CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:40812d7b28ab3c043610f6e224b3f62806af6eb6 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-91 Sentence denotes Evolution, antigenicity and pathogenicity of global porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains
TextSentencer_T1 0-91 Sentence denotes Evolution, antigenicity and pathogenicity of global porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains
T67908 0-91 Sentence denotes Evolution, antigenicity and pathogenicity of global porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains
TextSentencer_T2 93-101 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T2 93-101 Sentence denotes Abstract
T18177 93-101 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 102-278 Sentence denotes Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses cause morbidity and mortality in human and animal populations, resulting in serious public and animal health threats and economic losses.
TextSentencer_T3 102-278 Sentence denotes Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses cause morbidity and mortality in human and animal populations, resulting in serious public and animal health threats and economic losses.
T86478 102-278 Sentence denotes Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses cause morbidity and mortality in human and animal populations, resulting in serious public and animal health threats and economic losses.
TextSentencer_T4 279-421 Sentence denotes The ongoing outbreak of a highly contagious and deadly porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Asia, the Americas and Europe is one example.
TextSentencer_T4 279-421 Sentence denotes The ongoing outbreak of a highly contagious and deadly porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Asia, the Americas and Europe is one example.
T41039 279-421 Sentence denotes The ongoing outbreak of a highly contagious and deadly porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Asia, the Americas and Europe is one example.
TextSentencer_T5 422-525 Sentence denotes Genomic sequence analyses of PEDV variants have revealed important insights into the evolution of PEDV.
TextSentencer_T5 422-525 Sentence denotes Genomic sequence analyses of PEDV variants have revealed important insights into the evolution of PEDV.
T88962 422-525 Sentence denotes Genomic sequence analyses of PEDV variants have revealed important insights into the evolution of PEDV.
TextSentencer_T6 526-688 Sentence denotes However, the antigenic variations among different PEDV strains are less explored, although they may contribute to the failure of PEDV vaccines in Asian countries.
TextSentencer_T6 526-688 Sentence denotes However, the antigenic variations among different PEDV strains are less explored, although they may contribute to the failure of PEDV vaccines in Asian countries.
T92581 526-688 Sentence denotes However, the antigenic variations among different PEDV strains are less explored, although they may contribute to the failure of PEDV vaccines in Asian countries.
TextSentencer_T7 689-911 Sentence denotes In addition, the evolution of PEDV results in variants with distinct genetic features and virulence differences; thus PEDV can serve as a model to explore the molecular mechanisms of coronavirus evolution and pathogenesis.
TextSentencer_T7 689-911 Sentence denotes In addition, the evolution of PEDV results in variants with distinct genetic features and virulence differences; thus PEDV can serve as a model to explore the molecular mechanisms of coronavirus evolution and pathogenesis.
T88733 689-911 Sentence denotes In addition, the evolution of PEDV results in variants with distinct genetic features and virulence differences; thus PEDV can serve as a model to explore the molecular mechanisms of coronavirus evolution and pathogenesis.
TextSentencer_T8 912-1018 Sentence denotes In this article, we review the evolution, antigenic relationships and pathologic features of PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T8 912-1018 Sentence denotes In this article, we review the evolution, antigenic relationships and pathologic features of PEDV strains.
T89779 912-1018 Sentence denotes In this article, we review the evolution, antigenic relationships and pathologic features of PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T9 1019-1137 Sentence denotes This information and review of researches will aid in the development of strategies for control and prevention of PED.
TextSentencer_T9 1019-1137 Sentence denotes This information and review of researches will aid in the development of strategies for control and prevention of PED.
T26372 1019-1137 Sentence denotes This information and review of researches will aid in the development of strategies for control and prevention of PED.
TextSentencer_T10 1139-1323 Sentence denotes Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enveloped, singlestranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae and genus Alphacoronavirus.
TextSentencer_T10 1139-1323 Sentence denotes Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enveloped, singlestranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae and genus Alphacoronavirus.
T11005 1139-1323 Sentence denotes Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enveloped, singlestranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae and genus Alphacoronavirus.
TextSentencer_T11 1324-1455 Sentence denotes The genome of PEDV is approximately 28 kb in length and is composed of seven open reading frames (ORFs) (Kocherhans et al., 2001) .
TextSentencer_T11 1324-1455 Sentence denotes The genome of PEDV is approximately 28 kb in length and is composed of seven open reading frames (ORFs) (Kocherhans et al., 2001) .
T77972 1324-1455 Sentence denotes The genome of PEDV is approximately 28 kb in length and is composed of seven open reading frames (ORFs) (Kocherhans et al., 2001) .
TextSentencer_T12 1456-1650 Sentence denotes The 5 two thirds of the genome contains two overlapping ORFs, ORF1a and ORF1b, which encode nonstructural proteins that direct genome replication, transcription and viral polyprotein processing.
TextSentencer_T12 1456-1650 Sentence denotes The 5 two thirds of the genome contains two overlapping ORFs, ORF1a and ORF1b, which encode nonstructural proteins that direct genome replication, transcription and viral polyprotein processing.
T22276 1456-1650 Sentence denotes The 5 two thirds of the genome contains two overlapping ORFs, ORF1a and ORF1b, which encode nonstructural proteins that direct genome replication, transcription and viral polyprotein processing.
TextSentencer_T13 1651-1867 Sentence denotes The remaining PEDV genome contains five ORFs encoding four structural and an accessory protein in the following order: spike (S), ORF3, envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins (Duarte et al., 1993) .
TextSentencer_T13 1651-1867 Sentence denotes The remaining PEDV genome contains five ORFs encoding four structural and an accessory protein in the following order: spike (S), ORF3, envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins (Duarte et al., 1993) .
T37272 1651-1867 Sentence denotes The remaining PEDV genome contains five ORFs encoding four structural and an accessory protein in the following order: spike (S), ORF3, envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins (Duarte et al., 1993) .
TextSentencer_T14 1868-1894 Sentence denotes PEDV is highly contagious.
TextSentencer_T14 1868-1894 Sentence denotes PEDV is highly contagious.
T32661 1868-1894 Sentence denotes PEDV is highly contagious.
TextSentencer_T15 1895-1970 Sentence denotes Fecal-oral transmission is the major route for the spread of PEDV in swine.
TextSentencer_T15 1895-1970 Sentence denotes Fecal-oral transmission is the major route for the spread of PEDV in swine.
T48459 1895-1970 Sentence denotes Fecal-oral transmission is the major route for the spread of PEDV in swine.
TextSentencer_T16 1971-2128 Sentence denotes Contaminated feed and feed ingredients may serve as vehicles for PEDV transmission to naïve pigs (Dee et al., 2014 (Dee et al., , 2016 Pasick et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T16 1971-2128 Sentence denotes Contaminated feed and feed ingredients may serve as vehicles for PEDV transmission to naïve pigs (Dee et al., 2014 (Dee et al., , 2016 Pasick et al., 2014) .
T61463 1971-2128 Sentence denotes Contaminated feed and feed ingredients may serve as vehicles for PEDV transmission to naïve pigs (Dee et al., 2014 (Dee et al., , 2016 Pasick et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T17 2129-2221 Sentence denotes In addition, evidence of PEDV aerosol transmission has been reported (Alonso et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T17 2129-2221 Sentence denotes In addition, evidence of PEDV aerosol transmission has been reported (Alonso et al., 2014) .
T15319 2129-2221 Sentence denotes In addition, evidence of PEDV aerosol transmission has been reported (Alonso et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T18 2222-2323 Sentence denotes During disease outbreaks, vomiting, watery diarrhea, dehydration and growth retardation are observed.
TextSentencer_T18 2222-2323 Sentence denotes During disease outbreaks, vomiting, watery diarrhea, dehydration and growth retardation are observed.
T95970 2222-2323 Sentence denotes During disease outbreaks, vomiting, watery diarrhea, dehydration and growth retardation are observed.
TextSentencer_T19 2324-2400 Sentence denotes High mortality occurs in young piglets exposed to the virulent PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T19 2324-2400 Sentence denotes High mortality occurs in young piglets exposed to the virulent PEDV strains.
T81617 2324-2400 Sentence denotes High mortality occurs in young piglets exposed to the virulent PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T20 2401-2551 Sentence denotes Microscopic examination of infected nursing pigs revealed atrophic enteritis (Debouck and Pensaert, 1980; Jung et al., 2014; Stevenson et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T20 2401-2551 Sentence denotes Microscopic examination of infected nursing pigs revealed atrophic enteritis (Debouck and Pensaert, 1980; Jung et al., 2014; Stevenson et al., 2013) .
T27211 2401-2551 Sentence denotes Microscopic examination of infected nursing pigs revealed atrophic enteritis (Debouck and Pensaert, 1980; Jung et al., 2014; Stevenson et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T21 2552-2752 Sentence denotes Clinical signs and histopathologic features of PEDV infection resemble that of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection, which is also an alphacoronavirus (Saif, 1989; Saif et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T21 2552-2752 Sentence denotes Clinical signs and histopathologic features of PEDV infection resemble that of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection, which is also an alphacoronavirus (Saif, 1989; Saif et al., 2012) .
T62438 2552-2752 Sentence denotes Clinical signs and histopathologic features of PEDV infection resemble that of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection, which is also an alphacoronavirus (Saif, 1989; Saif et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T22 2753-2928 Sentence denotes Differential diagnosis of these two viruses relies mainly on molecular (Kim et al., 2001; Oka et al., 2014) and serological assays (Gerber et al., 2014; Song and Park, 2012) .
TextSentencer_T22 2753-2928 Sentence denotes Differential diagnosis of these two viruses relies mainly on molecular (Kim et al., 2001; Oka et al., 2014) and serological assays (Gerber et al., 2014; Song and Park, 2012) .
T25372 2753-2928 Sentence denotes Differential diagnosis of these two viruses relies mainly on molecular (Kim et al., 2001; Oka et al., 2014) and serological assays (Gerber et al., 2014; Song and Park, 2012) .
TextSentencer_T23 2929-3051 Sentence denotes At the end of 2010, pandemic porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) outbreaks occurred in China and caused large economic losses.
TextSentencer_T23 2929-3051 Sentence denotes At the end of 2010, pandemic porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) outbreaks occurred in China and caused large economic losses.
T4048 2929-3051 Sentence denotes At the end of 2010, pandemic porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) outbreaks occurred in China and caused large economic losses.
TextSentencer_T24 3052-3185 Sentence denotes Subsequently, starting in the spring of 2013, the pork industry in the United States (US) was also severely affected by this disease.
TextSentencer_T24 3052-3185 Sentence denotes Subsequently, starting in the spring of 2013, the pork industry in the United States (US) was also severely affected by this disease.
T84941 3052-3185 Sentence denotes Subsequently, starting in the spring of 2013, the pork industry in the United States (US) was also severely affected by this disease.
TextSentencer_T25 3186-3477 Sentence denotes A lack of protective lactogenic immunity in the US swine population (Stevenson et al., 2013) and PEDV antigenic variations between the traditional attenuated vaccine and current highly virulent PEDV field strains in Asia (Lin et al., 2015a,b) were major contributors to severe PED outbreaks.
TextSentencer_T25 3186-3477 Sentence denotes A lack of protective lactogenic immunity in the US swine population (Stevenson et al., 2013) and PEDV antigenic variations between the traditional attenuated vaccine and current highly virulent PEDV field strains in Asia (Lin et al., 2015a,b) were major contributors to severe PED outbreaks.
T68057 3186-3477 Sentence denotes A lack of protective lactogenic immunity in the US swine population (Stevenson et al., 2013) and PEDV antigenic variations between the traditional attenuated vaccine and current highly virulent PEDV field strains in Asia (Lin et al., 2015a,b) were major contributors to severe PED outbreaks.
TextSentencer_T26 3478-3549 Sentence denotes Therefore, the development of updated PEDV vaccines is urgently needed.
TextSentencer_T26 3478-3549 Sentence denotes Therefore, the development of updated PEDV vaccines is urgently needed.
T82122 3478-3549 Sentence denotes Therefore, the development of updated PEDV vaccines is urgently needed.
TextSentencer_T27 3550-3646 Sentence denotes In this article, genetic, antigenic and pathogenic features of global PEDV strains are reviewed.
TextSentencer_T27 3550-3646 Sentence denotes In this article, genetic, antigenic and pathogenic features of global PEDV strains are reviewed.
T78844 3550-3646 Sentence denotes In this article, genetic, antigenic and pathogenic features of global PEDV strains are reviewed.
TextSentencer_T28 3647-3874 Sentence denotes Throughout this review, the terms "classical" and "emerging" PEDV strains correspond to the PEDV prototype CV777-like strains that have appeared since the 1970s and those PEDV strains detected globally after 2010, respectively.
TextSentencer_T28 3647-3874 Sentence denotes Throughout this review, the terms "classical" and "emerging" PEDV strains correspond to the PEDV prototype CV777-like strains that have appeared since the 1970s and those PEDV strains detected globally after 2010, respectively.
T52267 3647-3874 Sentence denotes Throughout this review, the terms "classical" and "emerging" PEDV strains correspond to the PEDV prototype CV777-like strains that have appeared since the 1970s and those PEDV strains detected globally after 2010, respectively.
TextSentencer_T29 3875-4201 Sentence denotes Also, emerging PEDV strains are divided into two major groups based on features of the S gene and their virulence in young pigs: (1) "non-S INDEL (insertions and deletions)", which is "highly virulent" and causes pandemic PED outbreaks worldwide; and (2) "S INDEL" strains that are less pathogenic in terms of lower mortality.
TextSentencer_T29 3875-4201 Sentence denotes Also, emerging PEDV strains are divided into two major groups based on features of the S gene and their virulence in young pigs: (1) "non-S INDEL (insertions and deletions)", which is "highly virulent" and causes pandemic PED outbreaks worldwide; and (2) "S INDEL" strains that are less pathogenic in terms of lower mortality.
T18319 3875-4201 Sentence denotes Also, emerging PEDV strains are divided into two major groups based on features of the S gene and their virulence in young pigs: (1) "non-S INDEL (insertions and deletions)", which is "highly virulent" and causes pandemic PED outbreaks worldwide; and (2) "S INDEL" strains that are less pathogenic in terms of lower mortality.
TextSentencer_T30 4202-4295 Sentence denotes This nomenclature is proposed based on sequence analysis as explained in detail in Section 2.
TextSentencer_T30 4202-4295 Sentence denotes This nomenclature is proposed based on sequence analysis as explained in detail in Section 2.
T19622 4202-4295 Sentence denotes This nomenclature is proposed based on sequence analysis as explained in detail in Section 2.
TextSentencer_T31 4296-4300 Sentence denotes 2.1.
TextSentencer_T31 4296-4300 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T99989 4296-4300 Sentence denotes 2.1.
TextSentencer_T32 4301-4392 Sentence denotes Historic/classical PEDV strains emerged in the 1970s and were discovered in Europe and Asia
TextSentencer_T32 4301-4392 Sentence denotes Historic/classical PEDV strains emerged in the 1970s and were discovered in Europe and Asia
T41013 4301-4392 Sentence denotes Historic/classical PEDV strains emerged in the 1970s and were discovered in Europe and Asia
TextSentencer_T33 4393-4561 Sentence denotes The first reported PED outbreak occurred in swine populations in 1971 in the United Kingdom (Chasey and Cartwright, 1978) , but no PEDV was isolated from this outbreak.
TextSentencer_T33 4393-4561 Sentence denotes The first reported PED outbreak occurred in swine populations in 1971 in the United Kingdom (Chasey and Cartwright, 1978) , but no PEDV was isolated from this outbreak.
T99591 4393-4561 Sentence denotes The first reported PED outbreak occurred in swine populations in 1971 in the United Kingdom (Chasey and Cartwright, 1978) , but no PEDV was isolated from this outbreak.
TextSentencer_T34 4562-4759 Sentence denotes In 1978, PEDV CV777 strain was confirmed as the cause of PED by the experimental inoculation of pigs with the virus from an outbreak that occurred in 1977 in Belgium (Pensaert and de Bouck, 1978) .
TextSentencer_T34 4562-4759 Sentence denotes In 1978, PEDV CV777 strain was confirmed as the cause of PED by the experimental inoculation of pigs with the virus from an outbreak that occurred in 1977 in Belgium (Pensaert and de Bouck, 1978) .
T35039 4562-4759 Sentence denotes In 1978, PEDV CV777 strain was confirmed as the cause of PED by the experimental inoculation of pigs with the virus from an outbreak that occurred in 1977 in Belgium (Pensaert and de Bouck, 1978) .
TextSentencer_T35 4760-4878 Sentence denotes The complete genomic sequence of the prototype PEDV CV777 strain was characterized later by Kocherhans et al. (2001) .
TextSentencer_T35 4760-4878 Sentence denotes The complete genomic sequence of the prototype PEDV CV777 strain was characterized later by Kocherhans et al. (2001) .
T29373 4760-4878 Sentence denotes The complete genomic sequence of the prototype PEDV CV777 strain was characterized later by Kocherhans et al. (2001) .
TextSentencer_T36 4879-5027 Sentence denotes During the 1970s and 1980s, PEDV was widespread in European countries and caused epidemics with severe losses in suckling pigs (Saif et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T36 4879-5027 Sentence denotes During the 1970s and 1980s, PEDV was widespread in European countries and caused epidemics with severe losses in suckling pigs (Saif et al., 2012) .
T33869 4879-5027 Sentence denotes During the 1970s and 1980s, PEDV was widespread in European countries and caused epidemics with severe losses in suckling pigs (Saif et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T37 5028-5099 Sentence denotes Thereafter PEDV did not persist in Europe except in isolated outbreaks.
TextSentencer_T37 5028-5099 Sentence denotes Thereafter PEDV did not persist in Europe except in isolated outbreaks.
T87497 5028-5099 Sentence denotes Thereafter PEDV did not persist in Europe except in isolated outbreaks.
TextSentencer_T38 5100-5157 Sentence denotes As a result, no vaccine was developed and used in Europe.
TextSentencer_T38 5100-5157 Sentence denotes As a result, no vaccine was developed and used in Europe.
T50020 5100-5157 Sentence denotes As a result, no vaccine was developed and used in Europe.
TextSentencer_T39 5158-5325 Sentence denotes Before 2010, PED had been reported in multiple European countries (the United Kingdom, Belgium, The Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy) .
TextSentencer_T39 5158-5325 Sentence denotes Before 2010, PED had been reported in multiple European countries (the United Kingdom, Belgium, The Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy) .
T18202 5158-5325 Sentence denotes Before 2010, PED had been reported in multiple European countries (the United Kingdom, Belgium, The Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy) .
TextSentencer_T40 5326-5409 Sentence denotes In Asia, PEDV has been reported in Shanghai, China since 1973 (Sun et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T40 5326-5409 Sentence denotes In Asia, PEDV has been reported in Shanghai, China since 1973 (Sun et al., 2015a) .
T86583 5326-5409 Sentence denotes In Asia, PEDV has been reported in Shanghai, China since 1973 (Sun et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T41 5410-5812 Sentence denotes However, not until 1984 were the causative agents, PEDV H, CH and J strains, especially the J strain, isolated in primary fetal pig intestinal cell cultures and confirmed to be PEDV by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), two-way cross virus neutralization (VN), and in vivo pig cross-protection assays comparing tissue culture-adapted (TC) PEDV and TGEV, and their respective antisera (Xuan et al., 1984) .
TextSentencer_T41 5410-5812 Sentence denotes However, not until 1984 were the causative agents, PEDV H, CH and J strains, especially the J strain, isolated in primary fetal pig intestinal cell cultures and confirmed to be PEDV by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), two-way cross virus neutralization (VN), and in vivo pig cross-protection assays comparing tissue culture-adapted (TC) PEDV and TGEV, and their respective antisera (Xuan et al., 1984) .
T69429 5410-5812 Sentence denotes However, not until 1984 were the causative agents, PEDV H, CH and J strains, especially the J strain, isolated in primary fetal pig intestinal cell cultures and confirmed to be PEDV by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), two-way cross virus neutralization (VN), and in vivo pig cross-protection assays comparing tissue culture-adapted (TC) PEDV and TGEV, and their respective antisera (Xuan et al., 1984) .
TextSentencer_T42 5813-6286 Sentence denotes However, the sequence information for the early PEDV strains (H, CH, and J) is unavailable (personal communication with Drs. Li Feng and Jianfei Chen, Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China, and Dr. Dongbo Sun at the College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, at Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China).
TextSentencer_T42 5813-6286 Sentence denotes However, the sequence information for the early PEDV strains (H, CH, and J) is unavailable (personal communication with Drs. Li Feng and Jianfei Chen, Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China, and Dr. Dongbo Sun at the College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, at Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China).
T97750 5813-6286 Sentence denotes However, the sequence information for the early PEDV strains (H, CH, and J) is unavailable (personal communication with Drs. Li Feng and Jianfei Chen, Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China, and Dr. Dongbo Sun at the College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, at Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China).
TextSentencer_T43 6287-6398 Sentence denotes Since 1994, inactivated or live attenuated PEDV CV777 strain vaccines have been developed (Sun et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T43 6287-6398 Sentence denotes Since 1994, inactivated or live attenuated PEDV CV777 strain vaccines have been developed (Sun et al., 2015a) .
T31808 6287-6398 Sentence denotes Since 1994, inactivated or live attenuated PEDV CV777 strain vaccines have been developed (Sun et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T44 6399-6668 Sentence denotes The inactivated, bivalent TGEV and PEDV vaccine (1999 to present) and the attenuated, bivalent TGEV and PEDV vaccine (2003-2006) have been used extensively in the Chinese pig population, and they have played an important role in the control of PEDV infections in China.
TextSentencer_T44 6399-6668 Sentence denotes The inactivated, bivalent TGEV and PEDV vaccine (1999 to present) and the attenuated, bivalent TGEV and PEDV vaccine (2003-2006) have been used extensively in the Chinese pig population, and they have played an important role in the control of PEDV infections in China.
T89254 6399-6668 Sentence denotes The inactivated, bivalent TGEV and PEDV vaccine (1999 to present) and the attenuated, bivalent TGEV and PEDV vaccine (2003-2006) have been used extensively in the Chinese pig population, and they have played an important role in the control of PEDV infections in China.
TextSentencer_T45 6669-6819 Sentence denotes Before October 2010, PEDV infections were endemic in Chinese pig populations, but there were no reports of large-scale outbreaks (Sun et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T45 6669-6819 Sentence denotes Before October 2010, PEDV infections were endemic in Chinese pig populations, but there were no reports of large-scale outbreaks (Sun et al., 2015a) .
T57001 6669-6819 Sentence denotes Before October 2010, PEDV infections were endemic in Chinese pig populations, but there were no reports of large-scale outbreaks (Sun et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T46 6820-6868 Sentence denotes PEDV was first reported in South Korea in 1992 .
TextSentencer_T46 6820-6868 Sentence denotes PEDV was first reported in South Korea in 1992 .
T73824 6820-6868 Sentence denotes PEDV was first reported in South Korea in 1992 .
TextSentencer_T47 6869-7013 Sentence denotes From 2004-2013, PED outbreaks were well controlled by oral vaccination with a cell culture-attenuated DR13 strain vaccine Song and Park, 2012) .
TextSentencer_T47 6869-7013 Sentence denotes From 2004-2013, PED outbreaks were well controlled by oral vaccination with a cell culture-attenuated DR13 strain vaccine Song and Park, 2012) .
T228 6869-7013 Sentence denotes From 2004-2013, PED outbreaks were well controlled by oral vaccination with a cell culture-attenuated DR13 strain vaccine Song and Park, 2012) .
TextSentencer_T48 7014-7202 Sentence denotes In Japan, PEDV outbreaks were reported from the early 1980s and temporarily disappeared in 2006, probably due to the use of an attenuated PEDV 83P-5 (or P-5V) strain vaccine (Nisseiken Co.
TextSentencer_T48 7014-7202 Sentence denotes In Japan, PEDV outbreaks were reported from the early 1980s and temporarily disappeared in 2006, probably due to the use of an attenuated PEDV 83P-5 (or P-5V) strain vaccine (Nisseiken Co.
T94060 7014-7202 Sentence denotes In Japan, PEDV outbreaks were reported from the early 1980s and temporarily disappeared in 2006, probably due to the use of an attenuated PEDV 83P-5 (or P-5V) strain vaccine (Nisseiken Co.
TextSentencer_T49 7203-7288 Sentence denotes Ltd., Japan) since 1997 Sato et al., 2011; Song et al., 2015b; Song and Park, 2012) .
TextSentencer_T49 7203-7288 Sentence denotes Ltd., Japan) since 1997 Sato et al., 2011; Song et al., 2015b; Song and Park, 2012) .
T74954 7203-7288 Sentence denotes Ltd., Japan) since 1997 Sato et al., 2011; Song et al., 2015b; Song and Park, 2012) .
TextSentencer_T50 7289-7410 Sentence denotes Similar classical PEDV strains also spread to and caused PED outbreaks in Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan, and the Philippines.
TextSentencer_T50 7289-7410 Sentence denotes Similar classical PEDV strains also spread to and caused PED outbreaks in Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan, and the Philippines.
T67631 7289-7410 Sentence denotes Similar classical PEDV strains also spread to and caused PED outbreaks in Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan, and the Philippines.
TextSentencer_T51 7411-7495 Sentence denotes Since 2011, the attenuated PEDV DR13 vaccine also has been used in the Philippines .
TextSentencer_T51 7411-7495 Sentence denotes Since 2011, the attenuated PEDV DR13 vaccine also has been used in the Philippines .
T98261 7411-7495 Sentence denotes Since 2011, the attenuated PEDV DR13 vaccine also has been used in the Philippines .
TextSentencer_T52 7496-7588 Sentence denotes No PED cases were reported in the American, African and Australian continents prior to 2013.
TextSentencer_T52 7496-7588 Sentence denotes No PED cases were reported in the American, African and Australian continents prior to 2013.
T49066 7496-7588 Sentence denotes No PED cases were reported in the American, African and Australian continents prior to 2013.
TextSentencer_T53 7589-7828 Sentence denotes We will refer to these historic PEDV strains as classical strains because such viruses are still detected in the field, such as CHN/SD-M/2012 and THA/EAS1/2014, to differentiate them from the emerging strains detected worldwide after 2010.
TextSentencer_T53 7589-7828 Sentence denotes We will refer to these historic PEDV strains as classical strains because such viruses are still detected in the field, such as CHN/SD-M/2012 and THA/EAS1/2014, to differentiate them from the emerging strains detected worldwide after 2010.
T26370 7589-7828 Sentence denotes We will refer to these historic PEDV strains as classical strains because such viruses are still detected in the field, such as CHN/SD-M/2012 and THA/EAS1/2014, to differentiate them from the emerging strains detected worldwide after 2010.
TextSentencer_T54 7829-7833 Sentence denotes 2.2.
TextSentencer_T54 7829-7833 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T66056 7829-7833 Sentence denotes 2.2.
TextSentencer_T55 7834-8122 Sentence denotes Since 2010, highly virulent PEDV strains emerged in China and subsequently spread to other Asian countries, the Americas, and back into Europe Starting from October 2010, severe PEDV outbreaks occurred in the Chinese pig population and caused enormous economic losses (Sun et al., 2015a .
TextSentencer_T55 7834-8122 Sentence denotes Since 2010, highly virulent PEDV strains emerged in China and subsequently spread to other Asian countries, the Americas, and back into Europe Starting from October 2010, severe PEDV outbreaks occurred in the Chinese pig population and caused enormous economic losses (Sun et al., 2015a .
T65624 7834-8122 Sentence denotes Since 2010, highly virulent PEDV strains emerged in China and subsequently spread to other Asian countries, the Americas, and back into Europe Starting from October 2010, severe PEDV outbreaks occurred in the Chinese pig population and caused enormous economic losses (Sun et al., 2015a .
TextSentencer_T56 8123-8330 Sentence denotes Although PEDV vaccines based on classical PEDV strain CV777 were widely used in China, the mortality in neonatal piglets was high, reaching 50-100%, indicating the emergence of highly virulent PEDV variants.
TextSentencer_T56 8123-8330 Sentence denotes Although PEDV vaccines based on classical PEDV strain CV777 were widely used in China, the mortality in neonatal piglets was high, reaching 50-100%, indicating the emergence of highly virulent PEDV variants.
T81302 8123-8330 Sentence denotes Although PEDV vaccines based on classical PEDV strain CV777 were widely used in China, the mortality in neonatal piglets was high, reaching 50-100%, indicating the emergence of highly virulent PEDV variants.
TextSentencer_T57 8331-8448 Sentence denotes In April, 2013, the first highly virulent PEDV infections emerged in swine farms in the US (Stevenson et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T57 8331-8448 Sentence denotes In April, 2013, the first highly virulent PEDV infections emerged in swine farms in the US (Stevenson et al., 2013) .
T16998 8331-8448 Sentence denotes In April, 2013, the first highly virulent PEDV infections emerged in swine farms in the US (Stevenson et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T58 8449-8646 Sentence denotes By March 12, 2015, PEDV had spread to 36 US states, including the geographically separated state of Hawaii, and one US territory, Puerto Rico (https://www.aasv.org/Resources/PEDv/PEDvWhatsNew.php).
TextSentencer_T58 8449-8646 Sentence denotes By March 12, 2015, PEDV had spread to 36 US states, including the geographically separated state of Hawaii, and one US territory, Puerto Rico (https://www.aasv.org/Resources/PEDv/PEDvWhatsNew.php).
T54512 8449-8646 Sentence denotes By March 12, 2015, PEDV had spread to 36 US states, including the geographically separated state of Hawaii, and one US territory, Puerto Rico (https://www.aasv.org/Resources/PEDv/PEDvWhatsNew.php).
TextSentencer_T59 8647-8944 Sentence denotes In the first year, PEDV killed about 10% of the US swine population, accounting for deaths of 7 million pigs, and resulting in major economic losses to the US swine industry (http://www.dailykos. com/story/2014/4/27/1295143/-PEDv-virus-has-killed-10-of-U-S-pig-population-causing-spike-in-prices).
TextSentencer_T59 8647-8944 Sentence denotes In the first year, PEDV killed about 10% of the US swine population, accounting for deaths of 7 million pigs, and resulting in major economic losses to the US swine industry (http://www.dailykos. com/story/2014/4/27/1295143/-PEDv-virus-has-killed-10-of-U-S-pig-population-causing-spike-in-prices).
T17027 8647-8944 Sentence denotes In the first year, PEDV killed about 10% of the US swine population, accounting for deaths of 7 million pigs, and resulting in major economic losses to the US swine industry (http://www.dailykos. com/story/2014/4/27/1295143/-PEDv-virus-has-killed-10-of-U-S-pig-population-causing-spike-in-prices).
TextSentencer_T60 8945-9036 Sentence denotes The last large-scale outbreak in the US ended in the spring of 2014 (Jarvis et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T60 8945-9036 Sentence denotes The last large-scale outbreak in the US ended in the spring of 2014 (Jarvis et al., 2015) .
T88058 8945-9036 Sentence denotes The last large-scale outbreak in the US ended in the spring of 2014 (Jarvis et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T61 9037-9158 Sentence denotes By 2014, the highly virulent PEDV had spread to other countries in the Americas, including Canada, Mexico, and Columbia .
TextSentencer_T61 9037-9158 Sentence denotes By 2014, the highly virulent PEDV had spread to other countries in the Americas, including Canada, Mexico, and Columbia .
T53156 9037-9158 Sentence denotes By 2014, the highly virulent PEDV had spread to other countries in the Americas, including Canada, Mexico, and Columbia .
TextSentencer_T62 9159-9267 Sentence denotes In October 2013, the highly virulent PEDV emerged in Japan, and about 1000 outbreaks were reported by 2015 .
TextSentencer_T62 9159-9267 Sentence denotes In October 2013, the highly virulent PEDV emerged in Japan, and about 1000 outbreaks were reported by 2015 .
T77499 9159-9267 Sentence denotes In October 2013, the highly virulent PEDV emerged in Japan, and about 1000 outbreaks were reported by 2015 .
TextSentencer_T63 9268-9412 Sentence denotes In South Korea and Vietnam, the highly virulent PEDV emerged in 2013, based on complete genomic sequences (Kim et al., 2015; Vui et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T63 9268-9412 Sentence denotes In South Korea and Vietnam, the highly virulent PEDV emerged in 2013, based on complete genomic sequences (Kim et al., 2015; Vui et al., 2014) .
T76227 9268-9412 Sentence denotes In South Korea and Vietnam, the highly virulent PEDV emerged in 2013, based on complete genomic sequences (Kim et al., 2015; Vui et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T64 9413-9525 Sentence denotes In Thailand, both classical and highly virulent PEDV strains were sequenced recently (Cheun-Arom et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T64 9413-9525 Sentence denotes In Thailand, both classical and highly virulent PEDV strains were sequenced recently (Cheun-Arom et al., 2015) .
T76080 9413-9525 Sentence denotes In Thailand, both classical and highly virulent PEDV strains were sequenced recently (Cheun-Arom et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T65 9526-9619 Sentence denotes PEDV outbreaks emerged in Taiwan in late 2013 and in Philippines in 2014 (Kim et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T65 9526-9619 Sentence denotes PEDV outbreaks emerged in Taiwan in late 2013 and in Philippines in 2014 (Kim et al., 2016) .
T66780 9526-9619 Sentence denotes PEDV outbreaks emerged in Taiwan in late 2013 and in Philippines in 2014 (Kim et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T66 9620-9695 Sentence denotes However, no complete genomic sequence data are available for these strains.
TextSentencer_T66 9620-9695 Sentence denotes However, no complete genomic sequence data are available for these strains.
T94814 9620-9695 Sentence denotes However, no complete genomic sequence data are available for these strains.
TextSentencer_T67 9696-9823 Sentence denotes The year 2013 was critical for the spread of the highly virulent PEDV strains to other swine producing countries besides China.
TextSentencer_T67 9696-9823 Sentence denotes The year 2013 was critical for the spread of the highly virulent PEDV strains to other swine producing countries besides China.
T22366 9696-9823 Sentence denotes The year 2013 was critical for the spread of the highly virulent PEDV strains to other swine producing countries besides China.
TextSentencer_T68 9824-9983 Sentence denotes However, except for the Ukraine (Dastjerdi et al., 2015) , no highly virulent PEDV infections were reported in the European, African and Australian continents.
TextSentencer_T68 9824-9983 Sentence denotes However, except for the Ukraine (Dastjerdi et al., 2015) , no highly virulent PEDV infections were reported in the European, African and Australian continents.
T32470 9824-9983 Sentence denotes However, except for the Ukraine (Dastjerdi et al., 2015) , no highly virulent PEDV infections were reported in the European, African and Australian continents.
TextSentencer_T69 9984-9988 Sentence denotes 2.3.
TextSentencer_T69 9984-9988 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T5031 9984-9988 Sentence denotes 2.3.
TextSentencer_T70 9989-10185 Sentence denotes The S INDEL PEDV strains emerged in June 2013 in the US and have since been detected in Asia and Europe A PEDV variant OH851 strain, designated as S INDEL PEDV, was first discovered in Ohio, USA .
TextSentencer_T70 9989-10185 Sentence denotes The S INDEL PEDV strains emerged in June 2013 in the US and have since been detected in Asia and Europe A PEDV variant OH851 strain, designated as S INDEL PEDV, was first discovered in Ohio, USA .
T48775 9989-10185 Sentence denotes The S INDEL PEDV strains emerged in June 2013 in the US and have since been detected in Asia and Europe A PEDV variant OH851 strain, designated as S INDEL PEDV, was first discovered in Ohio, USA .
TextSentencer_T71 10186-10426 Sentence denotes Later, it was found that S INDEL strains, such as Indiana12.83/2013 and Minnesota52 strains, existed in samples collected in the US in June 2013, just 1-2 months later than the emergence of the highly virulent PEDV strains in this country .
TextSentencer_T71 10186-10426 Sentence denotes Later, it was found that S INDEL strains, such as Indiana12.83/2013 and Minnesota52 strains, existed in samples collected in the US in June 2013, just 1-2 months later than the emergence of the highly virulent PEDV strains in this country .
T42208 10186-10426 Sentence denotes Later, it was found that S INDEL strains, such as Indiana12.83/2013 and Minnesota52 strains, existed in samples collected in the US in June 2013, just 1-2 months later than the emergence of the highly virulent PEDV strains in this country .
TextSentencer_T72 10427-10703 Sentence denotes The N-terminal region of the S protein of these strains has an amino acid insertion (aa 161-162) and two deletions (aa 59-62, and aa 140) compared with those of the highly virulent PEDV strains, but similar to that of the classical PEDV strains (Fig. S9 ) (Oka et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T72 10427-10703 Sentence denotes The N-terminal region of the S protein of these strains has an amino acid insertion (aa 161-162) and two deletions (aa 59-62, and aa 140) compared with those of the highly virulent PEDV strains, but similar to that of the classical PEDV strains (Fig. S9 ) (Oka et al., 2014) .
T17301 10427-10703 Sentence denotes The N-terminal region of the S protein of these strains has an amino acid insertion (aa 161-162) and two deletions (aa 59-62, and aa 140) compared with those of the highly virulent PEDV strains, but similar to that of the classical PEDV strains (Fig. S9 ) (Oka et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T73 10704-11028 Sentence denotes Although the amino acid sequences of the S proteins of S INDEL strains are closer to the classical strains than to the highly virulent US strains (Fig. 2 ), the rest of the genes (ORF1, ORF3, E, M and N) of S INDEL strains group together with the emerging highly virulent PEDV strains from China, North American, etc. (Figs.
TextSentencer_T73 10704-11028 Sentence denotes Although the amino acid sequences of the S proteins of S INDEL strains are closer to the classical strains than to the highly virulent US strains (Fig. 2 ), the rest of the genes (ORF1, ORF3, E, M and N) of S INDEL strains group together with the emerging highly virulent PEDV strains from China, North American, etc. (Figs.
T22634 10704-11028 Sentence denotes Although the amino acid sequences of the S proteins of S INDEL strains are closer to the classical strains than to the highly virulent US strains (Fig. 2 ), the rest of the genes (ORF1, ORF3, E, M and N) of S INDEL strains group together with the emerging highly virulent PEDV strains from China, North American, etc. (Figs.
TextSentencer_T74 11029-11041 Sentence denotes S1, S4-S7) .
TextSentencer_T74 11029-11041 Sentence denotes S1, S4-S7) .
T83017 11029-11041 Sentence denotes S1, S4-S7) .
TextSentencer_T75 11042-11150 Sentence denotes Therefore, S INDEL strains fall into the emerging NA clade at the complete genomic sequence level (Fig. 1) .
TextSentencer_T75 11042-11150 Sentence denotes Therefore, S INDEL strains fall into the emerging NA clade at the complete genomic sequence level (Fig. 1) .
T37294 11042-11150 Sentence denotes Therefore, S INDEL strains fall into the emerging NA clade at the complete genomic sequence level (Fig. 1) .
TextSentencer_T76 11151-11232 Sentence denotes In December 2013, an S INDEL PEDV MYZ-1/JPN/2013 strain was identified in Japan .
TextSentencer_T76 11151-11232 Sentence denotes In December 2013, an S INDEL PEDV MYZ-1/JPN/2013 strain was identified in Japan .
T81873 11151-11232 Sentence denotes In December 2013, an S INDEL PEDV MYZ-1/JPN/2013 strain was identified in Japan .
TextSentencer_T77 11233-11519 Sentence denotes Since 2014, PEDV strains from Canada, Korea, Belgium, France, Germany, Portugal, Slovenia and Netherlands have been described, and these strains cluster with the US S INDEL strains (Grasland et al., 2015; Hanke et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2016; Lee and Lee, 2014; Mesquita et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T77 11233-11519 Sentence denotes Since 2014, PEDV strains from Canada, Korea, Belgium, France, Germany, Portugal, Slovenia and Netherlands have been described, and these strains cluster with the US S INDEL strains (Grasland et al., 2015; Hanke et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2016; Lee and Lee, 2014; Mesquita et al., 2015) .
T52908 11233-11519 Sentence denotes Since 2014, PEDV strains from Canada, Korea, Belgium, France, Germany, Portugal, Slovenia and Netherlands have been described, and these strains cluster with the US S INDEL strains (Grasland et al., 2015; Hanke et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2016; Lee and Lee, 2014; Mesquita et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T78 11520-11681 Sentence denotes The S protein of coronaviruses is responsible for binding to cellular receptors to initiate infection and it induces neutralizing antibodies in vivo (Li, 2015) .
TextSentencer_T78 11520-11681 Sentence denotes The S protein of coronaviruses is responsible for binding to cellular receptors to initiate infection and it induces neutralizing antibodies in vivo (Li, 2015) .
T97705 11520-11681 Sentence denotes The S protein of coronaviruses is responsible for binding to cellular receptors to initiate infection and it induces neutralizing antibodies in vivo (Li, 2015) .
TextSentencer_T79 11682-11814 Sentence denotes Mutations, especially deletions and/or insertions in the S protein may change the pathogenicity and tissue tropism of coronaviruses.
TextSentencer_T79 11682-11814 Sentence denotes Mutations, especially deletions and/or insertions in the S protein may change the pathogenicity and tissue tropism of coronaviruses.
T78485 11682-11814 Sentence denotes Mutations, especially deletions and/or insertions in the S protein may change the pathogenicity and tissue tropism of coronaviruses.
TextSentencer_T80 11815-12053 Sentence denotes For TGEV, a large deletion (621-681 nt) in the N-terminus of S gene reduced its virulence and changed its tissue tropism from intestinal to respiratory [subsequently designated porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)] (Saif et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T80 11815-12053 Sentence denotes For TGEV, a large deletion (621-681 nt) in the N-terminus of S gene reduced its virulence and changed its tissue tropism from intestinal to respiratory [subsequently designated porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)] (Saif et al., 2012) .
T52934 11815-12053 Sentence denotes For TGEV, a large deletion (621-681 nt) in the N-terminus of S gene reduced its virulence and changed its tissue tropism from intestinal to respiratory [subsequently designated porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)] (Saif et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T81 12054-12186 Sentence denotes For PEDV, Korean strain MF3809/2008 was identified with a large deletion (204 aa) at amino acid positions 713-916 of the S protein .
TextSentencer_T81 12054-12186 Sentence denotes For PEDV, Korean strain MF3809/2008 was identified with a large deletion (204 aa) at amino acid positions 713-916 of the S protein .
T23805 12054-12186 Sentence denotes For PEDV, Korean strain MF3809/2008 was identified with a large deletion (204 aa) at amino acid positions 713-916 of the S protein .
TextSentencer_T82 12187-12296 Sentence denotes Except for this large deletion, its S protein was similar to that of highly virulent PEDV strains (Fig. 3 ) .
TextSentencer_T82 12187-12296 Sentence denotes Except for this large deletion, its S protein was similar to that of highly virulent PEDV strains (Fig. 3 ) .
T32515 12187-12296 Sentence denotes Except for this large deletion, its S protein was similar to that of highly virulent PEDV strains (Fig. 3 ) .
TextSentencer_T83 12297-12444 Sentence denotes Later, a minor PEDV variant (USA/Minnesota188/2014) with a 2 aa-deletion in the S protein was reported as very virulent (Marthaler et al., 2014a) .
TextSentencer_T83 12297-12444 Sentence denotes Later, a minor PEDV variant (USA/Minnesota188/2014) with a 2 aa-deletion in the S protein was reported as very virulent (Marthaler et al., 2014a) .
T86056 12297-12444 Sentence denotes Later, a minor PEDV variant (USA/Minnesota188/2014) with a 2 aa-deletion in the S protein was reported as very virulent (Marthaler et al., 2014a) .
TextSentencer_T84 12445-12581 Sentence denotes In China, a field CHN/FL2013 strain with a 7 aa-earlier termination of S protein, like the classical CHN/LZC strain, was also reported .
TextSentencer_T84 12445-12581 Sentence denotes In China, a field CHN/FL2013 strain with a 7 aa-earlier termination of S protein, like the classical CHN/LZC strain, was also reported .
T43287 12445-12581 Sentence denotes In China, a field CHN/FL2013 strain with a 7 aa-earlier termination of S protein, like the classical CHN/LZC strain, was also reported .
TextSentencer_T85 12582-12657 Sentence denotes Laboratory pig experiments showed that the virulence of FL2013 was reduced.
TextSentencer_T85 12582-12657 Sentence denotes Laboratory pig experiments showed that the virulence of FL2013 was reduced.
T25858 12582-12657 Sentence denotes Laboratory pig experiments showed that the virulence of FL2013 was reduced.
TextSentencer_T86 12658-12778 Sentence denotes A field PEDV strain JPN/Tottori2/2014 with a 194 aa-deletion in the position aa 23-216 of the S protein was discovered .
TextSentencer_T86 12658-12778 Sentence denotes A field PEDV strain JPN/Tottori2/2014 with a 194 aa-deletion in the position aa 23-216 of the S protein was discovered .
T5495 12658-12778 Sentence denotes A field PEDV strain JPN/Tottori2/2014 with a 194 aa-deletion in the position aa 23-216 of the S protein was discovered .
TextSentencer_T87 12779-12957 Sentence denotes Interestingly, a single US PEDV strain, PC177, with a 197 aa-deletion in a similar position (aa 34-230) of the S protein, was isolated from Vero cell culture (Oka et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T87 12779-12957 Sentence denotes Interestingly, a single US PEDV strain, PC177, with a 197 aa-deletion in a similar position (aa 34-230) of the S protein, was isolated from Vero cell culture (Oka et al., 2014) .
T83190 12779-12957 Sentence denotes Interestingly, a single US PEDV strain, PC177, with a 197 aa-deletion in a similar position (aa 34-230) of the S protein, was isolated from Vero cell culture (Oka et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T88 12958-13083 Sentence denotes Later, it was confirmed that the large deletion originated during cell culture adaptation because the wild-type (WT) Fig. 1 .
TextSentencer_T88 12958-13083 Sentence denotes Later, it was confirmed that the large deletion originated during cell culture adaptation because the wild-type (WT) Fig. 1 .
T39458 12958-13083 Sentence denotes Later, it was confirmed that the large deletion originated during cell culture adaptation because the wild-type (WT) Fig. 1 .
TextSentencer_T89 13084-13181 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic tree of the complete genomes of PEDV strains and closely related alphacoronaviruses.
TextSentencer_T89 13084-13181 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic tree of the complete genomes of PEDV strains and closely related alphacoronaviruses.
T2236 13084-13181 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic tree of the complete genomes of PEDV strains and closely related alphacoronaviruses.
TextSentencer_T90 13182-13599 Sentence denotes Classical and the emerging PEDV strains, a bat alphacoronavirus (in bold), the recombinant porcine enteric coronavirus between TGEV and PEDV (in brown), three TGEV strains and one PRCV strain were included to generate a Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree using General Time Reversible nucleotide substitution model and supported with a bootstrap test of 1000 replicates in MEGA 6.06 software (Tamura et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T90 13182-13599 Sentence denotes Classical and the emerging PEDV strains, a bat alphacoronavirus (in bold), the recombinant porcine enteric coronavirus between TGEV and PEDV (in brown), three TGEV strains and one PRCV strain were included to generate a Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree using General Time Reversible nucleotide substitution model and supported with a bootstrap test of 1000 replicates in MEGA 6.06 software (Tamura et al., 2013) .
T29030 13182-13599 Sentence denotes Classical and the emerging PEDV strains, a bat alphacoronavirus (in bold), the recombinant porcine enteric coronavirus between TGEV and PEDV (in brown), three TGEV strains and one PRCV strain were included to generate a Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree using General Time Reversible nucleotide substitution model and supported with a bootstrap test of 1000 replicates in MEGA 6.06 software (Tamura et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T91 13600-13656 Sentence denotes The number on each branch indicates the bootstrap value.
TextSentencer_T91 13600-13656 Sentence denotes The number on each branch indicates the bootstrap value.
T16347 13600-13656 Sentence denotes The number on each branch indicates the bootstrap value.
TextSentencer_T92 13657-13716 Sentence denotes The scale represents the nucleotide substitutions per site.
TextSentencer_T92 13657-13716 Sentence denotes The scale represents the nucleotide substitutions per site.
T66561 13657-13716 Sentence denotes The scale represents the nucleotide substitutions per site.
TextSentencer_T93 13717-13753 Sentence denotes Classical PEDV strains are in green.
TextSentencer_T93 13717-13753 Sentence denotes Classical PEDV strains are in green.
T208 13717-13753 Sentence denotes Classical PEDV strains are in green.
TextSentencer_T94 13754-13844 Sentence denotes Emerging US, Chinese and European PEDV strains are in blue, red, and purple, respectively.
TextSentencer_T94 13754-13844 Sentence denotes Emerging US, Chinese and European PEDV strains are in blue, red, and purple, respectively.
T11041 13754-13844 Sentence denotes Emerging US, Chinese and European PEDV strains are in blue, red, and purple, respectively.
TextSentencer_T95 13845-13937 Sentence denotes Emerging S INDEL PEDV strains are labeled with a solid triangle in front of the strain name.
TextSentencer_T95 13845-13937 Sentence denotes Emerging S INDEL PEDV strains are labeled with a solid triangle in front of the strain name.
T14464 13845-13937 Sentence denotes Emerging S INDEL PEDV strains are labeled with a solid triangle in front of the strain name.
TextSentencer_T96 13938-14102 Sentence denotes PC177 strain in the original field piglet intestinal contents was successfully sequenced and did not have the large deletion in the S protein (GenBank accession no.
TextSentencer_T96 13938-14102 Sentence denotes PC177 strain in the original field piglet intestinal contents was successfully sequenced and did not have the large deletion in the S protein (GenBank accession no.
T76840 13938-14102 Sentence denotes PC177 strain in the original field piglet intestinal contents was successfully sequenced and did not have the large deletion in the S protein (GenBank accession no.
TextSentencer_T97 14103-14113 Sentence denotes KR078300).
TextSentencer_T97 14103-14113 Sentence denotes KR078300).
T82415 14103-14113 Sentence denotes KR078300).
TextSentencer_T98 14114-14191 Sentence denotes The pathogenicity of these PEDV variants is discussed in Section 4 in detail.
TextSentencer_T98 14114-14191 Sentence denotes The pathogenicity of these PEDV variants is discussed in Section 4 in detail.
T78767 14114-14191 Sentence denotes The pathogenicity of these PEDV variants is discussed in Section 4 in detail.
TextSentencer_T99 14192-14315 Sentence denotes Most recently, a highly virulent PEDV strain, HUA-14PED96/2014, was detected from a piglet with severe diarrhea in Vietnam.
TextSentencer_T99 14192-14315 Sentence denotes Most recently, a highly virulent PEDV strain, HUA-14PED96/2014, was detected from a piglet with severe diarrhea in Vietnam.
T67801 14192-14315 Sentence denotes Most recently, a highly virulent PEDV strain, HUA-14PED96/2014, was detected from a piglet with severe diarrhea in Vietnam.
TextSentencer_T100 14316-14526 Sentence denotes It contains a 72 nt-deletion in the open reading frame 1a (ORF1a), corresponding to a 24 aa-DEL in the nsp3 protein, and is grouped with the Chinese highly virulent PEDV cluster ( Fig. 1 ) (Choe et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T100 14316-14526 Sentence denotes It contains a 72 nt-deletion in the open reading frame 1a (ORF1a), corresponding to a 24 aa-DEL in the nsp3 protein, and is grouped with the Chinese highly virulent PEDV cluster ( Fig. 1 ) (Choe et al., 2016) .
T75895 14316-14526 Sentence denotes It contains a 72 nt-deletion in the open reading frame 1a (ORF1a), corresponding to a 24 aa-DEL in the nsp3 protein, and is grouped with the Chinese highly virulent PEDV cluster ( Fig. 1 ) (Choe et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T101 14527-14731 Sentence denotes Recombination occurs frequently among PEDV strains and was detected in seven main areas of the PEDV genome excluding the 5 -and 3 -UTRs: nsp2, nsp3, nsp14-16, S1 domain, and N gene (Jarvis et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T101 14527-14731 Sentence denotes Recombination occurs frequently among PEDV strains and was detected in seven main areas of the PEDV genome excluding the 5 -and 3 -UTRs: nsp2, nsp3, nsp14-16, S1 domain, and N gene (Jarvis et al., 2015) .
T54899 14527-14731 Sentence denotes Recombination occurs frequently among PEDV strains and was detected in seven main areas of the PEDV genome excluding the 5 -and 3 -UTRs: nsp2, nsp3, nsp14-16, S1 domain, and N gene (Jarvis et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T102 14732-14821 Sentence denotes For example, S INDEL strains USA/Iowa106/2013 and USA/Iowa107/2013 (Genbank accession no.
TextSentencer_T102 14732-14821 Sentence denotes For example, S INDEL strains USA/Iowa106/2013 and USA/Iowa107/2013 (Genbank accession no.
T61136 14732-14821 Sentence denotes For example, S INDEL strains USA/Iowa106/2013 and USA/Iowa107/2013 (Genbank accession no.
TextSentencer_T103 14822-15329 Sentence denotes KJ645696; 1 nt different from Iowa106 strain at the genomic level) were probably the result of several recombination events: the ORF 1a and 1b region was most similar to that of the highly virulent strains CHN/AH2012 and CHN/ZMDZY/2011, respectively; the S1 and S2 region of the S protein was most similar to that of the classical strain CHN/CH/S/1986 and the highly virulent ZMDZY/2011 strain, respectively; and the 3 end (E, M, and, N genes) was dissimilar to that of either AH2012 or ZMZDY/2011 strains .
TextSentencer_T103 14822-15329 Sentence denotes KJ645696; 1 nt different from Iowa106 strain at the genomic level) were probably the result of several recombination events: the ORF 1a and 1b region was most similar to that of the highly virulent strains CHN/AH2012 and CHN/ZMDZY/2011, respectively; the S1 and S2 region of the S protein was most similar to that of the classical strain CHN/CH/S/1986 and the highly virulent ZMDZY/2011 strain, respectively; and the 3 end (E, M, and, N genes) was dissimilar to that of either AH2012 or ZMZDY/2011 strains .
T74271 14822-15329 Sentence denotes KJ645696; 1 nt different from Iowa106 strain at the genomic level) were probably the result of several recombination events: the ORF 1a and 1b region was most similar to that of the highly virulent strains CHN/AH2012 and CHN/ZMDZY/2011, respectively; the S1 and S2 region of the S protein was most similar to that of the classical strain CHN/CH/S/1986 and the highly virulent ZMDZY/2011 strain, respectively; and the 3 end (E, M, and, N genes) was dissimilar to that of either AH2012 or ZMZDY/2011 strains .
TextSentencer_T104 15330-15520 Sentence denotes USA/Minnesota211/2014 strain is a recombinant between a highly virulent strain (genomic fragment from the middle of nsp2 to the middle of nsp14) and an S INDEL strain (Jarvis et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T104 15330-15520 Sentence denotes USA/Minnesota211/2014 strain is a recombinant between a highly virulent strain (genomic fragment from the middle of nsp2 to the middle of nsp14) and an S INDEL strain (Jarvis et al., 2015) .
T7491 15330-15520 Sentence denotes USA/Minnesota211/2014 strain is a recombinant between a highly virulent strain (genomic fragment from the middle of nsp2 to the middle of nsp14) and an S INDEL strain (Jarvis et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T105 15521-15678 Sentence denotes Most recently, the CH/HNQX-3/14 strain was reported as a recombinant among the classical strains CV777 and DR13, and the highly virulent CHN/ZMDZY/11 strain.
TextSentencer_T105 15521-15678 Sentence denotes Most recently, the CH/HNQX-3/14 strain was reported as a recombinant among the classical strains CV777 and DR13, and the highly virulent CHN/ZMDZY/11 strain.
T73186 15521-15678 Sentence denotes Most recently, the CH/HNQX-3/14 strain was reported as a recombinant among the classical strains CV777 and DR13, and the highly virulent CHN/ZMDZY/11 strain.
TextSentencer_T106 15679-15749 Sentence denotes It grouped together with the CH/ZMDZY/11 strain at the genomic level .
TextSentencer_T106 15679-15749 Sentence denotes It grouped together with the CH/ZMDZY/11 strain at the genomic level .
T87444 15679-15749 Sentence denotes It grouped together with the CH/ZMDZY/11 strain at the genomic level .
TextSentencer_T107 15750-15936 Sentence denotes Not surprisingly, this strain was detected from a swine farm that is located in the same province as the CHN/ZMDZY/11 strain, and both CV777 and DR13 PEDV vaccines were used at the farm.
TextSentencer_T107 15750-15936 Sentence denotes Not surprisingly, this strain was detected from a swine farm that is located in the same province as the CHN/ZMDZY/11 strain, and both CV777 and DR13 PEDV vaccines were used at the farm.
T85065 15750-15936 Sentence denotes Not surprisingly, this strain was detected from a swine farm that is located in the same province as the CHN/ZMDZY/11 strain, and both CV777 and DR13 PEDV vaccines were used at the farm.
TextSentencer_T108 15937-16160 Sentence denotes Although both PEDV and TGEV belong to the Alphacoronavirus genus and cause indistinguishable enteritis (Saif et al., 2012) , no recombinant virus between TGEV and PEDV had been found until recently (Boniotti et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T108 15937-16160 Sentence denotes Although both PEDV and TGEV belong to the Alphacoronavirus genus and cause indistinguishable enteritis (Saif et al., 2012) , no recombinant virus between TGEV and PEDV had been found until recently (Boniotti et al., 2016) .
T73599 15937-16160 Sentence denotes Although both PEDV and TGEV belong to the Alphacoronavirus genus and cause indistinguishable enteritis (Saif et al., 2012) , no recombinant virus between TGEV and PEDV had been found until recently (Boniotti et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T109 16161-16356 Sentence denotes This recombinant porcine enteric coronavirus, Italy/213306/2009 strain, has potential parental strains TGEV H16 strain (major, backbone) and classical PEDV CV777 strain (minor, S gene) (Fig. 1) .
TextSentencer_T109 16161-16356 Sentence denotes This recombinant porcine enteric coronavirus, Italy/213306/2009 strain, has potential parental strains TGEV H16 strain (major, backbone) and classical PEDV CV777 strain (minor, S gene) (Fig. 1) .
T18161 16161-16356 Sentence denotes This recombinant porcine enteric coronavirus, Italy/213306/2009 strain, has potential parental strains TGEV H16 strain (major, backbone) and classical PEDV CV777 strain (minor, S gene) (Fig. 1) .
TextSentencer_T110 16357-16406 Sentence denotes This virus was circulating in 2009-2012 in Italy.
TextSentencer_T110 16357-16406 Sentence denotes This virus was circulating in 2009-2012 in Italy.
T35886 16357-16406 Sentence denotes This virus was circulating in 2009-2012 in Italy.
TextSentencer_T111 16407-16616 Sentence denotes Another TGEV/PEDV chimeric virus (SeCoV/GER/L00930/2012), sharing similar recombination pattern and 99.5% nucleotide identity with the Italy/213306/2009 strain, was reported in Germany (Akimkin et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T111 16407-16616 Sentence denotes Another TGEV/PEDV chimeric virus (SeCoV/GER/L00930/2012), sharing similar recombination pattern and 99.5% nucleotide identity with the Italy/213306/2009 strain, was reported in Germany (Akimkin et al., 2016) .
T70045 16407-16616 Sentence denotes Another TGEV/PEDV chimeric virus (SeCoV/GER/L00930/2012), sharing similar recombination pattern and 99.5% nucleotide identity with the Italy/213306/2009 strain, was reported in Germany (Akimkin et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T112 16617-16760 Sentence denotes It is important to determine the virulence and tissue tropism of these chimeric viruses and to monitor how they evolve in the swine population.
TextSentencer_T112 16617-16760 Sentence denotes It is important to determine the virulence and tissue tropism of these chimeric viruses and to monitor how they evolve in the swine population.
T3234 16617-16760 Sentence denotes It is important to determine the virulence and tissue tropism of these chimeric viruses and to monitor how they evolve in the swine population.
TextSentencer_T113 16761-16765 Sentence denotes 2.5.
TextSentencer_T113 16761-16765 Sentence denotes 2.5.
T54033 16761-16765 Sentence denotes 2.5.
TextSentencer_T114 16766-16805 Sentence denotes Evolution of global PEDV strains 2.5.1.
TextSentencer_T114 16766-16805 Sentence denotes Evolution of global PEDV strains 2.5.1.
T86461 16766-16805 Sentence denotes Evolution of global PEDV strains 2.5.1.
TextSentencer_T115 16806-17272 Sentence denotes Sequence analysis suggests the potential origin of emerging PEDV strains Phylogenic analysis of the full-length genomes and the genome organization showed that all PEDV strains are most closely related to bat alphacoronaviruses within the Alphacoronavirus genus ( Fig. 1) Tang et al., 2006; Vlasova et al., 2014) , suggesting that PEDV strains probably originally evolved from bat alphacoronaviruses and were transmitted cross-species directly or indirectly to pigs.
TextSentencer_T115 16806-17272 Sentence denotes Sequence analysis suggests the potential origin of emerging PEDV strains Phylogenic analysis of the full-length genomes and the genome organization showed that all PEDV strains are most closely related to bat alphacoronaviruses within the Alphacoronavirus genus ( Fig. 1) Tang et al., 2006; Vlasova et al., 2014) , suggesting that PEDV strains probably originally evolved from bat alphacoronaviruses and were transmitted cross-species directly or indirectly to pigs.
T16416 16806-17272 Sentence denotes Sequence analysis suggests the potential origin of emerging PEDV strains Phylogenic analysis of the full-length genomes and the genome organization showed that all PEDV strains are most closely related to bat alphacoronaviruses within the Alphacoronavirus genus ( Fig. 1) Tang et al., 2006; Vlasova et al., 2014) , suggesting that PEDV strains probably originally evolved from bat alphacoronaviruses and were transmitted cross-species directly or indirectly to pigs.
TextSentencer_T116 17273-17407 Sentence denotes There were about 300 complete genomes of PEDV listed in the GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/) at the beginning of 2016.
TextSentencer_T116 17273-17407 Sentence denotes There were about 300 complete genomes of PEDV listed in the GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/) at the beginning of 2016.
T84265 17273-17407 Sentence denotes There were about 300 complete genomes of PEDV listed in the GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/) at the beginning of 2016.
TextSentencer_T117 17408-17784 Sentence denotes For phylogenetic analysis of PEDV strains, we selected around 100 representative strains from published papers based on the following criteria: (1) strains collected in different geographical areas; (2) strains whose pathogenesis have been studied; (3) vaccine strains and strains whose antigenicity will be discussed in this review; and 4) both TC and wild type (WT) strains.
TextSentencer_T117 17408-17784 Sentence denotes For phylogenetic analysis of PEDV strains, we selected around 100 representative strains from published papers based on the following criteria: (1) strains collected in different geographical areas; (2) strains whose pathogenesis have been studied; (3) vaccine strains and strains whose antigenicity will be discussed in this review; and 4) both TC and wild type (WT) strains.
T83866 17408-17784 Sentence denotes For phylogenetic analysis of PEDV strains, we selected around 100 representative strains from published papers based on the following criteria: (1) strains collected in different geographical areas; (2) strains whose pathogenesis have been studied; (3) vaccine strains and strains whose antigenicity will be discussed in this review; and 4) both TC and wild type (WT) strains.
TextSentencer_T118 17785-17973 Sentence denotes The WT genomes of two PEDV strains (PC21A-WT and PC177-WT), whose TC sequences have been reported previously (Oka et al., 2014) , were successfully sequenced and included in this analysis.
TextSentencer_T118 17785-17973 Sentence denotes The WT genomes of two PEDV strains (PC21A-WT and PC177-WT), whose TC sequences have been reported previously (Oka et al., 2014) , were successfully sequenced and included in this analysis.
T67747 17785-17973 Sentence denotes The WT genomes of two PEDV strains (PC21A-WT and PC177-WT), whose TC sequences have been reported previously (Oka et al., 2014) , were successfully sequenced and included in this analysis.
TextSentencer_T119 17974-18029 Sentence denotes Sequence alignment was performed using ClustalW method.
TextSentencer_T119 17974-18029 Sentence denotes Sequence alignment was performed using ClustalW method.
T42017 17974-18029 Sentence denotes Sequence alignment was performed using ClustalW method.
TextSentencer_T120 18030-18336 Sentence denotes Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed using General Time Reversible nucleotide substitution model (for nucleotide sequences) or Jones-Taylor-Thornton (JTT) model (for amino acid sequences) and supported with a bootstrap test of 1000 replicates in MEGA 6.06 software (Tamura et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T120 18030-18336 Sentence denotes Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed using General Time Reversible nucleotide substitution model (for nucleotide sequences) or Jones-Taylor-Thornton (JTT) model (for amino acid sequences) and supported with a bootstrap test of 1000 replicates in MEGA 6.06 software (Tamura et al., 2013) .
T94479 18030-18336 Sentence denotes Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed using General Time Reversible nucleotide substitution model (for nucleotide sequences) or Jones-Taylor-Thornton (JTT) model (for amino acid sequences) and supported with a bootstrap test of 1000 replicates in MEGA 6.06 software (Tamura et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T121 18337-18553 Sentence denotes Based on the nearly complete genomes, excluding the UTRs due to the lack of these regions for many PEDV strains, all PEDV strains separated into two distinct groups: "classical" and "emerging" PEDV strains (Fig. 2) .
TextSentencer_T121 18337-18553 Sentence denotes Based on the nearly complete genomes, excluding the UTRs due to the lack of these regions for many PEDV strains, all PEDV strains separated into two distinct groups: "classical" and "emerging" PEDV strains (Fig. 2) .
T5463 18337-18553 Sentence denotes Based on the nearly complete genomes, excluding the UTRs due to the lack of these regions for many PEDV strains, all PEDV strains separated into two distinct groups: "classical" and "emerging" PEDV strains (Fig. 2) .
TextSentencer_T122 18554-18638 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic trees based on ORF1 and M also confirmed the two distinct groups (Figs.
TextSentencer_T122 18554-18638 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic trees based on ORF1 and M also confirmed the two distinct groups (Figs.
T67810 18554-18638 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic trees based on ORF1 and M also confirmed the two distinct groups (Figs.
TextSentencer_T123 18639-18650 Sentence denotes S1 and S6).
TextSentencer_T123 18639-18650 Sentence denotes S1 and S6).
T95850 18639-18650 Sentence denotes S1 and S6).
TextSentencer_T124 18651-18757 Sentence denotes The nucleotide percent identity of the PEDV genomes between "classical" and "emerging" clusters is 96-98%.
TextSentencer_T124 18651-18757 Sentence denotes The nucleotide percent identity of the PEDV genomes between "classical" and "emerging" clusters is 96-98%.
T51213 18651-18757 Sentence denotes The nucleotide percent identity of the PEDV genomes between "classical" and "emerging" clusters is 96-98%.
TextSentencer_T125 18758-18988 Sentence denotes Since PEDV has a relatively low mutation rate (6.2 × 10 −4 substitutions/site/year) similar to TGEV and other animal coronaviruses (Jarvis et al., 2015) , it seems likely that the PEDV strains have diverged due to host adaptation.
TextSentencer_T125 18758-18988 Sentence denotes Since PEDV has a relatively low mutation rate (6.2 × 10 −4 substitutions/site/year) similar to TGEV and other animal coronaviruses (Jarvis et al., 2015) , it seems likely that the PEDV strains have diverged due to host adaptation.
T15167 18758-18988 Sentence denotes Since PEDV has a relatively low mutation rate (6.2 × 10 −4 substitutions/site/year) similar to TGEV and other animal coronaviruses (Jarvis et al., 2015) , it seems likely that the PEDV strains have diverged due to host adaptation.
TextSentencer_T126 18989-19099 Sentence denotes On the other hand, evidence supporting a different origin of the two distinct clusters of PEDV strains exists.
TextSentencer_T126 18989-19099 Sentence denotes On the other hand, evidence supporting a different origin of the two distinct clusters of PEDV strains exists.
T29256 18989-19099 Sentence denotes On the other hand, evidence supporting a different origin of the two distinct clusters of PEDV strains exists.
TextSentencer_T127 19100-19564 Sentence denotes Huang et al. (2013) found that in the 5 -proximal region of the 5 -UTR, all the emerging highly virulent PEDV strains share a unique insertion [a T at nt 48, the loop of stem-loop (SL) 2 structure] and two deletions (an A deletion between nt 72 and 73, immediately after the core sequence of the leader transcription-regulating sequence; a 4 nt (TTCC)-deletion in SL4) with the bat coronavirus (BtCoV)/512/2005 strain compared with the PEDV prototype CV777 strain.
TextSentencer_T127 19100-19564 Sentence denotes Huang et al. (2013) found that in the 5 -proximal region of the 5 -UTR, all the emerging highly virulent PEDV strains share a unique insertion [a T at nt 48, the loop of stem-loop (SL) 2 structure] and two deletions (an A deletion between nt 72 and 73, immediately after the core sequence of the leader transcription-regulating sequence; a 4 nt (TTCC)-deletion in SL4) with the bat coronavirus (BtCoV)/512/2005 strain compared with the PEDV prototype CV777 strain.
T45135 19100-19564 Sentence denotes Huang et al. (2013) found that in the 5 -proximal region of the 5 -UTR, all the emerging highly virulent PEDV strains share a unique insertion [a T at nt 48, the loop of stem-loop (SL) 2 structure] and two deletions (an A deletion between nt 72 and 73, immediately after the core sequence of the leader transcription-regulating sequence; a 4 nt (TTCC)-deletion in SL4) with the bat coronavirus (BtCoV)/512/2005 strain compared with the PEDV prototype CV777 strain.
TextSentencer_T128 19565-19804 Sentence denotes Sequence alignments of the 5 -UTR of classical and emerging PEDV strains showed that all emerging PEDV strains and some classical strains, such as Korean DR13/1999 and Chinese CH/S/1986, contain the same insertion and deletions (Fig. S8 ).
TextSentencer_T128 19565-19804 Sentence denotes Sequence alignments of the 5 -UTR of classical and emerging PEDV strains showed that all emerging PEDV strains and some classical strains, such as Korean DR13/1999 and Chinese CH/S/1986, contain the same insertion and deletions (Fig. S8 ).
T96828 19565-19804 Sentence denotes Sequence alignments of the 5 -UTR of classical and emerging PEDV strains showed that all emerging PEDV strains and some classical strains, such as Korean DR13/1999 and Chinese CH/S/1986, contain the same insertion and deletions (Fig. S8 ).
TextSentencer_T129 19805-19929 Sentence denotes One classical strain SM98/2010 does not have the insertion T at nt 48, but has the two deletions compared with CV777 strain.
TextSentencer_T129 19805-19929 Sentence denotes One classical strain SM98/2010 does not have the insertion T at nt 48, but has the two deletions compared with CV777 strain.
T12163 19805-19929 Sentence denotes One classical strain SM98/2010 does not have the insertion T at nt 48, but has the two deletions compared with CV777 strain.
TextSentencer_T130 19930-20008 Sentence denotes How such a unique feature was obtained by these PEDV strains is still unknown.
TextSentencer_T130 19930-20008 Sentence denotes How such a unique feature was obtained by these PEDV strains is still unknown.
T38800 19930-20008 Sentence denotes How such a unique feature was obtained by these PEDV strains is still unknown.
TextSentencer_T131 20009-20123 Sentence denotes If the changes result in a replication advantage for PEDV strains, the genetic changes may evolve and be selected.
TextSentencer_T131 20009-20123 Sentence denotes If the changes result in a replication advantage for PEDV strains, the genetic changes may evolve and be selected.
T51970 20009-20123 Sentence denotes If the changes result in a replication advantage for PEDV strains, the genetic changes may evolve and be selected.
TextSentencer_T132 20124-20261 Sentence denotes However, the process for acquiring the individual insertion and deletions in PEDV, or intermediate PEDV strains, has not been determined.
TextSentencer_T132 20124-20261 Sentence denotes However, the process for acquiring the individual insertion and deletions in PEDV, or intermediate PEDV strains, has not been determined.
T22471 20124-20261 Sentence denotes However, the process for acquiring the individual insertion and deletions in PEDV, or intermediate PEDV strains, has not been determined.
TextSentencer_T133 20262-20386 Sentence denotes It is also possible that PEDV strains obtained this region from a BtCoV/512/2005-like coronavirus directly by recombination.
TextSentencer_T133 20262-20386 Sentence denotes It is also possible that PEDV strains obtained this region from a BtCoV/512/2005-like coronavirus directly by recombination.
T49892 20262-20386 Sentence denotes It is also possible that PEDV strains obtained this region from a BtCoV/512/2005-like coronavirus directly by recombination.
TextSentencer_T134 20387-20752 Sentence denotes Although complete genomic sequences are lacking for many PEDV strains, information from the S protein may highlight when the emerging non-S INDEL strains evolved since the S genes are available for some samples collected before 2010, and the emerging non-S INDEL and classical groups can be clearly differentiated in an S protein tree (Sun et al., 2015b) (Fig. 3 ).
TextSentencer_T134 20387-20752 Sentence denotes Although complete genomic sequences are lacking for many PEDV strains, information from the S protein may highlight when the emerging non-S INDEL strains evolved since the S genes are available for some samples collected before 2010, and the emerging non-S INDEL and classical groups can be clearly differentiated in an S protein tree (Sun et al., 2015b) (Fig. 3 ).
T56482 20387-20752 Sentence denotes Although complete genomic sequences are lacking for many PEDV strains, information from the S protein may highlight when the emerging non-S INDEL strains evolved since the S genes are available for some samples collected before 2010, and the emerging non-S INDEL and classical groups can be clearly differentiated in an S protein tree (Sun et al., 2015b) (Fig. 3 ).
TextSentencer_T135 20753-20852 Sentence denotes It appears that the non-S INDEL strains, such as KOR/Chinju99/1999 strain, had emerged before 2010.
TextSentencer_T135 20753-20852 Sentence denotes It appears that the non-S INDEL strains, such as KOR/Chinju99/1999 strain, had emerged before 2010.
T40998 20753-20852 Sentence denotes It appears that the non-S INDEL strains, such as KOR/Chinju99/1999 strain, had emerged before 2010.
TextSentencer_T136 20853-20997 Sentence denotes An earlier report also indicated the emergence of new PEDV strains since early 2006 in PEDV immunized swine herds in China (Chen et al., 2010) .
TextSentencer_T136 20853-20997 Sentence denotes An earlier report also indicated the emergence of new PEDV strains since early 2006 in PEDV immunized swine herds in China (Chen et al., 2010) .
T84021 20853-20997 Sentence denotes An earlier report also indicated the emergence of new PEDV strains since early 2006 in PEDV immunized swine herds in China (Chen et al., 2010) .
TextSentencer_T137 20998-21059 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, only the ORF3 gene was analyzed in this study.
TextSentencer_T137 20998-21059 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, only the ORF3 gene was analyzed in this study.
T65345 20998-21059 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, only the ORF3 gene was analyzed in this study.
TextSentencer_T138 21060-21161 Sentence denotes To date, when, where and how the original emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains evolved is still unknown.
TextSentencer_T138 21060-21161 Sentence denotes To date, when, where and how the original emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains evolved is still unknown.
T90284 21060-21161 Sentence denotes To date, when, where and how the original emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains evolved is still unknown.
TextSentencer_T139 21162-21348 Sentence denotes Recently, Khatri (2015) reported that the highly virulent PEDV grew in duck intestinal epithelial cells, raising the question of whether there are other reservoirs besides bats for PEDV.
TextSentencer_T139 21162-21348 Sentence denotes Recently, Khatri (2015) reported that the highly virulent PEDV grew in duck intestinal epithelial cells, raising the question of whether there are other reservoirs besides bats for PEDV.
T20503 21162-21348 Sentence denotes Recently, Khatri (2015) reported that the highly virulent PEDV grew in duck intestinal epithelial cells, raising the question of whether there are other reservoirs besides bats for PEDV.
TextSentencer_T140 21349-21401 Sentence denotes All those questions need to be investigated further.
TextSentencer_T140 21349-21401 Sentence denotes All those questions need to be investigated further.
T75164 21349-21401 Sentence denotes All those questions need to be investigated further.
TextSentencer_T141 21402-21638 Sentence denotes We divide the emerging PEDV strains into "S-INDEL" and "non-S INDEL" (or "highly virulent") because the former and later cause mild and severe PED, respectively, in the field and in laboratory pig experiments (see Section 4 for detail).
TextSentencer_T141 21402-21638 Sentence denotes We divide the emerging PEDV strains into "S-INDEL" and "non-S INDEL" (or "highly virulent") because the former and later cause mild and severe PED, respectively, in the field and in laboratory pig experiments (see Section 4 for detail).
T36201 21402-21638 Sentence denotes We divide the emerging PEDV strains into "S-INDEL" and "non-S INDEL" (or "highly virulent") because the former and later cause mild and severe PED, respectively, in the field and in laboratory pig experiments (see Section 4 for detail).
TextSentencer_T142 21639-21979 Sentence denotes In the complete genomic tree of PEDV strains (Fig. 2) , non-S INDEL PEDV strains from China are more closely related to each other than to the strains from the US and European countries, except for CHN/AH2012 that is closer to the US strains (with nt identity of 99.33-99.61%) than to the Chinese strains (with nt identity of 98.10-99.50%).
TextSentencer_T142 21639-21979 Sentence denotes In the complete genomic tree of PEDV strains (Fig. 2) , non-S INDEL PEDV strains from China are more closely related to each other than to the strains from the US and European countries, except for CHN/AH2012 that is closer to the US strains (with nt identity of 99.33-99.61%) than to the Chinese strains (with nt identity of 98.10-99.50%).
T5544 21639-21979 Sentence denotes In the complete genomic tree of PEDV strains (Fig. 2) , non-S INDEL PEDV strains from China are more closely related to each other than to the strains from the US and European countries, except for CHN/AH2012 that is closer to the US strains (with nt identity of 99.33-99.61%) than to the Chinese strains (with nt identity of 98.10-99.50%).
TextSentencer_T143 21980-22157 Sentence denotes Because there are no cut-off values for genogrouping or genotyping for PEDV strains, we tentatively refer to them as emerging Asian Clade and emerging North American (NA) Clade.
TextSentencer_T143 21980-22157 Sentence denotes Because there are no cut-off values for genogrouping or genotyping for PEDV strains, we tentatively refer to them as emerging Asian Clade and emerging North American (NA) Clade.
T8498 21980-22157 Sentence denotes Because there are no cut-off values for genogrouping or genotyping for PEDV strains, we tentatively refer to them as emerging Asian Clade and emerging North American (NA) Clade.
TextSentencer_T144 22158-22231 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic analysis of ORF1 supports such a grouping system (Fig. S1 ).
TextSentencer_T144 22158-22231 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic analysis of ORF1 supports such a grouping system (Fig. S1 ).
T67931 22158-22231 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic analysis of ORF1 supports such a grouping system (Fig. S1 ).
TextSentencer_T145 22232-22296 Sentence denotes For the phylogenetic trees based on ORF3, E, M or N genes (Figs.
TextSentencer_T145 22232-22296 Sentence denotes For the phylogenetic trees based on ORF3, E, M or N genes (Figs.
T36364 22232-22296 Sentence denotes For the phylogenetic trees based on ORF3, E, M or N genes (Figs.
TextSentencer_T146 22297-22387 Sentence denotes S4-S7), NA non-S INDEL, S INDEL, and some Chinese emerging strains are clustered together.
TextSentencer_T146 22297-22387 Sentence denotes S4-S7), NA non-S INDEL, S INDEL, and some Chinese emerging strains are clustered together.
T1269 22297-22387 Sentence denotes S4-S7), NA non-S INDEL, S INDEL, and some Chinese emerging strains are clustered together.
TextSentencer_T147 22388-22571 Sentence denotes Therefore, those regions are probably not immediate targets in the recent evolution of emerging PEDV strains and there is a lack of enough information to generate evolution inference.
TextSentencer_T147 22388-22571 Sentence denotes Therefore, those regions are probably not immediate targets in the recent evolution of emerging PEDV strains and there is a lack of enough information to generate evolution inference.
T57709 22388-22571 Sentence denotes Therefore, those regions are probably not immediate targets in the recent evolution of emerging PEDV strains and there is a lack of enough information to generate evolution inference.
TextSentencer_T148 22572-22849 Sentence denotes Other researchers also found such inconsistencies when phylogenic analyses were conducted using complete genomic sequences or different regions of the genome (Chen et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2016; Song et al., 2015a; Sun et al., 2015b; Tian et al., 2014; Vlasova et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T148 22572-22849 Sentence denotes Other researchers also found such inconsistencies when phylogenic analyses were conducted using complete genomic sequences or different regions of the genome (Chen et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2016; Song et al., 2015a; Sun et al., 2015b; Tian et al., 2014; Vlasova et al., 2014) .
T71707 22572-22849 Sentence denotes Other researchers also found such inconsistencies when phylogenic analyses were conducted using complete genomic sequences or different regions of the genome (Chen et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2016; Song et al., 2015a; Sun et al., 2015b; Tian et al., 2014; Vlasova et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T149 22850-22994 Sentence denotes It is probably due to recombination among PEDV strains, which is reported as a major evolution pattern for coronaviruses (Makino et al., 1986) .
TextSentencer_T149 22850-22994 Sentence denotes It is probably due to recombination among PEDV strains, which is reported as a major evolution pattern for coronaviruses (Makino et al., 1986) .
T40289 22850-22994 Sentence denotes It is probably due to recombination among PEDV strains, which is reported as a major evolution pattern for coronaviruses (Makino et al., 1986) .
TextSentencer_T150 22995-23227 Sentence denotes Recombination analysis and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provided additional information to trace the evolution of PEDV strains Jarvis et al., 2015; Song et al., 2015a; Tian et al., 2014; Vlasova et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T150 22995-23227 Sentence denotes Recombination analysis and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provided additional information to trace the evolution of PEDV strains Jarvis et al., 2015; Song et al., 2015a; Tian et al., 2014; Vlasova et al., 2014) .
T66785 22995-23227 Sentence denotes Recombination analysis and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provided additional information to trace the evolution of PEDV strains Jarvis et al., 2015; Song et al., 2015a; Tian et al., 2014; Vlasova et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T151 23228-23540 Sentence denotes Recently, a novel method using sequence motifs, which was defined as "a highly conserved region at the same position in the genome that was exclusively shared between several of the PEDV strains", was developed to study the relationship among emerging PEDV strains detected in 2013-2014 (Yamamoto et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T151 23228-23540 Sentence denotes Recently, a novel method using sequence motifs, which was defined as "a highly conserved region at the same position in the genome that was exclusively shared between several of the PEDV strains", was developed to study the relationship among emerging PEDV strains detected in 2013-2014 (Yamamoto et al., 2016) .
T34384 23228-23540 Sentence denotes Recently, a novel method using sequence motifs, which was defined as "a highly conserved region at the same position in the genome that was exclusively shared between several of the PEDV strains", was developed to study the relationship among emerging PEDV strains detected in 2013-2014 (Yamamoto et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T152 23541-23600 Sentence denotes So far, the results of these two analyses are in agreement.
TextSentencer_T152 23541-23600 Sentence denotes So far, the results of these two analyses are in agreement.
T41064 23541-23600 Sentence denotes So far, the results of these two analyses are in agreement.
TextSentencer_T153 23601-23745 Sentence denotes The NA non-S INDEL strains probably evolved from different Chinese emerging strains by recombination (Tian et al., 2014; Vlasova et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T153 23601-23745 Sentence denotes The NA non-S INDEL strains probably evolved from different Chinese emerging strains by recombination (Tian et al., 2014; Vlasova et al., 2014) .
T20600 23601-23745 Sentence denotes The NA non-S INDEL strains probably evolved from different Chinese emerging strains by recombination (Tian et al., 2014; Vlasova et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T154 23746-23978 Sentence denotes The non-S INDEL strains showed an overall high similarity to the highly virulent CHN/AH2012 strain across the genome except for the S1 region where they showed the highest similarity to another highly virulent CHN/ZMDZY/2011 strain.
TextSentencer_T154 23746-23978 Sentence denotes The non-S INDEL strains showed an overall high similarity to the highly virulent CHN/AH2012 strain across the genome except for the S1 region where they showed the highest similarity to another highly virulent CHN/ZMDZY/2011 strain.
T38837 23746-23978 Sentence denotes The non-S INDEL strains showed an overall high similarity to the highly virulent CHN/AH2012 strain across the genome except for the S1 region where they showed the highest similarity to another highly virulent CHN/ZMDZY/2011 strain.
TextSentencer_T155 23979-24288 Sentence denotes The S INDEL Iowa106 and Iowa107 strains probably resulted from multiple recombination events among the classical (CHN/CH/S-like strain for S1 region) and at least two different highly virulent strains (CHN/ZMDZY/2011-like strain for ORF1b and S2 regions, and CHN/AH2012-like strain for the remaining genome) .
TextSentencer_T155 23979-24288 Sentence denotes The S INDEL Iowa106 and Iowa107 strains probably resulted from multiple recombination events among the classical (CHN/CH/S-like strain for S1 region) and at least two different highly virulent strains (CHN/ZMDZY/2011-like strain for ORF1b and S2 regions, and CHN/AH2012-like strain for the remaining genome) .
T47921 23979-24288 Sentence denotes The S INDEL Iowa106 and Iowa107 strains probably resulted from multiple recombination events among the classical (CHN/CH/S-like strain for S1 region) and at least two different highly virulent strains (CHN/ZMDZY/2011-like strain for ORF1b and S2 regions, and CHN/AH2012-like strain for the remaining genome) .
TextSentencer_T156 24289-24500 Sentence denotes It is notable that the Ukraine, Japanese and Korean emerging non-S INDEL strains are within the NA non-S INDEL, but not the emerging Asian clade, suggesting global spread of the NA non-S INDEL strains (Fig. 2) .
TextSentencer_T156 24289-24500 Sentence denotes It is notable that the Ukraine, Japanese and Korean emerging non-S INDEL strains are within the NA non-S INDEL, but not the emerging Asian clade, suggesting global spread of the NA non-S INDEL strains (Fig. 2) .
T15958 24289-24500 Sentence denotes It is notable that the Ukraine, Japanese and Korean emerging non-S INDEL strains are within the NA non-S INDEL, but not the emerging Asian clade, suggesting global spread of the NA non-S INDEL strains (Fig. 2) .
TextSentencer_T157 24501-24620 Sentence denotes On the other hand, several PEDV strains from Vietnam and Thailand clustered together with the emerging Chinese strains.
TextSentencer_T157 24501-24620 Sentence denotes On the other hand, several PEDV strains from Vietnam and Thailand clustered together with the emerging Chinese strains.
T78756 24501-24620 Sentence denotes On the other hand, several PEDV strains from Vietnam and Thailand clustered together with the emerging Chinese strains.
TextSentencer_T158 24621-24781 Sentence denotes Except for the Ukraine Poltava01/2014 strain, the emerging European strains clustered within the S INDEL clade, which contains strains from NA, Japan and Korea.
TextSentencer_T158 24621-24781 Sentence denotes Except for the Ukraine Poltava01/2014 strain, the emerging European strains clustered within the S INDEL clade, which contains strains from NA, Japan and Korea.
T44921 24621-24781 Sentence denotes Except for the Ukraine Poltava01/2014 strain, the emerging European strains clustered within the S INDEL clade, which contains strains from NA, Japan and Korea.
TextSentencer_T159 24782-24914 Sentence denotes Surprisingly, no S INDEL strains were reported from China where both the classical and the emerging PEDV strains are co-circulating.
TextSentencer_T159 24782-24914 Sentence denotes Surprisingly, no S INDEL strains were reported from China where both the classical and the emerging PEDV strains are co-circulating.
T75266 24782-24914 Sentence denotes Surprisingly, no S INDEL strains were reported from China where both the classical and the emerging PEDV strains are co-circulating.
TextSentencer_T160 24915-25105 Sentence denotes The S INDEL strains could the United States; VNM, Vietnam)/strain name/year of sample collection (Genbank accession number) followed by passage (P) number for tissue culture-adapted strains.
TextSentencer_T160 24915-25105 Sentence denotes The S INDEL strains could the United States; VNM, Vietnam)/strain name/year of sample collection (Genbank accession number) followed by passage (P) number for tissue culture-adapted strains.
T70235 24915-25105 Sentence denotes The S INDEL strains could the United States; VNM, Vietnam)/strain name/year of sample collection (Genbank accession number) followed by passage (P) number for tissue culture-adapted strains.
TextSentencer_T161 25106-25142 Sentence denotes Classical PEDV strains are in green.
TextSentencer_T161 25106-25142 Sentence denotes Classical PEDV strains are in green.
T15985 25106-25142 Sentence denotes Classical PEDV strains are in green.
TextSentencer_T162 25143-25233 Sentence denotes Emerging US, Chinese and European PEDV strains are in blue, red, and purple, respectively.
TextSentencer_T162 25143-25233 Sentence denotes Emerging US, Chinese and European PEDV strains are in blue, red, and purple, respectively.
T64109 25143-25233 Sentence denotes Emerging US, Chinese and European PEDV strains are in blue, red, and purple, respectively.
TextSentencer_T163 25234-25856 Sentence denotes Emerging S INDEL PEDV strains are labeled with a solid triangle in front of the strain name. (1) in general the S INDEL PEDV strains cause milder diarrhea in pigs compared to the highly virulent emerging strains, so clinical samples may not be collected for diagnosis; and (2) many diagnostic tests or surveillance studies did not differentiate S INDEL strains from classical (if the S1 region of the S gene is the target) or emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains (if S2, ORF3, E, M or N region is the target), such as using real-time RT-PCR targeting the N gene or sequence analysis of the S1 region only (Oka et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T163 25234-25856 Sentence denotes Emerging S INDEL PEDV strains are labeled with a solid triangle in front of the strain name. (1) in general the S INDEL PEDV strains cause milder diarrhea in pigs compared to the highly virulent emerging strains, so clinical samples may not be collected for diagnosis; and (2) many diagnostic tests or surveillance studies did not differentiate S INDEL strains from classical (if the S1 region of the S gene is the target) or emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains (if S2, ORF3, E, M or N region is the target), such as using real-time RT-PCR targeting the N gene or sequence analysis of the S1 region only (Oka et al., 2014) .
T11887 25234-25856 Sentence denotes Emerging S INDEL PEDV strains are labeled with a solid triangle in front of the strain name. (1) in general the S INDEL PEDV strains cause milder diarrhea in pigs compared to the highly virulent emerging strains, so clinical samples may not be collected for diagnosis; and (2) many diagnostic tests or surveillance studies did not differentiate S INDEL strains from classical (if the S1 region of the S gene is the target) or emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains (if S2, ORF3, E, M or N region is the target), such as using real-time RT-PCR targeting the N gene or sequence analysis of the S1 region only (Oka et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T164 25857-26174 Sentence denotes Interestingly, based on the genetic motif analysis (Yamamoto et al., 2016) In summary, based on genetic analysis, the global PEDV strains are divided into two major groups: the classical PEDV strains that first emerged in 1970s in Europe and the highly virulent PEDV strains that emerged in 2010 in China (Fig. S10 ).
TextSentencer_T164 25857-26174 Sentence denotes Interestingly, based on the genetic motif analysis (Yamamoto et al., 2016) In summary, based on genetic analysis, the global PEDV strains are divided into two major groups: the classical PEDV strains that first emerged in 1970s in Europe and the highly virulent PEDV strains that emerged in 2010 in China (Fig. S10 ).
T52106 25857-26174 Sentence denotes Interestingly, based on the genetic motif analysis (Yamamoto et al., 2016) In summary, based on genetic analysis, the global PEDV strains are divided into two major groups: the classical PEDV strains that first emerged in 1970s in Europe and the highly virulent PEDV strains that emerged in 2010 in China (Fig. S10 ).
TextSentencer_T165 26175-26378 Sentence denotes Many questions remain unanswered, such as whether the later strains evolved directly from the former strains, and when the non-S INDEL and S INDEL emerging strains were introduced into the US and Europe.
TextSentencer_T165 26175-26378 Sentence denotes Many questions remain unanswered, such as whether the later strains evolved directly from the former strains, and when the non-S INDEL and S INDEL emerging strains were introduced into the US and Europe.
T55832 26175-26378 Sentence denotes Many questions remain unanswered, such as whether the later strains evolved directly from the former strains, and when the non-S INDEL and S INDEL emerging strains were introduced into the US and Europe.
TextSentencer_T166 26379-26612 Sentence denotes Jarvis et al. (2015) reported that the separate evolution of Chinese and US strains (both non-S INDEL and S INDEL) is estimated to have begun around 2006-2009, several years earlier than 2013 when the current US PEDV strains emerged.
TextSentencer_T166 26379-26612 Sentence denotes Jarvis et al. (2015) reported that the separate evolution of Chinese and US strains (both non-S INDEL and S INDEL) is estimated to have begun around 2006-2009, several years earlier than 2013 when the current US PEDV strains emerged.
T95017 26379-26612 Sentence denotes Jarvis et al. (2015) reported that the separate evolution of Chinese and US strains (both non-S INDEL and S INDEL) is estimated to have begun around 2006-2009, several years earlier than 2013 when the current US PEDV strains emerged.
TextSentencer_T167 26613-26709 Sentence denotes As of March 2016, no PEDV strains have been reported from the African and Australian continents.
TextSentencer_T167 26613-26709 Sentence denotes As of March 2016, no PEDV strains have been reported from the African and Australian continents.
T89761 26613-26709 Sentence denotes As of March 2016, no PEDV strains have been reported from the African and Australian continents.
TextSentencer_T168 26710-26904 Sentence denotes Both classical (including attenuated vaccines) and emerging PEDV strains, and TGEV strains are circulating in Asian countries, including China, that accounts for half of global swine production.
TextSentencer_T168 26710-26904 Sentence denotes Both classical (including attenuated vaccines) and emerging PEDV strains, and TGEV strains are circulating in Asian countries, including China, that accounts for half of global swine production.
T18289 26710-26904 Sentence denotes Both classical (including attenuated vaccines) and emerging PEDV strains, and TGEV strains are circulating in Asian countries, including China, that accounts for half of global swine production.
TextSentencer_T169 26905-27036 Sentence denotes Because coronaviruses are RNA viruses and recombination occurs frequently, more PEDV variants are expected to emerge in the future.
TextSentencer_T169 26905-27036 Sentence denotes Because coronaviruses are RNA viruses and recombination occurs frequently, more PEDV variants are expected to emerge in the future.
T52415 26905-27036 Sentence denotes Because coronaviruses are RNA viruses and recombination occurs frequently, more PEDV variants are expected to emerge in the future.
TextSentencer_T170 27037-27312 Sentence denotes Further availability of more complete genome sequences, especially those from European and Asian strains, and from historical samples before 2010, and a more comprehensive analysis will improve our understanding of the origin, evolution, and diversity of global PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T170 27037-27312 Sentence denotes Further availability of more complete genome sequences, especially those from European and Asian strains, and from historical samples before 2010, and a more comprehensive analysis will improve our understanding of the origin, evolution, and diversity of global PEDV strains.
T48990 27037-27312 Sentence denotes Further availability of more complete genome sequences, especially those from European and Asian strains, and from historical samples before 2010, and a more comprehensive analysis will improve our understanding of the origin, evolution, and diversity of global PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T171 27313-27474 Sentence denotes Traditionally, coronaviruses were classified on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity, and three distinct antigenic groups (1-3) were delineated (Saif, 1993) .
TextSentencer_T171 27313-27474 Sentence denotes Traditionally, coronaviruses were classified on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity, and three distinct antigenic groups (1-3) were delineated (Saif, 1993) .
T74169 27313-27474 Sentence denotes Traditionally, coronaviruses were classified on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity, and three distinct antigenic groups (1-3) were delineated (Saif, 1993) .
TextSentencer_T172 27475-27680 Sentence denotes This antigenicity-based classification matched well with the results of phylogenetic analysis until the alphacoronavirus PEDV and human coronavirus 229E were identified (Sanchez et al., 1990; Wood, 1977) .
TextSentencer_T172 27475-27680 Sentence denotes This antigenicity-based classification matched well with the results of phylogenetic analysis until the alphacoronavirus PEDV and human coronavirus 229E were identified (Sanchez et al., 1990; Wood, 1977) .
T61554 27475-27680 Sentence denotes This antigenicity-based classification matched well with the results of phylogenetic analysis until the alphacoronavirus PEDV and human coronavirus 229E were identified (Sanchez et al., 1990; Wood, 1977) .
TextSentencer_T173 27681-27811 Sentence denotes Based on viral genome sequences, TGEV and PEDV were classified as two independent species belonging to the Alphacoronavirus genus.
TextSentencer_T173 27681-27811 Sentence denotes Based on viral genome sequences, TGEV and PEDV were classified as two independent species belonging to the Alphacoronavirus genus.
T52264 27681-27811 Sentence denotes Based on viral genome sequences, TGEV and PEDV were classified as two independent species belonging to the Alphacoronavirus genus.
TextSentencer_T174 27812-28100 Sentence denotes TGEV and other species members within the Alphacoronavirus genus, including porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), and canine coronavirus, showed antigenic crossreactivity in various immunoassays (Horzinek et al., 1982; Sanchez et al., 1990) .
TextSentencer_T174 27812-28100 Sentence denotes TGEV and other species members within the Alphacoronavirus genus, including porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), and canine coronavirus, showed antigenic crossreactivity in various immunoassays (Horzinek et al., 1982; Sanchez et al., 1990) .
T39598 27812-28100 Sentence denotes TGEV and other species members within the Alphacoronavirus genus, including porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), and canine coronavirus, showed antigenic crossreactivity in various immunoassays (Horzinek et al., 1982; Sanchez et al., 1990) .
TextSentencer_T175 28101-28198 Sentence denotes In contrast, most previous studies reported that PEDV and TGEV had distinct antigenic reactivity.
TextSentencer_T175 28101-28198 Sentence denotes In contrast, most previous studies reported that PEDV and TGEV had distinct antigenic reactivity.
T12580 28101-28198 Sentence denotes In contrast, most previous studies reported that PEDV and TGEV had distinct antigenic reactivity.
TextSentencer_T176 28199-28419 Sentence denotes Neither the prototype PEDV CV777 strain nor the other PEDV variants cross-reacted serologically with selected TGEV strains or other coronaviruses (Hofmann and Wyler, 1989; Pensaert et al., 1981; Stevenson et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T176 28199-28419 Sentence denotes Neither the prototype PEDV CV777 strain nor the other PEDV variants cross-reacted serologically with selected TGEV strains or other coronaviruses (Hofmann and Wyler, 1989; Pensaert et al., 1981; Stevenson et al., 2013) .
T31083 28199-28419 Sentence denotes Neither the prototype PEDV CV777 strain nor the other PEDV variants cross-reacted serologically with selected TGEV strains or other coronaviruses (Hofmann and Wyler, 1989; Pensaert et al., 1981; Stevenson et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T177 28420-28556 Sentence denotes However, exceptions were reported as described subsequently (Have et al., 1992; Lin et al., 2015b; Ma et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 1988) .
TextSentencer_T177 28420-28556 Sentence denotes However, exceptions were reported as described subsequently (Have et al., 1992; Lin et al., 2015b; Ma et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 1988) .
T90197 28420-28556 Sentence denotes However, exceptions were reported as described subsequently (Have et al., 1992; Lin et al., 2015b; Ma et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 1988) .
TextSentencer_T178 28557-28662 Sentence denotes Some reports showed a low degree of antigenic cross-reactivity between PEDV and other alphacoronaviruses.
TextSentencer_T178 28557-28662 Sentence denotes Some reports showed a low degree of antigenic cross-reactivity between PEDV and other alphacoronaviruses.
T9645 28557-28662 Sentence denotes Some reports showed a low degree of antigenic cross-reactivity between PEDV and other alphacoronaviruses.
TextSentencer_T179 28663-28858 Sentence denotes The antigens of PEDV CV777 strain in pig intestinal epithelial cells were detected by immunofluorescent staining with ascites collected from a cat that had succumbed to FIPV (Zhou et al., 1988) .
TextSentencer_T179 28663-28858 Sentence denotes The antigens of PEDV CV777 strain in pig intestinal epithelial cells were detected by immunofluorescent staining with ascites collected from a cat that had succumbed to FIPV (Zhou et al., 1988) .
T61101 28663-28858 Sentence denotes The antigens of PEDV CV777 strain in pig intestinal epithelial cells were detected by immunofluorescent staining with ascites collected from a cat that had succumbed to FIPV (Zhou et al., 1988) .
TextSentencer_T180 28859-29007 Sentence denotes Two-way antigenic cross-reactivities between PEDV and FIPV were also revealed by ELISA and Western blot at the N protein level (Zhou et al., 1988) .
TextSentencer_T180 28859-29007 Sentence denotes Two-way antigenic cross-reactivities between PEDV and FIPV were also revealed by ELISA and Western blot at the N protein level (Zhou et al., 1988) .
T9747 28859-29007 Sentence denotes Two-way antigenic cross-reactivities between PEDV and FIPV were also revealed by ELISA and Western blot at the N protein level (Zhou et al., 1988) .
TextSentencer_T181 29008-29246 Sentence denotes Have et al. (1992) reported that sera collected from a putative coronavirus-infected mink cross-reacted with both PEDV and TGEV N proteins, supporting the idea that these viruses were distinct species, but partially related antigenically.
TextSentencer_T181 29008-29246 Sentence denotes Have et al. (1992) reported that sera collected from a putative coronavirus-infected mink cross-reacted with both PEDV and TGEV N proteins, supporting the idea that these viruses were distinct species, but partially related antigenically.
T35582 29008-29246 Sentence denotes Have et al. (1992) reported that sera collected from a putative coronavirus-infected mink cross-reacted with both PEDV and TGEV N proteins, supporting the idea that these viruses were distinct species, but partially related antigenically.
TextSentencer_T182 29247-29531 Sentence denotes Recently, we demonstrated that four distinct PEDV strains (prototype CV777, highly virulent PC22A, S INDEL Iowa106 and S 197aa-del PC177) were all recognized by hyperimmune pig antisera to TGEV Miller in a cell culture immunofluorescence assay (CCIF) ( Table 1 ) (Lin et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T182 29247-29531 Sentence denotes Recently, we demonstrated that four distinct PEDV strains (prototype CV777, highly virulent PC22A, S INDEL Iowa106 and S 197aa-del PC177) were all recognized by hyperimmune pig antisera to TGEV Miller in a cell culture immunofluorescence assay (CCIF) ( Table 1 ) (Lin et al., 2015b) .
T30161 29247-29531 Sentence denotes Recently, we demonstrated that four distinct PEDV strains (prototype CV777, highly virulent PC22A, S INDEL Iowa106 and S 197aa-del PC177) were all recognized by hyperimmune pig antisera to TGEV Miller in a cell culture immunofluorescence assay (CCIF) ( Table 1 ) (Lin et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T183 29532-29709 Sentence denotes The pig antisera to TGEV Miller demonstrated high homologous titer (10,640) against TGEV Miller, but lower heterologous titers (160-640) to PEDV CV777 and other US PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T183 29532-29709 Sentence denotes The pig antisera to TGEV Miller demonstrated high homologous titer (10,640) against TGEV Miller, but lower heterologous titers (160-640) to PEDV CV777 and other US PEDV strains.
T53463 29532-29709 Sentence denotes The pig antisera to TGEV Miller demonstrated high homologous titer (10,640) against TGEV Miller, but lower heterologous titers (160-640) to PEDV CV777 and other US PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T184 29710-30037 Sentence denotes In agreement with a previous study (Zhou et al., 1988) , assessment of a panel of TGEV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (Simkins et al., 1989; Simkins et al., 1992) supported at least one conserved epitope on the TGEV N protein (located between aa 1-205, recognized by TGEV N MAb 14G9.3C) that contributed to this cross-reactivity.
TextSentencer_T184 29710-30037 Sentence denotes In agreement with a previous study (Zhou et al., 1988) , assessment of a panel of TGEV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (Simkins et al., 1989; Simkins et al., 1992) supported at least one conserved epitope on the TGEV N protein (located between aa 1-205, recognized by TGEV N MAb 14G9.3C) that contributed to this cross-reactivity.
T65481 29710-30037 Sentence denotes In agreement with a previous study (Zhou et al., 1988) , assessment of a panel of TGEV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (Simkins et al., 1989; Simkins et al., 1992) supported at least one conserved epitope on the TGEV N protein (located between aa 1-205, recognized by TGEV N MAb 14G9.3C) that contributed to this cross-reactivity.
TextSentencer_T185 30038-30178 Sentence denotes Sequence alignments showed two highly conserved motifs (66-QIGYWN-71 and 92-FYYLGTGPH-100) that were found in both TGEV and PEDV N proteins.
TextSentencer_T185 30038-30178 Sentence denotes Sequence alignments showed two highly conserved motifs (66-QIGYWN-71 and 92-FYYLGTGPH-100) that were found in both TGEV and PEDV N proteins.
T85661 30038-30178 Sentence denotes Sequence alignments showed two highly conserved motifs (66-QIGYWN-71 and 92-FYYLGTGPH-100) that were found in both TGEV and PEDV N proteins.
TextSentencer_T186 30179-30379 Sentence denotes The later motif is also conserved in other coronaviruses (He et al., 2004) and mediates interspecies antigenic cross-reactivity among coronaviruses, even from different genera (Vlasova et al., 2007) .
TextSentencer_T186 30179-30379 Sentence denotes The later motif is also conserved in other coronaviruses (He et al., 2004) and mediates interspecies antigenic cross-reactivity among coronaviruses, even from different genera (Vlasova et al., 2007) .
T14496 30179-30379 Sentence denotes The later motif is also conserved in other coronaviruses (He et al., 2004) and mediates interspecies antigenic cross-reactivity among coronaviruses, even from different genera (Vlasova et al., 2007) .
TextSentencer_T187 30380-30499 Sentence denotes Strikingly, only TGEV Miller, but not TGEV Purdue antisera showed one-way antigenic cross-reactivity with PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T187 30380-30499 Sentence denotes Strikingly, only TGEV Miller, but not TGEV Purdue antisera showed one-way antigenic cross-reactivity with PEDV strains.
T57219 30380-30499 Sentence denotes Strikingly, only TGEV Miller, but not TGEV Purdue antisera showed one-way antigenic cross-reactivity with PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T188 30500-30554 Sentence denotes The reasons for these unexpected findings are unknown.
TextSentencer_T188 30500-30554 Sentence denotes The reasons for these unexpected findings are unknown.
T56840 30500-30554 Sentence denotes The reasons for these unexpected findings are unknown.
TextSentencer_T189 30555-30728 Sentence denotes However, the antigenic cross-reactivity observed between PEDV and TGEV strains raised concerns about the specificity of PEDV whole virus or N protein-based serologic assays.
TextSentencer_T189 30555-30728 Sentence denotes However, the antigenic cross-reactivity observed between PEDV and TGEV strains raised concerns about the specificity of PEDV whole virus or N protein-based serologic assays.
T92905 30555-30728 Sentence denotes However, the antigenic cross-reactivity observed between PEDV and TGEV strains raised concerns about the specificity of PEDV whole virus or N protein-based serologic assays.
TextSentencer_T190 30729-30853 Sentence denotes One recombinant PEDV N protein-based ELISA showed weak crossreactivity with one TGEV-and one PRCV-infected pig serum sample.
TextSentencer_T190 30729-30853 Sentence denotes One recombinant PEDV N protein-based ELISA showed weak crossreactivity with one TGEV-and one PRCV-infected pig serum sample.
T98272 30729-30853 Sentence denotes One recombinant PEDV N protein-based ELISA showed weak crossreactivity with one TGEV-and one PRCV-infected pig serum sample.
TextSentencer_T191 30854-30986 Sentence denotes Therefore, a more conservative cut-off value had to be used in this assay (Dvorak et al. presented at North American PRRS Symposium.
TextSentencer_T191 30854-30986 Sentence denotes Therefore, a more conservative cut-off value had to be used in this assay (Dvorak et al. presented at North American PRRS Symposium.
T58663 30854-30986 Sentence denotes Therefore, a more conservative cut-off value had to be used in this assay (Dvorak et al. presented at North American PRRS Symposium.
TextSentencer_T192 30987-31004 Sentence denotes Chicago, IL, USA.
TextSentencer_T192 30987-31004 Sentence denotes Chicago, IL, USA.
T89899 30987-31004 Sentence denotes Chicago, IL, USA.
TextSentencer_T193 31005-31010 Sentence denotes 2013.
TextSentencer_T193 31005-31010 Sentence denotes 2013.
T27472 31005-31010 Sentence denotes 2013.
TextSentencer_T194 31011-31025 Sentence denotes Abstract #22).
TextSentencer_T194 31011-31025 Sentence denotes Abstract #22).
T36988 31011-31025 Sentence denotes Abstract #22).
TextSentencer_T195 31026-31172 Sentence denotes However, another PEDV N protein-based ELISA assay showed no cross-reactivity with TGEV (Purdue and Miller) and PRCV antisera (Okda et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T195 31026-31172 Sentence denotes However, another PEDV N protein-based ELISA assay showed no cross-reactivity with TGEV (Purdue and Miller) and PRCV antisera (Okda et al., 2015) .
T47617 31026-31172 Sentence denotes However, another PEDV N protein-based ELISA assay showed no cross-reactivity with TGEV (Purdue and Miller) and PRCV antisera (Okda et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T196 31173-31368 Sentence denotes We speculate that convalescent TGEV Miller antisera collected from the field and displaying low cross-reactivity with PEDV N proteins might be interpreted as background or non-specific reactions.
TextSentencer_T196 31173-31368 Sentence denotes We speculate that convalescent TGEV Miller antisera collected from the field and displaying low cross-reactivity with PEDV N proteins might be interpreted as background or non-specific reactions.
T60869 31173-31368 Sentence denotes We speculate that convalescent TGEV Miller antisera collected from the field and displaying low cross-reactivity with PEDV N proteins might be interpreted as background or non-specific reactions.
TextSentencer_T197 31369-31483 Sentence denotes This could be the reason why the antigenic cross-reaction between TGEV and PEDV strains was reported infrequently.
TextSentencer_T197 31369-31483 Sentence denotes This could be the reason why the antigenic cross-reaction between TGEV and PEDV strains was reported infrequently.
T97935 31369-31483 Sentence denotes This could be the reason why the antigenic cross-reaction between TGEV and PEDV strains was reported infrequently.
TextSentencer_T198 31484-31663 Sentence denotes Truncation of the antigenic site in the N-terminal region could help exclude the possible serological cross-reactivity and enhance the sensitivity/specificity of the immunoassays.
TextSentencer_T198 31484-31663 Sentence denotes Truncation of the antigenic site in the N-terminal region could help exclude the possible serological cross-reactivity and enhance the sensitivity/specificity of the immunoassays.
T19565 31484-31663 Sentence denotes Truncation of the antigenic site in the N-terminal region could help exclude the possible serological cross-reactivity and enhance the sensitivity/specificity of the immunoassays.
TextSentencer_T199 31664-31846 Sentence denotes Alternatively, PEDV membrane (M) and S proteins could serve as specific antigens for immunoassays (Fan et al., 2015; Gerber et al., 2014; Knuchel et al., 1992; Paudel et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T199 31664-31846 Sentence denotes Alternatively, PEDV membrane (M) and S proteins could serve as specific antigens for immunoassays (Fan et al., 2015; Gerber et al., 2014; Knuchel et al., 1992; Paudel et al., 2014) .
T45272 31664-31846 Sentence denotes Alternatively, PEDV membrane (M) and S proteins could serve as specific antigens for immunoassays (Fan et al., 2015; Gerber et al., 2014; Knuchel et al., 1992; Paudel et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T200 31847-32000 Sentence denotes States; VNM, Vietnam)/strain name/year of sample collection (Genbank accession number) followed by passage (P) number for tissue culture-adapted strains.
TextSentencer_T200 31847-32000 Sentence denotes States; VNM, Vietnam)/strain name/year of sample collection (Genbank accession number) followed by passage (P) number for tissue culture-adapted strains.
T58530 31847-32000 Sentence denotes States; VNM, Vietnam)/strain name/year of sample collection (Genbank accession number) followed by passage (P) number for tissue culture-adapted strains.
TextSentencer_T201 32001-32037 Sentence denotes Classical PEDV strains are in green.
TextSentencer_T201 32001-32037 Sentence denotes Classical PEDV strains are in green.
T21130 32001-32037 Sentence denotes Classical PEDV strains are in green.
TextSentencer_T202 32038-32128 Sentence denotes Emerging US, Chinese and European PEDV strains are in blue, red, and purple, respectively.
TextSentencer_T202 32038-32128 Sentence denotes Emerging US, Chinese and European PEDV strains are in blue, red, and purple, respectively.
T61169 32038-32128 Sentence denotes Emerging US, Chinese and European PEDV strains are in blue, red, and purple, respectively.
TextSentencer_T203 32129-32221 Sentence denotes Emerging S INDEL PEDV strains are labeled with a solid triangle in front of the strain name.
TextSentencer_T203 32129-32221 Sentence denotes Emerging S INDEL PEDV strains are labeled with a solid triangle in front of the strain name.
T80822 32129-32221 Sentence denotes Emerging S INDEL PEDV strains are labeled with a solid triangle in front of the strain name.
TextSentencer_T204 32222-32300 Sentence denotes The recombinant porcine enteric coronavirus between TGEV and PEDV is in brown.
TextSentencer_T204 32222-32300 Sentence denotes The recombinant porcine enteric coronavirus between TGEV and PEDV is in brown.
T21670 32222-32300 Sentence denotes The recombinant porcine enteric coronavirus between TGEV and PEDV is in brown.
TextSentencer_T205 32301-32537 Sentence denotes Because viral neutralizing epitopes are located on the S protein, the results of PEDV S protein-based immunoassays correlated well with viral neutralization (VN) titers (Paudel et al., 2014) , which is important for clinical protection.
TextSentencer_T205 32301-32537 Sentence denotes Because viral neutralizing epitopes are located on the S protein, the results of PEDV S protein-based immunoassays correlated well with viral neutralization (VN) titers (Paudel et al., 2014) , which is important for clinical protection.
T60674 32301-32537 Sentence denotes Because viral neutralizing epitopes are located on the S protein, the results of PEDV S protein-based immunoassays correlated well with viral neutralization (VN) titers (Paudel et al., 2014) , which is important for clinical protection.
TextSentencer_T206 32538-32722 Sentence denotes In addition, antibodies against the S protein remained detectable for longer periods of time than antibodies to the N protein in the sera of PEDV-infected pigs (Knuchel et al., 1992) .
TextSentencer_T206 32538-32722 Sentence denotes In addition, antibodies against the S protein remained detectable for longer periods of time than antibodies to the N protein in the sera of PEDV-infected pigs (Knuchel et al., 1992) .
T10726 32538-32722 Sentence denotes In addition, antibodies against the S protein remained detectable for longer periods of time than antibodies to the N protein in the sera of PEDV-infected pigs (Knuchel et al., 1992) .
TextSentencer_T207 32723-32917 Sentence denotes However, different antigenicity among S epitopes of the relevant PEDV strains (Lin et al., 2015b; Wang et al., 2015) also raises concerns for the comprehensive detection of diverse PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T207 32723-32917 Sentence denotes However, different antigenicity among S epitopes of the relevant PEDV strains (Lin et al., 2015b; Wang et al., 2015) also raises concerns for the comprehensive detection of diverse PEDV strains.
T70100 32723-32917 Sentence denotes However, different antigenicity among S epitopes of the relevant PEDV strains (Lin et al., 2015b; Wang et al., 2015) also raises concerns for the comprehensive detection of diverse PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T208 32918-33063 Sentence denotes On the other hand, none of the VN assays revealed reactivity between TGEV and PEDV strains (Table 2) (Lin et al., 2015b; Pensaert et al., 1981) .
TextSentencer_T208 32918-33063 Sentence denotes On the other hand, none of the VN assays revealed reactivity between TGEV and PEDV strains (Table 2) (Lin et al., 2015b; Pensaert et al., 1981) .
T71715 32918-33063 Sentence denotes On the other hand, none of the VN assays revealed reactivity between TGEV and PEDV strains (Table 2) (Lin et al., 2015b; Pensaert et al., 1981) .
TextSentencer_T209 33064-33339 Sentence denotes Therefore, the inactivated or attenuated vaccines used to control and prevent swine viral diarrhea diseases were designed as bivalent or trivalent (e.g., TGEV, PEDV and porcine rotavirus G5 type) (Sun et al., 2015a) vaccines in countries where both PEDV and TGEV are endemic.
TextSentencer_T209 33064-33339 Sentence denotes Therefore, the inactivated or attenuated vaccines used to control and prevent swine viral diarrhea diseases were designed as bivalent or trivalent (e.g., TGEV, PEDV and porcine rotavirus G5 type) (Sun et al., 2015a) vaccines in countries where both PEDV and TGEV are endemic.
T90650 33064-33339 Sentence denotes Therefore, the inactivated or attenuated vaccines used to control and prevent swine viral diarrhea diseases were designed as bivalent or trivalent (e.g., TGEV, PEDV and porcine rotavirus G5 type) (Sun et al., 2015a) vaccines in countries where both PEDV and TGEV are endemic.
TextSentencer_T210 33340-33483 Sentence denotes In China, two experimental DNA vaccines bearing the full length TGEV and PEDV S genes simultaneously Zhang et al., 2016) were designed as well.
TextSentencer_T210 33340-33483 Sentence denotes In China, two experimental DNA vaccines bearing the full length TGEV and PEDV S genes simultaneously Zhang et al., 2016) were designed as well.
T69417 33340-33483 Sentence denotes In China, two experimental DNA vaccines bearing the full length TGEV and PEDV S genes simultaneously Zhang et al., 2016) were designed as well.
TextSentencer_T211 33484-33639 Sentence denotes Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerged porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus, identified in 2014 (Marthaler et al., 2014b; Wang et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T211 33484-33639 Sentence denotes Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerged porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus, identified in 2014 (Marthaler et al., 2014b; Wang et al., 2014) .
T85431 33484-33639 Sentence denotes Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerged porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus, identified in 2014 (Marthaler et al., 2014b; Wang et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T212 33640-33832 Sentence denotes Recombinant full-length PDCoV N (Su et al., 2015) or the S1 region of S protein- (Thachil et al., 2015) based ELISA assays have been developed and showed no crossreactivity with PEDV antisera.
TextSentencer_T212 33640-33832 Sentence denotes Recombinant full-length PDCoV N (Su et al., 2015) or the S1 region of S protein- (Thachil et al., 2015) based ELISA assays have been developed and showed no crossreactivity with PEDV antisera.
T15281 33640-33832 Sentence denotes Recombinant full-length PDCoV N (Su et al., 2015) or the S1 region of S protein- (Thachil et al., 2015) based ELISA assays have been developed and showed no crossreactivity with PEDV antisera.
TextSentencer_T213 33833-34009 Sentence denotes However, a whole virus-based ELISA and Western blot showed two-way antigenic cross-reactivities between PEDV VBS2 strain and PDCoV Michigan/8977/2014 strain (Ma et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T213 33833-34009 Sentence denotes However, a whole virus-based ELISA and Western blot showed two-way antigenic cross-reactivities between PEDV VBS2 strain and PDCoV Michigan/8977/2014 strain (Ma et al., 2016) .
T81521 33833-34009 Sentence denotes However, a whole virus-based ELISA and Western blot showed two-way antigenic cross-reactivities between PEDV VBS2 strain and PDCoV Michigan/8977/2014 strain (Ma et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T214 34010-34168 Sentence denotes Sequence analysis of the N proteins showed 4 motifs (47- are conserved between PEDV and PDCoV, probably leading to the cross-reactivities in the immunoassays.
TextSentencer_T214 34010-34168 Sentence denotes Sequence analysis of the N proteins showed 4 motifs (47- are conserved between PEDV and PDCoV, probably leading to the cross-reactivities in the immunoassays.
T9975 34010-34168 Sentence denotes Sequence analysis of the N proteins showed 4 motifs (47- are conserved between PEDV and PDCoV, probably leading to the cross-reactivities in the immunoassays.
TextSentencer_T215 34169-34372 Sentence denotes Interestingly, no antigenic cross-reactivity between PEDV and PDCoV was detected in either virus-infected cells or intestinal tissues using CCIF or immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining (Ma et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T215 34169-34372 Sentence denotes Interestingly, no antigenic cross-reactivity between PEDV and PDCoV was detected in either virus-infected cells or intestinal tissues using CCIF or immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining (Ma et al., 2016) .
T39773 34169-34372 Sentence denotes Interestingly, no antigenic cross-reactivity between PEDV and PDCoV was detected in either virus-infected cells or intestinal tissues using CCIF or immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining (Ma et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T216 34373-34616 Sentence denotes The discrepancy of different assays was suggested to result from different sensitivity among immune assays and/or the exposure of hidden epitopes on viral N proteins by protein denaturing steps in the ELISA and Western blot (Ma et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T216 34373-34616 Sentence denotes The discrepancy of different assays was suggested to result from different sensitivity among immune assays and/or the exposure of hidden epitopes on viral N proteins by protein denaturing steps in the ELISA and Western blot (Ma et al., 2016) .
T12262 34373-34616 Sentence denotes The discrepancy of different assays was suggested to result from different sensitivity among immune assays and/or the exposure of hidden epitopes on viral N proteins by protein denaturing steps in the ELISA and Western blot (Ma et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T217 34617-34782 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, two pig hyperimmune TGEV Miller antisera (S409 and M20) and one mouse ascites TGEV N protein MAb (14G9.3C) cross-reacted with PEDV in CCIF assays.
TextSentencer_T217 34617-34782 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, two pig hyperimmune TGEV Miller antisera (S409 and M20) and one mouse ascites TGEV N protein MAb (14G9.3C) cross-reacted with PEDV in CCIF assays.
T85202 34617-34782 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, two pig hyperimmune TGEV Miller antisera (S409 and M20) and one mouse ascites TGEV N protein MAb (14G9.3C) cross-reacted with PEDV in CCIF assays.
TextSentencer_T218 34783-34905 Sentence denotes However, the same panel of antibodies did not cross-react with PDCoV in our CCIF assays (Lin and Saif, unpublished data) .
TextSentencer_T218 34783-34905 Sentence denotes However, the same panel of antibodies did not cross-react with PDCoV in our CCIF assays (Lin and Saif, unpublished data) .
T65193 34783-34905 Sentence denotes However, the same panel of antibodies did not cross-react with PDCoV in our CCIF assays (Lin and Saif, unpublished data) .
TextSentencer_T219 34906-35064 Sentence denotes On the other hand, no virus cross-neutralization activity was observed between PEDV and TGEV, or between PEDV and PDCoV (Lin et al., 2015b; Ma et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T219 34906-35064 Sentence denotes On the other hand, no virus cross-neutralization activity was observed between PEDV and TGEV, or between PEDV and PDCoV (Lin et al., 2015b; Ma et al., 2016) .
T9130 34906-35064 Sentence denotes On the other hand, no virus cross-neutralization activity was observed between PEDV and TGEV, or between PEDV and PDCoV (Lin et al., 2015b; Ma et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T220 35065-35252 Sentence denotes If PDCoV is found to be widespread in swine and a factor in enteric disease, it is possible that PDCoV may be included in future multivalent vaccines against swine enteric viral diseases.
TextSentencer_T220 35065-35252 Sentence denotes If PDCoV is found to be widespread in swine and a factor in enteric disease, it is possible that PDCoV may be included in future multivalent vaccines against swine enteric viral diseases.
T32002 35065-35252 Sentence denotes If PDCoV is found to be widespread in swine and a factor in enteric disease, it is possible that PDCoV may be included in future multivalent vaccines against swine enteric viral diseases.
TextSentencer_T221 35253-35460 Sentence denotes Under the pressure of herd immunity, the S genes of coronaviruses mutate frequently and some of the amino acid changes lead to changes in viral antigenicity to aid in virus escape from pre-existing immunity.
TextSentencer_T221 35253-35460 Sentence denotes Under the pressure of herd immunity, the S genes of coronaviruses mutate frequently and some of the amino acid changes lead to changes in viral antigenicity to aid in virus escape from pre-existing immunity.
T81192 35253-35460 Sentence denotes Under the pressure of herd immunity, the S genes of coronaviruses mutate frequently and some of the amino acid changes lead to changes in viral antigenicity to aid in virus escape from pre-existing immunity.
TextSentencer_T222 35461-35574 Sentence denotes Thus, periodic updates of vaccines may be required to ensure sufficient efficacy against emerging virus variants.
TextSentencer_T222 35461-35574 Sentence denotes Thus, periodic updates of vaccines may be required to ensure sufficient efficacy against emerging virus variants.
T21739 35461-35574 Sentence denotes Thus, periodic updates of vaccines may be required to ensure sufficient efficacy against emerging virus variants.
TextSentencer_T223 35575-35708 Sentence denotes For example, antigenic variations between bovine coronavirus field and vaccine strains were demonstrated by VN assay (Kanno , 2013) .
TextSentencer_T223 35575-35708 Sentence denotes For example, antigenic variations between bovine coronavirus field and vaccine strains were demonstrated by VN assay (Kanno , 2013) .
T91125 35575-35708 Sentence denotes For example, antigenic variations between bovine coronavirus field and vaccine strains were demonstrated by VN assay (Kanno , 2013) .
TextSentencer_T224 35709-35806 Sentence denotes PEDV has one single serotype as measured by VN assay using convalescent and hyperimmune antisera.
TextSentencer_T224 35709-35806 Sentence denotes PEDV has one single serotype as measured by VN assay using convalescent and hyperimmune antisera.
T74741 35709-35806 Sentence denotes PEDV has one single serotype as measured by VN assay using convalescent and hyperimmune antisera.
TextSentencer_T225 35807-36050 Sentence denotes However, more evidence based on field observations, viral gene sequence analysis and serologic assays suggested that the emerging highly virulent (non-S INDEL) PEDV strains differed antigenically in various degrees from classical PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T225 35807-36050 Sentence denotes However, more evidence based on field observations, viral gene sequence analysis and serologic assays suggested that the emerging highly virulent (non-S INDEL) PEDV strains differed antigenically in various degrees from classical PEDV strains.
T18330 35807-36050 Sentence denotes However, more evidence based on field observations, viral gene sequence analysis and serologic assays suggested that the emerging highly virulent (non-S INDEL) PEDV strains differed antigenically in various degrees from classical PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T226 36051-36091 Sentence denotes Detailed VN results are described below.
TextSentencer_T226 36051-36091 Sentence denotes Detailed VN results are described below.
T5691 36051-36091 Sentence denotes Detailed VN results are described below.
TextSentencer_T227 36092-36346 Sentence denotes In Asian countries, many classical PEDV strains, including prototype CV777, Japan 83P-5 and Korea DR13 strains, were attenuated via continuous cell culture passage and licensed as inactivated or attenuated vaccines Sato et al., 2011; Song et al., 2007) .
TextSentencer_T227 36092-36346 Sentence denotes In Asian countries, many classical PEDV strains, including prototype CV777, Japan 83P-5 and Korea DR13 strains, were attenuated via continuous cell culture passage and licensed as inactivated or attenuated vaccines Sato et al., 2011; Song et al., 2007) .
T71014 36092-36346 Sentence denotes In Asian countries, many classical PEDV strains, including prototype CV777, Japan 83P-5 and Korea DR13 strains, were attenuated via continuous cell culture passage and licensed as inactivated or attenuated vaccines Sato et al., 2011; Song et al., 2007) .
TextSentencer_T228 36347-36556 Sentence denotes These traditional attenuated PEDV vaccines showed good clinical efficacy against classical PEDV strains, until emerging PEDV outbreaks started at the end of 2010 in China Sun et al., 2015a Sun et al., , 2012 .
TextSentencer_T228 36347-36556 Sentence denotes These traditional attenuated PEDV vaccines showed good clinical efficacy against classical PEDV strains, until emerging PEDV outbreaks started at the end of 2010 in China Sun et al., 2015a Sun et al., , 2012 .
T9107 36347-36556 Sentence denotes These traditional attenuated PEDV vaccines showed good clinical efficacy against classical PEDV strains, until emerging PEDV outbreaks started at the end of 2010 in China Sun et al., 2015a Sun et al., , 2012 .
TextSentencer_T229 36557-36689 Sentence denotes To date, the use of classical PEDV strainbased inactivated and attenuated vaccines may still help to reduce the severity of disease.
TextSentencer_T229 36557-36689 Sentence denotes To date, the use of classical PEDV strainbased inactivated and attenuated vaccines may still help to reduce the severity of disease.
T3569 36557-36689 Sentence denotes To date, the use of classical PEDV strainbased inactivated and attenuated vaccines may still help to reduce the severity of disease.
TextSentencer_T230 36690-36890 Sentence denotes However, many pig herds followed the routine vaccination program, but still experienced high mortality rates among newborn piglets caused by emerging highly virulent PEDV strains Song et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T230 36690-36890 Sentence denotes However, many pig herds followed the routine vaccination program, but still experienced high mortality rates among newborn piglets caused by emerging highly virulent PEDV strains Song et al., 2015b) .
T310 36690-36890 Sentence denotes However, many pig herds followed the routine vaccination program, but still experienced high mortality rates among newborn piglets caused by emerging highly virulent PEDV strains Song et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T231 36891-37089 Sentence denotes Epidemiological studies have shown that the highly virulent PEDV strains have become pandemic in the swine population (Chiou et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2015; Lee and Lee, 2014; Song and Park, 2012) .
TextSentencer_T231 36891-37089 Sentence denotes Epidemiological studies have shown that the highly virulent PEDV strains have become pandemic in the swine population (Chiou et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2015; Lee and Lee, 2014; Song and Park, 2012) .
T72651 36891-37089 Sentence denotes Epidemiological studies have shown that the highly virulent PEDV strains have become pandemic in the swine population (Chiou et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2015; Lee and Lee, 2014; Song and Park, 2012) .
TextSentencer_T232 37090-37330 Sentence denotes Initially, sequence comparisons of neutralizing epitopes on the S protein suggested that the antigenic variations between classical and emerging non-S INDEL (highly virulent) PEDV strains are the major reason for vaccine failure (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T232 37090-37330 Sentence denotes Initially, sequence comparisons of neutralizing epitopes on the S protein suggested that the antigenic variations between classical and emerging non-S INDEL (highly virulent) PEDV strains are the major reason for vaccine failure (Table 3) .
T55412 37090-37330 Sentence denotes Initially, sequence comparisons of neutralizing epitopes on the S protein suggested that the antigenic variations between classical and emerging non-S INDEL (highly virulent) PEDV strains are the major reason for vaccine failure (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T233 37331-37618 Sentence denotes Several regions on PEDV S protein were recognized as containing the neutralizing epitopes, including a CO-26 K equivalent epitope COE (aa 499-638), SS2 (aa 748-755), SS6 (aa 764-771) and 2C10 (aa 1368-1374) (Chang et al., 2002; Ge et al., 2012; Kang et al., 2005; Oszvald et al., 2007) .
TextSentencer_T233 37331-37618 Sentence denotes Several regions on PEDV S protein were recognized as containing the neutralizing epitopes, including a CO-26 K equivalent epitope COE (aa 499-638), SS2 (aa 748-755), SS6 (aa 764-771) and 2C10 (aa 1368-1374) (Chang et al., 2002; Ge et al., 2012; Kang et al., 2005; Oszvald et al., 2007) .
T1963 37331-37618 Sentence denotes Several regions on PEDV S protein were recognized as containing the neutralizing epitopes, including a CO-26 K equivalent epitope COE (aa 499-638), SS2 (aa 748-755), SS6 (aa 764-771) and 2C10 (aa 1368-1374) (Chang et al., 2002; Ge et al., 2012; Kang et al., 2005; Oszvald et al., 2007) .
TextSentencer_T234 37619-37844 Sentence denotes Compared with classical PEDV vaccine strains, several SNPs leading to 8-11 individual amino acid changes located on COE epitope and 1-2 amino acid changes located on SS6 epitope were observed in highly virulent PEDV strains .
TextSentencer_T234 37619-37844 Sentence denotes Compared with classical PEDV vaccine strains, several SNPs leading to 8-11 individual amino acid changes located on COE epitope and 1-2 amino acid changes located on SS6 epitope were observed in highly virulent PEDV strains .
T92284 37619-37844 Sentence denotes Compared with classical PEDV vaccine strains, several SNPs leading to 8-11 individual amino acid changes located on COE epitope and 1-2 amino acid changes located on SS6 epitope were observed in highly virulent PEDV strains .
TextSentencer_T235 37845-38002 Sentence denotes Among them, three (A522S, A554 S and G599S) and one (Y766S) were serine substitutions (Table 3 ) (Chiou et al., 2015; Hao et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2013; .
TextSentencer_T235 37845-38002 Sentence denotes Among them, three (A522S, A554 S and G599S) and one (Y766S) were serine substitutions (Table 3 ) (Chiou et al., 2015; Hao et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2013; .
T10945 37845-38002 Sentence denotes Among them, three (A522S, A554 S and G599S) and one (Y766S) were serine substitutions (Table 3 ) (Chiou et al., 2015; Hao et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2013; .
TextSentencer_T236 38003-38271 Sentence denotes In addition, bioinformatics predicted that the S protein of highly virulent PEDV strains changed in primary/secondary structures, high-specificity N-glycosylation sites, potential phosphorylation sites, and palmitoylation sites (Chiou et al., 2015; Hao et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T236 38003-38271 Sentence denotes In addition, bioinformatics predicted that the S protein of highly virulent PEDV strains changed in primary/secondary structures, high-specificity N-glycosylation sites, potential phosphorylation sites, and palmitoylation sites (Chiou et al., 2015; Hao et al., 2014) .
T83094 38003-38271 Sentence denotes In addition, bioinformatics predicted that the S protein of highly virulent PEDV strains changed in primary/secondary structures, high-specificity N-glycosylation sites, potential phosphorylation sites, and palmitoylation sites (Chiou et al., 2015; Hao et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T237 38272-38355 Sentence denotes These changes may affect viral antigenicity and change viral neutralizing activity.
TextSentencer_T237 38272-38355 Sentence denotes These changes may affect viral antigenicity and change viral neutralizing activity.
T86398 38272-38355 Sentence denotes These changes may affect viral antigenicity and change viral neutralizing activity.
TextSentencer_T238 38356-38609 Sentence denotes In addition to molecular evidence, antigenic variations between classical and emerging highly virulent (non-S INDEL) PEDV strains were demonstrated in several serological cross-reactivity assays (Kim et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2015b; Wang et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T238 38356-38609 Sentence denotes In addition to molecular evidence, antigenic variations between classical and emerging highly virulent (non-S INDEL) PEDV strains were demonstrated in several serological cross-reactivity assays (Kim et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2015b; Wang et al., 2015) .
T16415 38356-38609 Sentence denotes In addition to molecular evidence, antigenic variations between classical and emerging highly virulent (non-S INDEL) PEDV strains were demonstrated in several serological cross-reactivity assays (Kim et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2015b; Wang et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T239 38610-38844 Sentence denotes A retrospective study analyzing 27 Korean PEDV strains from 1998 to 2013 showed that the S protein sequences of the field strains exhibited a maximum of 10% difference from the classical attenuated vaccine strains (Kim et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T239 38610-38844 Sentence denotes A retrospective study analyzing 27 Korean PEDV strains from 1998 to 2013 showed that the S protein sequences of the field strains exhibited a maximum of 10% difference from the classical attenuated vaccine strains (Kim et al., 2015) .
T15866 38610-38844 Sentence denotes A retrospective study analyzing 27 Korean PEDV strains from 1998 to 2013 showed that the S protein sequences of the field strains exhibited a maximum of 10% difference from the classical attenuated vaccine strains (Kim et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T240 38845-38995 Sentence denotes One serum sample collected from a pig immunized with attenuated PEDV vaccine strain SM98 neutralized the homologous strain (SM98) with a titer of 512.
TextSentencer_T240 38845-38995 Sentence denotes One serum sample collected from a pig immunized with attenuated PEDV vaccine strain SM98 neutralized the homologous strain (SM98) with a titer of 512.
T44877 38845-38995 Sentence denotes One serum sample collected from a pig immunized with attenuated PEDV vaccine strain SM98 neutralized the homologous strain (SM98) with a titer of 512.
TextSentencer_T241 38996-39201 Sentence denotes The same serum reacted with another PEDV vaccine 83-P5 (P5-V) strain and four field PEDV strains (KDGG10YO, KDGG12HWN, KDGN12DJ and KDGN13 295BG) at lower titers (ranging from 8 to 32) (Kim et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T241 38996-39201 Sentence denotes The same serum reacted with another PEDV vaccine 83-P5 (P5-V) strain and four field PEDV strains (KDGG10YO, KDGG12HWN, KDGN12DJ and KDGN13 295BG) at lower titers (ranging from 8 to 32) (Kim et al., 2015) .
T80755 38996-39201 Sentence denotes The same serum reacted with another PEDV vaccine 83-P5 (P5-V) strain and four field PEDV strains (KDGG10YO, KDGG12HWN, KDGN12DJ and KDGN13 295BG) at lower titers (ranging from 8 to 32) (Kim et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T242 39202-39508 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, two-way antigenic cross-reactivities among prototype PEDV CV777 and three genetically distinct US PEDV strains (highly virulent non-S INDEL PEDV PC22A, S INDEL Iowa106, 197-DEL PC177) were tested with a panel of pig antisera (Tables 1 and 2 ) and mouse MAbs to PEDV (Lin et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T242 39202-39508 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, two-way antigenic cross-reactivities among prototype PEDV CV777 and three genetically distinct US PEDV strains (highly virulent non-S INDEL PEDV PC22A, S INDEL Iowa106, 197-DEL PC177) were tested with a panel of pig antisera (Tables 1 and 2 ) and mouse MAbs to PEDV (Lin et al., 2015b) .
T60157 39202-39508 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, two-way antigenic cross-reactivities among prototype PEDV CV777 and three genetically distinct US PEDV strains (highly virulent non-S INDEL PEDV PC22A, S INDEL Iowa106, 197-DEL PC177) were tested with a panel of pig antisera (Tables 1 and 2 ) and mouse MAbs to PEDV (Lin et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T243 39509-39718 Sentence denotes In agreement with the phylogenetic distance (Oka et al., 2014; Vlasova et al., 2014) , classical PEDV CV777 strain showed more differences in antigenic cross-reactivity compared with the other US PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T243 39509-39718 Sentence denotes In agreement with the phylogenetic distance (Oka et al., 2014; Vlasova et al., 2014) , classical PEDV CV777 strain showed more differences in antigenic cross-reactivity compared with the other US PEDV strains.
T23422 39509-39718 Sentence denotes In agreement with the phylogenetic distance (Oka et al., 2014; Vlasova et al., 2014) , classical PEDV CV777 strain showed more differences in antigenic cross-reactivity compared with the other US PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T244 39719-39811 Sentence denotes However, inconsistences in cross-reactivity were evident using antisera from different pigs.
TextSentencer_T244 39719-39811 Sentence denotes However, inconsistences in cross-reactivity were evident using antisera from different pigs.
T95361 39719-39811 Sentence denotes However, inconsistences in cross-reactivity were evident using antisera from different pigs.
TextSentencer_T245 39812-40009 Sentence denotes One of two hyperimmune PEDV PC22A pig antisera and one of two convalescent PEDV Table 3 Analysis of amino acid variations in CO-26K equivalent epitopes (COEs) of the S glycoprotein of PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T245 39812-40009 Sentence denotes One of two hyperimmune PEDV PC22A pig antisera and one of two convalescent PEDV Table 3 Analysis of amino acid variations in CO-26K equivalent epitopes (COEs) of the S glycoprotein of PEDV strains.
T98360 39812-40009 Sentence denotes One of two hyperimmune PEDV PC22A pig antisera and one of two convalescent PEDV Table 3 Analysis of amino acid variations in CO-26K equivalent epitopes (COEs) of the S glycoprotein of PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T246 40010-40372 Sentence denotes Amino acids that differ from CV777 but are identical to the majority of emerging strains are labeled with black background; amino acids that differ from CV777 and the majority of emerging strains are labeled with gray background. a PEDV strains in Gansu province, China . b PEDV strains isolated during 2011-2013 in Guangdong province, China (Hao et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T246 40010-40372 Sentence denotes Amino acids that differ from CV777 but are identical to the majority of emerging strains are labeled with black background; amino acids that differ from CV777 and the majority of emerging strains are labeled with gray background. a PEDV strains in Gansu province, China . b PEDV strains isolated during 2011-2013 in Guangdong province, China (Hao et al., 2014) .
T72480 40010-40372 Sentence denotes Amino acids that differ from CV777 but are identical to the majority of emerging strains are labeled with black background; amino acids that differ from CV777 and the majority of emerging strains are labeled with gray background. a PEDV strains in Gansu province, China . b PEDV strains isolated during 2011-2013 in Guangdong province, China (Hao et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T247 40373-40480 Sentence denotes CV777 pig antisera showed 16-fold differences between the homologous and heterologous VN titers (Table 2 ).
TextSentencer_T247 40373-40480 Sentence denotes CV777 pig antisera showed 16-fold differences between the homologous and heterologous VN titers (Table 2 ).
T58262 40373-40480 Sentence denotes CV777 pig antisera showed 16-fold differences between the homologous and heterologous VN titers (Table 2 ).
TextSentencer_T248 40481-40571 Sentence denotes Subsequently, similar observations were reported for the S protein by Wang et al. (2015) .
TextSentencer_T248 40481-40571 Sentence denotes Subsequently, similar observations were reported for the S protein by Wang et al. (2015) .
T63845 40481-40571 Sentence denotes Subsequently, similar observations were reported for the S protein by Wang et al. (2015) .
TextSentencer_T249 40572-40805 Sentence denotes Mice immunized with the recombinant S proteins of either CV777 strain or emerging highly virulent China LNCT2 strain both generated polyclonal neutralizing antibodies against homologous and heterologous PEDV strains in serum samples.
TextSentencer_T249 40572-40805 Sentence denotes Mice immunized with the recombinant S proteins of either CV777 strain or emerging highly virulent China LNCT2 strain both generated polyclonal neutralizing antibodies against homologous and heterologous PEDV strains in serum samples.
T43853 40572-40805 Sentence denotes Mice immunized with the recombinant S proteins of either CV777 strain or emerging highly virulent China LNCT2 strain both generated polyclonal neutralizing antibodies against homologous and heterologous PEDV strains in serum samples.
TextSentencer_T250 40806-40916 Sentence denotes However, the homologous titers were two-fold higher than the heterologous titers in CCIF, ELISA and VN assays.
TextSentencer_T250 40806-40916 Sentence denotes However, the homologous titers were two-fold higher than the heterologous titers in CCIF, ELISA and VN assays.
T43857 40806-40916 Sentence denotes However, the homologous titers were two-fold higher than the heterologous titers in CCIF, ELISA and VN assays.
TextSentencer_T251 40917-41288 Sentence denotes Overall, the above studies showed that pigs or mice immunized with classical attenuated PEDV vaccine strains usually displayed similar or lower serum antibody titers against the emerging highly virulent PEDV strains (2-16 fold differences), suggesting the classical PEDV vaccine strains may only provide partial cross-protection against the highly virulent PEDV strains .
TextSentencer_T251 40917-41288 Sentence denotes Overall, the above studies showed that pigs or mice immunized with classical attenuated PEDV vaccine strains usually displayed similar or lower serum antibody titers against the emerging highly virulent PEDV strains (2-16 fold differences), suggesting the classical PEDV vaccine strains may only provide partial cross-protection against the highly virulent PEDV strains .
T16704 40917-41288 Sentence denotes Overall, the above studies showed that pigs or mice immunized with classical attenuated PEDV vaccine strains usually displayed similar or lower serum antibody titers against the emerging highly virulent PEDV strains (2-16 fold differences), suggesting the classical PEDV vaccine strains may only provide partial cross-protection against the highly virulent PEDV strains .
TextSentencer_T252 41289-41388 Sentence denotes However, in vivo cross-protection studies are needed to confirm the in vitro cross-reactivity data.
TextSentencer_T252 41289-41388 Sentence denotes However, in vivo cross-protection studies are needed to confirm the in vitro cross-reactivity data.
T41240 41289-41388 Sentence denotes However, in vivo cross-protection studies are needed to confirm the in vitro cross-reactivity data.
TextSentencer_T253 41389-41617 Sentence denotes Although differences in antigenicity between classical and highly virulent PEDV clusters have been studied, the antigenic variations among PEDV strains within the same phylogenetic cluster are less studied in serological assays.
TextSentencer_T253 41389-41617 Sentence denotes Although differences in antigenicity between classical and highly virulent PEDV clusters have been studied, the antigenic variations among PEDV strains within the same phylogenetic cluster are less studied in serological assays.
T54902 41389-41617 Sentence denotes Although differences in antigenicity between classical and highly virulent PEDV clusters have been studied, the antigenic variations among PEDV strains within the same phylogenetic cluster are less studied in serological assays.
TextSentencer_T254 41618-41820 Sentence denotes Comparative analysis of TGEV, PRCV, and murine hepatitis virus revealed that the NTD and the Cterminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S1 region of the S protein contained two main antigenic sites.
TextSentencer_T254 41618-41820 Sentence denotes Comparative analysis of TGEV, PRCV, and murine hepatitis virus revealed that the NTD and the Cterminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S1 region of the S protein contained two main antigenic sites.
T39855 41618-41820 Sentence denotes Comparative analysis of TGEV, PRCV, and murine hepatitis virus revealed that the NTD and the Cterminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S1 region of the S protein contained two main antigenic sites.
TextSentencer_T255 41821-42083 Sentence denotes Jarvis et al. (2015) reported that the highly virulent PEDV strains from China had an increased number of substitutions within the S1 domain compared with the highly virulent American strains, probably due to the longer circulation time of PEDV in pigs in China.
TextSentencer_T255 41821-42083 Sentence denotes Jarvis et al. (2015) reported that the highly virulent PEDV strains from China had an increased number of substitutions within the S1 domain compared with the highly virulent American strains, probably due to the longer circulation time of PEDV in pigs in China.
T4858 41821-42083 Sentence denotes Jarvis et al. (2015) reported that the highly virulent PEDV strains from China had an increased number of substitutions within the S1 domain compared with the highly virulent American strains, probably due to the longer circulation time of PEDV in pigs in China.
TextSentencer_T256 42084-42288 Sentence denotes Compared with the attenuated classical vaccine strain DR13, 29 of 185 (16%) of non-S INDEL NA PEDV strains and 19 of 34 (56%) of emerging Asian strains had at least one amino acid substitution in the RBD.
TextSentencer_T256 42084-42288 Sentence denotes Compared with the attenuated classical vaccine strain DR13, 29 of 185 (16%) of non-S INDEL NA PEDV strains and 19 of 34 (56%) of emerging Asian strains had at least one amino acid substitution in the RBD.
T39006 42084-42288 Sentence denotes Compared with the attenuated classical vaccine strain DR13, 29 of 185 (16%) of non-S INDEL NA PEDV strains and 19 of 34 (56%) of emerging Asian strains had at least one amino acid substitution in the RBD.
TextSentencer_T257 42289-42382 Sentence denotes In this review, we compared the neutralizing epitopes from different PEDV strains (Table 3 ).
TextSentencer_T257 42289-42382 Sentence denotes In this review, we compared the neutralizing epitopes from different PEDV strains (Table 3 ).
T87073 42289-42382 Sentence denotes In this review, we compared the neutralizing epitopes from different PEDV strains (Table 3 ).
TextSentencer_T258 42383-42465 Sentence denotes Among the four neutralizing epitopes, two epitopes (SS2 and 2C10) were conserved .
TextSentencer_T258 42383-42465 Sentence denotes Among the four neutralizing epitopes, two epitopes (SS2 and 2C10) were conserved .
T58461 42383-42465 Sentence denotes Among the four neutralizing epitopes, two epitopes (SS2 and 2C10) were conserved .
TextSentencer_T259 42466-42649 Sentence denotes The neutralizing epitopes of prototype PEDV CV777 strain were the same as those of classical PEDV SM98 vaccine strain, except for one amino acid difference (S764P) in the SS6 epitope.
TextSentencer_T259 42466-42649 Sentence denotes The neutralizing epitopes of prototype PEDV CV777 strain were the same as those of classical PEDV SM98 vaccine strain, except for one amino acid difference (S764P) in the SS6 epitope.
T62054 42466-42649 Sentence denotes The neutralizing epitopes of prototype PEDV CV777 strain were the same as those of classical PEDV SM98 vaccine strain, except for one amino acid difference (S764P) in the SS6 epitope.
TextSentencer_T260 42650-42874 Sentence denotes Compared with PEDV CV777 strain, other classical attenuated PEDV strains (83P-5-P100 and attenuated DR13) and classical Asian field strains had 7-8 and 1-2 amino acid differences located in COE and SS6 epitope, respectively.
TextSentencer_T260 42650-42874 Sentence denotes Compared with PEDV CV777 strain, other classical attenuated PEDV strains (83P-5-P100 and attenuated DR13) and classical Asian field strains had 7-8 and 1-2 amino acid differences located in COE and SS6 epitope, respectively.
T79067 42650-42874 Sentence denotes Compared with PEDV CV777 strain, other classical attenuated PEDV strains (83P-5-P100 and attenuated DR13) and classical Asian field strains had 7-8 and 1-2 amino acid differences located in COE and SS6 epitope, respectively.
TextSentencer_T261 42875-43026 Sentence denotes On the other hand, emerging highly virulent PEDV strains had variations mainly in COE (most frequently, in amino acid positions 517, 521, 523 and 605).
TextSentencer_T261 42875-43026 Sentence denotes On the other hand, emerging highly virulent PEDV strains had variations mainly in COE (most frequently, in amino acid positions 517, 521, 523 and 605).
T49368 42875-43026 Sentence denotes On the other hand, emerging highly virulent PEDV strains had variations mainly in COE (most frequently, in amino acid positions 517, 521, 523 and 605).
TextSentencer_T262 43027-43283 Sentence denotes Compared with the vaccine strain CV777, five highly virulent PEDV strains (JY5C, JY6C, JY7C, YJ3F, and YJ7C) detected in Gansu Province, China had eight mutations (A517S, S523G, V527I, T549S, G594S, A605E, L612F, and I635V) in the neutralizing epitope COE.
TextSentencer_T262 43027-43283 Sentence denotes Compared with the vaccine strain CV777, five highly virulent PEDV strains (JY5C, JY6C, JY7C, YJ3F, and YJ7C) detected in Gansu Province, China had eight mutations (A517S, S523G, V527I, T549S, G594S, A605E, L612F, and I635V) in the neutralizing epitope COE.
T56854 43027-43283 Sentence denotes Compared with the vaccine strain CV777, five highly virulent PEDV strains (JY5C, JY6C, JY7C, YJ3F, and YJ7C) detected in Gansu Province, China had eight mutations (A517S, S523G, V527I, T549S, G594S, A605E, L612F, and I635V) in the neutralizing epitope COE.
TextSentencer_T263 43284-43438 Sentence denotes However, three (JY5C, JY6C and JY7C) of these highly virulent PEDV strains had one additional mutation (L521H) in the neutralizing epitope COE (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T263 43284-43438 Sentence denotes However, three (JY5C, JY6C and JY7C) of these highly virulent PEDV strains had one additional mutation (L521H) in the neutralizing epitope COE (Table 3) .
T43640 43284-43438 Sentence denotes However, three (JY5C, JY6C and JY7C) of these highly virulent PEDV strains had one additional mutation (L521H) in the neutralizing epitope COE (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T264 43439-43708 Sentence denotes Higher sequence diversity was observed in Guangdong Province, China, where ten PEDV strains, including one classical strain GDS03, isolated during 2011-2013, had five different patterns of amino acid sequences in neutralizing epitope COE (Table 3 ) (Hao et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T264 43439-43708 Sentence denotes Higher sequence diversity was observed in Guangdong Province, China, where ten PEDV strains, including one classical strain GDS03, isolated during 2011-2013, had five different patterns of amino acid sequences in neutralizing epitope COE (Table 3 ) (Hao et al., 2014) .
T27078 43439-43708 Sentence denotes Higher sequence diversity was observed in Guangdong Province, China, where ten PEDV strains, including one classical strain GDS03, isolated during 2011-2013, had five different patterns of amino acid sequences in neutralizing epitope COE (Table 3 ) (Hao et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T265 43709-43825 Sentence denotes The majority of emerging highly virulent NA PEDV strains had the same amino acid sequences in neutralizing epitopes.
TextSentencer_T265 43709-43825 Sentence denotes The majority of emerging highly virulent NA PEDV strains had the same amino acid sequences in neutralizing epitopes.
T95892 43709-43825 Sentence denotes The majority of emerging highly virulent NA PEDV strains had the same amino acid sequences in neutralizing epitopes.
TextSentencer_T266 43826-44085 Sentence denotes Compared with other NA highly virulent PEDV strains, USA/Minnesota79/2013 had one (E605D), USA/Missouri177/2014 had three (E605D, E633D and V635A), USA/Oklahoma32/2013 had one (G523D) and USA/Oklahoma35 had one (H521R) substitutions in COE epitope (Table 3 ).
TextSentencer_T266 43826-44085 Sentence denotes Compared with other NA highly virulent PEDV strains, USA/Minnesota79/2013 had one (E605D), USA/Missouri177/2014 had three (E605D, E633D and V635A), USA/Oklahoma32/2013 had one (G523D) and USA/Oklahoma35 had one (H521R) substitutions in COE epitope (Table 3 ).
T48088 43826-44085 Sentence denotes Compared with other NA highly virulent PEDV strains, USA/Minnesota79/2013 had one (E605D), USA/Missouri177/2014 had three (E605D, E633D and V635A), USA/Oklahoma32/2013 had one (G523D) and USA/Oklahoma35 had one (H521R) substitutions in COE epitope (Table 3 ).
TextSentencer_T267 44086-44300 Sentence denotes The significance of these amino acid differences in VN epitopes among these highly virulent PEDV strains has not yet been examined by using MAbs in serological assays or by in vivo cross-protection studies in pigs.
TextSentencer_T267 44086-44300 Sentence denotes The significance of these amino acid differences in VN epitopes among these highly virulent PEDV strains has not yet been examined by using MAbs in serological assays or by in vivo cross-protection studies in pigs.
T68728 44086-44300 Sentence denotes The significance of these amino acid differences in VN epitopes among these highly virulent PEDV strains has not yet been examined by using MAbs in serological assays or by in vivo cross-protection studies in pigs.
TextSentencer_T268 44301-44382 Sentence denotes However, it is likely that higher antigenic variations will appear in the future.
TextSentencer_T268 44301-44382 Sentence denotes However, it is likely that higher antigenic variations will appear in the future.
T29275 44301-44382 Sentence denotes However, it is likely that higher antigenic variations will appear in the future.
TextSentencer_T269 44383-44675 Sentence denotes In addition, the amino acids in neutralizing epitopes of S INDEL strains were the same as that of the majority of NA highly virulent strains (Table 3 ), suggesting their cross-neutralization ability and confirmed by our previously reported in vitro and in vivo studies (Lin et al., 2015a,b) .
TextSentencer_T269 44383-44675 Sentence denotes In addition, the amino acids in neutralizing epitopes of S INDEL strains were the same as that of the majority of NA highly virulent strains (Table 3 ), suggesting their cross-neutralization ability and confirmed by our previously reported in vitro and in vivo studies (Lin et al., 2015a,b) .
T92398 44383-44675 Sentence denotes In addition, the amino acids in neutralizing epitopes of S INDEL strains were the same as that of the majority of NA highly virulent strains (Table 3 ), suggesting their cross-neutralization ability and confirmed by our previously reported in vitro and in vivo studies (Lin et al., 2015a,b) .
TextSentencer_T270 44676-44856 Sentence denotes Recently, serological cross-reactivity and crossneutralization between S INDEL (USA/IL20697/2014) and non-S INDEL (USA/IN19338/2013) strains were studied by Chen et al. (2016a,b) .
TextSentencer_T270 44676-44856 Sentence denotes Recently, serological cross-reactivity and crossneutralization between S INDEL (USA/IL20697/2014) and non-S INDEL (USA/IN19338/2013) strains were studied by Chen et al. (2016a,b) .
T56029 44676-44856 Sentence denotes Recently, serological cross-reactivity and crossneutralization between S INDEL (USA/IL20697/2014) and non-S INDEL (USA/IN19338/2013) strains were studied by Chen et al. (2016a,b) .
TextSentencer_T271 44857-45034 Sentence denotes In their IFA study, serum samples collected from pigs inoculated with non-S INDEL PEDV reacted with homologous and S-INDEL (heterologous) PEDV-infected Vero (ATCC CCL-81) cells.
TextSentencer_T271 44857-45034 Sentence denotes In their IFA study, serum samples collected from pigs inoculated with non-S INDEL PEDV reacted with homologous and S-INDEL (heterologous) PEDV-infected Vero (ATCC CCL-81) cells.
T41222 44857-45034 Sentence denotes In their IFA study, serum samples collected from pigs inoculated with non-S INDEL PEDV reacted with homologous and S-INDEL (heterologous) PEDV-infected Vero (ATCC CCL-81) cells.
TextSentencer_T272 45035-45103 Sentence denotes However, the homologous titers were higher than heterologous titers.
TextSentencer_T272 45035-45103 Sentence denotes However, the homologous titers were higher than heterologous titers.
T25782 45035-45103 Sentence denotes However, the homologous titers were higher than heterologous titers.
TextSentencer_T273 45104-45275 Sentence denotes Alternatively, serum samples collected from pigs inoculated with S-INDEL PEDV showed similar homologous and heterologous titers by IFA and VN assays (Chen et al., 2016b) .
TextSentencer_T273 45104-45275 Sentence denotes Alternatively, serum samples collected from pigs inoculated with S-INDEL PEDV showed similar homologous and heterologous titers by IFA and VN assays (Chen et al., 2016b) .
T95167 45104-45275 Sentence denotes Alternatively, serum samples collected from pigs inoculated with S-INDEL PEDV showed similar homologous and heterologous titers by IFA and VN assays (Chen et al., 2016b) .
TextSentencer_T274 45276-45489 Sentence denotes However, in vivo cross-protection also can be affected by additional factors, such as cellular immune responses and in suckling pigs by the lactating sow's milk production (Goede et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T274 45276-45489 Sentence denotes However, in vivo cross-protection also can be affected by additional factors, such as cellular immune responses and in suckling pigs by the lactating sow's milk production (Goede et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2015a) .
T14702 45276-45489 Sentence denotes However, in vivo cross-protection also can be affected by additional factors, such as cellular immune responses and in suckling pigs by the lactating sow's milk production (Goede et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T275 45490-45621 Sentence denotes Also serum viral neutralizing antibody level may not reflect IgA viral neutralizing antibody level in milk (Scherba et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T275 45490-45621 Sentence denotes Also serum viral neutralizing antibody level may not reflect IgA viral neutralizing antibody level in milk (Scherba et al., 2016) .
T35284 45490-45621 Sentence denotes Also serum viral neutralizing antibody level may not reflect IgA viral neutralizing antibody level in milk (Scherba et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T276 45622-45756 Sentence denotes Whether the circulating antibody plays a role in the protection of piglets against PEDV is still questionable (Poonsuk et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T276 45622-45756 Sentence denotes Whether the circulating antibody plays a role in the protection of piglets against PEDV is still questionable (Poonsuk et al., 2016) .
T61575 45622-45756 Sentence denotes Whether the circulating antibody plays a role in the protection of piglets against PEDV is still questionable (Poonsuk et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T277 45757-45887 Sentence denotes Thus, in vivo cross-protection may not always be consistent with in vitro virus neutralizing antibody levels (Lin et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T277 45757-45887 Sentence denotes Thus, in vivo cross-protection may not always be consistent with in vitro virus neutralizing antibody levels (Lin et al., 2015b) .
T73335 45757-45887 Sentence denotes Thus, in vivo cross-protection may not always be consistent with in vitro virus neutralizing antibody levels (Lin et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T278 45888-45997 Sentence denotes Detailed in vivo cross-protections between S INDEL and non-S INDEL PEDV strains were reviewed in Section 5.2.
TextSentencer_T278 45888-45997 Sentence denotes Detailed in vivo cross-protections between S INDEL and non-S INDEL PEDV strains were reviewed in Section 5.2.
T59651 45888-45997 Sentence denotes Detailed in vivo cross-protections between S INDEL and non-S INDEL PEDV strains were reviewed in Section 5.2.
TextSentencer_T279 45998-46178 Sentence denotes Continuous monitoring of genetic and antigenic changes in PEDV strains is critical to control epidemic outbreaks and for vaccine development (Chattha et al., 2015; Mumford, 2007) .
TextSentencer_T279 45998-46178 Sentence denotes Continuous monitoring of genetic and antigenic changes in PEDV strains is critical to control epidemic outbreaks and for vaccine development (Chattha et al., 2015; Mumford, 2007) .
T79421 45998-46178 Sentence denotes Continuous monitoring of genetic and antigenic changes in PEDV strains is critical to control epidemic outbreaks and for vaccine development (Chattha et al., 2015; Mumford, 2007) .
TextSentencer_T280 46179-46451 Sentence denotes However, there are limitations in the comprehensive characterization of antigenic variations among PEDV strains, although cross-protection activity is a primary criterion for vaccine strain selection, and immunity is thought to be a major driving force of virus evolution.
TextSentencer_T280 46179-46451 Sentence denotes However, there are limitations in the comprehensive characterization of antigenic variations among PEDV strains, although cross-protection activity is a primary criterion for vaccine strain selection, and immunity is thought to be a major driving force of virus evolution.
T60314 46179-46451 Sentence denotes However, there are limitations in the comprehensive characterization of antigenic variations among PEDV strains, although cross-protection activity is a primary criterion for vaccine strain selection, and immunity is thought to be a major driving force of virus evolution.
TextSentencer_T281 46452-46696 Sentence denotes First, unlike the viral genomic information accessible from Gen-Bank, it is difficult to collect large numbers of PEDV strains and produce the corresponding highly specific pig antisera for measuring cross-reactive neutralizing antibody titers.
TextSentencer_T281 46452-46696 Sentence denotes First, unlike the viral genomic information accessible from Gen-Bank, it is difficult to collect large numbers of PEDV strains and produce the corresponding highly specific pig antisera for measuring cross-reactive neutralizing antibody titers.
T8043 46452-46696 Sentence denotes First, unlike the viral genomic information accessible from Gen-Bank, it is difficult to collect large numbers of PEDV strains and produce the corresponding highly specific pig antisera for measuring cross-reactive neutralizing antibody titers.
TextSentencer_T282 46697-46816 Sentence denotes Few virus strains are adapted to cell culture, and in the US it is difficult to import foreign isolates for comparison.
TextSentencer_T282 46697-46816 Sentence denotes Few virus strains are adapted to cell culture, and in the US it is difficult to import foreign isolates for comparison.
T47397 46697-46816 Sentence denotes Few virus strains are adapted to cell culture, and in the US it is difficult to import foreign isolates for comparison.
TextSentencer_T283 46817-46926 Sentence denotes Antibody specificities can be influenced by the backgrounds of the experimental animals (Lin et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T283 46817-46926 Sentence denotes Antibody specificities can be influenced by the backgrounds of the experimental animals (Lin et al., 2015b) .
T18193 46817-46926 Sentence denotes Antibody specificities can be influenced by the backgrounds of the experimental animals (Lin et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T284 46927-47207 Sentence denotes In addition to inferring the antigenicity by sequence data Sun et al., 2013) , expression of recombinant proteins in eukaryotic systems and generating antiserum and/or MAbs in laboratory animals could be alternative methods to explore the antigenic variations among PEDV strains .
TextSentencer_T284 46927-47207 Sentence denotes In addition to inferring the antigenicity by sequence data Sun et al., 2013) , expression of recombinant proteins in eukaryotic systems and generating antiserum and/or MAbs in laboratory animals could be alternative methods to explore the antigenic variations among PEDV strains .
T71302 46927-47207 Sentence denotes In addition to inferring the antigenicity by sequence data Sun et al., 2013) , expression of recombinant proteins in eukaryotic systems and generating antiserum and/or MAbs in laboratory animals could be alternative methods to explore the antigenic variations among PEDV strains .
TextSentencer_T285 47208-47595 Sentence denotes However, whether the structure of recombinant proteins reflects the proteins in the intact virus (Makadiya et al., 2016) , or whether cross-reactive neutralizing antibody profiles defined using antisera from injected small laboratory animals are similar to those observed using post-infection sera obtained from their natural host in the field needs to be confirmed (Chia et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T285 47208-47595 Sentence denotes However, whether the structure of recombinant proteins reflects the proteins in the intact virus (Makadiya et al., 2016) , or whether cross-reactive neutralizing antibody profiles defined using antisera from injected small laboratory animals are similar to those observed using post-infection sera obtained from their natural host in the field needs to be confirmed (Chia et al., 2014) .
T2371 47208-47595 Sentence denotes However, whether the structure of recombinant proteins reflects the proteins in the intact virus (Makadiya et al., 2016) , or whether cross-reactive neutralizing antibody profiles defined using antisera from injected small laboratory animals are similar to those observed using post-infection sera obtained from their natural host in the field needs to be confirmed (Chia et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T286 47596-47796 Sentence denotes Secondly, in the field a post-infection/convalescent antiserum contains polyclonal antibodies that may react with the conserved epitopes and may not reveal the antigenic variations among PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T286 47596-47796 Sentence denotes Secondly, in the field a post-infection/convalescent antiserum contains polyclonal antibodies that may react with the conserved epitopes and may not reveal the antigenic variations among PEDV strains.
T86602 47596-47796 Sentence denotes Secondly, in the field a post-infection/convalescent antiserum contains polyclonal antibodies that may react with the conserved epitopes and may not reveal the antigenic variations among PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T287 47797-47962 Sentence denotes The antigenic variations among different TGEV strains could be distinguished by MAbs (Simkins et al., 1992) , but not by conventional antisera (Laude et al., 1986) .
TextSentencer_T287 47797-47962 Sentence denotes The antigenic variations among different TGEV strains could be distinguished by MAbs (Simkins et al., 1992) , but not by conventional antisera (Laude et al., 1986) .
T74839 47797-47962 Sentence denotes The antigenic variations among different TGEV strains could be distinguished by MAbs (Simkins et al., 1992) , but not by conventional antisera (Laude et al., 1986) .
TextSentencer_T288 47963-48149 Sentence denotes Therefore, production of a comprehensive panel of PEDV neutralizing MAbs and epitope mapping studies will help to more precisely identify the regions contributing to antigenic variation.
TextSentencer_T288 47963-48149 Sentence denotes Therefore, production of a comprehensive panel of PEDV neutralizing MAbs and epitope mapping studies will help to more precisely identify the regions contributing to antigenic variation.
T89833 47963-48149 Sentence denotes Therefore, production of a comprehensive panel of PEDV neutralizing MAbs and epitope mapping studies will help to more precisely identify the regions contributing to antigenic variation.
TextSentencer_T289 48150-48262 Sentence denotes One MAb 5F7 against the S protein of highly virulent PEDV CHN/LNCT strain did not cross-react with CV777 strain.
TextSentencer_T289 48150-48262 Sentence denotes One MAb 5F7 against the S protein of highly virulent PEDV CHN/LNCT strain did not cross-react with CV777 strain.
T92413 48150-48262 Sentence denotes One MAb 5F7 against the S protein of highly virulent PEDV CHN/LNCT strain did not cross-react with CV777 strain.
TextSentencer_T290 48263-48315 Sentence denotes Further epitope mapping of PEDV strains is ongoing .
TextSentencer_T290 48263-48315 Sentence denotes Further epitope mapping of PEDV strains is ongoing .
T76748 48263-48315 Sentence denotes Further epitope mapping of PEDV strains is ongoing .
TextSentencer_T291 48316-48406 Sentence denotes Third, the data from serologic assays were usually reported as titration values or titers.
TextSentencer_T291 48316-48406 Sentence denotes Third, the data from serologic assays were usually reported as titration values or titers.
T2162 48316-48406 Sentence denotes Third, the data from serologic assays were usually reported as titration values or titers.
TextSentencer_T292 48407-48594 Sentence denotes When large numbers of viral strains and antiserum data were included, the results were difficult to combine and data below the sensitivity threshold of the assay could not be interpreted.
TextSentencer_T292 48407-48594 Sentence denotes When large numbers of viral strains and antiserum data were included, the results were difficult to combine and data below the sensitivity threshold of the assay could not be interpreted.
T35540 48407-48594 Sentence denotes When large numbers of viral strains and antiserum data were included, the results were difficult to combine and data below the sensitivity threshold of the assay could not be interpreted.
TextSentencer_T293 48595-48661 Sentence denotes Moreover, results from different laboratories may be inconsistent.
TextSentencer_T293 48595-48661 Sentence denotes Moreover, results from different laboratories may be inconsistent.
T80145 48595-48661 Sentence denotes Moreover, results from different laboratories may be inconsistent.
TextSentencer_T294 48662-48935 Sentence denotes To resolve these problems, an antigenic cartography (antigenic map) was originally proposed for mapping the antigenic evolution of the influenza virus, in which ordinal multidimensional scaling was applied to position the antigens/antisera in the map (Smith et al., 2004) .
TextSentencer_T294 48662-48935 Sentence denotes To resolve these problems, an antigenic cartography (antigenic map) was originally proposed for mapping the antigenic evolution of the influenza virus, in which ordinal multidimensional scaling was applied to position the antigens/antisera in the map (Smith et al., 2004) .
T42534 48662-48935 Sentence denotes To resolve these problems, an antigenic cartography (antigenic map) was originally proposed for mapping the antigenic evolution of the influenza virus, in which ordinal multidimensional scaling was applied to position the antigens/antisera in the map (Smith et al., 2004) .
TextSentencer_T295 48936-49174 Sentence denotes Multiple datasets of the serological assays from different laboratories worldwide could be combined for constructing a comprehensive PEDV antigenic cartography by a computational framework approach (Cai et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2004) .
TextSentencer_T295 48936-49174 Sentence denotes Multiple datasets of the serological assays from different laboratories worldwide could be combined for constructing a comprehensive PEDV antigenic cartography by a computational framework approach (Cai et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2004) .
T8138 48936-49174 Sentence denotes Multiple datasets of the serological assays from different laboratories worldwide could be combined for constructing a comprehensive PEDV antigenic cartography by a computational framework approach (Cai et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2004) .
TextSentencer_T296 49175-49359 Sentence denotes Subsequently, a similar approach was also applied for other RNA viruses with high antigenic variation, such as human enteroviruses (Chia et al., 2014) and noroviruses (Debbink Fig. 4 .
TextSentencer_T296 49175-49359 Sentence denotes Subsequently, a similar approach was also applied for other RNA viruses with high antigenic variation, such as human enteroviruses (Chia et al., 2014) and noroviruses (Debbink Fig. 4 .
T44494 49175-49359 Sentence denotes Subsequently, a similar approach was also applied for other RNA viruses with high antigenic variation, such as human enteroviruses (Chia et al., 2014) and noroviruses (Debbink Fig. 4 .
TextSentencer_T297 49360-49468 Sentence denotes Antigenic map generated using cross-reactive PEDV and TGEV CCIF serum antibody titers presented in Table 1 .
TextSentencer_T297 49360-49468 Sentence denotes Antigenic map generated using cross-reactive PEDV and TGEV CCIF serum antibody titers presented in Table 1 .
T81774 49360-49468 Sentence denotes Antigenic map generated using cross-reactive PEDV and TGEV CCIF serum antibody titers presented in Table 1 .
TextSentencer_T298 49469-49885 Sentence denotes The relative position of strains, including the prototype PEDV CV777 (black diamond), highly virulent PEDV PC22A (red triangle), S INDEL PEDV Iowa106 (orange hexagon), S 197del PEDV PC177 (green trapezoid), TGEV Miller (purple circle) and TGEV Purdue (blue circle) was adjusted such that the distances between strains in the map represent the corresponding ratios between homologous and heterologous antibody titers.
TextSentencer_T298 49469-49885 Sentence denotes The relative position of strains, including the prototype PEDV CV777 (black diamond), highly virulent PEDV PC22A (red triangle), S INDEL PEDV Iowa106 (orange hexagon), S 197del PEDV PC177 (green trapezoid), TGEV Miller (purple circle) and TGEV Purdue (blue circle) was adjusted such that the distances between strains in the map represent the corresponding ratios between homologous and heterologous antibody titers.
T13920 49469-49885 Sentence denotes The relative position of strains, including the prototype PEDV CV777 (black diamond), highly virulent PEDV PC22A (red triangle), S INDEL PEDV Iowa106 (orange hexagon), S 197del PEDV PC177 (green trapezoid), TGEV Miller (purple circle) and TGEV Purdue (blue circle) was adjusted such that the distances between strains in the map represent the corresponding ratios between homologous and heterologous antibody titers.
TextSentencer_T299 49886-49951 Sentence denotes The original data (Table 1) was published in our previous study .
TextSentencer_T299 49886-49951 Sentence denotes The original data (Table 1) was published in our previous study .
T1140 49886-49951 Sentence denotes The original data (Table 1) was published in our previous study .
TextSentencer_T300 49952-50107 Sentence denotes This antigenic map was constructed using webserver (http:// sysbio.cvm.msstate.edu/AntigenMap) established by Cai et al., 2010 Cai et al., . et al., 2014 .
TextSentencer_T300 49952-50107 Sentence denotes This antigenic map was constructed using webserver (http:// sysbio.cvm.msstate.edu/AntigenMap) established by Cai et al., 2010 Cai et al., . et al., 2014 .
T16035 49952-50107 Sentence denotes This antigenic map was constructed using webserver (http:// sysbio.cvm.msstate.edu/AntigenMap) established by Cai et al., 2010 Cai et al., . et al., 2014 .
TextSentencer_T301 50108-50247 Sentence denotes In our previous study, the results of CCIF and VN assays showed that the antigenic determinants among three US PEDV strains were conserved.
TextSentencer_T301 50108-50247 Sentence denotes In our previous study, the results of CCIF and VN assays showed that the antigenic determinants among three US PEDV strains were conserved.
T22432 50108-50247 Sentence denotes In our previous study, the results of CCIF and VN assays showed that the antigenic determinants among three US PEDV strains were conserved.
TextSentencer_T302 50248-50396 Sentence denotes The same two-way antigenic crossreactivity data among three US PEDV and prototype CV777 strains were re-analyzed by antigenic cartography (Fig. 4) .
TextSentencer_T302 50248-50396 Sentence denotes The same two-way antigenic crossreactivity data among three US PEDV and prototype CV777 strains were re-analyzed by antigenic cartography (Fig. 4) .
T95183 50248-50396 Sentence denotes The same two-way antigenic crossreactivity data among three US PEDV and prototype CV777 strains were re-analyzed by antigenic cartography (Fig. 4) .
TextSentencer_T303 50397-50650 Sentence denotes In the antigenic map, the S INDEL Iowa106 strain and the S 197aa-del PC177 strain were located between the highly virulent PEDV PC22A and the classical CV777 strain, showing a well correlation between the phylogenetic distance and antigenic differences.
TextSentencer_T303 50397-50650 Sentence denotes In the antigenic map, the S INDEL Iowa106 strain and the S 197aa-del PC177 strain were located between the highly virulent PEDV PC22A and the classical CV777 strain, showing a well correlation between the phylogenetic distance and antigenic differences.
T64427 50397-50650 Sentence denotes In the antigenic map, the S INDEL Iowa106 strain and the S 197aa-del PC177 strain were located between the highly virulent PEDV PC22A and the classical CV777 strain, showing a well correlation between the phylogenetic distance and antigenic differences.
TextSentencer_T304 50651-50732 Sentence denotes This map will be expanded further when more data becomes available in the future.
TextSentencer_T304 50651-50732 Sentence denotes This map will be expanded further when more data becomes available in the future.
T77868 50651-50732 Sentence denotes This map will be expanded further when more data becomes available in the future.
TextSentencer_T305 50733-50972 Sentence denotes The infection and pathogenic features of classical PEDV CV777 strain were examined in earlier studies (Table 4) (Coussement et al., 1982; De Bouck et al., 1981; Debouck and Pensaert, 1980; Ducatelle et al., 1981; Pospischil et al., 1981) .
TextSentencer_T305 50733-50972 Sentence denotes The infection and pathogenic features of classical PEDV CV777 strain were examined in earlier studies (Table 4) (Coussement et al., 1982; De Bouck et al., 1981; Debouck and Pensaert, 1980; Ducatelle et al., 1981; Pospischil et al., 1981) .
T32180 50733-50972 Sentence denotes The infection and pathogenic features of classical PEDV CV777 strain were examined in earlier studies (Table 4) (Coussement et al., 1982; De Bouck et al., 1981; Debouck and Pensaert, 1980; Ducatelle et al., 1981; Pospischil et al., 1981) .
TextSentencer_T306 50973-51208 Sentence denotes One to twenty day-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) and conventional piglets inoculated with PEDV CV777 had clinical signs between 23 and 40 h post-inoculation (HPI) (Coussement et al., 1982; Debouck and Pensaert, 1980) .
TextSentencer_T306 50973-51208 Sentence denotes One to twenty day-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) and conventional piglets inoculated with PEDV CV777 had clinical signs between 23 and 40 h post-inoculation (HPI) (Coussement et al., 1982; Debouck and Pensaert, 1980) .
T92515 50973-51208 Sentence denotes One to twenty day-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) and conventional piglets inoculated with PEDV CV777 had clinical signs between 23 and 40 h post-inoculation (HPI) (Coussement et al., 1982; Debouck and Pensaert, 1980) .
TextSentencer_T307 51209-51473 Sentence denotes About one day after onset of diarrhea, marked villus shortening along with the villus height (VH) versus crypt depth (CD) ratios (VH:CD) reduced from 7 to 8 in the healthy controls to approximately 2-3 for infected pigs were observed (Debouck and Pensaert, 1980) .
TextSentencer_T307 51209-51473 Sentence denotes About one day after onset of diarrhea, marked villus shortening along with the villus height (VH) versus crypt depth (CD) ratios (VH:CD) reduced from 7 to 8 in the healthy controls to approximately 2-3 for infected pigs were observed (Debouck and Pensaert, 1980) .
T824 51209-51473 Sentence denotes About one day after onset of diarrhea, marked villus shortening along with the villus height (VH) versus crypt depth (CD) ratios (VH:CD) reduced from 7 to 8 in the healthy controls to approximately 2-3 for infected pigs were observed (Debouck and Pensaert, 1980) .
TextSentencer_T308 51474-51558 Sentence denotes Starting from 60 HPI, villous regeneration was observed in CV777-inoculated piglets.
TextSentencer_T308 51474-51558 Sentence denotes Starting from 60 HPI, villous regeneration was observed in CV777-inoculated piglets.
T15570 51474-51558 Sentence denotes Starting from 60 HPI, villous regeneration was observed in CV777-inoculated piglets.
TextSentencer_T309 51559-51681 Sentence denotes These regenerating cells were re-infected by PEDV CV777, resulting in a second peak of infection (De Bouck et al., 1981) .
TextSentencer_T309 51559-51681 Sentence denotes These regenerating cells were re-infected by PEDV CV777, resulting in a second peak of infection (De Bouck et al., 1981) .
T58844 51559-51681 Sentence denotes These regenerating cells were re-infected by PEDV CV777, resulting in a second peak of infection (De Bouck et al., 1981) .
TextSentencer_T310 51682-51821 Sentence denotes Earlier research compared the pathogenesis of PEDV CV777 with endemic TGEV Miller strain (De Bouck et al., 1981; Pospischil et al., 1981) .
TextSentencer_T310 51682-51821 Sentence denotes Earlier research compared the pathogenesis of PEDV CV777 with endemic TGEV Miller strain (De Bouck et al., 1981; Pospischil et al., 1981) .
T74748 51682-51821 Sentence denotes Earlier research compared the pathogenesis of PEDV CV777 with endemic TGEV Miller strain (De Bouck et al., 1981; Pospischil et al., 1981) .
TextSentencer_T311 51822-52090 Sentence denotes PEDV CV777 infection showed more extensive vertical and longitudinal distribution in the digestive tract: both small intestinal and colonic epithelial cells and occasionally, epithelial cells at the base of a villus and the crypt cells could be infected by PEDV CV777.
TextSentencer_T311 51822-52090 Sentence denotes PEDV CV777 infection showed more extensive vertical and longitudinal distribution in the digestive tract: both small intestinal and colonic epithelial cells and occasionally, epithelial cells at the base of a villus and the crypt cells could be infected by PEDV CV777.
T73268 51822-52090 Sentence denotes PEDV CV777 infection showed more extensive vertical and longitudinal distribution in the digestive tract: both small intestinal and colonic epithelial cells and occasionally, epithelial cells at the base of a villus and the crypt cells could be infected by PEDV CV777.
TextSentencer_T312 52091-52210 Sentence denotes In addition, the progression of PEDV CV777 infection was slower than that in TGEV (De Bouck et al., 1981; Saif, 1989) .
TextSentencer_T312 52091-52210 Sentence denotes In addition, the progression of PEDV CV777 infection was slower than that in TGEV (De Bouck et al., 1981; Saif, 1989) .
T77462 52091-52210 Sentence denotes In addition, the progression of PEDV CV777 infection was slower than that in TGEV (De Bouck et al., 1981; Saif, 1989) .
TextSentencer_T313 52211-52352 Sentence denotes However, not all of the pathological features of prototype PEDV CV777 infection were consistently observed for other PEDV strains (Table 4 ).
TextSentencer_T313 52211-52352 Sentence denotes However, not all of the pathological features of prototype PEDV CV777 infection were consistently observed for other PEDV strains (Table 4 ).
T85596 52211-52352 Sentence denotes However, not all of the pathological features of prototype PEDV CV777 infection were consistently observed for other PEDV strains (Table 4 ).
TextSentencer_T314 52353-52545 Sentence denotes The infection of one-day-old, colostrum-deprived piglets with Korea classical PEDV strain (SNUVR971496) induced severe villous atrophy with the lowest mean VH:CD ratio (1.11 ± 0.34) at 60 HPI.
TextSentencer_T314 52353-52545 Sentence denotes The infection of one-day-old, colostrum-deprived piglets with Korea classical PEDV strain (SNUVR971496) induced severe villous atrophy with the lowest mean VH:CD ratio (1.11 ± 0.34) at 60 HPI.
T1811 52353-52545 Sentence denotes The infection of one-day-old, colostrum-deprived piglets with Korea classical PEDV strain (SNUVR971496) induced severe villous atrophy with the lowest mean VH:CD ratio (1.11 ± 0.34) at 60 HPI.
TextSentencer_T315 52546-52808 Sentence denotes However, in these very young piglets, no PEDV antigens or nucleic acids were detected in epithelial cells lining the crypts, and positive-staining cells were lacking in the colon by IHC staining (Kim et al., 1999) and in situ hybridization (Kim and Chae, 2003) .
TextSentencer_T315 52546-52808 Sentence denotes However, in these very young piglets, no PEDV antigens or nucleic acids were detected in epithelial cells lining the crypts, and positive-staining cells were lacking in the colon by IHC staining (Kim et al., 1999) and in situ hybridization (Kim and Chae, 2003) .
T66738 52546-52808 Sentence denotes However, in these very young piglets, no PEDV antigens or nucleic acids were detected in epithelial cells lining the crypts, and positive-staining cells were lacking in the colon by IHC staining (Kim et al., 1999) and in situ hybridization (Kim and Chae, 2003) .
TextSentencer_T316 52809-52910 Sentence denotes Similarly, different levels of virulence among TGEV strains were also reported (Kim and Chae, 2002) .
TextSentencer_T316 52809-52910 Sentence denotes Similarly, different levels of virulence among TGEV strains were also reported (Kim and Chae, 2002) .
T61944 52809-52910 Sentence denotes Similarly, different levels of virulence among TGEV strains were also reported (Kim and Chae, 2002) .
TextSentencer_T317 52911-53143 Sentence denotes Therefore, the pathogenicity of TGEV/PEDV infection in pigs depended on the viral strains, the age of pig, how piglets were derived (CD) or if naturally farrowed, the colostrum/milk status (CD) and environment variations (Table 4 ).
TextSentencer_T317 52911-53143 Sentence denotes Therefore, the pathogenicity of TGEV/PEDV infection in pigs depended on the viral strains, the age of pig, how piglets were derived (CD) or if naturally farrowed, the colostrum/milk status (CD) and environment variations (Table 4 ).
T63965 52911-53143 Sentence denotes Therefore, the pathogenicity of TGEV/PEDV infection in pigs depended on the viral strains, the age of pig, how piglets were derived (CD) or if naturally farrowed, the colostrum/milk status (CD) and environment variations (Table 4 ).
TextSentencer_T318 53144-53238 Sentence denotes In general, the clinical signs of PEDV and TGEV infections are indistinguishable in the field.
TextSentencer_T318 53144-53238 Sentence denotes In general, the clinical signs of PEDV and TGEV infections are indistinguishable in the field.
T12468 53144-53238 Sentence denotes In general, the clinical signs of PEDV and TGEV infections are indistinguishable in the field.
TextSentencer_T319 53239-53423 Sentence denotes Based on epidemiologic and clinical observations in the field, the emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains since 2010 are highly pathogenic and referred to as "highly virulent" PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T319 53239-53423 Sentence denotes Based on epidemiologic and clinical observations in the field, the emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains since 2010 are highly pathogenic and referred to as "highly virulent" PEDV strains.
T76675 53239-53423 Sentence denotes Based on epidemiologic and clinical observations in the field, the emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains since 2010 are highly pathogenic and referred to as "highly virulent" PEDV strains.
TextSentencer_T320 53424-53644 Sentence denotes Experimental infection of highly virulent PEDV strains in gnotobiotic , CDCD Madson et al., 2016) and conventional (Lin et al., 2015a; Madson et al., 2014) pigs resulted in consistent outcomes and conclusions (Table 4) .
TextSentencer_T320 53424-53644 Sentence denotes Experimental infection of highly virulent PEDV strains in gnotobiotic , CDCD Madson et al., 2016) and conventional (Lin et al., 2015a; Madson et al., 2014) pigs resulted in consistent outcomes and conclusions (Table 4) .
T28041 53424-53644 Sentence denotes Experimental infection of highly virulent PEDV strains in gnotobiotic , CDCD Madson et al., 2016) and conventional (Lin et al., 2015a; Madson et al., 2014) pigs resulted in consistent outcomes and conclusions (Table 4) .
TextSentencer_T321 53645-53696 Sentence denotes First, the highly virulent PEDV is very infectious.
TextSentencer_T321 53645-53696 Sentence denotes First, the highly virulent PEDV is very infectious.
T57261 53645-53696 Sentence denotes First, the highly virulent PEDV is very infectious.
TextSentencer_T322 53697-53873 Sentence denotes Approximately one plaque-forming unit (PFU) of the highly virulent PEDV PC22A strain (at passage level 3) caused watery diarrhea in 40% of 4-dayold CDCD piglets within 24 HPI .
TextSentencer_T322 53697-53873 Sentence denotes Approximately one plaque-forming unit (PFU) of the highly virulent PEDV PC22A strain (at passage level 3) caused watery diarrhea in 40% of 4-dayold CDCD piglets within 24 HPI .
T86970 53697-53873 Sentence denotes Approximately one plaque-forming unit (PFU) of the highly virulent PEDV PC22A strain (at passage level 3) caused watery diarrhea in 40% of 4-dayold CDCD piglets within 24 HPI .
TextSentencer_T323 53874-54131 Sentence denotes Similarly, the minimal infectious dose of another highly virulent US PEDV strain USA/IN19338/2013 was titrated as 0.056-0.56 TCID 50 in 5-dayold conventional piglets and 56 TCID 50 in 21-day-old conventional weaned pigs, respectively (Thomas et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T323 53874-54131 Sentence denotes Similarly, the minimal infectious dose of another highly virulent US PEDV strain USA/IN19338/2013 was titrated as 0.056-0.56 TCID 50 in 5-dayold conventional piglets and 56 TCID 50 in 21-day-old conventional weaned pigs, respectively (Thomas et al., 2015) .
T27259 53874-54131 Sentence denotes Similarly, the minimal infectious dose of another highly virulent US PEDV strain USA/IN19338/2013 was titrated as 0.056-0.56 TCID 50 in 5-dayold conventional piglets and 56 TCID 50 in 21-day-old conventional weaned pigs, respectively (Thomas et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T324 54132-54220 Sentence denotes Secondly, the disease is lethal and the infection progresses rapidly in nursing piglets.
TextSentencer_T324 54132-54220 Sentence denotes Secondly, the disease is lethal and the infection progresses rapidly in nursing piglets.
T31979 54132-54220 Sentence denotes Secondly, the disease is lethal and the infection progresses rapidly in nursing piglets.
TextSentencer_T325 54221-54353 Sentence denotes Very low inoculation doses induced clinical signs within 24 HPI and deaths within 96 HPI Madson et al., 2016; Thomas et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T325 54221-54353 Sentence denotes Very low inoculation doses induced clinical signs within 24 HPI and deaths within 96 HPI Madson et al., 2016; Thomas et al., 2015) .
T88989 54221-54353 Sentence denotes Very low inoculation doses induced clinical signs within 24 HPI and deaths within 96 HPI Madson et al., 2016; Thomas et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T326 54354-54430 Sentence denotes Thirdly, the highly virulent PEDV infections occur throughout the intestine.
TextSentencer_T326 54354-54430 Sentence denotes Thirdly, the highly virulent PEDV infections occur throughout the intestine.
T80153 54354-54430 Sentence denotes Thirdly, the highly virulent PEDV infections occur throughout the intestine.
TextSentencer_T327 54431-54575 Sentence denotes In addition to jejunum and ileum, the duodenum and cecum/colon were also susceptible to PEDV infection Lin et al., 2015a; Madson et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T327 54431-54575 Sentence denotes In addition to jejunum and ileum, the duodenum and cecum/colon were also susceptible to PEDV infection Lin et al., 2015a; Madson et al., 2016) .
T3069 54431-54575 Sentence denotes In addition to jejunum and ileum, the duodenum and cecum/colon were also susceptible to PEDV infection Lin et al., 2015a; Madson et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T328 54576-54742 Sentence denotes PEDV antigens were mainly detected in the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells located both on the tip and lateral walls of villi and in the villus/crypt border .
TextSentencer_T328 54576-54742 Sentence denotes PEDV antigens were mainly detected in the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells located both on the tip and lateral walls of villi and in the villus/crypt border .
T76973 54576-54742 Sentence denotes PEDV antigens were mainly detected in the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells located both on the tip and lateral walls of villi and in the villus/crypt border .
TextSentencer_T329 54743-54881 Sentence denotes Occasionally, individual or clustered crypt epithelial cells were infected (Lin et al., 2015a; Liu et al., 2015; Stevenson et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T329 54743-54881 Sentence denotes Occasionally, individual or clustered crypt epithelial cells were infected (Lin et al., 2015a; Liu et al., 2015; Stevenson et al., 2013) .
T40626 54743-54881 Sentence denotes Occasionally, individual or clustered crypt epithelial cells were infected (Lin et al., 2015a; Liu et al., 2015; Stevenson et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T330 54882-54977 Sentence denotes Whether the regenerative capacity of the crypts is affected by PEDV infection is still unknown.
TextSentencer_T330 54882-54977 Sentence denotes Whether the regenerative capacity of the crypts is affected by PEDV infection is still unknown.
T28553 54882-54977 Sentence denotes Whether the regenerative capacity of the crypts is affected by PEDV infection is still unknown.
TextSentencer_T331 54978-55075 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, two markers for crypt proliferation (Ki67) and stem cells (LGR5) were studied.
TextSentencer_T331 54978-55075 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, two markers for crypt proliferation (Ki67) and stem cells (LGR5) were studied.
T38905 54978-55075 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, two markers for crypt proliferation (Ki67) and stem cells (LGR5) were studied.
TextSentencer_T332 55076-55355 Sentence denotes Compared with mock-inoculated conventional piglets, the number of LGR5-positive cells and proliferation of intestinal crypts of 10-14-day-old conventional piglets increased remarkably at 3-5 DPI of PEDV PC21A, reflecting a compensation for villous atrophy by crypt regeneration .
TextSentencer_T332 55076-55355 Sentence denotes Compared with mock-inoculated conventional piglets, the number of LGR5-positive cells and proliferation of intestinal crypts of 10-14-day-old conventional piglets increased remarkably at 3-5 DPI of PEDV PC21A, reflecting a compensation for villous atrophy by crypt regeneration .
T85848 55076-55355 Sentence denotes Compared with mock-inoculated conventional piglets, the number of LGR5-positive cells and proliferation of intestinal crypts of 10-14-day-old conventional piglets increased remarkably at 3-5 DPI of PEDV PC21A, reflecting a compensation for villous atrophy by crypt regeneration .
TextSentencer_T333 55356-55427 Sentence denotes Fourth, the highly virulent PEDV strain induced severe villous atrophy.
TextSentencer_T333 55356-55427 Sentence denotes Fourth, the highly virulent PEDV strain induced severe villous atrophy.
T70748 55356-55427 Sentence denotes Fourth, the highly virulent PEDV strain induced severe villous atrophy.
TextSentencer_T334 55428-55634 Sentence denotes In the majority of CDCD and conventional suckling piglets infected with highly virulent PEDV PC21A or PC22A strain, the VH:CD ratios were <2 and even <1 in some cases (Lin et al., 2015a; Liu et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T334 55428-55634 Sentence denotes In the majority of CDCD and conventional suckling piglets infected with highly virulent PEDV PC21A or PC22A strain, the VH:CD ratios were <2 and even <1 in some cases (Lin et al., 2015a; Liu et al., 2015) .
T59156 55428-55634 Sentence denotes In the majority of CDCD and conventional suckling piglets infected with highly virulent PEDV PC21A or PC22A strain, the VH:CD ratios were <2 and even <1 in some cases (Lin et al., 2015a; Liu et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T335 55635-55804 Sentence denotes Moreover, the highly virulent PEDV not only severely damaged the infected enterocytes but also rapidly spread to infect the regenerated enterocytes (Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T335 55635-55804 Sentence denotes Moreover, the highly virulent PEDV not only severely damaged the infected enterocytes but also rapidly spread to infect the regenerated enterocytes (Lin et al., 2015a) .
T99636 55635-55804 Sentence denotes Moreover, the highly virulent PEDV not only severely damaged the infected enterocytes but also rapidly spread to infect the regenerated enterocytes (Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T336 55805-55961 Sentence denotes If piglets did not die immediately during the acute stage of infection, they continued to show moderate to severe degrees of villous atrophy during 5-8 DPI.
TextSentencer_T336 55805-55961 Sentence denotes If piglets did not die immediately during the acute stage of infection, they continued to show moderate to severe degrees of villous atrophy during 5-8 DPI.
T88759 55805-55961 Sentence denotes If piglets did not die immediately during the acute stage of infection, they continued to show moderate to severe degrees of villous atrophy during 5-8 DPI.
TextSentencer_T337 55962-56110 Sentence denotes Continuous monitoring of fecal viral RNA shedding showed that the titers were decreasing consistently, after the first peak of fecal viral shedding.
TextSentencer_T337 55962-56110 Sentence denotes Continuous monitoring of fecal viral RNA shedding showed that the titers were decreasing consistently, after the first peak of fecal viral shedding.
T9155 55962-56110 Sentence denotes Continuous monitoring of fecal viral RNA shedding showed that the titers were decreasing consistently, after the first peak of fecal viral shedding.
TextSentencer_T338 56111-56289 Sentence denotes This data indicates that limited numbers of enterocytes were still available to sustain PEDV replication, but to lower levels during the prolonged infection (Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T338 56111-56289 Sentence denotes This data indicates that limited numbers of enterocytes were still available to sustain PEDV replication, but to lower levels during the prolonged infection (Lin et al., 2015a) .
T91065 56111-56289 Sentence denotes This data indicates that limited numbers of enterocytes were still available to sustain PEDV replication, but to lower levels during the prolonged infection (Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T339 56290-56438 Sentence denotes Fifth, pigs of all ages can be infected by the highly virulent PEDV, but pigs develop age-dependent resistant to PEDV disease Madson et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T339 56290-56438 Sentence denotes Fifth, pigs of all ages can be infected by the highly virulent PEDV, but pigs develop age-dependent resistant to PEDV disease Madson et al., 2014) .
T27139 56290-56438 Sentence denotes Fifth, pigs of all ages can be infected by the highly virulent PEDV, but pigs develop age-dependent resistant to PEDV disease Madson et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T340 56439-56580 Sentence denotes Experimental inoculation of 2-and 7-day-old CDCD piglets by a Japanese PEDV strain isolated in 1999 resulted in 100% morbidity and mortality.
TextSentencer_T340 56439-56580 Sentence denotes Experimental inoculation of 2-and 7-day-old CDCD piglets by a Japanese PEDV strain isolated in 1999 resulted in 100% morbidity and mortality.
T40143 56439-56580 Sentence denotes Experimental inoculation of 2-and 7-day-old CDCD piglets by a Japanese PEDV strain isolated in 1999 resulted in 100% morbidity and mortality.
TextSentencer_T341 56581-56728 Sentence denotes However, only mild diarrhea occurred in 2-and 4-week-old pigs and no clinical signs were observed in 8-and 12week old pigs (Shibata et al., 2000) .
TextSentencer_T341 56581-56728 Sentence denotes However, only mild diarrhea occurred in 2-and 4-week-old pigs and no clinical signs were observed in 8-and 12week old pigs (Shibata et al., 2000) .
T3906 56581-56728 Sentence denotes However, only mild diarrhea occurred in 2-and 4-week-old pigs and no clinical signs were observed in 8-and 12week old pigs (Shibata et al., 2000) .
TextSentencer_T342 56729-56888 Sentence denotes In our studies, morbidity was consistently 100% in the PC21A or PC22A-inoculated piglets and their contact-exposed sows (Lin et al., 2015a; Liu et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T342 56729-56888 Sentence denotes In our studies, morbidity was consistently 100% in the PC21A or PC22A-inoculated piglets and their contact-exposed sows (Lin et al., 2015a; Liu et al., 2015) .
T92288 56729-56888 Sentence denotes In our studies, morbidity was consistently 100% in the PC21A or PC22A-inoculated piglets and their contact-exposed sows (Lin et al., 2015a; Liu et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T343 56889-57176 Sentence denotes In our laboratories, a slower turnover rate of enterocytes and impaired lytic activity and IFN-gamma production by natural killer cells in 9-day-old nursing piglets being less than in 26-day-old were proposed as explanations for one of the mechanisms of age-dependent resistance to PEDV.
TextSentencer_T343 56889-57176 Sentence denotes In our laboratories, a slower turnover rate of enterocytes and impaired lytic activity and IFN-gamma production by natural killer cells in 9-day-old nursing piglets being less than in 26-day-old were proposed as explanations for one of the mechanisms of age-dependent resistance to PEDV.
T71394 56889-57176 Sentence denotes In our laboratories, a slower turnover rate of enterocytes and impaired lytic activity and IFN-gamma production by natural killer cells in 9-day-old nursing piglets being less than in 26-day-old were proposed as explanations for one of the mechanisms of age-dependent resistance to PEDV.
TextSentencer_T344 57177-57549 Sentence denotes However, the highly virulent PEDV strains caused severe growth retardation in weaned pigs and significant impairment in productivity, such as lower farrowing rates, lower total pigs and pigs born alive per litter and decreased nursing performance of sows (Goede and Morrison, 2016; Lin et al., 2016) , leading to the overall negative economic impacts on the pork industry.
TextSentencer_T344 57177-57549 Sentence denotes However, the highly virulent PEDV strains caused severe growth retardation in weaned pigs and significant impairment in productivity, such as lower farrowing rates, lower total pigs and pigs born alive per litter and decreased nursing performance of sows (Goede and Morrison, 2016; Lin et al., 2016) , leading to the overall negative economic impacts on the pork industry.
T92816 57177-57549 Sentence denotes However, the highly virulent PEDV strains caused severe growth retardation in weaned pigs and significant impairment in productivity, such as lower farrowing rates, lower total pigs and pigs born alive per litter and decreased nursing performance of sows (Goede and Morrison, 2016; Lin et al., 2016) , leading to the overall negative economic impacts on the pork industry.
TextSentencer_T345 57550-57807 Sentence denotes Overall, the virulence of highly virulent PEDV was characterized by disease/infection induced by a low infectious dose, short incubation times, severe clinical signs and intestinal lesions, and extensive PEDV replication throughout the intestine (Table 4 ).
TextSentencer_T345 57550-57807 Sentence denotes Overall, the virulence of highly virulent PEDV was characterized by disease/infection induced by a low infectious dose, short incubation times, severe clinical signs and intestinal lesions, and extensive PEDV replication throughout the intestine (Table 4 ).
T71901 57550-57807 Sentence denotes Overall, the virulence of highly virulent PEDV was characterized by disease/infection induced by a low infectious dose, short incubation times, severe clinical signs and intestinal lesions, and extensive PEDV replication throughout the intestine (Table 4 ).
TextSentencer_T346 57808-58118 Sentence denotes In addition to antigenic variation, these disease characteristics also explained why current highly virulent PED outbreaks were so devastating in the major pig producing countries in Asia (Choi et al., 2014; Oka et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2012) and North America (Stevenson et al., 2013; Vlasova et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T346 57808-58118 Sentence denotes In addition to antigenic variation, these disease characteristics also explained why current highly virulent PED outbreaks were so devastating in the major pig producing countries in Asia (Choi et al., 2014; Oka et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2012) and North America (Stevenson et al., 2013; Vlasova et al., 2014) .
T58270 57808-58118 Sentence denotes In addition to antigenic variation, these disease characteristics also explained why current highly virulent PED outbreaks were so devastating in the major pig producing countries in Asia (Choi et al., 2014; Oka et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2012) and North America (Stevenson et al., 2013; Vlasova et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T347 58119-58123 Sentence denotes 4.3.
TextSentencer_T347 58119-58123 Sentence denotes 4.3.
T40738 58119-58123 Sentence denotes 4.3.
TextSentencer_T348 58124-58267 Sentence denotes INDEL PEDV strains showed lower virulence than the emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains, but still can induce severe disease in some circumstances
TextSentencer_T348 58124-58267 Sentence denotes INDEL PEDV strains showed lower virulence than the emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains, but still can induce severe disease in some circumstances
T57678 58124-58267 Sentence denotes INDEL PEDV strains showed lower virulence than the emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains, but still can induce severe disease in some circumstances
TextSentencer_T349 58268-58381 Sentence denotes The first US PEDV S INDEL strain, OH851, was isolated from conventional pigs without significant clinical signs .
TextSentencer_T349 58268-58381 Sentence denotes The first US PEDV S INDEL strain, OH851, was isolated from conventional pigs without significant clinical signs .
T15207 58268-58381 Sentence denotes The first US PEDV S INDEL strain, OH851, was isolated from conventional pigs without significant clinical signs .
TextSentencer_T350 58382-58541 Sentence denotes Soon thereafter, comparisons of the pathogenicity between S INDEL and highly virulent PEDV strains were conducted in three independent laboratories (Table 4 ).
TextSentencer_T350 58382-58541 Sentence denotes Soon thereafter, comparisons of the pathogenicity between S INDEL and highly virulent PEDV strains were conducted in three independent laboratories (Table 4 ).
T45409 58382-58541 Sentence denotes Soon thereafter, comparisons of the pathogenicity between S INDEL and highly virulent PEDV strains were conducted in three independent laboratories (Table 4 ).
TextSentencer_T351 58542-58873 Sentence denotes In Japan, one-week-old, specific pathogen-free (SPF) piglets inoculated with S INDEL PEDV ZK-O strain had delayed onset of PEDV fecal RNA shedding, lower fecal diarrhea scores and fecal viral RNA titers compared with the highly virulent PEDV ZK-CHR stain, suggesting S INDEL strains may be less pathogenic (Yamamoto et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T351 58542-58873 Sentence denotes In Japan, one-week-old, specific pathogen-free (SPF) piglets inoculated with S INDEL PEDV ZK-O strain had delayed onset of PEDV fecal RNA shedding, lower fecal diarrhea scores and fecal viral RNA titers compared with the highly virulent PEDV ZK-CHR stain, suggesting S INDEL strains may be less pathogenic (Yamamoto et al., 2015) .
T18382 58542-58873 Sentence denotes In Japan, one-week-old, specific pathogen-free (SPF) piglets inoculated with S INDEL PEDV ZK-O strain had delayed onset of PEDV fecal RNA shedding, lower fecal diarrhea scores and fecal viral RNA titers compared with the highly virulent PEDV ZK-CHR stain, suggesting S INDEL strains may be less pathogenic (Yamamoto et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T352 58874-59020 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, all the conventional nursing piglets inoculated with the field S INDEL PEDV Iowa106 strain at 4 days of age developed diarrhea.
TextSentencer_T352 58874-59020 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, all the conventional nursing piglets inoculated with the field S INDEL PEDV Iowa106 strain at 4 days of age developed diarrhea.
T75480 58874-59020 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, all the conventional nursing piglets inoculated with the field S INDEL PEDV Iowa106 strain at 4 days of age developed diarrhea.
TextSentencer_T353 59021-59559 Sentence denotes However, the virulence of S INDEL PEDV Iowa106 was lower than that of the highly virulent PEDV strains as evident by: (1) a longer incubation time (delayed onset of clinical signs and the peak of viral RNA shedding); (2) a shorter duration of diarrhea; (3) relatively higher VH:CD ratios; (4) a lower percentage of PEDV positive enterocytes; (5) more limited intestinal regions of virus infection (crypt not involved); and (6) overall lower piglet mortality (18%) compared with the highly virulent PC21A strain (55%) (Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T353 59021-59559 Sentence denotes However, the virulence of S INDEL PEDV Iowa106 was lower than that of the highly virulent PEDV strains as evident by: (1) a longer incubation time (delayed onset of clinical signs and the peak of viral RNA shedding); (2) a shorter duration of diarrhea; (3) relatively higher VH:CD ratios; (4) a lower percentage of PEDV positive enterocytes; (5) more limited intestinal regions of virus infection (crypt not involved); and (6) overall lower piglet mortality (18%) compared with the highly virulent PC21A strain (55%) (Lin et al., 2015a) .
T21053 59021-59559 Sentence denotes However, the virulence of S INDEL PEDV Iowa106 was lower than that of the highly virulent PEDV strains as evident by: (1) a longer incubation time (delayed onset of clinical signs and the peak of viral RNA shedding); (2) a shorter duration of diarrhea; (3) relatively higher VH:CD ratios; (4) a lower percentage of PEDV positive enterocytes; (5) more limited intestinal regions of virus infection (crypt not involved); and (6) overall lower piglet mortality (18%) compared with the highly virulent PC21A strain (55%) (Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T354 59560-59841 Sentence denotes In comparison, Chen et al. (2016a,b) infected conventional farrowed, 5-day-old non-suckling (fed with milk replacer and yogurt) piglets with a TC US S INDEL PEDV strain (IL20697/2014) and three other US highly virulent PEDV strains (IN19338/2013 , NC35140/2013 , and NC49469/2013 .
TextSentencer_T354 59560-59841 Sentence denotes In comparison, Chen et al. (2016a,b) infected conventional farrowed, 5-day-old non-suckling (fed with milk replacer and yogurt) piglets with a TC US S INDEL PEDV strain (IL20697/2014) and three other US highly virulent PEDV strains (IN19338/2013 , NC35140/2013 , and NC49469/2013 .
T74998 59560-59841 Sentence denotes In comparison, Chen et al. (2016a,b) infected conventional farrowed, 5-day-old non-suckling (fed with milk replacer and yogurt) piglets with a TC US S INDEL PEDV strain (IL20697/2014) and three other US highly virulent PEDV strains (IN19338/2013 , NC35140/2013 , and NC49469/2013 .
TextSentencer_T355 59842-60083 Sentence denotes The S INDEL PEDV strain (IL20697/2014) caused no or minimal clinical signs, lower reductions in body weight gain, more limited gross and microscopic lesions and lower fecal viral shedding and tissue PEDV antigen scores (Chen et al., 2016a) .
TextSentencer_T355 59842-60083 Sentence denotes The S INDEL PEDV strain (IL20697/2014) caused no or minimal clinical signs, lower reductions in body weight gain, more limited gross and microscopic lesions and lower fecal viral shedding and tissue PEDV antigen scores (Chen et al., 2016a) .
T30339 59842-60083 Sentence denotes The S INDEL PEDV strain (IL20697/2014) caused no or minimal clinical signs, lower reductions in body weight gain, more limited gross and microscopic lesions and lower fecal viral shedding and tissue PEDV antigen scores (Chen et al., 2016a) .
TextSentencer_T356 60084-60332 Sentence denotes However, individual and litter variations, as commonly observed in the field , were reported only in our piglet studies: the mortality of S INDEL Iowa106-inoculated piglets was 0% in three litters, but 75% in the fourth litter (Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T356 60084-60332 Sentence denotes However, individual and litter variations, as commonly observed in the field , were reported only in our piglet studies: the mortality of S INDEL Iowa106-inoculated piglets was 0% in three litters, but 75% in the fourth litter (Lin et al., 2015a) .
T52812 60084-60332 Sentence denotes However, individual and litter variations, as commonly observed in the field , were reported only in our piglet studies: the mortality of S INDEL Iowa106-inoculated piglets was 0% in three litters, but 75% in the fourth litter (Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T357 60333-60482 Sentence denotes In addition, the sows contact-exposed to their infected piglets became infected by S INDEL Iowa106 and two of four sows showed anorexia and diarrhea.
TextSentencer_T357 60333-60482 Sentence denotes In addition, the sows contact-exposed to their infected piglets became infected by S INDEL Iowa106 and two of four sows showed anorexia and diarrhea.
T71071 60333-60482 Sentence denotes In addition, the sows contact-exposed to their infected piglets became infected by S INDEL Iowa106 and two of four sows showed anorexia and diarrhea.
TextSentencer_T358 60483-60660 Sentence denotes Outbreaks of European S INDEL PEDV strains in southern Germany and southern Portugal (Mesquita et al., 2015) still caused high mortality (approximately 70%) in suckling piglets.
TextSentencer_T358 60483-60660 Sentence denotes Outbreaks of European S INDEL PEDV strains in southern Germany and southern Portugal (Mesquita et al., 2015) still caused high mortality (approximately 70%) in suckling piglets.
T95324 60483-60660 Sentence denotes Outbreaks of European S INDEL PEDV strains in southern Germany and southern Portugal (Mesquita et al., 2015) still caused high mortality (approximately 70%) in suckling piglets.
TextSentencer_T359 60661-60914 Sentence denotes Therefore, although the consensus was that the S INDEL strains were of lower virulence (Lin et al., 2015a,b; Wang et al., 2014; Yamamoto et al., 2015) , they still induced severe disease in some circumstances, such as if the sow became infected and ill.
TextSentencer_T359 60661-60914 Sentence denotes Therefore, although the consensus was that the S INDEL strains were of lower virulence (Lin et al., 2015a,b; Wang et al., 2014; Yamamoto et al., 2015) , they still induced severe disease in some circumstances, such as if the sow became infected and ill.
T52063 60661-60914 Sentence denotes Therefore, although the consensus was that the S INDEL strains were of lower virulence (Lin et al., 2015a,b; Wang et al., 2014; Yamamoto et al., 2015) , they still induced severe disease in some circumstances, such as if the sow became infected and ill.
TextSentencer_T360 60915-61158 Sentence denotes If sows had decreased appetite and milk production, the lactogenic immunity could be disrupted or decreased (Chattha et al., 2015) and their suckling piglets were likely to die (Lin et al., 2015a; Mesquita et al., 2015; Stadler et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T360 60915-61158 Sentence denotes If sows had decreased appetite and milk production, the lactogenic immunity could be disrupted or decreased (Chattha et al., 2015) and their suckling piglets were likely to die (Lin et al., 2015a; Mesquita et al., 2015; Stadler et al., 2015) .
T42979 60915-61158 Sentence denotes If sows had decreased appetite and milk production, the lactogenic immunity could be disrupted or decreased (Chattha et al., 2015) and their suckling piglets were likely to die (Lin et al., 2015a; Mesquita et al., 2015; Stadler et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T361 61159-61316 Sentence denotes Also piglets with lower birth weight might compete less efficiently for milk and receive less nutrition and lower lactogenic immunity than their littermates.
TextSentencer_T361 61159-61316 Sentence denotes Also piglets with lower birth weight might compete less efficiently for milk and receive less nutrition and lower lactogenic immunity than their littermates.
T44642 61159-61316 Sentence denotes Also piglets with lower birth weight might compete less efficiently for milk and receive less nutrition and lower lactogenic immunity than their littermates.
TextSentencer_T362 61317-61470 Sentence denotes The severity of clinical signs caused by S INDEL PEDV infection showed a negative correlation with the birth body weight of piglets (Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T362 61317-61470 Sentence denotes The severity of clinical signs caused by S INDEL PEDV infection showed a negative correlation with the birth body weight of piglets (Lin et al., 2015a) .
T99117 61317-61470 Sentence denotes The severity of clinical signs caused by S INDEL PEDV infection showed a negative correlation with the birth body weight of piglets (Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T363 61471-61777 Sentence denotes Highly virulent TGEV strains, such as US Miller at low cell culture passage level 3 (passage 3), is associated with short incubation time, extensive spread of infection throughout the small intestine, infection in higher portions of small intestinal enterocytes and marked damage to the villous epithelium.
TextSentencer_T363 61471-61777 Sentence denotes Highly virulent TGEV strains, such as US Miller at low cell culture passage level 3 (passage 3), is associated with short incubation time, extensive spread of infection throughout the small intestine, infection in higher portions of small intestinal enterocytes and marked damage to the villous epithelium.
T18864 61471-61777 Sentence denotes Highly virulent TGEV strains, such as US Miller at low cell culture passage level 3 (passage 3), is associated with short incubation time, extensive spread of infection throughout the small intestine, infection in higher portions of small intestinal enterocytes and marked damage to the villous epithelium.
TextSentencer_T364 61778-62004 Sentence denotes On the other hand, strains of TGEV attenuated by 115 or 350 passages in cell culture (P115 and B1-350) produced scattered foci of infection in villous enterocytes only in the jejunum and ileum (Saif, 1989; Saif et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T364 61778-62004 Sentence denotes On the other hand, strains of TGEV attenuated by 115 or 350 passages in cell culture (P115 and B1-350) produced scattered foci of infection in villous enterocytes only in the jejunum and ileum (Saif, 1989; Saif et al., 2012) .
T13235 61778-62004 Sentence denotes On the other hand, strains of TGEV attenuated by 115 or 350 passages in cell culture (P115 and B1-350) produced scattered foci of infection in villous enterocytes only in the jejunum and ileum (Saif, 1989; Saif et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T365 62005-62178 Sentence denotes In addition, the P115 virus was found to replicate to higher titers in the upper respiratory tract (nasal shedding) than in the gut (fecal shedding) (VanCott et al., 1993) .
TextSentencer_T365 62005-62178 Sentence denotes In addition, the P115 virus was found to replicate to higher titers in the upper respiratory tract (nasal shedding) than in the gut (fecal shedding) (VanCott et al., 1993) .
T38291 62005-62178 Sentence denotes In addition, the P115 virus was found to replicate to higher titers in the upper respiratory tract (nasal shedding) than in the gut (fecal shedding) (VanCott et al., 1993) .
TextSentencer_T366 62179-62363 Sentence denotes Similarly, continued passages of TC PEDV also generated attenuated variant strains which caused milder or no diarrhea in pigs Sato et al., 2011; Song et al., 2007 Song et al., , 2003 .
TextSentencer_T366 62179-62363 Sentence denotes Similarly, continued passages of TC PEDV also generated attenuated variant strains which caused milder or no diarrhea in pigs Sato et al., 2011; Song et al., 2007 Song et al., , 2003 .
T57796 62179-62363 Sentence denotes Similarly, continued passages of TC PEDV also generated attenuated variant strains which caused milder or no diarrhea in pigs Sato et al., 2011; Song et al., 2007 Song et al., , 2003 .
TextSentencer_T367 62364-62620 Sentence denotes The same properties of infection, including milder/no clinical signs and intestinal lesions and lower tissue antigen scores, were still relevant indicators for attenuation when the high passaged PEDV strains were compared with the parent virulent strains .
TextSentencer_T367 62364-62620 Sentence denotes The same properties of infection, including milder/no clinical signs and intestinal lesions and lower tissue antigen scores, were still relevant indicators for attenuation when the high passaged PEDV strains were compared with the parent virulent strains .
T37261 62364-62620 Sentence denotes The same properties of infection, including milder/no clinical signs and intestinal lesions and lower tissue antigen scores, were still relevant indicators for attenuation when the high passaged PEDV strains were compared with the parent virulent strains .
TextSentencer_T368 62621-62903 Sentence denotes For the TGEV, a large (224 aa)-deletion in the NTD of S1 region of S protein reduced its virulence and changed its tissue tropism from intestinal to respiratory [subsequently designated porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)] (Pensaert et al., 1986; Saif, 1989; Saif et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T368 62621-62903 Sentence denotes For the TGEV, a large (224 aa)-deletion in the NTD of S1 region of S protein reduced its virulence and changed its tissue tropism from intestinal to respiratory [subsequently designated porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)] (Pensaert et al., 1986; Saif, 1989; Saif et al., 2012) .
T37187 62621-62903 Sentence denotes For the TGEV, a large (224 aa)-deletion in the NTD of S1 region of S protein reduced its virulence and changed its tissue tropism from intestinal to respiratory [subsequently designated porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)] (Pensaert et al., 1986; Saif, 1989; Saif et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T369 62904-63007 Sentence denotes A mutant PEDV strain PC177 has a 197 amino acid (aa)deletion in the S1 NTD also was attenuated in pigs.
TextSentencer_T369 62904-63007 Sentence denotes A mutant PEDV strain PC177 has a 197 amino acid (aa)deletion in the S1 NTD also was attenuated in pigs.
T62929 62904-63007 Sentence denotes A mutant PEDV strain PC177 has a 197 amino acid (aa)deletion in the S1 NTD also was attenuated in pigs.
TextSentencer_T370 63008-63249 Sentence denotes Compared with the highly virulent PEDV PC22A, 4-day-old, CDCD piglets inoculated with 1000 TCID 50 of PEDV PC177 showed milder diarrhea, lower fecal PEDV RNA shedding titers, milder villous atrophy and lower intestinal tissue antigen scores.
TextSentencer_T370 63008-63249 Sentence denotes Compared with the highly virulent PEDV PC22A, 4-day-old, CDCD piglets inoculated with 1000 TCID 50 of PEDV PC177 showed milder diarrhea, lower fecal PEDV RNA shedding titers, milder villous atrophy and lower intestinal tissue antigen scores.
T1827 63008-63249 Sentence denotes Compared with the highly virulent PEDV PC22A, 4-day-old, CDCD piglets inoculated with 1000 TCID 50 of PEDV PC177 showed milder diarrhea, lower fecal PEDV RNA shedding titers, milder villous atrophy and lower intestinal tissue antigen scores.
TextSentencer_T371 63250-63443 Sentence denotes Mortality rates were 0% and 100% in the PC177-and PC22A-inoculated piglets, respectively (Hou et al., the 35th Annual Meeting of American Society of Virology, Blacksburg, VA, June 18-22, 2016).
TextSentencer_T371 63250-63443 Sentence denotes Mortality rates were 0% and 100% in the PC177-and PC22A-inoculated piglets, respectively (Hou et al., the 35th Annual Meeting of American Society of Virology, Blacksburg, VA, June 18-22, 2016).
T25171 63250-63443 Sentence denotes Mortality rates were 0% and 100% in the PC177-and PC22A-inoculated piglets, respectively (Hou et al., the 35th Annual Meeting of American Society of Virology, Blacksburg, VA, June 18-22, 2016).
TextSentencer_T372 63444-63569 Sentence denotes Unlike TGEV and PRCV, however, the results of our IHC staining did not suggest changes in tissue tropism of the PC177 strain.
TextSentencer_T372 63444-63569 Sentence denotes Unlike TGEV and PRCV, however, the results of our IHC staining did not suggest changes in tissue tropism of the PC177 strain.
T92483 63444-63569 Sentence denotes Unlike TGEV and PRCV, however, the results of our IHC staining did not suggest changes in tissue tropism of the PC177 strain.
TextSentencer_T373 63570-63799 Sentence denotes In a recent report, no mortality occurred in 7-day-old suckling field piglets (n = 120) infected with a Japanese PEDV strain (Tottori2/2014) with a 194 aa-deletion (aa 23-216) in the S1 NTD, similar to that of PC177 (aa 34-230) .
TextSentencer_T373 63570-63799 Sentence denotes In a recent report, no mortality occurred in 7-day-old suckling field piglets (n = 120) infected with a Japanese PEDV strain (Tottori2/2014) with a 194 aa-deletion (aa 23-216) in the S1 NTD, similar to that of PC177 (aa 34-230) .
T5435 63570-63799 Sentence denotes In a recent report, no mortality occurred in 7-day-old suckling field piglets (n = 120) infected with a Japanese PEDV strain (Tottori2/2014) with a 194 aa-deletion (aa 23-216) in the S1 NTD, similar to that of PC177 (aa 34-230) .
TextSentencer_T374 63800-63905 Sentence denotes Both findings suggest that the large deletion in the S1 NTD may be responsible for the reduced virulence.
TextSentencer_T374 63800-63905 Sentence denotes Both findings suggest that the large deletion in the S1 NTD may be responsible for the reduced virulence.
T97050 63800-63905 Sentence denotes Both findings suggest that the large deletion in the S1 NTD may be responsible for the reduced virulence.
TextSentencer_T375 63906-64075 Sentence denotes In addition, a variant Chinese PEDV field strain (FL2013) was isolated from a sow with mild clinical signs and with reduced virulence in her 3-day-old neonatal piglets .
TextSentencer_T375 63906-64075 Sentence denotes In addition, a variant Chinese PEDV field strain (FL2013) was isolated from a sow with mild clinical signs and with reduced virulence in her 3-day-old neonatal piglets .
T68209 63906-64075 Sentence denotes In addition, a variant Chinese PEDV field strain (FL2013) was isolated from a sow with mild clinical signs and with reduced virulence in her 3-day-old neonatal piglets .
TextSentencer_T376 64076-64172 Sentence denotes The backbone of the FL2013 genome was identical to other highly virulent PEDV strains (Fig. 1) .
TextSentencer_T376 64076-64172 Sentence denotes The backbone of the FL2013 genome was identical to other highly virulent PEDV strains (Fig. 1) .
T18403 64076-64172 Sentence denotes The backbone of the FL2013 genome was identical to other highly virulent PEDV strains (Fig. 1) .
TextSentencer_T377 64173-64348 Sentence denotes However, the extreme C-terminus of the FL2013S gene has a unique 21 nt-deletion, leading to a 7 aa-deletion (FEKVHVQ) in comparison with other highly virulent PEDV sequences .
TextSentencer_T377 64173-64348 Sentence denotes However, the extreme C-terminus of the FL2013S gene has a unique 21 nt-deletion, leading to a 7 aa-deletion (FEKVHVQ) in comparison with other highly virulent PEDV sequences .
T34273 64173-64348 Sentence denotes However, the extreme C-terminus of the FL2013S gene has a unique 21 nt-deletion, leading to a 7 aa-deletion (FEKVHVQ) in comparison with other highly virulent PEDV sequences .
TextSentencer_T378 64349-64438 Sentence denotes The same 7 aa-deletion is also observed in the classical PEDV CHN/LZC/before 2006 strain.
TextSentencer_T378 64349-64438 Sentence denotes The same 7 aa-deletion is also observed in the classical PEDV CHN/LZC/before 2006 strain.
T64225 64349-64438 Sentence denotes The same 7 aa-deletion is also observed in the classical PEDV CHN/LZC/before 2006 strain.
TextSentencer_T379 64439-64674 Sentence denotes Whether these large deletions or early termination of S protein alone alter viral infectivity, pathogenicity and replication efficiency can be further examined by reverse genetics technology (Beall et al., 2016; Jengarn et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T379 64439-64674 Sentence denotes Whether these large deletions or early termination of S protein alone alter viral infectivity, pathogenicity and replication efficiency can be further examined by reverse genetics technology (Beall et al., 2016; Jengarn et al., 2015) .
T4843 64439-64674 Sentence denotes Whether these large deletions or early termination of S protein alone alter viral infectivity, pathogenicity and replication efficiency can be further examined by reverse genetics technology (Beall et al., 2016; Jengarn et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T380 64675-64774 Sentence denotes The highly virulent PEDV strains spread rapidly and caused very high mortality in suckling piglets.
TextSentencer_T380 64675-64774 Sentence denotes The highly virulent PEDV strains spread rapidly and caused very high mortality in suckling piglets.
T48219 64675-64774 Sentence denotes The highly virulent PEDV strains spread rapidly and caused very high mortality in suckling piglets.
TextSentencer_T381 64775-65018 Sentence denotes Failure of the live attenuated classical PEDV vaccines in Asia Sun et al., 2015a) and the lack of live attenuated PEDV oral vaccines in North America necessitates the development of future PEDV vaccines for swine based on the emerging strains.
TextSentencer_T381 64775-65018 Sentence denotes Failure of the live attenuated classical PEDV vaccines in Asia Sun et al., 2015a) and the lack of live attenuated PEDV oral vaccines in North America necessitates the development of future PEDV vaccines for swine based on the emerging strains.
T18023 64775-65018 Sentence denotes Failure of the live attenuated classical PEDV vaccines in Asia Sun et al., 2015a) and the lack of live attenuated PEDV oral vaccines in North America necessitates the development of future PEDV vaccines for swine based on the emerging strains.
TextSentencer_T382 65019-65274 Sentence denotes Because PEDV causes up to 100% mortality in neonatal pigs (<7-day-old), the aim of vaccination for PEDV is to immunize the sows to induce adequate maternal immunity to passively protect neonatal piglets from PED (Chattha et al., 2015; Saif et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T382 65019-65274 Sentence denotes Because PEDV causes up to 100% mortality in neonatal pigs (<7-day-old), the aim of vaccination for PEDV is to immunize the sows to induce adequate maternal immunity to passively protect neonatal piglets from PED (Chattha et al., 2015; Saif et al., 2012) .
T2925 65019-65274 Sentence denotes Because PEDV causes up to 100% mortality in neonatal pigs (<7-day-old), the aim of vaccination for PEDV is to immunize the sows to induce adequate maternal immunity to passively protect neonatal piglets from PED (Chattha et al., 2015; Saif et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T383 65275-65503 Sentence denotes This objective may be accomplished by the selection of the optimal viral strain, whose antigenicity is close to that of the epidemic strain, but of minimal pathogenicity in young piglets, as well as the optimal vaccine approach.
TextSentencer_T383 65275-65503 Sentence denotes This objective may be accomplished by the selection of the optimal viral strain, whose antigenicity is close to that of the epidemic strain, but of minimal pathogenicity in young piglets, as well as the optimal vaccine approach.
T75176 65275-65503 Sentence denotes This objective may be accomplished by the selection of the optimal viral strain, whose antigenicity is close to that of the epidemic strain, but of minimal pathogenicity in young piglets, as well as the optimal vaccine approach.
TextSentencer_T384 65504-65508 Sentence denotes 5.1.
TextSentencer_T384 65504-65508 Sentence denotes 5.1.
T40939 65504-65508 Sentence denotes 5.1.
TextSentencer_T385 65509-65905 Sentence denotes Concerns about the use of autogenous PEDV strains for feedback or for inactivated vaccines to induce protection in pigs Before effective PEDV vaccines became available in the US and many Asian countries, intentional infection of sows with an autogenous PEDV strain during gestation, feedback exposure was used to induce lactogenic immunity for piglets (Chattha et al., 2015; Song et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T385 65509-65905 Sentence denotes Concerns about the use of autogenous PEDV strains for feedback or for inactivated vaccines to induce protection in pigs Before effective PEDV vaccines became available in the US and many Asian countries, intentional infection of sows with an autogenous PEDV strain during gestation, feedback exposure was used to induce lactogenic immunity for piglets (Chattha et al., 2015; Song et al., 2015b) .
T20732 65509-65905 Sentence denotes Concerns about the use of autogenous PEDV strains for feedback or for inactivated vaccines to induce protection in pigs Before effective PEDV vaccines became available in the US and many Asian countries, intentional infection of sows with an autogenous PEDV strain during gestation, feedback exposure was used to induce lactogenic immunity for piglets (Chattha et al., 2015; Song et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T386 65906-66124 Sentence denotes When the neonatal piglets were protected by sufficient amounts of lactogenic antibodies, experimental piglet inoculation with doses ∼100 and 1000 PFU of PEDV did not induce major clinical signs or microscopic lesions .
TextSentencer_T386 65906-66124 Sentence denotes When the neonatal piglets were protected by sufficient amounts of lactogenic antibodies, experimental piglet inoculation with doses ∼100 and 1000 PFU of PEDV did not induce major clinical signs or microscopic lesions .
T54088 65906-66124 Sentence denotes When the neonatal piglets were protected by sufficient amounts of lactogenic antibodies, experimental piglet inoculation with doses ∼100 and 1000 PFU of PEDV did not induce major clinical signs or microscopic lesions .
TextSentencer_T387 66125-66354 Sentence denotes Feedback methods utilizing PEDV infected material from the same outbreak farms bypassed the issues regarding antigenic variations between the classical and emerging PEDV strains and had variable success in preventing reinfection.
TextSentencer_T387 66125-66354 Sentence denotes Feedback methods utilizing PEDV infected material from the same outbreak farms bypassed the issues regarding antigenic variations between the classical and emerging PEDV strains and had variable success in preventing reinfection.
T1928 66125-66354 Sentence denotes Feedback methods utilizing PEDV infected material from the same outbreak farms bypassed the issues regarding antigenic variations between the classical and emerging PEDV strains and had variable success in preventing reinfection.
TextSentencer_T388 66355-66467 Sentence denotes However, the safety of using this strategy as a disease control method was questionable (Chattha et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T388 66355-66467 Sentence denotes However, the safety of using this strategy as a disease control method was questionable (Chattha et al., 2015) .
T27971 66355-66467 Sentence denotes However, the safety of using this strategy as a disease control method was questionable (Chattha et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T389 66468-66658 Sentence denotes Alternately, inactivated vaccines have advantages of vaccine safety, but usually elicit less robust and lower protective neutralizing/lactogenic immune responses than modified live vaccines.
TextSentencer_T389 66468-66658 Sentence denotes Alternately, inactivated vaccines have advantages of vaccine safety, but usually elicit less robust and lower protective neutralizing/lactogenic immune responses than modified live vaccines.
T79729 66468-66658 Sentence denotes Alternately, inactivated vaccines have advantages of vaccine safety, but usually elicit less robust and lower protective neutralizing/lactogenic immune responses than modified live vaccines.
TextSentencer_T390 66659-66849 Sentence denotes To date, detailed efficacy studies of the PEDV inactivated (Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ) or alphavirus vectored (Harrisvaccines, Ames, IA) vaccines conditionally licensed in the US are lacking.
TextSentencer_T390 66659-66849 Sentence denotes To date, detailed efficacy studies of the PEDV inactivated (Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ) or alphavirus vectored (Harrisvaccines, Ames, IA) vaccines conditionally licensed in the US are lacking.
T31178 66659-66849 Sentence denotes To date, detailed efficacy studies of the PEDV inactivated (Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ) or alphavirus vectored (Harrisvaccines, Ames, IA) vaccines conditionally licensed in the US are lacking.
TextSentencer_T391 66850-67029 Sentence denotes Whether the US PEDV S INDEL strains could be used as an effective live vaccine to cross-protect piglets from highly virulent PEDV strains has been investigated in several studies.
TextSentencer_T391 66850-67029 Sentence denotes Whether the US PEDV S INDEL strains could be used as an effective live vaccine to cross-protect piglets from highly virulent PEDV strains has been investigated in several studies.
T77120 66850-67029 Sentence denotes Whether the US PEDV S INDEL strains could be used as an effective live vaccine to cross-protect piglets from highly virulent PEDV strains has been investigated in several studies.
TextSentencer_T392 67030-67224 Sentence denotes Compared with prototype PEDV CV777, PEDV S INDEL Iowa106 is antigenically closer to the highly virulent PEDV PC22A in the S protein-based phylogenetic tree (Fig. 3 ) and antigenic map (Fig. 4) .
TextSentencer_T392 67030-67224 Sentence denotes Compared with prototype PEDV CV777, PEDV S INDEL Iowa106 is antigenically closer to the highly virulent PEDV PC22A in the S protein-based phylogenetic tree (Fig. 3 ) and antigenic map (Fig. 4) .
T20386 67030-67224 Sentence denotes Compared with prototype PEDV CV777, PEDV S INDEL Iowa106 is antigenically closer to the highly virulent PEDV PC22A in the S protein-based phylogenetic tree (Fig. 3 ) and antigenic map (Fig. 4) .
TextSentencer_T393 67225-67431 Sentence denotes We reported that convalescent antisera obtained from S INDEL-infected pigs cross-reacts with the highly virulent PEDV PC22A strain in twoway CCIF and VN assays (Tables 1 and 2, Fig. 4) (Lin et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T393 67225-67431 Sentence denotes We reported that convalescent antisera obtained from S INDEL-infected pigs cross-reacts with the highly virulent PEDV PC22A strain in twoway CCIF and VN assays (Tables 1 and 2, Fig. 4) (Lin et al., 2015b) .
T49997 67225-67431 Sentence denotes We reported that convalescent antisera obtained from S INDEL-infected pigs cross-reacts with the highly virulent PEDV PC22A strain in twoway CCIF and VN assays (Tables 1 and 2, Fig. 4) (Lin et al., 2015b) .
TextSentencer_T394 67432-67590 Sentence denotes However, these in vitro immunological assays only examined the IgG antibodies in serum and may not reflect lactogenic antibodies in vivo challenge conditions.
TextSentencer_T394 67432-67590 Sentence denotes However, these in vitro immunological assays only examined the IgG antibodies in serum and may not reflect lactogenic antibodies in vivo challenge conditions.
T1071 67432-67590 Sentence denotes However, these in vitro immunological assays only examined the IgG antibodies in serum and may not reflect lactogenic antibodies in vivo challenge conditions.
TextSentencer_T395 67591-67869 Sentence denotes Because PEDV infects and replicates in the intestinal mucosa, development of mucosal immunity that relies on the quality and quantity of antibodies present in the intestinal mucosa or colostrum/milk, is critical for optimal active protection (Chattha et al., 2015; Saif, 1999) .
TextSentencer_T395 67591-67869 Sentence denotes Because PEDV infects and replicates in the intestinal mucosa, development of mucosal immunity that relies on the quality and quantity of antibodies present in the intestinal mucosa or colostrum/milk, is critical for optimal active protection (Chattha et al., 2015; Saif, 1999) .
T69833 67591-67869 Sentence denotes Because PEDV infects and replicates in the intestinal mucosa, development of mucosal immunity that relies on the quality and quantity of antibodies present in the intestinal mucosa or colostrum/milk, is critical for optimal active protection (Chattha et al., 2015; Saif, 1999) .
TextSentencer_T396 67870-68138 Sentence denotes In the study of Goede et al. (2015) with 10 conventional sows, either with no previous PEDV infection or recovered from natural infection by an S INDEL PEDV at 7 months prior to farrowing, were orally boosted with a highly virulent PEDV strain at 109 day of gestation.
TextSentencer_T396 67870-68138 Sentence denotes In the study of Goede et al. (2015) with 10 conventional sows, either with no previous PEDV infection or recovered from natural infection by an S INDEL PEDV at 7 months prior to farrowing, were orally boosted with a highly virulent PEDV strain at 109 day of gestation.
T80701 67870-68138 Sentence denotes In the study of Goede et al. (2015) with 10 conventional sows, either with no previous PEDV infection or recovered from natural infection by an S INDEL PEDV at 7 months prior to farrowing, were orally boosted with a highly virulent PEDV strain at 109 day of gestation.
TextSentencer_T397 68139-68233 Sentence denotes Subsequently, the piglets were challenged at 3 days of age with a highly virulent PEDV strain.
TextSentencer_T397 68139-68233 Sentence denotes Subsequently, the piglets were challenged at 3 days of age with a highly virulent PEDV strain.
T12021 68139-68233 Sentence denotes Subsequently, the piglets were challenged at 3 days of age with a highly virulent PEDV strain.
TextSentencer_T398 68234-68333 Sentence denotes The S INDEL PEDV pre-exposed sows provided higher lactogenic immunity compared with unexposed sows.
TextSentencer_T398 68234-68333 Sentence denotes The S INDEL PEDV pre-exposed sows provided higher lactogenic immunity compared with unexposed sows.
T38249 68234-68333 Sentence denotes The S INDEL PEDV pre-exposed sows provided higher lactogenic immunity compared with unexposed sows.
TextSentencer_T399 68334-68624 Sentence denotes However, the PEDV-challenged, passively immunized suckling piglets showed extreme litter variations with morbidity rates ranging from 0% to 100%, although their mothers were naturally pre-exposed to an S INDEL PEDV strains and re-boosted with the virulent PEDV strain (Goede et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T399 68334-68624 Sentence denotes However, the PEDV-challenged, passively immunized suckling piglets showed extreme litter variations with morbidity rates ranging from 0% to 100%, although their mothers were naturally pre-exposed to an S INDEL PEDV strains and re-boosted with the virulent PEDV strain (Goede et al., 2015) .
T54430 68334-68624 Sentence denotes However, the PEDV-challenged, passively immunized suckling piglets showed extreme litter variations with morbidity rates ranging from 0% to 100%, although their mothers were naturally pre-exposed to an S INDEL PEDV strains and re-boosted with the virulent PEDV strain (Goede et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T400 68625-68744 Sentence denotes In our studies, we focused on active immunity to S INDEL PEDV in conventional suckling piglets born to PEDV-naïve sows.
TextSentencer_T400 68625-68744 Sentence denotes In our studies, we focused on active immunity to S INDEL PEDV in conventional suckling piglets born to PEDV-naïve sows.
T21843 68625-68744 Sentence denotes In our studies, we focused on active immunity to S INDEL PEDV in conventional suckling piglets born to PEDV-naïve sows.
TextSentencer_T401 68745-68886 Sentence denotes The piglets inoculated with S INDEL PEDV Iowa106 strain at 4-days of age and challenged with highly virulent PEDV PC21A at 24-32-days of age.
TextSentencer_T401 68745-68886 Sentence denotes The piglets inoculated with S INDEL PEDV Iowa106 strain at 4-days of age and challenged with highly virulent PEDV PC21A at 24-32-days of age.
T1474 68745-68886 Sentence denotes The piglets inoculated with S INDEL PEDV Iowa106 strain at 4-days of age and challenged with highly virulent PEDV PC21A at 24-32-days of age.
TextSentencer_T402 68887-69172 Sentence denotes Most piglets (81%, 13/16) recovered from S INDELIowa106 infection still had diarrhea after challenge with PC21A strain, while no piglets (0%, 0/4) recovered from the highly virulent PEDV PC21A infection developed disease after challenge with the homologous strain (Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T402 68887-69172 Sentence denotes Most piglets (81%, 13/16) recovered from S INDELIowa106 infection still had diarrhea after challenge with PC21A strain, while no piglets (0%, 0/4) recovered from the highly virulent PEDV PC21A infection developed disease after challenge with the homologous strain (Lin et al., 2015a) .
T63100 68887-69172 Sentence denotes Most piglets (81%, 13/16) recovered from S INDELIowa106 infection still had diarrhea after challenge with PC21A strain, while no piglets (0%, 0/4) recovered from the highly virulent PEDV PC21A infection developed disease after challenge with the homologous strain (Lin et al., 2015a) .
TextSentencer_T403 69173-69350 Sentence denotes Therefore, we concluded that the S INDEL PEDV strain provided only partial active cross-protection to the piglets from a subsequent challenge with a highly virulent PEDV strain.
TextSentencer_T403 69173-69350 Sentence denotes Therefore, we concluded that the S INDEL PEDV strain provided only partial active cross-protection to the piglets from a subsequent challenge with a highly virulent PEDV strain.
T35483 69173-69350 Sentence denotes Therefore, we concluded that the S INDEL PEDV strain provided only partial active cross-protection to the piglets from a subsequent challenge with a highly virulent PEDV strain.
TextSentencer_T404 69351-69541 Sentence denotes Attenuated PEDV generated via serial cell culture passages, as well as the naturally occurring mild S INDEL PEDV strains, may serve as live attenuated vaccine candidates Sato et al., 2011) .
TextSentencer_T404 69351-69541 Sentence denotes Attenuated PEDV generated via serial cell culture passages, as well as the naturally occurring mild S INDEL PEDV strains, may serve as live attenuated vaccine candidates Sato et al., 2011) .
T46151 69351-69541 Sentence denotes Attenuated PEDV generated via serial cell culture passages, as well as the naturally occurring mild S INDEL PEDV strains, may serve as live attenuated vaccine candidates Sato et al., 2011) .
TextSentencer_T405 69542-69741 Sentence denotes High cell culture passage level of PEDV strains could facilitate the generation of viruses that replicate well in cell culture, but less efficiently in the natural host, leading to viral attenuation.
TextSentencer_T405 69542-69741 Sentence denotes High cell culture passage level of PEDV strains could facilitate the generation of viruses that replicate well in cell culture, but less efficiently in the natural host, leading to viral attenuation.
T51087 69542-69741 Sentence denotes High cell culture passage level of PEDV strains could facilitate the generation of viruses that replicate well in cell culture, but less efficiently in the natural host, leading to viral attenuation.
TextSentencer_T406 69742-69903 Sentence denotes High titers of virus stocks that are free of other pathogens and can be generated and used to develop cost-effective inactivated and/or live attenuated vaccines.
TextSentencer_T406 69742-69903 Sentence denotes High titers of virus stocks that are free of other pathogens and can be generated and used to develop cost-effective inactivated and/or live attenuated vaccines.
T76961 69742-69903 Sentence denotes High titers of virus stocks that are free of other pathogens and can be generated and used to develop cost-effective inactivated and/or live attenuated vaccines.
TextSentencer_T407 69904-70024 Sentence denotes Many live attenuated classical PEDV strain vaccines had been used in Asian countries for decades (Sun et al., 2015a,b) .
TextSentencer_T407 69904-70024 Sentence denotes Many live attenuated classical PEDV strain vaccines had been used in Asian countries for decades (Sun et al., 2015a,b) .
T71699 69904-70024 Sentence denotes Many live attenuated classical PEDV strain vaccines had been used in Asian countries for decades (Sun et al., 2015a,b) .
TextSentencer_T408 70025-70140 Sentence denotes They showed no disease in sows and piglets, but still induced robust immune responses in sows (Song et al., 2007) .
TextSentencer_T408 70025-70140 Sentence denotes They showed no disease in sows and piglets, but still induced robust immune responses in sows (Song et al., 2007) .
T79167 70025-70140 Sentence denotes They showed no disease in sows and piglets, but still induced robust immune responses in sows (Song et al., 2007) .
TextSentencer_T409 70141-70392 Sentence denotes More recently, attenuated vaccine candidates have been produced via continuous cell culture passage of US PEDV PC22A strain in our laboratory (Lin et al. presented at Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, December 6-8, 2015, Chicago, USA.
TextSentencer_T409 70141-70392 Sentence denotes More recently, attenuated vaccine candidates have been produced via continuous cell culture passage of US PEDV PC22A strain in our laboratory (Lin et al. presented at Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, December 6-8, 2015, Chicago, USA.
T77240 70141-70392 Sentence denotes More recently, attenuated vaccine candidates have been produced via continuous cell culture passage of US PEDV PC22A strain in our laboratory (Lin et al. presented at Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, December 6-8, 2015, Chicago, USA.
TextSentencer_T410 70393-70405 Sentence denotes Abstract no.
TextSentencer_T410 70393-70405 Sentence denotes Abstract no.
T62980 70393-70405 Sentence denotes Abstract no.
TextSentencer_T411 70406-70463 Sentence denotes 177) and Chinese PEDV YN strains in Dr. He's laboratory .
TextSentencer_T411 70406-70463 Sentence denotes 177) and Chinese PEDV YN strains in Dr. He's laboratory .
T58146 70406-70463 Sentence denotes 177) and Chinese PEDV YN strains in Dr. He's laboratory .
TextSentencer_T412 70464-70558 Sentence denotes A highly virulent PEDV YN strain was serially propagated in Vero-C1008 cells for 200 passages.
TextSentencer_T412 70464-70558 Sentence denotes A highly virulent PEDV YN strain was serially propagated in Vero-C1008 cells for 200 passages.
T11049 70464-70558 Sentence denotes A highly virulent PEDV YN strain was serially propagated in Vero-C1008 cells for 200 passages.
TextSentencer_T413 70559-70659 Sentence denotes At passage 144, the virus caused no clinical signs or histopathologic lesions in 10-day-old piglets.
TextSentencer_T413 70559-70659 Sentence denotes At passage 144, the virus caused no clinical signs or histopathologic lesions in 10-day-old piglets.
T7658 70559-70659 Sentence denotes At passage 144, the virus caused no clinical signs or histopathologic lesions in 10-day-old piglets.
TextSentencer_T414 70660-70900 Sentence denotes Compared with its parent strain (YN-P1), YN-P144 had 3 amino acid deletions and 13 amino acid substitutions in the S protein, 8 aa-early termination of ORF3 protein and other amino acid changes (9, 2, 2 and 2 in ORF1ab, E, M and N regions).
TextSentencer_T414 70660-70900 Sentence denotes Compared with its parent strain (YN-P1), YN-P144 had 3 amino acid deletions and 13 amino acid substitutions in the S protein, 8 aa-early termination of ORF3 protein and other amino acid changes (9, 2, 2 and 2 in ORF1ab, E, M and N regions).
T39031 70660-70900 Sentence denotes Compared with its parent strain (YN-P1), YN-P144 had 3 amino acid deletions and 13 amino acid substitutions in the S protein, 8 aa-early termination of ORF3 protein and other amino acid changes (9, 2, 2 and 2 in ORF1ab, E, M and N regions).
TextSentencer_T415 70901-70964 Sentence denotes However, none of the changes occurred in neutralizing epitopes.
TextSentencer_T415 70901-70964 Sentence denotes However, none of the changes occurred in neutralizing epitopes.
T24906 70901-70964 Sentence denotes However, none of the changes occurred in neutralizing epitopes.
TextSentencer_T416 70965-71303 Sentence denotes Although detailed data regarding the serological cross-reactivity has not been reported, the S proteins of YN-P1 and YN-P144 had a high (99.13%) sequence identity.In the same study, PEDV YN-P144 was tested safe for pregnant sows and newborn piglets, and induced immunity in sows and their piglets against a highly virulent PEDV challenge.
TextSentencer_T416 70965-71303 Sentence denotes Although detailed data regarding the serological cross-reactivity has not been reported, the S proteins of YN-P1 and YN-P144 had a high (99.13%) sequence identity.In the same study, PEDV YN-P144 was tested safe for pregnant sows and newborn piglets, and induced immunity in sows and their piglets against a highly virulent PEDV challenge.
T3714 70965-71303 Sentence denotes Although detailed data regarding the serological cross-reactivity has not been reported, the S proteins of YN-P1 and YN-P144 had a high (99.13%) sequence identity.In the same study, PEDV YN-P144 was tested safe for pregnant sows and newborn piglets, and induced immunity in sows and their piglets against a highly virulent PEDV challenge.
TextSentencer_T417 71304-71456 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, one US original highly virulent PEDV strain, PC22A, was continuously passaged in Vero cell lineages as described (Oka et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T417 71304-71456 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, one US original highly virulent PEDV strain, PC22A, was continuously passaged in Vero cell lineages as described (Oka et al., 2014) .
T34600 71304-71456 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, one US original highly virulent PEDV strain, PC22A, was continuously passaged in Vero cell lineages as described (Oka et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T418 71457-71564 Sentence denotes After passage 100, it showed reduced virulence in 4-day-old CDCD piglets (Lin and Wang, unpublished data) .
TextSentencer_T418 71457-71564 Sentence denotes After passage 100, it showed reduced virulence in 4-day-old CDCD piglets (Lin and Wang, unpublished data) .
T62272 71457-71564 Sentence denotes After passage 100, it showed reduced virulence in 4-day-old CDCD piglets (Lin and Wang, unpublished data) .
TextSentencer_T419 71565-71966 Sentence denotes However, concerns remain that the attenuated PEDV strains may recover their virulence via mutation in the natural hosts or generate new virulent strains by exchanging their genes with field strains by recombination (See Section 2 for examples of PEDV recombination) unless the viral genes responsible for recombination are defective, or suicide strains are engineered (limited replication competency).
TextSentencer_T419 71565-71966 Sentence denotes However, concerns remain that the attenuated PEDV strains may recover their virulence via mutation in the natural hosts or generate new virulent strains by exchanging their genes with field strains by recombination (See Section 2 for examples of PEDV recombination) unless the viral genes responsible for recombination are defective, or suicide strains are engineered (limited replication competency).
T7150 71565-71966 Sentence denotes However, concerns remain that the attenuated PEDV strains may recover their virulence via mutation in the natural hosts or generate new virulent strains by exchanging their genes with field strains by recombination (See Section 2 for examples of PEDV recombination) unless the viral genes responsible for recombination are defective, or suicide strains are engineered (limited replication competency).
TextSentencer_T420 71967-72211 Sentence denotes The use of reverse genetics technology to generate PEDV infectious clones will allow targeted mutations in virulence genes and the engineering of genomic changes that limit PEDV recombination in vivo (Beall et al., 2016; Jengarn et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T420 71967-72211 Sentence denotes The use of reverse genetics technology to generate PEDV infectious clones will allow targeted mutations in virulence genes and the engineering of genomic changes that limit PEDV recombination in vivo (Beall et al., 2016; Jengarn et al., 2015) .
T6473 71967-72211 Sentence denotes The use of reverse genetics technology to generate PEDV infectious clones will allow targeted mutations in virulence genes and the engineering of genomic changes that limit PEDV recombination in vivo (Beall et al., 2016; Jengarn et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T421 72212-72456 Sentence denotes Truncation of ORF3 protein observed in attenuated PEDV CV777 (Wang et al., 2012) and ORF3 gene mutations in attenuated DR13 (Song et al., 2003) suggested that ORF3 could be a region other than the S gene associated with viral virulence in vivo.
TextSentencer_T421 72212-72456 Sentence denotes Truncation of ORF3 protein observed in attenuated PEDV CV777 (Wang et al., 2012) and ORF3 gene mutations in attenuated DR13 (Song et al., 2003) suggested that ORF3 could be a region other than the S gene associated with viral virulence in vivo.
T31828 72212-72456 Sentence denotes Truncation of ORF3 protein observed in attenuated PEDV CV777 (Wang et al., 2012) and ORF3 gene mutations in attenuated DR13 (Song et al., 2003) suggested that ORF3 could be a region other than the S gene associated with viral virulence in vivo.
TextSentencer_T422 72457-72582 Sentence denotes Previous studies indicated that PEDV ORF3 encodes an ion channel protein and regulates virus production (Wang et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T422 72457-72582 Sentence denotes Previous studies indicated that PEDV ORF3 encodes an ion channel protein and regulates virus production (Wang et al., 2012) .
T84996 72457-72582 Sentence denotes Previous studies indicated that PEDV ORF3 encodes an ion channel protein and regulates virus production (Wang et al., 2012) .
TextSentencer_T423 72583-72759 Sentence denotes However, truncation of ORF3 also occurred in low-passaged (P15) YN strain suggesting that it may be related to cell culture adaption, and not necessarily to viral attenuation .
TextSentencer_T423 72583-72759 Sentence denotes However, truncation of ORF3 also occurred in low-passaged (P15) YN strain suggesting that it may be related to cell culture adaption, and not necessarily to viral attenuation .
T38393 72583-72759 Sentence denotes However, truncation of ORF3 also occurred in low-passaged (P15) YN strain suggesting that it may be related to cell culture adaption, and not necessarily to viral attenuation .
TextSentencer_T424 72760-72904 Sentence denotes In our recent study, PEDV PC22A ORF3 gene was replaced by a red fluorescent protein gene using revere genetics technology (Beall et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T424 72760-72904 Sentence denotes In our recent study, PEDV PC22A ORF3 gene was replaced by a red fluorescent protein gene using revere genetics technology (Beall et al., 2016) .
T97597 72760-72904 Sentence denotes In our recent study, PEDV PC22A ORF3 gene was replaced by a red fluorescent protein gene using revere genetics technology (Beall et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T425 72905-73002 Sentence denotes This ORF3-deleted PEDV infectious clone showed slightly reduced virulence in gnotobiotic piglets.
TextSentencer_T425 72905-73002 Sentence denotes This ORF3-deleted PEDV infectious clone showed slightly reduced virulence in gnotobiotic piglets.
T18293 72905-73002 Sentence denotes This ORF3-deleted PEDV infectious clone showed slightly reduced virulence in gnotobiotic piglets.
TextSentencer_T426 73003-73127 Sentence denotes Deletion of PEDV ORF3 did not change viral antigenicity, but alone it was not sufficient for complete virulence attenuation.
TextSentencer_T426 73003-73127 Sentence denotes Deletion of PEDV ORF3 did not change viral antigenicity, but alone it was not sufficient for complete virulence attenuation.
T93391 73003-73127 Sentence denotes Deletion of PEDV ORF3 did not change viral antigenicity, but alone it was not sufficient for complete virulence attenuation.
TextSentencer_T427 73128-73305 Sentence denotes With the accumulation of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of PEDV attenuation, reverse genetics will help to rationally design PEDV vaccine candidates in the future.
TextSentencer_T427 73128-73305 Sentence denotes With the accumulation of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of PEDV attenuation, reverse genetics will help to rationally design PEDV vaccine candidates in the future.
T86497 73128-73305 Sentence denotes With the accumulation of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of PEDV attenuation, reverse genetics will help to rationally design PEDV vaccine candidates in the future.
TextSentencer_T428 73306-73462 Sentence denotes Since the emergence of PEDV in England in 1971, different PEDV strains with various genetic, antigenic and pathologic properties have been detected in pigs.
TextSentencer_T428 73306-73462 Sentence denotes Since the emergence of PEDV in England in 1971, different PEDV strains with various genetic, antigenic and pathologic properties have been detected in pigs.
T51367 73306-73462 Sentence denotes Since the emergence of PEDV in England in 1971, different PEDV strains with various genetic, antigenic and pathologic properties have been detected in pigs.
TextSentencer_T429 73463-73593 Sentence denotes PEDV mutates constantly and recombination occurs frequently among PEDV strains and sometimes between PEDV and other coronaviruses.
TextSentencer_T429 73463-73593 Sentence denotes PEDV mutates constantly and recombination occurs frequently among PEDV strains and sometimes between PEDV and other coronaviruses.
T20755 73463-73593 Sentence denotes PEDV mutates constantly and recombination occurs frequently among PEDV strains and sometimes between PEDV and other coronaviruses.
TextSentencer_T430 73594-73705 Sentence denotes Currently, emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains are highly virulent and cause severe threats to swine populations.
TextSentencer_T430 73594-73705 Sentence denotes Currently, emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains are highly virulent and cause severe threats to swine populations.
T65008 73594-73705 Sentence denotes Currently, emerging non-S INDEL PEDV strains are highly virulent and cause severe threats to swine populations.
TextSentencer_T431 73706-73804 Sentence denotes Antigenic variations among classical, emerging non-S INDEL and S-INDEL PEDV strains were observed.
TextSentencer_T431 73706-73804 Sentence denotes Antigenic variations among classical, emerging non-S INDEL and S-INDEL PEDV strains were observed.
T5598 73706-73804 Sentence denotes Antigenic variations among classical, emerging non-S INDEL and S-INDEL PEDV strains were observed.
TextSentencer_T432 73805-73942 Sentence denotes Partial cross-protection between emerging S-INDEL and non-S INDEL PEDV strains and between classical and emerging PEDV strains may exist.
TextSentencer_T432 73805-73942 Sentence denotes Partial cross-protection between emerging S-INDEL and non-S INDEL PEDV strains and between classical and emerging PEDV strains may exist.
T4037 73805-73942 Sentence denotes Partial cross-protection between emerging S-INDEL and non-S INDEL PEDV strains and between classical and emerging PEDV strains may exist.
TextSentencer_T433 73943-74147 Sentence denotes The failure of the classical PEDV vaccines in Asia and lack of attenuated vaccines based on the emerging PEDV strains necessitates the development of new PEDV vaccines against the highly virulent strains.
TextSentencer_T433 73943-74147 Sentence denotes The failure of the classical PEDV vaccines in Asia and lack of attenuated vaccines based on the emerging PEDV strains necessitates the development of new PEDV vaccines against the highly virulent strains.
T89101 73943-74147 Sentence denotes The failure of the classical PEDV vaccines in Asia and lack of attenuated vaccines based on the emerging PEDV strains necessitates the development of new PEDV vaccines against the highly virulent strains.
TextSentencer_T434 74148-74317 Sentence denotes Naturally occurring mild PEDV strains, TC PEDV strains, and the infectious clone-derived attenuated strains can be considered as live attenuated PEDV vaccine candidates.
TextSentencer_T434 74148-74317 Sentence denotes Naturally occurring mild PEDV strains, TC PEDV strains, and the infectious clone-derived attenuated strains can be considered as live attenuated PEDV vaccine candidates.
T90905 74148-74317 Sentence denotes Naturally occurring mild PEDV strains, TC PEDV strains, and the infectious clone-derived attenuated strains can be considered as live attenuated PEDV vaccine candidates.
TextSentencer_T435 74318-74505 Sentence denotes Continued monitoring and characterization of global PEDV strains is important for precise classification of these viruses and for the development of strategies to prevent and control PED.
TextSentencer_T435 74318-74505 Sentence denotes Continued monitoring and characterization of global PEDV strains is important for precise classification of these viruses and for the development of strategies to prevent and control PED.
T93675 74318-74505 Sentence denotes Continued monitoring and characterization of global PEDV strains is important for precise classification of these viruses and for the development of strategies to prevent and control PED.