CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:c32d0c0e6f09f6da1b8d9075733574b26bfec04a JSONTXT 8 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-98 Sentence denotes Geographical distribution of complement receptor type 1 variants and their associated disease risk
TextSentencer_T1 0-98 Sentence denotes Geographical distribution of complement receptor type 1 variants and their associated disease risk
TextSentencer_T2 100-108 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T2 100-108 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 109-207 Sentence denotes Pathogens exert selective pressure which may lead to substantial changes in host immune responses.
TextSentencer_T3 109-207 Sentence denotes Pathogens exert selective pressure which may lead to substantial changes in host immune responses.
TextSentencer_T4 208-391 Sentence denotes The human complement receptor type 1 (CR1) is an innate immune recognition glycoprotein that regulates the activation of the complement pathway and removes opsonized immune complexes.
TextSentencer_T4 208-391 Sentence denotes The human complement receptor type 1 (CR1) is an innate immune recognition glycoprotein that regulates the activation of the complement pathway and removes opsonized immune complexes.
TextSentencer_T5 392-548 Sentence denotes CR1 genetic variants in exon 29 have been associated with expression levels, C1q or C3b binding and increased susceptibility to several infectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T5 392-548 Sentence denotes CR1 genetic variants in exon 29 have been associated with expression levels, C1q or C3b binding and increased susceptibility to several infectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T6 549-691 Sentence denotes Five distinct CR1 nucleotide substitutions determine the Knops blood group phenotypes, namely Kn a/b , McC a/b , Sl1/Sl2, Sl4/Sl5 and KCAM+/-.
TextSentencer_T6 549-691 Sentence denotes Five distinct CR1 nucleotide substitutions determine the Knops blood group phenotypes, namely Kn a/b , McC a/b , Sl1/Sl2, Sl4/Sl5 and KCAM+/-.
TextSentencer_T7 692-837 Sentence denotes CR1 variants were genotyped by direct sequencing in a cohort of 441 healthy individuals from Brazil, Vietnam, India, Republic of Congo and Ghana.
TextSentencer_T7 692-837 Sentence denotes CR1 variants were genotyped by direct sequencing in a cohort of 441 healthy individuals from Brazil, Vietnam, India, Republic of Congo and Ghana.
TextSentencer_T8 838-961 Sentence denotes The distribution of the CR1 alleles, genotypes and haplotypes differed significantly among geographical settings (p 0.001).
TextSentencer_T8 838-961 Sentence denotes The distribution of the CR1 alleles, genotypes and haplotypes differed significantly among geographical settings (p 0.001).
TextSentencer_T9 962-1218 Sentence denotes CR1 variants rs17047660A/G (McC a/b ) and rs17047661A/ G (Sl1/Sl2) were exclusively observed to be polymorphic in African populations compared to the groups from Asia and South-America, strongly suggesting that these two SNPs may be subjected to selection.
TextSentencer_T9 962-1218 Sentence denotes CR1 variants rs17047660A/G (McC a/b ) and rs17047661A/ G (Sl1/Sl2) were exclusively observed to be polymorphic in African populations compared to the groups from Asia and South-America, strongly suggesting that these two SNPs may be subjected to selection.
TextSentencer_T10 1219-1349 Sentence denotes This is further substantiated by a high linkage disequilibrium between the two variants in the Congolese and Ghanaian populations.
TextSentencer_T10 1219-1349 Sentence denotes This is further substantiated by a high linkage disequilibrium between the two variants in the Congolese and Ghanaian populations.
TextSentencer_T11 1350-1404 Sentence denotes A total of nine CR1 haplotypes PLOS ONE | https://doi.
TextSentencer_T11 1350-1404 Sentence denotes A total of nine CR1 haplotypes PLOS ONE | https://doi.
TextSentencer_T12 1406-1557 Sentence denotes Introduction Complement receptor type 1 (CR1) is widely recognized to play a role in disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognosis and in therapy [1] .
TextSentencer_T12 1406-1557 Sentence denotes Introduction Complement receptor type 1 (CR1) is widely recognized to play a role in disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognosis and in therapy [1] .
TextSentencer_T13 1558-1648 Sentence denotes The gene encoding human CR1 is located on chromosome 1 (1q32.2; OMIM 120620) [2] [3] [4] .
TextSentencer_T13 1558-1648 Sentence denotes The gene encoding human CR1 is located on chromosome 1 (1q32.2; OMIM 120620) [2] [3] [4] .
TextSentencer_T14 1649-1838 Sentence denotes CR1 belongs to the regulator of complement activation family (RCA) and is a transmembrane glycoprotein (single chain type 1), which occurs either in membrane-bound or soluble forms [2, 5] .
TextSentencer_T14 1649-1838 Sentence denotes CR1 belongs to the regulator of complement activation family (RCA) and is a transmembrane glycoprotein (single chain type 1), which occurs either in membrane-bound or soluble forms [2, 5] .
TextSentencer_T15 1839-1952 Sentence denotes CR1 is predominantly involved in the transport of circulating immune complexes to the reticuloendothelial system.
TextSentencer_T15 1839-1952 Sentence denotes CR1 is predominantly involved in the transport of circulating immune complexes to the reticuloendothelial system.
TextSentencer_T16 1953-2091 Sentence denotes CR1 acts as a regulator in the three pathways of the complement system [2] , namely the classical, the lectin and the alternative pathway.
TextSentencer_T16 1953-2091 Sentence denotes CR1 acts as a regulator in the three pathways of the complement system [2] , namely the classical, the lectin and the alternative pathway.
TextSentencer_T17 2092-2294 Sentence denotes It enhances phagocytosis of opsonized particles together with the complement components C3b, C4b, C1q, mannose-binding lectin and ficolin-2, thereby facilitating clearance of opsonized immune complexes.
TextSentencer_T17 2092-2294 Sentence denotes It enhances phagocytosis of opsonized particles together with the complement components C3b, C4b, C1q, mannose-binding lectin and ficolin-2, thereby facilitating clearance of opsonized immune complexes.
TextSentencer_T18 2295-2395 Sentence denotes In the presence of Factor I, CR1 suppresses the complement cascade by inactivating C3b and C4b [6] .
TextSentencer_T18 2295-2395 Sentence denotes In the presence of Factor I, CR1 suppresses the complement cascade by inactivating C3b and C4b [6] .
TextSentencer_T19 2396-2509 Sentence denotes CR1 comprises of 30 short complement regulator (SCR) domains, known as complement control protein repeats (CCPs).
TextSentencer_T19 2396-2509 Sentence denotes CR1 comprises of 30 short complement regulator (SCR) domains, known as complement control protein repeats (CCPs).
TextSentencer_T20 2510-2618 Sentence denotes Four protein isoforms have been identified based on their molecular weight and the number of CR1 exons [3] .
TextSentencer_T20 2510-2618 Sentence denotes Four protein isoforms have been identified based on their molecular weight and the number of CR1 exons [3] .
TextSentencer_T21 2619-2710 Sentence denotes Groups of seven CCPs are organized into four long homologous repeats (LHRs A to D) [7, 8] .
TextSentencer_T21 2619-2710 Sentence denotes Groups of seven CCPs are organized into four long homologous repeats (LHRs A to D) [7, 8] .
TextSentencer_T22 2711-2811 Sentence denotes CR1 is also expressed on cells involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses [9] [10] [11] .
TextSentencer_T22 2711-2811 Sentence denotes CR1 is also expressed on cells involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses [9] [10] [11] .
TextSentencer_T23 2812-2981 Sentence denotes The erythrocyte CR1 binds to circulating immune complexes and to complementcoated particles to transport them to the liver or spleen for subsequent phagocytosis [2, 3] .
TextSentencer_T23 2812-2981 Sentence denotes The erythrocyte CR1 binds to circulating immune complexes and to complementcoated particles to transport them to the liver or spleen for subsequent phagocytosis [2, 3] .
TextSentencer_T24 2982-3104 Sentence denotes CR1 deficient mice showed decreased and delayed IgM and IgG responses to West-Nile virus, thus increasing mortality [12] .
TextSentencer_T24 2982-3104 Sentence denotes CR1 deficient mice showed decreased and delayed IgM and IgG responses to West-Nile virus, thus increasing mortality [12] .
TextSentencer_T25 3105-3294 Sentence denotes Moreover, in vitro studies have shown that CR1 has distinct adjuvant properties [13] [14] [15] [16] , probably due to its involvement in uptake of antigen by antigen-presenting cells [17] .
TextSentencer_T25 3105-3294 Sentence denotes Moreover, in vitro studies have shown that CR1 has distinct adjuvant properties [13] [14] [15] [16] , probably due to its involvement in uptake of antigen by antigen-presenting cells [17] .
TextSentencer_T26 3295-3532 Sentence denotes Three types of polymorphisms have been characterized in the CR1 gene, namely those generating size variants, those resulting in copy number differences on red blood cells and polymorphisms forming the Knops blood group antigens [1, 18] .
TextSentencer_T26 3295-3532 Sentence denotes Three types of polymorphisms have been characterized in the CR1 gene, namely those generating size variants, those resulting in copy number differences on red blood cells and polymorphisms forming the Knops blood group antigens [1, 18] .
TextSentencer_T27 3533-3619 Sentence denotes Five distinct CR1 nucleotide substitutions determine the Knops blood group phenotypes:
TextSentencer_T27 3533-3619 Sentence denotes Five distinct CR1 nucleotide substitutions determine the Knops blood group phenotypes:
TextSentencer_T28 3620-3880 Sentence denotes Knops (rs41274768, Kn a/b , p.N1540S), McCoy (rs17047660, McC a/b , p.K1590E), Swain-Langley/Villien (rs17047661, Sl1/ Sl2, p.R1601G), Swain-Langley (rs4844609, Sl4/Sl5, p.T1610S), and the KCAM antigens (rs6691117, KCAM+/-, p.I1615V) [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] .
TextSentencer_T28 3620-3880 Sentence denotes Knops (rs41274768, Kn a/b , p.N1540S), McCoy (rs17047660, McC a/b , p.K1590E), Swain-Langley/Villien (rs17047661, Sl1/ Sl2, p.R1601G), Swain-Langley (rs4844609, Sl4/Sl5, p.T1610S), and the KCAM antigens (rs6691117, KCAM+/-, p.I1615V) [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] .
TextSentencer_T29 3881-4057 Sentence denotes In the process of pathogen evasion from the host´s immune system, pathogens bind to complement receptors and other regulatory proteins to facilitate their uptake by host cells.
TextSentencer_T29 3881-4057 Sentence denotes In the process of pathogen evasion from the host´s immune system, pathogens bind to complement receptors and other regulatory proteins to facilitate their uptake by host cells.
TextSentencer_T30 4058-4148 Sentence denotes This may considerably downregulate and impair the function of the complement system [24] .
TextSentencer_T30 4058-4148 Sentence denotes This may considerably downregulate and impair the function of the complement system [24] .
TextSentencer_T31 4149-4314 Sentence denotes For instance, CR1 has been reported to facilitate entry of intracellular pathogens into host cells and CR1 protein levels are associated with disease susceptibility.
TextSentencer_T31 4149-4314 Sentence denotes For instance, CR1 has been reported to facilitate entry of intracellular pathogens into host cells and CR1 protein levels are associated with disease susceptibility.
TextSentencer_T32 4315-4341 Sentence denotes Among protozoan parasites,
TextSentencer_T32 4315-4341 Sentence denotes Among protozoan parasites,
TextSentencer_T33 4343-4661 Sentence denotes In order to assess the distribution of six functional variants [rs17259045, rs41274768 (Kn a/b ), rs17047660 (McC a/b ), rs17047661 (Sl1/Sl2), rs4844609 (Sl4/Sl5), rs6691117 (KCAM+/-)], the complete CR1 exon 29 including their intron-exon boundaries was screened by direct sequencing in the 441 DNA samples (Table 1) .
TextSentencer_T33 4343-4661 Sentence denotes In order to assess the distribution of six functional variants [rs17259045, rs41274768 (Kn a/b ), rs17047660 (McC a/b ), rs17047661 (Sl1/Sl2), rs4844609 (Sl4/Sl5), rs6691117 (KCAM+/-)], the complete CR1 exon 29 including their intron-exon boundaries was screened by direct sequencing in the 441 DNA samples (Table 1) .
TextSentencer_T34 4662-4893 Sentence denotes A fragment of 884 bp in exon 29 of the CR1 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the CR1 locus specific primer CR1F (5'-TCT TCA TAA ATA ATG CCA GAA GTG G-3') and CR1R (5'-TGC CAA TTT CAT AGT CCT TAT ACA C-3').
TextSentencer_T34 4662-4893 Sentence denotes A fragment of 884 bp in exon 29 of the CR1 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the CR1 locus specific primer CR1F (5'-TCT TCA TAA ATA ATG CCA GAA GTG G-3') and CR1R (5'-TGC CAA TTT CAT AGT CCT TAT ACA C-3').
TextSentencer_T35 4894-5201 Sentence denotes PCR amplifications were carried out in a 25 μl volume of reaction mixture containing 10X PCR buffer, 3.0 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 0.2 μM of each primer, 1 unit of Taq polymerase (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) and 20 ng of genomic DNA on a TProfessional Basic Thermocycler (Biometra GmbH, Göttingen, Germany).
TextSentencer_T35 4894-5201 Sentence denotes PCR amplifications were carried out in a 25 μl volume of reaction mixture containing 10X PCR buffer, 3.0 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 0.2 μM of each primer, 1 unit of Taq polymerase (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) and 20 ng of genomic DNA on a TProfessional Basic Thermocycler (Biometra GmbH, Göttingen, Germany).
TextSentencer_T36 5202-5452 Sentence denotes Cycling parameters were initial denaturation at 94˚C for 5 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94˚C for 30 seconds, annealing at 55˚C for 30 seconds and elongation at 72˚C for 1 minute, and a final elongation step at 72˚C for 10 minutes.
TextSentencer_T36 5202-5452 Sentence denotes Cycling parameters were initial denaturation at 94˚C for 5 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94˚C for 30 seconds, annealing at 55˚C for 30 seconds and elongation at 72˚C for 1 minute, and a final elongation step at 72˚C for 10 minutes.
TextSentencer_T37 5453-5573 Sentence denotes PCR fragments were stained with SYBR Safe DNA Gel Stain (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) and visualized on 1.5% agarose gels.
TextSentencer_T37 5453-5573 Sentence denotes PCR fragments were stained with SYBR Safe DNA Gel Stain (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) and visualized on 1.5% agarose gels.
TextSentencer_T38 5574-5775 Sentence denotes PCR products were subsequently purified using Exo-SAP-IT (USB, Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and the purified products were directly used as templates for sequencing using the Big-Dye terminator v.
TextSentencer_T38 5574-5775 Sentence denotes PCR products were subsequently purified using Exo-SAP-IT (USB, Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and the purified products were directly used as templates for sequencing using the Big-Dye terminator v.
TextSentencer_T39 5776-5920 Sentence denotes 1.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) on an ABI 3130XL DNA sequencer according to the manufacturer's instructions.
TextSentencer_T39 5776-5920 Sentence denotes 1.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) on an ABI 3130XL DNA sequencer according to the manufacturer's instructions.
TextSentencer_T40 5921-6170 Sentence denotes DNA polymorphisms were identified by assembling the sequences with the reference sequence of the CR1 (NM_000573) using Geneious v9.1.4 software (Biomatters Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand) and reconfirmed visually from their respective electropherograms.
TextSentencer_T40 5921-6170 Sentence denotes DNA polymorphisms were identified by assembling the sequences with the reference sequence of the CR1 (NM_000573) using Geneious v9.1.4 software (Biomatters Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand) and reconfirmed visually from their respective electropherograms.
TextSentencer_T41 6171-6345 Sentence denotes Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism 3.0 software package (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) and Stata 12.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
TextSentencer_T41 6171-6345 Sentence denotes Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism 3.0 software package (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) and Stata 12.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
TextSentencer_T42 6346-6447 Sentence denotes Normal Chi square and two tailed Fisher's exact tests were calculated to determine the differences of
TextSentencer_T42 6346-6447 Sentence denotes Normal Chi square and two tailed Fisher's exact tests were calculated to determine the differences of
TextSentencer_T43 6449-6550 Sentence denotes The frequencies of CR1 genotypes in the five populations were in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05).
TextSentencer_T43 6449-6550 Sentence denotes The frequencies of CR1 genotypes in the five populations were in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05).
TextSentencer_T44 6551-6744 Sentence denotes The allele and genotype frequencies of the CR1 SNPs rs17259045, rs17047660 (McC a/b ), rs17047661 (Sl1/Sl2) and rs6691117 (KCAM+/-) differed significantly among the groups (p 0.01) ( Table 1 ).
TextSentencer_T44 6551-6744 Sentence denotes The allele and genotype frequencies of the CR1 SNPs rs17259045, rs17047660 (McC a/b ), rs17047661 (Sl1/Sl2) and rs6691117 (KCAM+/-) differed significantly among the groups (p 0.01) ( Table 1 ).
TextSentencer_T45 6745-6846 Sentence denotes Genotype frequencies of the CR1 variants rs41274768 (Kn a/b ) and rs4844609 (Sl4/Sl5) did not differ.
TextSentencer_T45 6745-6846 Sentence denotes Genotype frequencies of the CR1 variants rs41274768 (Kn a/b ) and rs4844609 (Sl4/Sl5) did not differ.
TextSentencer_T46 6847-6947 Sentence denotes The rs17259045AG genotype and the rs17259045G allele were more frequent in the Brazilian population.
TextSentencer_T46 6847-6947 Sentence denotes The rs17259045AG genotype and the rs17259045G allele were more frequent in the Brazilian population.
TextSentencer_T47 6948-7171 Sentence denotes Moreover, the G carriers (AG and GG) and the G allele of variants rs17047660 (McC a/b ), rs17047661 (Sl1/Sl2) and rs6691117 (KCAM+/-) were observed more commonly among the two African populations (Republic of Congo, Ghana).
TextSentencer_T47 6948-7171 Sentence denotes Moreover, the G carriers (AG and GG) and the G allele of variants rs17047660 (McC a/b ), rs17047661 (Sl1/Sl2) and rs6691117 (KCAM+/-) were observed more commonly among the two African populations (Republic of Congo, Ghana).
TextSentencer_T48 7172-7403 Sentence denotes Interestingly, among Congolese and Ghanaian individuals the minor allele of SNPs rs17259045A/G, rs41274768G/A (Kn a/b ) and rs4844609T/A (Sl4/Sl5) did not occur at all; this allele was observed exclusively in Brazilian individuals.
TextSentencer_T48 7172-7403 Sentence denotes Interestingly, among Congolese and Ghanaian individuals the minor allele of SNPs rs17259045A/G, rs41274768G/A (Kn a/b ) and rs4844609T/A (Sl4/Sl5) did not occur at all; this allele was observed exclusively in Brazilian individuals.
TextSentencer_T49 7404-7478 Sentence denotes Except for rs6691117 (KCAM+/-), the Vietnamese population was monomorphic.
TextSentencer_T49 7404-7478 Sentence denotes Except for rs6691117 (KCAM+/-), the Vietnamese population was monomorphic.
TextSentencer_T50 7479-7604 Sentence denotes The Indian group was monomorphic for three of the SNPs, but not for rs17259045, rs41274768 (Kn a/b ) and rs6691117 (KCAM+/-).
TextSentencer_T50 7479-7604 Sentence denotes The Indian group was monomorphic for three of the SNPs, but not for rs17259045, rs41274768 (Kn a/b ) and rs6691117 (KCAM+/-).
TextSentencer_T51 7605-7669 Sentence denotes Brazilian individuals were polymorphic for all SNPs ( Table 1 ).
TextSentencer_T51 7605-7669 Sentence denotes Brazilian individuals were polymorphic for all SNPs ( Table 1 ).
TextSentencer_T52 7670-7763 Sentence denotes The Knops blood antigen distribution among the studied populations is summarized in Table 2 .
TextSentencer_T52 7670-7763 Sentence denotes The Knops blood antigen distribution among the studied populations is summarized in Table 2 .
TextSentencer_T53 7764-7820 Sentence denotes Haplotypes were reconstructed from the six CR1 variants.
TextSentencer_T53 7764-7820 Sentence denotes Haplotypes were reconstructed from the six CR1 variants.
TextSentencer_T54 7821-7862 Sentence denotes A total of nine haplotypes were observed.
TextSentencer_T54 7821-7862 Sentence denotes A total of nine haplotypes were observed.
TextSentencer_T55 7863-7927 Sentence denotes The haplotype distributions are summarized in Table 3 and Fig 1.
TextSentencer_T55 7863-7927 Sentence denotes The haplotype distributions are summarized in Table 3 and Fig 1.
TextSentencer_T56 7928-8178 Sentence denotes The CR1 Ã AGAATA haplotype was more frequent among the Brazilian and Vietnamese populations; CR1 Ã AGAATG occurred frequently among the Indian and Vietnamese groups, while CR1 Ã AGAGTG was observed frequently among Congolese and Ghanaian individuals.
TextSentencer_T56 7928-8178 Sentence denotes The CR1 Ã AGAATA haplotype was more frequent among the Brazilian and Vietnamese populations; CR1 Ã AGAATG occurred frequently among the Indian and Vietnamese groups, while CR1 Ã AGAGTG was observed frequently among Congolese and Ghanaian individuals.
TextSentencer_T57 8179-8329 Sentence denotes The CR1 Ã AGGGTG and CR1 Ã AGAGTG haplotypes were observed only in Brazil and Africa, being far more frequent among the Congolese and Ghanaian groups.
TextSentencer_T57 8179-8329 Sentence denotes The CR1 Ã AGGGTG and CR1 Ã AGAGTG haplotypes were observed only in Brazil and Africa, being far more frequent among the Congolese and Ghanaian groups.
TextSentencer_T58 8330-8411 Sentence denotes Interestingly, CR1 Ã GGAATA was exclusively observed in the Brazilian population.
TextSentencer_T58 8330-8411 Sentence denotes Interestingly, CR1 Ã GGAATA was exclusively observed in the Brazilian population.
TextSentencer_T59 8412-8652 Sentence denotes Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis between SNPs revealed medium levels of LD for SNPs rs17047661 (Sl1/Sl2) and rs6691117 (KCAM+/-) and for rs17047660 (McC a/b ) and rs17047661 (Sl1/Sl2) in the Congolese and Ghanaian study groups (Fig 2) .
TextSentencer_T59 8412-8652 Sentence denotes Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis between SNPs revealed medium levels of LD for SNPs rs17047661 (Sl1/Sl2) and rs6691117 (KCAM+/-) and for rs17047660 (McC a/b ) and rs17047661 (Sl1/Sl2) in the Congolese and Ghanaian study groups (Fig 2) .
TextSentencer_T60 8654-8805 Sentence denotes Pathogens exert strong selective pressure on the human host, leading to substantial changes in host immune regulation thereby evading immune responses.
TextSentencer_T60 8654-8805 Sentence denotes Pathogens exert strong selective pressure on the human host, leading to substantial changes in host immune regulation thereby evading immune responses.
TextSentencer_T61 8806-8991 Sentence denotes This study utilized samples from population exposed to diverse infectious diseases, where a strong selective pressure is exerted by these infectious pathogens on the human immune locus.
TextSentencer_T61 8806-8991 Sentence denotes This study utilized samples from population exposed to diverse infectious diseases, where a strong selective pressure is exerted by these infectious pathogens on the human immune locus.
TextSentencer_T62 8992-9176 Sentence denotes The samples utilized in this study are from different case-control cohorts investigated for possible associations of CR1 variants with different infectious diseases (unpublished data).
TextSentencer_T62 8992-9176 Sentence denotes The samples utilized in this study are from different case-control cohorts investigated for possible associations of CR1 variants with different infectious diseases (unpublished data).
TextSentencer_T63 9177-9326 Sentence denotes Brazilian, Vietnamese and Indian samples utilized in this study are from an endemic area to Chagas disease, viral hepatitis and leprosy respectively.
TextSentencer_T63 9177-9326 Sentence denotes Brazilian, Vietnamese and Indian samples utilized in this study are from an endemic area to Chagas disease, viral hepatitis and leprosy respectively.
TextSentencer_T64 9327-9405 Sentence denotes The Republic of Congo and Ghanaian samples are from malaria holoendemic sites.
TextSentencer_T64 9327-9405 Sentence denotes The Republic of Congo and Ghanaian samples are from malaria holoendemic sites.
TextSentencer_T65 9406-9569 Sentence denotes CR1 genetic variants in exon 29 are associated with CR1 expression levels, C1q or C3b binding activity and increased susceptibility to various infectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T65 9406-9569 Sentence denotes CR1 genetic variants in exon 29 are associated with CR1 expression levels, C1q or C3b binding activity and increased susceptibility to various infectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T66 9570-9751 Sentence denotes This study investigated the entire exon 29 of CR1 in five diverse populations in order to assess the distribution of Knops blood group antigens and the distinct functional CR1 SNPs.
TextSentencer_T66 9570-9751 Sentence denotes This study investigated the entire exon 29 of CR1 in five diverse populations in order to assess the distribution of Knops blood group antigens and the distinct functional CR1 SNPs.
TextSentencer_T67 9752-9933 Sentence denotes Such studies on geographically diverse populations can provide insights on how these CR1 alleles have spread in populations and contribute to the understanding of natural selection.
TextSentencer_T67 9752-9933 Sentence denotes Such studies on geographically diverse populations can provide insights on how these CR1 alleles have spread in populations and contribute to the understanding of natural selection.
TextSentencer_T68 9934-10260 Sentence denotes Allele and genotype frequencies of CR1 variants in exon 29 [rs17259045, rs41274768 (Kn a/b ), rs17047660 (McC a/b ), rs17047661 (Sl1/Sl2), rs4844609 (Sl4/Sl5), rs6691117 (KCAM+/-)] as well as their haplotype frequencies were differently distributed among the Brazilian, Vietnamese, Indian, Congolese and Ghanaian study groups.
TextSentencer_T68 9934-10260 Sentence denotes Allele and genotype frequencies of CR1 variants in exon 29 [rs17259045, rs41274768 (Kn a/b ), rs17047660 (McC a/b ), rs17047661 (Sl1/Sl2), rs4844609 (Sl4/Sl5), rs6691117 (KCAM+/-)] as well as their haplotype frequencies were differently distributed among the Brazilian, Vietnamese, Indian, Congolese and Ghanaian study groups.
TextSentencer_T69 10261-10431 Sentence denotes So far, the frequencies of these variants and especially, the distribution of blood group antigens have not been described explicitly for central African populations yet.
TextSentencer_T69 10261-10431 Sentence denotes So far, the frequencies of these variants and especially, the distribution of blood group antigens have not been described explicitly for central African populations yet.
TextSentencer_T70 10432-10761 Sentence denotes CR1 variants rs17047660A/G (McC a/b ) and rs17047661A/G (Sl1/Sl2) were observed to be polymorphic only in the African groups compared to those from Asia and Brazil, indicating that the frequencies of these two SNPs result from a strong selective bias exerted by exposure to distinct pathogens especially by Plasmodium falciparum.
TextSentencer_T70 10432-10761 Sentence denotes CR1 variants rs17047660A/G (McC a/b ) and rs17047661A/G (Sl1/Sl2) were observed to be polymorphic only in the African groups compared to those from Asia and Brazil, indicating that the frequencies of these two SNPs result from a strong selective bias exerted by exposure to distinct pathogens especially by Plasmodium falciparum.
TextSentencer_T71 10762-10842 Sentence denotes This is substantiated by a high linkage disequilibrium between the two variants.
TextSentencer_T71 10762-10842 Sentence denotes This is substantiated by a high linkage disequilibrium between the two variants.
TextSentencer_T72 10843-10977 Sentence denotes Of the reconstructed CR1 haplotypes, CR1 Ã AGAGTG and CR1 Ã AGGGTG were observed to be unique among the Congolese and Ghanaian groups.
TextSentencer_T72 10843-10977 Sentence denotes Of the reconstructed CR1 haplotypes, CR1 Ã AGAGTG and CR1 Ã AGGGTG were observed to be unique among the Congolese and Ghanaian groups.
TextSentencer_T73 10978-11030 Sentence denotes CR1 Ã AGAGTG contains the allele of the rs17047660A.
TextSentencer_T73 10978-11030 Sentence denotes CR1 Ã AGAGTG contains the allele of the rs17047660A.
TextSentencer_T74 11031-11096 Sentence denotes This locus also determines the Knops blood group antigen McC a/b.
TextSentencer_T74 11031-11096 Sentence denotes This locus also determines the Knops blood group antigen McC a/b.
TextSentencer_T75 11097-11250 Sentence denotes Studies have demonstrated that this blood group antigen is dominant among many ethnic groups of African ancestry living in malaria endemic regions [34] .
TextSentencer_T75 11097-11250 Sentence denotes Studies have demonstrated that this blood group antigen is dominant among many ethnic groups of African ancestry living in malaria endemic regions [34] .
TextSentencer_T76 11251-11402 Sentence denotes Higher rates of adaptive evolution are expected to occur especially in genes involved in the immune system, as these gene loci coevolve with pathogens.
TextSentencer_T76 11251-11402 Sentence denotes Higher rates of adaptive evolution are expected to occur especially in genes involved in the immune system, as these gene loci coevolve with pathogens.
TextSentencer_T77 11403-11499 Sentence denotes This is largely contributed by two factors the genetics of the population and natural selection.
TextSentencer_T77 11403-11499 Sentence denotes This is largely contributed by two factors the genetics of the population and natural selection.
TextSentencer_T78 11500-11620 Sentence denotes Immune genes tend to evolve rapidly as selection pressure is changing continuously due to various pathogenic challenges.
TextSentencer_T78 11500-11620 Sentence denotes Immune genes tend to evolve rapidly as selection pressure is changing continuously due to various pathogenic challenges.
TextSentencer_T79 11621-11826 Sentence denotes Therefore, positive selection of rs17047660A/G (McC a/b ) and rs1704661A/G (Sl1/Sl2) loci is expected in sub-Saharan African populations exposed to distinct pathogenic challenges (e.g. falciparum malaria).
TextSentencer_T79 11621-11826 Sentence denotes Therefore, positive selection of rs17047660A/G (McC a/b ) and rs1704661A/G (Sl1/Sl2) loci is expected in sub-Saharan African populations exposed to distinct pathogenic challenges (e.g. falciparum malaria).
TextSentencer_T80 11827-11993 Sentence denotes Such a selective advantage occurs mainly in immune genes involved in pathogen recognition and signaling, and the CR1 is one of such genes involved in innate immunity.
TextSentencer_T80 11827-11993 Sentence denotes Such a selective advantage occurs mainly in immune genes involved in pathogen recognition and signaling, and the CR1 is one of such genes involved in innate immunity.
TextSentencer_T81 11994-12322 Sentence denotes In addition, the reported frequencies of these two loci, rs17047660A/G (Sl4/Sl5) and rs1704661A/G (Sl1/Sl2), in this study were in accordance with frequencies observed in other There is growing evidence of ethnic differences in susceptibility to some infectious diseases and of genetic adaptation to diverse pathogens [18, 35] .
TextSentencer_T81 11994-12322 Sentence denotes In addition, the reported frequencies of these two loci, rs17047660A/G (Sl4/Sl5) and rs1704661A/G (Sl1/Sl2), in this study were in accordance with frequencies observed in other There is growing evidence of ethnic differences in susceptibility to some infectious diseases and of genetic adaptation to diverse pathogens [18, 35] .
TextSentencer_T82 12323-12671 Sentence denotes This study investigated five antigens of the Knops blood group including the Knops (rs41274768, Kn a/b , p.N1540S), the McCoy (rs17047660, McC a/b , p.K1590E), the Swain-Langley/Villien (rs17047661, Sl1/Sl2, p.R1601G), the Swain-Langley (rs4844609, Sl4/Sl5, p.T1610S), and the KCAM antigens (rs6691117, KCAM+/-, p.I1615V) [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] .
TextSentencer_T82 12323-12671 Sentence denotes This study investigated five antigens of the Knops blood group including the Knops (rs41274768, Kn a/b , p.N1540S), the McCoy (rs17047660, McC a/b , p.K1590E), the Swain-Langley/Villien (rs17047661, Sl1/Sl2, p.R1601G), the Swain-Langley (rs4844609, Sl4/Sl5, p.T1610S), and the KCAM antigens (rs6691117, KCAM+/-, p.I1615V) [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] .
TextSentencer_T83 12672-12781 Sentence denotes These Knops blood group polymorphisms have been found associated with various infectious diseases (Table 4 ).
TextSentencer_T83 12672-12781 Sentence denotes These Knops blood group polymorphisms have been found associated with various infectious diseases (Table 4 ).
TextSentencer_T84 12782-13045 Sentence denotes In particular, the two Knops blood group variants McC b (rs1704660G, E1590K) and Sl2 (rs1704661G, R1601G) have specific distributions among African populations, which has been related to selective pressure by malaria in Africa [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] .
TextSentencer_T84 12782-13045 Sentence denotes In particular, the two Knops blood group variants McC b (rs1704660G, E1590K) and Sl2 (rs1704661G, R1601G) have specific distributions among African populations, which has been related to selective pressure by malaria in Africa [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] .
TextSentencer_T85 13046-13255 Sentence denotes The substitution of lysine to glutamic acid at 1590 aa position modulates the epitope conformation and serologic reactivity due to its surface exposed feature, affecting the overall CR1 binding capacity [22] .
TextSentencer_T85 13046-13255 Sentence denotes The substitution of lysine to glutamic acid at 1590 aa position modulates the epitope conformation and serologic reactivity due to its surface exposed feature, affecting the overall CR1 binding capacity [22] .
TextSentencer_T86 13256-13339 Sentence denotes A high frequency of the rs1704661G (Sl2) allele was observed in the African groups.
TextSentencer_T86 13256-13339 Sentence denotes A high frequency of the rs1704661G (Sl2) allele was observed in the African groups.
TextSentencer_T87 13340-13550 Sentence denotes The high frequency of the rs6691117G (KCAM-, I1615V) allele in Africa and India indicates that this allele, similar as the rs1704660G (McC b ) and rs1704661G (Sl2) alleles, might also be subjected to selection.
TextSentencer_T87 13340-13550 Sentence denotes The high frequency of the rs6691117G (KCAM-, I1615V) allele in Africa and India indicates that this allele, similar as the rs1704660G (McC b ) and rs1704661G (Sl2) alleles, might also be subjected to selection.
TextSentencer_T88 13551-13701 Sentence denotes The presence of rs1704661G (McC b ), which is almost limited to African populations, suggests that rs1704661A (Sl1) may be the ancestral allele [43] .
TextSentencer_T88 13551-13701 Sentence denotes The presence of rs1704661G (McC b ), which is almost limited to African populations, suggests that rs1704661A (Sl1) may be the ancestral allele [43] .
TextSentencer_T89 13702-13783 Sentence denotes Also a differential distribution of rs6691117A/G (KCAM+/-) variants was observed.
TextSentencer_T89 13702-13783 Sentence denotes Also a differential distribution of rs6691117A/G (KCAM+/-) variants was observed.
TextSentencer_T90 13784-13959 Sentence denotes For instance, in the Vietnamese and Brazilian groups, rs6691117A (KCAM+) is a major allele, while the variant rs6691117G (KCAM-) was observed to be the major allele in Africa.
TextSentencer_T90 13784-13959 Sentence denotes For instance, in the Vietnamese and Brazilian groups, rs6691117A (KCAM+) is a major allele, while the variant rs6691117G (KCAM-) was observed to be the major allele in Africa.
TextSentencer_T91 13960-14172 Sentence denotes A study from India compared exon 29 CR1 variants in endemic and non-endemic populations and concluded that a differential association with falciparum malaria in regions of varying disease endemicity exists [44] .
TextSentencer_T91 13960-14172 Sentence denotes A study from India compared exon 29 CR1 variants in endemic and non-endemic populations and concluded that a differential association with falciparum malaria in regions of varying disease endemicity exists [44] .
TextSentencer_T92 14173-14271 Sentence denotes However, the Indian samples from the present study originate from an area not endemic for malaria.
TextSentencer_T92 14173-14271 Sentence denotes However, the Indian samples from the present study originate from an area not endemic for malaria.
TextSentencer_T93 14272-14410 Sentence denotes Taken together, this study revealed significant differences in allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of CR1 SNPs in five populations.
TextSentencer_T93 14272-14410 Sentence denotes Taken together, this study revealed significant differences in allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of CR1 SNPs in five populations.
TextSentencer_T94 14411-14467 Sentence denotes A limitation of this study might be a small sample size.
TextSentencer_T94 14411-14467 Sentence denotes A limitation of this study might be a small sample size.
TextSentencer_T95 14468-14725 Sentence denotes However, this study, first to include population from Central Africa, may provide an increased understanding of the contribution of red blood cell phenotypes and the complement regulator protein with regard to possible associations with infectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T95 14468-14725 Sentence denotes However, this study, first to include population from Central Africa, may provide an increased understanding of the contribution of red blood cell phenotypes and the complement regulator protein with regard to possible associations with infectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T96 14726-14866 Sentence denotes Further studies are warranted with increased sample sizes, to determine the role of CR1 in disease associations and pathogenesis mechanisms.
TextSentencer_T96 14726-14866 Sentence denotes Further studies are warranted with increased sample sizes, to determine the role of CR1 in disease associations and pathogenesis mechanisms.
TextSentencer_T97 14867-14890 Sentence denotes Conceptualization: TPV.
TextSentencer_T97 14867-14890 Sentence denotes Conceptualization: TPV.
TextSentencer_T98 14891-15172 Sentence denotes Tuberculosis [46] rs4844609 (4868T>A) Sl4/Sl5 T1610S Alzheimer disease [49] [50] [51] [52] Cognitive decline [53, 54] rs6691117 (4883A>G) KCAM +/-I1615V Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate [55] Alzheimer Disease [56] Gastric cancer [57] Lung cancer [58] Glioblastoma multiforme [59] 21.
TextSentencer_T98 14891-15172 Sentence denotes Tuberculosis [46] rs4844609 (4868T>A) Sl4/Sl5 T1610S Alzheimer disease [49] [50] [51] [52] Cognitive decline [53, 54] rs6691117 (4883A>G) KCAM +/-I1615V Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate [55] Alzheimer Disease [56] Gastric cancer [57] Lung cancer [58] Glioblastoma multiforme [59] 21.
TextSentencer_T99 15173-15179 Sentence denotes Moulds
TextSentencer_T99 15173-15179 Sentence denotes Moulds