-C [33, 34] .
TextSentencer_T225 30750-31029 Sentence denotes Interestingly, EPF treatment markedly decreased serum TC, TG and LDL levels and increased HDL levels in HFD mice after eight weeks, which suggested that flavonoids might be the main bioactive compounds in EPF that exhibited the beneficial effects on the lipid profile (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T225 30750-31029 Sentence denotes Interestingly, EPF treatment markedly decreased serum TC, TG and LDL levels and increased HDL levels in HFD mice after eight weeks, which suggested that flavonoids might be the main bioactive compounds in EPF that exhibited the beneficial effects on the lipid profile (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T226 31030-31263 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the digestion and intestinal absorption of the flavonoids apigenin, luteolin, quercetin and hesperetin from EPF might lower hepatic lipid accumulation suppressing hepatic lipogenesis and lipid absorption [29] [30] [31] .
TextSentencer_T226 31030-31263 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the digestion and intestinal absorption of the flavonoids apigenin, luteolin, quercetin and hesperetin from EPF might lower hepatic lipid accumulation suppressing hepatic lipogenesis and lipid absorption [29] [30] [31] .
TextSentencer_T227 31264-31398 Sentence denotes We observed that EPF treatment significantly decreased liver weight and liver triglyceride content of mice in a dose-dependent manner.
TextSentencer_T227 31264-31398 Sentence denotes We observed that EPF treatment significantly decreased liver weight and liver triglyceride content of mice in a dose-dependent manner.
TextSentencer_T228 31399-31576 Sentence denotes Histological analysis showed that EPF supplementation markedly reduced lipid vacuoles and lipid droplets in livers of HFD-fed mice (Figure 1 ), consistent with liver TG content.
TextSentencer_T228 31399-31576 Sentence denotes Histological analysis showed that EPF supplementation markedly reduced lipid vacuoles and lipid droplets in livers of HFD-fed mice (Figure 1 ), consistent with liver TG content.
TextSentencer_T229 31577-31787 Sentence denotes AMPK plays important roles in regulating energy status and lipid metabolism, which is also potential therapeutic target for many prevalent diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure [3, 4] .
TextSentencer_T229 31577-31787 Sentence denotes AMPK plays important roles in regulating energy status and lipid metabolism, which is also potential therapeutic target for many prevalent diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure [3, 4] .
TextSentencer_T230 31788-32029 Sentence denotes Many studies showed that several natural compounds, including resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, berberine, and quercetin could inhibit lipid-related metabolic disorders by regulating the AMPK activition and its target genes [3, 4, 19] .
TextSentencer_T230 31788-32029 Sentence denotes Many studies showed that several natural compounds, including resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, berberine, and quercetin could inhibit lipid-related metabolic disorders by regulating the AMPK activition and its target genes [3, 4, 19] .
TextSentencer_T231 32030-32145 Sentence denotes In this study, EPF markedly stimulated the AMPK activation in livers of mice and in HepG2 cells (Figures 2 and 3 ).
TextSentencer_T231 32030-32145 Sentence denotes In this study, EPF markedly stimulated the AMPK activation in livers of mice and in HepG2 cells (Figures 2 and 3 ).
TextSentencer_T232 32146-32307 Sentence denotes This result suggested that AMPK pathway may be involved in the modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism in livers of HFD-fed mice and HepG2 cells treated with EPF.
TextSentencer_T232 32146-32307 Sentence denotes This result suggested that AMPK pathway may be involved in the modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism in livers of HFD-fed mice and HepG2 cells treated with EPF.
TextSentencer_T233 32308-32543 Sentence denotes Consistent with this regulation, the AMPK inhibitor compound C blocked the effects of EPF on lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells, demonstrating that AMPK activation is necessary for the modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism (Figure 4) .
TextSentencer_T233 32308-32543 Sentence denotes Consistent with this regulation, the AMPK inhibitor compound C blocked the effects of EPF on lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells, demonstrating that AMPK activation is necessary for the modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism (Figure 4) .
TextSentencer_T234 32544-32682 Sentence denotes AMPK can mediate lipid metabolism in livers by regulating the expression levels its target genes SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC and HMGCR [3, 4, 19] .
TextSentencer_T234 32544-32682 Sentence denotes AMPK can mediate lipid metabolism in livers by regulating the expression levels its target genes SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC and HMGCR [3, 4, 19] .
TextSentencer_T235 32683-33040 Sentence denotes Previous report showed that AMPK coordinates the long-term adaptation of lipid metabolism by regulating the transcriptional factor SREBP-1c (a key transcription factor involved in the control of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis), which further increase the transcription of FAS and SCD-1, resulting in an increase in the synthesis of TG [3, 4, 19, 35] .
TextSentencer_T235 32683-33040 Sentence denotes Previous report showed that AMPK coordinates the long-term adaptation of lipid metabolism by regulating the transcriptional factor SREBP-1c (a key transcription factor involved in the control of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis), which further increase the transcription of FAS and SCD-1, resulting in an increase in the synthesis of TG [3, 4, 19, 35] .
TextSentencer_T236 33041-33261 Sentence denotes Several studies have demonstrated that the flavonoid extracted from plants could inhibit lipid-related metabolic disorders by regulating the expression levels of AMPK and SREBP-1c and their target genes [1, 22, 29, 36] .
TextSentencer_T236 33041-33261 Sentence denotes Several studies have demonstrated that the flavonoid extracted from plants could inhibit lipid-related metabolic disorders by regulating the expression levels of AMPK and SREBP-1c and their target genes [1, 22, 29, 36] .
TextSentencer_T237 33262-33714 Sentence denotes As demonstrated in our Western blot analysis, EPF supplementation significantly down-regulated the expression levels of AMPK and SREBP-1c and their target gene HMGCR, an endoplasmic reticulum bound and peroxisomal enzyme that is the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis, suggesting that EPF had a positive effect due to the lower expression of HMGCR and contributed to inhibit the serum cholesterol increase due to high fat diet ( Figure 5 ).
TextSentencer_T237 33262-33714 Sentence denotes As demonstrated in our Western blot analysis, EPF supplementation significantly down-regulated the expression levels of AMPK and SREBP-1c and their target gene HMGCR, an endoplasmic reticulum bound and peroxisomal enzyme that is the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis, suggesting that EPF had a positive effect due to the lower expression of HMGCR and contributed to inhibit the serum cholesterol increase due to high fat diet ( Figure 5 ).
TextSentencer_T238 33715-34066 Sentence denotes Moreover, EPF treatment significantly down-regulated the expression level of FAS, a key enzymes involved in lipogenesis and up-regulated the expression level of carnitine palmitoil transferase 1 (CPT1), which catalyzes the entrance of fatty acids into the mitochondria and it is the rate limiting enzyme of hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation ( Figure 5 ).
TextSentencer_T238 33715-34066 Sentence denotes Moreover, EPF treatment significantly down-regulated the expression level of FAS, a key enzymes involved in lipogenesis and up-regulated the expression level of carnitine palmitoil transferase 1 (CPT1), which catalyzes the entrance of fatty acids into the mitochondria and it is the rate limiting enzyme of hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation ( Figure 5 ).
TextSentencer_T239 34067-34279 Sentence denotes Therefore, these results implied that the reduced biosynthesis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation might contribute to the beneficial effects of EPF on hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation in the HFD mice.
TextSentencer_T239 34067-34279 Sentence denotes Therefore, these results implied that the reduced biosynthesis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation might contribute to the beneficial effects of EPF on hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation in the HFD mice.
TextSentencer_T240 34280-34385 Sentence denotes These data explained the anti-obesity, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of EPF to a certain extent.
TextSentencer_T240 34280-34385 Sentence denotes These data explained the anti-obesity, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of EPF to a certain extent.
TextSentencer_T241 34386-34524 Sentence denotes As previously expressed, insulin resistance is another key pathophysiological feature and pathogenesis in high fat diet mice [2, 20, 21] .
TextSentencer_T241 34386-34524 Sentence denotes As previously expressed, insulin resistance is another key pathophysiological feature and pathogenesis in high fat diet mice [2, 20, 21] .
TextSentencer_T242 34525-34745 Sentence denotes The hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia induced by high fat diet could decrease the number of insulin receptors, glucose transport and metabolism thereby increasing insulin resistance and reducing insulin sensitivity [23] .
TextSentencer_T242 34525-34745 Sentence denotes The hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia induced by high fat diet could decrease the number of insulin receptors, glucose transport and metabolism thereby increasing insulin resistance and reducing insulin sensitivity [23] .
TextSentencer_T243 34746-34852 Sentence denotes Insulin signaling is a cascade of events initiated by the activation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS).
TextSentencer_T243 34746-34852 Sentence denotes Insulin signaling is a cascade of events initiated by the activation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS).
TextSentencer_T244 34853-34932 Sentence denotes AMPK could regulate glucose metabolism insulin resistance by IRS pathway [37] .
TextSentencer_T244 34853-34932 Sentence denotes AMPK could regulate glucose metabolism insulin resistance by IRS pathway [37] .
TextSentencer_T245 34933-35201 Sentence denotes Insulin resistance could also decrease the AMPK phosphorylation and increase the expression levels of SREBP-1c, which further suppressed IRS-1 activation, inhibits IRS-1-associated insulin signaling and thereby decreases glucose uptake and utilization [3, 4, 19, 38] .
TextSentencer_T245 34933-35201 Sentence denotes Insulin resistance could also decrease the AMPK phosphorylation and increase the expression levels of SREBP-1c, which further suppressed IRS-1 activation, inhibits IRS-1-associated insulin signaling and thereby decreases glucose uptake and utilization [3, 4, 19, 38] .
TextSentencer_T246 35202-35403 Sentence denotes To understand the molecular mechanisms contributing to insulin resistance, we further observed the effects of EPF supplementation on these key factors of insulin signaling in liver tissue ( Figure 6 ).
TextSentencer_T246 35202-35403 Sentence denotes To understand the molecular mechanisms contributing to insulin resistance, we further observed the effects of EPF supplementation on these key factors of insulin signaling in liver tissue ( Figure 6 ).
TextSentencer_T247 35404-35670 Sentence denotes Consistent with these reports, our results showed HFD feeding for 8 weeks increased the SREBP-1c expression levels and inhibited its downstream molecule IRS-1 (Ser 307) phosphorylation, which substantiates the development of insulin resistance in the livers of mice.
TextSentencer_T247 35404-35670 Sentence denotes Consistent with these reports, our results showed HFD feeding for 8 weeks increased the SREBP-1c expression levels and inhibited its downstream molecule IRS-1 (Ser 307) phosphorylation, which substantiates the development of insulin resistance in the livers of mice.
TextSentencer_T248 35671-36028 Sentence denotes However, EPF dietary supplementation partially or completely prevented all these alterations associated with HFD consumption, suggesting that EPF might be a natural flavonoid-rich extract and the activator of IRS-1, which in turn regulates the expression of downstream genes involved in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism to lower blood glucose and lipid.
TextSentencer_T248 35671-36028 Sentence denotes However, EPF dietary supplementation partially or completely prevented all these alterations associated with HFD consumption, suggesting that EPF might be a natural flavonoid-rich extract and the activator of IRS-1, which in turn regulates the expression of downstream genes involved in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism to lower blood glucose and lipid.
TextSentencer_T249 36029-36403 Sentence denotes This is the first report that the extracts from P. fortunei flowers have potent protective effects against hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in HFD mice and the protective effects of EPF, at least in part, were associated with the decreased lipogenesis, increased glucose metabolism and induced fatty acid oxidation in livers by AMPK pathway.
TextSentencer_T249 36029-36403 Sentence denotes This is the first report that the extracts from P. fortunei flowers have potent protective effects against hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in HFD mice and the protective effects of EPF, at least in part, were associated with the decreased lipogenesis, increased glucose metabolism and induced fatty acid oxidation in livers by AMPK pathway.
TextSentencer_T250 36404-36463 Sentence denotes We propose a possible protective effect of EPF (Figure 7 ).
TextSentencer_T250 36404-36463 Sentence denotes We propose a possible protective effect of EPF (Figure 7 ).
TextSentencer_T251 36464-36587 Sentence denotes Our results emphasize the importance of dietary intervention in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases induced by HFD.
TextSentencer_T251 36464-36587 Sentence denotes Our results emphasize the importance of dietary intervention in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases induced by HFD.
TextSentencer_T252 36588-36753 Sentence denotes Although, seven flavonoid compounds were identified in the extract from P. fortunei flowers by HPLC analysis, we were not clear if all of them were bioactive agents.
TextSentencer_T252 36588-36753 Sentence denotes Although, seven flavonoid compounds were identified in the extract from P. fortunei flowers by HPLC analysis, we were not clear if all of them were bioactive agents.
TextSentencer_T253 36754-36810 Sentence denotes Therefore, this question warrants further investigation.
TextSentencer_T253 36754-36810 Sentence denotes Therefore, this question warrants further investigation.
TextSentencer_T254 36811-37005 Sentence denotes Nutrients 2017, 9, 959 12 of 15 biosynthesis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation might contribute to the beneficial effects of EPF on hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation in the HFD mice.
TextSentencer_T254 36811-37005 Sentence denotes Nutrients 2017, 9, 959 12 of 15 biosynthesis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation might contribute to the beneficial effects of EPF on hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation in the HFD mice.
TextSentencer_T255 37006-37111 Sentence denotes These data explained the anti-obesity, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of EPF to a certain extent.
TextSentencer_T255 37006-37111 Sentence denotes These data explained the anti-obesity, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of EPF to a certain extent.
TextSentencer_T256 37112-37250 Sentence denotes As previously expressed, insulin resistance is another key pathophysiological feature and pathogenesis in high fat diet mice [2, 20, 21] .
TextSentencer_T256 37112-37250 Sentence denotes As previously expressed, insulin resistance is another key pathophysiological feature and pathogenesis in high fat diet mice [2, 20, 21] .
TextSentencer_T257 37251-37471 Sentence denotes The hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia induced by high fat diet could decrease the number of insulin receptors, glucose transport and metabolism thereby increasing insulin resistance and reducing insulin sensitivity [23] .
TextSentencer_T257 37251-37471 Sentence denotes The hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia induced by high fat diet could decrease the number of insulin receptors, glucose transport and metabolism thereby increasing insulin resistance and reducing insulin sensitivity [23] .
TextSentencer_T258 37472-37578 Sentence denotes Insulin signaling is a cascade of events initiated by the activation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS).
TextSentencer_T258 37472-37578 Sentence denotes Insulin signaling is a cascade of events initiated by the activation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS).
TextSentencer_T259 37579-37658 Sentence denotes AMPK could regulate glucose metabolism insulin resistance by IRS pathway [37] .
TextSentencer_T259 37579-37658 Sentence denotes AMPK could regulate glucose metabolism insulin resistance by IRS pathway [37] .
TextSentencer_T260 37659-37927 Sentence denotes Insulin resistance could also decrease the AMPK phosphorylation and increase the expression levels of SREBP-1c, which further suppressed IRS-1 activation, inhibits IRS-1-associated insulin signaling and thereby decreases glucose uptake and utilization [3, 4, 19, 38] .
TextSentencer_T260 37659-37927 Sentence denotes Insulin resistance could also decrease the AMPK phosphorylation and increase the expression levels of SREBP-1c, which further suppressed IRS-1 activation, inhibits IRS-1-associated insulin signaling and thereby decreases glucose uptake and utilization [3, 4, 19, 38] .
TextSentencer_T261 37928-38129 Sentence denotes To understand the molecular mechanisms contributing to insulin resistance, we further observed the effects of EPF supplementation on these key factors of insulin signaling in liver tissue ( Figure 6 ).
TextSentencer_T261 37928-38129 Sentence denotes To understand the molecular mechanisms contributing to insulin resistance, we further observed the effects of EPF supplementation on these key factors of insulin signaling in liver tissue ( Figure 6 ).
TextSentencer_T262 38130-38396 Sentence denotes Consistent with these reports, our results showed HFD feeding for 8 weeks increased the SREBP-1c expression levels and inhibited its downstream molecule IRS-1 (Ser 307) phosphorylation, which substantiates the development of insulin resistance in the livers of mice.
TextSentencer_T262 38130-38396 Sentence denotes Consistent with these reports, our results showed HFD feeding for 8 weeks increased the SREBP-1c expression levels and inhibited its downstream molecule IRS-1 (Ser 307) phosphorylation, which substantiates the development of insulin resistance in the livers of mice.
TextSentencer_T263 38397-38754 Sentence denotes However, EPF dietary supplementation partially or completely prevented all these alterations associated with HFD consumption, suggesting that EPF might be a natural flavonoid-rich extract and the activator of IRS-1, which in turn regulates the expression of downstream genes involved in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism to lower blood glucose and lipid.
TextSentencer_T263 38397-38754 Sentence denotes However, EPF dietary supplementation partially or completely prevented all these alterations associated with HFD consumption, suggesting that EPF might be a natural flavonoid-rich extract and the activator of IRS-1, which in turn regulates the expression of downstream genes involved in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism to lower blood glucose and lipid.
TextSentencer_T264 38755-39129 Sentence denotes This is the first report that the extracts from P. fortunei flowers have potent protective effects against hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in HFD mice and the protective effects of EPF, at least in part, were associated with the decreased lipogenesis, increased glucose metabolism and induced fatty acid oxidation in livers by AMPK pathway.
TextSentencer_T264 38755-39129 Sentence denotes This is the first report that the extracts from P. fortunei flowers have potent protective effects against hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in HFD mice and the protective effects of EPF, at least in part, were associated with the decreased lipogenesis, increased glucose metabolism and induced fatty acid oxidation in livers by AMPK pathway.
TextSentencer_T265 39130-39189 Sentence denotes We propose a possible protective effect of EPF (Figure 7 ).
TextSentencer_T265 39130-39189 Sentence denotes We propose a possible protective effect of EPF (Figure 7 ).
TextSentencer_T266 39190-39313 Sentence denotes Our results emphasize the importance of dietary intervention in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases induced by HFD.
TextSentencer_T266 39190-39313 Sentence denotes Our results emphasize the importance of dietary intervention in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases induced by HFD.
TextSentencer_T267 39314-39479 Sentence denotes Although, seven flavonoid compounds were identified in the extract from P. fortunei flowers by HPLC analysis, we were not clear if all of them were bioactive agents.
TextSentencer_T267 39314-39479 Sentence denotes Although, seven flavonoid compounds were identified in the extract from P. fortunei flowers by HPLC analysis, we were not clear if all of them were bioactive agents.
TextSentencer_T268 39480-39699 Sentence denotes Therefore, this question warrants further investigation. biosynthesis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation might contribute to the beneficial effects of EPF on hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation in the HFD mice.
TextSentencer_T268 39480-39699 Sentence denotes Therefore, this question warrants further investigation. biosynthesis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation might contribute to the beneficial effects of EPF on hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation in the HFD mice.
TextSentencer_T269 39700-39805 Sentence denotes These data explained the anti-obesity, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of EPF to a certain extent.
TextSentencer_T269 39700-39805 Sentence denotes These data explained the anti-obesity, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of EPF to a certain extent.
TextSentencer_T270 39806-39944 Sentence denotes As previously expressed, insulin resistance is another key pathophysiological feature and pathogenesis in high fat diet mice [2, 20, 21] .
TextSentencer_T270 39806-39944 Sentence denotes As previously expressed, insulin resistance is another key pathophysiological feature and pathogenesis in high fat diet mice [2, 20, 21] .
TextSentencer_T271 39945-40165 Sentence denotes The hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia induced by high fat diet could decrease the number of insulin receptors, glucose transport and metabolism thereby increasing insulin resistance and reducing insulin sensitivity [23] .
TextSentencer_T271 39945-40165 Sentence denotes The hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia induced by high fat diet could decrease the number of insulin receptors, glucose transport and metabolism thereby increasing insulin resistance and reducing insulin sensitivity [23] .
TextSentencer_T272 40166-40272 Sentence denotes Insulin signaling is a cascade of events initiated by the activation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS).
TextSentencer_T272 40166-40272 Sentence denotes Insulin signaling is a cascade of events initiated by the activation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS).
TextSentencer_T273 40273-40352 Sentence denotes AMPK could regulate glucose metabolism insulin resistance by IRS pathway [37] .
TextSentencer_T273 40273-40352 Sentence denotes AMPK could regulate glucose metabolism insulin resistance by IRS pathway [37] .
TextSentencer_T274 40353-40621 Sentence denotes Insulin resistance could also decrease the AMPK phosphorylation and increase the expression levels of SREBP-1c, which further suppressed IRS-1 activation, inhibits IRS-1-associated insulin signaling and thereby decreases glucose uptake and utilization [3, 4, 19, 38] .
TextSentencer_T274 40353-40621 Sentence denotes Insulin resistance could also decrease the AMPK phosphorylation and increase the expression levels of SREBP-1c, which further suppressed IRS-1 activation, inhibits IRS-1-associated insulin signaling and thereby decreases glucose uptake and utilization [3, 4, 19, 38] .
TextSentencer_T275 40622-40823 Sentence denotes To understand the molecular mechanisms contributing to insulin resistance, we further observed the effects of EPF supplementation on these key factors of insulin signaling in liver tissue ( Figure 6 ).
TextSentencer_T275 40622-40823 Sentence denotes To understand the molecular mechanisms contributing to insulin resistance, we further observed the effects of EPF supplementation on these key factors of insulin signaling in liver tissue ( Figure 6 ).
TextSentencer_T276 40824-41090 Sentence denotes Consistent with these reports, our results showed HFD feeding for 8 weeks increased the SREBP-1c expression levels and inhibited its downstream molecule IRS-1 (Ser 307) phosphorylation, which substantiates the development of insulin resistance in the livers of mice.
TextSentencer_T276 40824-41090 Sentence denotes Consistent with these reports, our results showed HFD feeding for 8 weeks increased the SREBP-1c expression levels and inhibited its downstream molecule IRS-1 (Ser 307) phosphorylation, which substantiates the development of insulin resistance in the livers of mice.
TextSentencer_T277 41091-41448 Sentence denotes However, EPF dietary supplementation partially or completely prevented all these alterations associated with HFD consumption, suggesting that EPF might be a natural flavonoid-rich extract and the activator of IRS-1, which in turn regulates the expression of downstream genes involved in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism to lower blood glucose and lipid.
TextSentencer_T277 41091-41448 Sentence denotes However, EPF dietary supplementation partially or completely prevented all these alterations associated with HFD consumption, suggesting that EPF might be a natural flavonoid-rich extract and the activator of IRS-1, which in turn regulates the expression of downstream genes involved in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism to lower blood glucose and lipid.
TextSentencer_T278 41449-41823 Sentence denotes This is the first report that the extracts from P. fortunei flowers have potent protective effects against hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in HFD mice and the protective effects of EPF, at least in part, were associated with the decreased lipogenesis, increased glucose metabolism and induced fatty acid oxidation in livers by AMPK pathway.
TextSentencer_T278 41449-41823 Sentence denotes This is the first report that the extracts from P. fortunei flowers have potent protective effects against hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in HFD mice and the protective effects of EPF, at least in part, were associated with the decreased lipogenesis, increased glucose metabolism and induced fatty acid oxidation in livers by AMPK pathway.
TextSentencer_T279 41824-41883 Sentence denotes We propose a possible protective effect of EPF (Figure 7 ).
TextSentencer_T279 41824-41883 Sentence denotes We propose a possible protective effect of EPF (Figure 7 ).
TextSentencer_T280 41884-42007 Sentence denotes Our results emphasize the importance of dietary intervention in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases induced by HFD.
TextSentencer_T280 41884-42007 Sentence denotes Our results emphasize the importance of dietary intervention in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases induced by HFD.
TextSentencer_T281 42008-42173 Sentence denotes Although, seven flavonoid compounds were identified in the extract from P. fortunei flowers by HPLC analysis, we were not clear if all of them were bioactive agents.
TextSentencer_T281 42008-42173 Sentence denotes Although, seven flavonoid compounds were identified in the extract from P. fortunei flowers by HPLC analysis, we were not clear if all of them were bioactive agents.
TextSentencer_T282 42174-42230 Sentence denotes Therefore, this question warrants further investigation.
TextSentencer_T282 42174-42230 Sentence denotes Therefore, this question warrants further investigation.