CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:c1913023789309c69e0f3816e4146557cd486762 JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-87 Sentence denotes EMBRYO IMPORTATION AND CRYOBANKING STRATEGIES FOR LABORATORY ANIMALS ANDWlLDLIFEsPECIES
TextSentencer_T1 0-87 Sentence denotes EMBRYO IMPORTATION AND CRYOBANKING STRATEGIES FOR LABORATORY ANIMALS ANDWlLDLIFEsPECIES
TextSentencer_T2 89-97 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T2 89-97 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 98-355 Sentence denotes The transportation of embryos obtained from animal models, endangered species and nondomestic farmed animals (e.g., deer) can reduce/eliminate the need for shipping postnatal animals and thus has gamed the interest of the biomedical and conservation fields.
TextSentencer_T3 98-355 Sentence denotes The transportation of embryos obtained from animal models, endangered species and nondomestic farmed animals (e.g., deer) can reduce/eliminate the need for shipping postnatal animals and thus has gamed the interest of the biomedical and conservation fields.
TextSentencer_T4 356-430 Sentence denotes Efficient movement of germ plasm worldwide requires established ctyobanks.
TextSentencer_T4 356-430 Sentence denotes Efficient movement of germ plasm worldwide requires established ctyobanks.
TextSentencer_T5 431-592 Sentence denotes Embryo cryopreservation has become a routinely successful technology for many species and efforts to develop usable cryobanks for many target species am ongoing.
TextSentencer_T5 431-592 Sentence denotes Embryo cryopreservation has become a routinely successful technology for many species and efforts to develop usable cryobanks for many target species am ongoing.
TextSentencer_T6 593-726 Sentence denotes Recommended regulations for the movement of embryos from nontraditional (i.e. other than domestic livestock) species are nonexistent.
TextSentencer_T6 593-726 Sentence denotes Recommended regulations for the movement of embryos from nontraditional (i.e. other than domestic livestock) species are nonexistent.
TextSentencer_T7 727-889 Sentence denotes Efforts are underway to establish domestic and international handling guidelines and to recommend suitable quarantine conditions to facilitate embryo importation.
TextSentencer_T7 727-889 Sentence denotes Efforts are underway to establish domestic and international handling guidelines and to recommend suitable quarantine conditions to facilitate embryo importation.
TextSentencer_T8 890-1011 Sentence denotes Further basic research on specific zona pellucida-pathogen interactions is encouraged to support embryo movement efforts.
TextSentencer_T8 890-1011 Sentence denotes Further basic research on specific zona pellucida-pathogen interactions is encouraged to support embryo movement efforts.
TextSentencer_T9 1013-1219 Sentence denotes Consideration of general guidelines and circumstances needing special attention to facilitate the international movement of embryos from laboratory animals and nondomestic species is timely and appropriate.
TextSentencer_T9 1013-1219 Sentence denotes Consideration of general guidelines and circumstances needing special attention to facilitate the international movement of embryos from laboratory animals and nondomestic species is timely and appropriate.
TextSentencer_T10 1220-1390 Sentence denotes The groundwork for intematidnal efforts began in France when the Office of International Epixooties (OIE; 23), based on extensive embryo-pathogen interaction research (8.
TextSentencer_T10 1220-1390 Sentence denotes The groundwork for intematidnal efforts began in France when the Office of International Epixooties (OIE; 23), based on extensive embryo-pathogen interaction research (8.
TextSentencer_T11 1391-1469 Sentence denotes 30, 31, 32) , established guidelines to address movement of livestock embryos.
TextSentencer_T11 1391-1469 Sentence denotes 30, 31, 32) , established guidelines to address movement of livestock embryos.
TextSentencer_T12 1470-1821 Sentence denotes The efforts of a group of scientists, many of whom actively serve in the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) and its Import-Export Committee and Subcommittees, were critical to the establishment of and later acceptance internationally by government regulatory officials of standardized embryo washing and pathogen testing procedures (L23.31).
TextSentencer_T12 1470-1821 Sentence denotes The efforts of a group of scientists, many of whom actively serve in the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) and its Import-Export Committee and Subcommittees, were critical to the establishment of and later acceptance internationally by government regulatory officials of standardized embryo washing and pathogen testing procedures (L23.31).
TextSentencer_T13 1822-1912 Sentence denotes These have to be regularly updated based on research and risk assessment information (40).
TextSentencer_T13 1822-1912 Sentence denotes These have to be regularly updated based on research and risk assessment information (40).
TextSentencer_T14 1913-2052 Sentence denotes Laboratory animals maintained in defined environments require practical but effective guidelines to facilitate controlled embryo movements.
TextSentencer_T14 1913-2052 Sentence denotes Laboratory animals maintained in defined environments require practical but effective guidelines to facilitate controlled embryo movements.
TextSentencer_T15 2053-2257 Sentence denotes Fewer papers have been published on laboratory animals than on livestock species, but the data strongly support the effectiveness of embryo transfer for eliminating microbial contamination (4,5, 26, 27) .
TextSentencer_T15 2053-2257 Sentence denotes Fewer papers have been published on laboratory animals than on livestock species, but the data strongly support the effectiveness of embryo transfer for eliminating microbial contamination (4,5, 26, 27) .
TextSentencer_T16 2258-2477 Sentence denotes Due to cost constraints and physiological limitations (e.g., embryo availability) of wildlife species, it is improbable that the same degree of scientific investigation will occur before formulating regulatory policies.
TextSentencer_T16 2258-2477 Sentence denotes Due to cost constraints and physiological limitations (e.g., embryo availability) of wildlife species, it is improbable that the same degree of scientific investigation will occur before formulating regulatory policies.
TextSentencer_T17 2478-2727 Sentence denotes Developing and promoting standardized embryo handling practices for these nontraditional snecies will be discussed and a rationale for establishing effective guidelines, based on the more limited information for nondomestic species, will be or&ined.
TextSentencer_T17 2478-2727 Sentence denotes Developing and promoting standardized embryo handling practices for these nontraditional snecies will be discussed and a rationale for establishing effective guidelines, based on the more limited information for nondomestic species, will be or&ined.
TextSentencer_T18 2728-3041 Sentence denotes Da6 gathered for domestic species and some wildlife animal movement controls already in place. may support developing guidelines, and thus extensive embryo-pathogen interaction studies may not be necessary to meet regulatory requirements for the international movement of this valuable germ plasm (i.e., embryos).
TextSentencer_T18 2728-3041 Sentence denotes Da6 gathered for domestic species and some wildlife animal movement controls already in place. may support developing guidelines, and thus extensive embryo-pathogen interaction studies may not be necessary to meet regulatory requirements for the international movement of this valuable germ plasm (i.e., embryos).
TextSentencer_T19 3042-3287 Sentence denotes Biomedical Research Demands and the Need for Embryo Cryobanking Laboratory animals in the Rodentia and Lagomorpha orders (e.g., mice, rats, cotton rats, guinea pigs, gerbils, hamsters, rabbits) play a vital role in biomedical research worldwide.
TextSentencer_T19 3042-3287 Sentence denotes Biomedical Research Demands and the Need for Embryo Cryobanking Laboratory animals in the Rodentia and Lagomorpha orders (e.g., mice, rats, cotton rats, guinea pigs, gerbils, hamsters, rabbits) play a vital role in biomedical research worldwide.
TextSentencer_T20 3288-3486 Sentence denotes At the National Institutes of Health (NIH), many invaluable animal models of disease and normal biological processes are maintained in the Animal Genetic Resource (NIHAGR) for each of these species.
TextSentencer_T20 3288-3486 Sentence denotes At the National Institutes of Health (NIH), many invaluable animal models of disease and normal biological processes are maintained in the Animal Genetic Resource (NIHAGR) for each of these species.
TextSentencer_T21 3487-3729 Sentence denotes As a stock center for laboratory animals, the NIHAGR routinely provides breeding nuclei to the biomedical research community and an embryo bank was established as an economical means to indefinitely preserve these rodent and rabbit genotypes.
TextSentencer_T21 3487-3729 Sentence denotes As a stock center for laboratory animals, the NIHAGR routinely provides breeding nuclei to the biomedical research community and an embryo bank was established as an economical means to indefinitely preserve these rodent and rabbit genotypes.
TextSentencer_T22 3730-3909 Sentence denotes Embryo cryopreservation offers benefits for genotype management such as safeguarding against loss from disease, reproductive failure, natural catastrophe or genetic contamination.
TextSentencer_T22 3730-3909 Sentence denotes Embryo cryopreservation offers benefits for genotype management such as safeguarding against loss from disease, reproductive failure, natural catastrophe or genetic contamination.
TextSentencer_T23 3910-4069 Sentence denotes In the future, the cryobank will help minimize changes due to genetic drift by providing a resource from which defined genotypes can be periodically rederived.
TextSentencer_T23 3910-4069 Sentence denotes In the future, the cryobank will help minimize changes due to genetic drift by providing a resource from which defined genotypes can be periodically rederived.
TextSentencer_T24 4070-4140 Sentence denotes This will allow for restandardization of foundation breeding colonies.
TextSentencer_T24 4070-4140 Sentence denotes This will allow for restandardization of foundation breeding colonies.
TextSentencer_T25 4141-4302 Sentence denotes Also, rather than shipping postnatal animals, cryopreserved embryos would offer a simpler, more humane and easier method to transport requested models worldwide.
TextSentencer_T25 4141-4302 Sentence denotes Also, rather than shipping postnatal animals, cryopreserved embryos would offer a simpler, more humane and easier method to transport requested models worldwide.
TextSentencer_T26 4303-4423 Sentence denotes An equally important impact of embryo biotechnologies would be the prevention of vertical transmission of some diseases.
TextSentencer_T26 4303-4423 Sentence denotes An equally important impact of embryo biotechnologies would be the prevention of vertical transmission of some diseases.
TextSentencer_T27 4424-4494 Sentence denotes The NIHAGR continuallv receives reouests for laboratorv animal models.
TextSentencer_T27 4424-4494 Sentence denotes The NIHAGR continuallv receives reouests for laboratorv animal models.
TextSentencer_T28 4495-4641 Sentence denotes Last vear more than 2600 animals were shipped, includingmom &an 1500 tolaboratories outside ofNIH, of which about 250 were shioued intemationallv.
TextSentencer_T28 4495-4641 Sentence denotes Last vear more than 2600 animals were shipped, includingmom &an 1500 tolaboratories outside ofNIH, of which about 250 were shioued intemationallv.
TextSentencer_T29 4642-4753 Sentence denotes More reauests from laboratories located outside the NE-I could be filled if~~opreserved embryos were available.
TextSentencer_T29 4642-4753 Sentence denotes More reauests from laboratories located outside the NE-I could be filled if~~opreserved embryos were available.
TextSentencer_T30 4754-4842 Sentence denotes Postnatal animal shipments are halted during the climatic extremes of winter and summer.
TextSentencer_T30 4754-4842 Sentence denotes Postnatal animal shipments are halted during the climatic extremes of winter and summer.
TextSentencer_T31 4843-4985 Sentence denotes Cryostored embryos, however, could be shipped year round but require that experienced personnel am present to receive and process the embryos.
TextSentencer_T31 4843-4985 Sentence denotes Cryostored embryos, however, could be shipped year round but require that experienced personnel am present to receive and process the embryos.
TextSentencer_T32 4986-5107 Sentence denotes Embryo handling skills and training in cryobiology also are needed to ensure embryo survival during warming and transfer.
TextSentencer_T32 4986-5107 Sentence denotes Embryo handling skills and training in cryobiology also are needed to ensure embryo survival during warming and transfer.
TextSentencer_T33 5108-5318 Sentence denotes At the NIHAGR. research models of known genetic oriein and health status exist as closed breeding groups in defined living conditions in a&ordance &h the "Guide for the Cam and Use of Laboratorv Animals" (25) .
TextSentencer_T33 5108-5318 Sentence denotes At the NIHAGR. research models of known genetic oriein and health status exist as closed breeding groups in defined living conditions in a&ordance &h the "Guide for the Cam and Use of Laboratorv Animals" (25) .
TextSentencer_T34 5319-5516 Sentence denotes Assisted reoroductive technoloeies (ART) orovide oowerful tools to manage these genetic &&uces at stock centers, such as th~NlHAGd,~and to f&l&ate the movement of animal models to other facilities.
TextSentencer_T34 5319-5516 Sentence denotes Assisted reoroductive technoloeies (ART) orovide oowerful tools to manage these genetic &&uces at stock centers, such as th~NlHAGd,~and to f&l&ate the movement of animal models to other facilities.
TextSentencer_T35 5517-5753 Sentence denotes For example, embryo cryopreservation supports long-term storage and eventual rederivation of particular genotypes, while embryo transfer provides a desirable alternative to hysterectomy to tederive specific pathogen-free (SPF) snirnals.
TextSentencer_T35 5517-5753 Sentence denotes For example, embryo cryopreservation supports long-term storage and eventual rederivation of particular genotypes, while embryo transfer provides a desirable alternative to hysterectomy to tederive specific pathogen-free (SPF) snirnals.
TextSentencer_T36 5754-6007 Sentence denotes As these biotechnologies become incorporated into laboratory animal breeding programs, embryos must be handled aseptically (29) to avoid any contamination or possible disease. transmission by those imported and exported for biomedical research purposes.
TextSentencer_T36 5754-6007 Sentence denotes As these biotechnologies become incorporated into laboratory animal breeding programs, embryos must be handled aseptically (29) to avoid any contamination or possible disease. transmission by those imported and exported for biomedical research purposes.
TextSentencer_T37 6008-6211 Sentence denotes Considerinn the inherent oroblems associated with S~~DD~IE? oosmatal laboratorv animals, and the advanc& in cryobank&g technology, recommendalibns-for handling embryos designated for movement are timelv.
TextSentencer_T37 6008-6211 Sentence denotes Considerinn the inherent oroblems associated with S~~DD~IE? oosmatal laboratorv animals, and the advanc& in cryobank&g technology, recommendalibns-for handling embryos designated for movement are timelv.
TextSentencer_T38 6212-6391 Sentence denotes Guidelines (16) develooed at the NIH have been under review bv the IETS Import/Export Committee and focus on the need to establish recommendations for au' interested institutions.
TextSentencer_T38 6212-6391 Sentence denotes Guidelines (16) develooed at the NIH have been under review bv the IETS Import/Export Committee and focus on the need to establish recommendations for au' interested institutions.
TextSentencer_T39 6392-6538 Sentence denotes The proposed guidelines are being considered for inclusion in the future edition of the Manual of the International Embryo Transfer Society (31) .
TextSentencer_T39 6392-6538 Sentence denotes The proposed guidelines are being considered for inclusion in the future edition of the Manual of the International Embryo Transfer Society (31) .
TextSentencer_T40 6539-6651 Sentence denotes Shipment of cryopreserved embryos between research institutions, although not yet routine, does occur (20, 36) .
TextSentencer_T40 6539-6651 Sentence denotes Shipment of cryopreserved embryos between research institutions, although not yet routine, does occur (20, 36) .
TextSentencer_T41 6652-6750 Sentence denotes This approach is expected to be the preferred method for transporting NIHAGR models in the future.
TextSentencer_T41 6652-6750 Sentence denotes This approach is expected to be the preferred method for transporting NIHAGR models in the future.
TextSentencer_T42 6751-6858 Sentence denotes Because the NIHAGR maintains small foundation colonies, postnatal animals may not be available immediately.
TextSentencer_T42 6751-6858 Sentence denotes Because the NIHAGR maintains small foundation colonies, postnatal animals may not be available immediately.
TextSentencer_T43 6859-7119 Sentence denotes Banks of cryopreserved embryos will expedite requests, expand distribution and facilitate the international exchange of these valuable animal models by better coordinating animal supply/demand and minimizmg the impact of environmental temperature on shipments.
TextSentencer_T43 6859-7119 Sentence denotes Banks of cryopreserved embryos will expedite requests, expand distribution and facilitate the international exchange of these valuable animal models by better coordinating animal supply/demand and minimizmg the impact of environmental temperature on shipments.
TextSentencer_T44 7120-7236 Sentence denotes A screen for pathogens (especially zoonotics) is a typical part of routine health surveillance of facility colonies.
TextSentencer_T44 7120-7236 Sentence denotes A screen for pathogens (especially zoonotics) is a typical part of routine health surveillance of facility colonies.
TextSentencer_T45 7237-7313 Sentence denotes Documenting pathogens is necessary before the shipment of postnatal animals.
TextSentencer_T45 7237-7313 Sentence denotes Documenting pathogens is necessary before the shipment of postnatal animals.
TextSentencer_T46 7314-7395 Sentence denotes The health status of donor colonies is also a major concern for embryo shipments.
TextSentencer_T46 7314-7395 Sentence denotes The health status of donor colonies is also a major concern for embryo shipments.
TextSentencer_T47 7396-7501 Sentence denotes Testing for the presence of certain pathogens at each institution would facilitate embryo transportation.
TextSentencer_T47 7396-7501 Sentence denotes Testing for the presence of certain pathogens at each institution would facilitate embryo transportation.
TextSentencer_T48 7502-7563 Sentence denotes Suggested agents to be tested for am listed below by species:
TextSentencer_T48 7502-7563 Sentence denotes Suggested agents to be tested for am listed below by species:
TextSentencer_T49 7564-7721 Sentence denotes Treuonema, SalmoneUa a., maenrginosa and coccidia Embryo transfer technologies have proven effective in eliminating pathogens from rodent and rabbit embryos.
TextSentencer_T49 7564-7721 Sentence denotes Treuonema, SalmoneUa a., maenrginosa and coccidia Embryo transfer technologies have proven effective in eliminating pathogens from rodent and rabbit embryos.
TextSentencer_T50 7722-7836 Sentence denotes In mice, embryo washing/transfer procedures have been shown to remove cytomegalovirus (22) , MVM (21), LDHV (22) .
TextSentencer_T50 7722-7836 Sentence denotes In mice, embryo washing/transfer procedures have been shown to remove cytomegalovirus (22) , MVM (21), LDHV (22) .
TextSentencer_T51 7837-7872 Sentence denotes MHV (4.26) and Sendai virus (4,24).
TextSentencer_T51 7837-7872 Sentence denotes MHV (4.26) and Sendai virus (4,24).
TextSentencer_T52 7873-7952 Sentence denotes Also, w p&g~& did not survive during in vitro cultute of mouse embryos (15) . w
TextSentencer_T52 7873-7952 Sentence denotes Also, w p&g~& did not survive during in vitro cultute of mouse embryos (15) . w
TextSentencer_T53 7953-7962 Sentence denotes DulmQDis.
TextSentencer_T53 7953-7962 Sentence denotes DulmQDis.
TextSentencer_T54 7963-8125 Sentence denotes Kilham's rat virusJ Sialodacryoadenitis/Coronavirus snd REO-3 (27) and pinworms (Svohacacla b,, 35) were ehminated via transfer of rat embryos mto SPF recipients.
TextSentencer_T54 7963-8125 Sentence denotes Kilham's rat virusJ Sialodacryoadenitis/Coronavirus snd REO-3 (27) and pinworms (Svohacacla b,, 35) were ehminated via transfer of rat embryos mto SPF recipients.
TextSentencer_T55 8126-8226 Sentence denotes Bordete& B was eliminated from rabbits following transfer of embryos into &&&-free recipients (33) .
TextSentencer_T55 8126-8226 Sentence denotes Bordete& B was eliminated from rabbits following transfer of embryos into &&&-free recipients (33) .
TextSentencer_T56 8227-8266 Sentence denotes No data are available on other species.
TextSentencer_T56 8227-8266 Sentence denotes No data are available on other species.
TextSentencer_T57 8267-8438 Sentence denotes These technologies can be invaluable when exporting clean embryos from a colony with a compromised health status to an existing, clean colony at the importing institution.
TextSentencer_T57 8267-8438 Sentence denotes These technologies can be invaluable when exporting clean embryos from a colony with a compromised health status to an existing, clean colony at the importing institution.
TextSentencer_T58 8439-8564 Sentence denotes Colony management systems and health status must be considered before attempting to bank and rederive pathogen-free. embryos.
TextSentencer_T58 8439-8564 Sentence denotes Colony management systems and health status must be considered before attempting to bank and rederive pathogen-free. embryos.
TextSentencer_T59 8565-8804 Sentence denotes These related factors determine both the complexity of the procedure(s) to derive clean embryos, and the quarantine strategy needed to ensure clean, imported animals without compromising the health status of the existing facility colonies.
TextSentencer_T59 8565-8804 Sentence denotes These related factors determine both the complexity of the procedure(s) to derive clean embryos, and the quarantine strategy needed to ensure clean, imported animals without compromising the health status of the existing facility colonies.
TextSentencer_T60 8805-8987 Sentence denotes An outline of colony management systems is included in the guidelines to provide a baseline against which to assess the risk of acquiring (importing) or shipping (exporting) embryos.
TextSentencer_T60 8805-8987 Sentence denotes An outline of colony management systems is included in the guidelines to provide a baseline against which to assess the risk of acquiring (importing) or shipping (exporting) embryos.
TextSentencer_T61 8988-9129 Sentence denotes This characterization of colony environmental conditions is a fundamental nquirement for effective embryo import/export activities worldwide.
TextSentencer_T61 8988-9129 Sentence denotes This characterization of colony environmental conditions is a fundamental nquirement for effective embryo import/export activities worldwide.
TextSentencer_T62 9130-9273 Sentence denotes The proposed guidelines (16) will suggest standardized terms to define colony housing conditions and the extent to which pathogens are present.
TextSentencer_T62 9130-9273 Sentence denotes The proposed guidelines (16) will suggest standardized terms to define colony housing conditions and the extent to which pathogens are present.
TextSentencer_T63 9274-9377 Sentence denotes They will be based on the experiences of the NIHAGR to-date providing research animal models worldwide.
TextSentencer_T63 9274-9377 Sentence denotes They will be based on the experiences of the NIHAGR to-date providing research animal models worldwide.
TextSentencer_T64 9378-9526 Sentence denotes Colonies are typically housed under conditions that can be placed into three broad categories: defined flora, conventional and undefined conditions.
TextSentencer_T64 9378-9526 Sentence denotes Colonies are typically housed under conditions that can be placed into three broad categories: defined flora, conventional and undefined conditions.
TextSentencer_T65 9527-9684 Sentence denotes Defined flora typically would be germfree or barrier mom (sterile) facilities and the animals would have a pathogen-free or microbiologically-defined status.
TextSentencer_T65 9527-9684 Sentence denotes Defined flora typically would be germfree or barrier mom (sterile) facilities and the animals would have a pathogen-free or microbiologically-defined status.
TextSentencer_T66 9685-9847 Sentence denotes Barrier colonies may differ from germfree (pathogen-and nonpathogen-free) in that animals might be inoculated with a cocktail of a non-pathogenic microbial flora.
TextSentencer_T66 9685-9847 Sentence denotes Barrier colonies may differ from germfree (pathogen-and nonpathogen-free) in that animals might be inoculated with a cocktail of a non-pathogenic microbial flora.
TextSentencer_T67 9848-10019 Sentence denotes Embryos collected from defined flora animals would be considered pathogenfree and would reauire the least restrictive conditions to ensum that clean embryos are available.
TextSentencer_T67 9848-10019 Sentence denotes Embryos collected from defined flora animals would be considered pathogenfree and would reauire the least restrictive conditions to ensum that clean embryos are available.
TextSentencer_T68 10020-10205 Sentence denotes The recommend&ons for handling such embryos reflect those stated in the LETS Manual for embrvos of domestic species (31), but for embryos in this category the need for washing is mini&.
TextSentencer_T68 10020-10205 Sentence denotes The recommend&ons for handling such embryos reflect those stated in the LETS Manual for embrvos of domestic species (31), but for embryos in this category the need for washing is mini&.
TextSentencer_T69 10206-10208 Sentence denotes -_
TextSentencer_T69 10206-10208 Sentence denotes -_
TextSentencer_T70 10209-10362 Sentence denotes The health skus of the donor colony-must be documented in the cryobanking records so the importing institution can determine the quarantine requirements.
TextSentencer_T70 10209-10362 Sentence denotes The health skus of the donor colony-must be documented in the cryobanking records so the importing institution can determine the quarantine requirements.
TextSentencer_T71 10363-10498 Sentence denotes More restrictive measures am recommended for embryo recovery from conventionally housed (not maintained in sterile conditions) animals.
TextSentencer_T71 10363-10498 Sentence denotes More restrictive measures am recommended for embryo recovery from conventionally housed (not maintained in sterile conditions) animals.
TextSentencer_T72 10499-10760 Sentence denotes These closed colonies, with a known health status, would probably need to follow the lO-step washing procedure and other protocols outlined in the IETS Manual. but incornoratine trvnsin treatment onlv if an enveloned virus is known to exist in the colony (30) .
TextSentencer_T72 10499-10760 Sentence denotes These closed colonies, with a known health status, would probably need to follow the lO-step washing procedure and other protocols outlined in the IETS Manual. but incornoratine trvnsin treatment onlv if an enveloned virus is known to exist in the colony (30) .
TextSentencer_T73 10761-10877 Sentence denotes Q&antine"&&ements would n&d to be strickr than for defined flora embrvos due to the increased risk of contamination.
TextSentencer_T73 10761-10877 Sentence denotes Q&antine"&&ements would n&d to be strickr than for defined flora embrvos due to the increased risk of contamination.
TextSentencer_T74 10878-10993 Sentence denotes Finallv. colonies in undetkd flora conditions would include animals from the wild or with an unknown health status.
TextSentencer_T74 10878-10993 Sentence denotes Finallv. colonies in undetkd flora conditions would include animals from the wild or with an unknown health status.
TextSentencer_T75 10994-11318 Sentence denotes These would require the most restrictive embryo handling conditions, including health testing the breeder male and the donor females, use of a biological safety hood, testing flush medium for pathogens, lo-step washing possibly with trypsin treatment and quarandne in the importing institution following transfer of embryos.
TextSentencer_T75 10994-11318 Sentence denotes These would require the most restrictive embryo handling conditions, including health testing the breeder male and the donor females, use of a biological safety hood, testing flush medium for pathogens, lo-step washing possibly with trypsin treatment and quarandne in the importing institution following transfer of embryos.
TextSentencer_T76 11319-11514 Sentence denotes These embryo handling guidelines (16) . together with detailed records represent, at this time, the best approach to minimizing the risk of importing embryos contaminated with unwanted pathogens.
TextSentencer_T76 11319-11514 Sentence denotes These embryo handling guidelines (16) . together with detailed records represent, at this time, the best approach to minimizing the risk of importing embryos contaminated with unwanted pathogens.
TextSentencer_T77 11515-11726 Sentence denotes These may play a role in supporting the in-house need of some animal facilities, and may in the foreseeable future be a requirement for exchange of animal models between institutions, domestic and international.
TextSentencer_T77 11515-11726 Sentence denotes These may play a role in supporting the in-house need of some animal facilities, and may in the foreseeable future be a requirement for exchange of animal models between institutions, domestic and international.
TextSentencer_T78 11727-11868 Sentence denotes Complying with the guidelines can reduce the risk of acquiring pathogens but further investigation of embryo-pathogen interactions is needed.
TextSentencer_T78 11727-11868 Sentence denotes Complying with the guidelines can reduce the risk of acquiring pathogens but further investigation of embryo-pathogen interactions is needed.
TextSentencer_T79 11869-12007 Sentence denotes The skill and knowledge of those collecting and handling embryos is critical to the success of this type of animal model exchange as well.
TextSentencer_T79 11869-12007 Sentence denotes The skill and knowledge of those collecting and handling embryos is critical to the success of this type of animal model exchange as well.
TextSentencer_T80 12008-12121 Sentence denotes As advances in the technologies occur, the guidelines should be modified to reflect the most current information.
TextSentencer_T80 12008-12121 Sentence denotes As advances in the technologies occur, the guidelines should be modified to reflect the most current information.
TextSentencer_T81 12122-12275 Sentence denotes The loss of genetic diversity in free-ranging and captive populations has increased the urgency for strategic plans to ensure long term species survival.
TextSentencer_T81 12122-12275 Sentence denotes The loss of genetic diversity in free-ranging and captive populations has increased the urgency for strategic plans to ensure long term species survival.
TextSentencer_T82 12276-12424 Sentence denotes Application of reproductive biotechnologies to wildlife populations may be beneficial for preserving this essential bit-and genetic diversity (28) .
TextSentencer_T82 12276-12424 Sentence denotes Application of reproductive biotechnologies to wildlife populations may be beneficial for preserving this essential bit-and genetic diversity (28) .
TextSentencer_T83 12425-12577 Sentence denotes The merits and strategies for establishing cryobanks for nondomestic species threatened or endangered by extinction have been detailed previously (37) .
TextSentencer_T83 12425-12577 Sentence denotes The merits and strategies for establishing cryobanks for nondomestic species threatened or endangered by extinction have been detailed previously (37) .
TextSentencer_T84 12578-13260 Sentence denotes Germ plasm repositories will 1) interactively support species populations, allowmg for the infusion of genetic diversity; 2) enhance captive breeding efforts and reduce risks of disease transmission by utilizing AI, embryo transfer and Ivp; 3) reduce animal numbers needed to ensure high levels of genetic diversity, thus decreasing captive breeding costs and space requirements; 4) transfuse wild germ plasm into captive programs without removing animals from indigenous habitats, thereby providing insurance against epidemics, natural disasters and social/political upheaval; 5) eliminate the risks and costs of animal transport; and 6) provide increased access to rare specimens.
TextSentencer_T84 12578-13260 Sentence denotes Germ plasm repositories will 1) interactively support species populations, allowmg for the infusion of genetic diversity; 2) enhance captive breeding efforts and reduce risks of disease transmission by utilizing AI, embryo transfer and Ivp; 3) reduce animal numbers needed to ensure high levels of genetic diversity, thus decreasing captive breeding costs and space requirements; 4) transfuse wild germ plasm into captive programs without removing animals from indigenous habitats, thereby providing insurance against epidemics, natural disasters and social/political upheaval; 5) eliminate the risks and costs of animal transport; and 6) provide increased access to rare specimens.
TextSentencer_T85 13261-13422 Sentence denotes Transporting healthy live animals can cause undesirable levels of shipmentassociated stress leading to an increased susceptibility to disease or death (11, 19) .
TextSentencer_T85 13261-13422 Sentence denotes Transporting healthy live animals can cause undesirable levels of shipmentassociated stress leading to an increased susceptibility to disease or death (11, 19) .
TextSentencer_T86 13423-13541 Sentence denotes In contrast, the cryopreserved embryo suspended in a metabolic resting state is well suited to international movement.
TextSentencer_T86 13423-13541 Sentence denotes In contrast, the cryopreserved embryo suspended in a metabolic resting state is well suited to international movement.
TextSentencer_T87 13542-13687 Sentence denotes Following embryo transfer the fetus benefits from peri-and postnatal antibodies from the recipient that offer protection from local diseases (1).
TextSentencer_T87 13542-13687 Sentence denotes Following embryo transfer the fetus benefits from peri-and postnatal antibodies from the recipient that offer protection from local diseases (1).
TextSentencer_T88 13688-13905 Sentence denotes The development of strategies for Semen and embryo banking as well as a greater understanding of disease transmission in wildlife populations am supported by various international conservation organizations (38, 42) .
TextSentencer_T88 13688-13905 Sentence denotes The development of strategies for Semen and embryo banking as well as a greater understanding of disease transmission in wildlife populations am supported by various international conservation organizations (38, 42) .
TextSentencer_T89 13906-14101 Sentence denotes The spread of disease is of major concern (41) when transporting wildlife, especially when the point of origin harbors pathogens such as rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease and theileriosis (19) .
TextSentencer_T89 13906-14101 Sentence denotes The spread of disease is of major concern (41) when transporting wildlife, especially when the point of origin harbors pathogens such as rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease and theileriosis (19) .
TextSentencer_T90 14102-14196 Sentence denotes Incidents of disease transmissions by translocated wildlife were recently summarized (19.41) .
TextSentencer_T90 14102-14196 Sentence denotes Incidents of disease transmissions by translocated wildlife were recently summarized (19.41) .
TextSentencer_T91 14197-14407 Sentence denotes Futthermore, the zoological community identitled high priority diseases at an International Conference on Implications of Infectious Disease for Captive Propagation and Reintroduction of Threatened Species (6).
TextSentencer_T91 14197-14407 Sentence denotes Futthermore, the zoological community identitled high priority diseases at an International Conference on Implications of Infectious Disease for Captive Propagation and Reintroduction of Threatened Species (6).
TextSentencer_T92 14408-14535 Sentence denotes The legal implications of managing captive breeding and reintroduction programs for endangered species also were addressed (7).
TextSentencer_T92 14408-14535 Sentence denotes The legal implications of managing captive breeding and reintroduction programs for endangered species also were addressed (7).
TextSentencer_T93 14536-14703 Sentence denotes In attempting to move animals, health and welfare issues as well as controls imposed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species must be considered.
TextSentencer_T93 14536-14703 Sentence denotes In attempting to move animals, health and welfare issues as well as controls imposed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species must be considered.
TextSentencer_T94 14704-14813 Sentence denotes Many potential hazards of moving live animals can be attenuated or eliminated by shipping gametes or embryos.
TextSentencer_T94 14704-14813 Sentence denotes Many potential hazards of moving live animals can be attenuated or eliminated by shipping gametes or embryos.
TextSentencer_T95 14814-15008 Sentence denotes It is generally believed that the potential for disease transmission via embryo transfer is much less than via semen (i.e., AI) or by the actual movement of potentirdly diseased animals (29.30).
TextSentencer_T95 14814-15008 Sentence denotes It is generally believed that the potential for disease transmission via embryo transfer is much less than via semen (i.e., AI) or by the actual movement of potentirdly diseased animals (29.30).
TextSentencer_T96 15009-15144 Sentence denotes Washing procedures have been shown to remove many pathogens common to domestic and wildlife species from zona-intact livestock embryos.
TextSentencer_T96 15009-15144 Sentence denotes Washing procedures have been shown to remove many pathogens common to domestic and wildlife species from zona-intact livestock embryos.
TextSentencer_T97 15145-15207 Sentence denotes Such procedures also may prove effective for wildlife embryos.
TextSentencer_T97 15145-15207 Sentence denotes Such procedures also may prove effective for wildlife embryos.
TextSentencer_T98 15208-15372 Sentence denotes The field of conservation biology, unlike animal agriculture, lacks the economic incentives to establish guidelines for obtaining and transporting wildlife embryos.
TextSentencer_T98 15208-15372 Sentence denotes The field of conservation biology, unlike animal agriculture, lacks the economic incentives to establish guidelines for obtaining and transporting wildlife embryos.
TextSentencer_T99 15373-15616 Sentence denotes However, as interest grows in the use of semi-domestic farmed animals, such as deer and camelids (9, 18) , for agricultural production combined with an increased regard for species preservation, the need for such recommendations is increasing.
TextSentencer_T99 15373-15616 Sentence denotes However, as interest grows in the use of semi-domestic farmed animals, such as deer and camelids (9, 18) , for agricultural production combined with an increased regard for species preservation, the need for such recommendations is increasing.
TextSentencer_T100 15617-15803 Sentence denotes Regulatory officials in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Import Division currently consider gamete and embryo importations on a case-by-case basis (Karis, ners. comm.).
TextSentencer_T100 15617-15803 Sentence denotes Regulatory officials in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Import Division currently consider gamete and embryo importations on a case-by-case basis (Karis, ners. comm.).
TextSentencer_T101 15804-15965 Sentence denotes The practices defined in the OIE Animal Health Code (23) for bovine. ovine/cap&e and swine ova/embryos will apply to all potential shipments of wildliie embryos.
TextSentencer_T101 15804-15965 Sentence denotes The practices defined in the OIE Animal Health Code (23) for bovine. ovine/cap&e and swine ova/embryos will apply to all potential shipments of wildliie embryos.
TextSentencer_T102 15966-16102 Sentence denotes Strict sanitary procedures and accurate record keeping by a qualified team supervised by an accredited veterinary official are required.
TextSentencer_T102 15966-16102 Sentence denotes Strict sanitary procedures and accurate record keeping by a qualified team supervised by an accredited veterinary official are required.
TextSentencer_T103 16103-16382 Sentence denotes Categorization of wildlife diseases, unlike those of livestock, has not been attempted due to an absence of basic research but, because of an existing Permanent Post Entry Quarantine (PPEQ) policy for international live animal shipments such categorizations may not be necessary.
TextSentencer_T103 16103-16382 Sentence denotes Categorization of wildlife diseases, unlike those of livestock, has not been attempted due to an absence of basic research but, because of an existing Permanent Post Entry Quarantine (PPEQ) policy for international live animal shipments such categorizations may not be necessary.
TextSentencer_T104 16383-16469 Sentence denotes A few US zoological larks, selected on a regional basis, havebeen granted PPEQ status.
TextSentencer_T104 16383-16469 Sentence denotes A few US zoological larks, selected on a regional basis, havebeen granted PPEQ status.
TextSentencer_T105 16470-16601 Sentence denotes Before arriving at these zoos, animals are quarantined pre-and post-shipment for disease screening and health status certification.
TextSentencer_T105 16470-16601 Sentence denotes Before arriving at these zoos, animals are quarantined pre-and post-shipment for disease screening and health status certification.
TextSentencer_T106 16602-16757 Sentence denotes These animals am maintained perman&tly on the PPEQ zoo premises but Fl generation offspring (26 months old) may be moved after appropriate disease testing.
TextSentencer_T106 16602-16757 Sentence denotes These animals am maintained perman&tly on the PPEQ zoo premises but Fl generation offspring (26 months old) may be moved after appropriate disease testing.
TextSentencer_T107 16758-16845 Sentence denotes Routine preventative clinical and disease screenings are performed on the PPEQ animals.
TextSentencer_T107 16758-16845 Sentence denotes Routine preventative clinical and disease screenings are performed on the PPEQ animals.
TextSentencer_T108 16846-16995 Sentence denotes Quality assurance programs, including record keeping, are implemented by a veterinary medical officer who makes periodic visits to the PPEQ facility.
TextSentencer_T108 16846-16995 Sentence denotes Quality assurance programs, including record keeping, are implemented by a veterinary medical officer who makes periodic visits to the PPEQ facility.
TextSentencer_T109 16996-17104 Sentence denotes The current PPEQ program provides a foundation for the international movement of nondomestic animal embryos.
TextSentencer_T109 16996-17104 Sentence denotes The current PPEQ program provides a foundation for the international movement of nondomestic animal embryos.
TextSentencer_T110 17105-17293 Sentence denotes This approach was successful in France where early imports of large numbers of bovine embryos under similar quarantine conditions proved effective in preventing disease transmission (34) .
TextSentencer_T110 17105-17293 Sentence denotes This approach was successful in France where early imports of large numbers of bovine embryos under similar quarantine conditions proved effective in preventing disease transmission (34) .
TextSentencer_T111 17294-17457 Sentence denotes Embryo and gamete handling procedures and record keeping practices must adhere strictly to the IETS Manual (31) and must be supervised by an official veterinarian.
TextSentencer_T111 17294-17457 Sentence denotes Embryo and gamete handling procedures and record keeping practices must adhere strictly to the IETS Manual (31) and must be supervised by an official veterinarian.
TextSentencer_T112 17458-17665 Sentence denotes All nondomestic donor animals must be isolated and appropriate samples (e.g., blood, excrement, tissue and nasal secretions) screened for pathogens at least 30 days before and after gamete/embryo collection.
TextSentencer_T112 17458-17665 Sentence denotes All nondomestic donor animals must be isolated and appropriate samples (e.g., blood, excrement, tissue and nasal secretions) screened for pathogens at least 30 days before and after gamete/embryo collection.
TextSentencer_T113 17666-17778 Sentence denotes Embryos have to be stored in the exporting country's quarantine facility (30-60 days) until approved for export.
TextSentencer_T113 17666-17778 Sentence denotes Embryos have to be stored in the exporting country's quarantine facility (30-60 days) until approved for export.
TextSentencer_T114 17779-17891 Sentence denotes USDA officials are also willing to consider semen importations using the above mentioned precautionary measures.
TextSentencer_T114 17779-17891 Sentence denotes USDA officials are also willing to consider semen importations using the above mentioned precautionary measures.
TextSentencer_T115 17892-17988 Sentence denotes Bovine herpesvirus-l (BHVl) might be eliminated from sperm preparations by serial washing (14) .
TextSentencer_T115 17892-17988 Sentence denotes Bovine herpesvirus-l (BHVl) might be eliminated from sperm preparations by serial washing (14) .
TextSentencer_T116 17989-18228 Sentence denotes Furthermore, some believe that sperm transfected with certain viruses (i.e., bovine viral diarrhea, BVD) produce embryos which degenerate before blastulation (13) , representing an in situ control against transferring contaminated embryos.
TextSentencer_T116 17989-18228 Sentence denotes Furthermore, some believe that sperm transfected with certain viruses (i.e., bovine viral diarrhea, BVD) produce embryos which degenerate before blastulation (13) , representing an in situ control against transferring contaminated embryos.
TextSentencer_T117 18229-18304 Sentence denotes These studies provide evidence suggesting that semen can be decontaminated.
TextSentencer_T117 18229-18304 Sentence denotes These studies provide evidence suggesting that semen can be decontaminated.
TextSentencer_T118 18305-18534 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, the current United States regulations do not accommodate IVM-IVF derived embryos generated from culled field sources (17) or acquired opportunistically from rare or endangered captive animals that die unexpectedly.
TextSentencer_T118 18305-18534 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, the current United States regulations do not accommodate IVM-IVF derived embryos generated from culled field sources (17) or acquired opportunistically from rare or endangered captive animals that die unexpectedly.
TextSentencer_T119 18535-18667 Sentence denotes Regulatory concerns arise from the unknown health status of the donor. and the uossibilitv of intrafollicular transfection (2.3.12).
TextSentencer_T119 18535-18667 Sentence denotes Regulatory concerns arise from the unknown health status of the donor. and the uossibilitv of intrafollicular transfection (2.3.12).
TextSentencer_T120 18668-18913 Sentence denotes As a result. standardized practices such k those &commended for bovine IVM-IVF embryo production in the OIE Animal Health Code (23) are advised when cryobanking these potentially valuable samples, pending future modifications in the regulations.
TextSentencer_T120 18668-18913 Sentence denotes As a result. standardized practices such k those &commended for bovine IVM-IVF embryo production in the OIE Animal Health Code (23) are advised when cryobanking these potentially valuable samples, pending future modifications in the regulations.
TextSentencer_T121 18914-19144 Sentence denotes The development of regulatory guidelines to safeguard against disease transmission by livestock embryos resulted from extensive investigations of embryo-pathogen interactions conducted in the late 1970s and 1980s (8, 30, 31, 32) .
TextSentencer_T121 18914-19144 Sentence denotes The development of regulatory guidelines to safeguard against disease transmission by livestock embryos resulted from extensive investigations of embryo-pathogen interactions conducted in the late 1970s and 1980s (8, 30, 31, 32) .
TextSentencer_T122 19145-19461 Sentence denotes While similar studies for many nondomestic species are highly unlikely due to limited animal resources and research funds, studies using surplus wildlife eggs and embryos (e.g., spare zonae pellucidae) could provide preliminary data on the effectiveness of embryo washing and on zona adherence of selected nathoeens.
TextSentencer_T122 19145-19461 Sentence denotes While similar studies for many nondomestic species are highly unlikely due to limited animal resources and research funds, studies using surplus wildlife eggs and embryos (e.g., spare zonae pellucidae) could provide preliminary data on the effectiveness of embryo washing and on zona adherence of selected nathoeens.
TextSentencer_T123 19462-19727 Sentence denotes For examole. investirrators at Anriculture Canada are evaluating zona adherence and pathogen transmissibility of ww to ova and embryos in free-ranging deer and elk, and are collaboratine. with USDA on similar studies with foot-and-mouth disease (Singh, per& comm.).
TextSentencer_T123 19462-19727 Sentence denotes For examole. investirrators at Anriculture Canada are evaluating zona adherence and pathogen transmissibility of ww to ova and embryos in free-ranging deer and elk, and are collaboratine. with USDA on similar studies with foot-and-mouth disease (Singh, per& comm.).
TextSentencer_T124 19728-19994 Sentence denotes Future technological developments may reduce concern about possible transmission of infectious agents with embryos and spermatozoa but, meanwhile, tissue and fluid sampling and storage should become a routine practice of wildlife scientists involved in applying ART.
TextSentencer_T124 19728-19994 Sentence denotes Future technological developments may reduce concern about possible transmission of infectious agents with embryos and spermatozoa but, meanwhile, tissue and fluid sampling and storage should become a routine practice of wildlife scientists involved in applying ART.
TextSentencer_T125 19995-20162 Sentence denotes In addition to blood sampling of both patents, flushing or follicular fluids and samples from serial washing steps should be stored for subsequent tests for pathogens.
TextSentencer_T125 19995-20162 Sentence denotes In addition to blood sampling of both patents, flushing or follicular fluids and samples from serial washing steps should be stored for subsequent tests for pathogens.
TextSentencer_T126 20163-20362 Sentence denotes For specimens retrieved from culled animal sources, tissue samples should also be preserved and physical examination of the animal performed, as previously summarized for free-ranging wildlife (10) .
TextSentencer_T126 20163-20362 Sentence denotes For specimens retrieved from culled animal sources, tissue samples should also be preserved and physical examination of the animal performed, as previously summarized for free-ranging wildlife (10) .
TextSentencer_T127 20363-20458 Sentence denotes Non-transferable embryos and unfertilized oocytes should be preserved for future tests as well.
TextSentencer_T127 20363-20458 Sentence denotes Non-transferable embryos and unfertilized oocytes should be preserved for future tests as well.
TextSentencer_T128 20459-20578 Sentence denotes Such projects are both realistic and practical, and most importantly would provide an invaluable source of information.
TextSentencer_T128 20459-20578 Sentence denotes Such projects are both realistic and practical, and most importantly would provide an invaluable source of information.
TextSentencer_T129 20579-20725 Sentence denotes If the approved importation of IVM-IVF derived embryos from wild sources is ever to occur, such associated biological materials must be available.
TextSentencer_T129 20579-20725 Sentence denotes If the approved importation of IVM-IVF derived embryos from wild sources is ever to occur, such associated biological materials must be available.
TextSentencer_T130 20726-20904 Sentence denotes By using the PPEQ system it may be possible to conduct in vivo-in vivo studies in the future to definitively document the effectiveness of standardized embryo handling practices.
TextSentencer_T130 20726-20904 Sentence denotes By using the PPEQ system it may be possible to conduct in vivo-in vivo studies in the future to definitively document the effectiveness of standardized embryo handling practices.
TextSentencer_T131 20905-21204 Sentence denotes For the present, however, it is essential that scientists and embryo team vetetinarians using ART adopt routine practices maximizing data collection, emphasizing aseptic handling procedures and maintainmg detailed records as suggested in the IETS Manual (29.31) and the OIE Animal Health Code (23) .
TextSentencer_T131 20905-21204 Sentence denotes For the present, however, it is essential that scientists and embryo team vetetinarians using ART adopt routine practices maximizing data collection, emphasizing aseptic handling procedures and maintainmg detailed records as suggested in the IETS Manual (29.31) and the OIE Animal Health Code (23) .
TextSentencer_T132 21205-21377 Sentence denotes Although progress is being made in species conservation biology using ART (17, 38, 39) , continuing research in the ama of gamete and embryo cryobiology is essential (28) .
TextSentencer_T132 21205-21377 Sentence denotes Although progress is being made in species conservation biology using ART (17, 38, 39) , continuing research in the ama of gamete and embryo cryobiology is essential (28) .
TextSentencer_T133 21378-21643 Sentence denotes Concurrently, it is vital that wildlife reproductive physiologists and veterinarians adopt stringent practices to avoid disease transmission via transported materials while adapting guidelines that comply with existing govermnental regulations for domestic species.
TextSentencer_T133 21378-21643 Sentence denotes Concurrently, it is vital that wildlife reproductive physiologists and veterinarians adopt stringent practices to avoid disease transmission via transported materials while adapting guidelines that comply with existing govermnental regulations for domestic species.
TextSentencer_T134 21644-21661 Sentence denotes The international
TextSentencer_T134 21644-21661 Sentence denotes The international