CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:3c1f47a07aaf0e393dee9fbd08596a4b9f4f0a03 JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-488 Sentence denotes Infection control O14 Surgical site infection surveillance in France: the first 1999-2004 trend analysis O21 Evaluation of a rapid molecular dipstick assay for the direct detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in clinical specimens O23 Impact of hypochlorite disinfection on MRSA rates Resistance surveillance O24 Multi-drug resistant enterococci among Portuguese swine after growth promoter ban O27 European Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance in Animals (EASSA):
T9211 0-488 Sentence denotes Infection control O14 Surgical site infection surveillance in France: the first 1999-2004 trend analysis O21 Evaluation of a rapid molecular dipstick assay for the direct detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in clinical specimens O23 Impact of hypochlorite disinfection on MRSA rates Resistance surveillance O24 Multi-drug resistant enterococci among Portuguese swine after growth promoter ban O27 European Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance in Animals (EASSA):
TextSentencer_T2 489-585 Sentence denotes Results (2002/2003) for enteric bacteria from healthy cattle, pigs and chickens from 8 countries
T54238 489-585 Sentence denotes Results (2002/2003) for enteric bacteria from healthy cattle, pigs and chickens from 8 countries
TextSentencer_T3 587-595 Sentence denotes Abstract
T67609 587-595 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T4 596-607 Sentence denotes Background:
T17097 596-607 Sentence denotes Background:
TextSentencer_T5 608-688 Sentence denotes Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most frequent nosocomial infections.
T56335 608-688 Sentence denotes Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most frequent nosocomial infections.
TextSentencer_T6 689-829 Sentence denotes Since 1999, a national coordination of regional networks has been implemented to gather SSI incidence data according to standardised method.
T726 689-829 Sentence denotes Since 1999, a national coordination of regional networks has been implemented to gather SSI incidence data according to standardised method.
TextSentencer_T7 830-967 Sentence denotes The aim of the current study was to describe the largest database ever collected in France on SSI and to analyse a 6-year temporal trend.
T34772 830-967 Sentence denotes The aim of the current study was to describe the largest database ever collected in France on SSI and to analyse a 6-year temporal trend.
TextSentencer_T8 968-976 Sentence denotes Methods:
T20707 968-976 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T9 977-1078 Sentence denotes Surgery patients were enrolled by voluntary participating wards in a yearly 3-month incidence survey.
T42645 977-1078 Sentence denotes Surgery patients were enrolled by voluntary participating wards in a yearly 3-month incidence survey.
TextSentencer_T10 1079-1197 Sentence denotes In each ward, 200 consecutive surgery procedures should be included and patients followed up to 30 days after surgery.
T16570 1079-1197 Sentence denotes In each ward, 200 consecutive surgery procedures should be included and patients followed up to 30 days after surgery.
TextSentencer_T11 1198-1245 Sentence denotes SSI was defined based on standard CDC criteria.
T30057 1198-1245 Sentence denotes SSI was defined based on standard CDC criteria.
TextSentencer_T12 1246-1457 Sentence denotes For each patient, risk factors were collected on the day of surgery including age, ASA score, Altemeier wound class, type and duration of procedure, emergency/elective, and when videoscopy surgery was performed.
T36208 1246-1457 Sentence denotes For each patient, risk factors were collected on the day of surgery including age, ASA score, Altemeier wound class, type and duration of procedure, emergency/elective, and when videoscopy surgery was performed.
TextSentencer_T13 1458-1466 Sentence denotes Results:
T88478 1458-1466 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T14 1467-1598 Sentence denotes During 6 years, the study included 620,176 operations (17,430,253 operated patient-days follow-up; median post-operative follow-up:
T37201 1467-1598 Sentence denotes During 6 years, the study included 620,176 operations (17,430,253 operated patient-days follow-up; median post-operative follow-up:
TextSentencer_T15 1599-1608 Sentence denotes 28 days).
T52566 1599-1608 Sentence denotes 28 days).
TextSentencer_T16 1609-1650 Sentence denotes The overall SSI incidence rate was 1.68%.
T35428 1609-1650 Sentence denotes The overall SSI incidence rate was 1.68%.
TextSentencer_T17 1651-1773 Sentence denotes Organ space and deep incisional SSI accounted for 41.7% although their proportion varied according to the type of surgery.
T66359 1651-1773 Sentence denotes Organ space and deep incisional SSI accounted for 41.7% although their proportion varied according to the type of surgery.
TextSentencer_T18 1774-1892 Sentence denotes SSI incidence rate increased from 0.91% [0.88-0.94%] for NNIS-0 patients to 13.8% [12.5−15.2%] for NNIS-2, 3 patients.
T95964 1774-1892 Sentence denotes SSI incidence rate increased from 0.91% [0.88-0.94%] for NNIS-0 patients to 13.8% [12.5−15.2%] for NNIS-2, 3 patients.
TextSentencer_T19 1893-1972 Sentence denotes The SSI incidence varied from 1.15% for herniorraphy to 9.2% for colon surgery.
T81461 1893-1972 Sentence denotes The SSI incidence varied from 1.15% for herniorraphy to 9.2% for colon surgery.
TextSentencer_T20 1973-2113 Sentence denotes In NNIS-0 patients, emergency surgery increased the SSI risk for C-section whereas videoscopy surgery was at lower risk for cholecystectomy.
T89009 1973-2113 Sentence denotes In NNIS-0 patients, emergency surgery increased the SSI risk for C-section whereas videoscopy surgery was at lower risk for cholecystectomy.
TextSentencer_T21 2114-2234 Sentence denotes From 1999 to 2004, NNIS-0 SSI incidence decreased from 1.1 to 0.9 for 100 operated patients (relative difference: −18%).
T33809 2114-2234 Sentence denotes From 1999 to 2004, NNIS-0 SSI incidence decreased from 1.1 to 0.9 for 100 operated patients (relative difference: −18%).
TextSentencer_T22 2235-2312 Sentence denotes According to procedure, the trend remained significant only for herniorraphy.
T2452 2235-2312 Sentence denotes According to procedure, the trend remained significant only for herniorraphy.
TextSentencer_T23 2313-2324 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T61511 2313-2324 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T24 2325-2436 Sentence denotes This database provided thorough standardised estimate of SSI incidence according to various surgery procedures.
T76184 2325-2436 Sentence denotes This database provided thorough standardised estimate of SSI incidence according to various surgery procedures.
TextSentencer_T25 2437-2582 Sentence denotes Impact of the national policy on SSI incidence remains to be further evaluated, although encouraging results were evidenced for specific surgery.
T19356 2437-2582 Sentence denotes Impact of the national policy on SSI incidence remains to be further evaluated, although encouraging results were evidenced for specific surgery.
TextSentencer_T26 2583-2594 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T77834 2583-2594 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T27 2595-2768 Sentence denotes Healthcare associated infection (HAI) incidence rates after delivery range from 0.26% to 20.3% according to the mode of delivery, the maternity activity, women risk factors.
T44706 2595-2768 Sentence denotes Healthcare associated infection (HAI) incidence rates after delivery range from 0.26% to 20.3% according to the mode of delivery, the maternity activity, women risk factors.
TextSentencer_T28 2769-2825 Sentence denotes Data on HAI surveillance in maternity units are lacking.
T57394 2769-2825 Sentence denotes Data on HAI surveillance in maternity units are lacking.
TextSentencer_T29 2826-2948 Sentence denotes The Mater Sud-Est Study Group is a HAI continuous surveillance network on maternity units located in south eastern France.
T83386 2826-2948 Sentence denotes The Mater Sud-Est Study Group is a HAI continuous surveillance network on maternity units located in south eastern France.
TextSentencer_T30 2949-3065 Sentence denotes We report changes in risk-adjusted HAI rates over a 6-year long surveillance period in this maternity units network.
T65135 2949-3065 Sentence denotes We report changes in risk-adjusted HAI rates over a 6-year long surveillance period in this maternity units network.
TextSentencer_T31 3066-3074 Sentence denotes Methods:
T41890 3066-3074 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T32 3075-3215 Sentence denotes 161,077 vaginal deliveries and 37,074 cesarean deliveries were included in the surveillance between January 1st 1997 and December 31st 2003.
T63615 3075-3215 Sentence denotes 161,077 vaginal deliveries and 37,074 cesarean deliveries were included in the surveillance between January 1st 1997 and December 31st 2003.
TextSentencer_T33 3216-3389 Sentence denotes We studied the changes in four HAI: endometritis and Urinary tract infection (UTI) after vaginal deliveries, surgical site infection (SSI) and UTI after cesarean deliveries.
T55531 3216-3389 Sentence denotes We studied the changes in four HAI: endometritis and Urinary tract infection (UTI) after vaginal deliveries, surgical site infection (SSI) and UTI after cesarean deliveries.
TextSentencer_T34 3390-3465 Sentence denotes We used a logistic regression modeling to estimate risk-adjusted HAI rates.
T93404 3390-3465 Sentence denotes We used a logistic regression modeling to estimate risk-adjusted HAI rates.
TextSentencer_T35 3466-3519 Sentence denotes The year of delivery was considered as a risk factor.
T18630 3466-3519 Sentence denotes The year of delivery was considered as a risk factor.
TextSentencer_T36 3520-3672 Sentence denotes The trend of risk-adjusted HAI rates over the study period was studied by a linear regression of the year-of-delivery odds ratios for each targeted HAI.
T28170 3520-3672 Sentence denotes The trend of risk-adjusted HAI rates over the study period was studied by a linear regression of the year-of-delivery odds ratios for each targeted HAI.
TextSentencer_T37 3673-3681 Sentence denotes Results:
T92436 3673-3681 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T38 3682-3799 Sentence denotes The rate of endometritis and UTI after vaginal deliveries was 0.3% (534/161,077) and 0.5% (728/161,077) respectively.
T9668 3682-3799 Sentence denotes The rate of endometritis and UTI after vaginal deliveries was 0.3% (534/161,077) and 0.5% (728/161,077) respectively.
TextSentencer_T39 3800-3892 Sentence denotes Over the study period the decrease in endometritis odd ratios was statistically significant.
T7738 3800-3892 Sentence denotes Over the study period the decrease in endometritis odd ratios was statistically significant.
TextSentencer_T40 3893-3963 Sentence denotes We found no statistically significant trend in vaginal delivery's UTI.
T55578 3893-3963 Sentence denotes We found no statistically significant trend in vaginal delivery's UTI.
TextSentencer_T41 3964-4071 Sentence denotes The rate of SSI and UTI after cesarean deliveries was 1.5% (571/37,074) and 1.8% (685/37,074) respectively.
T27407 3964-4071 Sentence denotes The rate of SSI and UTI after cesarean deliveries was 1.5% (571/37,074) and 1.8% (685/37,074) respectively.
TextSentencer_T42 4072-4163 Sentence denotes Over the study period the decrease in SSI and UTI odd ratios was statistically significant.
T40992 4072-4163 Sentence denotes Over the study period the decrease in SSI and UTI odd ratios was statistically significant.
TextSentencer_T43 4164-4175 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T29712 4164-4175 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T44 4176-4314 Sentence denotes These findings highlight the positive effect of participating in a surveillance network for infection control and for improvement of care.
T25427 4176-4314 Sentence denotes These findings highlight the positive effect of participating in a surveillance network for infection control and for improvement of care.
TextSentencer_T45 4315-4401 Sentence denotes Infection Alert, Investigation & Surveillance Network (RAISIN) Bordeux, FR Background:
T51964 4315-4401 Sentence denotes Infection Alert, Investigation & Surveillance Network (RAISIN) Bordeux, FR Background:
TextSentencer_T46 4402-4717 Sentence denotes National surveillance of occupational blood and body fluids exposures (BBFE) in France is conducted since 2002 through the Nosocomial Infection Early Warning, Investigation and Surveillance Network (Raisin) in collaboration with Geres (Groupe d'Etude sur le Risque d'Exposition des Soignants aux Agents Infectieux).
T34939 4402-4717 Sentence denotes National surveillance of occupational blood and body fluids exposures (BBFE) in France is conducted since 2002 through the Nosocomial Infection Early Warning, Investigation and Surveillance Network (Raisin) in collaboration with Geres (Groupe d'Etude sur le Risque d'Exposition des Soignants aux Agents Infectieux).
TextSentencer_T47 4718-4726 Sentence denotes Methods:
T81911 4718-4726 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T48 4727-4799 Sentence denotes Participation of healthcare facilities (HCF) is voluntary and anonymous.
T16322 4727-4799 Sentence denotes Participation of healthcare facilities (HCF) is voluntary and anonymous.
TextSentencer_T49 4800-5018 Sentence denotes BBFE occurring from 01/01/04 to 31/12/04 were documented using a standardised questionnaire documenting the nature, circumstances (mechanism, type of device, infectious status of the source) and follow-up of each BBFE.
T35695 4800-5018 Sentence denotes BBFE occurring from 01/01/04 to 31/12/04 were documented using a standardised questionnaire documenting the nature, circumstances (mechanism, type of device, infectious status of the source) and follow-up of each BBFE.
TextSentencer_T50 5019-5180 Sentence denotes Incidence of BBFE is reported per 100 hospitalisation beds, by type of personnel per 100 full time equivalents (FTE), or by type of material per 100,000 devices.
T35558 5019-5180 Sentence denotes Incidence of BBFE is reported per 100 hospitalisation beds, by type of personnel per 100 full time equivalents (FTE), or by type of material per 100,000 devices.
TextSentencer_T51 5181-5235 Sentence denotes S4 17th ECCMID / 25th ICC, Oral presentations Results:
T46667 5181-5235 Sentence denotes S4 17th ECCMID / 25th ICC, Oral presentations Results:
TextSentencer_T52 5236-5372 Sentence denotes In 2004, 13,041 BBFE were documented in 371 participating HCF, which accounted for 15% of HCF and 29% of hospitalisation beds in France.
T96013 5236-5372 Sentence denotes In 2004, 13,041 BBFE were documented in 371 participating HCF, which accounted for 15% of HCF and 29% of hospitalisation beds in France.
TextSentencer_T53 5373-5417 Sentence denotes BBFE overall incidence was 8.9 per 100 beds.
T79176 5373-5417 Sentence denotes BBFE overall incidence was 8.9 per 100 beds.
TextSentencer_T54 5418-5497 Sentence denotes Considering that all French hospitals account for 465,494 beds, 41,276 [95% CI:
T96469 5418-5497 Sentence denotes Considering that all French hospitals account for 465,494 beds, 41,276 [95% CI:
TextSentencer_T55 5498-5556 Sentence denotes 40,896-41,656] BBFE could have occurred in France in 2004.
T4681 5498-5556 Sentence denotes 40,896-41,656] BBFE could have occurred in France in 2004.
TextSentencer_T56 5557-5640 Sentence denotes HCV or HIV status of the source was not known for more than 20% of documented BBFE.
T32479 5557-5640 Sentence denotes HCV or HIV status of the source was not known for more than 20% of documented BBFE.
TextSentencer_T57 5641-5859 Sentence denotes Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was prescribed to 4.5% of exposed personnel (vs. 5.8% in 2003 and 6.3% in 2002); this decrease may reflect the impact of April 2003 French recommendations, which reduced PEP indications.
T47649 5641-5859 Sentence denotes Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was prescribed to 4.5% of exposed personnel (vs. 5.8% in 2003 and 6.3% in 2002); this decrease may reflect the impact of April 2003 French recommendations, which reduced PEP indications.
TextSentencer_T58 5860-6137 Sentence denotes For the first time in 2004, sutures were the most frequent cause of BBFE associated with needles (more than subcutaneous injections) and accounted for 1,103 (11%) of all BBFE; one third occurred among residents, and 20% in ICU or emergency rooms (beyond surgery or obstetrics).
T99132 5860-6137 Sentence denotes For the first time in 2004, sutures were the most frequent cause of BBFE associated with needles (more than subcutaneous injections) and accounted for 1,103 (11%) of all BBFE; one third occurred among residents, and 20% in ICU or emergency rooms (beyond surgery or obstetrics).
TextSentencer_T59 6138-6247 Sentence denotes Prevention through education and use of safety devices (such as blunt suture needles) may thus be a priority.
T10063 6138-6247 Sentence denotes Prevention through education and use of safety devices (such as blunt suture needles) may thus be a priority.
TextSentencer_T60 6248-6372 Sentence denotes Data from a cohort of 173 HCF which participated in 2003 and 2004 also were compared and demonstrate significant progresses.
T49433 6248-6372 Sentence denotes Data from a cohort of 173 HCF which participated in 2003 and 2004 also were compared and demonstrate significant progresses.
TextSentencer_T61 6373-6535 Sentence denotes Compliance to glove use increased from 58.6% in 2003 to 62.3% in 2004, and BBFE incidence among nurse assistants fell from 2.3 in 2003 to 2.1 per 100 FTE in 2004.
T40147 6373-6535 Sentence denotes Compliance to glove use increased from 58.6% in 2003 to 62.3% in 2004, and BBFE incidence among nurse assistants fell from 2.3 in 2003 to 2.1 per 100 FTE in 2004.
TextSentencer_T62 6536-6671 Sentence denotes Last, BBFE incidence fell from 17.2 to 13.7 per 100,000 catheters, and from 71.6 to 43.2 per 100,000 implantable venous access systems.
T22605 6536-6671 Sentence denotes Last, BBFE incidence fell from 17.2 to 13.7 per 100,000 catheters, and from 71.6 to 43.2 per 100,000 implantable venous access systems.
TextSentencer_T63 6672-6883 Sentence denotes Conclusion: AES-Raisin is one of the biggest BBFE surveillance network and results demonstrate an increase in observance to standard precautions and a significant decrease in the incidence of some types of BBFE.
T65253 6672-6883 Sentence denotes Conclusion: AES-Raisin is one of the biggest BBFE surveillance network and results demonstrate an increase in observance to standard precautions and a significant decrease in the incidence of some types of BBFE.
TextSentencer_T64 6884-6938 Sentence denotes They also point out future priorities for improvement.
T95224 6884-6938 Sentence denotes They also point out future priorities for improvement.
TextSentencer_T65 6939-7114 Sentence denotes O18 A randomised trial of 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol compared with 10% povidone-iodine for venipuncture site disinfection: effects on blood culture contamination rates G.
T19263 6939-7114 Sentence denotes O18 A randomised trial of 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol compared with 10% povidone-iodine for venipuncture site disinfection: effects on blood culture contamination rates G.
TextSentencer_T66 7115-7132 Sentence denotes Suwanpimolkul, M.
T84109 7115-7132 Sentence denotes Suwanpimolkul, M.
TextSentencer_T67 7133-7147 Sentence denotes Pongkumpai, W.
T14696 7133-7147 Sentence denotes Pongkumpai, W.
TextSentencer_T68 7148-7161 Sentence denotes Kulwichit, C.
T21416 7148-7161 Sentence denotes Kulwichit, C.
TextSentencer_T69 7162-7198 Sentence denotes Suankratay (Bangkok, TH) Background:
T39029 7162-7198 Sentence denotes Suankratay (Bangkok, TH) Background:
TextSentencer_T70 7199-7334 Sentence denotes Contaminated blood cultures have been recognized as a bothersome issue for decades, and continue to cause a frustration for clinicians.
T43267 7199-7334 Sentence denotes Contaminated blood cultures have been recognized as a bothersome issue for decades, and continue to cause a frustration for clinicians.
TextSentencer_T71 7335-7421 Sentence denotes The contamination rates vary widely between institutions from less than 1% to over 6%.
T99688 7335-7421 Sentence denotes The contamination rates vary widely between institutions from less than 1% to over 6%.
TextSentencer_T72 7422-7487 Sentence denotes Skin antiseptics can prevent the contamination of blood cultures.
T68248 7422-7487 Sentence denotes Skin antiseptics can prevent the contamination of blood cultures.
TextSentencer_T73 7488-7615 Sentence denotes To our knowledge, no randomised trial of 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol for venipuncture site disinfection has been conducted.
T85684 7488-7615 Sentence denotes To our knowledge, no randomised trial of 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol for venipuncture site disinfection has been conducted.
TextSentencer_T74 7616-7626 Sentence denotes Objective:
T14458 7616-7626 Sentence denotes Objective:
TextSentencer_T75 7627-7819 Sentence denotes Our study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of venipuncture site disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol compared with 10% povidone-iodine in preventing blood culture contamination.
T6931 7627-7819 Sentence denotes Our study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of venipuncture site disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol compared with 10% povidone-iodine in preventing blood culture contamination.
TextSentencer_T76 7820-7841 Sentence denotes Patients and Methods:
T13502 7820-7841 Sentence denotes Patients and Methods:
TextSentencer_T77 7842-8097 Sentence denotes A prospectively randomised investigator-blinded trial was conducted in all patients hospitalised in Internal Medicine wards and attended at emergency department at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand from August 15 to October 31, 2006.
T24021 7842-8097 Sentence denotes A prospectively randomised investigator-blinded trial was conducted in all patients hospitalised in Internal Medicine wards and attended at emergency department at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand from August 15 to October 31, 2006.
TextSentencer_T78 8098-8286 Sentence denotes Antecubital venipuncture sites were randomly disinfected with either 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol or 10% povidone-iodine, and blood cultures were drawn by medical students or residents.
T35188 8098-8286 Sentence denotes Antecubital venipuncture sites were randomly disinfected with either 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol or 10% povidone-iodine, and blood cultures were drawn by medical students or residents.
TextSentencer_T79 8287-8376 Sentence denotes The blood culture contamination rate associated with each antiseptic was then determined.
T91644 8287-8376 Sentence denotes The blood culture contamination rate associated with each antiseptic was then determined.
TextSentencer_T80 8377-8385 Sentence denotes Results:
T1744 8377-8385 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T81 8386-8483 Sentence denotes Of 2,146 blood culture collected during the study, 108 (5.03%) were contaminated with skin flora.
T60026 8386-8483 Sentence denotes Of 2,146 blood culture collected during the study, 108 (5.03%) were contaminated with skin flora.
TextSentencer_T82 8484-8669 Sentence denotes The contamination rate for blood cultures after 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol was 3.2% (34 of 1,068), compared with a rate of 6.9% (74 of 1,078) (P < 0.001) after 10% povidone-iodine.
T3425 8484-8669 Sentence denotes The contamination rate for blood cultures after 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol was 3.2% (34 of 1,068), compared with a rate of 6.9% (74 of 1,078) (P < 0.001) after 10% povidone-iodine.
TextSentencer_T83 8670-8847 Sentence denotes Of the inpatient wards, the contamination rate was 2.6% (18 of 695) and 3.9% (28 of 709) after 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol and 10% povidone-iodine, respectively (P = 0.013).
T67796 8670-8847 Sentence denotes Of the inpatient wards, the contamination rate was 2.6% (18 of 695) and 3.9% (28 of 709) after 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol and 10% povidone-iodine, respectively (P = 0.013).
TextSentencer_T84 8848-9027 Sentence denotes Of emergency department, the contamination rate was 4.3% (16 of 373) and 12.5% (46 of 369) after 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol and 10% povidone-iodine, respectively (P < 0.001).
T5810 8848-9027 Sentence denotes Of emergency department, the contamination rate was 4.3% (16 of 373) and 12.5% (46 of 369) after 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol and 10% povidone-iodine, respectively (P < 0.001).
TextSentencer_T85 9028-9108 Sentence denotes The most common contaminant organism was coagulase-negative staphylococci (81%).
T80540 9028-9108 Sentence denotes The most common contaminant organism was coagulase-negative staphylococci (81%).
TextSentencer_T86 9109-9120 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T89697 9109-9120 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T87 9121-9253 Sentence denotes 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol is superior to 10% povidone-iodine for venipuncture site disinfection before blood culture sampling.
T27725 9121-9253 Sentence denotes 2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol is superior to 10% povidone-iodine for venipuncture site disinfection before blood culture sampling.
TextSentencer_T88 9254-9265 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T97879 9254-9265 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T89 9266-9351 Sentence denotes The inanimate hospital environment can become contaminated with nosocomial pathogens.
T33151 9266-9351 Sentence denotes The inanimate hospital environment can become contaminated with nosocomial pathogens.
TextSentencer_T90 9352-9563 Sentence denotes Hydrogen peroxide vapour (HPV) decontamination has proven effective for the eradication of persistent environmental contamination but the rate of recontamination following HPV decontamination is largely unknown.
T84397 9352-9563 Sentence denotes Hydrogen peroxide vapour (HPV) decontamination has proven effective for the eradication of persistent environmental contamination but the rate of recontamination following HPV decontamination is largely unknown.
TextSentencer_T91 9564-9852 Sentence denotes We investigated the extent of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycinresistant enterococci (VRE) and gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative rod (GNR) contamination in a ward side-room occupied by a patient with a history of MRSA, VRE and GNR infection and colonisation.
T55269 9564-9852 Sentence denotes We investigated the extent of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycinresistant enterococci (VRE) and gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative rod (GNR) contamination in a ward side-room occupied by a patient with a history of MRSA, VRE and GNR infection and colonisation.
TextSentencer_T92 9853-9861 Sentence denotes Methods:
T12460 9853-9861 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T93 9862-9991 Sentence denotes Fifteen standardised sites in the room were sampled using a selective broth enrichment protocol to culture for MRSA, VRE and GNR.
T61037 9862-9991 Sentence denotes Fifteen standardised sites in the room were sampled using a selective broth enrichment protocol to culture for MRSA, VRE and GNR.
TextSentencer_T94 9992-10147 Sentence denotes Sampling was carried out before cleaning, after cleaning, after HPV decontamination and at intervals over the subsequent 19 days on two separate occasions.
T88743 9992-10147 Sentence denotes Sampling was carried out before cleaning, after cleaning, after HPV decontamination and at intervals over the subsequent 19 days on two separate occasions.
TextSentencer_T95 10148-10156 Sentence denotes Results:
T23727 10148-10156 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T96 10157-10337 Sentence denotes Environmental contamination was identified before cleaning on 60%, 30% and 6.7% of sites for MRSA, GNR and VRE, respectively and 40%, 10% and 6.7% of sites after cleaning (figure).
T90115 10157-10337 Sentence denotes Environmental contamination was identified before cleaning on 60%, 30% and 6.7% of sites for MRSA, GNR and VRE, respectively and 40%, 10% and 6.7% of sites after cleaning (figure).
TextSentencer_T97 10338-10421 Sentence denotes Only one site (3.3%) was contaminated with MRSA after HPV decontamination (figure).
T77142 10338-10421 Sentence denotes Only one site (3.3%) was contaminated with MRSA after HPV decontamination (figure).
TextSentencer_T98 10422-10576 Sentence denotes No recontamination with VRE was identified and no recontamination with MRSA and GNR was identified in the two days following HPV decontamination (figure).
T62809 10422-10576 Sentence denotes No recontamination with VRE was identified and no recontamination with MRSA and GNR was identified in the two days following HPV decontamination (figure).
TextSentencer_T99 10577-10703 Sentence denotes Substantial recontamination towards pre-cleaning levels was identified by day five and six after HPV decontamination for MRSA.
T91695 10577-10703 Sentence denotes Substantial recontamination towards pre-cleaning levels was identified by day five and six after HPV decontamination for MRSA.
TextSentencer_T100 10704-10810 Sentence denotes Recontamination with GNR at approximately post-cleaning levels was noted on days 7, 8 and 19 ( Figure 1 ).
T99540 10704-10810 Sentence denotes Recontamination with GNR at approximately post-cleaning levels was noted on days 7, 8 and 19 ( Figure 1 ).
TextSentencer_T101 10811-10859 Sentence denotes Infection control S5 infection control measures.
T81525 10811-10859 Sentence denotes Infection control S5 infection control measures.
TextSentencer_T102 10860-10996 Sentence denotes Detection of risk groups and infection sources and knowing the transmission ways of infections are important for the prevention from NI.
T68601 10860-10996 Sentence denotes Detection of risk groups and infection sources and knowing the transmission ways of infections are important for the prevention from NI.
TextSentencer_T103 10997-11186 Sentence denotes In this study it was aimed to evaluate the knowledge level and behaviour models of hospital cleaning staff about NI in our setting which is a 1788 bedded tertiary care educational hospital.
T82389 10997-11186 Sentence denotes In this study it was aimed to evaluate the knowledge level and behaviour models of hospital cleaning staff about NI in our setting which is a 1788 bedded tertiary care educational hospital.
TextSentencer_T104 11187-11195 Sentence denotes Methods:
T42124 11187-11195 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T105 11196-11316 Sentence denotes A questionnaire of with 21 questions was implemented to the hospital cleaning staff, who volunteered to enter the study.
T5084 11196-11316 Sentence denotes A questionnaire of with 21 questions was implemented to the hospital cleaning staff, who volunteered to enter the study.
TextSentencer_T106 11317-11537 Sentence denotes The questionnaire was composed of two parts: first part contained parameters for determination of sociodemographic properties and the second contained questions about evaluation of the knowledge about prevention from NI.
T93133 11317-11537 Sentence denotes The questionnaire was composed of two parts: first part contained parameters for determination of sociodemographic properties and the second contained questions about evaluation of the knowledge about prevention from NI.
TextSentencer_T107 11538-11685 Sentence denotes Questions were prepared by using the references about the subject and by the help of the executives of the cleaning staff firm and statistics unit.
T9406 11538-11685 Sentence denotes Questions were prepared by using the references about the subject and by the help of the executives of the cleaning staff firm and statistics unit.
TextSentencer_T108 11686-11768 Sentence denotes Data were evaluated by SPSS 13.0 programme using Chi square and Student's t tests.
T90571 11686-11768 Sentence denotes Data were evaluated by SPSS 13.0 programme using Chi square and Student's t tests.
TextSentencer_T109 11769-11832 Sentence denotes The questionnaire was completed by one by one interview method.
T74309 11769-11832 Sentence denotes The questionnaire was completed by one by one interview method.
TextSentencer_T110 11833-11841 Sentence denotes Results:
T47847 11833-11841 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T111 11842-11973 Sentence denotes A total of 240 of 290 (82.7% of total, 122 male, 118 female, aged 36.2±8.7) hospital cleaning staff volunteered to enter the study.
T32495 11842-11973 Sentence denotes A total of 240 of 290 (82.7% of total, 122 male, 118 female, aged 36.2±8.7) hospital cleaning staff volunteered to enter the study.
TextSentencer_T112 11974-12135 Sentence denotes When evaluated according to the educational status; 55.4% were graduated from primary school and only 54% had been working in the hospital more than three years.
T99791 11974-12135 Sentence denotes When evaluated according to the educational status; 55.4% were graduated from primary school and only 54% had been working in the hospital more than three years.
TextSentencer_T113 12136-12185 Sentence denotes Mean knowledge level was 18.15±3.97 (maximum 24).
T19629 12136-12185 Sentence denotes Mean knowledge level was 18.15±3.97 (maximum 24).
TextSentencer_T114 12186-12441 Sentence denotes Knowledge level was not associated with gender, educational status and duration of working as cleaning staff (p > 0.05) but mean knowledge level of the staff working in the clinics was found higher than staff working in administrative sections (p < 0.05).
T65327 12186-12441 Sentence denotes Knowledge level was not associated with gender, educational status and duration of working as cleaning staff (p > 0.05) but mean knowledge level of the staff working in the clinics was found higher than staff working in administrative sections (p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T115 12442-12606 Sentence denotes 71.3% had received a formal education about prevention from NI before starting working but their mean knowledge level was not different from the others (p = 0.294).
T75324 12442-12606 Sentence denotes 71.3% had received a formal education about prevention from NI before starting working but their mean knowledge level was not different from the others (p = 0.294).
TextSentencer_T116 12607-12684 Sentence denotes Only 48% and 50% knew the true order (x,y), while cleaning the patient rooms.
T7370 12607-12684 Sentence denotes Only 48% and 50% knew the true order (x,y), while cleaning the patient rooms.
TextSentencer_T117 12685-12875 Sentence denotes 58.8% thought that they could prevent themselves from NI by hand washing before and after cleaning process, 80.8% stated they obeyed handwashing rules and 90.4% stated that they used gloves.
T47184 12685-12875 Sentence denotes 58.8% thought that they could prevent themselves from NI by hand washing before and after cleaning process, 80.8% stated they obeyed handwashing rules and 90.4% stated that they used gloves.
TextSentencer_T118 12876-12938 Sentence denotes Only 48.3% stated that they dried their hands by paper towels.
T96433 12876-12938 Sentence denotes Only 48.3% stated that they dried their hands by paper towels.
TextSentencer_T119 12939-12950 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T42040 12939-12950 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T120 12951-13085 Sentence denotes Measurement of the level of the knowledge of the hospital cleaning staff may be beneficial for determination of the existing problems.
T15734 12951-13085 Sentence denotes Measurement of the level of the knowledge of the hospital cleaning staff may be beneficial for determination of the existing problems.
TextSentencer_T121 13086-13188 Sentence denotes Periodical well-established educational programmes should be started to improve the current situation.
T83748 13086-13188 Sentence denotes Periodical well-established educational programmes should be started to improve the current situation.
TextSentencer_T122 13189-13200 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T40855 13189-13200 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T123 13201-13300 Sentence denotes Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes increasing healthcare problems worldwide.
T24007 13201-13300 Sentence denotes Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes increasing healthcare problems worldwide.
TextSentencer_T124 13301-13422 Sentence denotes Rapid and sensitive screening methods for direct detection of MRSA are essential to limit further spread in the hospital.
T37945 13301-13422 Sentence denotes Rapid and sensitive screening methods for direct detection of MRSA are essential to limit further spread in the hospital.
TextSentencer_T125 13423-13619 Sentence denotes The purpose of this study was to evaluate the new molecular dipstick assay GenoQuick ® MRSA (Hain Lifescience, Nehren, Germany) for the direct and specific detection of MRSA in clinical specimens.
T40037 13423-13619 Sentence denotes The purpose of this study was to evaluate the new molecular dipstick assay GenoQuick ® MRSA (Hain Lifescience, Nehren, Germany) for the direct and specific detection of MRSA in clinical specimens.
TextSentencer_T126 13620-13628 Sentence denotes Methods:
T30844 13620-13628 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T127 13629-13876 Sentence denotes The analytical specificity of the assay was evaluated by using a subset of 25 MRSA isolates (including SCCmec types I−V); 17 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 38 coagulase-negative staphylocococi (CoNS) of different culture collections.
T67954 13629-13876 Sentence denotes The analytical specificity of the assay was evaluated by using a subset of 25 MRSA isolates (including SCCmec types I−V); 17 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 38 coagulase-negative staphylocococi (CoNS) of different culture collections.
TextSentencer_T128 13877-14001 Sentence denotes The lower detection limit of the assay was determined by serial dilutions of MRSA strains representing SCCmec types I to IV.
T2593 13877-14001 Sentence denotes The lower detection limit of the assay was determined by serial dilutions of MRSA strains representing SCCmec types I to IV.
TextSentencer_T129 14002-14081 Sentence denotes The test was evaluated for direct detection of MRSA in clinical swab specimens.
T71951 14002-14081 Sentence denotes The test was evaluated for direct detection of MRSA in clinical swab specimens.
TextSentencer_T130 14082-14328 Sentence denotes MRSA carriage was analysed by both the standard culture methods [Chromagar MRSA (Becton Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany), Columbia blood agar, trypticase soy broth] and two PCR assays [GenoQuick MRSA and GenoType ® MRSA Direct (Hain Lifescience)].
T78088 14082-14328 Sentence denotes MRSA carriage was analysed by both the standard culture methods [Chromagar MRSA (Becton Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany), Columbia blood agar, trypticase soy broth] and two PCR assays [GenoQuick MRSA and GenoType ® MRSA Direct (Hain Lifescience)].
TextSentencer_T131 14329-14438 Sentence denotes Both PCR assays were performed directly from the swab and after overnight incubation in trypticase soy broth.
T64866 14329-14438 Sentence denotes Both PCR assays were performed directly from the swab and after overnight incubation in trypticase soy broth.
TextSentencer_T132 14439-14513 Sentence denotes MRSA isolates were confirmed using a mecA gene and S. aureus specific PCR.
T66071 14439-14513 Sentence denotes MRSA isolates were confirmed using a mecA gene and S. aureus specific PCR.
TextSentencer_T133 14514-14618 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing was performed with an automated system (VITEK 2, bioMérieux, Nürtingen, Germany).
T55943 14514-14618 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing was performed with an automated system (VITEK 2, bioMérieux, Nürtingen, Germany).
TextSentencer_T134 14619-14627 Sentence denotes Results:
T91939 14619-14627 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T135 14628-14714 Sentence denotes The lower detection limit of 25 CFU was determined with serially diluted MRSA strains.
T67212 14628-14714 Sentence denotes The lower detection limit of 25 CFU was determined with serially diluted MRSA strains.
TextSentencer_T136 14715-14826 Sentence denotes For analytical specificity all MRSA strains representing SCCmec types I to V were tested positive by the assay.
T78484 14715-14826 Sentence denotes For analytical specificity all MRSA strains representing SCCmec types I to V were tested positive by the assay.
TextSentencer_T137 14827-14880 Sentence denotes The MSSA and CoNS were tested negative, respectively.
T74405 14827-14880 Sentence denotes The MSSA and CoNS were tested negative, respectively.
TextSentencer_T138 14881-15005 Sentence denotes Of 187 patient specimens tested for clinical evaluation, 24 were identified MRSA-positive by culture and by both PCR assays.
T59272 14881-15005 Sentence denotes Of 187 patient specimens tested for clinical evaluation, 24 were identified MRSA-positive by culture and by both PCR assays.
TextSentencer_T139 15006-15044 Sentence denotes One specimen was positive only by PCR.
T39641 15006-15044 Sentence denotes One specimen was positive only by PCR.
TextSentencer_T140 15045-15126 Sentence denotes Among the 163 culture-negative specimens, 162 were negative with both PCR assays.
T49979 15045-15126 Sentence denotes Among the 163 culture-negative specimens, 162 were negative with both PCR assays.
TextSentencer_T141 15127-15302 Sentence denotes The GenoQuick assay showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 100%, and a diagnostic specificity of 99.4%, a positive predictive value of 96% and a negative predictive value of 100%.
T88366 15127-15302 Sentence denotes The GenoQuick assay showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 100%, and a diagnostic specificity of 99.4%, a positive predictive value of 96% and a negative predictive value of 100%.
TextSentencer_T142 15303-15499 Sentence denotes Time-to-result for the direct detection of MRSA from clinial specimens is reduced to 2h 20min with the molecular GenoQuick MRSA dipstick assay (2h 5min for amplification and 15 min for detection).
T94434 15303-15499 Sentence denotes Time-to-result for the direct detection of MRSA from clinial specimens is reduced to 2h 20min with the molecular GenoQuick MRSA dipstick assay (2h 5min for amplification and 15 min for detection).
TextSentencer_T143 15500-15512 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T45400 15500-15512 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T144 15513-15667 Sentence denotes The GenoQuick MRSA dip stick assay proved to be a rapid, sensitive and specific assay for direct detection of MRSA in clinical swab specimens in 2h 20min.
T49333 15513-15667 Sentence denotes The GenoQuick MRSA dip stick assay proved to be a rapid, sensitive and specific assay for direct detection of MRSA in clinical swab specimens in 2h 20min.
TextSentencer_T145 15668-15763 Sentence denotes O22 Throat swabs are necessary to reliably detect carriers of Staphylococcus aureus Background:
T99956 15668-15763 Sentence denotes O22 Throat swabs are necessary to reliably detect carriers of Staphylococcus aureus Background:
TextSentencer_T146 15764-15954 Sentence denotes The anterior nares are considered to be the primary colonisation site of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and approximately 30% of healthy people carry the bacteria in their anterior nares.
T78620 15764-15954 Sentence denotes The anterior nares are considered to be the primary colonisation site of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and approximately 30% of healthy people carry the bacteria in their anterior nares.
TextSentencer_T147 15955-16067 Sentence denotes However, recent studies indicate that the throat may be an additional important site of colonisation (Nilsson P.
T43503 15955-16067 Sentence denotes However, recent studies indicate that the throat may be an additional important site of colonisation (Nilsson P.
TextSentencer_T148 16068-16091 Sentence denotes J Clin Microbiol 2006).
T37088 16068-16091 Sentence denotes J Clin Microbiol 2006).
TextSentencer_T149 16092-16271 Sentence denotes Most screening programmes for S. aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) require a swab from the nose only, and a swab of the throat is not considered as standard.
T62730 16092-16271 Sentence denotes Most screening programmes for S. aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) require a swab from the nose only, and a swab of the throat is not considered as standard.
TextSentencer_T150 16272-16283 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T96054 16272-16283 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T151 16284-16408 Sentence denotes To determine the frequency of positive S. aureus cultures with positive samples from the throat and negative from the nares.
T33058 16284-16408 Sentence denotes To determine the frequency of positive S. aureus cultures with positive samples from the throat and negative from the nares.
TextSentencer_T152 16409-16417 Sentence denotes Methods:
T15828 16409-16417 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T153 16418-16634 Sentence denotes Specimens were obtained with a sterile polyester fiber-tipped swab moistened with sterile saline from the anterior nares (5 rotations in each anterior nostril), the posterior wall of the pharynx, and the soft palate.
T8105 16418-16634 Sentence denotes Specimens were obtained with a sterile polyester fiber-tipped swab moistened with sterile saline from the anterior nares (5 rotations in each anterior nostril), the posterior wall of the pharynx, and the soft palate.
TextSentencer_T154 16635-16867 Sentence denotes Swabs were transported to the laboratory in a transport tube (M40 Transystem, Copan, Brescia, Italy) and put in selective enrichment broth (Chapman broth containing brain heart infusion broth with 6% NaCl, Biomedics, Madrid, Spain).
T15881 16635-16867 Sentence denotes Swabs were transported to the laboratory in a transport tube (M40 Transystem, Copan, Brescia, Italy) and put in selective enrichment broth (Chapman broth containing brain heart infusion broth with 6% NaCl, Biomedics, Madrid, Spain).
TextSentencer_T155 16868-16876 Sentence denotes Results:
T49844 16868-16876 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T156 16877-16954 Sentence denotes A total of 905 individuals were screened for S. aureus between 2000 and 2005.
T147 16877-16954 Sentence denotes A total of 905 individuals were screened for S. aureus between 2000 and 2005.
TextSentencer_T157 16955-17024 Sentence denotes Complete data were unavailable from 54 individuals who were excluded.
T99368 16955-17024 Sentence denotes Complete data were unavailable from 54 individuals who were excluded.
TextSentencer_T158 17025-17102 Sentence denotes Overall, S. aureus was isolated in 386/851 (45.4%) individuals from any site.
T45200 17025-17102 Sentence denotes Overall, S. aureus was isolated in 386/851 (45.4%) individuals from any site.
TextSentencer_T159 17103-17260 Sentence denotes Screening results No. of % of overall Nares Throat individuals positive pos pos 196 50.8% pos neg 119 30.8% neg pos 71 18.4% 386 100% neg neg 465 Conclusion:
T1504 17103-17260 Sentence denotes Screening results No. of % of overall Nares Throat individuals positive pos pos 196 50.8% pos neg 119 30.8% neg pos 71 18.4% 386 100% neg neg 465 Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T160 17261-17339 Sentence denotes Limiting S. aureus screening to the nares fails to identify 18.4% of carriers.
T60101 17261-17339 Sentence denotes Limiting S. aureus screening to the nares fails to identify 18.4% of carriers.
TextSentencer_T161 17340-17437 Sentence denotes Additional cost can be avoided by pooling the specimens while maintaining the higher sensitivity.
T42445 17340-17437 Sentence denotes Additional cost can be avoided by pooling the specimens while maintaining the higher sensitivity.
TextSentencer_T162 17438-17537 Sentence denotes Therefore, optimal screening for S. aureus should include swabs from both the nares and the throat.
T61270 17438-17537 Sentence denotes Therefore, optimal screening for S. aureus should include swabs from both the nares and the throat.
TextSentencer_T163 17538-17611 Sentence denotes This may be even more important if screening is focused on MRSA carriage.
T52554 17538-17611 Sentence denotes This may be even more important if screening is focused on MRSA carriage.
TextSentencer_T164 17612-17759 Sentence denotes Objectives: MRSA rates in a hospital in the North-East of Scotland were significantly declining due to a series of infection control interventions.
T74589 17612-17759 Sentence denotes Objectives: MRSA rates in a hospital in the North-East of Scotland were significantly declining due to a series of infection control interventions.
TextSentencer_T165 17760-17994 Sentence denotes S6 17th ECCMID / 25th ICC, Oral presentations These included terminal disinfection of the environment in isolation rooms and cohort areas by application of 1:1000 sodium hypochlorite in place of detergent (ECCMID '06, abstract P1333).
T65965 17760-17994 Sentence denotes S6 17th ECCMID / 25th ICC, Oral presentations These included terminal disinfection of the environment in isolation rooms and cohort areas by application of 1:1000 sodium hypochlorite in place of detergent (ECCMID '06, abstract P1333).
TextSentencer_T166 17995-18078 Sentence denotes We evaluated the effect of replacing sodium hypochlorite with a standard detergent.
T20689 17995-18078 Sentence denotes We evaluated the effect of replacing sodium hypochlorite with a standard detergent.
TextSentencer_T167 18079-18087 Sentence denotes Methods:
T34388 18079-18087 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T168 18088-18206 Sentence denotes From January 1997 to May 2006, monthly percentage, nonduplicate S. aureus clinical cases caused by MRSA were collated.
T4541 18088-18206 Sentence denotes From January 1997 to May 2006, monthly percentage, nonduplicate S. aureus clinical cases caused by MRSA were collated.
TextSentencer_T169 18207-18291 Sentence denotes In February 2005 hypochlorite cleaning solution as replaced by a standard detergent.
T55698 18207-18291 Sentence denotes In February 2005 hypochlorite cleaning solution as replaced by a standard detergent.
TextSentencer_T170 18292-18344 Sentence denotes Other infection control measures remained unchanged.
T72354 18292-18344 Sentence denotes Other infection control measures remained unchanged.
TextSentencer_T171 18345-18494 Sentence denotes Dynamic regression analysis with linear transfer functions and interrupted time-series analyses were used to estimate the effect to the intervention.
T89700 18345-18494 Sentence denotes Dynamic regression analysis with linear transfer functions and interrupted time-series analyses were used to estimate the effect to the intervention.
TextSentencer_T172 18495-18503 Sentence denotes Results:
T61163 18495-18503 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T173 18504-18752 Sentence denotes Previously, MRSA rates wee successfully reduced due to environmental screening (p = 0.03), use of hypochlorite for environmental disinfection (p = 0.002), use of alcohol based hand disinfection (p = 0.03) and patient admission screening (p < 0.01).
T38106 18504-18752 Sentence denotes Previously, MRSA rates wee successfully reduced due to environmental screening (p = 0.03), use of hypochlorite for environmental disinfection (p = 0.002), use of alcohol based hand disinfection (p = 0.03) and patient admission screening (p < 0.01).
TextSentencer_T174 18753-19015 Sentence denotes Stopping the hypochlorite disinfection was associated with a sudden increase in clinical cases of MRSA from 10 to 25% over a 6 month period (p = 0.03), with levels approaching those seen prior to the start of the infection control programme in 2001 (see figure).
T14043 18753-19015 Sentence denotes Stopping the hypochlorite disinfection was associated with a sudden increase in clinical cases of MRSA from 10 to 25% over a 6 month period (p = 0.03), with levels approaching those seen prior to the start of the infection control programme in 2001 (see figure).
TextSentencer_T175 19016-19028 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T39908 19016-19028 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T176 19029-19142 Sentence denotes Stopping hypochlorite environmental disinfection was strongly associated with an increase in clinical MRSA cases.
T70432 19029-19142 Sentence denotes Stopping hypochlorite environmental disinfection was strongly associated with an increase in clinical MRSA cases.
TextSentencer_T177 19143-19273 Sentence denotes This work adds significantly to the meagre published evidence that environmental contamination is important in the spread of MRSA.
T18158 19143-19273 Sentence denotes This work adds significantly to the meagre published evidence that environmental contamination is important in the spread of MRSA.
TextSentencer_T178 19274-19285 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T17072 19274-19285 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T179 19286-19460 Sentence denotes To determine antibiotic-resistant enterococci in Portuguese piggery samples and to analyse antibiotic resistance genes among these strains after European growth promoter ban.
T77007 19286-19460 Sentence denotes To determine antibiotic-resistant enterococci in Portuguese piggery samples and to analyse antibiotic resistance genes among these strains after European growth promoter ban.
TextSentencer_T180 19461-19469 Sentence denotes Methods:
T74975 19461-19469 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T181 19470-19581 Sentence denotes Samples from waste treatment and dry faeces from 2 pig farms in the South of Portugal were studied during 2006.
T32158 19470-19581 Sentence denotes Samples from waste treatment and dry faeces from 2 pig farms in the South of Portugal were studied during 2006.
TextSentencer_T182 19582-19666 Sentence denotes Samples were plated onto selective Slanetz-Bartley agar with or without antibiotics.
T31619 19582-19666 Sentence denotes Samples were plated onto selective Slanetz-Bartley agar with or without antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T183 19667-19788 Sentence denotes Bacterial identification was performed by both standard biochemical profiles and amplification of species specific genes.
T96249 19667-19788 Sentence denotes Bacterial identification was performed by both standard biochemical profiles and amplification of species specific genes.
TextSentencer_T184 19789-19879 Sentence denotes Antibiotic susceptibility (12 antibiotics) was determined by disk diffusion method (CLSI).
T71173 19789-19879 Sentence denotes Antibiotic susceptibility (12 antibiotics) was determined by disk diffusion method (CLSI).
TextSentencer_T185 19880-20052 Sentence denotes Detection of genes coding for resistance [vanA, B, C1, C2, ermA, B, C, tetM, L, O, K, S, aac(6 )-Ie-aph(2 )-Ia, aph(2 )-Ib,Ic,Id, aph(3 )-IIIa, vat E] were searched by PCR.
T23391 19880-20052 Sentence denotes Detection of genes coding for resistance [vanA, B, C1, C2, ermA, B, C, tetM, L, O, K, S, aac(6 )-Ie-aph(2 )-Ia, aph(2 )-Ib,Ic,Id, aph(3 )-IIIa, vat E] were searched by PCR.
TextSentencer_T186 20053-20061 Sentence denotes Results:
T93536 20053-20061 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T187 20062-20183 Sentence denotes We identified 84 enterococci (9 E. faecalis, 17 E. faecium, 1 E. gallinarum, 2 E. casseliflavus and 55 Enterococcus spp.)
T81510 20062-20183 Sentence denotes We identified 84 enterococci (9 E. faecalis, 17 E. faecium, 1 E. gallinarum, 2 E. casseliflavus and 55 Enterococcus spp.)
TextSentencer_T188 20184-20185 Sentence denotes .
T2563 20184-20185 Sentence denotes .
TextSentencer_T189 20186-20528 Sentence denotes Most isolates showed decreased susceptibility to tetracycline, minocycline, erythromycin, and quinupristin-dalfopristin (95%, 94%, 80%, 54%, respectively), and to a lesser extent to high-level of resistance (HLR) of streptomycin, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, HLR to gentamicin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin (52%, 33%, 32%, 21%, 11%, 10%).
T87613 20186-20528 Sentence denotes Most isolates showed decreased susceptibility to tetracycline, minocycline, erythromycin, and quinupristin-dalfopristin (95%, 94%, 80%, 54%, respectively), and to a lesser extent to high-level of resistance (HLR) of streptomycin, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, HLR to gentamicin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin (52%, 33%, 32%, 21%, 11%, 10%).
TextSentencer_T190 20529-20567 Sentence denotes All were susceptible to glycopeptides.
T70534 20529-20567 Sentence denotes All were susceptible to glycopeptides.
TextSentencer_T191 20568-20864 Sentence denotes Non-susceptible isolates to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides and macrolides contained tetM (55%), tetL (54%), tetM+tetL (32%), tetS (5%), aac(6 )-Ie-aph(2 )-Ia (89%), aac(6 )-Ie-aph(2 )-Ia+aph(3 )-IIIa (47%), ermB (49%). vanC1 was linked to E. gallinarum, and vanC2 to E. casseliflavus as expected.
T85757 20568-20864 Sentence denotes Non-susceptible isolates to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides and macrolides contained tetM (55%), tetL (54%), tetM+tetL (32%), tetS (5%), aac(6 )-Ie-aph(2 )-Ia (89%), aac(6 )-Ie-aph(2 )-Ia+aph(3 )-IIIa (47%), ermB (49%). vanC1 was linked to E. gallinarum, and vanC2 to E. casseliflavus as expected.
TextSentencer_T192 20865-20877 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T76052 20865-20877 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T193 20878-21055 Sentence denotes Although all growth promoters were progressively removed from EU in the course of the last 10 years, antibiotic multiresistant enterococci were isolated in Portuguese piggeries.
T14165 20878-21055 Sentence denotes Although all growth promoters were progressively removed from EU in the course of the last 10 years, antibiotic multiresistant enterococci were isolated in Portuguese piggeries.
TextSentencer_T194 21056-21190 Sentence denotes Whether persistence of these antibiotic resistant strains is due to selection by antibiotics or other agents deserves further studies.
T11528 21056-21190 Sentence denotes Whether persistence of these antibiotic resistant strains is due to selection by antibiotics or other agents deserves further studies.
TextSentencer_T195 21191-21324 Sentence denotes O25 Experiences and results from the surveillance programme of resistance in feed, food and animals in Norway (NORM-VET) 2000-2005 M.
T67763 21191-21324 Sentence denotes O25 Experiences and results from the surveillance programme of resistance in feed, food and animals in Norway (NORM-VET) 2000-2005 M.
TextSentencer_T196 21325-21337 Sentence denotes Norström, H.
T96322 21325-21337 Sentence denotes Norström, H.
TextSentencer_T197 21338-21352 Sentence denotes Tharaldsen, M.
T60506 21338-21352 Sentence denotes Tharaldsen, M.
TextSentencer_T198 21353-21381 Sentence denotes Sunde (Oslo, NO) Objectives:
T73326 21353-21381 Sentence denotes Sunde (Oslo, NO) Objectives:
TextSentencer_T199 21382-21517 Sentence denotes The monitoring programme for antimicrobial resistance in the veterinary and food production sectors (NORM-VET) was established in 2000.
T73714 21382-21517 Sentence denotes The monitoring programme for antimicrobial resistance in the veterinary and food production sectors (NORM-VET) was established in 2000.
TextSentencer_T200 21518-21722 Sentence denotes The goals of the programme are to monitor the antimicrobial resistance situation in feed, food and animals over time, in relation to the human situation and to the resistance situation in other countries.
T85954 21518-21722 Sentence denotes The goals of the programme are to monitor the antimicrobial resistance situation in feed, food and animals over time, in relation to the human situation and to the resistance situation in other countries.
TextSentencer_T201 21723-21888 Sentence denotes Data from NORM-VET could form a basis for risk assessments and be a tool for targeting interventions and further to evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions.
T3817 21723-21888 Sentence denotes Data from NORM-VET could form a basis for risk assessments and be a tool for targeting interventions and further to evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions.
TextSentencer_T202 21889-22008 Sentence denotes This study was performed to summarise the experiences and results obtained during the first six years of the programme.
T56253 21889-22008 Sentence denotes This study was performed to summarise the experiences and results obtained during the first six years of the programme.
TextSentencer_T203 22009-22017 Sentence denotes Methods:
T26449 22009-22017 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T204 22018-22160 Sentence denotes The zoonotic agents Salmonella (from feed, animals and food) and Campylobacter jejuni (from broiler and broiler meat) were monitored annually.
T43788 22018-22160 Sentence denotes The zoonotic agents Salmonella (from feed, animals and food) and Campylobacter jejuni (from broiler and broiler meat) were monitored annually.
TextSentencer_T205 22161-22211 Sentence denotes E. coli and Enterococcus spp. (indicator bacteria)
T53151 22161-22211 Sentence denotes E. coli and Enterococcus spp. (indicator bacteria)
TextSentencer_T206 22212-22282 Sentence denotes were sampled from various animal species and meat products biannually.
T71487 22212-22282 Sentence denotes were sampled from various animal species and meat products biannually.
TextSentencer_T207 22283-22368 Sentence denotes Specific clinical isolates from the routine diagnostic have been included biannually.
T49530 22283-22368 Sentence denotes Specific clinical isolates from the routine diagnostic have been included biannually.
TextSentencer_T208 22369-22449 Sentence denotes The isolates have mainly been tested using a microdilution technique (VetMICTM).
T57890 22369-22449 Sentence denotes The isolates have mainly been tested using a microdilution technique (VetMICTM).
TextSentencer_T209 22450-22529 Sentence denotes The minimum inhibitory concentrations were recorded and analysed in WHONET 5.3.
T24193 22450-22529 Sentence denotes The minimum inhibitory concentrations were recorded and analysed in WHONET 5.3.
TextSentencer_T210 22530-22639 Sentence denotes For the categorising of the isolates as resistant or susceptible epidemiological cut-off values were applied.
T32026 22530-22639 Sentence denotes For the categorising of the isolates as resistant or susceptible epidemiological cut-off values were applied.
TextSentencer_T211 22640-22838 Sentence denotes The occurrence of resistance in the monitored species and products is in an international perspective low and the results from the first six years of the programme show that the situation is stable.
T70461 22640-22838 Sentence denotes The occurrence of resistance in the monitored species and products is in an international perspective low and the results from the first six years of the programme show that the situation is stable.
TextSentencer_T212 22839-22850 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T71244 22839-22850 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T213 22851-23095 Sentence denotes Evaluation of the first six years of the programme has recognized that the relatively low number of isolates of each species and source included complicates the conclusions possible to draw from the data, especially evaluating trends over time.
T67399 22851-23095 Sentence denotes Evaluation of the first six years of the programme has recognized that the relatively low number of isolates of each species and source included complicates the conclusions possible to draw from the data, especially evaluating trends over time.
TextSentencer_T214 23096-23361 Sentence denotes Even though the run costs of the programme has been limited to a minimum, it is still useful for the purpose of monitoring antimicrobial resistance within a country as Norway, where the resistance problem in the animal and food sectors still is at a very low level.
T66457 23096-23361 Sentence denotes Even though the run costs of the programme has been limited to a minimum, it is still useful for the purpose of monitoring antimicrobial resistance within a country as Norway, where the resistance problem in the animal and food sectors still is at a very low level.
TextSentencer_T215 23362-23474 Sentence denotes It also consists as valuable source for further research of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and development.
T85001 23362-23474 Sentence denotes It also consists as valuable source for further research of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and development.
TextSentencer_T216 23475-23652 Sentence denotes However, the use of this source to perform risk assessments is limited as there still is a lack of even more specific data as for instance data on usage at animal or farm level.
T12082 23475-23652 Sentence denotes However, the use of this source to perform risk assessments is limited as there still is a lack of even more specific data as for instance data on usage at animal or farm level.
TextSentencer_T217 23653-23782 Sentence denotes O26 Comparison of antibiotic susceptibilities of Staphylococcus aureus and S. intermedius isolates from dog owners and their dogs
T63388 23653-23782 Sentence denotes O26 Comparison of antibiotic susceptibilities of Staphylococcus aureus and S. intermedius isolates from dog owners and their dogs
TextSentencer_T218 23783-23794 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T9159 23783-23794 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T219 23795-24008 Sentence denotes Antibiotic resistance in veterinary isolates has been reported to be higher than in human isolates due to frequent empirical use, and there are concerns about transfer of resistance between staphylococcal species.
T32335 23795-24008 Sentence denotes Antibiotic resistance in veterinary isolates has been reported to be higher than in human isolates due to frequent empirical use, and there are concerns about transfer of resistance between staphylococcal species.
TextSentencer_T220 24009-24122 Sentence denotes S. intermedius is the more common colonising species in dogs, but S. aureus, including MRSA, may also be present.
T46042 24009-24122 Sentence denotes S. intermedius is the more common colonising species in dogs, but S. aureus, including MRSA, may also be present.
TextSentencer_T221 24123-24207 Sentence denotes Case reports suggest there can be cross-infection between companion animals and man.
T32255 24123-24207 Sentence denotes Case reports suggest there can be cross-infection between companion animals and man.
TextSentencer_T222 24208-24359 Sentence denotes Increasing concern about MRSA in the community has led to recommendations for surveillance of antibiotic resistance in isolates from companion animals.
T68597 24208-24359 Sentence denotes Increasing concern about MRSA in the community has led to recommendations for surveillance of antibiotic resistance in isolates from companion animals.
TextSentencer_T223 24360-24473 Sentence denotes This study compared antibiotic resistance in isolates of S. aureus and S. intermedius from dogs and their owners.
T46985 24360-24473 Sentence denotes This study compared antibiotic resistance in isolates of S. aureus and S. intermedius from dogs and their owners.
TextSentencer_T224 24474-24482 Sentence denotes Methods:
T55883 24474-24482 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T225 24483-24624 Sentence denotes A cross-sectional study of owners and their dogs was performed using a convenience sample of 800 pairs recruited at six veterinary practices.
T92842 24483-24624 Sentence denotes A cross-sectional study of owners and their dogs was performed using a convenience sample of 800 pairs recruited at six veterinary practices.
TextSentencer_T226 24625-24779 Sentence denotes Nasal swabs were collected from both owner and Resistance surveillance S7 dog, and held at 4ºC in transport medium until culture within 8 h of collection.
T24419 24625-24779 Sentence denotes Nasal swabs were collected from both owner and Resistance surveillance S7 dog, and held at 4ºC in transport medium until culture within 8 h of collection.
TextSentencer_T227 24780-24940 Sentence denotes Subjects completed a questionnaire providing demographic information of owner and dog, and stating if the dog had received antibiotics within the last 3 months.
T23416 24780-24940 Sentence denotes Subjects completed a questionnaire providing demographic information of owner and dog, and stating if the dog had received antibiotics within the last 3 months.
TextSentencer_T228 24941-25050 Sentence denotes Swabs were inoculated onto blood agar and mannitol salt agar and placed in 5% salt meat broth for enrichment.
T7392 24941-25050 Sentence denotes Swabs were inoculated onto blood agar and mannitol salt agar and placed in 5% salt meat broth for enrichment.
TextSentencer_T229 25051-25175 Sentence denotes S. aureus or S. intermedius were identified by means of coagulase, VP, polymyxin susceptibility, and trehalose fermentation.
T32227 25051-25175 Sentence denotes S. aureus or S. intermedius were identified by means of coagulase, VP, polymyxin susceptibility, and trehalose fermentation.
TextSentencer_T230 25176-25255 Sentence denotes Several colonies of each isolate were tested for susceptibility to methicillin.
T71042 25176-25255 Sentence denotes Several colonies of each isolate were tested for susceptibility to methicillin.
TextSentencer_T231 25256-25356 Sentence denotes Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by disc diffusion and interpreted using CLSI guidelines.
T57075 25256-25356 Sentence denotes Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by disc diffusion and interpreted using CLSI guidelines.
TextSentencer_T232 25357-25376 Sentence denotes Results: S. aureus:
T87923 25357-25376 Sentence denotes Results: S. aureus:
TextSentencer_T233 25377-25428 Sentence denotes 168 owners (25%) and 64 dogs (8.5%) were colonised.
T86948 25377-25428 Sentence denotes 168 owners (25%) and 64 dogs (8.5%) were colonised.
TextSentencer_T234 25429-25482 Sentence denotes 16 owners and their dogs were concurrently colonised.
T71943 25429-25482 Sentence denotes 16 owners and their dogs were concurrently colonised.
TextSentencer_T235 25483-25542 Sentence denotes 6 dogs (1.3%) and 4 humans (0.5%) were colonised with MRSA.
T15186 25483-25542 Sentence denotes 6 dogs (1.3%) and 4 humans (0.5%) were colonised with MRSA.
TextSentencer_T236 25543-25664 Sentence denotes Resistance to oxacillin, clindamycin, gentamicin, tetracycline and fusidic acid was significantly higher in dog isolates.
T55708 25543-25664 Sentence denotes Resistance to oxacillin, clindamycin, gentamicin, tetracycline and fusidic acid was significantly higher in dog isolates.
TextSentencer_T237 25665-25680 Sentence denotes S. intermedius:
T13969 25665-25680 Sentence denotes S. intermedius:
TextSentencer_T238 25681-25739 Sentence denotes 64 dogs (7.9%) and 8 owners (1.1%) carried S. intermedius.
T37981 25681-25739 Sentence denotes 64 dogs (7.9%) and 8 owners (1.1%) carried S. intermedius.
TextSentencer_T239 25740-25781 Sentence denotes Four colonised owners had colonised dogs.
T85198 25740-25781 Sentence denotes Four colonised owners had colonised dogs.
TextSentencer_T240 25782-25822 Sentence denotes Methicillin resistance was not detected.
T22399 25782-25822 Sentence denotes Methicillin resistance was not detected.
TextSentencer_T241 25823-25926 Sentence denotes Resistance to chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole was higher in dog isolates.
T88607 25823-25926 Sentence denotes Resistance to chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole was higher in dog isolates.
TextSentencer_T242 25927-26008 Sentence denotes Resistance to fluoroquinolones and gentamicin was only displayed by dog isolates.
T71633 25927-26008 Sentence denotes Resistance to fluoroquinolones and gentamicin was only displayed by dog isolates.
TextSentencer_T243 26009-26021 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T71202 26009-26021 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T244 26022-26139 Sentence denotes Methicillin resistance was found only in S. aureus, but resistance to other antibiotics was higher in S. intermedius.
T1409 26022-26139 Sentence denotes Methicillin resistance was found only in S. aureus, but resistance to other antibiotics was higher in S. intermedius.
TextSentencer_T245 26140-26201 Sentence denotes Dog isolates were more resistant than human for both species.
T14525 26140-26201 Sentence denotes Dog isolates were more resistant than human for both species.
TextSentencer_T246 26202-26306 Sentence denotes Veterinary use of antibiotics may increase resistance and the risk of transmission of resistant strains.
T58047 26202-26306 Sentence denotes Veterinary use of antibiotics may increase resistance and the risk of transmission of resistant strains.
TextSentencer_T247 26307-26318 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T53398 26307-26318 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T248 26319-26513 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial susceptibility to human-use antibiotics was investigated among the commensal bacteria E. coli (Ec) and Enterococcus spp. (Ent) from healthy food animals at slaughter across the EU.
T21780 26319-26513 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial susceptibility to human-use antibiotics was investigated among the commensal bacteria E. coli (Ec) and Enterococcus spp. (Ent) from healthy food animals at slaughter across the EU.
TextSentencer_T249 26514-26522 Sentence denotes Methods:
T70300 26514-26522 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T250 26523-26614 Sentence denotes Colon or caecal content was randomly collected at 4 abattoirs per country (n = 5 per host).
T66907 26523-26614 Sentence denotes Colon or caecal content was randomly collected at 4 abattoirs per country (n = 5 per host).
TextSentencer_T251 26615-26648 Sentence denotes Each herd/flock was sampled once.
T50621 26615-26648 Sentence denotes Each herd/flock was sampled once.
TextSentencer_T252 26649-26697 Sentence denotes Ec and Ent were isolated using standard methods.
T86385 26649-26697 Sentence denotes Ec and Ent were isolated using standard methods.
TextSentencer_T253 26698-26836 Sentence denotes Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by agar dilution (CLSI, M31-A2) against 9 (Ec) and 5 (Ent) antibiotics in a central laboratory.
T65653 26698-26836 Sentence denotes Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by agar dilution (CLSI, M31-A2) against 9 (Ec) and 5 (Ent) antibiotics in a central laboratory.
TextSentencer_T254 26837-26904 Sentence denotes Resistance (CLSI, M100-S16) was assessed per drug/organism/country.
T7130 26837-26904 Sentence denotes Resistance (CLSI, M100-S16) was assessed per drug/organism/country.
TextSentencer_T255 26905-26913 Sentence denotes Results:
T34340 26905-26913 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T256 26914-26994 Sentence denotes A total 1465 Ec were recovered (cattle n = 490, pigs n = 494, chickens n = 481).
T18698 26914-26994 Sentence denotes A total 1465 Ec were recovered (cattle n = 490, pigs n = 494, chickens n = 481).
TextSentencer_T257 26995-27270 Sentence denotes Mean resistance (%) for Ec was: ampicillin (A) 3, 29, 53; cefepime 0, 0, 0; cefotaxime 0, 0, 0.4; ciprofloxacin 1, 0.4, 6; chloramphenicol 2, 16, 15; colistin 0, 0.4, 0; gentamicin (G) 1, 2, 2; tetracycline 8, 66, 65; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 4, 42, 52 respectively.
T60128 26995-27270 Sentence denotes Mean resistance (%) for Ec was: ampicillin (A) 3, 29, 53; cefepime 0, 0, 0; cefotaxime 0, 0, 0.4; ciprofloxacin 1, 0.4, 6; chloramphenicol 2, 16, 15; colistin 0, 0.4, 0; gentamicin (G) 1, 2, 2; tetracycline 8, 66, 65; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 4, 42, 52 respectively.
TextSentencer_T258 27271-27365 Sentence denotes For Ec, Italy and Spain consistently showed the highest resistance; Denmark showed the lowest.
T91454 27271-27365 Sentence denotes For Ec, Italy and Spain consistently showed the highest resistance; Denmark showed the lowest.
TextSentencer_T259 27366-27525 Sentence denotes A total of 718 Ent isolates were recovered, comprising 356 E. faecium, 83 E. faecalis and 279 other species including E. durans, E. hirae and E. casseliflavus.
T76676 27366-27525 Sentence denotes A total of 718 Ent isolates were recovered, comprising 356 E. faecium, 83 E. faecalis and 279 other species including E. durans, E. hirae and E. casseliflavus.
TextSentencer_T260 27526-27588 Sentence denotes All Ent but one bovine isolate, were susceptible to linezolid.
T35153 27526-27588 Sentence denotes All Ent but one bovine isolate, were susceptible to linezolid.
TextSentencer_T261 27589-27760 Sentence denotes For E. faecium resistance to A and G was 0−2%; vancomycin (V) resistance amounted to 1.9 to 3.5%, whereas resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D) combination varied:
T47975 27589-27760 Sentence denotes For E. faecium resistance to A and G was 0−2%; vancomycin (V) resistance amounted to 1.9 to 3.5%, whereas resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D) combination varied:
TextSentencer_T262 27761-27804 Sentence denotes 8% (cattle), 19% (pigs) and 20% (chickens).
T84819 27761-27804 Sentence denotes 8% (cattle), 19% (pigs) and 20% (chickens).
TextSentencer_T263 27805-28011 Sentence denotes Though low prevalence of E. faecalis limited conclusions, particularly in chickens (n = 6), G and V resistance was low in cattle and pigs (0-11%), resistance to Q/D was very high (46 and 83%, respectively).
T54975 27805-28011 Sentence denotes Though low prevalence of E. faecalis limited conclusions, particularly in chickens (n = 6), G and V resistance was low in cattle and pigs (0-11%), resistance to Q/D was very high (46 and 83%, respectively).
TextSentencer_T264 28012-28095 Sentence denotes In the other Ent species, resistance among the 3 hosts to G and V was low (0−1.6%).
T88696 28012-28095 Sentence denotes In the other Ent species, resistance among the 3 hosts to G and V was low (0−1.6%).
TextSentencer_T265 28096-28142 Sentence denotes Resistance to A was absent except in chickens:
T28704 28096-28142 Sentence denotes Resistance to A was absent except in chickens:
TextSentencer_T266 28143-28148 Sentence denotes 9.8%.
T39168 28143-28148 Sentence denotes 9.8%.
TextSentencer_T267 28149-28186 Sentence denotes Q/D resistance was among the highest:
T9160 28149-28186 Sentence denotes Q/D resistance was among the highest:
TextSentencer_T268 28187-28228 Sentence denotes 5−9% for livestock hosts; 26% in poultry.
T79531 28187-28228 Sentence denotes 5−9% for livestock hosts; 26% in poultry.
TextSentencer_T269 28229-28286 Sentence denotes Striking differences among countries were absent for Ent.
T24269 28229-28286 Sentence denotes Striking differences among countries were absent for Ent.
TextSentencer_T270 28287-28298 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T62401 28287-28298 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T271 28299-28440 Sentence denotes This pan-EU survey, with uniform methodology, shows that antimicrobial resistance among enteric commensal bacteria at slaughter was variable.
T85247 28299-28440 Sentence denotes This pan-EU survey, with uniform methodology, shows that antimicrobial resistance among enteric commensal bacteria at slaughter was variable.
TextSentencer_T272 28441-28624 Sentence denotes For Ec, prevalence of antimicrobial resistance varied for older antimicrobials and between countries but resistance to newer medically important antimicrobials was absent or very low.
T66339 28441-28624 Sentence denotes For Ec, prevalence of antimicrobial resistance varied for older antimicrobials and between countries but resistance to newer medically important antimicrobials was absent or very low.
TextSentencer_T273 28625-28813 Sentence denotes With respect to Ent, antimicrobial resistance rates varied for quinupristin/dalfopristin, but resistance was absent or very low for other antimicrobials including linezolid and vancomycin.
T59271 28625-28813 Sentence denotes With respect to Ent, antimicrobial resistance rates varied for quinupristin/dalfopristin, but resistance was absent or very low for other antimicrobials including linezolid and vancomycin.
TextSentencer_T274 28814-28983 Sentence denotes O28 Demography and antibacterial susceptibility of communityacquired respiratory tract infection pathogens in Year 6 vs Year 5 of the PROTEKT surveillance programme D.J.
T7499 28814-28983 Sentence denotes O28 Demography and antibacterial susceptibility of communityacquired respiratory tract infection pathogens in Year 6 vs Year 5 of the PROTEKT surveillance programme D.J.
TextSentencer_T275 28984-28995 Sentence denotes Farrell, C.
T39682 28984-28995 Sentence denotes Farrell, C.
TextSentencer_T276 28996-29009 Sentence denotes Couturier, D.
T20372 28996-29009 Sentence denotes Couturier, D.
TextSentencer_T277 29010-29056 Sentence denotes Felmingham (London, UK; Paris, FR) Objectives:
T38541 29010-29056 Sentence denotes Felmingham (London, UK; Paris, FR) Objectives:
TextSentencer_T278 29057-29185 Sentence denotes Patterns of antibacterial resistance among communityacquired respiratory tract infection (CARTI) pathogens vary among countries.
T35504 29057-29185 Sentence denotes Patterns of antibacterial resistance among communityacquired respiratory tract infection (CARTI) pathogens vary among countries.
TextSentencer_T279 29186-29283 Sentence denotes PROTEKT is a global surveillance study monitoring antibacterial resistance among CARTI pathogens.
T38222 29186-29283 Sentence denotes PROTEKT is a global surveillance study monitoring antibacterial resistance among CARTI pathogens.
TextSentencer_T280 29284-29354 Sentence denotes We report here the results of the sixth year of the PROTEKT study (Y6:
T1250 29284-29354 Sentence denotes We report here the results of the sixth year of the PROTEKT study (Y6:
TextSentencer_T281 29355-29405 Sentence denotes 2004-2005) and changes compared to Y5 (2003-2004).
T35994 29355-29405 Sentence denotes 2004-2005) and changes compared to Y5 (2003-2004).
TextSentencer_T282 29406-29414 Sentence denotes Methods:
T22106 29406-29414 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T283 29415-29573 Sentence denotes Clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) and Haemophilus influenzae (HI) from respiratory samples were submitted from 93 centres from 28 countries.
T18267 29415-29573 Sentence denotes Clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) and Haemophilus influenzae (HI) from respiratory samples were submitted from 93 centres from 28 countries.
TextSentencer_T284 29574-29645 Sentence denotes MICs and susceptibilities were determined according to CLSI guidelines.
T93957 29574-29645 Sentence denotes MICs and susceptibilities were determined according to CLSI guidelines.
TextSentencer_T285 29646-29713 Sentence denotes Genotyping was performed to define macrolide resistance mechanisms.
T18050 29646-29713 Sentence denotes Genotyping was performed to define macrolide resistance mechanisms.
TextSentencer_T286 29714-29826 Sentence denotes Frequencies were compared for Y5-Y6 common sites using c 2 or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate with a = 0.05.
T64462 29714-29826 Sentence denotes Frequencies were compared for Y5-Y6 common sites using c 2 or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate with a = 0.05.
TextSentencer_T287 29827-29835 Sentence denotes Results:
T40700 29827-29835 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T288 29836-29890 Sentence denotes In Y6, a total of 5182 SPN and 1609 HI were collected.
T81302 29836-29890 Sentence denotes In Y6, a total of 5182 SPN and 1609 HI were collected.
TextSentencer_T289 29891-30016 Sentence denotes SPN/HI distribution by site were: sputum & BAL (55%/72%), blood (19%/2%), nasopharynx (10%/13%), ear (10%/7%), sinus (6%/6%).
T60154 29891-30016 Sentence denotes SPN/HI distribution by site were: sputum & BAL (55%/72%), blood (19%/2%), nasopharynx (10%/13%), ear (10%/7%), sinus (6%/6%).
TextSentencer_T290 30017-30066 Sentence denotes The distribution of specimens by age groups were:
T38648 30017-30066 Sentence denotes The distribution of specimens by age groups were:
TextSentencer_T291 30067-30115 Sentence denotes 2 y 12%, 3−14 y 14%, 15−64 y 44%, and >64 y 30%.
T64772 30067-30115 Sentence denotes 2 y 12%, 3−14 y 14%, 15−64 y 44%, and >64 y 30%.
TextSentencer_T292 30116-30282 Sentence denotes SPN penicillin and erythromycin resistance (PR and ER) prevalences were 19% and 35% respectively [20% erm(B), 9% mef(A), 5% erm(B)+mef(A), and 1% ribosomal mutation].
T13097 30116-30282 Sentence denotes SPN penicillin and erythromycin resistance (PR and ER) prevalences were 19% and 35% respectively [20% erm(B), 9% mef(A), 5% erm(B)+mef(A), and 1% ribosomal mutation].
TextSentencer_T293 30283-30399 Sentence denotes SPN with both PR and ER was >25% in Far East, South Africa and France and >15% in Hungary, Poland, US and Australia.
T52573 30283-30399 Sentence denotes SPN with both PR and ER was >25% in Far East, South Africa and France and >15% in Hungary, Poland, US and Australia.
TextSentencer_T294 30400-30458 Sentence denotes Significant increases in PR were seen in Poland and China.
T48949 30400-30458 Sentence denotes Significant increases in PR were seen in Poland and China.
TextSentencer_T295 30459-30507 Sentence denotes Falls in PR were seen in Italy, Spain and Japan.
T85820 30459-30507 Sentence denotes Falls in PR were seen in Italy, Spain and Japan.
TextSentencer_T296 30508-30600 Sentence denotes Erythromycin resistance was stable in all countries except Germany and Venezuela (decrease).
T65773 30508-30600 Sentence denotes Erythromycin resistance was stable in all countries except Germany and Venezuela (decrease).
TextSentencer_T297 30601-30703 Sentence denotes SPN with multiple drug resistance (>2 antibiotic classes) increased in Poland and decreased in Russia.
T34217 30601-30703 Sentence denotes SPN with multiple drug resistance (>2 antibiotic classes) increased in Poland and decreased in Russia.
TextSentencer_T298 30704-30789 Sentence denotes Prevalence of isolates resistant to at least 5 antibiotic classes increased in China.
T78858 30704-30789 Sentence denotes Prevalence of isolates resistant to at least 5 antibiotic classes increased in China.
TextSentencer_T299 30790-30910 Sentence denotes Betalactamase (BL) production in HI was 14% overall, while 2.9% of HI were BL negative and ampicillin resistant (BLNAR).
T98532 30790-30910 Sentence denotes Betalactamase (BL) production in HI was 14% overall, while 2.9% of HI were BL negative and ampicillin resistant (BLNAR).
TextSentencer_T300 30911-30997 Sentence denotes BL production frequencies were stable in all countries except South Africa (increase).
T16618 30911-30997 Sentence denotes BL production frequencies were stable in all countries except South Africa (increase).
TextSentencer_T301 30998-31149 Sentence denotes Telithromycin showed a sustained activity against both SPN (99.6% susceptible, MIC50/90 0.015/0.25 mg/L) and HI (99.3% susceptible, MIC50/90 1/2 mg/L).
T87604 30998-31149 Sentence denotes Telithromycin showed a sustained activity against both SPN (99.6% susceptible, MIC50/90 0.015/0.25 mg/L) and HI (99.3% susceptible, MIC50/90 1/2 mg/L).
TextSentencer_T302 31150-31162 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T39847 31150-31162 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T303 31163-31245 Sentence denotes Resistance to several first-line antibacterials is a continuing problem worldwide.
T99925 31163-31245 Sentence denotes Resistance to several first-line antibacterials is a continuing problem worldwide.
TextSentencer_T304 31246-31336 Sentence denotes The last 2 years of PROTEKT indicate changing patterns of resistance in several countries.
T99181 31246-31336 Sentence denotes The last 2 years of PROTEKT indicate changing patterns of resistance in several countries.
TextSentencer_T305 31337-31474 Sentence denotes Telithromycin exhibited significant in vitro activity against the principal CARTI pathogens, including strains resistant to other agents.
T37699 31337-31474 Sentence denotes Telithromycin exhibited significant in vitro activity against the principal CARTI pathogens, including strains resistant to other agents.
TextSentencer_T306 31475-31662 Sentence denotes O29 Community-acquired respiratory tract infections in Europe caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis: report from 10 years of monitoring by the SENTRY Program R.
T11007 31475-31662 Sentence denotes O29 Community-acquired respiratory tract infections in Europe caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis: report from 10 years of monitoring by the SENTRY Program R.
TextSentencer_T307 31663-31672 Sentence denotes Jones, M.
T37239 31663-31672 Sentence denotes Jones, M.
TextSentencer_T308 31673-31685 Sentence denotes Stilwell, T.
T23022 31673-31685 Sentence denotes Stilwell, T.
TextSentencer_T309 31686-31698 Sentence denotes Fritsche, H.
T76761 31686-31698 Sentence denotes Fritsche, H.
TextSentencer_T310 31699-31736 Sentence denotes Sader (North Liberty, US) Objectives:
T65009 31699-31736 Sentence denotes Sader (North Liberty, US) Objectives:
TextSentencer_T311 31737-31972 Sentence denotes To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility (S) patterns for S. pneumoniae (SPN), H. influenzae (HI) and M. catarrhalis (MCAT) when tested by reference CLSI methods using samples collected from 1997-2006 in 13 European (EUR) nations.
T22957 31737-31972 Sentence denotes To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility (S) patterns for S. pneumoniae (SPN), H. influenzae (HI) and M. catarrhalis (MCAT) when tested by reference CLSI methods using samples collected from 1997-2006 in 13 European (EUR) nations.
TextSentencer_T312 31973-32061 Sentence denotes Trends in S and the occurrences of well defined resistance (R) mechanisms were assessed.
T91021 31973-32061 Sentence denotes Trends in S and the occurrences of well defined resistance (R) mechanisms were assessed.
TextSentencer_T313 32062-32070 Sentence denotes Methods:
T59896 32062-32070 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T314 32071-32324 Sentence denotes A collection of community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CA-RTI) pathogens (6,753 SPN; 6,280 HI; and 1,908 MCAT for all years) were annually forwarded to a central reference laboratory for S test processing and confirmation of organism identity.
T28073 32071-32324 Sentence denotes A collection of community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CA-RTI) pathogens (6,753 SPN; 6,280 HI; and 1,908 MCAT for all years) were annually forwarded to a central reference laboratory for S test processing and confirmation of organism identity.
TextSentencer_T315 32325-32467 Sentence denotes All antimicrobials were tested by CLSI methods, results interpreted by M100-S16 (2006) and quality control rigidly applied to assure accuracy.
T1699 32325-32467 Sentence denotes All antimicrobials were tested by CLSI methods, results interpreted by M100-S16 (2006) and quality control rigidly applied to assure accuracy.
TextSentencer_T316 32468-32556 Sentence denotes Analysis of trends used mean S rates by nation for the initial and last 3 years sampled.
T10718 32468-32556 Sentence denotes Analysis of trends used mean S rates by nation for the initial and last 3 years sampled.
TextSentencer_T317 32558-32682 Sentence denotes Oral presentations Mobile resistance elements in Gram-negatives S1 Plasmids in clinically-significant Gram-negative bacteria
T70812 32558-32682 Sentence denotes Oral presentations Mobile resistance elements in Gram-negatives S1 Plasmids in clinically-significant Gram-negative bacteria
TextSentencer_T318 32683-32767 Sentence denotes Bacteria carry extrachromosomal, self-replicating genetic elements, called plasmids.
T74598 32683-32767 Sentence denotes Bacteria carry extrachromosomal, self-replicating genetic elements, called plasmids.
TextSentencer_T319 32768-32941 Sentence denotes Natural plasmids have systems guaranteeing their autonomous replication but also mechanisms controlling the copy-number and ensuring stable inheritance during cell division.
T39120 32768-32941 Sentence denotes Natural plasmids have systems guaranteeing their autonomous replication but also mechanisms controlling the copy-number and ensuring stable inheritance during cell division.
TextSentencer_T320 32942-33054 Sentence denotes Plasmids have evolved as an integral part of the bacterial genome, providing additional functions to their host.
T7712 32942-33054 Sentence denotes Plasmids have evolved as an integral part of the bacterial genome, providing additional functions to their host.
TextSentencer_T321 33055-33150 Sentence denotes The best example of functions associated to a plasmid is given by the antimicrobial resistance.
T48866 33055-33150 Sentence denotes The best example of functions associated to a plasmid is given by the antimicrobial resistance.
TextSentencer_T322 33151-33441 Sentence denotes Resistance genes located on plasmids offer immediate advantage to their host under antimicrobial pressure and they can be easily exchanged among bacteria of different species and genera, through the natural process of conjugation, rapidly spreading in bacteria of diverse origin and source.
T37794 33151-33441 Sentence denotes Resistance genes located on plasmids offer immediate advantage to their host under antimicrobial pressure and they can be easily exchanged among bacteria of different species and genera, through the natural process of conjugation, rapidly spreading in bacteria of diverse origin and source.
TextSentencer_T323 33442-33731 Sentence denotes Plasmids are playing the major role in the diffusions of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, promoting the spread of resistance genes coding b-lactamases such as CTX-M, SHV, TEM, DHA, CMY, VEB, or aminoglycoside modifying enzymes or proteins mediating quinolone resistance.
T67779 33442-33731 Sentence denotes Plasmids are playing the major role in the diffusions of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, promoting the spread of resistance genes coding b-lactamases such as CTX-M, SHV, TEM, DHA, CMY, VEB, or aminoglycoside modifying enzymes or proteins mediating quinolone resistance.
TextSentencer_T324 33732-33919 Sentence denotes Plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance arises from a complex multifactorial process supported by a panoply of mobile genetic elements that contain and transfer resistance determinants.
T13952 33732-33919 Sentence denotes Plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance arises from a complex multifactorial process supported by a panoply of mobile genetic elements that contain and transfer resistance determinants.
TextSentencer_T325 33920-34129 Sentence denotes Bacterial plasmid sequence comparisons provided the historical events through which these genetic determinants are assembled by transposition, homologous recombination, and illegitimate recombinational events.
T95214 33920-34129 Sentence denotes Bacterial plasmid sequence comparisons provided the historical events through which these genetic determinants are assembled by transposition, homologous recombination, and illegitimate recombinational events.
TextSentencer_T326 34130-34236 Sentence denotes Plasmids also play a very important role in bacterial pathogenesis as carrier of virulence genetic traits.
T2030 34130-34236 Sentence denotes Plasmids also play a very important role in bacterial pathogenesis as carrier of virulence genetic traits.
TextSentencer_T327 34237-34472 Sentence denotes Several resistance plasmids have been described in Enterobacteriaceae to carry virulence factors, such as bacteriocins, siderophores, cytotoxins, or adhesion factors and virulence plasmids have been described to carry resistance genes.
T85807 34237-34472 Sentence denotes Several resistance plasmids have been described in Enterobacteriaceae to carry virulence factors, such as bacteriocins, siderophores, cytotoxins, or adhesion factors and virulence plasmids have been described to carry resistance genes.
TextSentencer_T328 34473-34542 Sentence denotes Plasmids are consequently a fashionable field of scientific research.
T86111 34473-34542 Sentence denotes Plasmids are consequently a fashionable field of scientific research.
TextSentencer_T329 34543-34723 Sentence denotes Among the most important issues of clinical microbiology, increasing prevalence of bacterial pathogens expressing resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents is of special concern.
T50405 34543-34723 Sentence denotes Among the most important issues of clinical microbiology, increasing prevalence of bacterial pathogens expressing resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents is of special concern.
TextSentencer_T330 34724-34896 Sentence denotes The observed high frequency of multiresistance suggests mechanisms by which bacterial species can concentrate and efficiently exchange a variety of resistance determinants.
T70883 34724-34896 Sentence denotes The observed high frequency of multiresistance suggests mechanisms by which bacterial species can concentrate and efficiently exchange a variety of resistance determinants.
TextSentencer_T331 34897-35048 Sentence denotes Lateral gene transfer, which has been proposed as a fundamental process underlying bacterial diversity, is mainly mediated through plasmids and phages.
T13743 34897-35048 Sentence denotes Lateral gene transfer, which has been proposed as a fundamental process underlying bacterial diversity, is mainly mediated through plasmids and phages.
TextSentencer_T332 35049-35153 Sentence denotes While integrons are capable of concentrating resistance genes, they are uncapable of self-transposition.
T91547 35049-35153 Sentence denotes While integrons are capable of concentrating resistance genes, they are uncapable of self-transposition.
TextSentencer_T333 35154-35243 Sentence denotes The mobility of the resistance genes is mediated by insertions sequences and transposons.
T95095 35154-35243 Sentence denotes The mobility of the resistance genes is mediated by insertions sequences and transposons.
TextSentencer_T334 35244-35473 Sentence denotes Along with the discovery of novel resistance genes, the number of different transposable elements isolated and characterised at the nucleotide sequence level is exploding, and over 1500 different ISs have been identified to date.
T65310 35244-35473 Sentence denotes Along with the discovery of novel resistance genes, the number of different transposable elements isolated and characterised at the nucleotide sequence level is exploding, and over 1500 different ISs have been identified to date.
TextSentencer_T335 35474-35577 Sentence denotes Bacterial insertion sequences (IS) are small DNA segments (<2.5 kb) with a simple genetic organisation.
T7007 35474-35577 Sentence denotes Bacterial insertion sequences (IS) are small DNA segments (<2.5 kb) with a simple genetic organisation.
TextSentencer_T336 35578-35720 Sentence denotes Most IS elements exhibit short terminal inverted-repeat sequences (IR) and encode a transposase, an enzyme that is required for transposition.
T78619 35578-35720 Sentence denotes Most IS elements exhibit short terminal inverted-repeat sequences (IR) and encode a transposase, an enzyme that is required for transposition.
TextSentencer_T337 35721-35930 Sentence denotes These mobile elements play an important role in assembling sets of "accessory" functions in bacteria (such as genes forming parts of degradative or catabolic pathways) and in dissemination of resistance genes.
T19268 35721-35930 Sentence denotes These mobile elements play an important role in assembling sets of "accessory" functions in bacteria (such as genes forming parts of degradative or catabolic pathways) and in dissemination of resistance genes.
TextSentencer_T338 35931-36065 Sentence denotes By inserting within a coding sequence they may inactivate the gene, or by inserting upstream of a gene they may modify its expression.
T68486 35931-36065 Sentence denotes By inserting within a coding sequence they may inactivate the gene, or by inserting upstream of a gene they may modify its expression.
TextSentencer_T339 36066-36140 Sentence denotes ISs may also help integration of plasmids into the chromosome of bacteria.
T39459 36066-36140 Sentence denotes ISs may also help integration of plasmids into the chromosome of bacteria.
TextSentencer_T340 36141-36369 Sentence denotes Some ISs, such as ISEcp1, are capable of mobilising nearby DNA, by a mechanism similar to one-ended-transposition, while others may form a composite transposon, being capable of carrying the sequence located between the two ISs.
T33700 36141-36369 Sentence denotes Some ISs, such as ISEcp1, are capable of mobilising nearby DNA, by a mechanism similar to one-ended-transposition, while others may form a composite transposon, being capable of carrying the sequence located between the two ISs.
TextSentencer_T341 36370-36558 Sentence denotes True transposons such as Tn7, and the large group of type II transposons of the Tn3 family are complicated structures and include multiple antibiotic resistance genes carried by integrons.
T20476 36370-36558 Sentence denotes True transposons such as Tn7, and the large group of type II transposons of the Tn3 family are complicated structures and include multiple antibiotic resistance genes carried by integrons.
TextSentencer_T342 36559-36756 Sentence denotes The association of integrons with transferable elements may promote rapid dissemination among clinical strains, and create further opportunities for inclusion of additional resistance determinants.
T45427 36559-36756 Sentence denotes The association of integrons with transferable elements may promote rapid dissemination among clinical strains, and create further opportunities for inclusion of additional resistance determinants.
TextSentencer_T343 36757-36967 Sentence denotes Recently novel genetic structures, Repeated Elements (Re), have been described being capable of mobilising resistance genes through a transposition/recombination process that still needs to be fully understood.
T66217 36757-36967 Sentence denotes Recently novel genetic structures, Repeated Elements (Re), have been described being capable of mobilising resistance genes through a transposition/recombination process that still needs to be fully understood.
TextSentencer_T344 36968-37119 Sentence denotes The study of novel resistance mechanisms and their underlying genetic background revealed novel mobile DNA elements responsible for their mobilisation.
T89055 36968-37119 Sentence denotes The study of novel resistance mechanisms and their underlying genetic background revealed novel mobile DNA elements responsible for their mobilisation.
TextSentencer_T345 37120-37376 Sentence denotes These elements are of interest for clinical microbiology, since they are associated to the emergence of novel antibiotic resistance genes, and for fundamental research, since novel genetic mechanisms for gene mobilisation and dissemination were identified.
T23097 37120-37376 Sentence denotes These elements are of interest for clinical microbiology, since they are associated to the emergence of novel antibiotic resistance genes, and for fundamental research, since novel genetic mechanisms for gene mobilisation and dissemination were identified.
TextSentencer_T346 37377-37534 Sentence denotes Synthetic antibacterial drugs such as antifolates, sulfonamides and quinolones have been widely used in human and veterinary practice over the last 60 years.
T1588 37377-37534 Sentence denotes Synthetic antibacterial drugs such as antifolates, sulfonamides and quinolones have been widely used in human and veterinary practice over the last 60 years.
TextSentencer_T347 37535-37685 Sentence denotes The clinical efficacy of these drugs is undermined by the integration and spreading of resistance borne on transmissible plasmids and genetic islands.
T2846 37535-37685 Sentence denotes The clinical efficacy of these drugs is undermined by the integration and spreading of resistance borne on transmissible plasmids and genetic islands.
TextSentencer_T348 37686-37844 Sentence denotes In 1977, Pattishall et al. divided the plasmid-borne trimethoprim resistance genes into two distinctive structural classes later referred to as dfrA and dfrB.
T49935 37686-37844 Sentence denotes In 1977, Pattishall et al. divided the plasmid-borne trimethoprim resistance genes into two distinctive structural classes later referred to as dfrA and dfrB.
TextSentencer_T349 37845-37918 Sentence denotes The number of identified gene types has grown to more than 30 at present.
T91078 37845-37918 Sentence denotes The number of identified gene types has grown to more than 30 at present.
TextSentencer_T350 37919-38017 Sentence denotes We matched the contexts of all sequenced dfr genes with signatures of two gene capture mechanisms.
T28537 37919-38017 Sentence denotes We matched the contexts of all sequenced dfr genes with signatures of two gene capture mechanisms.
TextSentencer_T351 38018-38194 Sentence denotes These are uptake of gene cassettes in integrons by site-specific recombination and one-ended transposition mediated by IS91-like elements referred to as common regions or ISCR.
T44154 38018-38194 Sentence denotes These are uptake of gene cassettes in integrons by site-specific recombination and one-ended transposition mediated by IS91-like elements referred to as common regions or ISCR.
TextSentencer_T352 38195-38357 Sentence denotes The data we assembled showed that trimethoprim resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is spread, at nearly full coverage, via either of these recombinational paths.
T9568 38195-38357 Sentence denotes The data we assembled showed that trimethoprim resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is spread, at nearly full coverage, via either of these recombinational paths.
TextSentencer_T353 38358-38521 Sentence denotes Nineteen types of dfr genes in three families, examplified by the gene types A1, A12 and B1, are borne on integron-based cassettes while seven dfr gene types, A3b.
T90459 38358-38521 Sentence denotes Nineteen types of dfr genes in three families, examplified by the gene types A1, A12 and B1, are borne on integron-based cassettes while seven dfr gene types, A3b.
TextSentencer_T354 38522-38634 Sentence denotes A9, A10, A19, A20, A23 and A26 (Grape et al., unpublished) have been inserted via the second recombination path.
T55171 38522-38634 Sentence denotes A9, A10, A19, A20, A23 and A26 (Grape et al., unpublished) have been inserted via the second recombination path.
TextSentencer_T355 38635-38774 Sentence denotes IS91 family insertion elements use a one-ended transpositional mechanism to produce single-stranded DNA through rolling circle replication.
T82874 38635-38774 Sentence denotes IS91 family insertion elements use a one-ended transpositional mechanism to produce single-stranded DNA through rolling circle replication.
TextSentencer_T356 38775-38905 Sentence denotes Integron cassettes use recombination sites that are in fact recognized by the cognate tyrosine recombinase in the form of harpins.
T92204 38775-38905 Sentence denotes Integron cassettes use recombination sites that are in fact recognized by the cognate tyrosine recombinase in the form of harpins.
TextSentencer_T357 38906-39047 Sentence denotes This suggests that IS91 might enhance excision and integration of cassettes that are situated within replication range of IS91-like elements.
T30624 38906-39047 Sentence denotes This suggests that IS91 might enhance excision and integration of cassettes that are situated within replication range of IS91-like elements.
TextSentencer_T358 39048-39175 Sentence denotes If the two gene capture systems are indeed engaged in a functional crosstalk this could explain their frequent co-localisation.
T5158 39048-39175 Sentence denotes If the two gene capture systems are indeed engaged in a functional crosstalk this could explain their frequent co-localisation.
TextSentencer_T359 39176-39237 Sentence denotes The spreading of resistance to other synthetic drugs differs.
T78175 39176-39237 Sentence denotes The spreading of resistance to other synthetic drugs differs.
TextSentencer_T360 39238-39388 Sentence denotes For instance, sulfonamide resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is ubiquitous but much less diverse with only three gene types in the metagenomic pool.
T19326 39238-39388 Sentence denotes For instance, sulfonamide resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is ubiquitous but much less diverse with only three gene types in the metagenomic pool.
TextSentencer_T361 39389-39459 Sentence denotes The recombinational spread of sul genes is cryptic and may be diverse.
T78549 39389-39459 Sentence denotes The recombinational spread of sul genes is cryptic and may be diverse.
TextSentencer_T362 39460-39568 Sentence denotes However, one of the genes, sul1, is strongly linked with both integrons and common regions of the IS91 type.
T96973 39460-39568 Sentence denotes However, one of the genes, sul1, is strongly linked with both integrons and common regions of the IS91 type.
TextSentencer_T363 39569-39805 Sentence denotes Sulfonamides were introduced prior to other modern antibacterial drugs suggesting that it was the key selecting factor for making the dual recombinational platform of integrons and IS91-like elements fixed in most bacterial populations.
T22919 39569-39805 Sentence denotes Sulfonamides were introduced prior to other modern antibacterial drugs suggesting that it was the key selecting factor for making the dual recombinational platform of integrons and IS91-like elements fixed in most bacterial populations.
TextSentencer_T364 39806-39957 Sentence denotes Quinolone resistance gets contribution from transmissible qnr alleles of three families reported in connection with IS91-like regions (Robicscek et al.
T30372 39806-39957 Sentence denotes Quinolone resistance gets contribution from transmissible qnr alleles of three families reported in connection with IS91-like regions (Robicscek et al.
TextSentencer_T365 39958-39965 Sentence denotes 2006 ).
T54406 39958-39965 Sentence denotes 2006 ).
TextSentencer_T366 39966-40008 Sentence denotes 17th ECCMID / 25th ICC, Oral presentations
T81201 39966-40008 Sentence denotes 17th ECCMID / 25th ICC, Oral presentations
TextSentencer_T367 40009-40226 Sentence denotes Bacteria are noteworthy for their remarkable genetic plasticity responding and adapting to environmental changes that often as not involves the exchanging of DNA molecules in the same cell and between bacterial cells.
T74432 40009-40226 Sentence denotes Bacteria are noteworthy for their remarkable genetic plasticity responding and adapting to environmental changes that often as not involves the exchanging of DNA molecules in the same cell and between bacterial cells.
TextSentencer_T368 40227-40416 Sentence denotes Insertions sequence common regions (ISCRs) were first discovered and reported in the early 1990's as a DNA sequence of 2,154 bp that was found in two complex class 1 integrons, In6 and In7.
T85658 40227-40416 Sentence denotes Insertions sequence common regions (ISCRs) were first discovered and reported in the early 1990's as a DNA sequence of 2,154 bp that was found in two complex class 1 integrons, In6 and In7.
TextSentencer_T369 40417-40553 Sentence denotes The sequence was initially described as a common region (CR) to distinguish it from the 5 and 3 conserved sequence of class 1 integrons.
T7516 40417-40553 Sentence denotes The sequence was initially described as a common region (CR) to distinguish it from the 5 and 3 conserved sequence of class 1 integrons.
TextSentencer_T370 40554-40678 Sentence denotes ISCRs were also interesting in that they are intimately associated with different resistance genes carried on each integron.
T89192 40554-40678 Sentence denotes ISCRs were also interesting in that they are intimately associated with different resistance genes carried on each integron.
TextSentencer_T371 40679-40952 Sentence denotes ISCR elements have been found in many Gram-negative bacteria and have been associated with an array of different antibiotic resistant functions including qnr, ESBLs, AmpC b-lactamases, metallo-b-lactamases, aminoglycoside and chloramphenicol resistance, dhfr and sul genes.
T88251 40679-40952 Sentence denotes ISCR elements have been found in many Gram-negative bacteria and have been associated with an array of different antibiotic resistant functions including qnr, ESBLs, AmpC b-lactamases, metallo-b-lactamases, aminoglycoside and chloramphenicol resistance, dhfr and sul genes.
TextSentencer_T372 40953-41089 Sentence denotes Some bacteria contain several copies of these elements that have probably occurred via replication followed by homologous recombination.
T26708 40953-41089 Sentence denotes Some bacteria contain several copies of these elements that have probably occurred via replication followed by homologous recombination.
TextSentencer_T373 41090-41150 Sentence denotes They can be located on either the chromosome or/and plasmid.
T37364 41090-41150 Sentence denotes They can be located on either the chromosome or/and plasmid.
TextSentencer_T374 41151-41285 Sentence denotes There are now at least 15 known types of ISCR elements that when aligned share key amino acid motifs with each other and that of IS91.
T96626 41151-41285 Sentence denotes There are now at least 15 known types of ISCR elements that when aligned share key amino acid motifs with each other and that of IS91.
TextSentencer_T375 41286-41362 Sentence denotes These motifs have been shown to be involved in DNA recognition and mobility.
T65979 41286-41362 Sentence denotes These motifs have been shown to be involved in DNA recognition and mobility.
TextSentencer_T376 41363-41496 Sentence denotes ISCR elements are very unusual in that, like IS91, they can mobilise large sections of adjacent DNA via a rolling circle replication.
T81132 41363-41496 Sentence denotes ISCR elements are very unusual in that, like IS91, they can mobilise large sections of adjacent DNA via a rolling circle replication.
TextSentencer_T377 41497-41704 Sentence denotes Normally, termination of replication occurs at a defined site; misreading of this site leads to replication of large sections of DNA to the left-hand end of the element including antibiotic resistance genes.
T62413 41497-41704 Sentence denotes Normally, termination of replication occurs at a defined site; misreading of this site leads to replication of large sections of DNA to the left-hand end of the element including antibiotic resistance genes.
TextSentencer_T378 41705-41837 Sentence denotes Many elements are found next to class 1 integrons which we believe to be expressed and active -possibly driven by a hybrid promoter.
T9634 41705-41837 Sentence denotes Many elements are found next to class 1 integrons which we believe to be expressed and active -possibly driven by a hybrid promoter.
TextSentencer_T379 41838-41895 Sentence denotes The only ISCR element shown not to be expressed is ISCR2.
T65818 41838-41895 Sentence denotes The only ISCR element shown not to be expressed is ISCR2.
TextSentencer_T380 41896-42078 Sentence denotes They are now commonly found in Enterobacteriaceae, Gram-negative non-fermentors and occasionally Gram-positive bacteria and have been found in clinical isolates from every continent.
T55096 41896-42078 Sentence denotes They are now commonly found in Enterobacteriaceae, Gram-negative non-fermentors and occasionally Gram-positive bacteria and have been found in clinical isolates from every continent.
TextSentencer_T381 42079-42176 Sentence denotes Their impact on the spread of antibiotic resistance genes is only now beginning to be understood.
T7161 42079-42176 Sentence denotes Their impact on the spread of antibiotic resistance genes is only now beginning to be understood.
TextSentencer_T382 42177-42391 Sentence denotes Diagnosis and treatment of septic shock (Symposium arranged with the International Sepsis Forum) S5 The innate immune response to P. aeruginosa in human monocytes is mediated mainly by TLR-2 and mannose receptor P.
T73433 42177-42391 Sentence denotes Diagnosis and treatment of septic shock (Symposium arranged with the International Sepsis Forum) S5 The innate immune response to P. aeruginosa in human monocytes is mediated mainly by TLR-2 and mannose receptor P.
TextSentencer_T383 42392-42406 Sentence denotes Xaplanteri, V.
T14543 42392-42406 Sentence denotes Xaplanteri, V.
TextSentencer_T384 42407-42419 Sentence denotes Le Cabec, G.
T70032 42407-42419 Sentence denotes Le Cabec, G.
TextSentencer_T385 42420-42439 Sentence denotes Dimitracopoulos, F.
T28297 42420-42439 Sentence denotes Dimitracopoulos, F.
TextSentencer_T386 42440-42579 Sentence denotes Paliogianni (Patras, GR; Toulouse, FR) P. aeruginosa is a human pathogen that causes life threatening infections in immunocompromised host.
T68852 42440-42579 Sentence denotes Paliogianni (Patras, GR; Toulouse, FR) P. aeruginosa is a human pathogen that causes life threatening infections in immunocompromised host.
TextSentencer_T387 42580-42797 Sentence denotes We have previously shown that Extracellular Slime Glycoliprotein (GLP) produced by all mucoid and non mucoid strains is a potent activator of NFkb transcriptional activity and TNF-a induction in fresh human monocytes.
T94275 42580-42797 Sentence denotes We have previously shown that Extracellular Slime Glycoliprotein (GLP) produced by all mucoid and non mucoid strains is a potent activator of NFkb transcriptional activity and TNF-a induction in fresh human monocytes.
TextSentencer_T388 42798-42809 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T33787 42798-42809 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T389 42810-42938 Sentence denotes To examine which innate immune receptors are involved in signaling proinflammatory cytokine production induced by P. aeruginosa.
T30998 42810-42938 Sentence denotes To examine which innate immune receptors are involved in signaling proinflammatory cytokine production induced by P. aeruginosa.
TextSentencer_T390 42939-42947 Sentence denotes Methods:
T36971 42939-42947 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T391 42948-43070 Sentence denotes We stimulated for 6−24 h fresh human monocytes either with P. aeruginosa Slime GLP (100 mg/mL) or viable bacteria (MOI 10:
T8747 42948-43070 Sentence denotes We stimulated for 6−24 h fresh human monocytes either with P. aeruginosa Slime GLP (100 mg/mL) or viable bacteria (MOI 10:
TextSentencer_T392 43071-43184 Sentence denotes 1) in the presence or absence of specific blocking antibodies against TLR4, TLR2 and Mannose receptor (10 mg/mL).
T75285 43071-43184 Sentence denotes 1) in the presence or absence of specific blocking antibodies against TLR4, TLR2 and Mannose receptor (10 mg/mL).
TextSentencer_T393 43185-43292 Sentence denotes Proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a) was measured in the culture supernatants by ELISA.
T84698 43185-43292 Sentence denotes Proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a) was measured in the culture supernatants by ELISA.
TextSentencer_T394 43293-43390 Sentence denotes Phagocytosis was inhibited by the addition of Cytochalasin D (1 mg/mL) 30 min before stimulation.
T47808 43293-43390 Sentence denotes Phagocytosis was inhibited by the addition of Cytochalasin D (1 mg/mL) 30 min before stimulation.
TextSentencer_T395 43391-43651 Sentence denotes Receptor mediated activation of NFkb was examined by cotransfection experiments, using human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells and plasmids encoding mannose receptor, TLR4 and TLR2−CD14 complex along with NFkb reporter driving the expression of luciferase gene.
T36641 43391-43651 Sentence denotes Receptor mediated activation of NFkb was examined by cotransfection experiments, using human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells and plasmids encoding mannose receptor, TLR4 and TLR2−CD14 complex along with NFkb reporter driving the expression of luciferase gene.
TextSentencer_T396 43652-43714 Sentence denotes NFkb activation was detected by measuring luciferase activity.
T56258 43652-43714 Sentence denotes NFkb activation was detected by measuring luciferase activity.
TextSentencer_T397 43715-43723 Sentence denotes Results:
T90211 43715-43723 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T398 43724-43844 Sentence denotes Blocking of phagocytosis or mannose receptor function resulted in 90% inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production.
T76658 43724-43844 Sentence denotes Blocking of phagocytosis or mannose receptor function resulted in 90% inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production.
TextSentencer_T399 43845-43946 Sentence denotes TLR2 blocking resulted in 70−80% inhibition whereas TLR4 blocking had less prominent effect (30−40%).
T74300 43845-43946 Sentence denotes TLR2 blocking resulted in 70−80% inhibition whereas TLR4 blocking had less prominent effect (30−40%).
TextSentencer_T400 43947-44115 Sentence denotes Challenging of HEK-293 cells expressing only mannose receptor with Slime GLP or viable bacteria resulted in NFkb activation by 6−10 fold and 20−30 fold correspondingly.
T70485 43947-44115 Sentence denotes Challenging of HEK-293 cells expressing only mannose receptor with Slime GLP or viable bacteria resulted in NFkb activation by 6−10 fold and 20−30 fold correspondingly.
TextSentencer_T401 44116-44304 Sentence denotes Co expression of TLR2 in the same cells increased the NFkb activation by 3 fold in both ways of stimulation, whereas coexpession of TLR4 resulted in just detectable increase, 1.2−1.5 fold.
T18940 44116-44304 Sentence denotes Co expression of TLR2 in the same cells increased the NFkb activation by 3 fold in both ways of stimulation, whereas coexpession of TLR4 resulted in just detectable increase, 1.2−1.5 fold.
TextSentencer_T402 44305-44316 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T55956 44305-44316 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T403 44317-44541 Sentence denotes Our results suggest that mannose receptor acts not only as phagocytosis receptor for P. aeruginosa, but also as signaling receptor and cooperates with TLR2 for maximum NFkb activation and proinflammatoty cytokine production.
T59401 44317-44541 Sentence denotes Our results suggest that mannose receptor acts not only as phagocytosis receptor for P. aeruginosa, but also as signaling receptor and cooperates with TLR2 for maximum NFkb activation and proinflammatoty cytokine production.
TextSentencer_T404 44542-44625 Sentence denotes These findings provide a new insight for future development of new immunotherapies.
T1286 44542-44625 Sentence denotes These findings provide a new insight for future development of new immunotherapies.
TextSentencer_T405 44626-44714 Sentence denotes Challenges in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics S11 PK/PD in critically ill patients
T86717 44626-44714 Sentence denotes Challenges in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics S11 PK/PD in critically ill patients
TextSentencer_T406 44715-44857 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial treatment of infections in critically ill patients remains a significant challenge with persisting high mortality and morbidity.
T10068 44715-44857 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial treatment of infections in critically ill patients remains a significant challenge with persisting high mortality and morbidity.
TextSentencer_T407 44858-44954 Sentence denotes Early and appropriate antibacterial therapy remains an important intervention for such patients.
T25191 44858-44954 Sentence denotes Early and appropriate antibacterial therapy remains an important intervention for such patients.
TextSentencer_T408 44955-45245 Sentence denotes To optimise antibacterial therapy, the clinician should possess not only knowledge of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of commonly used antimicrobials, but also how these parameters may be affected by the pathophysiological changes occurring during sepsis or septic shock.
T15080 44955-45245 Sentence denotes To optimise antibacterial therapy, the clinician should possess not only knowledge of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of commonly used antimicrobials, but also how these parameters may be affected by the pathophysiological changes occurring during sepsis or septic shock.
TextSentencer_T409 45246-45292 Sentence denotes Pathophysiological changes can be contrasting.
T17586 45246-45292 Sentence denotes Pathophysiological changes can be contrasting.
TextSentencer_T410 45293-45405 Sentence denotes Sepsis, and the nonantibiotic treatment, increasing renal preload may result in higher antibacterial clearances.
T79213 45293-45405 Sentence denotes Sepsis, and the nonantibiotic treatment, increasing renal preload may result in higher antibacterial clearances.
TextSentencer_T411 45406-45557 Sentence denotes Alternatively, sepsis can induce multiple organ dysfunction, including renal and/or hepatic dysfunction, causing a decrease in antibacterial clearance.
T10560 45406-45557 Sentence denotes Alternatively, sepsis can induce multiple organ dysfunction, including renal and/or hepatic dysfunction, causing a decrease in antibacterial clearance.
TextSentencer_T412 45558-45727 Sentence denotes Aminoglycosides, b-lactams and carbapenems are distributed in plasma and interstitial space, therefore their concentrations could be dramatically affected during sepsis.
T79835 45558-45727 Sentence denotes Aminoglycosides, b-lactams and carbapenems are distributed in plasma and interstitial space, therefore their concentrations could be dramatically affected during sepsis.
TextSentencer_T413 45728-45801 Sentence denotes These drugs can have a higher Vd during sepsis leading to a reduced Cmax.
T80857 45728-45801 Sentence denotes These drugs can have a higher Vd during sepsis leading to a reduced Cmax.
TextSentencer_T414 45802-45950 Sentence denotes Some patients with serum creatinine within the normal range can have higher than normal drug clearances, thereby producing low serum concentrations.
T20970 45802-45950 Sentence denotes Some patients with serum creatinine within the normal range can have higher than normal drug clearances, thereby producing low serum concentrations.
TextSentencer_T415 45951-46108 Sentence denotes If a drug needs to have a minimum serum concentration maintained (e.g. b-lactams), a high drug clearance will lead to underdosage for renally excreted drugs.
T15660 45951-46108 Sentence denotes If a drug needs to have a minimum serum concentration maintained (e.g. b-lactams), a high drug clearance will lead to underdosage for renally excreted drugs.
TextSentencer_T416 46109-46279 Sentence denotes All b-lactams should, in such patients, be administered more frequently than suggested in non-sepsis patients; administration by continuous infusion should be considered.
T48056 46109-46279 Sentence denotes All b-lactams should, in such patients, be administered more frequently than suggested in non-sepsis patients; administration by continuous infusion should be considered.
TextSentencer_T417 46280-46496 Sentence denotes In relation to the aminoglycosides, this means that not only are large doses required to be administered, but because of a high CLCR these antibacterials may also need dosing even more frequently than every 24 hours.
T46879 46280-46496 Sentence denotes In relation to the aminoglycosides, this means that not only are large doses required to be administered, but because of a high CLCR these antibacterials may also need dosing even more frequently than every 24 hours.
TextSentencer_T418 46497-46642 Sentence denotes Regarding the renal clearance of the fluoroquinolones, in the presence of a high CLCR can be assumed that fluoroquinolone clearance is also high.
T76350 46497-46642 Sentence denotes Regarding the renal clearance of the fluoroquinolones, in the presence of a high CLCR can be assumed that fluoroquinolone clearance is also high.
TextSentencer_T419 46643-46766 Sentence denotes If this were true these antibacterials would also need to have higher daily doses than proposed in the standard literature.
T79635 46643-46766 Sentence denotes If this were true these antibacterials would also need to have higher daily doses than proposed in the standard literature.
TextSentencer_T420 46767-46908 Sentence denotes In conclusion the treatment of infections in critical ill patients remains a significant challenge given the persisting high mortality rates.
T63325 46767-46908 Sentence denotes In conclusion the treatment of infections in critical ill patients remains a significant challenge given the persisting high mortality rates.
TextSentencer_T421 46909-47026 Sentence denotes Data suggest that effective antibacterial therapy remains the most important intervention available to the clinician.
T61593 46909-47026 Sentence denotes Data suggest that effective antibacterial therapy remains the most important intervention available to the clinician.
TextSentencer_T422 47027-47189 Sentence denotes In treating sepsis, a clinician must be aware of the impact of the various pathophysiological and subsequent pharmacokinetic changes that can occur during sepsis.
T79863 47027-47189 Sentence denotes In treating sepsis, a clinician must be aware of the impact of the various pathophysiological and subsequent pharmacokinetic changes that can occur during sepsis.
TextSentencer_T423 47190-47296 Sentence denotes O16 Bacterial population kinetics on hands during two consecutive surgical hand disinfection procedures G.
T63103 47190-47296 Sentence denotes O16 Bacterial population kinetics on hands during two consecutive surgical hand disinfection procedures G.
TextSentencer_T424 47297-47306 Sentence denotes Kampf, C.
T58930 47297-47306 Sentence denotes Kampf, C.
TextSentencer_T425 47307-47321 Sentence denotes Ostermeyer, T.
T6813 47307-47321 Sentence denotes Ostermeyer, T.
TextSentencer_T426 47322-47456 Sentence denotes Kohlmann (Hamburg, Greifswald, DE) In Europe, the efficacy of surgical hand antiseptics is investigated only for a single application.
T30368 47322-47456 Sentence denotes Kohlmann (Hamburg, Greifswald, DE) In Europe, the efficacy of surgical hand antiseptics is investigated only for a single application.
TextSentencer_T427 47457-47592 Sentence denotes In clinical practice, however, consecutive applications are common but the effect on the bacterial density on hands is largely unknown.
T264 47457-47592 Sentence denotes In clinical practice, however, consecutive applications are common but the effect on the bacterial density on hands is largely unknown.
TextSentencer_T428 47593-47704 Sentence denotes We therefore studied the effect of different consecutive applications on the resident bacterial flora on hands.
T44850 47593-47704 Sentence denotes We therefore studied the effect of different consecutive applications on the resident bacterial flora on hands.
TextSentencer_T429 47705-47944 Sentence denotes A propanol-based hand rub (Sterillium ® , based on 45% propan-2-ol, 30% propan-1-ol and 0.2% mecetronium etilsulfate) and the reference alcohol of EN 12791 (60% n-propanol) were tested in two consecutive applications with 3 h between them.
T40790 47705-47944 Sentence denotes A propanol-based hand rub (Sterillium ® , based on 45% propan-2-ol, 30% propan-1-ol and 0.2% mecetronium etilsulfate) and the reference alcohol of EN 12791 (60% n-propanol) were tested in two consecutive applications with 3 h between them.
TextSentencer_T430 47945-47973 Sentence denotes Four variations were tested.
T38237 47945-47973 Sentence denotes Four variations were tested.
TextSentencer_T431 47974-48083 Sentence denotes The first application of Sterillium was always for 1.5 min, the second application was for 1.5, 1 or 0.5 min.
T87072 47974-48083 Sentence denotes The first application of Sterillium was always for 1.5 min, the second application was for 1.5, 1 or 0.5 min.
TextSentencer_T432 48084-48148 Sentence denotes The reference alcohol was applied for 3 min (both applications).
T14695 48084-48148 Sentence denotes The reference alcohol was applied for 3 min (both applications).
TextSentencer_T433 48149-48246 Sentence denotes The efficacy of the three product variations was compared to the reference treatment of EN 12791.
T44002 48149-48246 Sentence denotes The efficacy of the three product variations was compared to the reference treatment of EN 12791.
TextSentencer_T434 48247-48322 Sentence denotes All experiments were performed in a Latin-square design with 20 volunteers.
T89362 48247-48322 Sentence denotes All experiments were performed in a Latin-square design with 20 volunteers.
TextSentencer_T435 48323-48426 Sentence denotes Pre-and post-values (immediately and 3 hr after each applications) were obtained according to EN 12791.
T17814 48323-48426 Sentence denotes Pre-and post-values (immediately and 3 hr after each applications) were obtained according to EN 12791.
TextSentencer_T436 48427-48586 Sentence denotes The first reference disinfection (3 min) reduced the bacterial density by 2.87±1.00 log 10 -steps (immediate efficacy) and 2.27±1.25 log 10 -steps (after 3 h).
T9985 48427-48586 Sentence denotes The first reference disinfection (3 min) reduced the bacterial density by 2.87±1.00 log 10 -steps (immediate efficacy) and 2.27±1.25 log 10 -steps (after 3 h).
TextSentencer_T437 48587-48669 Sentence denotes Sterillium applied for 1.5 min yielded a similar reduction at both sampling times.
T72203 48587-48669 Sentence denotes Sterillium applied for 1.5 min yielded a similar reduction at both sampling times.
TextSentencer_T438 48670-48785 Sentence denotes Immediately after the second 3 min reference disinfection bacterial density was reduced by 0.45±1.05 log 10 -steps.
T38328 48670-48785 Sentence denotes Immediately after the second 3 min reference disinfection bacterial density was reduced by 0.45±1.05 log 10 -steps.
TextSentencer_T439 48786-48972 Sentence denotes Application of Sterillium yielded larger reductions with 0.71±1.32 (0.5 min application time), 0.79±1.63 (1 min application time), and 1.12±1.04 log 10 -steps (1.5 min application time).
T85663 48786-48972 Sentence denotes Application of Sterillium yielded larger reductions with 0.71±1.32 (0.5 min application time), 0.79±1.63 (1 min application time), and 1.12±1.04 log 10 -steps (1.5 min application time).
TextSentencer_T440 48973-49058 Sentence denotes The difference between the four treatments, however, was not significant (p = 0.089).
T25399 48973-49058 Sentence denotes The difference between the four treatments, however, was not significant (p = 0.089).
TextSentencer_T441 49059-49190 Sentence denotes After 3 h under the surgical glove bacterial density further decreased with 1.11±1.04 log 10 -steps for the reference disinfection.
T42925 49059-49190 Sentence denotes After 3 h under the surgical glove bacterial density further decreased with 1.11±1.04 log 10 -steps for the reference disinfection.
TextSentencer_T442 49191-49347 Sentence denotes A 1 min application of Sterillium yielded the largest reduction (1.89±1.02) followed by a 1.5 min treatment (1.67±0.98) and a 0.5 min treatment (1.08±0.86).
T88423 49191-49347 Sentence denotes A 1 min application of Sterillium yielded the largest reduction (1.89±1.02) followed by a 1.5 min treatment (1.67±0.98) and a 0.5 min treatment (1.08±0.86).
TextSentencer_T443 49348-49588 Sentence denotes There was a significant difference between all four treatments (p = 0.005; Friedman test) but none of the short treatments with Sterillium was significantly less effective than the 3 min reference treatment (p > 0.05; Wilcoxon-Wilcox test).
T18606 49348-49588 Sentence denotes There was a significant difference between all four treatments (p = 0.005; Friedman test) but none of the short treatments with Sterillium was significantly less effective than the 3 min reference treatment (p > 0.05; Wilcoxon-Wilcox test).
TextSentencer_T444 49589-49800 Sentence denotes Overall, a simple 1.5 min application of a well-formulated propanolbased hand rub for surgical hand disinfection keeps the bacterial density as low as possible even in two consecutive surgical procedures of 3 h.
T51203 49589-49800 Sentence denotes Overall, a simple 1.5 min application of a well-formulated propanolbased hand rub for surgical hand disinfection keeps the bacterial density as low as possible even in two consecutive surgical procedures of 3 h.
TextSentencer_T445 49801-49912 Sentence denotes Conclusions: HPV is more effective than standard terminal cleaning for the eradication of nosocomial pathogens.
T47681 49801-49912 Sentence denotes Conclusions: HPV is more effective than standard terminal cleaning for the eradication of nosocomial pathogens.
TextSentencer_T446 49913-50121 Sentence denotes Recontamination was not immediate for MRSA and GNR but returned towards pre-cleaning levels for MRSA and post-cleaning levels for GNR within a week in a room occupied by a patient colonised with MRSA and GNR.
T70597 49913-50121 Sentence denotes Recontamination was not immediate for MRSA and GNR but returned towards pre-cleaning levels for MRSA and post-cleaning levels for GNR within a week in a room occupied by a patient colonised with MRSA and GNR.
TextSentencer_T447 50122-50227 Sentence denotes This finding has important implications for the optimal deployment of HPV decontamination in hospitals. .
T31108 50122-50227 Sentence denotes This finding has important implications for the optimal deployment of HPV decontamination in hospitals. .
TextSentencer_T448 50228-50311 Sentence denotes Trends toward greater PEN-and ERY-R were noted in 7 and 12 countries, respectively.
T31863 50228-50311 Sentence denotes Trends toward greater PEN-and ERY-R were noted in 7 and 12 countries, respectively.
TextSentencer_T449 50312-50444 Sentence denotes FQ-R (0.9% overall) indicated by levofloxacin MIC at 4 mg/L was >1% in Belgium, Italy (7.8%; clonal), Spain, UK, Israel and Ireland.
T2606 50312-50444 Sentence denotes FQ-R (0.9% overall) indicated by levofloxacin MIC at 4 mg/L was >1% in Belgium, Italy (7.8%; clonal), Spain, UK, Israel and Ireland.
TextSentencer_T450 50445-50641 Sentence denotes MCAT had a uniform BL-production rate (95%, range 92-100%) across EUR and macrolides (MIC90, 0.25 mg/L), tetracyclines ( 2 mg/L), FQs ( 0.06 mg/L) and enzyme stable b-lactams remained very potent.
T36895 50445-50641 Sentence denotes MCAT had a uniform BL-production rate (95%, range 92-100%) across EUR and macrolides (MIC90, 0.25 mg/L), tetracyclines ( 2 mg/L), FQs ( 0.06 mg/L) and enzyme stable b-lactams remained very potent.
TextSentencer_T451 50642-50718 Sentence denotes BL(+) rates in HI ranged from 3.6% (Germany) to 23.9−30.8% (France, Israel).
T27972 50642-50718 Sentence denotes BL(+) rates in HI ranged from 3.6% (Germany) to 23.9−30.8% (France, Israel).
TextSentencer_T452 50719-50823 Sentence denotes BLNAR HI strains (Table) were found in 5 nations (range, 0.5−1.7%) with an overall average of only 0.3%.
T88164 50719-50823 Sentence denotes BLNAR HI strains (Table) were found in 5 nations (range, 0.5−1.7%) with an overall average of only 0.3%.
TextSentencer_T453 50824-50894 Sentence denotes A/C-R was rare (0.4%) and noted in 3 nations; highest (5.5%) in Spain.
T37025 50824-50894 Sentence denotes A/C-R was rare (0.4%) and noted in 3 nations; highest (5.5%) in Spain.
TextSentencer_T454 50895-51059 Sentence denotes HI-S rates of >90% were documented for A/C, azithromycin, CRO, FQs, RF, chloramphenicol, oral cephems and tetracyclines. a Average of last 3 years of participation.
T10819 50895-51059 Sentence denotes HI-S rates of >90% were documented for A/C, azithromycin, CRO, FQs, RF, chloramphenicol, oral cephems and tetracyclines. a Average of last 3 years of participation.
TextSentencer_T455 51060-51169 Sentence denotes PNSP = PEN-non-S SPN, ENSP = ERY-non-S SPN; BLP = b-lactamase production, BLNAR = b-lactamase-negative AMP-R.
T37068 51060-51169 Sentence denotes PNSP = PEN-non-S SPN, ENSP = ERY-non-S SPN; BLP = b-lactamase production, BLNAR = b-lactamase-negative AMP-R.
TextSentencer_T456 51170-51330 Sentence denotes The SENTRY Program has consistently monitored EUR CA-RTI pathogens and observed relatively stable R patterns among HI and MCAT but variable rates among nations.
T40499 51170-51330 Sentence denotes The SENTRY Program has consistently monitored EUR CA-RTI pathogens and observed relatively stable R patterns among HI and MCAT but variable rates among nations.
TextSentencer_T457 51331-51478 Sentence denotes SPN R-rates for PEN, macrolides and to a lesser extent FQs continues to evolve at varying velocities among the 13 countries sampled from 1997-2006.
T32228 51331-51478 Sentence denotes SPN R-rates for PEN, macrolides and to a lesser extent FQs continues to evolve at varying velocities among the 13 countries sampled from 1997-2006.
TextSentencer_T458 51479-51537 Sentence denotes These results corroborate data reported by EARRS for 2004.
T737 51479-51537 Sentence denotes These results corroborate data reported by EARRS for 2004.
TextSentencer_T459 51538-51549 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T11847 51538-51549 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T460 51550-51763 Sentence denotes To determine the rate, characteristics and risk factors of intestinal carriage of nalidixic acid (NA) resistant E. coli (E. coli NAR) in healthy children who have never received quinolones as antibiotic treatment.
T72514 51550-51763 Sentence denotes To determine the rate, characteristics and risk factors of intestinal carriage of nalidixic acid (NA) resistant E. coli (E. coli NAR) in healthy children who have never received quinolones as antibiotic treatment.
TextSentencer_T461 51764-51772 Sentence denotes Methods:
T91870 51764-51772 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T462 51773-51990 Sentence denotes Two consecutive surveys, 10 months apart, were carried out to determine the prevalence of E. coli NAR in a cohort of healthy children aged 3−5 years from 9 Day Care Centers (DCC) in 3 Arab villages of northern Israel.
T19311 51773-51990 Sentence denotes Two consecutive surveys, 10 months apart, were carried out to determine the prevalence of E. coli NAR in a cohort of healthy children aged 3−5 years from 9 Day Care Centers (DCC) in 3 Arab villages of northern Israel.
TextSentencer_T463 51991-52120 Sentence denotes Parents were interviewed on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and medical history of the children and their families.
T84218 51991-52120 Sentence denotes Parents were interviewed on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and medical history of the children and their families.
TextSentencer_T464 52121-52286 Sentence denotes Stool samples obtained from the cohort of children and from a sub-sample of siblings and mothers were inoculated onto MacConkey agar plates, containing NA (32mg/mL).
T22746 52121-52286 Sentence denotes Stool samples obtained from the cohort of children and from a sub-sample of siblings and mothers were inoculated onto MacConkey agar plates, containing NA (32mg/mL).
TextSentencer_T465 52287-52385 Sentence denotes The NA Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by the broth microdilution technique.
T32408 52287-52385 Sentence denotes The NA Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by the broth microdilution technique.
TextSentencer_T466 52386-52453 Sentence denotes The E. coli NAR strains were examined for ciprofloxacin resistance.
T41919 52386-52453 Sentence denotes The E. coli NAR strains were examined for ciprofloxacin resistance.
TextSentencer_T467 52454-52563 Sentence denotes Selected strains were evaluated for efflux pumps activity and for point mutations in the gyrA and parC genes.
T40849 52454-52563 Sentence denotes Selected strains were evaluated for efflux pumps activity and for point mutations in the gyrA and parC genes.
TextSentencer_T468 52564-52654 Sentence denotes Uni-and multivariable analyses were used to identify risk factors of E. coli NAR carriage.
T6903 52564-52654 Sentence denotes Uni-and multivariable analyses were used to identify risk factors of E. coli NAR carriage.
TextSentencer_T469 52655-52663 Sentence denotes Results:
T50757 52655-52663 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T470 52664-52781 Sentence denotes We found that 17.2% (34/198) of the children carried E. coli NAR in the first survey and 42.3 (85/208) in the second.
T72636 52664-52781 Sentence denotes We found that 17.2% (34/198) of the children carried E. coli NAR in the first survey and 42.3 (85/208) in the second.
TextSentencer_T471 52782-53008 Sentence denotes Among the children examined in both surveys (n = 147), 9.4% harboured E. coli NAR in the first survey but became negative in the second while 38.5% children found negative in the first survey carried E. coli NAR in the second.
T35780 52782-53008 Sentence denotes Among the children examined in both surveys (n = 147), 9.4% harboured E. coli NAR in the first survey but became negative in the second while 38.5% children found negative in the first survey carried E. coli NAR in the second.
TextSentencer_T472 53009-53079 Sentence denotes E. coli NAR were isolated in both screenings among 11 (9.4%) children.
T27006 53009-53079 Sentence denotes E. coli NAR were isolated in both screenings among 11 (9.4%) children.
TextSentencer_T473 53080-53202 Sentence denotes 21% and 34% of the E. coli NAR strains were also resistant to ciprofloxacin in the first and second surveys, respectively.
T83467 53080-53202 Sentence denotes 21% and 34% of the E. coli NAR strains were also resistant to ciprofloxacin in the first and second surveys, respectively.
TextSentencer_T474 53203-53347 Sentence denotes Persistent resistance to NA was associated with an increase in MIC, number of mutations in the gyrA and parC genes and presence of efflux pumps.
T15566 53203-53347 Sentence denotes Persistent resistance to NA was associated with an increase in MIC, number of mutations in the gyrA and parC genes and presence of efflux pumps.
TextSentencer_T475 53348-53457 Sentence denotes Acquisition of resistance to NA was significantly higher in two of the DCCs located in one of the 3 villages.
T59151 53348-53457 Sentence denotes Acquisition of resistance to NA was significantly higher in two of the DCCs located in one of the 3 villages.
TextSentencer_T476 53458-53611 Sentence denotes The carriage of E. coli NAR was not associated with the child's age or gender, use of antibiotics, or carriage of E. coli NAR among mothers and siblings.
T9979 53458-53611 Sentence denotes The carriage of E. coli NAR was not associated with the child's age or gender, use of antibiotics, or carriage of E. coli NAR among mothers and siblings.
TextSentencer_T477 53612-53624 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T2110 53612-53624 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T478 53625-53881 Sentence denotes The lack of evidence for intra-familiar spread of E. coli NAR and the significant acquisition of E. coli NAR in 2 specific DCCs suggest that other means of transmission such as the food or waterborne routs may explain the high carriage rate of E. coli NAR.
T73102 53625-53881 Sentence denotes The lack of evidence for intra-familiar spread of E. coli NAR and the significant acquisition of E. coli NAR in 2 specific DCCs suggest that other means of transmission such as the food or waterborne routs may explain the high carriage rate of E. coli NAR.
TextSentencer_T479 53882-54042 Sentence denotes Persistent carriage of E. coli NAR is of concern in view of the association with an increase in both phenotypic and genetic markers of resistance to quinolones.
T66002 53882-54042 Sentence denotes Persistent carriage of E. coli NAR is of concern in view of the association with an increase in both phenotypic and genetic markers of resistance to quinolones.
TextSentencer_T480 54043-54109 Sentence denotes rarely cultured enterococci had a MIC90 of 2 mg/L (range, 2 mg/L).
T24354 54043-54109 Sentence denotes rarely cultured enterococci had a MIC90 of 2 mg/L (range, 2 mg/L).
TextSentencer_T481 54110-54266 Sentence denotes Corynebacterium spp. (342) were most susceptible (S) to linezolid (MIC50, 0.25 mg/L) while enterococci and Listeria were 4-to 8-fold less S (MIC50, 2 mg/L).
T94317 54110-54266 Sentence denotes Corynebacterium spp. (342) were most susceptible (S) to linezolid (MIC50, 0.25 mg/L) while enterococci and Listeria were 4-to 8-fold less S (MIC50, 2 mg/L).
TextSentencer_T482 54267-54389 Sentence denotes Evaluations of R trends in those species failed to identify any MIC creep over the seven years monitored (data not shown).
T49758 54267-54389 Sentence denotes Evaluations of R trends in those species failed to identify any MIC creep over the seven years monitored (data not shown).
TextSentencer_T483 54390-54396 Sentence denotes Table.
T8270 54390-54396 Sentence denotes Table.
TextSentencer_T484 54397-54481 Sentence denotes Linezolid potency against uncommonly isolated Gram-positive organisms (3, 251) . ii.
T60468 54397-54481 Sentence denotes Linezolid potency against uncommonly isolated Gram-positive organisms (3, 251) . ii.
TextSentencer_T485 54482-54561 Sentence denotes On a given continent, PVL-positive CA-MRSA have spread from country to country.
T14026 54482-54561 Sentence denotes On a given continent, PVL-positive CA-MRSA have spread from country to country.
TextSentencer_T486 54562-54677 Sentence denotes For instance, in Europe, PVL-positive CA-MRSA of ST80 were recently detected in Slovenia, Romania and Croatia. iii.
T84867 54562-54677 Sentence denotes For instance, in Europe, PVL-positive CA-MRSA of ST80 were recently detected in Slovenia, Romania and Croatia. iii.
TextSentencer_T487 54678-54756 Sentence denotes New PVL-positive CA-MRSA clones are emerging on different genetic backgrounds.
T70736 54678-54756 Sentence denotes New PVL-positive CA-MRSA clones are emerging on different genetic backgrounds.
TextSentencer_T488 54757-54868 Sentence denotes While most of the clones described in 2003 had an agr3 background, the newly described clones are agr1 or agr2.
T64012 54757-54868 Sentence denotes While most of the clones described in 2003 had an agr3 background, the newly described clones are agr1 or agr2.
TextSentencer_T489 54869-55017 Sentence denotes Clone ST22 (agr1) has been found in Europe only and clone ST377 (agr1 with a type V SCCmec) was reported simultaneously in Europe and Australia. iv.
T86312 54869-55017 Sentence denotes Clone ST22 (agr1) has been found in Europe only and clone ST377 (agr1 with a type V SCCmec) was reported simultaneously in Europe and Australia. iv.
TextSentencer_T490 55018-55211 Sentence denotes PVL-positive CA-MRSA, which were initially susceptible to most antistaphylococcal antibiotics, have acquired new antibiotic resistance determinants, to gentamicin and ofloxacin for instance. v.
T88177 55018-55211 Sentence denotes PVL-positive CA-MRSA, which were initially susceptible to most antistaphylococcal antibiotics, have acquired new antibiotic resistance determinants, to gentamicin and ofloxacin for instance. v.
TextSentencer_T491 55212-55395 Sentence denotes The prevalence of PVL-positive CA-MRSA varies considerably from one continent to another (high for instance in the USA (~50%), Greece and Algeria, low in most European countries). vi.
T33494 55212-55395 Sentence denotes The prevalence of PVL-positive CA-MRSA varies considerably from one continent to another (high for instance in the USA (~50%), Greece and Algeria, low in most European countries). vi.
TextSentencer_T492 55396-55536 Sentence denotes PVL-positive CA-MRSA are gradually causing an increasing number of hospital-acquired infections in countries where their prevalence is high.
T40655 55396-55536 Sentence denotes PVL-positive CA-MRSA are gradually causing an increasing number of hospital-acquired infections in countries where their prevalence is high.
TextSentencer_T493 55537-55548 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T10024 55537-55548 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T494 55549-55737 Sentence denotes To counter this emerging global threat to public health, systematic surveillance of both hospital and community isolates is required, together with measures designed to limit their spread.
T31809 55549-55737 Sentence denotes To counter this emerging global threat to public health, systematic surveillance of both hospital and community isolates is required, together with measures designed to limit their spread.
TextSentencer_T495 55738-55911 Sentence denotes In the Nordic countries and the Netherlands, nosocomial MRSA has successfully been contained for more than 25 years keeping the prevalence of MRSA at <1% in these countries.
T17206 55738-55911 Sentence denotes In the Nordic countries and the Netherlands, nosocomial MRSA has successfully been contained for more than 25 years keeping the prevalence of MRSA at <1% in these countries.
TextSentencer_T496 55912-56050 Sentence denotes This has been accomplished by enforcing preventive contact isolation of all hospitalised patients suspected or confirmed as MRSA positive.
T87921 55912-56050 Sentence denotes This has been accomplished by enforcing preventive contact isolation of all hospitalised patients suspected or confirmed as MRSA positive.
TextSentencer_T497 56051-56261 Sentence denotes This has been facilitated by the fact that in these countries the predominant risk factor for patients for MRSA acquisition was hospitalisation abroad, making these at-risk patients relatively easy to identify.
T54648 56051-56261 Sentence denotes This has been facilitated by the fact that in these countries the predominant risk factor for patients for MRSA acquisition was hospitalisation abroad, making these at-risk patients relatively easy to identify.
TextSentencer_T498 56262-56330 Sentence denotes Additionally, secondary cases seldom arose after hospital discharge.
T55053 56262-56330 Sentence denotes Additionally, secondary cases seldom arose after hospital discharge.
TextSentencer_T499 56331-56545 Sentence denotes The recent change in epidemiology where transmission of MRSA increasingly occurs outside hospitals has changed the situation, and an increasing number of MRSA has been reported in all the above mentioned countries.
T65743 56331-56545 Sentence denotes The recent change in epidemiology where transmission of MRSA increasingly occurs outside hospitals has changed the situation, and an increasing number of MRSA has been reported in all the above mentioned countries.
TextSentencer_T500 56546-56634 Sentence denotes Since the mid-1990s the number of new cases of MRSA in Denmark has increased by 10-fold.
T59354 56546-56634 Sentence denotes Since the mid-1990s the number of new cases of MRSA in Denmark has increased by 10-fold.
TextSentencer_T501 56635-56870 Sentence denotes The majority of these MRSA has been identified in primary healthcare (community onset) and, in approximately 33% of the cases, the patient had had no connection with healthcare institutions for at least one year prior to the diagnosis.
T12404 56635-56870 Sentence denotes The majority of these MRSA has been identified in primary healthcare (community onset) and, in approximately 33% of the cases, the patient had had no connection with healthcare institutions for at least one year prior to the diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T502 56871-56946 Sentence denotes These cases have therefore been considered as community acquired (CA-MRSA).
T72559 56871-56946 Sentence denotes These cases have therefore been considered as community acquired (CA-MRSA).
TextSentencer_T503 56947-57029 Sentence denotes CA-MRSA infections have especially been reported from children and younger adults.
T83134 56947-57029 Sentence denotes CA-MRSA infections have especially been reported from children and younger adults.
TextSentencer_T504 57030-57116 Sentence denotes Skin and soft tissue infections dominate and represent approximately 90% of the cases.
T98761 57030-57116 Sentence denotes Skin and soft tissue infections dominate and represent approximately 90% of the cases.
TextSentencer_T505 57117-57217 Sentence denotes Approximately 30% of CA-MRSA cases have been reported in persons with another ethnicity than Danish.
T76378 57117-57217 Sentence denotes Approximately 30% of CA-MRSA cases have been reported in persons with another ethnicity than Danish.
TextSentencer_T506 57218-57319 Sentence denotes This could indicate that there is a continued influx of MRSA from high prevalence areas into Denmark.
T66508 57218-57319 Sentence denotes This could indicate that there is a continued influx of MRSA from high prevalence areas into Denmark.
TextSentencer_T507 57320-57546 Sentence denotes Strains belonging to the ST80-IV complex have been the most frequent cause of CA-MRSA in Denmark, however, an increasing diversification has recently been observed including almost all strains known as associated with CA-MRSA.
T68790 57320-57546 Sentence denotes Strains belonging to the ST80-IV complex have been the most frequent cause of CA-MRSA in Denmark, however, an increasing diversification has recently been observed including almost all strains known as associated with CA-MRSA.
TextSentencer_T508 57547-57632 Sentence denotes During the same time period the number of MRSA diagnosed in hospitals also increased.
T72392 57547-57632 Sentence denotes During the same time period the number of MRSA diagnosed in hospitals also increased.
TextSentencer_T509 57633-57727 Sentence denotes This has happened despite continued use of contact isolation of MRSA positive patients during.
T4390 57633-57727 Sentence denotes This has happened despite continued use of contact isolation of MRSA positive patients during.
TextSentencer_T510 57728-57917 Sentence denotes Hospitalisation of MRSA carriers not identified on admission due to lack of risk factors is probably one important factor responsible for the increased number of nosocomial MRSA in Denmark.
T79914 57728-57917 Sentence denotes Hospitalisation of MRSA carriers not identified on admission due to lack of risk factors is probably one important factor responsible for the increased number of nosocomial MRSA in Denmark.
TextSentencer_T511 57918-58177 Sentence denotes An increase in the prevalence of MRSA outside hospitals including in otherwise healthy persons, is thus of great concern as this not only gives rise to CA-MRSA infections but also inevitably will increase the risk of nosocomial MRSA infec-tions and outbreaks.
T10484 57918-58177 Sentence denotes An increase in the prevalence of MRSA outside hospitals including in otherwise healthy persons, is thus of great concern as this not only gives rise to CA-MRSA infections but also inevitably will increase the risk of nosocomial MRSA infec-tions and outbreaks.
TextSentencer_T512 58178-58362 Sentence denotes In order to keep Denmark as a low prevalence country we believe that MRSA should be contained and eradicated not only in hospitalised patients but also when diagnosed in the community.
T74002 58178-58362 Sentence denotes In order to keep Denmark as a low prevalence country we believe that MRSA should be contained and eradicated not only in hospitalised patients but also when diagnosed in the community.
TextSentencer_T513 58363-58520 Sentence denotes This has lead to new national guidelines for preven-tion and eradication of MRSA including making both carriage and infection with MRSA mandatory reportable.
T65259 58363-58520 Sentence denotes This has lead to new national guidelines for preven-tion and eradication of MRSA including making both carriage and infection with MRSA mandatory reportable.
TextSentencer_T514 58521-58638 Sentence denotes The first question to ask when considering any screening programme for the identification of CA-MRSA carriage is why?
T81128 58521-58638 Sentence denotes The first question to ask when considering any screening programme for the identification of CA-MRSA carriage is why?
TextSentencer_T515 58639-58703 Sentence denotes The importance of epidemiological data cannot be underestimated.
T81455 58639-58703 Sentence denotes The importance of epidemiological data cannot be underestimated.
TextSentencer_T516 58704-58814 Sentence denotes Data on prevalence can inform empirical therapy requirements or help in the design of intervention strategies.
T67006 58704-58814 Sentence denotes Data on prevalence can inform empirical therapy requirements or help in the design of intervention strategies.
TextSentencer_T517 58815-58993 Sentence denotes Prevalence can be established for the population in general, or, specific subgroups such as children, military personnel, indigenous or disadvantaged populations can be targeted.
T18876 58815-58993 Sentence denotes Prevalence can be established for the population in general, or, specific subgroups such as children, military personnel, indigenous or disadvantaged populations can be targeted.
TextSentencer_T518 58994-59127 Sentence denotes Community intervention measures similar to the 'search and destroy' techniques used in hospitals would require large-scale screening.
T47592 58994-59127 Sentence denotes Community intervention measures similar to the 'search and destroy' techniques used in hospitals would require large-scale screening.
TextSentencer_T519 59128-59303 Sentence denotes A narrower approach concentrating on high-risk groups to enable programmes such as education on hygiene to reduce transmission would allow a more targeted screening programme.
T62603 59128-59303 Sentence denotes A narrower approach concentrating on high-risk groups to enable programmes such as education on hygiene to reduce transmission would allow a more targeted screening programme.
TextSentencer_T520 59304-59389 Sentence denotes A second more pragmatic area for screening is on admission or during hospitalisation.
T4927 59304-59389 Sentence denotes A second more pragmatic area for screening is on admission or during hospitalisation.
TextSentencer_T521 59390-59478 Sentence denotes In some areas in the world there is a blurring of the boundaries of CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA.
T81473 59390-59478 Sentence denotes In some areas in the world there is a blurring of the boundaries of CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA.
TextSentencer_T522 59479-59660 Sentence denotes These organisms have now been reported as a cause of hospital acquired bacteraemia, surgical and prosthetic joint infection and to colonise neonates and adult patients in hospitals.
T59251 59479-59660 Sentence denotes These organisms have now been reported as a cause of hospital acquired bacteraemia, surgical and prosthetic joint infection and to colonise neonates and adult patients in hospitals.
TextSentencer_T523 59661-59817 Sentence denotes Targeted screening of high-risk patients or all patients on entry into high-risk units are strategies to prevent CA-MRSA from becoming endemic in hospitals.
T12379 59661-59817 Sentence denotes Targeted screening of high-risk patients or all patients on entry into high-risk units are strategies to prevent CA-MRSA from becoming endemic in hospitals.
TextSentencer_T524 59818-59971 Sentence denotes Screening to control recognized outbreaks entails identification of the reservoir to enable appropriate isolation, cohorting and decolonisation measures.
T32380 59818-59971 Sentence denotes Screening to control recognized outbreaks entails identification of the reservoir to enable appropriate isolation, cohorting and decolonisation measures.
TextSentencer_T525 59972-60064 Sentence denotes The value of screening healthcare workers for carriage of CA-MRSA has yet to be established.
T79237 59972-60064 Sentence denotes The value of screening healthcare workers for carriage of CA-MRSA has yet to be established.
TextSentencer_T526 60065-60100 Sentence denotes How to screen is the next question.
T96758 60065-60100 Sentence denotes How to screen is the next question.
TextSentencer_T527 60101-60135 Sentence denotes Which site(s) give the best yield?
T8465 60101-60135 Sentence denotes Which site(s) give the best yield?
TextSentencer_T528 60136-60175 Sentence denotes Which laboratory method should be used?
T6446 60136-60175 Sentence denotes Which laboratory method should be used?
TextSentencer_T529 60176-60348 Sentence denotes The ideal test would have high negative and positive predictive values, be rapid, inexpensive, applicable to the routine laboratory, and have high through put capabilities.
T60680 60176-60348 Sentence denotes The ideal test would have high negative and positive predictive values, be rapid, inexpensive, applicable to the routine laboratory, and have high through put capabilities.
TextSentencer_T530 60349-60543 Sentence denotes Currently used tests are traditional microbiological culture and identification methods, use of selective media including various types of CHROMagar and molecular techniques using real time PCR.
T2115 60349-60543 Sentence denotes Currently used tests are traditional microbiological culture and identification methods, use of selective media including various types of CHROMagar and molecular techniques using real time PCR.
TextSentencer_T531 60544-60682 Sentence denotes The requirement for broth amplification increases the sensitivity for some of these methods but also increases the time to identification.
T64967 60544-60682 Sentence denotes The requirement for broth amplification increases the sensitivity for some of these methods but also increases the time to identification.
TextSentencer_T532 60683-60842 Sentence denotes There are many different CA-MRSA clones in the world, in Western Australia alone there are over 40 different multi locus sequence (MLST)/SCCmec CA-MRSA clones.
T48310 60683-60842 Sentence denotes There are many different CA-MRSA clones in the world, in Western Australia alone there are over 40 different multi locus sequence (MLST)/SCCmec CA-MRSA clones.
TextSentencer_T533 60843-60949 Sentence denotes Any molecular test must therefore have the ability to identify all clones in diverse regions of the world.
T81416 60843-60949 Sentence denotes Any molecular test must therefore have the ability to identify all clones in diverse regions of the world.
TextSentencer_T534 60950-60997 Sentence denotes The last questions are when and whom to screen.
T47909 60950-60997 Sentence denotes The last questions are when and whom to screen.
TextSentencer_T535 60998-61064 Sentence denotes The answer is very much dependent on the purpose of the screening.
T91050 60998-61064 Sentence denotes The answer is very much dependent on the purpose of the screening.
TextSentencer_T536 61065-61214 Sentence denotes The range can be from large-scale periodic population screening for epidemiological purposes to continual hospital unit, high-risk patient screening.
T94255 61065-61214 Sentence denotes The range can be from large-scale periodic population screening for epidemiological purposes to continual hospital unit, high-risk patient screening.
TextSentencer_T537 61215-61296 Sentence denotes There are no established guidelines or recommendations for screening for CA-MRSA.
T71421 61215-61296 Sentence denotes There are no established guidelines or recommendations for screening for CA-MRSA.
TextSentencer_T538 61297-61411 Sentence denotes Many questions have yet to be answered particularly, whether control of transmission in the community is possible.
T6804 61297-61411 Sentence denotes Many questions have yet to be answered particularly, whether control of transmission in the community is possible.
TextSentencer_T539 61412-61534 Sentence denotes By looking at what evidence is available we can move a step closer to control of this very significant community pathogen.
T83689 61412-61534 Sentence denotes By looking at what evidence is available we can move a step closer to control of this very significant community pathogen.
TextSentencer_T540 61535-61699 Sentence denotes Rates of infections caused by CA-MRSA continue to increase, causing over 50% of skin and soft tissue infections seen in the emergency department in a recent report.
T97708 61535-61699 Sentence denotes Rates of infections caused by CA-MRSA continue to increase, causing over 50% of skin and soft tissue infections seen in the emergency department in a recent report.
TextSentencer_T541 61700-61913 Sentence denotes Strategies for control of CA-MRSA in patients and their families include use of infection control techniques in the household as well as decolonisation with mupirocin, chlorhexidine, and antibiotics in some cases.
T42228 61700-61913 Sentence denotes Strategies for control of CA-MRSA in patients and their families include use of infection control techniques in the household as well as decolonisation with mupirocin, chlorhexidine, and antibiotics in some cases.
TextSentencer_T542 61914-62181 Sentence denotes Given that CA-MRSA has been now been implicated in healthcare-associated infections, efforts to reduce the spread of this organism within the healthcare environment are also important and include appropriate hand-hygiene, isolation, and environmental decontamination.
T53942 61914-62181 Sentence denotes Given that CA-MRSA has been now been implicated in healthcare-associated infections, efforts to reduce the spread of this organism within the healthcare environment are also important and include appropriate hand-hygiene, isolation, and environmental decontamination.
TextSentencer_T543 62182-62269 Sentence denotes Incision and debridement remains critical in the management of most CA-MRSA infections.
T3593 62182-62269 Sentence denotes Incision and debridement remains critical in the management of most CA-MRSA infections.
TextSentencer_T544 62270-62494 Sentence denotes The use of antibiotics is indicated in many CA-MRSA infections and therapeutic options include older agents, such as clindamycin, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, tetracyclines, and rifampin, and newer agents such as linezolid.
T9867 62270-62494 Sentence denotes The use of antibiotics is indicated in many CA-MRSA infections and therapeutic options include older agents, such as clindamycin, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, tetracyclines, and rifampin, and newer agents such as linezolid.
TextSentencer_T545 62495-62538 Sentence denotes In addition, new agents are in development.
T56109 62495-62538 Sentence denotes In addition, new agents are in development.
TextSentencer_T546 62539-62673 Sentence denotes Pneumococcal pneumonia is a pathogen of global significance and represents a leading cause of infection-related mortality at all ages.
T99072 62539-62673 Sentence denotes Pneumococcal pneumonia is a pathogen of global significance and represents a leading cause of infection-related mortality at all ages.
TextSentencer_T547 62674-62801 Sentence denotes Recent developments in the field of pneumococcal pathogenesis reflect significant developments in both genomics and proteomics.
T32652 62674-62801 Sentence denotes Recent developments in the field of pneumococcal pathogenesis reflect significant developments in both genomics and proteomics.
TextSentencer_T548 62802-62878 Sentence denotes The breadth of microbial genetic diversity is increasingly being recognized.
T48435 62802-62878 Sentence denotes The breadth of microbial genetic diversity is increasingly being recognized.
TextSentencer_T549 62879-63113 Sentence denotes Our understanding of the importance of traditional virulence factors such as polysaccharide capsule, pneumolysin and generation of hydrogen peroxide is evolving while important roles for factors such as pneumococcal pili are emerging.
T7132 62879-63113 Sentence denotes Our understanding of the importance of traditional virulence factors such as polysaccharide capsule, pneumolysin and generation of hydrogen peroxide is evolving while important roles for factors such as pneumococcal pili are emerging.
TextSentencer_T550 63114-63262 Sentence denotes Genetic screens are identifying increasing roles for previously poorly characterised proteins involved in metabolism and transport of key molecules.
T68249 63114-63262 Sentence denotes Genetic screens are identifying increasing roles for previously poorly characterised proteins involved in metabolism and transport of key molecules.
TextSentencer_T551 63263-63374 Sentence denotes The importance of the physical state of the bacteria in different tissue compartments is also becoming evident.
T37956 63263-63374 Sentence denotes The importance of the physical state of the bacteria in different tissue compartments is also becoming evident.
TextSentencer_T552 63375-63623 Sentence denotes An improved range of models of various aspects of infection ranging from colonisation and sub-clinical infection to fulminant pneumonia and invasive disease are allowing assessment of both microbial and host factors central to disease pathogenesis.
T1785 63375-63623 Sentence denotes An improved range of models of various aspects of infection ranging from colonisation and sub-clinical infection to fulminant pneumonia and invasive disease are allowing assessment of both microbial and host factors central to disease pathogenesis.
TextSentencer_T553 63624-63846 Sentence denotes The range of receptors involved in the innate response to pneumococci in the respiratory tract is starting to be appreciated and includes Tolllike receptors and receptors primarily involved in the phagocytosis of bacteria.
T61827 63624-63846 Sentence denotes The range of receptors involved in the innate response to pneumococci in the respiratory tract is starting to be appreciated and includes Tolllike receptors and receptors primarily involved in the phagocytosis of bacteria.
TextSentencer_T554 63847-64043 Sentence denotes The interaction between soluble factors and the resident phagocytes of the lung is being clarified and the complexity of cytokine networks involved in the innate host response is being elucidated.
T37581 63847-64043 Sentence denotes The interaction between soluble factors and the resident phagocytes of the lung is being clarified and the complexity of cytokine networks involved in the innate host response is being elucidated.
TextSentencer_T555 64044-64172 Sentence denotes Important roles for T-lymphocytes, Natural Killer cells and dendritic cells in the response to pneumococci are being identified.
T1636 64044-64172 Sentence denotes Important roles for T-lymphocytes, Natural Killer cells and dendritic cells in the response to pneumococci are being identified.
TextSentencer_T556 64173-64436 Sentence denotes Furthermore our understanding of the regulation of the inflammatory response and of the significant role of apoptosis in the regulation of the inflammatory response has lead to important insights into how cell survival and outcome of infection are closely linked.
T7454 64173-64436 Sentence denotes Furthermore our understanding of the regulation of the inflammatory response and of the significant role of apoptosis in the regulation of the inflammatory response has lead to important insights into how cell survival and outcome of infection are closely linked.
TextSentencer_T557 64437-64644 Sentence denotes These observations are enabling a more scientific interpretation of many of the central clinical features of pneumococcal pneumonia and may encourage novel approaches to therapy to improve disease responses.
T93839 64437-64644 Sentence denotes These observations are enabling a more scientific interpretation of many of the central clinical features of pneumococcal pneumonia and may encourage novel approaches to therapy to improve disease responses.
TextSentencer_T558 64645-64843 Sentence denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide particularly among young children, the elderly and the immunocompromised of all ages.
T79671 64645-64843 Sentence denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide particularly among young children, the elderly and the immunocompromised of all ages.
TextSentencer_T559 64844-64947 Sentence denotes Infection is preceded by colonisation of the nasopharynx, which is the ecological niche of pneumococci.
T84501 64844-64947 Sentence denotes Infection is preceded by colonisation of the nasopharynx, which is the ecological niche of pneumococci.
TextSentencer_T560 64948-65028 Sentence denotes In most individuals colonisation is asymptomatic and does not evolve to disease.
T91310 64948-65028 Sentence denotes In most individuals colonisation is asymptomatic and does not evolve to disease.
TextSentencer_T561 65029-65166 Sentence denotes The carrier state is more frequent in young children and may reach over 70% in some populations such as those attending day-care centres.
T32405 65029-65166 Sentence denotes The carrier state is more frequent in young children and may reach over 70% in some populations such as those attending day-care centres.
TextSentencer_T562 65167-65341 Sentence denotes Indeed, this latter group has been found to be a major reservoir of pneumococci playing a key role on the amplification and transmission of the bacteria to other individuals.
T89733 65167-65341 Sentence denotes Indeed, this latter group has been found to be a major reservoir of pneumococci playing a key role on the amplification and transmission of the bacteria to other individuals.
TextSentencer_T563 65342-65474 Sentence denotes Of interest, several drug-resistant clones internationally disseminated have been found to be frequently carried by this population.
T72194 65342-65474 Sentence denotes Of interest, several drug-resistant clones internationally disseminated have been found to be frequently carried by this population.
TextSentencer_T564 65475-65641 Sentence denotes In recent years, there has been some debate on the relative contribution of serotype and genetic background to the invasive disease potential of pneumococcal strains.
T35900 65475-65641 Sentence denotes In recent years, there has been some debate on the relative contribution of serotype and genetic background to the invasive disease potential of pneumococcal strains.
TextSentencer_T565 65642-65695 Sentence denotes We will present a study that addresses this question.
T1687 65642-65695 Sentence denotes We will present a study that addresses this question.
TextSentencer_T566 65696-66079 Sentence denotes The study was conducted in Portugal and results from the detailed comparison of two large collections of pneumococcal isolates: a group of over 450 invasive disease isolates and a group of over 750 colonisation isolates collected during the same time period which were characterised in detail by antibiogram, serotype, PFGE macro-restriction profiles, and multilocus sequence typing.
T26336 65696-66079 Sentence denotes The study was conducted in Portugal and results from the detailed comparison of two large collections of pneumococcal isolates: a group of over 450 invasive disease isolates and a group of over 750 colonisation isolates collected during the same time period which were characterised in detail by antibiogram, serotype, PFGE macro-restriction profiles, and multilocus sequence typing.
TextSentencer_T567 66080-66153 Sentence denotes The invasive disease potential of serotypes and clones will be discussed.
T45331 66080-66153 Sentence denotes The invasive disease potential of serotypes and clones will be discussed.
TextSentencer_T568 66154-66342 Sentence denotes Pneumococci cause a spectrum of diseases in humans, from reasonably mild diseases like sinusitis and conjunctivitis to potentially lifethreatening diseases like meningitis and bacteraemia.
T54265 66154-66342 Sentence denotes Pneumococci cause a spectrum of diseases in humans, from reasonably mild diseases like sinusitis and conjunctivitis to potentially lifethreatening diseases like meningitis and bacteraemia.
TextSentencer_T569 66343-66514 Sentence denotes The current conjugate vaccines are ideally aimed at protecting against all pneumococcal disease, but have been very successful at preventing invasive pneumococcal disease.
T8695 66343-66514 Sentence denotes The current conjugate vaccines are ideally aimed at protecting against all pneumococcal disease, but have been very successful at preventing invasive pneumococcal disease.
TextSentencer_T570 66515-66690 Sentence denotes Understanding invasive disease epidemiology, both preceding vaccine implementation and after vaccine introduction, is crucial to the design and development of future vaccines.
T9973 66515-66690 Sentence denotes Understanding invasive disease epidemiology, both preceding vaccine implementation and after vaccine introduction, is crucial to the design and development of future vaccines.
TextSentencer_T571 66691-66902 Sentence denotes Several recent studies have shown that pneumococcal serotypes differ in their invasive disease potential, and this has particular relevance for the selection of serotypes to include in future conjugate vaccines.
T8937 66691-66902 Sentence denotes Several recent studies have shown that pneumococcal serotypes differ in their invasive disease potential, and this has particular relevance for the selection of serotypes to include in future conjugate vaccines.
TextSentencer_T572 66903-67125 Sentence denotes It is also essential to understand the serotype-specific changes that have occurred subsequent to conjugate vaccine implementation in the USA, as a model for what might occur post-vaccine implementation in other countries.
T47517 66903-67125 Sentence denotes It is also essential to understand the serotype-specific changes that have occurred subsequent to conjugate vaccine implementation in the USA, as a model for what might occur post-vaccine implementation in other countries.
TextSentencer_T573 67126-67342 Sentence denotes The recent history of pneumococcal disease prevention is dominated by the development in the 1990's of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine for administration to infants, and its implementation starting in 2000 in the USA.
T57086 67126-67342 Sentence denotes The recent history of pneumococcal disease prevention is dominated by the development in the 1990's of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine for administration to infants, and its implementation starting in 2000 in the USA.
TextSentencer_T574 67343-67570 Sentence denotes The vaccine as currently formulated affords protection against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) due to the 7 most common serotypes causing IPD among children less than 2 years of age prior to vaccine introduction in the USA.
T36809 67343-67570 Sentence denotes The vaccine as currently formulated affords protection against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) due to the 7 most common serotypes causing IPD among children less than 2 years of age prior to vaccine introduction in the USA.
TextSentencer_T575 67571-67679 Sentence denotes This formulation is not optimal for many developing countries where serotypes such as 1 and 5 are important.
T8569 67571-67679 Sentence denotes This formulation is not optimal for many developing countries where serotypes such as 1 and 5 are important.
TextSentencer_T576 67680-67755 Sentence denotes Global, second generation vaccines therefore include at least 10 serotypes.
T13379 67680-67755 Sentence denotes Global, second generation vaccines therefore include at least 10 serotypes.
TextSentencer_T577 67756-67965 Sentence denotes The importance of prevention of pneumococcal disease extends beyond IPD to pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, prevention of antibiotic-resistant infections, and even prevention of mortality in young infants.
T1010 67756-67965 Sentence denotes The importance of prevention of pneumococcal disease extends beyond IPD to pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, prevention of antibiotic-resistant infections, and even prevention of mortality in young infants.
TextSentencer_T578 67966-68009 Sentence denotes Each of these presents specific challenges.
T51064 67966-68009 Sentence denotes Each of these presents specific challenges.
TextSentencer_T579 68010-68220 Sentence denotes The vaccine has been shown to prevent between 25% and 37% of all cause X-ray confirmed pneumonias and this implies a level of protection against pneumococcal pneumonia due to vaccine serotypes in excess of 70%.
T65029 68010-68220 Sentence denotes The vaccine has been shown to prevent between 25% and 37% of all cause X-ray confirmed pneumonias and this implies a level of protection against pneumococcal pneumonia due to vaccine serotypes in excess of 70%.
TextSentencer_T580 68221-68345 Sentence denotes This reduction in pneumonia has translated into a reduction in allcause mortality due to the vaccine of 16% in rural Africa.
T86870 68221-68345 Sentence denotes This reduction in pneumonia has translated into a reduction in allcause mortality due to the vaccine of 16% in rural Africa.
TextSentencer_T581 68346-68496 Sentence denotes The major preventable burden of disease in Africa may be among HIV infected children where the vaccine has also been shown to reduce pneumonia burden.
T87593 68346-68496 Sentence denotes The major preventable burden of disease in Africa may be among HIV infected children where the vaccine has also been shown to reduce pneumonia burden.
TextSentencer_T582 68497-68770 Sentence denotes An innovative aspect of the vaccine is the fact that it may reduce the pneumococcal super infections that follow viral respiratory infections, such as influenza, and conjugate vaccination of children may thus be a useful adjunct to pandemic influenza planning preparedness.
T57789 68497-68770 Sentence denotes An innovative aspect of the vaccine is the fact that it may reduce the pneumococcal super infections that follow viral respiratory infections, such as influenza, and conjugate vaccination of children may thus be a useful adjunct to pandemic influenza planning preparedness.
TextSentencer_T583 68771-68999 Sentence denotes The interruption of carriage of vaccine serotypes has been shown to reduce IPD in adults in the USA due to herd immunity so the population benefit in an influenza pandemic may extend beyond protection just of immunised children.
T78694 68771-68999 Sentence denotes The interruption of carriage of vaccine serotypes has been shown to reduce IPD in adults in the USA due to herd immunity so the population benefit in an influenza pandemic may extend beyond protection just of immunised children.
TextSentencer_T584 69000-69090 Sentence denotes Herd immunity has also recently been shown to protect young un-immunised infants from IPD.
T59832 69000-69090 Sentence denotes Herd immunity has also recently been shown to protect young un-immunised infants from IPD.
TextSentencer_T585 69091-69549 Sentence denotes Conjugate vaccine has had little impact on all cause otitis media in randomised trials, but post-marketing studies in the USA suggest that healthcare utilisation for otitis episodes has reduced significantly post vaccine introduction suggesting a major role for herd immunity and allowing physicians to feel more comfortable in a "wait and see" attitude to otitis once the prospects of significant complications due to the pneumococcus are likely to be rare.
T94645 69091-69549 Sentence denotes Conjugate vaccine has had little impact on all cause otitis media in randomised trials, but post-marketing studies in the USA suggest that healthcare utilisation for otitis episodes has reduced significantly post vaccine introduction suggesting a major role for herd immunity and allowing physicians to feel more comfortable in a "wait and see" attitude to otitis once the prospects of significant complications due to the pneumococcus are likely to be rare.
TextSentencer_T586 69550-69713 Sentence denotes The conjugation of pneumococcal polysaccharides to Haemophilus influenzae protein D has allowed the development of a more efficacious vaccine against otitis media.
T32569 69550-69713 Sentence denotes The conjugation of pneumococcal polysaccharides to Haemophilus influenzae protein D has allowed the development of a more efficacious vaccine against otitis media.
TextSentencer_T587 69714-69973 Sentence denotes There has been a dramatic reduction in antibiotic resistance among vaccine serotypes causing IPD in the USA, in both children and adults, but resistance, driven by continuing high levels of antibiotic use, is now selecting resistance in non-vaccine serotypes.
T2076 69714-69973 Sentence denotes There has been a dramatic reduction in antibiotic resistance among vaccine serotypes causing IPD in the USA, in both children and adults, but resistance, driven by continuing high levels of antibiotic use, is now selecting resistance in non-vaccine serotypes.
TextSentencer_T588 69974-70142 Sentence denotes In particular, multiresistant global clones of serotype 19A are now dominant in the USA and a 13-valent vaccine formulation including serotype 19A is under development.
T76928 69974-70142 Sentence denotes In particular, multiresistant global clones of serotype 19A are now dominant in the USA and a 13-valent vaccine formulation including serotype 19A is under development.
TextSentencer_T589 70143-70369 Sentence denotes The implementation of immunisation programmes including conjugate pneumococcal vaccine to infants in European countries affords the opportunity to monitor the impact on all of these health outcomes in both children and adults.
T76252 70143-70369 Sentence denotes The implementation of immunisation programmes including conjugate pneumococcal vaccine to infants in European countries affords the opportunity to monitor the impact on all of these health outcomes in both children and adults.
TextSentencer_T590 70370-70410 Sentence denotes Infective endocarditis -time for change?
T69285 70370-70410 Sentence denotes Infective endocarditis -time for change?
TextSentencer_T591 70411-70484 Sentence denotes S50 Treatment options for infective endocarditis: new drugs for bad bugs?
T39898 70411-70484 Sentence denotes S50 Treatment options for infective endocarditis: new drugs for bad bugs?
TextSentencer_T592 70485-70656 Sentence denotes In the USA infections due to both hospital and community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are increasing rapidly in both frequency and severity.
T24114 70485-70656 Sentence denotes In the USA infections due to both hospital and community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are increasing rapidly in both frequency and severity.
TextSentencer_T593 70657-70708 Sentence denotes As a result new treatment options are badly needed.
T39020 70657-70708 Sentence denotes As a result new treatment options are badly needed.
TextSentencer_T594 70709-70864 Sentence denotes This presentation will first address the role of traditional therapy focusing on the gradual development of increasing resistance to vancomycin among MRSA.
T32168 70709-70864 Sentence denotes This presentation will first address the role of traditional therapy focusing on the gradual development of increasing resistance to vancomycin among MRSA.
TextSentencer_T595 70865-71090 Sentence denotes Next it will focus on alternative oral therapies such as clindamycin, cotrimoxazole and minocycline and their role in the treatment of community-acquired MRSA, an organism that has displaced "traditional" MRSA in many venues.
T38797 70865-71090 Sentence denotes Next it will focus on alternative oral therapies such as clindamycin, cotrimoxazole and minocycline and their role in the treatment of community-acquired MRSA, an organism that has displaced "traditional" MRSA in many venues.
TextSentencer_T596 71091-71364 Sentence denotes The efficacy of the newly approved antibiotics linezolid, daptomycin, and tigecycline will be addressed through the presentation of the results of large phase 3 clinical trials in complicated skin and skin structure infections, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and bacteraemia.
T40696 71091-71364 Sentence denotes The efficacy of the newly approved antibiotics linezolid, daptomycin, and tigecycline will be addressed through the presentation of the results of large phase 3 clinical trials in complicated skin and skin structure infections, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and bacteraemia.
TextSentencer_T597 71365-71441 Sentence denotes Discussion will focus on the efficacy of these agents in the MRSA subgroups.
T39820 71365-71441 Sentence denotes Discussion will focus on the efficacy of these agents in the MRSA subgroups.
TextSentencer_T598 71442-71576 Sentence denotes Finally, the efficacy of antibiotics in development will be presented again focusing on the MRSA subgroups from phase 2 and 3 studies.
T69368 71442-71576 Sentence denotes Finally, the efficacy of antibiotics in development will be presented again focusing on the MRSA subgroups from phase 2 and 3 studies.
TextSentencer_T599 71577-71685 Sentence denotes These antibiotics will include dalbavancin, telavancin, oritavancin, iclaprim, ceftobiprole and ceftaroline.
T29384 71577-71685 Sentence denotes These antibiotics will include dalbavancin, telavancin, oritavancin, iclaprim, ceftobiprole and ceftaroline.
TextSentencer_T600 71686-71803 Sentence denotes As the epidemiology of staphylococcal infections changes new therapeutic agents are becoming available to clinicians.
T71302 71686-71803 Sentence denotes As the epidemiology of staphylococcal infections changes new therapeutic agents are becoming available to clinicians.
TextSentencer_T601 71804-72005 Sentence denotes Therapeutic utility will depend on understanding the unique characteristics and efficacy of the new agents in clinical trials in order to clearly understand their role in the new therapeutic paradigms.
T95867 71804-72005 Sentence denotes Therapeutic utility will depend on understanding the unique characteristics and efficacy of the new agents in clinical trials in order to clearly understand their role in the new therapeutic paradigms.
TextSentencer_T602 72006-72144 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial resistance is a serious problem with increasing strains of bacteria becoming resistant to many or all available antibiotics.
T73696 72006-72144 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial resistance is a serious problem with increasing strains of bacteria becoming resistant to many or all available antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T603 72145-72299 Sentence denotes Tetracyclines were already introduced 50 years ago but have undergone a considerable resistance development in nosocomial and communityacquired pathogens.
T75948 72145-72299 Sentence denotes Tetracyclines were already introduced 50 years ago but have undergone a considerable resistance development in nosocomial and communityacquired pathogens.
TextSentencer_T604 72300-72508 Sentence denotes In June 2005, a minocycline derivative, the new glycylcycline antimicrobial tygecycline, was approved by the FDA for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and complicated skin and skinstructure infections.
T45018 72300-72508 Sentence denotes In June 2005, a minocycline derivative, the new glycylcycline antimicrobial tygecycline, was approved by the FDA for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and complicated skin and skinstructure infections.
TextSentencer_T605 72509-72810 Sentence denotes Tigecycline, a bacteriostatic agent, binds to the 30S ribosome unit, blocks entry of amino-acyl tRNA molecules, and prevents protein synthesis; it has a broad antibacterial spectrum with activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including multidrug-resistant organisms and anaerobes.
T86410 72509-72810 Sentence denotes Tigecycline, a bacteriostatic agent, binds to the 30S ribosome unit, blocks entry of amino-acyl tRNA molecules, and prevents protein synthesis; it has a broad antibacterial spectrum with activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including multidrug-resistant organisms and anaerobes.
TextSentencer_T606 72811-72960 Sentence denotes The modification of the basic tetracycline molecule has overcome the two resistance mechanisms seen with tetracyclines (efflux, ribosome protection).
T70698 72811-72960 Sentence denotes The modification of the basic tetracycline molecule has overcome the two resistance mechanisms seen with tetracyclines (efflux, ribosome protection).
TextSentencer_T607 72961-73127 Sentence denotes Tigecycline exhibits linear pharmacokinetics, has a long half-life (24−48 hours), is highly protein bound (71−89%), and has a large volume of distribution (7−9 L/kg).
T7701 72961-73127 Sentence denotes Tigecycline exhibits linear pharmacokinetics, has a long half-life (24−48 hours), is highly protein bound (71−89%), and has a large volume of distribution (7−9 L/kg).
TextSentencer_T608 73128-73271 Sentence denotes Tigecycline is not extensively metabolised; the primary route of elimination is biliary excretion (59%) and 33% is excreted unchanged in urine.
T66918 73128-73271 Sentence denotes Tigecycline is not extensively metabolised; the primary route of elimination is biliary excretion (59%) and 33% is excreted unchanged in urine.
TextSentencer_T609 73272-73366 Sentence denotes The recommended dosing regimen is an initial dose of 100 mg, followed by 50 mg every 12 hours.
T44098 73272-73366 Sentence denotes The recommended dosing regimen is an initial dose of 100 mg, followed by 50 mg every 12 hours.
TextSentencer_T610 73367-73450 Sentence denotes Time above MIC and AUC/MIC ratio are the most important pharmacodynamic parameters.
T35699 73367-73450 Sentence denotes Time above MIC and AUC/MIC ratio are the most important pharmacodynamic parameters.
TextSentencer_T611 73451-73640 Sentence denotes In two double-blind studies the safety and efficacy of tigecycline versus aztreonam plus vancomycin were compared in hospitalised adults with complicated skin and skin-structure infections.
T34174 73451-73640 Sentence denotes In two double-blind studies the safety and efficacy of tigecycline versus aztreonam plus vancomycin were compared in hospitalised adults with complicated skin and skin-structure infections.
TextSentencer_T612 73641-73832 Sentence denotes Over 1000 patients were randomised and the results of the pooled analysis determined that tigecycline monotherapy was as effective and statistically non-inferior to aztreonam plus vancomycin.
T60165 73641-73832 Sentence denotes Over 1000 patients were randomised and the results of the pooled analysis determined that tigecycline monotherapy was as effective and statistically non-inferior to aztreonam plus vancomycin.
TextSentencer_T613 73833-74017 Sentence denotes Two double-blind studies including more than 1000 patients analysed safety and efficacy of tigecycline versus imipenem/cilastatin in adults with complicated intra-abdominal infections.
T45491 73833-74017 Sentence denotes Two double-blind studies including more than 1000 patients analysed safety and efficacy of tigecycline versus imipenem/cilastatin in adults with complicated intra-abdominal infections.
TextSentencer_T614 74018-74135 Sentence denotes Results of the pooled analysis determined that tigecycline was efficacious and statistically noninferior to imipenem.
T70473 74018-74135 Sentence denotes Results of the pooled analysis determined that tigecycline was efficacious and statistically noninferior to imipenem.
TextSentencer_T615 74136-74238 Sentence denotes Nausea (20−30%) and vomiting (15−20%) are the most common adverse effects observed in clinical trials.
T26783 74136-74238 Sentence denotes Nausea (20−30%) and vomiting (15−20%) are the most common adverse effects observed in clinical trials.
TextSentencer_T616 74239-74374 Sentence denotes They usually occur within the first two days of therapy, are more common in women (48%) than in men (24%), and may also be age related.
T4697 74239-74374 Sentence denotes They usually occur within the first two days of therapy, are more common in women (48%) than in men (24%), and may also be age related.
TextSentencer_T617 74375-74445 Sentence denotes Tigecycline is an important addition to the antimicrobial armentarium.
T4651 74375-74445 Sentence denotes Tigecycline is an important addition to the antimicrobial armentarium.
TextSentencer_T618 74446-74622 Sentence denotes It has a broad spectrum of activity and its ability to evade numerous mechanisms of resistance makes it a promising solution to the treatment of multi-drug resistant organisms.
T95648 74446-74622 Sentence denotes It has a broad spectrum of activity and its ability to evade numerous mechanisms of resistance makes it a promising solution to the treatment of multi-drug resistant organisms.
TextSentencer_T619 74623-74676 Sentence denotes This is very helpful in selected patients in the ICU.
T98976 74623-74676 Sentence denotes This is very helpful in selected patients in the ICU.
TextSentencer_T620 74677-74841 Sentence denotes The increasing resistance of Gram-negative bacteria and particularly amongst Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, raises a major therapeutic problem.
T63966 74677-74841 Sentence denotes The increasing resistance of Gram-negative bacteria and particularly amongst Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, raises a major therapeutic problem.
TextSentencer_T621 74842-74986 Sentence denotes The lack of new effective agents in the near future has revived interest in the re-use of some molecules, abandoned because of their toxicities.
T97565 74842-74986 Sentence denotes The lack of new effective agents in the near future has revived interest in the re-use of some molecules, abandoned because of their toxicities.
TextSentencer_T622 74987-75168 Sentence denotes Colistin (colistimethate sodium) is a polymyxin antibiotic available in parenteral formulation and used for intravenous, aerosolised and intrathecal/intraventricular administration.
T43096 74987-75168 Sentence denotes Colistin (colistimethate sodium) is a polymyxin antibiotic available in parenteral formulation and used for intravenous, aerosolised and intrathecal/intraventricular administration.
TextSentencer_T623 75169-75319 Sentence denotes The bactericidal activity of colistin is due to a detergent effect on the cell membrane and therefore not dependent upon bacterial metabolic activity.
T29107 75169-75319 Sentence denotes The bactericidal activity of colistin is due to a detergent effect on the cell membrane and therefore not dependent upon bacterial metabolic activity.
TextSentencer_T624 75320-75514 Sentence denotes Because this drug was developed during the 1950s, only little pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information are available and the optimal daily dose for severely ill patients is still unknown.
T74726 75320-75514 Sentence denotes Because this drug was developed during the 1950s, only little pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information are available and the optimal daily dose for severely ill patients is still unknown.
TextSentencer_T625 75515-75630 Sentence denotes Colistin, used both intravenously and by inhalation, was used until last decade mainly in cystic fibrosis patients.
T94211 75515-75630 Sentence denotes Colistin, used both intravenously and by inhalation, was used until last decade mainly in cystic fibrosis patients.
TextSentencer_T626 75631-75812 Sentence denotes Recently, colistin has been used in non cystic fibrosis patients as a salvage therapy for the treatment of infections with Gram-negative bacteria resistant to all other antibiotics.
T79610 75631-75812 Sentence denotes Recently, colistin has been used in non cystic fibrosis patients as a salvage therapy for the treatment of infections with Gram-negative bacteria resistant to all other antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T627 75813-76034 Sentence denotes Clinical reports on the efficacy of intravenous colistin in these patients are not randomised studies and in most of them, colistin was frequently associated with other antimicrobial agents with a lack of a control group.
T7009 75813-76034 Sentence denotes Clinical reports on the efficacy of intravenous colistin in these patients are not randomised studies and in most of them, colistin was frequently associated with other antimicrobial agents with a lack of a control group.
TextSentencer_T628 76035-76144 Sentence denotes A good outcome occurred in most infections (52−75%) but with the poorest results observed in pneumonia (25%).
T80845 76035-76144 Sentence denotes A good outcome occurred in most infections (52−75%) but with the poorest results observed in pneumonia (25%).
TextSentencer_T629 76145-76286 Sentence denotes In vitro studies have shown synergistic effect between colistin and rifampin but no clinical study has been designed to confirm this synergy.
T19838 76145-76286 Sentence denotes In vitro studies have shown synergistic effect between colistin and rifampin but no clinical study has been designed to confirm this synergy.
TextSentencer_T630 76287-76363 Sentence denotes Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity are the most common toxicities of colistin.
T64625 76287-76363 Sentence denotes Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity are the most common toxicities of colistin.
TextSentencer_T631 76364-76486 Sentence denotes However recent studies demonstrated a reduced toxicity as compared with previous studies, even if a higher dosage is used.
T53864 76364-76486 Sentence denotes However recent studies demonstrated a reduced toxicity as compared with previous studies, even if a higher dosage is used.
TextSentencer_T632 76487-76617 Sentence denotes This low renal toxicity rate was observed in both critically ill patients and patients treated with prolonged courses of colistin.
T17676 76487-76617 Sentence denotes This low renal toxicity rate was observed in both critically ill patients and patients treated with prolonged courses of colistin.
TextSentencer_T633 76618-76746 Sentence denotes There are also recent clinical reports on the use of colistin in continuous intravenous infusion to minimise potential toxicity.
T64697 76618-76746 Sentence denotes There are also recent clinical reports on the use of colistin in continuous intravenous infusion to minimise potential toxicity.
TextSentencer_T634 76747-76907 Sentence denotes This reduction of toxicity without impairment of efficacy (concentration-dependent killing in in-vitro timekill studies) should be confirmed by further studies.
T96685 76747-76907 Sentence denotes This reduction of toxicity without impairment of efficacy (concentration-dependent killing in in-vitro timekill studies) should be confirmed by further studies.
TextSentencer_T635 76908-76990 Sentence denotes Neurotoxicity has also been more frequently reported in case of renal dysfunction.
T51342 76908-76990 Sentence denotes Neurotoxicity has also been more frequently reported in case of renal dysfunction.
TextSentencer_T636 76991-77076 Sentence denotes Development of resistance to colistin is a major problem, especially in A. baumannii.
T31723 76991-77076 Sentence denotes Development of resistance to colistin is a major problem, especially in A. baumannii.
TextSentencer_T637 77077-77237 Sentence denotes This highlights the urgent need to preserve this molecule by the best appropriate dose regimen and by an optimal synergistic combination with other antibiotics.
T71225 77077-77237 Sentence denotes This highlights the urgent need to preserve this molecule by the best appropriate dose regimen and by an optimal synergistic combination with other antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T638 77238-77410 Sentence denotes Fosfomycin is a phosphonic broad spectrum antibiotic discovered in Spain in 1969, licensed in many countries since then, but used only sporadically in the clinical setting.
T91479 77238-77410 Sentence denotes Fosfomycin is a phosphonic broad spectrum antibiotic discovered in Spain in 1969, licensed in many countries since then, but used only sporadically in the clinical setting.
TextSentencer_T639 77411-77559 Sentence denotes In fact, It is not mentioned specifically in the current editions of the most prestigious textbooks of internal S13 medicine or infectious diseases.
T15866 77411-77559 Sentence denotes In fact, It is not mentioned specifically in the current editions of the most prestigious textbooks of internal S13 medicine or infectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T640 77560-77773 Sentence denotes The emergence of infections caused by bacteria resistant to almost all antimicrobial agents may have renewed the interest for addressing the contributions, limitations and future clinical indications of this drug.
T99560 77560-77773 Sentence denotes The emergence of infections caused by bacteria resistant to almost all antimicrobial agents may have renewed the interest for addressing the contributions, limitations and future clinical indications of this drug.
TextSentencer_T641 77774-77961 Sentence denotes Fosfomycin exhibits a rapid bactericidal activity against a large number of aerobic Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial species by inhibiting the initial step of cell wall syntesis.
T1001 77774-77961 Sentence denotes Fosfomycin exhibits a rapid bactericidal activity against a large number of aerobic Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial species by inhibiting the initial step of cell wall syntesis.
TextSentencer_T642 77962-78188 Sentence denotes Some important multiresistant pathogens such as penicillin-resistant pneumococci, methicillin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae are usually susceptible to the drug.
T93522 77962-78188 Sentence denotes Some important multiresistant pathogens such as penicillin-resistant pneumococci, methicillin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae are usually susceptible to the drug.
TextSentencer_T643 78189-78259 Sentence denotes To date, no cross-resistance with other antibiotics has been reported.
T9938 78189-78259 Sentence denotes To date, no cross-resistance with other antibiotics has been reported.
TextSentencer_T644 78260-78453 Sentence denotes Favourable pharmacokinetic properties include a low molecular weight, a negligible protein binding, a large volume of distribution in human tissues and a good penetration into the inflamed CSF.
T33676 78260-78453 Sentence denotes Favourable pharmacokinetic properties include a low molecular weight, a negligible protein binding, a large volume of distribution in human tissues and a good penetration into the inflamed CSF.
TextSentencer_T645 78454-78684 Sentence denotes The disodium salt of fosfomycin can be administered intravenously in high doses due to its very low toxicity, achieving plasmatic peak levels that are several times above the MIC of susceptible microorganisms (breakpoint 64 g/mL).
T53941 78454-78684 Sentence denotes The disodium salt of fosfomycin can be administered intravenously in high doses due to its very low toxicity, achieving plasmatic peak levels that are several times above the MIC of susceptible microorganisms (breakpoint 64 g/mL).
TextSentencer_T646 78685-78788 Sentence denotes An oral salt of fosfomycin and tromethamine with enhanced bioavailability is also available since 1990.
T35231 78685-78788 Sentence denotes An oral salt of fosfomycin and tromethamine with enhanced bioavailability is also available since 1990.
TextSentencer_T647 78789-78879 Sentence denotes The major drawback of fosfomycin is the frequent development of resistance during therapy.
T82935 78789-78879 Sentence denotes The major drawback of fosfomycin is the frequent development of resistance during therapy.
TextSentencer_T648 78880-79034 Sentence denotes This phenomenon, which has been demonstrated in "in vitro" and "in vivo" studies, precludes its parenteral use as a single agent in the clinical practice.
T59075 78880-79034 Sentence denotes This phenomenon, which has been demonstrated in "in vitro" and "in vivo" studies, precludes its parenteral use as a single agent in the clinical practice.
TextSentencer_T649 79035-79186 Sentence denotes As a counterbalance, fosfomycin can act synergistically with other antibiotics, especially with those that inhibit later points in cell-wall synthesis.
T72088 79035-79186 Sentence denotes As a counterbalance, fosfomycin can act synergistically with other antibiotics, especially with those that inhibit later points in cell-wall synthesis.
TextSentencer_T650 79187-79336 Sentence denotes Such synergism has been shown repeatedly against different strains of Staphylcoccus aureus, CNS, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
T55697 79187-79336 Sentence denotes Such synergism has been shown repeatedly against different strains of Staphylcoccus aureus, CNS, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
TextSentencer_T651 79337-79613 Sentence denotes Moreover, in experimental animal models of MRSA endocarditis and cefalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis, fosfomycin and b-lactam (or vancomycin) combinations have proved to be superior than monotherapies, preventing the emergence of drug-resistant populations as well.
T73643 79337-79613 Sentence denotes Moreover, in experimental animal models of MRSA endocarditis and cefalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis, fosfomycin and b-lactam (or vancomycin) combinations have proved to be superior than monotherapies, preventing the emergence of drug-resistant populations as well.
TextSentencer_T652 79614-79775 Sentence denotes However, the reported clinical experience with these combinations is very scarce and, therefore, there are not evidence-based recommendations supporting its use.
T24278 79614-79775 Sentence denotes However, the reported clinical experience with these combinations is very scarce and, therefore, there are not evidence-based recommendations supporting its use.
TextSentencer_T653 79776-80062 Sentence denotes On the other hand, various clinical trials have indicated that fosfomycin trometamol, as a sole antibiotic, is effective and safe for the treatment of uncomplicated UTI, providing high and long lasting urinary fosfomycin levels, which help to prevent the emergence of resistant strains.
T29792 79776-80062 Sentence denotes On the other hand, various clinical trials have indicated that fosfomycin trometamol, as a sole antibiotic, is effective and safe for the treatment of uncomplicated UTI, providing high and long lasting urinary fosfomycin levels, which help to prevent the emergence of resistant strains.
TextSentencer_T654 80063-80318 Sentence denotes Because of the increasing prevalence of CTX-M type ESBL-producing E. coli in the community, the oral administration of a single dose of 3 gr. of fosfomycin trometamol may be considered nowadays as a first line therapy for uncomplicated UTI in young women.
T42297 80063-80318 Sentence denotes Because of the increasing prevalence of CTX-M type ESBL-producing E. coli in the community, the oral administration of a single dose of 3 gr. of fosfomycin trometamol may be considered nowadays as a first line therapy for uncomplicated UTI in young women.
TextSentencer_T655 80319-80452 Sentence denotes However, the possible emergence of fosfomycin-resistant mutants among ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae should be taken into account.
T52265 80319-80452 Sentence denotes However, the possible emergence of fosfomycin-resistant mutants among ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae should be taken into account.
TextSentencer_T656 80453-80611 Sentence denotes In conclusion, after 40 years of its discovery, only the oral form of fosfomycin -tromethamine -has attained a solid position in the antimicrobial guidelines.
T77317 80453-80611 Sentence denotes In conclusion, after 40 years of its discovery, only the oral form of fosfomycin -tromethamine -has attained a solid position in the antimicrobial guidelines.
TextSentencer_T657 80612-80838 Sentence denotes Combinations of iv fosfomycin with other antibiotics may be considered in selected cases, but whether these combinations yield improved outcomes in specific infections due to multirresistant pathogens remains to be determined.
T18898 80612-80838 Sentence denotes Combinations of iv fosfomycin with other antibiotics may be considered in selected cases, but whether these combinations yield improved outcomes in specific infections due to multirresistant pathogens remains to be determined.
TextSentencer_T658 80839-80993 Sentence denotes Logistic reasons and financial limitations will make difficult the realisation of appropriate prospective studies to answer this issue in the near future.
T6798 80839-80993 Sentence denotes Logistic reasons and financial limitations will make difficult the realisation of appropriate prospective studies to answer this issue in the near future.
TextSentencer_T659 80994-81174 Sentence denotes Chloramphenicol is still used extensively in non-industrialised countries for the treatment of severe infections like pneumonia and typhoid fever because it is cheap and effective.
T93007 80994-81174 Sentence denotes Chloramphenicol is still used extensively in non-industrialised countries for the treatment of severe infections like pneumonia and typhoid fever because it is cheap and effective.
TextSentencer_T660 81175-81359 Sentence denotes Chloramphenicol proved to be an effective alternative for the treatment of pneumococcal and meningococcal disease and also in patients with meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
T17748 81175-81359 Sentence denotes Chloramphenicol proved to be an effective alternative for the treatment of pneumococcal and meningococcal disease and also in patients with meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
TextSentencer_T661 81360-81780 Sentence denotes Chloramphenicol's loss of favour began in the 1960s, when it was shown to have two distinct toxic effects on hematopoiesis: a frequently observed, dose-dependent anaemia, reversible on cessation of therapy, and an irreversible, 'idiosyncratic' aplastic anaemia, which had an incidence of approximately 1 case per 30,000 courses of therapy, a high case fatality rate, and no correlation with the or duration of treatment.
T11486 81360-81780 Sentence denotes Chloramphenicol's loss of favour began in the 1960s, when it was shown to have two distinct toxic effects on hematopoiesis: a frequently observed, dose-dependent anaemia, reversible on cessation of therapy, and an irreversible, 'idiosyncratic' aplastic anaemia, which had an incidence of approximately 1 case per 30,000 courses of therapy, a high case fatality rate, and no correlation with the or duration of treatment.
TextSentencer_T662 81781-81944 Sentence denotes The use of chloramphenicol has then become restricted to life-threatening infections for which there are no acceptable alternative treatments like brain abscesses.
T23855 81781-81944 Sentence denotes The use of chloramphenicol has then become restricted to life-threatening infections for which there are no acceptable alternative treatments like brain abscesses.
TextSentencer_T663 81945-82081 Sentence denotes Analogues of chloramphenicol have been developed that lack the aromatic NO 2 group that is thought to cause irreversible marrow aplasia.
T17214 81945-82081 Sentence denotes Analogues of chloramphenicol have been developed that lack the aromatic NO 2 group that is thought to cause irreversible marrow aplasia.
TextSentencer_T664 82082-82255 Sentence denotes Although the clinical efficacy of such compounds has not been evaluated, they are effective in vitro against most bacteria, even those that are resistant to chloramphenicol.
T83738 82082-82255 Sentence denotes Although the clinical efficacy of such compounds has not been evaluated, they are effective in vitro against most bacteria, even those that are resistant to chloramphenicol.
TextSentencer_T665 82256-82414 Sentence denotes The data provided in support of a hypothesis that these molecules needed a nitro group in order to cause the blood dyscrasias were insufficient in themselves.
T21232 82256-82414 Sentence denotes The data provided in support of a hypothesis that these molecules needed a nitro group in order to cause the blood dyscrasias were insufficient in themselves.
TextSentencer_T666 82415-82479 Sentence denotes Florfenicol has followed chloramphenicol in veterinary medicine.
T61348 82415-82479 Sentence denotes Florfenicol has followed chloramphenicol in veterinary medicine.
TextSentencer_T667 82480-82669 Sentence denotes The potential for florfenicol to cause blood dyscrasias, such as aplastic anaemia, in humans was discussed in relation to the chemically related chemicals chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol.
T57844 82480-82669 Sentence denotes The potential for florfenicol to cause blood dyscrasias, such as aplastic anaemia, in humans was discussed in relation to the chemically related chemicals chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol.
TextSentencer_T668 82670-82809 Sentence denotes Human epidemiological data could not be used to demonstrate the safety of florfenicol as florfenicol has never been used in human medicine.
T36356 82670-82809 Sentence denotes Human epidemiological data could not be used to demonstrate the safety of florfenicol as florfenicol has never been used in human medicine.
TextSentencer_T669 82810-83085 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, because there is as yet no way to monitor the potential for irreversible bone marrow toxicity, it is unlikely that such compounds will become available for the treatment of chloramphenicolresistant infections in general -and meningococcal disease in particular.
T48549 82810-83085 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, because there is as yet no way to monitor the potential for irreversible bone marrow toxicity, it is unlikely that such compounds will become available for the treatment of chloramphenicolresistant infections in general -and meningococcal disease in particular.
TextSentencer_T670 83086-83140 Sentence denotes The future of chloramphenicol is not entirely certain.
T84477 83086-83140 Sentence denotes The future of chloramphenicol is not entirely certain.
TextSentencer_T671 83141-83316 Sentence denotes On one hand, it is a well-studied, long-standing treatment for fighting a number of different infections; it is also very inexpensive and consequently has very widespread use.
T16002 83141-83316 Sentence denotes On one hand, it is a well-studied, long-standing treatment for fighting a number of different infections; it is also very inexpensive and consequently has very widespread use.
TextSentencer_T672 83317-83501 Sentence denotes It would, however, be a very good thing if we could find a new drug or group of drugs that produced similar results in fighting infection but did not have as many serious side effects.
T73569 83317-83501 Sentence denotes It would, however, be a very good thing if we could find a new drug or group of drugs that produced similar results in fighting infection but did not have as many serious side effects.
TextSentencer_T673 83502-83632 Sentence denotes It would take a long time before any drug could ever replace chloramphenicol, because of both its broad use and its very low cost.
T21584 83502-83632 Sentence denotes It would take a long time before any drug could ever replace chloramphenicol, because of both its broad use and its very low cost.
TextSentencer_T674 83633-83768 Sentence denotes Tropical medicine: from basic science to field work O57 Evaluation of malaria status and immune response to Plasmodium falciparum MSP-2
T19266 83633-83768 Sentence denotes Tropical medicine: from basic science to field work O57 Evaluation of malaria status and immune response to Plasmodium falciparum MSP-2
TextSentencer_T675 83769-83947 Sentence denotes Objectives of study: MSP-2 is a highly polymorphic 45−53 kDa merozoite surface antigen and very immunogenic malaria antigen, which is considered as a promising vaccine candidate.
T29212 83769-83947 Sentence denotes Objectives of study: MSP-2 is a highly polymorphic 45−53 kDa merozoite surface antigen and very immunogenic malaria antigen, which is considered as a promising vaccine candidate.
TextSentencer_T676 83948-84053 Sentence denotes The 3 S and 5 S end regions of the gene are highly conserved, whereas a large central region is variable.
T83090 83948-84053 Sentence denotes The 3 S and 5 S end regions of the gene are highly conserved, whereas a large central region is variable.
TextSentencer_T677 84054-84162 Sentence denotes Many studies have suggested a protective role for specific IgG antibodies against variable regions of MSP-2.
T6173 84054-84162 Sentence denotes Many studies have suggested a protective role for specific IgG antibodies against variable regions of MSP-2.
TextSentencer_T678 84163-84340 Sentence denotes This study was designed to analyse the reactivity of human sera from people living in a malariaendemic area of The Gambia (village of Keneba) against different domains of MSP-2.
T29024 84163-84340 Sentence denotes This study was designed to analyse the reactivity of human sera from people living in a malariaendemic area of The Gambia (village of Keneba) against different domains of MSP-2.
TextSentencer_T679 84341-84512 Sentence denotes The association of haemoglobin and parasitaemia as two indicators of clinical malaria with acquired immunity were analysed to elucidate the pattern of protective immunity.
T42026 84341-84512 Sentence denotes The association of haemoglobin and parasitaemia as two indicators of clinical malaria with acquired immunity were analysed to elucidate the pattern of protective immunity.
TextSentencer_T680 84513-84601 Sentence denotes The current study was designed and carried out in Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
T43335 84513-84601 Sentence denotes The current study was designed and carried out in Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
TextSentencer_T681 84602-84785 Sentence denotes 179 human sera were randomly selected from McGregor's Keneba Sera Collection (1966) (1967) (1968) (1969) (1970) (1971) (1972) (1973) (1974) (1975) (1976) (1977) (1978) (1979) (1980) .
T20339 84602-84785 Sentence denotes 179 human sera were randomly selected from McGregor's Keneba Sera Collection (1966) (1967) (1968) (1969) (1970) (1971) (1972) (1973) (1974) (1975) (1976) (1977) (1978) (1979) (1980) .
TextSentencer_T682 84786-84946 Sentence denotes Different domains of MSP-2 were synthesized using GST gene fusion system and crude schizont extract was prepared from in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum.
T36190 84786-84946 Sentence denotes Different domains of MSP-2 were synthesized using GST gene fusion system and crude schizont extract was prepared from in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum.
TextSentencer_T683 84947-85128 Sentence denotes Total IgG and IgG subclass responses were measured by ELISA after a checkerboard study was performed for each antigen to standardise the concentration of both antigens and antibody.
T63507 84947-85128 Sentence denotes Total IgG and IgG subclass responses were measured by ELISA after a checkerboard study was performed for each antigen to standardise the concentration of both antigens and antibody.
TextSentencer_T684 85129-85137 Sentence denotes Results:
T80192 85129-85137 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T685 85138-85216 Sentence denotes Most sera predominantly recognized the immunodominant regions of the molecule.
T67992 85138-85216 Sentence denotes Most sera predominantly recognized the immunodominant regions of the molecule.
TextSentencer_T686 85217-85490 Sentence denotes Increasing the age was negatively correlated with parasitaemia and positively with IgG antibody responses and haemoglobin levels indicating that total IgG responses to domains 2, 3 and crude schizont extract coincidental to a decrease in parasitaemia density and frequency.
T50707 85217-85490 Sentence denotes Increasing the age was negatively correlated with parasitaemia and positively with IgG antibody responses and haemoglobin levels indicating that total IgG responses to domains 2, 3 and crude schizont extract coincidental to a decrease in parasitaemia density and frequency.
TextSentencer_T687 85491-85579 Sentence denotes IgG3 response was the main IgG in those who had no parasitaemia at the final time point.
T27127 85491-85579 Sentence denotes IgG3 response was the main IgG in those who had no parasitaemia at the final time point.
TextSentencer_T688 85580-85760 Sentence denotes IgG2 and IgG3 were increased amongst individuals with no parasitaemia and with higher levels of haemoglobin at higher ages that had exposure to parasite over a long period of time.
T95392 85580-85760 Sentence denotes IgG2 and IgG3 were increased amongst individuals with no parasitaemia and with higher levels of haemoglobin at higher ages that had exposure to parasite over a long period of time.
TextSentencer_T689 85761-85772 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T68095 85761-85772 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T690 85773-86064 Sentence denotes IgG3 was the main antibody, mainly against domain 3 of MSP-2, that was associated with increase in haemoglobin levels and decrease in parasitaemia suggesting that domain 3 is preferred over other domains and crude schizont extract in presenting a clearer picture of immunity against malaria.
T912 85773-86064 Sentence denotes IgG3 was the main antibody, mainly against domain 3 of MSP-2, that was associated with increase in haemoglobin levels and decrease in parasitaemia suggesting that domain 3 is preferred over other domains and crude schizont extract in presenting a clearer picture of immunity against malaria.
TextSentencer_T691 86065-86246 Sentence denotes These results could be an evidence of protective role of these antibodies against malaria disease and, therefore, domains 3 can be considered as reliable vaccine candidate antigens.
T81863 86065-86246 Sentence denotes These results could be an evidence of protective role of these antibodies against malaria disease and, therefore, domains 3 can be considered as reliable vaccine candidate antigens.
TextSentencer_T692 86247-86258 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T20399 86247-86258 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T693 86259-86314 Sentence denotes Our country is hyperendemic for dengue virus infection.
T60378 86259-86314 Sentence denotes Our country is hyperendemic for dengue virus infection.
TextSentencer_T694 86315-86416 Sentence denotes Serosurveillance indicates that almost all native adults have been infected, mostly asymptomatically.
T7942 86315-86416 Sentence denotes Serosurveillance indicates that almost all native adults have been infected, mostly asymptomatically.
TextSentencer_T695 86417-86522 Sentence denotes A long-held mechanism explaining clinical severity involves sequential infections by different serotypes.
T62717 86417-86522 Sentence denotes A long-held mechanism explaining clinical severity involves sequential infections by different serotypes.
TextSentencer_T696 86523-86711 Sentence denotes Even though some of its peer flaviviruses are known to reside persistently within the host and contribute to host illnesses, dengue virus has not been shown to behave in a similar fashion.
T30950 86523-86711 Sentence denotes Even though some of its peer flaviviruses are known to reside persistently within the host and contribute to host illnesses, dengue virus has not been shown to behave in a similar fashion.
TextSentencer_T697 86712-86844 Sentence denotes As dengue is a haematotropic virus, we sought to find evidence of its persistence in the bone marrow of previously-infected persons.
T4830 86712-86844 Sentence denotes As dengue is a haematotropic virus, we sought to find evidence of its persistence in the bone marrow of previously-infected persons.
TextSentencer_T698 86845-86853 Sentence denotes Methods:
T63586 86845-86853 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T699 86854-87007 Sentence denotes We studied patients clinically suspected or known of haematologic malignancies and indicated to have diagnostic bone marrow initial or follow-up studies.
T62033 86854-87007 Sentence denotes We studied patients clinically suspected or known of haematologic malignancies and indicated to have diagnostic bone marrow initial or follow-up studies.
TextSentencer_T700 87008-87158 Sentence denotes A fraction of cellular marrow was employed for RNA extraction and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by dengue-specific primers.
T19478 87008-87158 Sentence denotes A fraction of cellular marrow was employed for RNA extraction and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by dengue-specific primers.
TextSentencer_T701 87159-87475 Sentence denotes Serologic assessment by haemagglutunation inhibition test (HI) for dengue and chikungunya viruses and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for dengue was performed on the study of bone marrow study and, in some cases, 14−60 days later, to minimise a chance of including patients with recent dengue infection.
T7116 87159-87475 Sentence denotes Serologic assessment by haemagglutunation inhibition test (HI) for dengue and chikungunya viruses and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for dengue was performed on the study of bone marrow study and, in some cases, 14−60 days later, to minimise a chance of including patients with recent dengue infection.
TextSentencer_T702 87476-87541 Sentence denotes Serologic interpretation was made according to standard criteria.
T73616 87476-87541 Sentence denotes Serologic interpretation was made according to standard criteria.
TextSentencer_T703 87542-87684 Sentence denotes Demographic data of all patients were analysed, especially for the history of recent febrile illnesses which could be due to dengue infection.
T16770 87542-87684 Sentence denotes Demographic data of all patients were analysed, especially for the history of recent febrile illnesses which could be due to dengue infection.
TextSentencer_T704 87685-87696 Sentence denotes Background:
T22508 87685-87696 Sentence denotes Background:
TextSentencer_T705 87697-87813 Sentence denotes Intermittent preventive antimalarial treatment of infants (IPTi) is considered a promising malaria control strategy.
T90990 87697-87813 Sentence denotes Intermittent preventive antimalarial treatment of infants (IPTi) is considered a promising malaria control strategy.
TextSentencer_T706 87814-87985 Sentence denotes Among the factors that influence the extent of protection provided by IPTi are malaria endemicity, seasonality, drug resistance patterns and the IPTi application schedule.
T61843 87814-87985 Sentence denotes Among the factors that influence the extent of protection provided by IPTi are malaria endemicity, seasonality, drug resistance patterns and the IPTi application schedule.
TextSentencer_T707 87986-88055 Sentence denotes Studies modeling the effect of malaria incidences on IPTi are scarce.
T29350 87986-88055 Sentence denotes Studies modeling the effect of malaria incidences on IPTi are scarce.
TextSentencer_T708 88056-88180 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to describe how far protective efficacy of IPTi depends on the incidence rate of clinical malaria.
T75900 88056-88180 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to describe how far protective efficacy of IPTi depends on the incidence rate of clinical malaria.
TextSentencer_T709 88181-88189 Sentence denotes Methods:
T49402 88181-88189 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T710 88190-88351 Sentence denotes One-thousand seventy infants were enrolled in a registered controlled trial on the efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine based IPTi in the Ashanti Region, Ghana.
T20422 88190-88351 Sentence denotes One-thousand seventy infants were enrolled in a registered controlled trial on the efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine based IPTi in the Ashanti Region, Ghana.
TextSentencer_T711 88352-88621 Sentence denotes In an ecological analysis, malaria incidence rates in the first year following IPTi were stratified by the village of residence and month of birth of participants and the spatiotemporal variation of the malaria incidence on the protective efficacy of IPTi was analysed.
T31252 88352-88621 Sentence denotes In an ecological analysis, malaria incidence rates in the first year following IPTi were stratified by the village of residence and month of birth of participants and the spatiotemporal variation of the malaria incidence on the protective efficacy of IPTi was analysed.
TextSentencer_T712 88622-88631 Sentence denotes Findings:
T70195 88622-88631 Sentence denotes Findings:
TextSentencer_T713 88632-88785 Sentence denotes The rate of malaria attacks during the first year of followup was highly dependent on the month of birth and on the village of residence of the children.
T51152 88632-88785 Sentence denotes The rate of malaria attacks during the first year of followup was highly dependent on the month of birth and on the village of residence of the children.
TextSentencer_T714 88786-89013 Sentence denotes Protective efficacy of the first IPTi administration (IPTi-1) correlated with malaria incidences in children living in a particular village or born in a particular month (r2 0.48, p < 0.04 and r2 0.63, p < 0.003, respectively).
T43391 88786-89013 Sentence denotes Protective efficacy of the first IPTi administration (IPTi-1) correlated with malaria incidences in children living in a particular village or born in a particular month (r2 0.48, p < 0.04 and r2 0.63, p < 0.003, respectively).
TextSentencer_T715 89014-89110 Sentence denotes A corresponding trend was seen after the second (IPTi-2) and third (IPTi-3) drug administration.
T22758 89014-89110 Sentence denotes A corresponding trend was seen after the second (IPTi-2) and third (IPTi-3) drug administration.
TextSentencer_T716 89111-89127 Sentence denotes Interpretation :
T87566 89111-89127 Sentence denotes Interpretation :
TextSentencer_T717 89128-89323 Sentence denotes Correlations between IPTi efficacy and malaria incidences may have implications on IPTi implementation strategies I will discuss the role mathematical modelling in pandemic planning and response.
T7934 89128-89323 Sentence denotes Correlations between IPTi efficacy and malaria incidences may have implications on IPTi implementation strategies I will discuss the role mathematical modelling in pandemic planning and response.
TextSentencer_T718 89324-89498 Sentence denotes Recent research examining whether antiviral prophylaxis and social distance measures could be used to contain a nascent pandemic at its point of origin will then be reviewed.
T41393 89324-89498 Sentence denotes Recent research examining whether antiviral prophylaxis and social distance measures could be used to contain a nascent pandemic at its point of origin will then be reviewed.
TextSentencer_T719 89499-89659 Sentence denotes Containment is potentially feasible, but requires rapid detection of the initial transmissible case cluster and a rapid and organised response to each new case.
T24067 89499-89659 Sentence denotes Containment is potentially feasible, but requires rapid detection of the initial transmissible case cluster and a rapid and organised response to each new case.
TextSentencer_T720 89660-89712 Sentence denotes These may be demanding criteria for much of SE Asia.
T48830 89660-89712 Sentence denotes These may be demanding criteria for much of SE Asia.
TextSentencer_T721 89713-89872 Sentence denotes If containment fails, slowing spread becomes a policy priority and in that context I will discuss the potential impact of restrictions on international travel.
T3523 89713-89872 Sentence denotes If containment fails, slowing spread becomes a policy priority and in that context I will discuss the potential impact of restrictions on international travel.
TextSentencer_T722 89873-89994 Sentence denotes To conclude, I will discuss pandemic mitigation strategies which make best use of limited vaccine and antiviral supplies.
T68077 89873-89994 Sentence denotes To conclude, I will discuss pandemic mitigation strategies which make best use of limited vaccine and antiviral supplies.
TextSentencer_T723 89995-90126 Sentence denotes Infections are among the most frequent complications occurring in cancer patients undergoing antineoplastic chemo-or immunotherapy.
T95800 89995-90126 Sentence denotes Infections are among the most frequent complications occurring in cancer patients undergoing antineoplastic chemo-or immunotherapy.
TextSentencer_T724 90127-90203 Sentence denotes Invasive fungal infections today represent the main causes of fatal outcome.
T2495 90127-90203 Sentence denotes Invasive fungal infections today represent the main causes of fatal outcome.
TextSentencer_T725 90204-90386 Sentence denotes Early diagnosis of probable or proven invasive aspergillosis is therefore one of the most important objectives of supportive care in patients with profound and prolonged neutropenia.
T65599 90204-90386 Sentence denotes Early diagnosis of probable or proven invasive aspergillosis is therefore one of the most important objectives of supportive care in patients with profound and prolonged neutropenia.
TextSentencer_T726 90387-90557 Sentence denotes With the advent of more effective and well-tolerated antifungals active against aspergillosis, the incidence of other mould infections such as zygomycosis is on the rise.
T1891 90387-90557 Sentence denotes With the advent of more effective and well-tolerated antifungals active against aspergillosis, the incidence of other mould infections such as zygomycosis is on the rise.
TextSentencer_T727 90558-90654 Sentence denotes The use of highly aggressive chemotherapy induces severe mucosal damage in many cancer patients.
T7851 90558-90654 Sentence denotes The use of highly aggressive chemotherapy induces severe mucosal damage in many cancer patients.
TextSentencer_T728 90655-90880 Sentence denotes Apart from neutropaenic enterocolitis, a broad spectrum of infections associated with impairment of mucosal barriers may be clinically important, e.g., streptococcal bacteraemia, septic enterococcal infection, or candidaemia.
T47405 90655-90880 Sentence denotes Apart from neutropaenic enterocolitis, a broad spectrum of infections associated with impairment of mucosal barriers may be clinically important, e.g., streptococcal bacteraemia, septic enterococcal infection, or candidaemia.
TextSentencer_T729 90881-91091 Sentence denotes The widely spread use of multi-lumen central venous catheters causes a considerable number of bloodstream infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. aureus, Gram-negative bacilli, or Candida spp.
T41240 90881-91091 Sentence denotes The widely spread use of multi-lumen central venous catheters causes a considerable number of bloodstream infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. aureus, Gram-negative bacilli, or Candida spp.
TextSentencer_T730 91092-91212 Sentence denotes Primary removal of foreign material may be important for the successful management of these catheter-related infections.
T27880 91092-91212 Sentence denotes Primary removal of foreign material may be important for the successful management of these catheter-related infections.
TextSentencer_T731 91213-91542 Sentence denotes Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with reducedintensity conditioning has become more common also for treatment of aggressive haematologic malignancies in elderly patients as well as in patients with severe co-morbidity, who formerly have not been taken into consideration for myeloablative transplant procedures.
T98546 91213-91542 Sentence denotes Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with reducedintensity conditioning has become more common also for treatment of aggressive haematologic malignancies in elderly patients as well as in patients with severe co-morbidity, who formerly have not been taken into consideration for myeloablative transplant procedures.
TextSentencer_T732 91543-91821 Sentence denotes Despite a marked reduction of complications related to pancytopenia combined with acute graft-versus-host reaction, the rate of severe and life-threatening fungal infections and cytomegalovirus diseases has turned out to be comparable to conventional allogeneic transplantation.
T72299 91543-91821 Sentence denotes Despite a marked reduction of complications related to pancytopenia combined with acute graft-versus-host reaction, the rate of severe and life-threatening fungal infections and cytomegalovirus diseases has turned out to be comparable to conventional allogeneic transplantation.
TextSentencer_T733 91822-91994 Sentence denotes Most importantly, more than half of these infectious complications emerge after more than 90 days post transplant, i.e., in patients already managed on an outpatient basis.
T79651 91822-91994 Sentence denotes Most importantly, more than half of these infectious complications emerge after more than 90 days post transplant, i.e., in patients already managed on an outpatient basis.
TextSentencer_T734 91995-92353 Sentence denotes Tuberculosis: fast forward to new approaches S17 The broad introduction of monoclonal antibodies to CD20 and CD52 and of nucleoside analogs into the treatment of patients with B-or T-cell lymphomas has lead to long-term depletion of B cells, eventually associated with decreasing levels of serum immunoglobulins, and T-cell deficiency lasting for many years.
T9141 91995-92353 Sentence denotes Tuberculosis: fast forward to new approaches S17 The broad introduction of monoclonal antibodies to CD20 and CD52 and of nucleoside analogs into the treatment of patients with B-or T-cell lymphomas has lead to long-term depletion of B cells, eventually associated with decreasing levels of serum immunoglobulins, and T-cell deficiency lasting for many years.
TextSentencer_T735 92354-92576 Sentence denotes Particularly in patients being treated with these compounds for relapsed or refractory malignancy, a high number of infections caused by pathogenic viruses such as CMV, invasive fungi or Pneumocystis jiroveci are observed.
T83598 92354-92576 Sentence denotes Particularly in patients being treated with these compounds for relapsed or refractory malignancy, a high number of infections caused by pathogenic viruses such as CMV, invasive fungi or Pneumocystis jiroveci are observed.
TextSentencer_T736 92577-92759 Sentence denotes Targeted prophylaxis is warranted for selected patient groups, whereas high alertness and early pre-emptive antimicrobial intervention is mandatory in the majority of these patients.
T29180 92577-92759 Sentence denotes Targeted prophylaxis is warranted for selected patient groups, whereas high alertness and early pre-emptive antimicrobial intervention is mandatory in the majority of these patients.
TextSentencer_T737 92760-92932 Sentence denotes In the last decade, IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing has gained recognition as the gold standard in the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis.
T78248 92760-92932 Sentence denotes In the last decade, IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing has gained recognition as the gold standard in the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis.
TextSentencer_T738 92933-93145 Sentence denotes The application of RFLP typing has provided new insights in, e.g., the natural history of tuberculosis infection and (inter-)national transmission of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in Europe (to be presented).
T19910 92933-93145 Sentence denotes The application of RFLP typing has provided new insights in, e.g., the natural history of tuberculosis infection and (inter-)national transmission of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in Europe (to be presented).
TextSentencer_T739 93146-93271 Sentence denotes However, this method is technically demanding and labour intensive, and requires weeks of culturing to obtain sufficient DNA.
T54476 93146-93271 Sentence denotes However, this method is technically demanding and labour intensive, and requires weeks of culturing to obtain sufficient DNA.
TextSentencer_T740 93272-93338 Sentence denotes The complex RFLP patterns are difficult to interpret and exchange.
T6967 93272-93338 Sentence denotes The complex RFLP patterns are difficult to interpret and exchange.
TextSentencer_T741 93339-93571 Sentence denotes The new generation genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosisbased on the detection of the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs) -is increasingly used to solve these problems.
T71252 93339-93571 Sentence denotes The new generation genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosisbased on the detection of the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs) -is increasingly used to solve these problems.
TextSentencer_T742 93572-93696 Sentence denotes VNTR typing is based on PCR amplification of multiple genomic loci to determine the number of tandem repeats at these sites.
T94492 93572-93696 Sentence denotes VNTR typing is based on PCR amplification of multiple genomic loci to determine the number of tandem repeats at these sites.
TextSentencer_T743 93697-93818 Sentence denotes This typing is much easier to perform than IS6110-RFLP typing, and is applicable to crude low-concentration DNA extracts.
T76979 93697-93818 Sentence denotes This typing is much easier to perform than IS6110-RFLP typing, and is applicable to crude low-concentration DNA extracts.
TextSentencer_T744 93819-93904 Sentence denotes Current studies are even oriented to apply VNTR typing directly to clinical material.
T7128 93819-93904 Sentence denotes Current studies are even oriented to apply VNTR typing directly to clinical material.
TextSentencer_T745 93905-94009 Sentence denotes Moreover, the results are expressed as numerical codes and are, therefore, easy to compare and exchange.
T84862 93905-94009 Sentence denotes Moreover, the results are expressed as numerical codes and are, therefore, easy to compare and exchange.
TextSentencer_T746 94010-94143 Sentence denotes Recently, in an international collaboration, the resolution, stability and technical applicability of 29 MIRU-VNTR loci was compared.
T93035 94010-94143 Sentence denotes Recently, in an international collaboration, the resolution, stability and technical applicability of 29 MIRU-VNTR loci was compared.
TextSentencer_T747 94144-94299 Sentence denotes This study comprised the initially explored 12 loci (as applied in the USA) and most of the exploitable loci disclosed in the international context so far.
T6553 94144-94299 Sentence denotes This study comprised the initially explored 12 loci (as applied in the USA) and most of the exploitable loci disclosed in the international context so far.
TextSentencer_T748 94300-94385 Sentence denotes The typing results of 824 M. tuberculosis isolates revealed the 24 most optimal loci.
T13046 94300-94385 Sentence denotes The typing results of 824 M. tuberculosis isolates revealed the 24 most optimal loci.
TextSentencer_T749 94386-94515 Sentence denotes The use of 15 selected loci is recommended as the new international gold standard for typing of M. tuberculosis complex isolates.
T23777 94386-94515 Sentence denotes The use of 15 selected loci is recommended as the new international gold standard for typing of M. tuberculosis complex isolates.
TextSentencer_T750 94516-94628 Sentence denotes A recent study pointed out that VNTR typing on basis of 24 loci is useful to study the phylogeny of the complex.
T45686 94516-94628 Sentence denotes A recent study pointed out that VNTR typing on basis of 24 loci is useful to study the phylogeny of the complex.
TextSentencer_T751 94629-94750 Sentence denotes As experienced after the standardisation of IS6110 RFLP typing in 1993, it is expected that the recent (December 2006; J.
T5382 94629-94750 Sentence denotes As experienced after the standardisation of IS6110 RFLP typing in 1993, it is expected that the recent (December 2006; J.
TextSentencer_T752 94751-94756 Sentence denotes Clin.
T90267 94751-94756 Sentence denotes Clin.
TextSentencer_T753 94757-95128 Sentence denotes Microbiol.) international consensus on VNTR typing will facilitate the comparison of molecular epidemiological data from various geographic regions, the spread of multi-drug resistance in Europe, the establishment of an international VNTR database and the meta-analysis of worldwide typing results in order to study the population structure and spread of M. tuberculosis.
T23405 94757-95128 Sentence denotes Microbiol.) international consensus on VNTR typing will facilitate the comparison of molecular epidemiological data from various geographic regions, the spread of multi-drug resistance in Europe, the establishment of an international VNTR database and the meta-analysis of worldwide typing results in order to study the population structure and spread of M. tuberculosis.
TextSentencer_T754 95129-95258 Sentence denotes Many institutes in the world have large databases of IS6110 RFLP patterns of M. tuberculosis isolates from extended time periods.
T54480 95129-95258 Sentence denotes Many institutes in the world have large databases of IS6110 RFLP patterns of M. tuberculosis isolates from extended time periods.
TextSentencer_T755 95259-95500 Sentence denotes Because in the epidemiology of tuberculosis transmission and manifestation of the disease can be separated in time by multiple years, the switch to VNTR typing can not be done without any overlap of the application of the two typing methods.
T84396 95259-95500 Sentence denotes Because in the epidemiology of tuberculosis transmission and manifestation of the disease can be separated in time by multiple years, the switch to VNTR typing can not be done without any overlap of the application of the two typing methods.
TextSentencer_T756 95501-95660 Sentence denotes During the ECCMID meeting the first re-typing results in The Netherlands and considerations underlying the choice of isolates to be re-typed will be discussed.
T96222 95501-95660 Sentence denotes During the ECCMID meeting the first re-typing results in The Netherlands and considerations underlying the choice of isolates to be re-typed will be discussed.
TextSentencer_T757 95661-95816 Sentence denotes A large proportion of new cases of tuberculosis (TB) in the world arise from a reservoir of people latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).
T55277 95661-95816 Sentence denotes A large proportion of new cases of tuberculosis (TB) in the world arise from a reservoir of people latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).
TextSentencer_T758 95817-95940 Sentence denotes In TB endemic areas of the world, the average time to diagnosis a case of TB after the onset of active disease is 6 months.
T86290 95817-95940 Sentence denotes In TB endemic areas of the world, the average time to diagnosis a case of TB after the onset of active disease is 6 months.
TextSentencer_T759 95941-96037 Sentence denotes During these 6 months, such a case of TB is likely to infect, on the average, 10 close contacts.
T98235 95941-96037 Sentence denotes During these 6 months, such a case of TB is likely to infect, on the average, 10 close contacts.
TextSentencer_T760 96038-96174 Sentence denotes If one of these 10 newly infected contacts then develops TB sometime in his life time, he will infect 10 other persons before diagnosis.
T57516 96038-96174 Sentence denotes If one of these 10 newly infected contacts then develops TB sometime in his life time, he will infect 10 other persons before diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T761 96175-96205 Sentence denotes The cycle then repeats itself.
T44774 96175-96205 Sentence denotes The cycle then repeats itself.
TextSentencer_T762 96206-96321 Sentence denotes Thus, if a TB control programme is only focused on the treatment of active cases, TB will never come under control.
T9618 96206-96321 Sentence denotes Thus, if a TB control programme is only focused on the treatment of active cases, TB will never come under control.
TextSentencer_T763 96322-96626 Sentence denotes The fundamental question in TB control, therefore, is "can we predict who among the latently infected people will progress to active disease so that such a person can be given preventive treatment?" To answer this question, the mechanism of Mtb persistence and reactivation needs to be better understood.
T63875 96322-96626 Sentence denotes The fundamental question in TB control, therefore, is "can we predict who among the latently infected people will progress to active disease so that such a person can be given preventive treatment?" To answer this question, the mechanism of Mtb persistence and reactivation needs to be better understood.
TextSentencer_T764 96627-96700 Sentence denotes A variety of models for bacterial persistence has been proposed recently.
T57927 96627-96700 Sentence denotes A variety of models for bacterial persistence has been proposed recently.
TextSentencer_T765 96701-96901 Sentence denotes Most genetic studies that provide evidence for the putative role of a gene in persistence are based on demonstrating that an Mtb strain disrupted in such a gene is attenuated in an animal model of TB.
T43851 96701-96901 Sentence denotes Most genetic studies that provide evidence for the putative role of a gene in persistence are based on demonstrating that an Mtb strain disrupted in such a gene is attenuated in an animal model of TB.
TextSentencer_T766 96902-97027 Sentence denotes However, several recent gene disruption studies have shown that Mtb mutants can also become hypervirulent in an animal model.
T50263 96902-97027 Sentence denotes However, several recent gene disruption studies have shown that Mtb mutants can also become hypervirulent in an animal model.
TextSentencer_T767 97028-97206 Sentence denotes This suggests that some Mtb genes may actually help to temper the virulence potential of Mtb so that the organism can establish a stable niche in a host without harming the host.
T67344 97028-97206 Sentence denotes This suggests that some Mtb genes may actually help to temper the virulence potential of Mtb so that the organism can establish a stable niche in a host without harming the host.
TextSentencer_T768 97207-97379 Sentence denotes We provide evidence that a cluster of genes in an operon called mce1 in Mtb is involved in lipid transport and metabolism that helps to remodel the bacterial cell envelope.
T83887 97207-97379 Sentence denotes We provide evidence that a cluster of genes in an operon called mce1 in Mtb is involved in lipid transport and metabolism that helps to remodel the bacterial cell envelope.
TextSentencer_T769 97380-97610 Sentence denotes The operon appears to respond to a signal induced by the host's granuloma cell turnover, while the host's proinflammatory cells that comprise the granulomas appear to respond to the changing bacterial cell envelope lipid turnover.
T2286 97380-97610 Sentence denotes The operon appears to respond to a signal induced by the host's granuloma cell turnover, while the host's proinflammatory cells that comprise the granulomas appear to respond to the changing bacterial cell envelope lipid turnover.
TextSentencer_T770 97611-97829 Sentence denotes An Mtb mutant disrupted in the mce1 operon becomes hypervirulent in a mouse model of TB; it is unable to induce well-organised granulomas in mouse lungs, and the mouse dies from an uncontrolled bacterial proliferation.
T22135 97611-97829 Sentence denotes An Mtb mutant disrupted in the mce1 operon becomes hypervirulent in a mouse model of TB; it is unable to induce well-organised granulomas in mouse lungs, and the mouse dies from an uncontrolled bacterial proliferation.
TextSentencer_T771 97830-97888 Sentence denotes This mutant accumulates free mycolic acids on its surface.
T28205 97830-97888 Sentence denotes This mutant accumulates free mycolic acids on its surface.
TextSentencer_T772 97889-98028 Sentence denotes On the other hand, an Mtb strain disrupted in the negative regulator of the operon (mce1R) constitutively expresses the mce1 genes in vivo.
T7160 97889-98028 Sentence denotes On the other hand, an Mtb strain disrupted in the negative regulator of the operon (mce1R) constitutively expresses the mce1 genes in vivo.
TextSentencer_T773 98029-98152 Sentence denotes This mutant is also hypervirulent but for an opposite reason-it causes rapidly progressive, hyper-proinflammatory response.
T93880 98029-98152 Sentence denotes This mutant is also hypervirulent but for an opposite reason-it causes rapidly progressive, hyper-proinflammatory response.
TextSentencer_T774 98153-98342 Sentence denotes Thus, the mce1 operon appears to serve as a homeostatic regulator of pro-inflammatory response by the host, helping to establish a balanced relationship favourable to both the host and Mtb.
T23609 98153-98342 Sentence denotes Thus, the mce1 operon appears to serve as a homeostatic regulator of pro-inflammatory response by the host, helping to establish a balanced relationship favourable to both the host and Mtb.
TextSentencer_T775 98343-98614 Sentence denotes Understanding and exploiting this relationship may lead to new ways to predict a subset of latently infected people who progresses to active disease; it may also lead to the development of a therapeutic vaccine to prevent latently infected people from ever developing TB.
T91026 98343-98614 Sentence denotes Understanding and exploiting this relationship may lead to new ways to predict a subset of latently infected people who progresses to active disease; it may also lead to the development of a therapeutic vaccine to prevent latently infected people from ever developing TB.
TextSentencer_T776 98615-98667 Sentence denotes Strain Sv29 was sequenced up-and downstream of cpsA.
T48189 98615-98667 Sentence denotes Strain Sv29 was sequenced up-and downstream of cpsA.
TextSentencer_T777 98668-98817 Sentence denotes Approximately 25 kb of DNA (9 kb upstream of the cpsA start and 15 kb downstream) were comprised between an upstream dexB and a downstream aliA gene.
T38241 98668-98817 Sentence denotes Approximately 25 kb of DNA (9 kb upstream of the cpsA start and 15 kb downstream) were comprised between an upstream dexB and a downstream aliA gene.
TextSentencer_T778 98818-99357 Sentence denotes 14 genes were found between the cpsA start and the aliA stop, comprising genes identical to the pneumococcal capsulation genes wzg (capsular polysaccharide expression regulator), wzh (Wze phosphotyrosine phosphatase), wzd (Wze phosphorylation), wze (autophosphorylating protein-tyrosine kinase), wchA (undecaprenyl phosphate glucose-phosphotransferase), wzy (oligosaccharide repeat unit polymerase), wzx (flippase) and several genes with putative glycosyl, glycerol and acetyl transferase activity and a putative UDPgalactopyranose mutase.
T12183 98818-99357 Sentence denotes 14 genes were found between the cpsA start and the aliA stop, comprising genes identical to the pneumococcal capsulation genes wzg (capsular polysaccharide expression regulator), wzh (Wze phosphotyrosine phosphatase), wzd (Wze phosphorylation), wze (autophosphorylating protein-tyrosine kinase), wchA (undecaprenyl phosphate glucose-phosphotransferase), wzy (oligosaccharide repeat unit polymerase), wzx (flippase) and several genes with putative glycosyl, glycerol and acetyl transferase activity and a putative UDPgalactopyranose mutase.
TextSentencer_T779 99358-99495 Sentence denotes Four genes were upstream between the cpsA start and the dexB start, comprising dexB, aliA-like orf1 and 2 genes and an unidentified gene.
T13811 99358-99495 Sentence denotes Four genes were upstream between the cpsA start and the dexB start, comprising dexB, aliA-like orf1 and 2 genes and an unidentified gene.
TextSentencer_T780 99496-99507 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T35006 99496-99507 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T781 99508-99679 Sentence denotes Staphylococcus aureus can be a respiratory pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF) and its pathogenicity is related to a combination of virulence and antibiotic-resistance genes.
T36514 99508-99679 Sentence denotes Staphylococcus aureus can be a respiratory pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF) and its pathogenicity is related to a combination of virulence and antibiotic-resistance genes.
TextSentencer_T782 99680-99731 Sentence denotes Little is known about the agr-group in CF-isolates.
T4735 99680-99731 Sentence denotes Little is known about the agr-group in CF-isolates.
TextSentencer_T783 99732-100050 Sentence denotes This study investigated the antibiotic-resistance, the distribution of 16 virulence determinants in 98 S. aureus strains (single or serial isolatessame strains removed), subdivided in agr-classes, isolated during a period of 18 months from the sputum of 60 CF patients, receiving various courses of antibiotic-therapy.
T28458 99732-100050 Sentence denotes This study investigated the antibiotic-resistance, the distribution of 16 virulence determinants in 98 S. aureus strains (single or serial isolatessame strains removed), subdivided in agr-classes, isolated during a period of 18 months from the sputum of 60 CF patients, receiving various courses of antibiotic-therapy.
TextSentencer_T784 100051-100247 Sentence denotes The following were performed: agr-typing by ScaI-RFLP method; investigation of virulence genes by multiplex-PCR; antibioticresistance by the disk diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines.
T6086 100051-100247 Sentence denotes The following were performed: agr-typing by ScaI-RFLP method; investigation of virulence genes by multiplex-PCR; antibioticresistance by the disk diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines.
TextSentencer_T785 100248-100290 Sentence denotes Results: MRSA was isolated in 8% of cases.
T92797 100248-100290 Sentence denotes Results: MRSA was isolated in 8% of cases.
TextSentencer_T786 100291-100349 Sentence denotes All staphylococci showed the following resistance profile:
T7422 100291-100349 Sentence denotes All staphylococci showed the following resistance profile:
TextSentencer_T787 100350-100447 Sentence denotes 37% for ERY, 21% for GM, 5% for DA, 14% for CIP, 11% for LVX, 12% for RD, 6% for TE and 3% for C.
T25255 100350-100447 Sentence denotes 37% for ERY, 21% for GM, 5% for DA, 14% for CIP, 11% for LVX, 12% for RD, 6% for TE and 3% for C.
TextSentencer_T788 100448-100564 Sentence denotes Among the strains, agrII was the most prevalent (35%) while agrI-III-IV were isolated approximately in 21% of cases.
T92641 100448-100564 Sentence denotes Among the strains, agrII was the most prevalent (35%) while agrI-III-IV were isolated approximately in 21% of cases.
TextSentencer_T789 100565-100810 Sentence denotes Within the agr-groups the distribution of virulence determinants revealed a common conservedcore background (sarA-rnaIII-spa-icaA-hla-hlg), whereas accessorygenes were always represented, in different combinations, and copossessed significantly.
T93683 100565-100810 Sentence denotes Within the agr-groups the distribution of virulence determinants revealed a common conservedcore background (sarA-rnaIII-spa-icaA-hla-hlg), whereas accessorygenes were always represented, in different combinations, and copossessed significantly.
TextSentencer_T790 100811-101257 Sentence denotes Capsule type-5 was prevalent in agrI while type-8 was prevalent in agrII/III. agrI was associated with the presence of many virulence-genes such as cytotoxins and proteases (sea-lukE-splB) and in one agrI isolate lukS/F-PVL was found; agrII also possessed an adhesin sdrE; agrIII was associated with adhesins and enterotoxin (fnbA-sea-cna), the exfoliatinA was never detected; agrIV possessed the cytotoxin lukE, adhesin cna and exfoliatinA, eta.
T43042 100811-101257 Sentence denotes Capsule type-5 was prevalent in agrI while type-8 was prevalent in agrII/III. agrI was associated with the presence of many virulence-genes such as cytotoxins and proteases (sea-lukE-splB) and in one agrI isolate lukS/F-PVL was found; agrII also possessed an adhesin sdrE; agrIII was associated with adhesins and enterotoxin (fnbA-sea-cna), the exfoliatinA was never detected; agrIV possessed the cytotoxin lukE, adhesin cna and exfoliatinA, eta.
TextSentencer_T791 101258-101394 Sentence denotes Protease gene (splB) was always found associated with cytotoxin lukE in agrI-II-III and, mostly, sdrE adhesin was associated with these.
T54569 101258-101394 Sentence denotes Protease gene (splB) was always found associated with cytotoxin lukE in agrI-II-III and, mostly, sdrE adhesin was associated with these.
TextSentencer_T792 101395-101550 Sentence denotes A frequent inversecorrelation was found between cna and lukE-splB in all agr-groups and a close correlation was observed between cap8 and cna in agrIII-IV.
T341 101395-101550 Sentence denotes A frequent inversecorrelation was found between cna and lukE-splB in all agr-groups and a close correlation was observed between cap8 and cna in agrIII-IV.
TextSentencer_T793 101551-101562 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T14548 101551-101562 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T794 101563-101945 Sentence denotes Our data demonstrated for the first time an increase of MRSA in our centre; furthermore, CF-persistent infections were not associated with a distinct agr-specificity group or a diffused antibioticresistance of the strains, but rather S. aureus isolates have a complex distribution and combination of virulence determinants which contribute to S. aureus pathogenicity in CF patients.
T3976 101563-101945 Sentence denotes Our data demonstrated for the first time an increase of MRSA in our centre; furthermore, CF-persistent infections were not associated with a distinct agr-specificity group or a diffused antibioticresistance of the strains, but rather S. aureus isolates have a complex distribution and combination of virulence determinants which contribute to S. aureus pathogenicity in CF patients.
TextSentencer_T795 101946-101957 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T26378 101946-101957 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T796 101958-102113 Sentence denotes Proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus is increased after infection in animal models of pneumococcal meningitis.
T82293 101958-102113 Sentence denotes Proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus is increased after infection in animal models of pneumococcal meningitis.
TextSentencer_T797 102114-102122 Sentence denotes Methods:
T99406 102114-102122 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T798 102123-102368 Sentence denotes To evaluate neurogenesis in patients with acute infection of the central nervous system, brain sections of 18 patients dying from bacterial meningitis and 8 patients dying from non-neurological diseases were investigated by immunohistochemistry.
T11328 102123-102368 Sentence denotes To evaluate neurogenesis in patients with acute infection of the central nervous system, brain sections of 18 patients dying from bacterial meningitis and 8 patients dying from non-neurological diseases were investigated by immunohistochemistry.
TextSentencer_T799 102369-102377 Sentence denotes Results:
T31765 102369-102377 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T800 102378-102593 Sentence denotes In the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation, the density of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA)-expressing cells was higher in patients with bacterial meningitis compared to the control group (p = 0.02).
T53154 102378-102593 Sentence denotes In the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation, the density of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA)-expressing cells was higher in patients with bacterial meningitis compared to the control group (p = 0.02).
TextSentencer_T801 102594-102794 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the number of cells expressing the immature neuronal marker protein TUC-4 was increased in brain sections of persons dying from bacterial meningitis compared to control cases (p = 0.004).
T46073 102594-102794 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the number of cells expressing the immature neuronal marker protein TUC-4 was increased in brain sections of persons dying from bacterial meningitis compared to control cases (p = 0.004).
TextSentencer_T802 102795-102907 Sentence denotes In the subventricular zone, no difference of cells expressing TUC-4 was observed between both groups (p = 0.39).
T21156 102795-102907 Sentence denotes In the subventricular zone, no difference of cells expressing TUC-4 was observed between both groups (p = 0.39).
TextSentencer_T803 102908-103033 Sentence denotes Immature neurons expressing TUC-4 had no morphological features of apoptotic cell death and no evidence of DNA fragmentation.
T18871 102908-103033 Sentence denotes Immature neurons expressing TUC-4 had no morphological features of apoptotic cell death and no evidence of DNA fragmentation.
TextSentencer_T804 103034-103184 Sentence denotes The increased proliferation of neural progenitors suggests that endogenous mechanisms may limit consequences of neuronal destruction after meningitis.
T94115 103034-103184 Sentence denotes The increased proliferation of neural progenitors suggests that endogenous mechanisms may limit consequences of neuronal destruction after meningitis.
TextSentencer_T805 103185-103287 Sentence denotes Stimulation of neurogenesis might help to improve therapy of acute inflammatory diseases of the brain.
T25409 103185-103287 Sentence denotes Stimulation of neurogenesis might help to improve therapy of acute inflammatory diseases of the brain.
TextSentencer_T806 103288-103414 Sentence denotes Methods: C57Bl6-mice (n = 21) were trained to find a hidden underwater platform within less than 90 s (18 trials over 3 days).
T64651 103288-103414 Sentence denotes Methods: C57Bl6-mice (n = 21) were trained to find a hidden underwater platform within less than 90 s (18 trials over 3 days).
TextSentencer_T807 103415-103500 Sentence denotes Swim tracks and the latency to escape from the water were recorded by a video camera.
T44836 103415-103500 Sentence denotes Swim tracks and the latency to escape from the water were recorded by a video camera.
TextSentencer_T808 103501-103710 Sentence denotes Thereafter, mice received CpG-DNA (0.001 mg/d) or the same volume of sterile saline over 28 days into the right ventricle after stereotactic implantation of a catheter connected to a subcutaneous osmotic pump.
T453 103501-103710 Sentence denotes Thereafter, mice received CpG-DNA (0.001 mg/d) or the same volume of sterile saline over 28 days into the right ventricle after stereotactic implantation of a catheter connected to a subcutaneous osmotic pump.
TextSentencer_T809 103711-103750 Sentence denotes Water maze testing was peformed weekly.
T4466 103711-103750 Sentence denotes Water maze testing was peformed weekly.
TextSentencer_T810 103751-103759 Sentence denotes Results:
T63429 103751-103759 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T811 103760-103976 Sentence denotes After initiation of treatment, the latency to reach the hidden platform in the water maze was sigificantly longer in mice receiving CpG-DNA than in control animals (p = 0.006 at day 28 after initiation of treatment).
T16462 103760-103976 Sentence denotes After initiation of treatment, the latency to reach the hidden platform in the water maze was sigificantly longer in mice receiving CpG-DNA than in control animals (p = 0.006 at day 28 after initiation of treatment).
TextSentencer_T812 103977-104080 Sentence denotes Histology showed profound inflammation with invasion and activation of T-and B-cells and axonal damage.
T14211 103977-104080 Sentence denotes Histology showed profound inflammation with invasion and activation of T-and B-cells and axonal damage.
TextSentencer_T813 104081-104152 Sentence denotes Furthermore, ependymal damage and loss was seen in CpG-treated animals.
T32661 104081-104152 Sentence denotes Furthermore, ependymal damage and loss was seen in CpG-treated animals.
TextSentencer_T814 104153-104263 Sentence denotes Additional experiments with TLR9-deficient mice showed no major inflammation after CpG-treatment over 28 days.
T92110 104153-104263 Sentence denotes Additional experiments with TLR9-deficient mice showed no major inflammation after CpG-treatment over 28 days.
TextSentencer_T815 104264-104275 Sentence denotes Background:
T9466 104264-104275 Sentence denotes Background:
TextSentencer_T816 104276-104392 Sentence denotes Early detection of microorganisms in blood is essential for early diagnosis and treatment of bloodstream infections.
T61590 104276-104392 Sentence denotes Early detection of microorganisms in blood is essential for early diagnosis and treatment of bloodstream infections.
TextSentencer_T817 104393-104495 Sentence denotes Calorimetric detection of microbial growth may be more sensitive and rapid than blood culture systems.
T87644 104393-104495 Sentence denotes Calorimetric detection of microbial growth may be more sensitive and rapid than blood culture systems.
TextSentencer_T818 104496-104649 Sentence denotes We compared microbial detection in spiked blood specimens using a commercial system (CO 2 detection by colour change) and an isothermal microcalorimeter.
T68368 104496-104649 Sentence denotes We compared microbial detection in spiked blood specimens using a commercial system (CO 2 detection by colour change) and an isothermal microcalorimeter.
TextSentencer_T819 104650-104658 Sentence denotes Methods:
T18969 104650-104658 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T820 104659-104825 Sentence denotes Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) or Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) were added at 3 different concentrations to anticoagulated blood obtained from healthy volunteers.
T84817 104659-104825 Sentence denotes Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) or Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) were added at 3 different concentrations to anticoagulated blood obtained from healthy volunteers.
TextSentencer_T821 104826-105023 Sentence denotes Aliquots of 7.5 ml spiked blood were added into aerobic blood culture bottles containing 40 ml growth medium and incubated in the blood culture instrument (BacT/ALERT, bioMérieux, Durham, NC, USA).
T8416 104826-105023 Sentence denotes Aliquots of 7.5 ml spiked blood were added into aerobic blood culture bottles containing 40 ml growth medium and incubated in the blood culture instrument (BacT/ALERT, bioMérieux, Durham, NC, USA).
TextSentencer_T822 105024-105209 Sentence denotes Before incubation, 1 ml of the bottle content was inoculated in glass ampoules containing 2 ml sterile trypticase soy broth for calorimetry (TAM III, Thermometric AB, Järfälla, Sweden).
T20028 105024-105209 Sentence denotes Before incubation, 1 ml of the bottle content was inoculated in glass ampoules containing 2 ml sterile trypticase soy broth for calorimetry (TAM III, Thermometric AB, Järfälla, Sweden).
TextSentencer_T823 105210-105341 Sentence denotes Blood cultures and calorimetry ampoules were simultaneously loaded in corresponding instruments and incubated at 37ºC for 72 hours.
T46421 105210-105341 Sentence denotes Blood cultures and calorimetry ampoules were simultaneously loaded in corresponding instruments and incubated at 37ºC for 72 hours.
TextSentencer_T824 105342-105544 Sentence denotes Time to positivity was defined as the interval from incubation start until positive signal (BacT/ALERT) or until the heat flow rate increased 10 mW above baseline (calorimeter detection limit = 0.3 mW).
T44286 105342-105544 Sentence denotes Time to positivity was defined as the interval from incubation start until positive signal (BacT/ALERT) or until the heat flow rate increased 10 mW above baseline (calorimeter detection limit = 0.3 mW).
TextSentencer_T825 105545-105553 Sentence denotes Results:
T63518 105545-105553 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T826 105554-105625 Sentence denotes Time to positivity was considerably shorter using calorimetry (Table) .
T32563 105554-105625 Sentence denotes Time to positivity was considerably shorter using calorimetry (Table) .
TextSentencer_T827 105626-105695 Sentence denotes Blood without added pathogens produced no heat signal above baseline.
T26105 105626-105695 Sentence denotes Blood without added pathogens produced no heat signal above baseline.
TextSentencer_T828 105696-105798 Sentence denotes Spiked specimen heat signals rose to >100 mW as the pathogens multiplied during the incubation period.
T47034 105696-105798 Sentence denotes Spiked specimen heat signals rose to >100 mW as the pathogens multiplied during the incubation period.
TextSentencer_T829 105799-105962 Sentence denotes The objective of the work carried out was to determine the increase rate of MRSA detection using an enrichment step compared to direct culture on chromogenic agar.
T932 105799-105962 Sentence denotes The objective of the work carried out was to determine the increase rate of MRSA detection using an enrichment step compared to direct culture on chromogenic agar.
TextSentencer_T830 105963-106155 Sentence denotes MRSA screening swabs from neonates in the NICU were compared: each swab was first cultured directly onto chromogenic MRSA ID agar and then incubated in Brain Heart Infusion broth for 24 hours.
T11250 105963-106155 Sentence denotes MRSA screening swabs from neonates in the NICU were compared: each swab was first cultured directly onto chromogenic MRSA ID agar and then incubated in Brain Heart Infusion broth for 24 hours.
TextSentencer_T831 106156-106215 Sentence denotes The broths were subsequently subcultuerd onto MRSA ID agar.
T12785 106156-106215 Sentence denotes The broths were subsequently subcultuerd onto MRSA ID agar.
TextSentencer_T832 106216-106372 Sentence denotes All plates were incubated for 48 hours aerobically at 37ºC and checked for the presence of green colonies, which is indicative for MRSA, at 24 and 48 hours.
T94640 106216-106372 Sentence denotes All plates were incubated for 48 hours aerobically at 37ºC and checked for the presence of green colonies, which is indicative for MRSA, at 24 and 48 hours.
TextSentencer_T833 106373-106424 Sentence denotes All green colonies had confirmatory tests for MRSA.
T47579 106373-106424 Sentence denotes All green colonies had confirmatory tests for MRSA.
TextSentencer_T834 106425-106596 Sentence denotes The limit of detection was determined for both direct and enriched cultures on MRSA ID agar using doubling dilutions up to 1/4096 from an initial 0.5 McFarland suspension.
T61086 106425-106596 Sentence denotes The limit of detection was determined for both direct and enriched cultures on MRSA ID agar using doubling dilutions up to 1/4096 from an initial 0.5 McFarland suspension.
TextSentencer_T835 106597-106693 Sentence denotes Plates were incubated for 24 hours aerobically at 37ºC after which colony counts were performed.
T37356 106597-106693 Sentence denotes Plates were incubated for 24 hours aerobically at 37ºC after which colony counts were performed.
TextSentencer_T836 106694-106770 Sentence denotes A total of 1181 swabs were tested using direct and enriched culture methods.
T86736 106694-106770 Sentence denotes A total of 1181 swabs were tested using direct and enriched culture methods.
TextSentencer_T837 106771-106908 Sentence denotes With direct culture, 16 isolates of MRSA were detected after 24 hours incubation and a further 6 after 48 hours incubation (22 in total).
T43232 106771-106908 Sentence denotes With direct culture, 16 isolates of MRSA were detected after 24 hours incubation and a further 6 after 48 hours incubation (22 in total).
TextSentencer_T838 106909-107040 Sentence denotes Following enrichment, 34 isolates were detected after 24 hours incubation and one more following 48 hours incubation (35 in total).
T5705 106909-107040 Sentence denotes Following enrichment, 34 isolates were detected after 24 hours incubation and one more following 48 hours incubation (35 in total).
TextSentencer_T839 107041-107145 Sentence denotes Enrichment yielded a 59% increase in the number of isolates of MRSA detected compared to direct culture.
T78454 107041-107145 Sentence denotes Enrichment yielded a 59% increase in the number of isolates of MRSA detected compared to direct culture.
TextSentencer_T840 107146-107283 Sentence denotes The limit of detection for direct culture was 69,000 cfu/mL at 1/128 dilution with 84,000 cfu/mL at 1/2048 dilution following enrichment.
T37455 107146-107283 Sentence denotes The limit of detection for direct culture was 69,000 cfu/mL at 1/128 dilution with 84,000 cfu/mL at 1/2048 dilution following enrichment.
TextSentencer_T841 107284-107431 Sentence denotes Results showed that the limit of detection was higher following enrichment indicating a 16-fold increase in sensitivity compared to direct culture.
T20629 107284-107431 Sentence denotes Results showed that the limit of detection was higher following enrichment indicating a 16-fold increase in sensitivity compared to direct culture.
TextSentencer_T842 107432-107571 Sentence denotes The comparison of patient samples correlated with this by showing an increase of 59% in the rate of detection of MRSA following enrichment.
T71504 107432-107571 Sentence denotes The comparison of patient samples correlated with this by showing an increase of 59% in the rate of detection of MRSA following enrichment.
TextSentencer_T843 107572-107858 Sentence denotes In conclusion enrichment has proven to dramatically increase the sensitivity and rate of detection of MRSA compared to direct culture alone and in order to ensure maximum sensitivity in the detection of MRSA enrichment should be employed as the method of choice in routine laboratories.
T19023 107572-107858 Sentence denotes In conclusion enrichment has proven to dramatically increase the sensitivity and rate of detection of MRSA compared to direct culture alone and in order to ensure maximum sensitivity in the detection of MRSA enrichment should be employed as the method of choice in routine laboratories.
TextSentencer_T844 107860-108167 Sentence denotes The limited additional help of the inflammatory markers CRP or PCT in bacteraemia prediction compared to a model of clinical assessment and routine laboratory information required for septic evaluation suggest the need for further justification of the use of these measurements in cost-constrained settings.
T8606 107860-108167 Sentence denotes The limited additional help of the inflammatory markers CRP or PCT in bacteraemia prediction compared to a model of clinical assessment and routine laboratory information required for septic evaluation suggest the need for further justification of the use of these measurements in cost-constrained settings.
TextSentencer_T845 108168-108179 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T92702 108168-108179 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T846 108180-108360 Sentence denotes The increasing cross-border transfer of patients and healthcare workers (HCW) within the EU causes enormous problems with regard to control the spread of multi-resistant pathogens.
T84466 108180-108360 Sentence denotes The increasing cross-border transfer of patients and healthcare workers (HCW) within the EU causes enormous problems with regard to control the spread of multi-resistant pathogens.
TextSentencer_T847 108361-108547 Sentence denotes Especially within the Dutch-German border region, there are great differences in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): the Netherlands <1%, Germany~5−25%.
T70231 108361-108547 Sentence denotes Especially within the Dutch-German border region, there are great differences in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): the Netherlands <1%, Germany~5−25%.
TextSentencer_T848 108548-108717 Sentence denotes In addition, within the last two years an increasing number of community-acquired (CA)-MRSA could also be noted in the Netherlands, which represent an additional danger.
T18432 108548-108717 Sentence denotes In addition, within the last two years an increasing number of community-acquired (CA)-MRSA could also be noted in the Netherlands, which represent an additional danger.
TextSentencer_T849 108718-108849 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to elucidate the molecular cross-border epidemiology of MRSA within the EUREGIO Twente/Münsterland.
T39321 108718-108849 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to elucidate the molecular cross-border epidemiology of MRSA within the EUREGIO Twente/Münsterland.
TextSentencer_T850 108850-108858 Sentence denotes Methods:
T91923 108850-108858 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T851 108859-108975 Sentence denotes The first MRSA isolates of all patients and HCWs obtained within the EUREGIO MRSA-net Twente/Münsterland were typed.
T89638 108859-108975 Sentence denotes The first MRSA isolates of all patients and HCWs obtained within the EUREGIO MRSA-net Twente/Münsterland were typed.
TextSentencer_T852 108976-109119 Sentence denotes The epidemiological backbone of the project is a typing network providing a common language based on S. aureus protein A (spa) gene sequencing.
T92753 108976-109119 Sentence denotes The epidemiological backbone of the project is a typing network providing a common language based on S. aureus protein A (spa) gene sequencing.
TextSentencer_T853 109120-109128 Sentence denotes Results:
T34248 109120-109128 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T854 109129-109267 Sentence denotes Since the beginning of the project in July 2005, more than 1400 isolates from in-and out-patients and nursing home inhabitants were typed.
T47018 109129-109267 Sentence denotes Since the beginning of the project in July 2005, more than 1400 isolates from in-and out-patients and nursing home inhabitants were typed.
TextSentencer_T855 109268-109341 Sentence denotes Three spa types (t025, t091, t162) were detected only within the Euregio.
T51850 109268-109341 Sentence denotes Three spa types (t025, t091, t162) were detected only within the Euregio.
TextSentencer_T856 109342-109456 Sentence denotes The spa types t004, t009, t012, t024, t036, t051 and t084 were determined in the German part of the Euregio, only.
T62738 109342-109456 Sentence denotes The spa types t004, t009, t012, t024, t036, t051 and t084 were determined in the German part of the Euregio, only.
TextSentencer_T857 109457-109639 Sentence denotes However, the majority of spa types on the German side were in concordance to the national epidemiological trend with spa t001, t002, t003, t004 and t032 as the most common spa types.
T52847 109457-109639 Sentence denotes However, the majority of spa types on the German side were in concordance to the national epidemiological trend with spa t001, t002, t003, t004 and t032 as the most common spa types.
TextSentencer_T858 109640-109838 Sentence denotes The spa type t044 -often associated with CA-MRSA in central Europe -was detected on both sides; 1% on the German and~15% on the Dutch side of the border, underlining the emerging problem of CA-MRSA.
T49716 109640-109838 Sentence denotes The spa type t044 -often associated with CA-MRSA in central Europe -was detected on both sides; 1% on the German and~15% on the Dutch side of the border, underlining the emerging problem of CA-MRSA.
TextSentencer_T859 109839-109985 Sentence denotes Focusing on hospitalised patients, MRSA in blood cultures -only detected on the German side -were mainly spa type t001, t003, t004, t008 and t032.
T76897 109839-109985 Sentence denotes Focusing on hospitalised patients, MRSA in blood cultures -only detected on the German side -were mainly spa type t001, t003, t004, t008 and t032.
TextSentencer_T860 109986-109997 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T40663 109986-109997 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T861 109998-110092 Sentence denotes In summary, the use of spa typing elucidated differences in the regional epidemiology of MRSA.
T63355 109998-110092 Sentence denotes In summary, the use of spa typing elucidated differences in the regional epidemiology of MRSA.
TextSentencer_T862 110093-110148 Sentence denotes However, cross-border spread of MRSA was also detected.
T80530 110093-110148 Sentence denotes However, cross-border spread of MRSA was also detected.
TextSentencer_T863 110149-110273 Sentence denotes Therefore, new co-ordinated regional and cross-border strategies have to be developed in the MRSA-net to fight against MRSA.
T98794 110149-110273 Sentence denotes Therefore, new co-ordinated regional and cross-border strategies have to be developed in the MRSA-net to fight against MRSA.
TextSentencer_T864 110274-110285 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T58010 110274-110285 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T865 110286-110379 Sentence denotes The success of pandemic hospital-acquired MRSA clones may be due to high adhesive properties.
T44400 110286-110379 Sentence denotes The success of pandemic hospital-acquired MRSA clones may be due to high adhesive properties.
TextSentencer_T866 110380-110484 Sentence denotes Adhesion is mediated by various different cell wall proteins called adhesins that are tightly regulated.
T18965 110380-110484 Sentence denotes Adhesion is mediated by various different cell wall proteins called adhesins that are tightly regulated.
TextSentencer_T867 110485-110689 Sentence denotes The accessory gene regulator (agr) is one acting regulator. agr dysfunction is associated with overexpression of certain adhesins and seems to be responsible of the success of the CMRSA-3 clone in Canada.
T21374 110485-110689 Sentence denotes The accessory gene regulator (agr) is one acting regulator. agr dysfunction is associated with overexpression of certain adhesins and seems to be responsible of the success of the CMRSA-3 clone in Canada.
TextSentencer_T868 110690-110844 Sentence denotes In this way, we compared adhesive properties, the adhesin gene content and the functionality of agr of MRSA Lyon clone isolates to those of MSSA isolates.
T49040 110690-110844 Sentence denotes In this way, we compared adhesive properties, the adhesin gene content and the functionality of agr of MRSA Lyon clone isolates to those of MSSA isolates.
TextSentencer_T869 110845-110853 Sentence denotes Methods:
T33088 110845-110853 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T870 110854-110955 Sentence denotes We studied S. aureus isolates responsible for bloodstream infections in intensive care units in 2003.
T29261 110854-110955 Sentence denotes We studied S. aureus isolates responsible for bloodstream infections in intensive care units in 2003.
TextSentencer_T871 110956-111137 Sentence denotes Nineteen isolates were susceptible to methicillin and 13 MRSA isolates had characteristics of the MRSA Lyon clone (sequence type 8, agr allele type 1 and positive for the sea gene).
T83618 110956-111137 Sentence denotes Nineteen isolates were susceptible to methicillin and 13 MRSA isolates had characteristics of the MRSA Lyon clone (sequence type 8, agr allele type 1 and positive for the sea gene).
TextSentencer_T872 111138-111301 Sentence denotes The binding behaviour onto airway epithelial cells (HAECs) were determined by quantifying the number of adherent bacteria per cell (30 cells per strain were used).
T59742 111138-111301 Sentence denotes The binding behaviour onto airway epithelial cells (HAECs) were determined by quantifying the number of adherent bacteria per cell (30 cells per strain were used).
TextSentencer_T873 111302-111433 Sentence denotes The adhesin gene profile (bbp, can, eno, ebpS, fib, clfA, clfB, fnbA and fnbB) was determined with multiplex PCR for each isolates.
T78344 111302-111433 Sentence denotes The adhesin gene profile (bbp, can, eno, ebpS, fib, clfA, clfB, fnbA and fnbB) was determined with multiplex PCR for each isolates.
TextSentencer_T874 111434-111516 Sentence denotes The dysfunction of agr was detected by the absence of delta-haemolysin production.
T26083 111434-111516 Sentence denotes The dysfunction of agr was detected by the absence of delta-haemolysin production.
TextSentencer_T875 111517-111525 Sentence denotes Results:
T87143 111517-111525 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T876 111526-111774 Sentence denotes The number of S. aureus isolates per cell was more homogeneous for MSSA isolates than MRSA isolates, but the adhesion of MRSA isolates was significantly higher than MSSA isolates (68.94 ± 8.483 and 34.31 ± 3.446, respectively, p < 0.001) (Figure) .
T96987 111526-111774 Sentence denotes The number of S. aureus isolates per cell was more homogeneous for MSSA isolates than MRSA isolates, but the adhesion of MRSA isolates was significantly higher than MSSA isolates (68.94 ± 8.483 and 34.31 ± 3.446, respectively, p < 0.001) (Figure) .
TextSentencer_T877 111775-111853 Sentence denotes MRSA isolates were all positive for eno, fib, clfA, clfB, fnbA and fnbB, only.
T28456 111775-111853 Sentence denotes MRSA isolates were all positive for eno, fib, clfA, clfB, fnbA and fnbB, only.
TextSentencer_T878 111854-111952 Sentence denotes MSSA isolates were all positive for eno, clfA, clfB and fnbB and inconstantly positive for others.
T52651 111854-111952 Sentence denotes MSSA isolates were all positive for eno, clfA, clfB and fnbB and inconstantly positive for others.
TextSentencer_T879 111953-112123 Sentence denotes The absence of delta-haemolysin production tended to be more frequent among MRSA isolates (7/13 versus 16/19 isolates), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.11).
T34822 111953-112123 Sentence denotes The absence of delta-haemolysin production tended to be more frequent among MRSA isolates (7/13 versus 16/19 isolates), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.11).
TextSentencer_T880 112124-112263 Sentence denotes No correlation between the adhesive property and the absence of deltahaemolysin production was observed, both in MRSA and in MSSA isolates.
T92876 112124-112263 Sentence denotes No correlation between the adhesive property and the absence of deltahaemolysin production was observed, both in MRSA and in MSSA isolates.
TextSentencer_T881 112264-112462 Sentence denotes We demonstrated that adhesive properties onto HAECs of MRSA Lyon clone isolates was higher than that MSSA isolates, but was heterogeneous despite similar genetic background and adhesin gene profile.
T44283 112264-112462 Sentence denotes We demonstrated that adhesive properties onto HAECs of MRSA Lyon clone isolates was higher than that MSSA isolates, but was heterogeneous despite similar genetic background and adhesin gene profile.
TextSentencer_T882 112463-112554 Sentence denotes This could be the result of overexpression of adhesins independently of an agr dysfunction.
T11310 112463-112554 Sentence denotes This could be the result of overexpression of adhesins independently of an agr dysfunction.
TextSentencer_T883 112555-112566 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T43432 112555-112566 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T884 112567-112725 Sentence denotes Although many distinct genetic lineages of communityassociated MRSA (CA-MRSA) have been reported worldwide, one clone has proved highly successful in the USA.
T60507 112567-112725 Sentence denotes Although many distinct genetic lineages of communityassociated MRSA (CA-MRSA) have been reported worldwide, one clone has proved highly successful in the USA.
TextSentencer_T885 112726-112973 Sentence denotes The ST8-SCCmec IVa (or socalled USA-300) clone has been associated with community outbreaks, nosocomial transmission, and identified as the primary cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) presenting to Emergency Departments across the USA.
T59769 112726-112973 Sentence denotes The ST8-SCCmec IVa (or socalled USA-300) clone has been associated with community outbreaks, nosocomial transmission, and identified as the primary cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) presenting to Emergency Departments across the USA.
TextSentencer_T886 112974-113126 Sentence denotes Following enhanced surveillance for CA-MRSA, and in the light of these observations, we have mapped the epidemiology of this clone in England and Wales.
T28874 112974-113126 Sentence denotes Following enhanced surveillance for CA-MRSA, and in the light of these observations, we have mapped the epidemiology of this clone in England and Wales.
TextSentencer_T887 113127-113135 Sentence denotes Methods:
T89377 113127-113135 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T888 113136-113291 Sentence denotes Over a 2 year period (2004/5), all MRSAs referred to the national Staphylococcus Reference Unit for England and Wales were characterised microbiologically.
T66078 113136-113291 Sentence denotes Over a 2 year period (2004/5), all MRSAs referred to the national Staphylococcus Reference Unit for England and Wales were characterised microbiologically.
TextSentencer_T889 113292-113462 Sentence denotes Isolates identified as CA-MRSA were subjected to detailed characterisation (including MLST, spa typing, toxin gene profiling, PFGE and antibiotic susceptibility testing).
T67595 113292-113462 Sentence denotes Isolates identified as CA-MRSA were subjected to detailed characterisation (including MLST, spa typing, toxin gene profiling, PFGE and antibiotic susceptibility testing).
TextSentencer_T890 113463-113527 Sentence denotes Epidemiologic, demographic and clinical data were also collated.
T21867 113463-113527 Sentence denotes Epidemiologic, demographic and clinical data were also collated.
TextSentencer_T891 113528-113536 Sentence denotes Results:
T84247 113528-113536 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T892 113537-113543 Sentence denotes Of ca.
T7832 113537-113543 Sentence denotes Of ca.
TextSentencer_T893 113544-113668 Sentence denotes 300 CA-MRSA identified, 40 belonged to the ST8-SCCmecIVa clonal lineage; the third most common CA-MRSA occurring nationally.
T56997 113544-113668 Sentence denotes 300 CA-MRSA identified, 40 belonged to the ST8-SCCmecIVa clonal lineage; the third most common CA-MRSA occurring nationally.
TextSentencer_T894 113669-113741 Sentence denotes All 40 isolates were PVL-positive, spa t008 and belonged to agr group 1.
T76988 113669-113741 Sentence denotes All 40 isolates were PVL-positive, spa t008 and belonged to agr group 1.
TextSentencer_T895 113742-113840 Sentence denotes Nine different sub-types were distinguishable by PFGE; almost half belonged to a single pulsotype.
T24265 113742-113840 Sentence denotes Nine different sub-types were distinguishable by PFGE; almost half belonged to a single pulsotype.
TextSentencer_T896 113841-113972 Sentence denotes All were resistant to b-lactams; resistance to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline and fusidic acid was variable.
T28753 113841-113972 Sentence denotes All were resistant to b-lactams; resistance to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline and fusidic acid was variable.
TextSentencer_T897 113973-114060 Sentence denotes All were susceptible to clindamycin, trimethoprim, vancomycin, linezolid and mupirocin.
T90159 113973-114060 Sentence denotes All were susceptible to clindamycin, trimethoprim, vancomycin, linezolid and mupirocin.
TextSentencer_T898 114061-114195 Sentence denotes The majority of patients (32, 80%) were community-based, including 23 males and 17 females; ages ranged from <1 to 89 y (median 25 y).
T34005 114061-114195 Sentence denotes The majority of patients (32, 80%) were community-based, including 23 males and 17 females; ages ranged from <1 to 89 y (median 25 y).
TextSentencer_T899 114196-114307 Sentence denotes 60% presented with skin infections (e.g. boils, abscesses or insect bites) and 25% with soft tissue infections.
T52407 114196-114307 Sentence denotes 60% presented with skin infections (e.g. boils, abscesses or insect bites) and 25% with soft tissue infections.
TextSentencer_T900 114308-114325 Sentence denotes One patient died.
T37873 114308-114325 Sentence denotes One patient died.
TextSentencer_T901 114326-114480 Sentence denotes Most cases were sporadic, but 4 community-based clusters were identified involving MSMs, household contacts and individuals attending the same GP surgery.
T6693 114326-114480 Sentence denotes Most cases were sporadic, but 4 community-based clusters were identified involving MSMs, household contacts and individuals attending the same GP surgery.
TextSentencer_T902 114481-114586 Sentence denotes Eight patients gave a history of foreign travel (e.g. the USA), the remainder were acquired domestically.
T34603 114481-114586 Sentence denotes Eight patients gave a history of foreign travel (e.g. the USA), the remainder were acquired domestically.
TextSentencer_T903 114587-114678 Sentence denotes The ST8-IVa lineage of CA-MRSA has been occurring in England and Wales since at least 2002.
T88890 114587-114678 Sentence denotes The ST8-IVa lineage of CA-MRSA has been occurring in England and Wales since at least 2002.
TextSentencer_T904 114679-114803 Sentence denotes Whilst numbers remain small, the occurrence of community-based clusters and the death of one patient give cause for concern.
T70444 114679-114803 Sentence denotes Whilst numbers remain small, the occurrence of community-based clusters and the death of one patient give cause for concern.
TextSentencer_T905 114804-115022 Sentence denotes The emergence of resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials allied to evidence of clonal expansion highlight the need for continued surveillance to underpin effective therapeutic and infection control strategies.
T27952 114804-115022 Sentence denotes The emergence of resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials allied to evidence of clonal expansion highlight the need for continued surveillance to underpin effective therapeutic and infection control strategies.
TextSentencer_T906 115023-115294 Sentence denotes On secondary efficacy endpoints, the three treatment arms were similar in terms of clinical and mycological response, and there were no significant differences in the incidence of emergent fungal infections during the study and in the incidence of relapse post-treatment.
T50937 115023-115294 Sentence denotes On secondary efficacy endpoints, the three treatment arms were similar in terms of clinical and mycological response, and there were no significant differences in the incidence of emergent fungal infections during the study and in the incidence of relapse post-treatment.
TextSentencer_T907 115295-115492 Sentence denotes There were no clinically significant differences between the three treatment arms in terms of adverse events, including those of special interest, such as hepatic and renal function adverse events.
T12409 115295-115492 Sentence denotes There were no clinically significant differences between the three treatment arms in terms of adverse events, including those of special interest, such as hepatic and renal function adverse events.
TextSentencer_T908 115493-115569 Sentence denotes The incidence of death during treatment was similar across treatment groups.
T95680 115493-115569 Sentence denotes The incidence of death during treatment was similar across treatment groups.
TextSentencer_T909 115570-115739 Sentence denotes Conclusion: MICA100 and MICA150 were equally effective and were non-inferior to CAS on the primary efficacy endpoint of treatment success as defined by the investigator.
T16435 115570-115739 Sentence denotes Conclusion: MICA100 and MICA150 were equally effective and were non-inferior to CAS on the primary efficacy endpoint of treatment success as defined by the investigator.
TextSentencer_T910 115740-115845 Sentence denotes There were no significant differences between the MICA treatment arms and CAS on all secondary endpoints.
T57199 115740-115845 Sentence denotes There were no significant differences between the MICA treatment arms and CAS on all secondary endpoints.
TextSentencer_T911 115846-115903 Sentence denotes All three treatment regimens had similar safety profiles.
T44170 115846-115903 Sentence denotes All three treatment regimens had similar safety profiles.
TextSentencer_T912 115904-115914 Sentence denotes Objective:
T43453 115904-115914 Sentence denotes Objective:
TextSentencer_T913 115915-116118 Sentence denotes To compare the efficacy and safety of micafungin (MICA) with AmBisome ® (L-AmB) in a paediatric subpopulation in a large, randomised, phase III trial in patients with invasive candidiasis or candidaemia.
T32056 115915-116118 Sentence denotes To compare the efficacy and safety of micafungin (MICA) with AmBisome ® (L-AmB) in a paediatric subpopulation in a large, randomised, phase III trial in patients with invasive candidiasis or candidaemia.
TextSentencer_T914 116119-116127 Sentence denotes Methods:
T82116 116119-116127 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T915 116128-116429 Sentence denotes In this double-blind, multicentre study, non-neutropaenic and neutropaenic paediatric patients aged 15 years with clinical and microbiological evidence of invasive candidiasis or candidaemia were randomised 1:1 to receive intravenous MICA (2 mg/kg/day) or L-AmB (3 mg/kg/day) for a minimum of 14 days.
T40606 116128-116429 Sentence denotes In this double-blind, multicentre study, non-neutropaenic and neutropaenic paediatric patients aged 15 years with clinical and microbiological evidence of invasive candidiasis or candidaemia were randomised 1:1 to receive intravenous MICA (2 mg/kg/day) or L-AmB (3 mg/kg/day) for a minimum of 14 days.
TextSentencer_T916 116430-116499 Sentence denotes All randomised patients were included in the full analysis set (FAS).
T70398 116430-116499 Sentence denotes All randomised patients were included in the full analysis set (FAS).
TextSentencer_T917 116500-116956 Sentence denotes Efficacy analyses were also performed for the per protocol set (PPS), which included all patients who had confirmed invasive candidiasis or candidaemia but did not have a further invasive infection caused by a non-Candida fungal pathogen, for whom the investigator's assessment of overall treatment success at the end of therapy (EOT) was available, and who received at least five doses of study drug and did not receive a prohibited antifungal medication.
T82162 116500-116956 Sentence denotes Efficacy analyses were also performed for the per protocol set (PPS), which included all patients who had confirmed invasive candidiasis or candidaemia but did not have a further invasive infection caused by a non-Candida fungal pathogen, for whom the investigator's assessment of overall treatment success at the end of therapy (EOT) was available, and who received at least five doses of study drug and did not receive a prohibited antifungal medication.
TextSentencer_T918 116957-116998 Sentence denotes The safety set included all FAS patients.
T51866 116957-116998 Sentence denotes The safety set included all FAS patients.
TextSentencer_T919 116999-117127 Sentence denotes Overall treatment success was based on clinical and mycological response at the end of therapy, as assessed by the investigator.
T10999 116999-117127 Sentence denotes Overall treatment success was based on clinical and mycological response at the end of therapy, as assessed by the investigator.
TextSentencer_T920 117128-117177 Sentence denotes The post-treatment follow-up period was 12 weeks.
T28896 117128-117177 Sentence denotes The post-treatment follow-up period was 12 weeks.
TextSentencer_T921 117178-117186 Sentence denotes Results:
T37869 117178-117186 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T922 117187-117306 Sentence denotes A total of 106 patients (52 MICA and 54 L-AmB patients) were included in the FAS; 83 patients were included in the PPS.
T88185 117187-117306 Sentence denotes A total of 106 patients (52 MICA and 54 L-AmB patients) were included in the FAS; 83 patients were included in the PPS.
TextSentencer_T923 117307-117465 Sentence denotes Age groups, including prematurity at birth, were well represented; candidaemia was the primary infection in the majority of patients in both treatment groups.
T79910 117307-117465 Sentence denotes Age groups, including prematurity at birth, were well represented; candidaemia was the primary infection in the majority of patients in both treatment groups.
TextSentencer_T924 117466-117514 Sentence denotes The key efficacy results are shown in the table.
T61597 117466-117514 Sentence denotes The key efficacy results are shown in the table.
TextSentencer_T925 117515-117712 Sentence denotes The incidence of treatment-related adverse events (AEs) was lower with MICA than with L-AmB (36.5% versus 42.6%, respectively), as was the incidence of serious AEs (3.8% versus 9.3%, respectively).
T30883 117515-117712 Sentence denotes The incidence of treatment-related adverse events (AEs) was lower with MICA than with L-AmB (36.5% versus 42.6%, respectively), as was the incidence of serious AEs (3.8% versus 9.3%, respectively).
TextSentencer_T926 117713-117837 Sentence denotes In addition, fewer patients receiving MICA than L-AmB discontinued therapy because of AEs (3.8% versus 16.7%, respectively).
T19413 117713-117837 Sentence denotes In addition, fewer patients receiving MICA than L-AmB discontinued therapy because of AEs (3.8% versus 16.7%, respectively).
TextSentencer_T927 117838-117919 Sentence denotes One cipro-resistant isolate (MIC > 32) was isolated from a cipro-treated subject.
T66454 117838-117919 Sentence denotes One cipro-resistant isolate (MIC > 32) was isolated from a cipro-treated subject.
TextSentencer_T928 117920-117977 Sentence denotes 9 levo subjects were clinical successes, 2 were failures.
T98995 117920-117977 Sentence denotes 9 levo subjects were clinical successes, 2 were failures.
TextSentencer_T929 117978-118077 Sentence denotes With cipro, 7 subjects were clinical successes, 2 were failures and for 3, the outcome was unknown.
T82033 117978-118077 Sentence denotes With cipro, 7 subjects were clinical successes, 2 were failures and for 3, the outcome was unknown.
TextSentencer_T930 118078-118238 Sentence denotes The urine pathogen was eradicated in 10 and was unknown for 1 levo subject compared to eradicated in 7, persisted in 3, and unknown in 2 cipro-treated subjects.
T74951 118078-118238 Sentence denotes The urine pathogen was eradicated in 10 and was unknown for 1 levo subject compared to eradicated in 7, persisted in 3, and unknown in 2 cipro-treated subjects.
TextSentencer_T931 118239-118359 Sentence denotes A repeat blood culture was obtained for 7 levo and 8 cipro subjects, with the blood pathogen eradicated in all subjects.
T35309 118239-118359 Sentence denotes A repeat blood culture was obtained for 7 levo and 8 cipro subjects, with the blood pathogen eradicated in all subjects.
TextSentencer_T932 118360-118465 Sentence denotes For one other cipro-treated subject, the blood pathogen was presumed persisted based on clinical failure.
T2429 118360-118465 Sentence denotes For one other cipro-treated subject, the blood pathogen was presumed persisted based on clinical failure.
TextSentencer_T933 118466-118521 Sentence denotes The outcome for the cipro-resitant E. coli was unknown.
T35045 118466-118521 Sentence denotes The outcome for the cipro-resitant E. coli was unknown.
TextSentencer_T934 118522-118534 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T36471 118522-118534 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T935 118535-118608 Sentence denotes For the overall population (cUTI and AP) and for the cUTI and AP cohorts.
T70687 118535-118608 Sentence denotes For the overall population (cUTI and AP) and for the cUTI and AP cohorts.
TextSentencer_T936 118609-118664 Sentence denotes 5 doses of levo were non-inferior to 20 doses of cipro.
T78764 118609-118664 Sentence denotes 5 doses of levo were non-inferior to 20 doses of cipro.
TextSentencer_T937 118665-118751 Sentence denotes Levo and cipro eradicated blood pathogens in all subjects who had a 2nd blood culture.
T97861 118665-118751 Sentence denotes Levo and cipro eradicated blood pathogens in all subjects who had a 2nd blood culture.
TextSentencer_T938 118752-118948 Sentence denotes Approximately two-thirds of patients were from the USA; the remainder were recruited from Canada, Australia, South Africa, Russia and various other countries across Europe, Asia and South America.
T23651 118752-118948 Sentence denotes Approximately two-thirds of patients were from the USA; the remainder were recruited from Canada, Australia, South Africa, Russia and various other countries across Europe, Asia and South America.
TextSentencer_T939 118949-119144 Sentence denotes Patients with infections due to MRSA tended to be younger (<65 years of age) and a greater proportion were of Black race compared with patients with infections not due to MRSA (non-MRSA; Table) .
T58999 118949-119144 Sentence denotes Patients with infections due to MRSA tended to be younger (<65 years of age) and a greater proportion were of Black race compared with patients with infections not due to MRSA (non-MRSA; Table) .
TextSentencer_T940 119145-119278 Sentence denotes MRSA was most commonly associated with major abscesses, whereas non-MRSA was most commonly associated with deep/extensive cellulitis.
T96155 119145-119278 Sentence denotes MRSA was most commonly associated with major abscesses, whereas non-MRSA was most commonly associated with deep/extensive cellulitis.
TextSentencer_T941 119279-119362 Sentence denotes Regardless of MRSA status, cSSSI occurred more frequently on the lower extremities.
T18822 119279-119362 Sentence denotes Regardless of MRSA status, cSSSI occurred more frequently on the lower extremities.
TextSentencer_T942 119363-119374 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T33822 119363-119374 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T943 119375-119494 Sentence denotes Together, ATLAS 1 and 2 represent the largest prospective, double-blind studies ever conducted in patients with cSSSIs.
T47411 119375-119494 Sentence denotes Together, ATLAS 1 and 2 represent the largest prospective, double-blind studies ever conducted in patients with cSSSIs.
TextSentencer_T944 119495-119576 Sentence denotes The MRSA cohort was also the largest ever enrolled in a registrational programme.
T88637 119495-119576 Sentence denotes The MRSA cohort was also the largest ever enrolled in a registrational programme.
TextSentencer_T945 119577-119763 Sentence denotes MRSA infections appeared to be more common in patients who were younger, of Black racial origin, and in those with a major abscess compared with patients with infections not due to MRSA.
T27659 119577-119763 Sentence denotes MRSA infections appeared to be more common in patients who were younger, of Black racial origin, and in those with a major abscess compared with patients with infections not due to MRSA.
TextSentencer_T946 119764-119775 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T49726 119764-119775 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T947 119776-119878 Sentence denotes The use of aminoglycosides has decreased due to doubts regarding lack of efficacy and adverse effects.
T889 119776-119878 Sentence denotes The use of aminoglycosides has decreased due to doubts regarding lack of efficacy and adverse effects.
TextSentencer_T948 119879-119959 Sentence denotes Yet, the prevalence of microbial resistance to aminoglycosides has remained low.
T59237 119879-119959 Sentence denotes Yet, the prevalence of microbial resistance to aminoglycosides has remained low.
TextSentencer_T949 119960-120130 Sentence denotes This study sought to compare the efficacy and adverse effects of aminoglycosides as a single antibiotic to other antibiotics for the treatment of patients with infection.
T87388 119960-120130 Sentence denotes This study sought to compare the efficacy and adverse effects of aminoglycosides as a single antibiotic to other antibiotics for the treatment of patients with infection.
TextSentencer_T950 120131-120392 Sentence denotes We searched for randomised trials comparing the efficacy of aminoglycoside antibiotic treatment to non-aminoglycoside antibiotic in patients with infection in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, databases of ongoing trials and conference proceedings.
T24408 120131-120392 Sentence denotes We searched for randomised trials comparing the efficacy of aminoglycoside antibiotic treatment to non-aminoglycoside antibiotic in patients with infection in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, databases of ongoing trials and conference proceedings.
TextSentencer_T951 120393-120460 Sentence denotes Two reviewers assessed trial eligibility, quality and extract data.
T35022 120393-120460 Sentence denotes Two reviewers assessed trial eligibility, quality and extract data.
TextSentencer_T952 120461-120560 Sentence denotes Pooled relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for dichotomous data.
T1700 120461-120560 Sentence denotes Pooled relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for dichotomous data.
TextSentencer_T953 120561-120743 Sentence denotes We conclude that each of the three major clones can readily be demarcated from other A. baumannii members, and that molecular diagnostics could be developed to identify them rapidly.
T57905 120561-120743 Sentence denotes We conclude that each of the three major clones can readily be demarcated from other A. baumannii members, and that molecular diagnostics could be developed to identify them rapidly.
TextSentencer_T954 120744-121034 Sentence denotes Analysis of the recombination/mutation rate shows that nucleotides do not change by recombination more frequently than by mutation, showing that recombination is unlikely to disrupt the clonal frame of the clones, which can therefore be expected to be stable over very long periods of time.
T95598 120744-121034 Sentence denotes Analysis of the recombination/mutation rate shows that nucleotides do not change by recombination more frequently than by mutation, showing that recombination is unlikely to disrupt the clonal frame of the clones, which can therefore be expected to be stable over very long periods of time.
TextSentencer_T955 121035-121046 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T39709 121035-121046 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T956 121047-121204 Sentence denotes Molecular epidemiology studies of clinically relevant microorganisms frequently focus on a comparison between the assigned types of different typing methods.
T69262 121047-121204 Sentence denotes Molecular epidemiology studies of clinically relevant microorganisms frequently focus on a comparison between the assigned types of different typing methods.
TextSentencer_T957 121205-121318 Sentence denotes Therefore, there is a critical need to understand the correspondence between types produced by different methods.
T84839 121205-121318 Sentence denotes Therefore, there is a critical need to understand the correspondence between types produced by different methods.
TextSentencer_T958 121319-121537 Sentence denotes This may be useful not only for the comparison of the genetic backgrounds of the particular set of isolates under study but also to produce a broader view of how the results of the different typing methods are related.
T75753 121319-121537 Sentence denotes This may be useful not only for the comparison of the genetic backgrounds of the particular set of isolates under study but also to produce a broader view of how the results of the different typing methods are related.
TextSentencer_T959 121538-121809 Sentence denotes To achieve this goal, a framework of measures for the quantitative comparison of typing methods results was developed (Carriço et al., Illustration of a common framework for relating multiple typing methods by application to macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes, J.
T51137 121538-121809 Sentence denotes To achieve this goal, a framework of measures for the quantitative comparison of typing methods results was developed (Carriço et al., Illustration of a common framework for relating multiple typing methods by application to macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes, J.
TextSentencer_T960 121810-121815 Sentence denotes Clin.
T47740 121810-121815 Sentence denotes Clin.
TextSentencer_T961 121816-121826 Sentence denotes Microbiol.
T87185 121816-121826 Sentence denotes Microbiol.
TextSentencer_T962 121827-121969 Sentence denotes 2006) and is now implemented in a free-access web-based interface, on which users can analyse their data anonymously and retrieve the results.
T10506 121827-121969 Sentence denotes 2006) and is now implemented in a free-access web-based interface, on which users can analyse their data anonymously and retrieve the results.
TextSentencer_T963 121970-121978 Sentence denotes Methods:
T46697 121970-121978 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T964 121979-122161 Sentence denotes To facilitate the use of the framework developed, a web-based interface was implemented to provide researchers with a user-friendly interface to compare their typing methods results.
T2804 121979-122161 Sentence denotes To facilitate the use of the framework developed, a web-based interface was implemented to provide researchers with a user-friendly interface to compare their typing methods results.
TextSentencer_T965 122162-122325 Sentence denotes On the website, we also provide a set of Bionumerics TM scripts to allow the users to implement the proposed analysis on their Bionumerics databases while offline.
T62844 122162-122325 Sentence denotes On the website, we also provide a set of Bionumerics TM scripts to allow the users to implement the proposed analysis on their Bionumerics databases while offline.
TextSentencer_T966 122326-122424 Sentence denotes The web-based interface and the Bionumerics scripts allow for the calculation of several measures:
T98886 122326-122424 Sentence denotes The web-based interface and the Bionumerics scripts allow for the calculation of several measures:
TextSentencer_T967 122425-122701 Sentence denotes Simpson's index of diversity with confidence intervals for accessing the diversity of typing results for different methods; Adjusted Rand and Wallace coefficients for bidirectional and unidirectional (respectively) comparison between the results of two typing methods results.
T38055 122425-122701 Sentence denotes Simpson's index of diversity with confidence intervals for accessing the diversity of typing results for different methods; Adjusted Rand and Wallace coefficients for bidirectional and unidirectional (respectively) comparison between the results of two typing methods results.
TextSentencer_T968 122702-122844 Sentence denotes Based on these measures the users can quantitatively evaluate the discriminatory power of the typing methodologies used and their concordance.
T59051 122702-122844 Sentence denotes Based on these measures the users can quantitatively evaluate the discriminatory power of the typing methodologies used and their concordance.
TextSentencer_T969 122845-123007 Sentence denotes The web-based interface and the Bionumerics scripts provide users with the ability for a quantitative assessment of correspondence between typing methods results.
T85953 122845-123007 Sentence denotes The web-based interface and the Bionumerics scripts provide users with the ability for a quantitative assessment of correspondence between typing methods results.
TextSentencer_T970 123008-123189 Sentence denotes This can be used to evaluate the predictive power of a typing methodology when compared to another, which can guide the user in the choice of a 'gold standard' for clone definition.
T68736 123008-123189 Sentence denotes This can be used to evaluate the predictive power of a typing methodology when compared to another, which can guide the user in the choice of a 'gold standard' for clone definition.
TextSentencer_T971 123190-123354 Sentence denotes Furthermore, as new microbial typing methods are proposed, this methodology allows for their comparison in terms of type assignments with established methodologies.
T99331 123190-123354 Sentence denotes Furthermore, as new microbial typing methods are proposed, this methodology allows for their comparison in terms of type assignments with established methodologies.
TextSentencer_T972 123355-123551 Sentence denotes Despite several case control studies and enhanced surveillance of both human cases and animal environmental isolates, there is still much unknown about the epidemiology of Campylobacter infection.
T2853 123355-123551 Sentence denotes Despite several case control studies and enhanced surveillance of both human cases and animal environmental isolates, there is still much unknown about the epidemiology of Campylobacter infection.
TextSentencer_T973 123552-123737 Sentence denotes We describe a multi-agency project evaluating the utility of sequence typing of human infection isolates to inform surveillance and distinguish environmental sources of human infection.
T43109 123552-123737 Sentence denotes We describe a multi-agency project evaluating the utility of sequence typing of human infection isolates to inform surveillance and distinguish environmental sources of human infection.
TextSentencer_T974 123738-123972 Sentence denotes Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) developed for C. jejuni and C. coli was applied to all human case isolates from four local authorities in North West England, two largely rural and two largely urban, over a continuous 3-year period.
T3139 123738-123972 Sentence denotes Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) developed for C. jejuni and C. coli was applied to all human case isolates from four local authorities in North West England, two largely rural and two largely urban, over a continuous 3-year period.
TextSentencer_T975 123973-124068 Sentence denotes Isolates from drinking water supplies and recreational surface waters were also sequence typed.
T43779 123973-124068 Sentence denotes Isolates from drinking water supplies and recreational surface waters were also sequence typed.
TextSentencer_T976 124069-124209 Sentence denotes We describe here an analysis of the three year study data and steps taken to adapt the methodology for use in routine surveillance settings.
T10818 124069-124209 Sentence denotes We describe here an analysis of the three year study data and steps taken to adapt the methodology for use in routine surveillance settings.
TextSentencer_T977 124210-124418 Sentence denotes The study has demonstrated several interesting correlations between specific sequence types and a number of explanatory variables for disease (eg month of infection, locality of residence, and travel abroad).
T51543 124210-124418 Sentence denotes The study has demonstrated several interesting correlations between specific sequence types and a number of explanatory variables for disease (eg month of infection, locality of residence, and travel abroad).
TextSentencer_T978 124419-124579 Sentence denotes Other studies provide increasing evidence of host-association for specific MLST types of campylobacter and these findings are related to the three year dataset.
T3848 124419-124579 Sentence denotes Other studies provide increasing evidence of host-association for specific MLST types of campylobacter and these findings are related to the three year dataset.
TextSentencer_T979 124580-124778 Sentence denotes In addition, many new types have been described in surface waters from this project and there is evidence for a distinct water-borne population that has not so far been described in human infection.
T46921 124580-124778 Sentence denotes In addition, many new types have been described in surface waters from this project and there is evidence for a distinct water-borne population that has not so far been described in human infection.
TextSentencer_T980 124779-124886 Sentence denotes In recent years, the use of cell culture and molecular biology deeply changed our knowledge on rickettsiae.
T39838 124779-124886 Sentence denotes In recent years, the use of cell culture and molecular biology deeply changed our knowledge on rickettsiae.
TextSentencer_T981 124887-125230 Sentence denotes As a matter of fact before 1990, 7 pathogenic rickettsial species were identified ( New rickettsial diseases were found under 3 main conditions: -In place where none was identified, typical rickettsial diseases (including fever and a rash) were found (Japan, China). -In some place typical rickettsioses could be caused by different organisms.
T64173 124887-125230 Sentence denotes As a matter of fact before 1990, 7 pathogenic rickettsial species were identified ( New rickettsial diseases were found under 3 main conditions: -In place where none was identified, typical rickettsial diseases (including fever and a rash) were found (Japan, China). -In some place typical rickettsioses could be caused by different organisms.
TextSentencer_T982 125231-125507 Sentence denotes In such cases, the new Rickettsia was misdiagnosed with a previously identified bacterium (such as R. massiliae with R. conorii). -In some cases atypical clinical findings were found (no rash, no fever) to be caused by Rickettsial organisms such as R. slovaca or R. helvetica.
T78352 125231-125507 Sentence denotes In such cases, the new Rickettsia was misdiagnosed with a previously identified bacterium (such as R. massiliae with R. conorii). -In some cases atypical clinical findings were found (no rash, no fever) to be caused by Rickettsial organisms such as R. slovaca or R. helvetica.
TextSentencer_T983 125508-125633 Sentence denotes These findings challenge the old dogma postulating that of one tick borne rickettsiosis was prevalent in one geographic area.
T57053 125508-125633 Sentence denotes These findings challenge the old dogma postulating that of one tick borne rickettsiosis was prevalent in one geographic area.
TextSentencer_T984 125634-125841 Sentence denotes For many years for example, R. rickettsii, the agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, was considered the only spotted fever group rickettsia in the USA and the only tick-transmitted rickettsiosis in America.
T99510 125634-125841 Sentence denotes For many years for example, R. rickettsii, the agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, was considered the only spotted fever group rickettsia in the USA and the only tick-transmitted rickettsiosis in America.
TextSentencer_T985 125842-126006 Sentence denotes R. felis, a flea-transmitted spotted fever, and R. parkeri, a tick-transmitted spotted fever, have been shown since to infect human beings in the USA and in Urugay.
T15856 125842-126006 Sentence denotes R. felis, a flea-transmitted spotted fever, and R. parkeri, a tick-transmitted spotted fever, have been shown since to infect human beings in the USA and in Urugay.
TextSentencer_T986 126007-126070 Sentence denotes Moreover, R. africae has been found in patients in West Indies.
T63084 126007-126070 Sentence denotes Moreover, R. africae has been found in patients in West Indies.
TextSentencer_T987 126071-126163 Sentence denotes Many Rickettsia have been identified in ticks but have not been currently found in patients.
T75351 126071-126163 Sentence denotes Many Rickettsia have been identified in ticks but have not been currently found in patients.
TextSentencer_T988 126164-126223 Sentence denotes These Rickettsiae should be considered potential pathogens.
T28961 126164-126223 Sentence denotes These Rickettsiae should be considered potential pathogens.
TextSentencer_T989 126224-126312 Sentence denotes These new findings should stimulate investigations to identify new rickettsial diseases.
T93094 126224-126312 Sentence denotes These new findings should stimulate investigations to identify new rickettsial diseases.
TextSentencer_T990 126313-126390 Sentence denotes Patients with atypical rash or fever after arthropod bite should be targeted.
T12604 126313-126390 Sentence denotes Patients with atypical rash or fever after arthropod bite should be targeted.
TextSentencer_T991 126391-126447 Sentence denotes Skin biopsies are the preferred samples in this purpose.
T63227 126391-126447 Sentence denotes Skin biopsies are the preferred samples in this purpose.
TextSentencer_T992 126448-126503 Sentence denotes Molecular tests used for this purpose will be proposed.
T82988 126448-126503 Sentence denotes Molecular tests used for this purpose will be proposed.
TextSentencer_T993 126504-126612 Sentence denotes Can pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters drive dosing regimens that are less vulnerable to resistance?
T75180 126504-126612 Sentence denotes Can pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters drive dosing regimens that are less vulnerable to resistance?
TextSentencer_T994 126613-126726 Sentence denotes S156 Can pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters drive dosing regimens that are less vulnerable to resistance?
T7184 126613-126726 Sentence denotes S156 Can pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters drive dosing regimens that are less vulnerable to resistance?
TextSentencer_T995 126727-126730 Sentence denotes Pro
T69909 126727-126730 Sentence denotes Pro
TextSentencer_T996 126731-127012 Sentence denotes In recent years, the rules for selection of antimicrobial agents have been undergoing critical revision in terms of optimum dosing for control of infectious diseases, with the goal of potentiating treatment efficacy and reducing the risk of selecting multidrug resistant pathogens.
T97894 126731-127012 Sentence denotes In recent years, the rules for selection of antimicrobial agents have been undergoing critical revision in terms of optimum dosing for control of infectious diseases, with the goal of potentiating treatment efficacy and reducing the risk of selecting multidrug resistant pathogens.
TextSentencer_T997 127013-127295 Sentence denotes The most important criterion for rational choice of an antimicrobial agent is defined by its pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics, and thus its antimicrobial activity which can be summarised as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).
T53726 127013-127295 Sentence denotes The most important criterion for rational choice of an antimicrobial agent is defined by its pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics, and thus its antimicrobial activity which can be summarised as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).
TextSentencer_T998 127296-127676 Sentence denotes The second criterion for selecting an antibiotic is due to its pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics, since it has been demonstrated that antibiotic concentrations at the infection site influence the intensity and duration of the effect, and together with the PD parameters, provide a general inter-relationship and contribute to defining the potential clinical efficacy of a drug.
T3052 127296-127676 Sentence denotes The second criterion for selecting an antibiotic is due to its pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics, since it has been demonstrated that antibiotic concentrations at the infection site influence the intensity and duration of the effect, and together with the PD parameters, provide a general inter-relationship and contribute to defining the potential clinical efficacy of a drug.
TextSentencer_T999 127677-127865 Sentence denotes Pharmacodynamics have been upgraded in the last 10 years with in vitro and animal models which have helped to identify fairly precise correlations with therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics.
T41344 127677-127865 Sentence denotes Pharmacodynamics have been upgraded in the last 10 years with in vitro and animal models which have helped to identify fairly precise correlations with therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T1000 127866-128028 Sentence denotes Moreover, the principles that link concentrations of antibiotics in humans and their effects have been outlined in order to determine the optimal dosing interval.
T97759 127866-128028 Sentence denotes Moreover, the principles that link concentrations of antibiotics in humans and their effects have been outlined in order to determine the optimal dosing interval.
TextSentencer_T1001 128029-128234 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial drugs with a concentration-dependent activity, i.e. the newer quinolones and aminoglycosides, should be administered as a single daily dose to maximise the peak serum concentration/MIC ratio.
T92699 128029-128234 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial drugs with a concentration-dependent activity, i.e. the newer quinolones and aminoglycosides, should be administered as a single daily dose to maximise the peak serum concentration/MIC ratio.
TextSentencer_T1002 128235-128303 Sentence denotes AUC/MIC ratio is also an important parameter for PK/PD correlations.
T2153 128235-128303 Sentence denotes AUC/MIC ratio is also an important parameter for PK/PD correlations.
TextSentencer_T1003 128304-128586 Sentence denotes Existing data on fluoroquinolones suggest that a ratio of 100-125 correlates with high bacterial eradication and optimal clinical outcome in infections due to Gram-negative pathogens, while a ratio of 50 is associated with a high probability of eradication of S. pneumoniae strains.
T41921 128304-128586 Sentence denotes Existing data on fluoroquinolones suggest that a ratio of 100-125 correlates with high bacterial eradication and optimal clinical outcome in infections due to Gram-negative pathogens, while a ratio of 50 is associated with a high probability of eradication of S. pneumoniae strains.
TextSentencer_T1004 128587-128870 Sentence denotes For this group of antibiotics the new concept of the so called mutant prevention concentration (MPC) and mutant selection window (MSW) may be helpful in restricting the enrichment of mutant subpopulations and consequently, at least partially, in controlling the spread of resistance.
T65518 128587-128870 Sentence denotes For this group of antibiotics the new concept of the so called mutant prevention concentration (MPC) and mutant selection window (MSW) may be helpful in restricting the enrichment of mutant subpopulations and consequently, at least partially, in controlling the spread of resistance.
TextSentencer_T1005 128871-129107 Sentence denotes Beta-lactams, having time-dependent efficacy, usually do not have great post antibiotic effects (PAEs), and the parameter which seems to better correlate PD with PK is the time duration with concentrations higher than the MIC (T > MIC).
T71620 128871-129107 Sentence denotes Beta-lactams, having time-dependent efficacy, usually do not have great post antibiotic effects (PAEs), and the parameter which seems to better correlate PD with PK is the time duration with concentrations higher than the MIC (T > MIC).
TextSentencer_T1006 129108-129277 Sentence denotes These antibiotics need to be given with short dosing intervals or even by continuous infusion to maintain plasma levels exceeding the MIC for a sufficiently long period.
T47132 129108-129277 Sentence denotes These antibiotics need to be given with short dosing intervals or even by continuous infusion to maintain plasma levels exceeding the MIC for a sufficiently long period.
TextSentencer_T1007 129278-129723 Sentence denotes In summary, we can theoretically optimise the dosage regimen of antibiotics (dose, administration route and interval between doses) in clinical practice by correlating the PK and PD pertaining to each antibiotic class, based on experimental animal studies and these PK/PD parameters may contribute to the containment of resistance for all drug classes and especially the most important ones used in serious infections in intensive care patients.
T84096 129278-129723 Sentence denotes In summary, we can theoretically optimise the dosage regimen of antibiotics (dose, administration route and interval between doses) in clinical practice by correlating the PK and PD pertaining to each antibiotic class, based on experimental animal studies and these PK/PD parameters may contribute to the containment of resistance for all drug classes and especially the most important ones used in serious infections in intensive care patients.
TextSentencer_T1008 129724-129726 Sentence denotes A.
T45084 129724-129726 Sentence denotes A.
TextSentencer_T1009 129727-129973 Sentence denotes Bartoloni (Florence, IT) Antibiotics are the most commonly purchased class of drugs in lowresource countries, where the infectious diseases are extremely frequent and the bacterial infections are the major cause of death, especially in childhood.
T29466 129727-129973 Sentence denotes Bartoloni (Florence, IT) Antibiotics are the most commonly purchased class of drugs in lowresource countries, where the infectious diseases are extremely frequent and the bacterial infections are the major cause of death, especially in childhood.
TextSentencer_T1010 129974-130248 Sentence denotes The phenomenon of microbial drug resistance, which represents a global public health problem, is particularly serious in these countries, as resistance rates are even higher than in industrialised countries and the therapeutic options are often unavailable or too expensive.
T76711 129974-130248 Sentence denotes The phenomenon of microbial drug resistance, which represents a global public health problem, is particularly serious in these countries, as resistance rates are even higher than in industrialised countries and the therapeutic options are often unavailable or too expensive.
TextSentencer_T1011 130249-130490 Sentence denotes Surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility is a key element to provide updated information on the magnitude and trends in resistance, and to plan and monitor intervention strategies aimed at preserving the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics.
T86403 130249-130490 Sentence denotes Surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility is a key element to provide updated information on the magnitude and trends in resistance, and to plan and monitor intervention strategies aimed at preserving the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T1012 130491-130774 Sentence denotes In low-resource countries, effective surveillance programmes are difficult to implement for a number of reasons, including scarce financial resources, lack of laboratory facilities and, where laboratories do exist, lack of quality control, reliable reagents and adequate supervision.
T29815 130491-130774 Sentence denotes In low-resource countries, effective surveillance programmes are difficult to implement for a number of reasons, including scarce financial resources, lack of laboratory facilities and, where laboratories do exist, lack of quality control, reliable reagents and adequate supervision.
TextSentencer_T1013 130775-130919 Sentence denotes In these settings, the development of reliable and low-cost alternative methods could facilitate the implementation of large-scale surveillance.
T37174 130775-130919 Sentence denotes In these settings, the development of reliable and low-cost alternative methods could facilitate the implementation of large-scale surveillance.
TextSentencer_T1014 130920-131079 Sentence denotes There is an increasing agreement about the importance of extending the surveillance of antibiotic resistance to the commensal microbiota of humans and animals.
T89472 130920-131079 Sentence denotes There is an increasing agreement about the importance of extending the surveillance of antibiotic resistance to the commensal microbiota of humans and animals.
TextSentencer_T1015 131080-131398 Sentence denotes This bacterial population, although not being a specific target, is continuously exposed to the selective pressure generated by antimicrobial chemotherapy and may become a potential reservoir of resistant strains that can cause infections, and of resistance determinants that can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria.
T77262 131080-131398 Sentence denotes This bacterial population, although not being a specific target, is continuously exposed to the selective pressure generated by antimicrobial chemotherapy and may become a potential reservoir of resistant strains that can cause infections, and of resistance determinants that can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria.
TextSentencer_T1016 131399-131641 Sentence denotes Therefore, surveillance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria carried by healthy individuals is considered an indicator of the spread of antibiotic resistance that could also be useful to predict the emergence of resistance in pathogenic bacteria.
T27809 131399-131641 Sentence denotes Therefore, surveillance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria carried by healthy individuals is considered an indicator of the spread of antibiotic resistance that could also be useful to predict the emergence of resistance in pathogenic bacteria.
TextSentencer_T1017 131642-131821 Sentence denotes In this perspective, resistance patterns of some members of the commensal microbiota, such as the faecal Escherichia coli, have been evaluated in various epidemiological settings.
T90577 131642-131821 Sentence denotes In this perspective, resistance patterns of some members of the commensal microbiota, such as the faecal Escherichia coli, have been evaluated in various epidemiological settings.
TextSentencer_T1018 131822-132056 Sentence denotes For this purpose, different microbiological approaches have been implemented and evaluated as useful tools to conduct large scale resistance surveillance studies and to monitor resistance control programmes in a cost-effective manner.
T85572 131822-132056 Sentence denotes For this purpose, different microbiological approaches have been implemented and evaluated as useful tools to conduct large scale resistance surveillance studies and to monitor resistance control programmes in a cost-effective manner.
TextSentencer_T1019 132057-132216 Sentence denotes The emergence of extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) in Enterobacteriaceae in the 1980s marked an important turning point in routine laboratory diagnostics.
T71395 132057-132216 Sentence denotes The emergence of extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) in Enterobacteriaceae in the 1980s marked an important turning point in routine laboratory diagnostics.
TextSentencer_T1020 132217-132316 Sentence denotes Soon after their discovery, phenotypic methods were developed for their detection and confirmation.
T15491 132217-132316 Sentence denotes Soon after their discovery, phenotypic methods were developed for their detection and confirmation.
TextSentencer_T1021 132317-132451 Sentence denotes Confirmation depended largely on the ability of clavulanate to inhibit the main culprit enzymes at the time, the TEM and SHV variants.
T66518 132317-132451 Sentence denotes Confirmation depended largely on the ability of clavulanate to inhibit the main culprit enzymes at the time, the TEM and SHV variants.
TextSentencer_T1022 132452-132512 Sentence denotes Later this technique proved reliable for CTX-M type enzymes.
T75174 132452-132512 Sentence denotes Later this technique proved reliable for CTX-M type enzymes.
TextSentencer_T1023 132513-132669 Sentence denotes Many susceptibility testing methods recommended the use of ESBL screening and confirmation tests on a routine basis, including CLSI, BSAC, CA-SFM, and SRGA.
T49486 132513-132669 Sentence denotes Many susceptibility testing methods recommended the use of ESBL screening and confirmation tests on a routine basis, including CLSI, BSAC, CA-SFM, and SRGA.
TextSentencer_T1024 132670-132743 Sentence denotes However, a number of issues have emerged with routine use over the years:
T30234 132670-132743 Sentence denotes However, a number of issues have emerged with routine use over the years:
TextSentencer_T1025 132744-132746 Sentence denotes 1.
T22931 132744-132746 Sentence denotes 1.
TextSentencer_T1026 132747-132847 Sentence denotes The problem of defining an adequate number of substrates to ensure sufficiently sensitive screening.
T4582 132747-132847 Sentence denotes The problem of defining an adequate number of substrates to ensure sufficiently sensitive screening.
TextSentencer_T1027 132848-133054 Sentence denotes Ideally, one should include a minimum of 4, namely cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, and aztreonam, and at concentrations that often differ from those used for susceptibility breakpoints.
T16643 132848-133054 Sentence denotes Ideally, one should include a minimum of 4, namely cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, and aztreonam, and at concentrations that often differ from those used for susceptibility breakpoints.
TextSentencer_T1028 133055-133057 Sentence denotes 2.
T86408 133055-133057 Sentence denotes 2.
TextSentencer_T1029 133058-133158 Sentence denotes The lack of reliable phenotypic methods to detect ESBLs in species with inducible AmpC b-lactamases.
T75039 133058-133158 Sentence denotes The lack of reliable phenotypic methods to detect ESBLs in species with inducible AmpC b-lactamases.
TextSentencer_T1030 133159-133343 Sentence denotes Some of these species have been shown to be important reservoirs for ESBLs, and resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins cannot solely attributed to stable de-repression of AmpC.
T48678 133159-133343 Sentence denotes Some of these species have been shown to be important reservoirs for ESBLs, and resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins cannot solely attributed to stable de-repression of AmpC.
TextSentencer_T1031 133344-133346 Sentence denotes 3.
T52583 133344-133346 Sentence denotes 3.
TextSentencer_T1032 133347-133599 Sentence denotes The failure of current methods to provide advice on the interpretation of a positive screening test but a negative confirmation test, especially if the isolates are "susceptible" to extended-spectrum cephalosporins using method-recommended breakpoints.
T4410 133347-133599 Sentence denotes The failure of current methods to provide advice on the interpretation of a positive screening test but a negative confirmation test, especially if the isolates are "susceptible" to extended-spectrum cephalosporins using method-recommended breakpoints.
TextSentencer_T1033 133600-133756 Sentence denotes Such strains have been shown to harbour OXA enzymes, inhibitor-resistant TEM enzymes, or particularly plasmid-borne AmpC enzymes with significant frequency.
T69970 133600-133756 Sentence denotes Such strains have been shown to harbour OXA enzymes, inhibitor-resistant TEM enzymes, or particularly plasmid-borne AmpC enzymes with significant frequency.
TextSentencer_T1034 133757-133967 Sentence denotes Thus there is no current phenotypic or genotypic test that can be practically and effectively applied in the routine laboratory with sufficient sensitivity to detect the emerging range of transmissible enzymes.
T66358 133757-133967 Sentence denotes Thus there is no current phenotypic or genotypic test that can be practically and effectively applied in the routine laboratory with sufficient sensitivity to detect the emerging range of transmissible enzymes.
TextSentencer_T1035 133968-134079 Sentence denotes However, we can rely to a great extent on the selection of or change to appropriate susceptibility breakpoints.
T68413 133968-134079 Sentence denotes However, we can rely to a great extent on the selection of or change to appropriate susceptibility breakpoints.
TextSentencer_T1036 134080-134269 Sentence denotes A range of recent studies has suggested that failures of treatment with extendedspectrum cephalosporins are likely when strains of Enterobacteriaceae have MICs elevated above the wild-type.
T94295 134080-134269 Sentence denotes A range of recent studies has suggested that failures of treatment with extendedspectrum cephalosporins are likely when strains of Enterobacteriaceae have MICs elevated above the wild-type.
TextSentencer_T1037 134270-134579 Sentence denotes Further, application of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) principles to the most widely recommended dosing schedules of cephalosporins suggest that the susceptibility breakpoints recommended by many methods are too high, and should to lowered to values that fortunately coincide wild-type cutoff values.
T88148 134270-134579 Sentence denotes Further, application of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) principles to the most widely recommended dosing schedules of cephalosporins suggest that the susceptibility breakpoints recommended by many methods are too high, and should to lowered to values that fortunately coincide wild-type cutoff values.
TextSentencer_T1038 134580-134919 Sentence denotes Hence, lowering of susceptibility breakpoints for extendedspectrum cephalosporins to those defined by PK/PD will indicate the presence of an ESBL or plasmid-borne AmpC enzyme with sufficiently high likelihood to allow laboratories to report both resistance to these agents and provide advice about appropriate infection control procedures.
T80839 134580-134919 Sentence denotes Hence, lowering of susceptibility breakpoints for extendedspectrum cephalosporins to those defined by PK/PD will indicate the presence of an ESBL or plasmid-borne AmpC enzyme with sufficiently high likelihood to allow laboratories to report both resistance to these agents and provide advice about appropriate infection control procedures.
TextSentencer_T1039 134920-134931 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T41051 134920-134931 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1040 134932-135120 Sentence denotes Since antibiotic resistance often is associated with a biological fitness cost for bacteria it is assumed that a reduction of antibiotic use is followed by a reduction in resistance rates.
T82209 134932-135120 Sentence denotes Since antibiotic resistance often is associated with a biological fitness cost for bacteria it is assumed that a reduction of antibiotic use is followed by a reduction in resistance rates.
TextSentencer_T1041 135121-135218 Sentence denotes Over the last 10 years trimethoprim (TRI) resistance in Escherichia coli has increased in Sweden.
T77670 135121-135218 Sentence denotes Over the last 10 years trimethoprim (TRI) resistance in Escherichia coli has increased in Sweden.
TextSentencer_T1042 135219-135322 Sentence denotes In Kronoberg county the TRI resistance has increased from Antibiotic usage S33 7% (1990) to 11% (2004).
T40554 135219-135322 Sentence denotes In Kronoberg county the TRI resistance has increased from Antibiotic usage S33 7% (1990) to 11% (2004).
TextSentencer_T1043 135323-135541 Sentence denotes So far no prospective intervention in the community has been carried out to investigate whether a substantial decrease of the use of a single antibiotic will result in a corresponding decrease in antibiotic resistance.
T85497 135323-135541 Sentence denotes So far no prospective intervention in the community has been carried out to investigate whether a substantial decrease of the use of a single antibiotic will result in a corresponding decrease in antibiotic resistance.
TextSentencer_T1044 135542-135562 Sentence denotes Method and Material:
T10644 135542-135562 Sentence denotes Method and Material:
TextSentencer_T1045 135563-135612 Sentence denotes Physicians (n = 564) in county Kronoberg (approx.
T6658 135563-135612 Sentence denotes Physicians (n = 564) in county Kronoberg (approx.
TextSentencer_T1046 135613-135774 Sentence denotes 180,000 population), Sweden, were convinced, by personal visits and mail, to cease their use of TRI and cotrimoxazole during two years starting October 1st 2004.
T68517 135613-135774 Sentence denotes 180,000 population), Sweden, were convinced, by personal visits and mail, to cease their use of TRI and cotrimoxazole during two years starting October 1st 2004.
TextSentencer_T1047 135775-135915 Sentence denotes Monthly sales data for oral antibiotics were retrieved from the National Corporation of Swedish Pharmacies and made known to the physicians.
T20009 135775-135915 Sentence denotes Monthly sales data for oral antibiotics were retrieved from the National Corporation of Swedish Pharmacies and made known to the physicians.
TextSentencer_T1048 135916-136031 Sentence denotes All E. coli isolated from urinary tract specimens at the Dept of Clin Microb, Växjö, were included in the analysis.
T37051 135916-136031 Sentence denotes All E. coli isolated from urinary tract specimens at the Dept of Clin Microb, Växjö, were included in the analysis.
TextSentencer_T1049 136032-136156 Sentence denotes The susceptibility testing methodology was stable since 1990 and the baseline consisted of quantitative data from 1990-2004.
T71300 136032-136156 Sentence denotes The susceptibility testing methodology was stable since 1990 and the baseline consisted of quantitative data from 1990-2004.
TextSentencer_T1050 136157-136344 Sentence denotes In order to study the diversity among the isolates 2900 E. coli from the period preceding and 1200 isolates from the end of the intervention were phenotyped using the PhenePlateTM system.
T89223 136157-136344 Sentence denotes In order to study the diversity among the isolates 2900 E. coli from the period preceding and 1200 isolates from the end of the intervention were phenotyped using the PhenePlateTM system.
TextSentencer_T1051 136345-136353 Sentence denotes Results:
T95810 136345-136353 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1052 136354-136430 Sentence denotes An immediate and sustained decrease of 85% in total use of TRI was achieved.
T58529 136354-136430 Sentence denotes An immediate and sustained decrease of 85% in total use of TRI was achieved.
TextSentencer_T1053 136431-136526 Sentence denotes TRI use was in most cases replaced by mecillinam (MEC), nitrofurantoin (NIT) and ciprofloxacin.
T35611 136431-136526 Sentence denotes TRI use was in most cases replaced by mecillinam (MEC), nitrofurantoin (NIT) and ciprofloxacin.
TextSentencer_T1054 136527-136591 Sentence denotes The total decrease in antibiotics used for UTI treatment was 4%.
T53004 136527-136591 Sentence denotes The total decrease in antibiotics used for UTI treatment was 4%.
TextSentencer_T1055 136592-136672 Sentence denotes Resistance to TRI did not decrease (10% and 12% in 2005 and 2006, respectively).
T27003 136592-136672 Sentence denotes Resistance to TRI did not decrease (10% and 12% in 2005 and 2006, respectively).
TextSentencer_T1056 136673-136802 Sentence denotes Resistance to NIT and MEC did not increase despite the substantial increase in the use of these drugs, 31% and 69%, respectively.
T28602 136673-136802 Sentence denotes Resistance to NIT and MEC did not increase despite the substantial increase in the use of these drugs, 31% and 69%, respectively.
TextSentencer_T1057 136803-136886 Sentence denotes Resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQ) increased from 4% to 10% between 2000 and 2006.
T46547 136803-136886 Sentence denotes Resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQ) increased from 4% to 10% between 2000 and 2006.
TextSentencer_T1058 136887-137056 Sentence denotes The phenotypic diversity index was 0.954 in the period prior to the intervention, 0.964 during the first 4 months and 0.949 during the last 4 months of the intervention.
T11138 136887-137056 Sentence denotes The phenotypic diversity index was 0.954 in the period prior to the intervention, 0.964 during the first 4 months and 0.949 during the last 4 months of the intervention.
TextSentencer_T1059 137057-137068 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T61386 137057-137068 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T1060 137069-137206 Sentence denotes A substantial and sustained decrease in the use of TRI in a 180,000 population did not result in any drastic changes in resistance rates.
T81915 137069-137206 Sentence denotes A substantial and sustained decrease in the use of TRI in a 180,000 population did not result in any drastic changes in resistance rates.
TextSentencer_T1061 137207-137304 Sentence denotes Whether the increase in FQ-resistance was related to the increase in use remains to be evaluated.
T35794 137207-137304 Sentence denotes Whether the increase in FQ-resistance was related to the increase in use remains to be evaluated.
TextSentencer_T1062 137305-137459 Sentence denotes The diversity index, based on E. coli phenotypes, was stable indicating that the intervention did not favour any certain clone to expand in the community.
T59019 137305-137459 Sentence denotes The diversity index, based on E. coli phenotypes, was stable indicating that the intervention did not favour any certain clone to expand in the community.
TextSentencer_T1063 137460-137471 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T15 137460-137471 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1064 137472-137641 Sentence denotes Increasing use of antibiotics and spread of resistant pneumococcal clones in the beginning of the 90ies alarmed the medical profession and medical authorities in Sweden.
T50145 137472-137641 Sentence denotes Increasing use of antibiotics and spread of resistant pneumococcal clones in the beginning of the 90ies alarmed the medical profession and medical authorities in Sweden.
TextSentencer_T1065 137642-137776 Sentence denotes A coordinated effort to prevent further spread and preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents was therefore initiated Methods:
T14012 137642-137776 Sentence denotes A coordinated effort to prevent further spread and preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents was therefore initiated Methods:
TextSentencer_T1066 137777-137916 Sentence denotes Strama (The Swedish strategic programme for the rational use of antimicrobial agents and surveillance of resistance) was initiated in 1994.
T58473 137777-137916 Sentence denotes Strama (The Swedish strategic programme for the rational use of antimicrobial agents and surveillance of resistance) was initiated in 1994.
TextSentencer_T1067 137917-138044 Sentence denotes The Strama network includes a broad representation of medical disciplines, professional organisations and relevant authorities.
T22944 137917-138044 Sentence denotes The Strama network includes a broad representation of medical disciplines, professional organisations and relevant authorities.
TextSentencer_T1068 138045-138194 Sentence denotes The programme includes surveillance of antibiotic use and resistance, implementation of rational use of antibiotics and development of new knowledge.
T99230 138045-138194 Sentence denotes The programme includes surveillance of antibiotic use and resistance, implementation of rational use of antibiotics and development of new knowledge.
TextSentencer_T1069 138195-138266 Sentence denotes The main goal is to preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents.
T75876 138195-138266 Sentence denotes The main goal is to preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents.
TextSentencer_T1070 138267-138275 Sentence denotes Results:
T823 138267-138275 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1071 138276-138373 Sentence denotes Yearly validated data on antibiotic use and resistance were made publicly available on a website.
T74298 138276-138373 Sentence denotes Yearly validated data on antibiotic use and resistance were made publicly available on a website.
TextSentencer_T1072 138374-138496 Sentence denotes Multidisciplinary Strama-groups were formed in each county to disseminate knowledge and implement rational antibiotic use.
T48647 138374-138496 Sentence denotes Multidisciplinary Strama-groups were formed in each county to disseminate knowledge and implement rational antibiotic use.
TextSentencer_T1073 138497-138607 Sentence denotes Studies were performed on indications for antibiotic use in out-patient care, hospital care and nursing homes.
T11498 138497-138607 Sentence denotes Studies were performed on indications for antibiotic use in out-patient care, hospital care and nursing homes.
TextSentencer_T1074 138608-138762 Sentence denotes Between 1995 and 2004 antibiotic use for out-patients decreased from 15.7 to 12.6 DDD/TID and from 536 to 410 prescriptions per 1000 inhabitants and year.
T31977 138608-138762 Sentence denotes Between 1995 and 2004 antibiotic use for out-patients decreased from 15.7 to 12.6 DDD/TID and from 536 to 410 prescriptions per 1000 inhabitants and year.
TextSentencer_T1075 138763-138855 Sentence denotes The reduction was most prominent for children 5−14 years old (52%) and for macrolides (65%).
T63823 138763-138855 Sentence denotes The reduction was most prominent for children 5−14 years old (52%) and for macrolides (65%).
TextSentencer_T1076 138856-138982 Sentence denotes During the period, the number of hospital admissions for acute mastoiditis, rhinosinusitis and quinsy was stable or declining.
T12809 138856-138982 Sentence denotes During the period, the number of hospital admissions for acute mastoiditis, rhinosinusitis and quinsy was stable or declining.
TextSentencer_T1077 138983-139128 Sentence denotes Although the epidemic spread in southern Sweden of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae was curbed, the national frequency increased from 4% to 6%.
T21659 138983-139128 Sentence denotes Although the epidemic spread in southern Sweden of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae was curbed, the national frequency increased from 4% to 6%.
TextSentencer_T1078 139129-139221 Sentence denotes A hospital outbreak of MRSA could be terminated using aggressive infection-control measures.
T57435 139129-139221 Sentence denotes A hospital outbreak of MRSA could be terminated using aggressive infection-control measures.
TextSentencer_T1079 139222-139296 Sentence denotes Resistance remained low in most other bacterial species during the period.
T4986 139222-139296 Sentence denotes Resistance remained low in most other bacterial species during the period.
TextSentencer_T1080 139297-139309 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T54741 139297-139309 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T1081 139310-139448 Sentence denotes This multidisciplinary, coordinated programme has contributed to the reduction of antibiotic use without measurable negative consequences.
T82148 139310-139448 Sentence denotes This multidisciplinary, coordinated programme has contributed to the reduction of antibiotic use without measurable negative consequences.
TextSentencer_T1082 139449-139630 Sentence denotes Despite this, antibiotic resistance in several bacterial species is slowly increasing which calls for continued sustained efforts to preserve effectiveness of available antibiotics.
T4912 139449-139630 Sentence denotes Despite this, antibiotic resistance in several bacterial species is slowly increasing which calls for continued sustained efforts to preserve effectiveness of available antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T1083 139631-139760 Sentence denotes Such efforts will include interventions to further improve antibiotic use and to improve compliance to basic hygiene precautions.
T13452 139631-139760 Sentence denotes Such efforts will include interventions to further improve antibiotic use and to improve compliance to basic hygiene precautions.
TextSentencer_T1084 139761-139896 Sentence denotes The protocol was designed to present demographic data as well as the amounts and indications for antimicrobial agents against bacteria.
T84631 139761-139896 Sentence denotes The protocol was designed to present demographic data as well as the amounts and indications for antimicrobial agents against bacteria.
TextSentencer_T1085 139897-140029 Sentence denotes Treatments were recorded in relation to diagnoses, prophylactic use, community acquired (CAI) and hospital acquired infection (HAI).
T95545 139897-140029 Sentence denotes Treatments were recorded in relation to diagnoses, prophylactic use, community acquired (CAI) and hospital acquired infection (HAI).
TextSentencer_T1086 140030-140072 Sentence denotes 19 pre-defined diagnosis groups were used.
T60722 140030-140072 Sentence denotes 19 pre-defined diagnosis groups were used.
TextSentencer_T1087 140073-140154 Sentence denotes The previously presented STRAMA protocol and web-based reporting system was used.
T10500 140073-140154 Sentence denotes The previously presented STRAMA protocol and web-based reporting system was used.
TextSentencer_T1088 140155-140163 Sentence denotes Results:
T35646 140155-140163 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1089 140164-140203 Sentence denotes 19 hospitals participated in the study.
T26263 140164-140203 Sentence denotes 19 hospitals participated in the study.
TextSentencer_T1090 140204-140290 Sentence denotes 3,398 patients treated with antimicrobial agents were included out of 11,224 admitted.
T19480 140204-140290 Sentence denotes 3,398 patients treated with antimicrobial agents were included out of 11,224 admitted.
TextSentencer_T1091 140291-140344 Sentence denotes 30% of the patients were treated with antimicrobials.
T23767 140291-140344 Sentence denotes 30% of the patients were treated with antimicrobials.
TextSentencer_T1092 140345-140376 Sentence denotes 3,554 treatments were recorded.
T31546 140345-140376 Sentence denotes 3,554 treatments were recorded.
TextSentencer_T1093 140377-140443 Sentence denotes 377 (10.6%) were given to children (<17 years) and 47.6% to women.
T95042 140377-140443 Sentence denotes 377 (10.6%) were given to children (<17 years) and 47.6% to women.
TextSentencer_T1094 140444-140525 Sentence denotes The indication for treatment was CAI in 15%, HAI in 9.2% and prophylaxis in 7.6%.
T38881 140444-140525 Sentence denotes The indication for treatment was CAI in 15%, HAI in 9.2% and prophylaxis in 7.6%.
TextSentencer_T1095 140526-140618 Sentence denotes For adults cultures were taken before parenteral treatment in 57% and oral treatment in 51%.
T15892 140526-140618 Sentence denotes For adults cultures were taken before parenteral treatment in 57% and oral treatment in 51%.
TextSentencer_T1096 140619-140868 Sentence denotes The most commonly used antimicrobials for adults, in DDD, in treatment and prophylaxis were penicillins with betalactamase inhibitors (23%, 0−75, and 26%, 0−66), cephalosporins (14%, 4−38, and 30%, 0−60), fluoroquinolones (14%, 8−31, and 11%, 0−52).
T41294 140619-140868 Sentence denotes The most commonly used antimicrobials for adults, in DDD, in treatment and prophylaxis were penicillins with betalactamase inhibitors (23%, 0−75, and 26%, 0−66), cephalosporins (14%, 4−38, and 30%, 0−60), fluoroquinolones (14%, 8−31, and 11%, 0−52).
TextSentencer_T1097 140869-140961 Sentence denotes The total amount of antimicrobials used for adults was 52 DDD/100 admitted patients (33−88).
T3846 140869-140961 Sentence denotes The total amount of antimicrobials used for adults was 52 DDD/100 admitted patients (33−88).
TextSentencer_T1098 140962-141078 Sentence denotes Two diagnosis groups were predominating; pneumonia (19% of all therapies) and skin and soft tissue infections (13%).
T16130 140962-141078 Sentence denotes Two diagnosis groups were predominating; pneumonia (19% of all therapies) and skin and soft tissue infections (13%).
TextSentencer_T1099 141079-141246 Sentence denotes Analysis of antibiotic usage in different countries shows countries having mainly penicillins with betalactamase inhibitor or cephalosporins as the predominating drug.
T55861 141079-141246 Sentence denotes Analysis of antibiotic usage in different countries shows countries having mainly penicillins with betalactamase inhibitor or cephalosporins as the predominating drug.
TextSentencer_T1100 141247-141297 Sentence denotes Seven countries showed a more varied use of drugs.
T40189 141247-141297 Sentence denotes Seven countries showed a more varied use of drugs.
TextSentencer_T1101 141298-141405 Sentence denotes The patterns of treatment and prophylactic usage were similar in countries with heavy use of one ATC-class.
T75279 141298-141405 Sentence denotes The patterns of treatment and prophylactic usage were similar in countries with heavy use of one ATC-class.
TextSentencer_T1102 141406-141579 Sentence denotes Length of peri-operative prophylaxis was dominated by >1 day in all surgical specialities; in general surgery 59%, in orthopaedic surgery 52%, in urology 76% and in ENT 89%.
T61699 141406-141579 Sentence denotes Length of peri-operative prophylaxis was dominated by >1 day in all surgical specialities; in general surgery 59%, in orthopaedic surgery 52%, in urology 76% and in ENT 89%.
TextSentencer_T1103 141580-141638 Sentence denotes One-dose peri-operative prophylaxis ranged from 2% to 27%.
T53259 141580-141638 Sentence denotes One-dose peri-operative prophylaxis ranged from 2% to 27%.
TextSentencer_T1104 141639-141690 Sentence denotes One-day prophylaxis was 34% in orthopaedic surgery.
T76499 141639-141690 Sentence denotes One-day prophylaxis was 34% in orthopaedic surgery.
TextSentencer_T1105 141691-141783 Sentence denotes The study describes wide differences (three fold) in consumption between European hospitals.
T15041 141691-141783 Sentence denotes The study describes wide differences (three fold) in consumption between European hospitals.
TextSentencer_T1106 141784-141852 Sentence denotes Peri-operative prophylaxis is too long in all surgical specialities.
T6218 141784-141852 Sentence denotes Peri-operative prophylaxis is too long in all surgical specialities.
TextSentencer_T1107 141853-141994 Sentence denotes There is limited variation in the use of different antibiotic groups in most hospitals -a risk factor for emergence of antibiotic resistance.
T99370 141853-141994 Sentence denotes There is limited variation in the use of different antibiotic groups in most hospitals -a risk factor for emergence of antibiotic resistance.
TextSentencer_T1108 141995-142100 Sentence denotes Our web-based PPS provides a tool for quality assessment of antibiotic prescribing in European hospitals.
T31592 141995-142100 Sentence denotes Our web-based PPS provides a tool for quality assessment of antibiotic prescribing in European hospitals.
TextSentencer_T1109 142101-142109 Sentence denotes Methods:
T70229 142101-142109 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1110 142110-142285 Sentence denotes Face to face structured interviews were conducted in 11 countries (Austria, The Netherlands, Sweden, UK, Belgium, Italy, Malta, Israel, Czech Republic, Lithuania and Croatia).
T63700 142110-142285 Sentence denotes Face to face structured interviews were conducted in 11 countries (Austria, The Netherlands, Sweden, UK, Belgium, Italy, Malta, Israel, Czech Republic, Lithuania and Croatia).
TextSentencer_T1111 142286-142380 Sentence denotes The study population included respondents of our previous survey who agreed to be interviewed.
T78881 142286-142380 Sentence denotes The study population included respondents of our previous survey who agreed to be interviewed.
TextSentencer_T1112 142381-142503 Sentence denotes We aimed to recruit at least 100 respondents in each country, including a group of users of self-medication and non-users.
T81478 142381-142503 Sentence denotes We aimed to recruit at least 100 respondents in each country, including a group of users of self-medication and non-users.
TextSentencer_T1113 142504-142587 Sentence denotes Scales were grouped based on theoretical concepts and confirmed by factor analysis.
T5156 142504-142587 Sentence denotes Scales were grouped based on theoretical concepts and confirmed by factor analysis.
TextSentencer_T1114 142588-142847 Sentence denotes The four scales were: attitudes towards appropriateness of self-medication with antibiotics for bronchitis, beliefs about antibiotics for minor ailments, attitudes towards situational use of antibiotics and knowledge about antibiotics and viruses or bacteria.
T10257 142588-142847 Sentence denotes The four scales were: attitudes towards appropriateness of self-medication with antibiotics for bronchitis, beliefs about antibiotics for minor ailments, attitudes towards situational use of antibiotics and knowledge about antibiotics and viruses or bacteria.
TextSentencer_T1115 142848-142922 Sentence denotes Knowledge of antibiotic resistance was measured by an open-ended question.
T4061 142848-142922 Sentence denotes Knowledge of antibiotic resistance was measured by an open-ended question.
TextSentencer_T1116 142923-142932 Sentence denotes Analysis:
T39811 142923-142932 Sentence denotes Analysis:
TextSentencer_T1117 142933-143211 Sentence denotes To deal with the possible confounding effect of both use of selfmedication and education, we performed stratified analyses, i.e., we studied the differences between countries separately for users and non-users of self-medication, and for respondents with high and low education.
T88192 142933-143211 Sentence denotes To deal with the possible confounding effect of both use of selfmedication and education, we performed stratified analyses, i.e., we studied the differences between countries separately for users and non-users of self-medication, and for respondents with high and low education.
TextSentencer_T1118 143212-143350 Sentence denotes The differences between countries were considered relevant when regression coefficients were significant in all stratum-specific analyses.
T41718 143212-143350 Sentence denotes The differences between countries were considered relevant when regression coefficients were significant in all stratum-specific analyses.
TextSentencer_T1119 143351-143361 Sentence denotes Objective:
T12254 143351-143361 Sentence denotes Objective:
TextSentencer_T1120 143362-143453 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial resistance to ciprofloxacin, a valuable secondline antibiotic, is increasing.
T7023 143362-143453 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial resistance to ciprofloxacin, a valuable secondline antibiotic, is increasing.
TextSentencer_T1121 143454-143535 Sentence denotes To limit this increase the appropriate use of ciprofloxacin should be encouraged.
T70009 143454-143535 Sentence denotes To limit this increase the appropriate use of ciprofloxacin should be encouraged.
TextSentencer_T1122 143536-143710 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to reduce the number of inappropriate prescriptions and improve the quality of ciprofloxacin prescriptions by way of educational intervention.
T95969 143536-143710 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to reduce the number of inappropriate prescriptions and improve the quality of ciprofloxacin prescriptions by way of educational intervention.
TextSentencer_T1123 143711-143719 Sentence denotes Methods:
T75195 143711-143719 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1124 143720-143955 Sentence denotes Five units (197 beds) of the departments of Internal Medicine, Gastro-Enterology, Surgery, Urology and Pulmonary Diseases, selected because of a high rate of ciprofloxacin prescription, participated in a prospective intervention study.
T89754 143720-143955 Sentence denotes Five units (197 beds) of the departments of Internal Medicine, Gastro-Enterology, Surgery, Urology and Pulmonary Diseases, selected because of a high rate of ciprofloxacin prescription, participated in a prospective intervention study.
TextSentencer_T1125 143956-144006 Sentence denotes The study comprised three periods of three months:
T5331 143956-144006 Sentence denotes The study comprised three periods of three months:
TextSentencer_T1126 144007-144082 Sentence denotes 2 observation periods (phase 1 and 3) and an intervention period (phase 2).
T26767 144007-144082 Sentence denotes 2 observation periods (phase 1 and 3) and an intervention period (phase 2).
TextSentencer_T1127 144083-144153 Sentence denotes A follow up of 3 months was done 9 months after start of intervention.
T88632 144083-144153 Sentence denotes A follow up of 3 months was done 9 months after start of intervention.
TextSentencer_T1128 144154-144379 Sentence denotes During the two observation periods all ciprofloxacin prescriptions were registered and the quality of each ciprofloxacin prescription was evaluated in a standardised manner by two experts in infectious diseases independently.
T71321 144154-144379 Sentence denotes During the two observation periods all ciprofloxacin prescriptions were registered and the quality of each ciprofloxacin prescription was evaluated in a standardised manner by two experts in infectious diseases independently.
TextSentencer_T1129 144380-144576 Sentence denotes During the intervention period physicians prescribing ciprofloxacin were interviewed by a medical microbiologist, and educational presentations were given to physicians of the participating units.
T39938 144380-144576 Sentence denotes During the intervention period physicians prescribing ciprofloxacin were interviewed by a medical microbiologist, and educational presentations were given to physicians of the participating units.
TextSentencer_T1130 144577-144585 Sentence denotes Results:
T96845 144577-144585 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1131 144586-144754 Sentence denotes During phase 1 491 prescriptions per 1000 admissions of ciprofloxacin were written, declining to 184 prescriptions per 1000 admissions in phase 3, a reduction of 62.5%.
T37041 144586-144754 Sentence denotes During phase 1 491 prescriptions per 1000 admissions of ciprofloxacin were written, declining to 184 prescriptions per 1000 admissions in phase 3, a reduction of 62.5%.
TextSentencer_T1132 144755-144928 Sentence denotes The greatest reduction was observed in units of the Departments of Surgery and Urology (83.9% and 75.6% respectively), mainly due to a reduction of erratic prophylactic use.
T68717 144755-144928 Sentence denotes The greatest reduction was observed in units of the Departments of Surgery and Urology (83.9% and 75.6% respectively), mainly due to a reduction of erratic prophylactic use.
TextSentencer_T1133 144929-145010 Sentence denotes Unjustified prescriptions (no use of antibiotics indicated) decreased with 25.9%.
T50688 144929-145010 Sentence denotes Unjustified prescriptions (no use of antibiotics indicated) decreased with 25.9%.
TextSentencer_T1134 145011-145199 Sentence denotes Inappropriate prescriptions (wrong choice of antibiotic or duration of prescription) declined from 69.5% to 57.7%, mainly due to the decrease of ciprofloxacin courses of too long duration.
T70754 145011-145199 Sentence denotes Inappropriate prescriptions (wrong choice of antibiotic or duration of prescription) declined from 69.5% to 57.7%, mainly due to the decrease of ciprofloxacin courses of too long duration.
TextSentencer_T1135 145200-145247 Sentence denotes Appropriate prescriptions increased with 33.5%.
T3661 145200-145247 Sentence denotes Appropriate prescriptions increased with 33.5%.
TextSentencer_T1136 145248-145378 Sentence denotes Nine months after intervention 136 prescriptions per 1000 admissions of ciprofloxacin were prescribed, a total reduction of 72.3%.
T17500 145248-145378 Sentence denotes Nine months after intervention 136 prescriptions per 1000 admissions of ciprofloxacin were prescribed, a total reduction of 72.3%.
TextSentencer_T1137 145379-145591 Sentence denotes Intervention by direct consultation of a medical microbiologist and educational presentations led to significant reduction of the use of ciprofloxacin and improvement of the quality of ciprofloxacin prescription.
T90110 145379-145591 Sentence denotes Intervention by direct consultation of a medical microbiologist and educational presentations led to significant reduction of the use of ciprofloxacin and improvement of the quality of ciprofloxacin prescription.
TextSentencer_T1138 145592-145738 Sentence denotes Nine months after the intervention the use of ciprofloxacin had declined even further, indicating a sustained effect of the intervention measures.
T37891 145592-145738 Sentence denotes Nine months after the intervention the use of ciprofloxacin had declined even further, indicating a sustained effect of the intervention measures.
TextSentencer_T1139 145739-145942 Sentence denotes There was a trend towards a greater rise in creatinine in Group 2 versus Group 1: final creatinine increased by 88% vs 52% from baseline (p = 0.08), which was reversible on stopping study drug treatment.
T12523 145739-145942 Sentence denotes There was a trend towards a greater rise in creatinine in Group 2 versus Group 1: final creatinine increased by 88% vs 52% from baseline (p = 0.08), which was reversible on stopping study drug treatment.
TextSentencer_T1140 145943-146023 Sentence denotes Mortality was 23% (15/64) at 10 weeks with no difference between the two groups.
T36427 145943-146023 Sentence denotes Mortality was 23% (15/64) at 10 weeks with no difference between the two groups.
TextSentencer_T1141 146024-146036 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T50865 146024-146036 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T1142 146037-146208 Sentence denotes Amphotericin B at 1mg/kg/d with flucytosine is more rapidly fungicidal in the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis compared to standard dose amphotericin B.
T11843 146037-146208 Sentence denotes Amphotericin B at 1mg/kg/d with flucytosine is more rapidly fungicidal in the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis compared to standard dose amphotericin B.
TextSentencer_T1143 146209-146317 Sentence denotes Increasing the dose of amphotericin B did not result in a clinically significant increase in nephrotoxicity.
T45714 146209-146317 Sentence denotes Increasing the dose of amphotericin B did not result in a clinically significant increase in nephrotoxicity.
TextSentencer_T1144 146318-146542 Sentence denotes Cases diagnosed by culture and confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism as C. gattii and HIV negative cases diagnosed by serology and histopathology with no exposure to international endemic areas were included.
T55346 146318-146542 Sentence denotes Cases diagnosed by culture and confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism as C. gattii and HIV negative cases diagnosed by serology and histopathology with no exposure to international endemic areas were included.
TextSentencer_T1145 146543-146694 Sentence denotes Cases reported to provincial authorities between 1999 and 2006 were interviewed to determine clinical presentation and epidemiological characteristics.
T19112 146543-146694 Sentence denotes Cases reported to provincial authorities between 1999 and 2006 were interviewed to determine clinical presentation and epidemiological characteristics.
TextSentencer_T1146 146695-146774 Sentence denotes Frequencies were calculated based on denominators available using SPSS ® v14.0.
T73082 146695-146774 Sentence denotes Frequencies were calculated based on denominators available using SPSS ® v14.0.
TextSentencer_T1147 146775-146939 Sentence denotes As of November 16 2006, 162 cases of locally-acquired cases of C. gattii infection occurred in BC with an annual provincial average of 6.3 cases/million population.
T16698 146775-146939 Sentence denotes As of November 16 2006, 162 cases of locally-acquired cases of C. gattii infection occurred in BC with an annual provincial average of 6.3 cases/million population.
TextSentencer_T1148 146940-146993 Sentence denotes Mean age was 59 years (2−92 years) and 56% were male.
T79386 146940-146993 Sentence denotes Mean age was 59 years (2−92 years) and 56% were male.
TextSentencer_T1149 146994-147027 Sentence denotes 16 cases (10%) were asymptomatic.
T55988 146994-147027 Sentence denotes 16 cases (10%) were asymptomatic.
TextSentencer_T1150 147028-147063 Sentence denotes 2 (1%) had dermatological findings.
T32607 147028-147063 Sentence denotes 2 (1%) had dermatological findings.
TextSentencer_T1151 147064-147168 Sentence denotes Most common symptoms included cough (46%), shortness of breath (44%), fever and night sweats (both 35%).
T40279 147064-147168 Sentence denotes Most common symptoms included cough (46%), shortness of breath (44%), fever and night sweats (both 35%).
TextSentencer_T1152 147169-147251 Sentence denotes Chest X-rays revealed nodules in 65 cases (66%) and infiltrates in 14 cases (14%).
T70317 147169-147251 Sentence denotes Chest X-rays revealed nodules in 65 cases (66%) and infiltrates in 14 cases (14%).
TextSentencer_T1153 147252-147354 Sentence denotes 19 cases (30%) were on oral steroids in the year prior to diagnosis and 50 (49%) were current smokers.
T33835 147252-147354 Sentence denotes 19 cases (30%) were on oral steroids in the year prior to diagnosis and 50 (49%) were current smokers.
TextSentencer_T1154 147355-147500 Sentence denotes Only 5 (4%) were HIV positive, 3 (3%) were organ transplant recipients, 30 (31%) had a chronic lung disease and 26 (26%) had a history of cancer.
T83874 147355-147500 Sentence denotes Only 5 (4%) were HIV positive, 3 (3%) were organ transplant recipients, 30 (31%) had a chronic lung disease and 26 (26%) had a history of cancer.
TextSentencer_T1155 147501-147599 Sentence denotes 103 cases (64%) were culture-confirmed as C. gattii and 81 isolates (79%) were genotyped as VGIIa.
T76919 147501-147599 Sentence denotes 103 cases (64%) were culture-confirmed as C. gattii and 81 isolates (79%) were genotyped as VGIIa.
TextSentencer_T1156 147600-147651 Sentence denotes 4 cases (3%) died due to their C. gattii infection.
T63711 147600-147651 Sentence denotes 4 cases (3%) died due to their C. gattii infection.
TextSentencer_T1157 147652-147731 Sentence denotes Most cases were treated with fluconazole and amphotericin B for several months.
T23258 147652-147731 Sentence denotes Most cases were treated with fluconazole and amphotericin B for several months.
TextSentencer_T1158 147732-147881 Sentence denotes Most cases were exposed on Vancouver Island but the range of the fungus has spread over the years and 4 recent cases were exposed on the BC mainland.
T94093 147732-147881 Sentence denotes Most cases were exposed on Vancouver Island but the range of the fungus has spread over the years and 4 recent cases were exposed on the BC mainland.
TextSentencer_T1159 147882-148050 Sentence denotes Clinicians should be aware that C. gattii can be acquired in Canada and that the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of this disease differ from C. neoformans.
T21048 147882-148050 Sentence denotes Clinicians should be aware that C. gattii can be acquired in Canada and that the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of this disease differ from C. neoformans.
TextSentencer_T1160 148051-148062 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T31059 148051-148062 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1161 148063-148193 Sentence denotes The incidence of invasive zygomycosis (IZ) appears to be increasing, especially in patients treated for haematological malignancy.
T58708 148063-148193 Sentence denotes The incidence of invasive zygomycosis (IZ) appears to be increasing, especially in patients treated for haematological malignancy.
TextSentencer_T1162 148194-148363 Sentence denotes Presently, no biological markers exsist that facilitate early diagnosis, and one has to rely on conventional diagnostic methods, such as culture, which lack sensitivity.
T63946 148194-148363 Sentence denotes Presently, no biological markers exsist that facilitate early diagnosis, and one has to rely on conventional diagnostic methods, such as culture, which lack sensitivity.
TextSentencer_T1163 148364-148547 Sentence denotes We investigated the presence of zygomyceteantigen (zAg) and zygomycete DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with documented IZ and of those at risk for this disease.
T30865 148364-148547 Sentence denotes We investigated the presence of zygomyceteantigen (zAg) and zygomycete DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with documented IZ and of those at risk for this disease.
TextSentencer_T1164 148548-148843 Sentence denotes Methods: BALF of 18 neutropaenic patients, who underwent a bronchoscopy on suspicion of invasive fungal infection (IFI), was investigated for the presence of water-soluble somatic zAg by immunoblotting with a commercially available monoclonal antibody (anti-Rhizomucor, Dakocytomation, Denmark).
T43347 148548-148843 Sentence denotes Methods: BALF of 18 neutropaenic patients, who underwent a bronchoscopy on suspicion of invasive fungal infection (IFI), was investigated for the presence of water-soluble somatic zAg by immunoblotting with a commercially available monoclonal antibody (anti-Rhizomucor, Dakocytomation, Denmark).
TextSentencer_T1165 148844-148878 Sentence denotes Five of 18 patients had proven IZ.
T70302 148844-148878 Sentence denotes Five of 18 patients had proven IZ.
TextSentencer_T1166 148879-148984 Sentence denotes Of the remaining 13 patients without documented IZ, 8 had proven or probable invasive aspergillosis (IA).
T77645 148879-148984 Sentence denotes Of the remaining 13 patients without documented IZ, 8 had proven or probable invasive aspergillosis (IA).
TextSentencer_T1167 148985-149043 Sentence denotes BALF from 10 non-haematology patients was used as control.
T70789 148985-149043 Sentence denotes BALF from 10 non-haematology patients was used as control.
TextSentencer_T1168 149044-149137 Sentence denotes BALF samples were also investigated for presence of zygomycete DNA by PCR, using 18S primers.
T42857 149044-149137 Sentence denotes BALF samples were also investigated for presence of zygomycete DNA by PCR, using 18S primers.
TextSentencer_T1169 149138-149146 Sentence denotes Results:
T62651 149138-149146 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1170 149147-149211 Sentence denotes The BALF of the 5 patients with proven IZ were positive for zAg.
T17485 149147-149211 Sentence denotes The BALF of the 5 patients with proven IZ were positive for zAg.
TextSentencer_T1171 149212-149285 Sentence denotes In the remaining 13 neutropaenic patients, zAg was detected in BALF of 7.
T43442 149212-149285 Sentence denotes In the remaining 13 neutropaenic patients, zAg was detected in BALF of 7.
TextSentencer_T1172 149286-149477 Sentence denotes Four of these had probable or proven IA The number of zAg positive BALF from neutropaenic patients with suspected IFI was higher than in the control group (7 of 13 versus 1 of 10, P < 0.002).
T74849 149286-149477 Sentence denotes Four of these had probable or proven IA The number of zAg positive BALF from neutropaenic patients with suspected IFI was higher than in the control group (7 of 13 versus 1 of 10, P < 0.002).
TextSentencer_T1173 149478-149632 Sentence denotes Zygomycete DNA was detected in 11 of 12 BALF samples positive for zAG, and all BALF samples negative for zAg were also negative for zygomycete DNA by PCR.
T13367 149478-149632 Sentence denotes Zygomycete DNA was detected in 11 of 12 BALF samples positive for zAG, and all BALF samples negative for zAg were also negative for zygomycete DNA by PCR.
TextSentencer_T1174 149633-149756 Sentence denotes Conclusion: zAg and zygomycete DNA are present in BALF of patients with IZ, and might be a useful tool for early diagnosis.
T61369 149633-149756 Sentence denotes Conclusion: zAg and zygomycete DNA are present in BALF of patients with IZ, and might be a useful tool for early diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T1175 149757-149933 Sentence denotes The presence of both markers in BALF samples from high-risk patients without a clinically manifest disease might indicate the presence of colonisation or subclinical infection.
T53558 149757-149933 Sentence denotes The presence of both markers in BALF samples from high-risk patients without a clinically manifest disease might indicate the presence of colonisation or subclinical infection.
TextSentencer_T1176 149934-149942 Sentence denotes Results:
T15363 149934-149942 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1177 149943-150016 Sentence denotes All the strains tested were able to form biofilm in all the media tested.
T99562 149943-150016 Sentence denotes All the strains tested were able to form biofilm in all the media tested.
TextSentencer_T1178 150017-150080 Sentence denotes However, differences were detected between the different media.
T5909 150017-150080 Sentence denotes However, differences were detected between the different media.
TextSentencer_T1179 150081-150276 Sentence denotes The isolates were able to form biofilm faster in Middlebrook 7H9 (100% of surface covered in day 28 for all the strains) than in tap water (100% of surface covered in day 63 for all the strains).
T51997 150081-150276 Sentence denotes The isolates were able to form biofilm faster in Middlebrook 7H9 (100% of surface covered in day 28 for all the strains) than in tap water (100% of surface covered in day 63 for all the strains).
TextSentencer_T1180 150277-150354 Sentence denotes The day 70 none of strains covered all the surface when using PBS-5% glucose.
T29375 150277-150354 Sentence denotes The day 70 none of strains covered all the surface when using PBS-5% glucose.
TextSentencer_T1181 150355-150418 Sentence denotes No difference was found between species in biofilm development.
T31454 150355-150418 Sentence denotes No difference was found between species in biofilm development.
TextSentencer_T1182 150419-150431 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T58025 150419-150431 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T1183 150432-150502 Sentence denotes All the NPRGM tested were able to develop biofilm in all tested media.
T11214 150432-150502 Sentence denotes All the NPRGM tested were able to develop biofilm in all tested media.
TextSentencer_T1184 150503-150613 Sentence denotes The biofilm development is dependent on the type of the culture media, being faster when a rich media is used.
T52141 150503-150613 Sentence denotes The biofilm development is dependent on the type of the culture media, being faster when a rich media is used.
TextSentencer_T1185 150614-150694 Sentence denotes No differences were detected in biofilm development among the different species.
T68415 150614-150694 Sentence denotes No differences were detected in biofilm development among the different species.
TextSentencer_T1186 150695-150716 Sentence denotes Acknowledgments: T.J.
T60888 150695-150716 Sentence denotes Acknowledgments: T.J.
TextSentencer_T1187 150717-150775 Sentence denotes Kinnari was funded by a grant from the Academy of Finland.
T84996 150717-150775 Sentence denotes Kinnari was funded by a grant from the Academy of Finland.
TextSentencer_T1188 150776-150778 Sentence denotes N.
T44760 150776-150778 Sentence denotes N.
TextSentencer_T1189 150779-150875 Sentence denotes Zamora was funded by a grant from the Fundación Conchita Rábago de Jiménez Díaz (Madrid, Spain).
T64724 150779-150875 Sentence denotes Zamora was funded by a grant from the Fundación Conchita Rábago de Jiménez Díaz (Madrid, Spain).
TextSentencer_T1190 150876-151003 Sentence denotes In vitro, in sessile bacteria, gapB expression was high in a medium with a low Fe content, irrespective of the glucose content.
T62076 150876-151003 Sentence denotes In vitro, in sessile bacteria, gapB expression was high in a medium with a low Fe content, irrespective of the glucose content.
TextSentencer_T1191 151004-151139 Sentence denotes Simultaneously with the increased expression of gapB, PIA production could be visualised through CLSM in sessile bacteria in all media.
T81901 151004-151139 Sentence denotes Simultaneously with the increased expression of gapB, PIA production could be visualised through CLSM in sessile bacteria in all media.
TextSentencer_T1192 151140-151225 Sentence denotes In vivo expression of gapA was high and remained constant over a period of two weeks.
T45028 151140-151225 Sentence denotes In vivo expression of gapA was high and remained constant over a period of two weeks.
TextSentencer_T1193 151226-151374 Sentence denotes The expression of gapB decreased during the initial phase of implantation, but reached the expression level of gapA after two weeks of implantation.
T70614 151226-151374 Sentence denotes The expression of gapB decreased during the initial phase of implantation, but reached the expression level of gapA after two weeks of implantation.
TextSentencer_T1194 151375-151600 Sentence denotes The persistent expression of gapA in sessile bacteria could indicate a role in biofilm formation, especially in the early stages, while expression levels of gapB could indicate a role in the later phases of biofilm formation.
T18464 151375-151600 Sentence denotes The persistent expression of gapA in sessile bacteria could indicate a role in biofilm formation, especially in the early stages, while expression levels of gapB could indicate a role in the later phases of biofilm formation.
TextSentencer_T1195 151601-151851 Sentence denotes Results of gene expression and CLSM indicate a link between gapB and PIA production that is influenced by both Fe and glucose. example Ssp, a surface-associated lipase, Aas, an autolysin adhesin, SdrI, a collagen binding protein, and urease activity.
T39706 151601-151851 Sentence denotes Results of gene expression and CLSM indicate a link between gapB and PIA production that is influenced by both Fe and glucose. example Ssp, a surface-associated lipase, Aas, an autolysin adhesin, SdrI, a collagen binding protein, and urease activity.
TextSentencer_T1196 151852-152026 Sentence denotes Purportedly, the uropathogenicity of S. saprophyticus can be attributed to its ability to cope with the high range of variation in salt-and urea-concentration in human urine.
T77372 151852-152026 Sentence denotes Purportedly, the uropathogenicity of S. saprophyticus can be attributed to its ability to cope with the high range of variation in salt-and urea-concentration in human urine.
TextSentencer_T1197 152027-152104 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to elucidate virulence factors of uropathogenicity.
T23908 152027-152104 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to elucidate virulence factors of uropathogenicity.
TextSentencer_T1198 152105-152113 Sentence denotes Methods:
T29870 152105-152113 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1199 152114-152238 Sentence denotes Bacterial growth was examined under different conditions using a modified model of artificial urine as previously described.
T70464 152114-152238 Sentence denotes Bacterial growth was examined under different conditions using a modified model of artificial urine as previously described.
TextSentencer_T1200 152239-152315 Sentence denotes Bacterial aggregation was observed in bright light and electron micrographs.
T10201 152239-152315 Sentence denotes Bacterial aggregation was observed in bright light and electron micrographs.
TextSentencer_T1201 152316-152415 Sentence denotes Biofilm formation was tested using native polystyrene and crystalline pre-coated microtiter plates.
T67149 152316-152415 Sentence denotes Biofilm formation was tested using native polystyrene and crystalline pre-coated microtiter plates.
TextSentencer_T1202 152416-152424 Sentence denotes Results:
T10357 152416-152424 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1203 152425-152529 Sentence denotes In S. saprophyticus strain CCM 883, in contrast to wild-type strain 7108, generation-time was increased.
T99216 152425-152529 Sentence denotes In S. saprophyticus strain CCM 883, in contrast to wild-type strain 7108, generation-time was increased.
TextSentencer_T1204 152530-152737 Sentence denotes In S. saprophyticus wild-type strains 7108 and 9325, bacterial aggregation appeared near large crystal structures in contrast to its urease negative derivative strain GJ1187 and the wild type strain CCM 883.
T50582 152530-152737 Sentence denotes In S. saprophyticus wild-type strains 7108 and 9325, bacterial aggregation appeared near large crystal structures in contrast to its urease negative derivative strain GJ1187 and the wild type strain CCM 883.
TextSentencer_T1205 152738-152881 Sentence denotes In native polystyrene and crystalline precoated microtiter plates, biofilm formation was observed in strain 7108 in contrast to strain CCM 883.
T65688 152738-152881 Sentence denotes In native polystyrene and crystalline precoated microtiter plates, biofilm formation was observed in strain 7108 in contrast to strain CCM 883.
TextSentencer_T1206 152882-153041 Sentence denotes The biofilm formation in S. saprophyticus seems independent of agr-, Ssp-, SdrI, since no difference between knockout mutants to wild type strain was observed.
T66831 152882-153041 Sentence denotes The biofilm formation in S. saprophyticus seems independent of agr-, Ssp-, SdrI, since no difference between knockout mutants to wild type strain was observed.
TextSentencer_T1207 153042-153053 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T96111 153042-153053 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T1208 153054-153111 Sentence denotes Bacterial aggregation could be due to increased adhesion.
T3935 153054-153111 Sentence denotes Bacterial aggregation could be due to increased adhesion.
TextSentencer_T1209 153112-153178 Sentence denotes The lipase activity may modulate hydrophobicity and Ca 2+ binding.
T79799 153112-153178 Sentence denotes The lipase activity may modulate hydrophobicity and Ca 2+ binding.
TextSentencer_T1210 153179-153300 Sentence denotes Higher local Ca 2+ concentration, as well as strengthened bacterial aggregation, may lead to increased crystal formation.
T63351 153179-153300 Sentence denotes Higher local Ca 2+ concentration, as well as strengthened bacterial aggregation, may lead to increased crystal formation.
TextSentencer_T1211 153301-153395 Sentence denotes Bacteria may adhere to crystals, additionally to the later mechanism due to biofilm formation.
T5915 153301-153395 Sentence denotes Bacteria may adhere to crystals, additionally to the later mechanism due to biofilm formation.
TextSentencer_T1212 153396-153474 Sentence denotes In crystallisation process, bacteria were embedded into the crystal structure.
T45463 153396-153474 Sentence denotes In crystallisation process, bacteria were embedded into the crystal structure.
TextSentencer_T1213 153475-153527 Sentence denotes This may be a new model of infectious stone genesis.
T3048 153475-153527 Sentence denotes This may be a new model of infectious stone genesis.
TextSentencer_T1214 153528-153767 Sentence denotes This study strongly suggest that S. saprophyticus wild-type strain CCM 883 lacks important virulence factors in contrast to wild-type strain 7108 and biofilm formation may play an important role in S. saprophyticus urinary tract infection.
T59779 153528-153767 Sentence denotes This study strongly suggest that S. saprophyticus wild-type strain CCM 883 lacks important virulence factors in contrast to wild-type strain 7108 and biofilm formation may play an important role in S. saprophyticus urinary tract infection.
TextSentencer_T1215 153768-153779 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T53826 153768-153779 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1216 153780-153981 Sentence denotes The influence of biofilm formation in catheter-related candidiasis has been established and it has been shown that the development of biofilm by the colonising yeasts confers resistance to antifungals.
T48101 153780-153981 Sentence denotes The influence of biofilm formation in catheter-related candidiasis has been established and it has been shown that the development of biofilm by the colonising yeasts confers resistance to antifungals.
TextSentencer_T1217 153982-154139 Sentence denotes The purpose of this work was to demonstrate the production, by the Candida albicans yeasts growing as a biofilm, of a molecule able to reduce biofilm growth.
T18694 153982-154139 Sentence denotes The purpose of this work was to demonstrate the production, by the Candida albicans yeasts growing as a biofilm, of a molecule able to reduce biofilm growth.
TextSentencer_T1218 154140-154148 Sentence denotes Methods:
T7503 154140-154148 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1219 154149-154239 Sentence denotes An in vitro model of C. albicans biofilm associated with 100% silicone catheters was used.
T31379 154149-154239 Sentence denotes An in vitro model of C. albicans biofilm associated with 100% silicone catheters was used.
TextSentencer_T1220 154240-154507 Sentence denotes The supernatant medium recovered from C. albicans (ATCC 3153) biofilm aged of 24 hours was added during the course of a new biofilm formation made with 4 C. albicans strains (182, 444, 2091 and ATCC 3153), and its influence was subsequently evaluated with XTT method.
T29469 154240-154507 Sentence denotes The supernatant medium recovered from C. albicans (ATCC 3153) biofilm aged of 24 hours was added during the course of a new biofilm formation made with 4 C. albicans strains (182, 444, 2091 and ATCC 3153), and its influence was subsequently evaluated with XTT method.
TextSentencer_T1221 154508-154672 Sentence denotes Ultrafiltration and purification assays to characterise the modulating fungal molecule responsible for the biofilm supernatant activity are presented in this study.
T12909 154508-154672 Sentence denotes Ultrafiltration and purification assays to characterise the modulating fungal molecule responsible for the biofilm supernatant activity are presented in this study.
TextSentencer_T1222 154673-154681 Sentence denotes Results:
T67146 154673-154681 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1223 154682-154811 Sentence denotes The addition of the supernatant to adherent C. albicans cells induced a significant (p < 0.001) inhibition of the biofilm growth.
T19894 154682-154811 Sentence denotes The addition of the supernatant to adherent C. albicans cells induced a significant (p < 0.001) inhibition of the biofilm growth.
TextSentencer_T1224 154812-154896 Sentence denotes This activity was not observed when the supernatant was added to preformed biofilms.
T1709 154812-154896 Sentence denotes This activity was not observed when the supernatant was added to preformed biofilms.
TextSentencer_T1225 154897-155005 Sentence denotes Ultrafiltration and purification assays demonstrated that this molecule is small (<3000 Da) and hydrophilic.
T10582 154897-155005 Sentence denotes Ultrafiltration and purification assays demonstrated that this molecule is small (<3000 Da) and hydrophilic.
TextSentencer_T1226 155006-155018 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T29197 155006-155018 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T1227 155019-155223 Sentence denotes These preliminary results suggest that this new molecule, naturally produced within yeasts communities, could be a good candidate for the prevention of biofilms associated with indwelling medical devices.
T28524 155019-155223 Sentence denotes These preliminary results suggest that this new molecule, naturally produced within yeasts communities, could be a good candidate for the prevention of biofilms associated with indwelling medical devices.
TextSentencer_T1228 155224-155357 Sentence denotes In 1994 the first article describing an 'early secreted' antigen (esat-6) from the culture filtrate of M. tuberculosis was published.
T8297 155224-155357 Sentence denotes In 1994 the first article describing an 'early secreted' antigen (esat-6) from the culture filtrate of M. tuberculosis was published.
TextSentencer_T1229 155358-155522 Sentence denotes Three key properties of this antigen are that it is highly immunogenic, it is not found in BCG or many environmental mycobacteria, and it is a key virulence factor.
T8726 155358-155522 Sentence denotes Three key properties of this antigen are that it is highly immunogenic, it is not found in BCG or many environmental mycobacteria, and it is a key virulence factor.
TextSentencer_T1230 155523-155654 Sentence denotes Its immunogenicity and specificity led to a series of studies to assess its potential as a major component of new diagnostic tests.
T46135 155523-155654 Sentence denotes Its immunogenicity and specificity led to a series of studies to assess its potential as a major component of new diagnostic tests.
TextSentencer_T1231 155655-155808 Sentence denotes Such tests have evolved into two major forms-a whole blood assay marketed under the name Quantiferon and an ELISPOT assay marketed under the name T-spot.
T47662 155655-155808 Sentence denotes Such tests have evolved into two major forms-a whole blood assay marketed under the name Quantiferon and an ELISPOT assay marketed under the name T-spot.
TextSentencer_T1232 155809-155892 Sentence denotes New antigens have been assessed for improved test performance, most notably CFP-10.
T8953 155809-155892 Sentence denotes New antigens have been assessed for improved test performance, most notably CFP-10.
TextSentencer_T1233 155893-156125 Sentence denotes Studies of in-house versions of these assays, and more recently the commercial kits, have shown encouraging results in TB cases for the diagnosis of disease and in their close contacts for the diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection.
T47380 155893-156125 Sentence denotes Studies of in-house versions of these assays, and more recently the commercial kits, have shown encouraging results in TB cases for the diagnosis of disease and in their close contacts for the diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection.
TextSentencer_T1234 156126-156263 Sentence denotes It is clear that these tests are not confounded by prior BCG vaccination and are probably not subject to boosting by injected tuberculin.
T39736 156126-156263 Sentence denotes It is clear that these tests are not confounded by prior BCG vaccination and are probably not subject to boosting by injected tuberculin.
TextSentencer_T1235 156264-156363 Sentence denotes Their quantitative readouts may also provide important information with respect to infectious load.
T93559 156264-156363 Sentence denotes Their quantitative readouts may also provide important information with respect to infectious load.
TextSentencer_T1236 156364-156600 Sentence denotes However, some findings have caused concern: disparity in test performance between temperate non-TB endemic and tropical TB-endemic settings, evidence of relatively poor sensitivity to the presence of certain M. tuberculosis strains (eg.
T29810 156364-156600 Sentence denotes However, some findings have caused concern: disparity in test performance between temperate non-TB endemic and tropical TB-endemic settings, evidence of relatively poor sensitivity to the presence of certain M. tuberculosis strains (eg.
TextSentencer_T1237 156601-156645 Sentence denotes M. africanum) and in certain sub-groups (eg.
T64769 156601-156645 Sentence denotes M. africanum) and in certain sub-groups (eg.
TextSentencer_T1238 156646-156719 Sentence denotes Pulmonary TB, certain TB contacts), and rapid unexplained test reversion.
T53175 156646-156719 Sentence denotes Pulmonary TB, certain TB contacts), and rapid unexplained test reversion.
TextSentencer_T1239 156720-156944 Sentence denotes It is therefore becoming clear that T cell assays may have a niche in the diagnosis of certain TB cases and in certain individuals suspected of having M. tuberculosis infection, but this niche has not yet been fully defined.
T41965 156720-156944 Sentence denotes It is therefore becoming clear that T cell assays may have a niche in the diagnosis of certain TB cases and in certain individuals suspected of having M. tuberculosis infection, but this niche has not yet been fully defined.
TextSentencer_T1240 156945-157056 Sentence denotes More longitudinal studies, especially following TB case contacts for the development of disease, are indicated.
T73171 156945-157056 Sentence denotes More longitudinal studies, especially following TB case contacts for the development of disease, are indicated.
TextSentencer_T1241 157057-157116 Sentence denotes Also more studies should be undertaken in TB endemic areas.
T35038 157057-157116 Sentence denotes Also more studies should be undertaken in TB endemic areas.
TextSentencer_T1242 157117-157241 Sentence denotes Finally, if these tests are to have any role in TB control globally they would need to be much cheaper and more easy to use.
T32356 157117-157241 Sentence denotes Finally, if these tests are to have any role in TB control globally they would need to be much cheaper and more easy to use.
TextSentencer_T1243 157242-157314 Sentence denotes Some advances with respect to these two issues have already taken place.
T4489 157242-157314 Sentence denotes Some advances with respect to these two issues have already taken place.
TextSentencer_T1244 157315-157474 Sentence denotes Over the last ten years unprecedented progress has been made in the treatment of HIV infection by the application of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
T76452 157315-157474 Sentence denotes Over the last ten years unprecedented progress has been made in the treatment of HIV infection by the application of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
TextSentencer_T1245 157475-157656 Sentence denotes Three classes of drugs have been contributed to this success: the nucleoside (NRTI) and the nonnucleoside (NNRTI) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and the protease inhibitors (PI).
T75041 157475-157656 Sentence denotes Three classes of drugs have been contributed to this success: the nucleoside (NRTI) and the nonnucleoside (NNRTI) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and the protease inhibitors (PI).
TextSentencer_T1246 157657-157766 Sentence denotes With the advent of the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T20) the field has been opened for new classes of drugs.
T30828 157657-157766 Sentence denotes With the advent of the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T20) the field has been opened for new classes of drugs.
TextSentencer_T1247 157767-157856 Sentence denotes During the last year a whole bundle of drugs with new targets has been studied in humans.
T58290 157767-157856 Sentence denotes During the last year a whole bundle of drugs with new targets has been studied in humans.
TextSentencer_T1248 157857-157938 Sentence denotes Among the most developed compounds are CCR5 antagonists and integrase inhibitors.
T79829 157857-157938 Sentence denotes Among the most developed compounds are CCR5 antagonists and integrase inhibitors.
TextSentencer_T1249 157939-158051 Sentence denotes Other classes in earlier phases of clinical development include attachment inhibitors and maturation inhibitors.
T87833 157939-158051 Sentence denotes Other classes in earlier phases of clinical development include attachment inhibitors and maturation inhibitors.
TextSentencer_T1250 158052-158170 Sentence denotes It is expected, that integrase inhibitors and CCR5-antagonists will be introduced into clinical practice in 2007/2008.
T90997 158052-158170 Sentence denotes It is expected, that integrase inhibitors and CCR5-antagonists will be introduced into clinical practice in 2007/2008.
TextSentencer_T1251 158171-158305 Sentence denotes Both of these drug classes have been first studied in heavily treatment experienced patients having failed NRTI, NNRTI and PI therapy.
T57052 158171-158305 Sentence denotes Both of these drug classes have been first studied in heavily treatment experienced patients having failed NRTI, NNRTI and PI therapy.
TextSentencer_T1252 158306-158459 Sentence denotes In preliminary analyses the integrase inhibitor MK-0518 combined with optimised background treatment (OBT) has shown clinical superiority over OBT alone.
T89255 158306-158459 Sentence denotes In preliminary analyses the integrase inhibitor MK-0518 combined with optimised background treatment (OBT) has shown clinical superiority over OBT alone.
TextSentencer_T1253 158460-158577 Sentence denotes Up to 72% of patients treated with MK-0518 have reached complete viral suppression (HIV-RNA <50 c/mL) after 16 weeks.
T44577 158460-158577 Sentence denotes Up to 72% of patients treated with MK-0518 have reached complete viral suppression (HIV-RNA <50 c/mL) after 16 weeks.
TextSentencer_T1254 158578-158675 Sentence denotes Preliminary data also suggest a high virological potency of the drug in treatment naïve patients.
T81050 158578-158675 Sentence denotes Preliminary data also suggest a high virological potency of the drug in treatment naïve patients.
TextSentencer_T1255 158676-158770 Sentence denotes MK-0518 was applied bid and was well tolerated in both pretreated an treatment naïve patients.
T13540 158676-158770 Sentence denotes MK-0518 was applied bid and was well tolerated in both pretreated an treatment naïve patients.
TextSentencer_T1256 158771-158859 Sentence denotes Two CCR5 antagonists are currently studied in clinical trials, maraviroc and vicriviroc.
T6613 158771-158859 Sentence denotes Two CCR5 antagonists are currently studied in clinical trials, maraviroc and vicriviroc.
TextSentencer_T1257 158860-159060 Sentence denotes Vicriviroc together with OBT has shown superiority over OBT alone in treatment experienced patients, but has failed in a phase II study in treatment naïve patients presumably due to matters of dosing.
T44742 158860-159060 Sentence denotes Vicriviroc together with OBT has shown superiority over OBT alone in treatment experienced patients, but has failed in a phase II study in treatment naïve patients presumably due to matters of dosing.
TextSentencer_T1258 159061-159152 Sentence denotes Further studies to define the optimal dose (together with ritonavir boosting) are underway.
T45443 159061-159152 Sentence denotes Further studies to define the optimal dose (together with ritonavir boosting) are underway.
TextSentencer_T1259 159153-159272 Sentence denotes With maraviroc results of a study in treatment experienced patients exhibiting dual tropic virus (R5/X4) are available.
T23718 159153-159272 Sentence denotes With maraviroc results of a study in treatment experienced patients exhibiting dual tropic virus (R5/X4) are available.
TextSentencer_T1260 159273-159406 Sentence denotes In this population, maraviroc did not show additional virological efficacy over placebo, but lead to a greater increase of CD4 cells.
T69621 159273-159406 Sentence denotes In this population, maraviroc did not show additional virological efficacy over placebo, but lead to a greater increase of CD4 cells.
TextSentencer_T1261 159407-159528 Sentence denotes In conclusion, new drugs in new classes improve the treatment options for patients with multi-resistant HIV considerably.
T56383 159407-159528 Sentence denotes In conclusion, new drugs in new classes improve the treatment options for patients with multi-resistant HIV considerably.
TextSentencer_T1262 159529-159660 Sentence denotes Since these drugs seem to be very well tolerated there is also a potential for their use in treatment naïve patients in the future.
T94682 159529-159660 Sentence denotes Since these drugs seem to be very well tolerated there is also a potential for their use in treatment naïve patients in the future.
TextSentencer_T1263 159661-159819 Sentence denotes Antiretroviral therapy is highly effective in controlling HIV replication, inducing immune reconstitution and preventing AIDS-related morbidity and mortality.
T65237 159661-159819 Sentence denotes Antiretroviral therapy is highly effective in controlling HIV replication, inducing immune reconstitution and preventing AIDS-related morbidity and mortality.
TextSentencer_T1264 159820-159971 Sentence denotes Current antiretroviral regimens however cannot achieve virus eradication and virological rebound virtually always occurs after therapy discontinuation.
T83595 159820-159971 Sentence denotes Current antiretroviral regimens however cannot achieve virus eradication and virological rebound virtually always occurs after therapy discontinuation.
TextSentencer_T1265 159972-160072 Sentence denotes Long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is life saving, but poses several challenges.
T19601 159972-160072 Sentence denotes Long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is life saving, but poses several challenges.
TextSentencer_T1266 160073-160198 Sentence denotes Potential adverse events can be categorised as problems related to adherence, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and drug resistance.
T71841 160073-160198 Sentence denotes Potential adverse events can be categorised as problems related to adherence, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and drug resistance.
TextSentencer_T1267 160199-160502 Sentence denotes Various interventions have been explored to improve and maintain good adherence among treated individuals, ranging from treatment simplification strategies to addressing mental health problems, and a major challenge is related to the need for integrated biomedical, social and behavioural interventions.
T85821 160199-160502 Sentence denotes Various interventions have been explored to improve and maintain good adherence among treated individuals, ranging from treatment simplification strategies to addressing mental health problems, and a major challenge is related to the need for integrated biomedical, social and behavioural interventions.
TextSentencer_T1268 160503-160610 Sentence denotes Inadequate adherence however accounts for only a subset of subtherapeutic drug levels in clinical practice.
T69275 160503-160610 Sentence denotes Inadequate adherence however accounts for only a subset of subtherapeutic drug levels in clinical practice.
TextSentencer_T1269 160611-160810 Sentence denotes There is a significant degree of inter-individual variability in absorption, metabolism and cellular transport of antiretroviral drugs, with potential impact on both efficacy and toxicity of therapy.
T40180 160611-160810 Sentence denotes There is a significant degree of inter-individual variability in absorption, metabolism and cellular transport of antiretroviral drugs, with potential impact on both efficacy and toxicity of therapy.
TextSentencer_T1270 160811-160896 Sentence denotes Important determinants include gender, age, ethnic origin, and genetic polymorphisms.
T37907 160811-160896 Sentence denotes Important determinants include gender, age, ethnic origin, and genetic polymorphisms.
TextSentencer_T1271 160897-161017 Sentence denotes Although evidence of the influence of pharmacogenomics is growing, there remain limited data to guide clinical practice.
T71793 160897-161017 Sentence denotes Although evidence of the influence of pharmacogenomics is growing, there remain limited data to guide clinical practice.
TextSentencer_T1272 161018-161232 Sentence denotes Proton pump inhibitors are an example of commonly prescribed medications that can affect antiretroviral drug levels by reducing the absorption of certain protease inhibitors (PIs) and increasing exposure to others.
T13031 161018-161232 Sentence denotes Proton pump inhibitors are an example of commonly prescribed medications that can affect antiretroviral drug levels by reducing the absorption of certain protease inhibitors (PIs) and increasing exposure to others.
TextSentencer_T1273 161233-161366 Sentence denotes Herbal medicines such as St. John's wort, widely used by HIV patients, also have the potential to interact with antiretroviral drugs.
T10509 161233-161366 Sentence denotes Herbal medicines such as St. John's wort, widely used by HIV patients, also have the potential to interact with antiretroviral drugs.
TextSentencer_T1274 161367-161497 Sentence denotes Thus, patient education and good communication across care providers are paramount to prevent unfavourable drug-drug interactions.
T18457 161367-161497 Sentence denotes Thus, patient education and good communication across care providers are paramount to prevent unfavourable drug-drug interactions.
TextSentencer_T1275 161498-161648 Sentence denotes The risk of toxicity associated with long-term antiretroviral therapy is difficult to predict reliably in an aging population of HIV-infected persons.
T78447 161498-161648 Sentence denotes The risk of toxicity associated with long-term antiretroviral therapy is difficult to predict reliably in an aging population of HIV-infected persons.
TextSentencer_T1276 161649-161923 Sentence denotes Major examples of HAART-related toxicity include mitochondrial damage and lipoatrophy associated with the use of nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and fat accumulation, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance associated with the protease inhibitors (PIs).
T76606 161649-161923 Sentence denotes Major examples of HAART-related toxicity include mitochondrial damage and lipoatrophy associated with the use of nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and fat accumulation, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance associated with the protease inhibitors (PIs).
TextSentencer_T1277 161924-162159 Sentence denotes The risk of cardiovascular disease is a particular concern, due to the combined effects on the cardiovascular system of HIV infection, HAART and lifestyle related risk factors such as smoking which are common among HIVinfected persons.
T5386 161924-162159 Sentence denotes The risk of cardiovascular disease is a particular concern, due to the combined effects on the cardiovascular system of HIV infection, HAART and lifestyle related risk factors such as smoking which are common among HIVinfected persons.
TextSentencer_T1278 162160-162261 Sentence denotes In addition, renal, hepatic and bone toxicity represent emerging side effects of long-term treatment.
T95736 162160-162261 Sentence denotes In addition, renal, hepatic and bone toxicity represent emerging side effects of long-term treatment.
TextSentencer_T1279 162262-162386 Sentence denotes Patients starting therapy on recommended first-line regimens achieve a high degree of virological and immunological success.
T44160 162262-162386 Sentence denotes Patients starting therapy on recommended first-line regimens achieve a high degree of virological and immunological success.
TextSentencer_T1280 162387-162488 Sentence denotes However, drug resistance continues to emerge as a result of problems with adherence and tolerability.
T29702 162387-162488 Sentence denotes However, drug resistance continues to emerge as a result of problems with adherence and tolerability.
TextSentencer_T1281 162489-162699 Sentence denotes Furthermore, there remain a large number of HIV-infected persons who have accumulated drug resistance through mono and dual therapy in the pre-HAART era and the suboptimal use of therapy in the early HAART era.
T33859 162489-162699 Sentence denotes Furthermore, there remain a large number of HIV-infected persons who have accumulated drug resistance through mono and dual therapy in the pre-HAART era and the suboptimal use of therapy in the early HAART era.
TextSentencer_T1282 162700-162793 Sentence denotes In addition, a substantial proportion of newly infected persons acquire drug-resistant virus.
T80206 162700-162793 Sentence denotes In addition, a substantial proportion of newly infected persons acquire drug-resistant virus.
TextSentencer_T1283 162794-162923 Sentence denotes New drugs and drug classes are required to optimise treatment among drug-experienced persons and reduce the risk of side effects.
T11104 162794-162923 Sentence denotes New drugs and drug classes are required to optimise treatment among drug-experienced persons and reduce the risk of side effects.
TextSentencer_T1284 162924-163062 Sentence denotes Several new compounds have recently entered clinical use that show improved tolerability profile or activity against drug resistant virus.
T68538 162924-163062 Sentence denotes Several new compounds have recently entered clinical use that show improved tolerability profile or activity against drug resistant virus.
TextSentencer_T1285 163063-163182 Sentence denotes Improved methods for detecting and interpreting drug resistance are also being developed to adequately guide treatment.
T4417 163063-163182 Sentence denotes Improved methods for detecting and interpreting drug resistance are also being developed to adequately guide treatment.
TextSentencer_T1286 163183-163281 Sentence denotes In spite of these concerns however, the benefits of HAART far outweigh the risk of adverse events.
T59054 163183-163281 Sentence denotes In spite of these concerns however, the benefits of HAART far outweigh the risk of adverse events.
TextSentencer_T1287 163282-163418 Sentence denotes The results strongly suggest that keratinocytes are able to produce cytokines in response to L. major stimulation through in part-TLR-2.
T26157 163282-163418 Sentence denotes The results strongly suggest that keratinocytes are able to produce cytokines in response to L. major stimulation through in part-TLR-2.
TextSentencer_T1288 163419-163774 Sentence denotes Aspergillus fumigatus, a termotolerant saprophyte, is associated with a wide spectrum of diseases in humans, that includes saprophytic colonisation of preexisting cavities, allergic asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis occurring as a complication of bronchial asthma or cystic fibrosis, and invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients.
T72176 163419-163774 Sentence denotes Aspergillus fumigatus, a termotolerant saprophyte, is associated with a wide spectrum of diseases in humans, that includes saprophytic colonisation of preexisting cavities, allergic asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis occurring as a complication of bronchial asthma or cystic fibrosis, and invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients.
TextSentencer_T1289 163775-163914 Sentence denotes Immunocompetent and non-atopic subjects are relatively resistant to A. fumigatus diseases and disease occurs in the setting of host damage.
T46568 163775-163914 Sentence denotes Immunocompetent and non-atopic subjects are relatively resistant to A. fumigatus diseases and disease occurs in the setting of host damage.
TextSentencer_T1290 163915-164156 Sentence denotes The inherent resistance to diseases caused by A. fumigatus suggests the occurrence of regulatory mechanisms that provide the host with adequate defence without necessarily eliminating the fungus or causing unacceptable levels of host damage.
T5687 163915-164156 Sentence denotes The inherent resistance to diseases caused by A. fumigatus suggests the occurrence of regulatory mechanisms that provide the host with adequate defence without necessarily eliminating the fungus or causing unacceptable levels of host damage.
TextSentencer_T1291 164157-164416 Sentence denotes Respiratory tolerance is mediated by plasmacytoid dendritic cells producing IL-10 and inducing the development of CD4+ T regulatory cells expressing FoxP3 and regulating inflammation and allergy through the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-dependent pathway.
T35721 164157-164416 Sentence denotes Respiratory tolerance is mediated by plasmacytoid dendritic cells producing IL-10 and inducing the development of CD4+ T regulatory cells expressing FoxP3 and regulating inflammation and allergy through the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-dependent pathway.
TextSentencer_T1292 164417-164589 Sentence denotes Thus, the IDO-dependent pathway has a unique e central role in this process as it participates in the effector and inductive phases of immunity and tolerance to the fungus.
T74038 164417-164589 Sentence denotes Thus, the IDO-dependent pathway has a unique e central role in this process as it participates in the effector and inductive phases of immunity and tolerance to the fungus.
TextSentencer_T1293 164590-164663 Sentence denotes Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the vaccine that was used to eradicate smallpox.
T29952 164590-164663 Sentence denotes Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the vaccine that was used to eradicate smallpox.
TextSentencer_T1294 164664-164887 Sentence denotes Like other poxviruses, VACV is a large DNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm, produces multiple infectious forms of virus and encodes many virulence factors that are non-essential for virus replication in cell culture.
T69745 164664-164887 Sentence denotes Like other poxviruses, VACV is a large DNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm, produces multiple infectious forms of virus and encodes many virulence factors that are non-essential for virus replication in cell culture.
TextSentencer_T1295 164888-165067 Sentence denotes Many of these virulence factors are encoded in the terminal regions of the virus genome and are called immunomodulators because they interfere with the host response to infection.
T76636 164888-165067 Sentence denotes Many of these virulence factors are encoded in the terminal regions of the virus genome and are called immunomodulators because they interfere with the host response to infection.
TextSentencer_T1296 165068-165246 Sentence denotes Some of these immunomodulators are present only within infected cells and inhibit signalling pathways induced by ligand engagement of cytokine, interferon or toll like receptors.
T72216 165068-165246 Sentence denotes Some of these immunomodulators are present only within infected cells and inhibit signalling pathways induced by ligand engagement of cytokine, interferon or toll like receptors.
TextSentencer_T1297 165247-165318 Sentence denotes Other molecules inhibit pathways leading to the induction of apoptosis.
T29217 165247-165318 Sentence denotes Other molecules inhibit pathways leading to the induction of apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T1298 165319-165490 Sentence denotes This talk will describe proteins from VACV that inhibit apoptosis or intracellular signalling pathways leading to the induction of interferon or proinflammatory cytokines.
T17871 165319-165490 Sentence denotes This talk will describe proteins from VACV that inhibit apoptosis or intracellular signalling pathways leading to the induction of interferon or proinflammatory cytokines.
TextSentencer_T1299 165491-165651 Sentence denotes These studies will illustrate how studying the structure and function of these molecules is increasing our understanding of virus pathogenesis and cell biology.
T3117 165491-165651 Sentence denotes These studies will illustrate how studying the structure and function of these molecules is increasing our understanding of virus pathogenesis and cell biology.
TextSentencer_T1300 165652-165734 Sentence denotes Current trends in parasitology S191 European consensus on malaria chemoprophylaxis
T73736 165652-165734 Sentence denotes Current trends in parasitology S191 European consensus on malaria chemoprophylaxis
TextSentencer_T1301 165735-165827 Sentence denotes Every year several thousand malaria cases with a mortality around 1% are reported in Europe.
T32371 165735-165827 Sentence denotes Every year several thousand malaria cases with a mortality around 1% are reported in Europe.
TextSentencer_T1302 165828-165889 Sentence denotes Visiting friends and Relatives (VFRs) are at particular risk.
T97012 165828-165889 Sentence denotes Visiting friends and Relatives (VFRs) are at particular risk.
TextSentencer_T1303 165890-166025 Sentence denotes The complex situation of malaria transmission in various endemic areas requires differentiated recommendations for malaria prophylaxis.
T10478 165890-166025 Sentence denotes The complex situation of malaria transmission in various endemic areas requires differentiated recommendations for malaria prophylaxis.
TextSentencer_T1304 166026-166079 Sentence denotes Malaria prophylaxis comprises of multiple components.
T60240 166026-166079 Sentence denotes Malaria prophylaxis comprises of multiple components.
TextSentencer_T1305 166080-166219 Sentence denotes Malaria risk can be reduced by compliant exposure prevention, and with chemoprophylactic drugs for travel to high risk areas are available.
T79570 166080-166219 Sentence denotes Malaria risk can be reduced by compliant exposure prevention, and with chemoprophylactic drugs for travel to high risk areas are available.
TextSentencer_T1306 166220-166441 Sentence denotes Key points for malaria prevention and management include awareness in endemic regions and after return, avoid mosquito bites, compliance with chemoprophylaxis, and seeking immediate diagnosis and therapy in case of fever.
T58570 166220-166441 Sentence denotes Key points for malaria prevention and management include awareness in endemic regions and after return, avoid mosquito bites, compliance with chemoprophylaxis, and seeking immediate diagnosis and therapy in case of fever.
TextSentencer_T1307 166442-166502 Sentence denotes The importance of exposure prophylaxis should be emphasized.
T44667 166442-166502 Sentence denotes The importance of exposure prophylaxis should be emphasized.
TextSentencer_T1308 166503-166607 Sentence denotes It is recommended to use mosquito repellents after dusk, especially if outdoor activities are performed.
T92514 166503-166607 Sentence denotes It is recommended to use mosquito repellents after dusk, especially if outdoor activities are performed.
TextSentencer_T1309 166608-166717 Sentence denotes Light-coloured, loose-fitting insecticide-treated clothing with long trousers and long sleeves are suggested.
T59334 166608-166717 Sentence denotes Light-coloured, loose-fitting insecticide-treated clothing with long trousers and long sleeves are suggested.
TextSentencer_T1310 166718-166862 Sentence denotes Sleeping under insecticide treated bed nets or in airconditioned rooms which are pre-treated with insecticides (knockdown spray) is recommended.
T22172 166718-166862 Sentence denotes Sleeping under insecticide treated bed nets or in airconditioned rooms which are pre-treated with insecticides (knockdown spray) is recommended.
TextSentencer_T1311 166863-166914 Sentence denotes Chemoprophylaxis is recommended in high risk areas.
T21073 166863-166914 Sentence denotes Chemoprophylaxis is recommended in high risk areas.
TextSentencer_T1312 166915-167037 Sentence denotes In most settings, either mefloquine (Lariam ® ), atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone ® ) or doxycycline (monohydrate) are used.
T37241 166915-167037 Sentence denotes In most settings, either mefloquine (Lariam ® ), atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone ® ) or doxycycline (monohydrate) are used.
TextSentencer_T1313 167038-167162 Sentence denotes In German speaking countries, emergency treatment is recommended for trips to regions with low or intermediate malaria risk.
T11401 167038-167162 Sentence denotes In German speaking countries, emergency treatment is recommended for trips to regions with low or intermediate malaria risk.
TextSentencer_T1314 167163-167267 Sentence denotes This strategy is recommended when the infection risk is lower than the risk of severe drug side effects.
T64757 167163-167267 Sentence denotes This strategy is recommended when the infection risk is lower than the risk of severe drug side effects.
TextSentencer_T1315 167268-167421 Sentence denotes Good information by the consulting doctor and personal responsibility of the traveller are essential for the correct handling of emergencyself-treatment.
T7513 167268-167421 Sentence denotes Good information by the consulting doctor and personal responsibility of the traveller are essential for the correct handling of emergencyself-treatment.
TextSentencer_T1316 167422-167539 Sentence denotes Drugs used include artemether/lumefantrine (Riamet ® ), atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone ® ) or mefloquine (Lariam ® ).
T51927 167422-167539 Sentence denotes Drugs used include artemether/lumefantrine (Riamet ® ), atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone ® ) or mefloquine (Lariam ® ).
TextSentencer_T1317 167540-167726 Sentence denotes The guidelines for the application of the emergency-self-treatment should be discussed thoroughly with the traveller, to make sure that in case of fever the correct action will be taken:
T81533 167540-167726 Sentence denotes The guidelines for the application of the emergency-self-treatment should be discussed thoroughly with the traveller, to make sure that in case of fever the correct action will be taken:
TextSentencer_T1318 167727-167729 Sentence denotes 1.
T49060 167727-167729 Sentence denotes 1.
TextSentencer_T1319 167730-167918 Sentence denotes In case of fever (sudden onset or rapidly progressive) -axillary temperature >37.5ºC (oral, tympanal or rectal >38ºC) -a doctor should be seen and a malaria blood test should be performed.
T87032 167730-167918 Sentence denotes In case of fever (sudden onset or rapidly progressive) -axillary temperature >37.5ºC (oral, tympanal or rectal >38ºC) -a doctor should be seen and a malaria blood test should be performed.
TextSentencer_T1320 167919-167969 Sentence denotes A working thermometer is essential in the tropics.
T48801 167919-167969 Sentence denotes A working thermometer is essential in the tropics.
TextSentencer_T1321 167970-167972 Sentence denotes 2.
T89401 167970-167972 Sentence denotes 2.
TextSentencer_T1322 167973-168100 Sentence denotes If no doctor can be seen within 24h and the traveller is in an endemic region for at least 6 days, the fever should be lowered.
T18130 167973-168100 Sentence denotes If no doctor can be seen within 24h and the traveller is in an endemic region for at least 6 days, the fever should be lowered.
TextSentencer_T1323 168101-168103 Sentence denotes 3.
T81809 168101-168103 Sentence denotes 3.
TextSentencer_T1324 168104-168184 Sentence denotes The malaria emergency medication should be taken with adequate amounts of fluid.
T36244 168104-168184 Sentence denotes The malaria emergency medication should be taken with adequate amounts of fluid.
TextSentencer_T1325 168185-168187 Sentence denotes 4.
T4810 168185-168187 Sentence denotes 4.
TextSentencer_T1326 168188-168302 Sentence denotes In every case, also after the intake of the malaria drug a doctor must be consulted at the earliest possible time.
T39556 168188-168302 Sentence denotes In every case, also after the intake of the malaria drug a doctor must be consulted at the earliest possible time.
TextSentencer_T1327 168303-168420 Sentence denotes The term echinococcosis describes two diseases which markedly differ in their presentation, behaviour and management:
T21270 168303-168420 Sentence denotes The term echinococcosis describes two diseases which markedly differ in their presentation, behaviour and management:
TextSentencer_T1328 168421-168555 Sentence denotes Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the metacestode Echinococcus multilocularis and cystic echinococcosis (CE) by E. granulosus.
T79023 168421-168555 Sentence denotes Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the metacestode Echinococcus multilocularis and cystic echinococcosis (CE) by E. granulosus.
TextSentencer_T1329 168556-168662 Sentence denotes The larval growth of the two bugs is very different and separates the "malignant" AE from the "benign" CE.
T33393 168556-168662 Sentence denotes The larval growth of the two bugs is very different and separates the "malignant" AE from the "benign" CE.
TextSentencer_T1330 168663-168709 Sentence denotes Thus, current trends are discussed separately.
T38058 168663-168709 Sentence denotes Thus, current trends are discussed separately.
TextSentencer_T1331 168710-168713 Sentence denotes AE:
T90600 168710-168713 Sentence denotes AE:
TextSentencer_T1332 168714-168840 Sentence denotes A recent European initiative (EchinoRisk) discovered a continuous increase and spread of the parasite in the final host (fox).
T63644 168714-168840 Sentence denotes A recent European initiative (EchinoRisk) discovered a continuous increase and spread of the parasite in the final host (fox).
TextSentencer_T1333 168841-168978 Sentence denotes In parallel, human cases were observed in regions outside the known endemic areas, such as in the Baltic States, in Hungary and Slowakia.
T77071 168841-168978 Sentence denotes In parallel, human cases were observed in regions outside the known endemic areas, such as in the Baltic States, in Hungary and Slowakia.
TextSentencer_T1334 168979-169058 Sentence denotes Risk factors for humans are farming and a long-standing, close contact to dogs.
T73780 168979-169058 Sentence denotes Risk factors for humans are farming and a long-standing, close contact to dogs.
TextSentencer_T1335 169059-169192 Sentence denotes The initially asymptomatic liver disease is still rare in Central Europe, and diagnosis is often made at a late stage of the disease.
T80068 169059-169192 Sentence denotes The initially asymptomatic liver disease is still rare in Central Europe, and diagnosis is often made at a late stage of the disease.
TextSentencer_T1336 169193-169393 Sentence denotes An anatomical classification system has been used (PNM adapted from the TNM system of tumours), allowing now a comparison of the disorder at the time of first diagnosis in different clinical settings.
T39086 169193-169393 Sentence denotes An anatomical classification system has been used (PNM adapted from the TNM system of tumours), allowing now a comparison of the disorder at the time of first diagnosis in different clinical settings.
TextSentencer_T1337 169394-169501 Sentence denotes New foci have been discovered in China/Tibet with a prevalence rate of up to 4% of the affected population.
T19796 169394-169501 Sentence denotes New foci have been discovered in China/Tibet with a prevalence rate of up to 4% of the affected population.
TextSentencer_T1338 169502-169617 Sentence denotes Imaging techniques, such as Ultrasound, CT, MRI and PET/CT contributed to a much better description of the lesions.
T70268 169502-169617 Sentence denotes Imaging techniques, such as Ultrasound, CT, MRI and PET/CT contributed to a much better description of the lesions.
TextSentencer_T1339 169618-169714 Sentence denotes However, the expertise of the radiologist is often not available due to the low incidence of AE.
T58943 169618-169714 Sentence denotes However, the expertise of the radiologist is often not available due to the low incidence of AE.
TextSentencer_T1340 169715-169788 Sentence denotes Serology is helpful, but may be misleading due to non-standardised tests.
T38363 169715-169788 Sentence denotes Serology is helpful, but may be misleading due to non-standardised tests.
TextSentencer_T1341 169789-169836 Sentence denotes Surgery is not anymore the treatment of choice.
T46043 169789-169836 Sentence denotes Surgery is not anymore the treatment of choice.
TextSentencer_T1342 169837-169968 Sentence denotes Instead many centres apply short term cycles of benzimidazoles which act parasitocidal and accelerate the degeneration of the cyst.
T56431 169837-169968 Sentence denotes Instead many centres apply short term cycles of benzimidazoles which act parasitocidal and accelerate the degeneration of the cyst.
TextSentencer_T1343 169969-170073 Sentence denotes Others favour the Watch and Wait concept, and carefully observe the natural degeneration of the cyst(s).
T78462 169969-170073 Sentence denotes Others favour the Watch and Wait concept, and carefully observe the natural degeneration of the cyst(s).
TextSentencer_T1344 170074-170179 Sentence denotes Filarial worm infections of humans cause morbidity and even death in developing countries of the tropics.
T37961 170074-170179 Sentence denotes Filarial worm infections of humans cause morbidity and even death in developing countries of the tropics.
TextSentencer_T1345 170180-170302 Sentence denotes Current antifilarial drug therapies target only the first stage larvae, requiring many years of annual/biannual treatment.
T62709 170180-170302 Sentence denotes Current antifilarial drug therapies target only the first stage larvae, requiring many years of annual/biannual treatment.
TextSentencer_T1346 170303-170487 Sentence denotes Another problem with controlling filarial infections is the lack of any alternative drugs that can be used in the current mass drug administration programmes should resistance develop.
T79235 170303-170487 Sentence denotes Another problem with controlling filarial infections is the lack of any alternative drugs that can be used in the current mass drug administration programmes should resistance develop.
TextSentencer_T1347 170488-170723 Sentence denotes Wolbachia, endosymbiotic bacteria that are found in most of the human filarial worms are excellent targets for the discovery of new antifilarial drugs because of their requirement for worm embryogenesis, development and adult survival.
T1339 170488-170723 Sentence denotes Wolbachia, endosymbiotic bacteria that are found in most of the human filarial worms are excellent targets for the discovery of new antifilarial drugs because of their requirement for worm embryogenesis, development and adult survival.
TextSentencer_T1348 170724-170912 Sentence denotes In both lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, administration of 6 weeks of doxycline at a dose of 200 mg/day results in a high macrofilaricidal effect of over 80% and 70%, respectively.
T17882 170724-170912 Sentence denotes In both lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, administration of 6 weeks of doxycline at a dose of 200 mg/day results in a high macrofilaricidal effect of over 80% and 70%, respectively.
TextSentencer_T1349 170913-171118 Sentence denotes Targeting of Wolbachia with antirickettsial drugs has lead to the recommendation of doxycycline for use on an individual basis and may be recommended in areas where resistance to current drugs may develop.
T33801 170913-171118 Sentence denotes Targeting of Wolbachia with antirickettsial drugs has lead to the recommendation of doxycycline for use on an individual basis and may be recommended in areas where resistance to current drugs may develop.
TextSentencer_T1350 171119-171284 Sentence denotes Evidence that eliminating the endobacteria reduces adverse reactions to current drug therapies and even reduces early stages of lymphatic pathology is also accruing.
T64804 171119-171284 Sentence denotes Evidence that eliminating the endobacteria reduces adverse reactions to current drug therapies and even reduces early stages of lymphatic pathology is also accruing.
TextSentencer_T1351 171285-171485 Sentence denotes Research is underway to discover new drugs, preferably those already approved for use in humans, that have antiwolbachial activity and work in a shorter time and are widely applicable. vancomycin MIC:
T76890 171285-171485 Sentence denotes Research is underway to discover new drugs, preferably those already approved for use in humans, that have antiwolbachial activity and work in a shorter time and are widely applicable. vancomycin MIC:
TextSentencer_T1352 171486-171815 Sentence denotes 2 and 16 mg/l, respectively) to study their ability to (i) adhere to fibrinogen (Fg) and fibronectin (Fn) in vitro, (ii) persist in the bloodstream after intravenous inoculation, (iii) colonise aortic vegetations in rats, (iv) multiply in situ thereafter, and (v) compete for valve colonisation when inoculated in mixed cultures.
T30516 171486-171815 Sentence denotes 2 and 16 mg/l, respectively) to study their ability to (i) adhere to fibrinogen (Fg) and fibronectin (Fn) in vitro, (ii) persist in the bloodstream after intravenous inoculation, (iii) colonise aortic vegetations in rats, (iv) multiply in situ thereafter, and (v) compete for valve colonisation when inoculated in mixed cultures.
TextSentencer_T1353 171816-171974 Sentence denotes Methods: GISA M1V16 was selected by vancomycin exposure of the glycopeptide-susceptible, methicillin-resistant S. aureus M1V2 (agr type II) in the laboratory.
T72858 171816-171974 Sentence denotes Methods: GISA M1V16 was selected by vancomycin exposure of the glycopeptide-susceptible, methicillin-resistant S. aureus M1V2 (agr type II) in the laboratory.
TextSentencer_T1354 171975-172100 Sentence denotes The phenotypic expression of resistance to vancomycin and the stability of the phenotype was analysed by population analysis.
T38183 171975-172100 Sentence denotes The phenotypic expression of resistance to vancomycin and the stability of the phenotype was analysed by population analysis.
TextSentencer_T1355 172101-172147 Sentence denotes Adherence was tested on immobilised Fg and Fn.
T96250 172101-172147 Sentence denotes Adherence was tested on immobilised Fg and Fn.
TextSentencer_T1356 172148-172250 Sentence denotes Rats with catheter-induced aortic vegetations were inoculated with 10 3 −10 6 CFU of the test strains.
T38216 172148-172250 Sentence denotes Rats with catheter-induced aortic vegetations were inoculated with 10 3 −10 6 CFU of the test strains.
TextSentencer_T1357 172251-172279 Sentence denotes Rats were killed after 24 h.
T35410 172251-172279 Sentence denotes Rats were killed after 24 h.
TextSentencer_T1358 172280-172390 Sentence denotes Vegetations and spleens were cultured and the lower inoculum infecting 90% of vegetations (ID90) was recorded.
T90949 172280-172390 Sentence denotes Vegetations and spleens were cultured and the lower inoculum infecting 90% of vegetations (ID90) was recorded.
TextSentencer_T1359 172391-172441 Sentence denotes Blood cultures were drawn within the first 60 min.
T83704 172391-172441 Sentence denotes Blood cultures were drawn within the first 60 min.
TextSentencer_T1360 172442-172609 Sentence denotes Infectivity was also compared by co-inoculation with 10× the ID90 of M1V16 and a rifampin-resistant variant of the parent M1V2, to discriminate them in organ cultures.
T67479 172442-172609 Sentence denotes Infectivity was also compared by co-inoculation with 10× the ID90 of M1V16 and a rifampin-resistant variant of the parent M1V2, to discriminate them in organ cultures.
TextSentencer_T1361 172610-172618 Sentence denotes Results:
T6518 172610-172618 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1362 172619-172771 Sentence denotes The GISA M1V16 mutant grew on plates containing 16 mg/l of vancomycin and its resistance phenotype remained stable after 5 passages on drug-free medium.
T73781 172619-172771 Sentence denotes The GISA M1V16 mutant grew on plates containing 16 mg/l of vancomycin and its resistance phenotype remained stable after 5 passages on drug-free medium.
TextSentencer_T1363 172772-172841 Sentence denotes Both GISA and parent strains adhered similarly to Fg and Fn in vitro.
T79918 172772-172841 Sentence denotes Both GISA and parent strains adhered similarly to Fg and Fn in vitro.
TextSentencer_T1364 172842-173008 Sentence denotes In rats, the GISA M1V16 was cleared faster from the blood (P < 0.005) and required 100× more bacteria than the parent (10 6 versus 10 4 CFU) to infect 90% of animals.
T74019 172842-173008 Sentence denotes In rats, the GISA M1V16 was cleared faster from the blood (P < 0.005) and required 100× more bacteria than the parent (10 6 versus 10 4 CFU) to infect 90% of animals.
TextSentencer_T1365 173009-173091 Sentence denotes GISA M1V16 had also 100-1000× lower bacterial densities in vegetations and spleen.
T3784 173009-173091 Sentence denotes GISA M1V16 had also 100-1000× lower bacterial densities in vegetations and spleen.
TextSentencer_T1366 173092-173193 Sentence denotes After co-inoculation, M1V2 and GISA M1V16 produce similar vegetation densities early after injection.
T81997 173092-173193 Sentence denotes After co-inoculation, M1V2 and GISA M1V16 produce similar vegetation densities early after injection.
TextSentencer_T1367 173194-173317 Sentence denotes However, while the vegetation counts of the parent increased at 48, 72 and 120 h, the counts of GISA M1V16 remained stable.
T24416 173194-173317 Sentence denotes However, while the vegetation counts of the parent increased at 48, 72 and 120 h, the counts of GISA M1V16 remained stable.
TextSentencer_T1368 173318-173452 Sentence denotes Conclusions: GISA showed attenuated pathogenicity (ID90) and fitness (intra-vegetation growth) in rats with experimental endocarditis.
T46401 173318-173452 Sentence denotes Conclusions: GISA showed attenuated pathogenicity (ID90) and fitness (intra-vegetation growth) in rats with experimental endocarditis.
TextSentencer_T1369 173453-173517 Sentence denotes Thus, the GISA phenotype is globally detrimental to infectivity.
T25014 173453-173517 Sentence denotes Thus, the GISA phenotype is globally detrimental to infectivity.
TextSentencer_T1370 173518-173583 Sentence denotes This might explain its clustering in immuno-compromised patients.
T4049 173518-173583 Sentence denotes This might explain its clustering in immuno-compromised patients.
TextSentencer_T1371 173584-173708 Sentence denotes Whether a very prolonged exposure to glycopeptides might restore pathogenicity and fitness defects remains to be determined.
T11906 173584-173708 Sentence denotes Whether a very prolonged exposure to glycopeptides might restore pathogenicity and fitness defects remains to be determined.
TextSentencer_T1372 173709-173809 Sentence denotes Most adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are chronically infected with P. aeruginosa in their lungs.
T71541 173709-173809 Sentence denotes Most adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are chronically infected with P. aeruginosa in their lungs.
TextSentencer_T1373 173810-173900 Sentence denotes Two major features of P. aeruginosa are the abillities to form biofilms and become mucoid.
T88575 173810-173900 Sentence denotes Two major features of P. aeruginosa are the abillities to form biofilms and become mucoid.
TextSentencer_T1374 173901-174078 Sentence denotes Recently, we reported a time-dependent reduction in the ability to form biofilm by non-mucoid P. aeruginosa isolates from the same CF patient obtained over a period of 23 years.
T49822 173901-174078 Sentence denotes Recently, we reported a time-dependent reduction in the ability to form biofilm by non-mucoid P. aeruginosa isolates from the same CF patient obtained over a period of 23 years.
TextSentencer_T1375 174079-174396 Sentence denotes In order to investigate whether the declined ability of the PFGEidentical isolates to form biofilm in vitro correlated to pathogenicity in vivo, 5 non-mucoid clones from 1980 and 1988 (early clones), and 1997, 1999 and 2003 (late clones) embedded in alginate were installed in the lungs of five groups of BALB/c mice.
T74394 174079-174396 Sentence denotes In order to investigate whether the declined ability of the PFGEidentical isolates to form biofilm in vitro correlated to pathogenicity in vivo, 5 non-mucoid clones from 1980 and 1988 (early clones), and 1997, 1999 and 2003 (late clones) embedded in alginate were installed in the lungs of five groups of BALB/c mice.
TextSentencer_T1376 174397-174444 Sentence denotes Mice were sacrificed after 5 days of infection.
T47346 174397-174444 Sentence denotes Mice were sacrificed after 5 days of infection.
TextSentencer_T1377 174445-174592 Sentence denotes The experiment was evaluated by macroscopic lung pathology, histopathology, quantitative bacteriology (CFU/lung) and pulmonary cytokine production.
T78948 174445-174592 Sentence denotes The experiment was evaluated by macroscopic lung pathology, histopathology, quantitative bacteriology (CFU/lung) and pulmonary cytokine production.
TextSentencer_T1378 174593-174729 Sentence denotes Survival was significantly higher in mice infected with the late clones, as compared to mice infected with the early clones (p < 0.025).
T76603 174593-174729 Sentence denotes Survival was significantly higher in mice infected with the late clones, as compared to mice infected with the early clones (p < 0.025).
TextSentencer_T1379 174730-174876 Sentence denotes Macroscopic pathology was more disseminated in mice infected with the early clones as compared to mice infected with the late clones (p < 0.0015).
T81261 174730-174876 Sentence denotes Macroscopic pathology was more disseminated in mice infected with the early clones as compared to mice infected with the late clones (p < 0.0015).
TextSentencer_T1380 174877-175061 Sentence denotes Inflammation involving polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN's) was present more often in mice infected with the early clones as compared to mice infected with the late clones (p < 0.05).
T25060 174877-175061 Sentence denotes Inflammation involving polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN's) was present more often in mice infected with the early clones as compared to mice infected with the late clones (p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T1381 175062-175208 Sentence denotes In addition, a higher degree of inflammation as well as more mice with athelectasis was observed after infection with the early clones (p < 0.05).
T49194 175062-175208 Sentence denotes In addition, a higher degree of inflammation as well as more mice with athelectasis was observed after infection with the early clones (p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T1382 175209-175334 Sentence denotes CFUs were higher in mice infected with the early clones as compared to mice infected with the later clones (p < 0.04 Results:
T85399 175209-175334 Sentence denotes CFUs were higher in mice infected with the early clones as compared to mice infected with the later clones (p < 0.04 Results:
TextSentencer_T1383 175335-175430 Sentence denotes Animals treated with probiotic displayed reduced incidence, severity and duration of diarrhoea.
T10310 175335-175430 Sentence denotes Animals treated with probiotic displayed reduced incidence, severity and duration of diarrhoea.
TextSentencer_T1384 175431-175623 Sentence denotes These animals also gained weight at a greater rate than control animals and mean faecal numbers of Salmonella were significantly reduced in probiotic-treated animals at 15 days post infection.
T33786 175431-175623 Sentence denotes These animals also gained weight at a greater rate than control animals and mean faecal numbers of Salmonella were significantly reduced in probiotic-treated animals at 15 days post infection.
TextSentencer_T1385 175624-175836 Sentence denotes The probiotic mixtures used lead to an amelioration of clinical signs in Salmonella Typhimurium-infected pigs early in the course of infection, and significantly reduced pathogen shedding over a longer timeframe.
T79599 175624-175836 Sentence denotes The probiotic mixtures used lead to an amelioration of clinical signs in Salmonella Typhimurium-infected pigs early in the course of infection, and significantly reduced pathogen shedding over a longer timeframe.
TextSentencer_T1386 175837-176022 Sentence denotes While the exact mechanism remains to be fully elucidated, this demonstrates the validity of using commensal lactic acid bacteria strains in the prevention of gastrointestinal infection.
T16274 175837-176022 Sentence denotes While the exact mechanism remains to be fully elucidated, this demonstrates the validity of using commensal lactic acid bacteria strains in the prevention of gastrointestinal infection.
TextSentencer_T1387 176023-176118 Sentence denotes The in vitro and in vivo procedures used to isolate and select the bacteria are also validated.
T84950 176023-176118 Sentence denotes The in vitro and in vivo procedures used to isolate and select the bacteria are also validated.
TextSentencer_T1388 176119-176470 Sentence denotes While the probiotics examined in this study are of obvious interest to those involved in the pig production industry, the similarities between the pig and human gastrointestinal tracts suggest that the probiotics offer potential in cases of human salmonellosis, given that the methodology used is also likely to be applicable to human disease control.
T65800 176119-176470 Sentence denotes While the probiotics examined in this study are of obvious interest to those involved in the pig production industry, the similarities between the pig and human gastrointestinal tracts suggest that the probiotics offer potential in cases of human salmonellosis, given that the methodology used is also likely to be applicable to human disease control.
TextSentencer_T1389 176472-176483 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T16007 176472-176483 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1390 176484-176596 Sentence denotes Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (qnr) genes have been identified in enterobacteria from several countries.
T95203 176484-176596 Sentence denotes Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (qnr) genes have been identified in enterobacteria from several countries.
TextSentencer_T1391 176597-176710 Sentence denotes Such resistances have frequently been associated with strains that produce extendedspectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs).
T85971 176597-176710 Sentence denotes Such resistances have frequently been associated with strains that produce extendedspectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs).
TextSentencer_T1392 176711-177001 Sentence denotes As Salmonella with resistance to quinolone antimicrobials have become increasingly common in isolates from humans in England and Wales, a study has been initiated to investigate the occurrence of such genes in isolates from humans and food, and to assess their importance for public health.
T96549 176711-177001 Sentence denotes As Salmonella with resistance to quinolone antimicrobials have become increasingly common in isolates from humans in England and Wales, a study has been initiated to investigate the occurrence of such genes in isolates from humans and food, and to assess their importance for public health.
TextSentencer_T1393 177002-177010 Sentence denotes Methods:
T43817 177002-177010 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1394 177011-177146 Sentence denotes A panel of 118 isolates of S. enterica resistant to nalidixic acid and with concomitant decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC:
T6435 177011-177146 Sentence denotes A panel of 118 isolates of S. enterica resistant to nalidixic acid and with concomitant decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC:
TextSentencer_T1395 177147-177291 Sentence denotes 0.25−1.0 mg/L), from cases of human infection and from foods in England and Wales, were screened for the presence of qnrA, qnrB and qnrS by PCR.
T42261 177147-177291 Sentence denotes 0.25−1.0 mg/L), from cases of human infection and from foods in England and Wales, were screened for the presence of qnrA, qnrB and qnrS by PCR.
TextSentencer_T1396 177292-177397 Sentence denotes Isolated qnr plasmid was tested by PCR genes and for ESBL genes, and for 18 commonly occurring replicons.
T37358 177292-177397 Sentence denotes Isolated qnr plasmid was tested by PCR genes and for ESBL genes, and for 18 commonly occurring replicons.
TextSentencer_T1397 177398-177468 Sentence denotes All strains positive for qnr genes were further characterised by PFGE.
T74914 177398-177468 Sentence denotes All strains positive for qnr genes were further characterised by PFGE.
TextSentencer_T1398 177469-177477 Sentence denotes Results:
T31247 177469-177477 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1399 177478-177565 Sentence denotes All isolates were negative for qnrA and qnrB; 6 isolates belonging to four serovars (S.
T51232 177478-177565 Sentence denotes All isolates were negative for qnrA and qnrB; 6 isolates belonging to four serovars (S.
TextSentencer_T1400 177566-177580 Sentence denotes Stanley, 2; S.
T96011 177566-177580 Sentence denotes Stanley, 2; S.
TextSentencer_T1401 177581-177599 Sentence denotes Typhimurium, 1; S.
T61848 177581-177599 Sentence denotes Typhimurium, 1; S.
TextSentencer_T1402 177600-177615 Sentence denotes Virginia, 1; S.
T59598 177600-177615 Sentence denotes Virginia, 1; S.
TextSentencer_T1403 177616-177651 Sentence denotes Virchow, 2) were positive for qnrS.
T14828 177616-177651 Sentence denotes Virchow, 2) were positive for qnrS.
TextSentencer_T1404 177652-178075 Sentence denotes Of these the isolates of Stanley and Typhimurium were from patients infected abroad, the isolate of Virginia was from a patient who had not travelled abroad, and the two isolates of Virchow, one from imported frozen chicken and one from a patient were associated with a series of infections in 2003/2004. qnr plasmids were transferable either by conjugation or transformation; their molecular masses ranged from 13.5 kb (S.
T65 177652-178075 Sentence denotes Of these the isolates of Stanley and Typhimurium were from patients infected abroad, the isolate of Virginia was from a patient who had not travelled abroad, and the two isolates of Virchow, one from imported frozen chicken and one from a patient were associated with a series of infections in 2003/2004. qnr plasmids were transferable either by conjugation or transformation; their molecular masses ranged from 13.5 kb (S.
TextSentencer_T1405 178076-178100 Sentence denotes Virginia) to >148 kb (S.
T66691 178076-178100 Sentence denotes Virginia) to >148 kb (S.
TextSentencer_T1406 178101-178110 Sentence denotes Stanley).
T3351 178101-178110 Sentence denotes Stanley).
TextSentencer_T1407 178111-178229 Sentence denotes Four of the six plasmids coded for additional resistance, in two cases for resistance to 10 additional antimicrobials.
T68019 178111-178229 Sentence denotes Four of the six plasmids coded for additional resistance, in two cases for resistance to 10 additional antimicrobials.
TextSentencer_T1408 178230-178258 Sentence denotes The qnr plasmids from the S.
T22579 178230-178258 Sentence denotes The qnr plasmids from the S.
TextSentencer_T1409 178259-178409 Sentence denotes Virchow isolates were of similar size and conferred a similar resistance phenotype as the first qnr plasmid, identified in Shigella flexneri in Japan.
T62256 178259-178409 Sentence denotes Virchow isolates were of similar size and conferred a similar resistance phenotype as the first qnr plasmid, identified in Shigella flexneri in Japan.
TextSentencer_T1410 178410-178548 Sentence denotes These results indicate that plasmidic quinolone resistance, often linked to other resistances, has now appeared in S. enterica in Britain.
T99377 178410-178548 Sentence denotes These results indicate that plasmidic quinolone resistance, often linked to other resistances, has now appeared in S. enterica in Britain.
TextSentencer_T1411 178549-178644 Sentence denotes This is of particular concern for the treatment of infections with invasive serovars such as S.
T29141 178549-178644 Sentence denotes This is of particular concern for the treatment of infections with invasive serovars such as S.
TextSentencer_T1412 178645-178653 Sentence denotes Virchow.
T99151 178645-178653 Sentence denotes Virchow.
TextSentencer_T1413 178654-178664 Sentence denotes Objective:
T74477 178654-178664 Sentence denotes Objective:
TextSentencer_T1414 178665-178813 Sentence denotes The rapid characterisation of (drug-resistant) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) would be useful for the research and treatment of tuberculosis (TB).
T73293 178665-178813 Sentence denotes The rapid characterisation of (drug-resistant) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) would be useful for the research and treatment of tuberculosis (TB).
TextSentencer_T1415 178814-178963 Sentence denotes Many important genetic markers of MTB have been identified, notably for drug resistance, but also genotype, bacterial lineage and adaptive potential.
T88196 178814-178963 Sentence denotes Many important genetic markers of MTB have been identified, notably for drug resistance, but also genotype, bacterial lineage and adaptive potential.
TextSentencer_T1416 178964-179046 Sentence denotes A single assay allowing identification of these markers would aid control efforts.
T68504 178964-179046 Sentence denotes A single assay allowing identification of these markers would aid control efforts.
TextSentencer_T1417 179047-179146 Sentence denotes Multiplex PCR is unsuitable for simultaneous amplification of several genetic loci in one reaction.
T57225 179047-179146 Sentence denotes Multiplex PCR is unsuitable for simultaneous amplification of several genetic loci in one reaction.
TextSentencer_T1418 179147-179287 Sentence denotes With Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) only one primer-pair is used for the amplification of multiple genetic targets.
T31937 179147-179287 Sentence denotes With Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) only one primer-pair is used for the amplification of multiple genetic targets.
TextSentencer_T1419 179288-179524 Sentence denotes We explored the utility of MLPA as a screening tool to rapidly characterise MTB-strains Method: MLPA can identify multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by amplification of sequence-specific MLPA-probes, rather than target DNA.
T18508 179288-179524 Sentence denotes We explored the utility of MLPA as a screening tool to rapidly characterise MTB-strains Method: MLPA can identify multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by amplification of sequence-specific MLPA-probes, rather than target DNA.
TextSentencer_T1420 179525-179584 Sentence denotes A sensitive ligation-step ensures specificity of the assay.
T33394 179525-179584 Sentence denotes A sensitive ligation-step ensures specificity of the assay.
TextSentencer_T1421 179585-179660 Sentence denotes We designed MLPA-probes specific for a range of discriminatory SNPs in MTB.
T89391 179585-179660 Sentence denotes We designed MLPA-probes specific for a range of discriminatory SNPs in MTB.
TextSentencer_T1422 179661-179772 Sentence denotes In addition, we selected three sequences of conserved regions to use as internal controls and for quantitation.
T97489 179661-179772 Sentence denotes In addition, we selected three sequences of conserved regions to use as internal controls and for quantitation.
TextSentencer_T1423 179773-179845 Sentence denotes The size of MLPA-products corresponds to the specific SNP they targeted.
T9537 179773-179845 Sentence denotes The size of MLPA-products corresponds to the specific SNP they targeted.
TextSentencer_T1424 179846-179961 Sentence denotes Amplified MLPA-products were identified on an agarose-gel or by fragment analysis, using capillary electrophoresis.
T80295 179846-179961 Sentence denotes Amplified MLPA-products were identified on an agarose-gel or by fragment analysis, using capillary electrophoresis.
TextSentencer_T1425 179962-179970 Sentence denotes Results:
T94333 179962-179970 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1426 179971-180033 Sentence denotes Probes were initially validated on DNA from reference strains.
T39558 179971-180033 Sentence denotes Probes were initially validated on DNA from reference strains.
TextSentencer_T1427 180034-180199 Sentence denotes All probes were then combined in a single mixture and used to characterise laboratory strains and a panel of clinical isolates from Brazil, Peru and the Netherlands.
T75793 180034-180199 Sentence denotes All probes were then combined in a single mixture and used to characterise laboratory strains and a panel of clinical isolates from Brazil, Peru and the Netherlands.
TextSentencer_T1428 180200-180310 Sentence denotes To determine the predictive value of MTB-specific MLPA, we screened DNA of MTB-strains with unknown genotypes.
T93137 180200-180310 Sentence denotes To determine the predictive value of MTB-specific MLPA, we screened DNA of MTB-strains with unknown genotypes.
TextSentencer_T1429 180311-180348 Sentence denotes Results were confirmed by sequencing.
T92144 180311-180348 Sentence denotes Results were confirmed by sequencing.
TextSentencer_T1430 180349-180440 Sentence denotes There was a very high correlation between sequencing results and results obtained via MLPA.
T67015 180349-180440 Sentence denotes There was a very high correlation between sequencing results and results obtained via MLPA.
TextSentencer_T1431 180441-180516 Sentence denotes In addition, both the positive and the negative predictive value were high.
T94070 180441-180516 Sentence denotes In addition, both the positive and the negative predictive value were high.
TextSentencer_T1432 180517-180570 Sentence denotes MLPA-products were clearly visible on an agarose gel.
T96989 180517-180570 Sentence denotes MLPA-products were clearly visible on an agarose gel.
TextSentencer_T1433 180571-180725 Sentence denotes We have shown that with MTB-specific MLPA it is possible to identify drug resistance associated mutations and MTB lineage specific SNPs in a single assay.
T68167 180571-180725 Sentence denotes We have shown that with MTB-specific MLPA it is possible to identify drug resistance associated mutations and MTB lineage specific SNPs in a single assay.
TextSentencer_T1434 180726-180853 Sentence denotes Depending on the application, probes can be added to or removed from the probe-mix, making it a flexible, multi-purpose method.
T67709 180726-180853 Sentence denotes Depending on the application, probes can be added to or removed from the probe-mix, making it a flexible, multi-purpose method.
TextSentencer_T1435 180854-180990 Sentence denotes MLPA products can be easily identified on an agarose-gel, making it especially suitable for screening of TB in the less-developed world.
T11031 180854-180990 Sentence denotes MLPA products can be easily identified on an agarose-gel, making it especially suitable for screening of TB in the less-developed world.
TextSentencer_T1436 180991-181151 Sentence denotes Based on our results we feel that in addition to using MLPA on DNA extracted from culture, performing MLPA directly on DNA from sputum samples is also feasible.
T51250 180991-181151 Sentence denotes Based on our results we feel that in addition to using MLPA on DNA extracted from culture, performing MLPA directly on DNA from sputum samples is also feasible.
TextSentencer_T1437 181152-181163 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T26766 181152-181163 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1438 181164-181256 Sentence denotes The species Escherichia coli comprises four different phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D).
T28984 181164-181256 Sentence denotes The species Escherichia coli comprises four different phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D).
TextSentencer_T1439 181257-181380 Sentence denotes In general the majority of infectious as well as colonising strains isolated from patients belong to phylogenetic group B2.
T3477 181257-181380 Sentence denotes In general the majority of infectious as well as colonising strains isolated from patients belong to phylogenetic group B2.
TextSentencer_T1440 181381-181537 Sentence denotes Yet, there is a known disparity between fluoroquinolone-susceptible and -resistant isolates, which it is assumed has arisen from the susceptible population:
T73482 181381-181537 Sentence denotes Yet, there is a known disparity between fluoroquinolone-susceptible and -resistant isolates, which it is assumed has arisen from the susceptible population:
TextSentencer_T1441 181538-181641 Sentence denotes Only a small proportion of resistant isolates belong to group B2, while the majority belong to group D.
T92795 181538-181641 Sentence denotes Only a small proportion of resistant isolates belong to group B2, while the majority belong to group D.
TextSentencer_T1442 181642-181892 Sentence denotes For a possible explanation of the disparate distribution among phylogenetic groups this work analysed ciprofloxacin-susceptible and -resistant ICU isolates in all phylogenetic groups for differences in virulence factors (VF) and mutation frequencies.
T61397 181642-181892 Sentence denotes For a possible explanation of the disparate distribution among phylogenetic groups this work analysed ciprofloxacin-susceptible and -resistant ICU isolates in all phylogenetic groups for differences in virulence factors (VF) and mutation frequencies.
TextSentencer_T1443 181893-181901 Sentence denotes Methods:
T18412 181893-181901 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1444 181902-182003 Sentence denotes Hundred and forty-six susceptible and 135 resistant isolates were collected from patients in 27 ICUs.
T88379 181902-182003 Sentence denotes Hundred and forty-six susceptible and 135 resistant isolates were collected from patients in 27 ICUs.
TextSentencer_T1445 182004-182088 Sentence denotes All strains were assigned to phylogenetic groups by means of a triplex PCR protocol.
T5726 182004-182088 Sentence denotes All strains were assigned to phylogenetic groups by means of a triplex PCR protocol.
TextSentencer_T1446 182089-182327 Sentence denotes In order to compare isolates from different groups and susceptibilities, a similar and as large a number as possible of susceptible and resistant strains were chosen randomly from groups A (23; 27), B1 (7; 11), B2 (17; 9), and D (15; 25).
T18691 182089-182327 Sentence denotes In order to compare isolates from different groups and susceptibilities, a similar and as large a number as possible of susceptible and resistant strains were chosen randomly from groups A (23; 27), B1 (7; 11), B2 (17; 9), and D (15; 25).
TextSentencer_T1447 182328-182434 Sentence denotes The occurrence of different VF was determined by use of PCR and summarised for each isolate as a VF score.
T3070 182328-182434 Sentence denotes The occurrence of different VF was determined by use of PCR and summarised for each isolate as a VF score.
TextSentencer_T1448 182435-182533 Sentence denotes Moreover, the mutation frequency was determined by plating on 100 mg/L rifampicin containing agar.
T61598 182435-182533 Sentence denotes Moreover, the mutation frequency was determined by plating on 100 mg/L rifampicin containing agar.
TextSentencer_T1449 182534-182542 Sentence denotes Results:
T65566 182534-182542 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1450 182543-182689 Sentence denotes Assignation to phylogenetic groups confirmed differences between susceptible and resistant isolates in the distribution among phylogenetic groups:
T70929 182543-182689 Sentence denotes Assignation to phylogenetic groups confirmed differences between susceptible and resistant isolates in the distribution among phylogenetic groups:
TextSentencer_T1451 182690-182852 Sentence denotes 82 out of 146 susceptible isolates belonged to group B2, in contrast to just 9 out of 135 resistant isolates, with a majority of 61 isolates belonging to group D.
T974 182690-182852 Sentence denotes 82 out of 146 susceptible isolates belonged to group B2, in contrast to just 9 out of 135 resistant isolates, with a majority of 61 isolates belonging to group D.
TextSentencer_T1452 182853-182998 Sentence denotes The VF score was highest both in strains belonging to groups B2 and D without significant differences between susceptible and resistant isolates.
T3142 182853-182998 Sentence denotes The VF score was highest both in strains belonging to groups B2 and D without significant differences between susceptible and resistant isolates.
TextSentencer_T1453 182999-183172 Sentence denotes However, there was a small, but significant difference in the median of the mutation rates between the isolates of different groups, increasing in the order B2 < D < B1 < A.
T78028 182999-183172 Sentence denotes However, there was a small, but significant difference in the median of the mutation rates between the isolates of different groups, increasing in the order B2 < D < B1 < A.
TextSentencer_T1454 183173-183350 Sentence denotes The median mutation rate of B2 isolates (1.3×10 −8 ) differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the remaining isolates as did, conversely, that of the group A isolates (2.4×10 −8 ).
T87412 183173-183350 Sentence denotes The median mutation rate of B2 isolates (1.3×10 −8 ) differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the remaining isolates as did, conversely, that of the group A isolates (2.4×10 −8 ).
TextSentencer_T1455 183351-183362 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T49734 183351-183362 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T1456 183363-183557 Sentence denotes Slightly, but significantly reduced mutation rates in strains of the deep rooted phylogenetic group B2 might be an explanation for their rare occurrence among fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates.
T97688 183363-183557 Sentence denotes Slightly, but significantly reduced mutation rates in strains of the deep rooted phylogenetic group B2 might be an explanation for their rare occurrence among fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates.
TextSentencer_T1457 183558-183569 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T19525 183558-183569 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1458 183570-183654 Sentence denotes Resistance to ceftazidime (CAZ) has mostly emerged among enzymes of CTX-M-1 lineage.
T4691 183570-183654 Sentence denotes Resistance to ceftazidime (CAZ) has mostly emerged among enzymes of CTX-M-1 lineage.
TextSentencer_T1459 183655-183820 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to understand evolution of CAZ resistance among CAZ susceptible ESBL belonging to this cluster by step-wise in vitro selection experiments.
T61467 183655-183820 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to understand evolution of CAZ resistance among CAZ susceptible ESBL belonging to this cluster by step-wise in vitro selection experiments.
TextSentencer_T1460 183821-183962 Sentence denotes Methods: blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-3 and blaCTX-M-10 genes were cloned into pBGS18 plasmid vector (KanR) using EcoRI and PstI restriction enzymes.
T70219 183821-183962 Sentence denotes Methods: blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-3 and blaCTX-M-10 genes were cloned into pBGS18 plasmid vector (KanR) using EcoRI and PstI restriction enzymes.
TextSentencer_T1461 183963-184123 Sentence denotes Recombinant plasmids were further transformed into E. coli strain MI1443 (del-ampC, plasmid free) and its hypermutable isogenic strain GB20 (mutS::Tn10 MI1443).
T54860 183963-184123 Sentence denotes Recombinant plasmids were further transformed into E. coli strain MI1443 (del-ampC, plasmid free) and its hypermutable isogenic strain GB20 (mutS::Tn10 MI1443).
TextSentencer_T1462 184124-184277 Sentence denotes GB20 transformants corresponding to each ESBL were submitted to daily serial passages with increased concentrations of CAZ (0.5−256 fold respect to MIC).
T88570 184124-184277 Sentence denotes GB20 transformants corresponding to each ESBL were submitted to daily serial passages with increased concentrations of CAZ (0.5−256 fold respect to MIC).
TextSentencer_T1463 184278-184427 Sentence denotes Plasmids containing mutants obtained at distinct concentrations were transformed in MI1443 cells, selecting with CAZ (at 4× their corresponding MIC).
T93246 184278-184427 Sentence denotes Plasmids containing mutants obtained at distinct concentrations were transformed in MI1443 cells, selecting with CAZ (at 4× their corresponding MIC).
TextSentencer_T1464 184428-184737 Sentence denotes MICs to CAZ, cefotaxime (CTX), cefuroxime (CXM), cefepime (FEP), and amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMX) were determined in MI1443 carrying the different evolved and nonevolved recombinant plasmids. blaCTX-M genes from strains containing recombinant plasmids displaying reduced susceptibility to CAZ were sequenced.
T88706 184428-184737 Sentence denotes MICs to CAZ, cefotaxime (CTX), cefuroxime (CXM), cefepime (FEP), and amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMX) were determined in MI1443 carrying the different evolved and nonevolved recombinant plasmids. blaCTX-M genes from strains containing recombinant plasmids displaying reduced susceptibility to CAZ were sequenced.
TextSentencer_T1465 184738-184746 Sentence denotes Results:
T39960 184738-184746 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1466 184747-184871 Sentence denotes A high frequency of CAZ mutants was detected (73%; 8/11 transformants tested) with significant increments in CAZ resistance.
T32080 184747-184871 Sentence denotes A high frequency of CAZ mutants was detected (73%; 8/11 transformants tested) with significant increments in CAZ resistance.
TextSentencer_T1467 184872-185035 Sentence denotes Interestingly, and with exception of two variants and CXM, a concomitant loss of resistance to all other antibiotics tested (antagonistic pleiotropy) was observed.
T58982 184872-185035 Sentence denotes Interestingly, and with exception of two variants and CXM, a concomitant loss of resistance to all other antibiotics tested (antagonistic pleiotropy) was observed.
TextSentencer_T1468 185036-185130 Sentence denotes All mutants contained new blaCTX-M variants except blaCTX-M-52, which evolved from blaCTX-M-3.
T41892 185036-185130 Sentence denotes All mutants contained new blaCTX-M variants except blaCTX-M-52, which evolved from blaCTX-M-3.
TextSentencer_T1469 185131-185251 Sentence denotes The most frequent mutations found were D240G and P167S/T, the later conferring higher resistance to CAZ than the former.
T42956 185131-185251 Sentence denotes The most frequent mutations found were D240G and P167S/T, the later conferring higher resistance to CAZ than the former.
TextSentencer_T1470 185252-185330 Sentence denotes However, D240G change determined a lower decrease to FEP and CXM than P167S/T.
T83355 185252-185330 Sentence denotes However, D240G change determined a lower decrease to FEP and CXM than P167S/T.
TextSentencer_T1471 185331-185474 Sentence denotes Additionally, two variants were recovered from the evolved blaCTX-M-3 gene: P167S and P167S+A77V, found at 16 and 128 mg/L of CAZ respectively.
T65243 185331-185474 Sentence denotes Additionally, two variants were recovered from the evolved blaCTX-M-3 gene: P167S and P167S+A77V, found at 16 and 128 mg/L of CAZ respectively.
TextSentencer_T1472 185475-185586 Sentence denotes The double mutant yielded higher resistance level to CAZ, CTX and to a lesser extent to FEP than P167S variant.
T95955 185475-185586 Sentence denotes The double mutant yielded higher resistance level to CAZ, CTX and to a lesser extent to FEP than P167S variant.
TextSentencer_T1473 185587-185756 Sentence denotes The A77V change is one of the three polymorphisms between CTX-M-3 and CTX-M-1, whose mutants obtained revealed the highest resistance levels to CAZ and CTX in our study.
T77985 185587-185756 Sentence denotes The A77V change is one of the three polymorphisms between CTX-M-3 and CTX-M-1, whose mutants obtained revealed the highest resistance levels to CAZ and CTX in our study.
TextSentencer_T1474 185757-185769 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T68009 185757-185769 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T1475 185770-185897 Sentence denotes This work demonstrates an antagonistic relationship between the susceptibility to CAZ and to other b-lactam antibiotics tested.
T4288 185770-185897 Sentence denotes This work demonstrates an antagonistic relationship between the susceptibility to CAZ and to other b-lactam antibiotics tested.
TextSentencer_T1476 185898-186018 Sentence denotes A77V could be a secondary mutation site affecting CAZ or could be involved in re-equilibrium of CTXR/CAZR co-resistance.
T26506 185898-186018 Sentence denotes A77V could be a secondary mutation site affecting CAZ or could be involved in re-equilibrium of CTXR/CAZR co-resistance.
TextSentencer_T1477 186019-186030 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T41005 186019-186030 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1478 186031-186131 Sentence denotes Fluoroquinolone (FQ)-R group A Streptococcus (GAS) worldwide are predominantly of the emm6 serotype.
T35121 186031-186131 Sentence denotes Fluoroquinolone (FQ)-R group A Streptococcus (GAS) worldwide are predominantly of the emm6 serotype.
TextSentencer_T1479 186132-186296 Sentence denotes Emm6 GAS are intrinsically low-level FQ-R due to a polymorphism in the FQbinding region in parC, which confers resistance to the older FQs like ciprofloxacin (CIP).
T68166 186132-186296 Sentence denotes Emm6 GAS are intrinsically low-level FQ-R due to a polymorphism in the FQbinding region in parC, which confers resistance to the older FQs like ciprofloxacin (CIP).
TextSentencer_T1480 186297-186536 Sentence denotes The new respiratory's FQs, levofloxacin (LEV) and moxifloxacin (MOX), retain their activity against these first-step parC mutants, although there are concerns that their widespread use might select for second-step, high-level FQ-R mutants.
T68697 186297-186536 Sentence denotes The new respiratory's FQs, levofloxacin (LEV) and moxifloxacin (MOX), retain their activity against these first-step parC mutants, although there are concerns that their widespread use might select for second-step, high-level FQ-R mutants.
TextSentencer_T1481 186537-186626 Sentence denotes LEV and MOX were introduced into clinical use in 1999 and 2002, respectively, in Belgium.
T56216 186537-186626 Sentence denotes LEV and MOX were introduced into clinical use in 1999 and 2002, respectively, in Belgium.
TextSentencer_T1482 186627-186766 Sentence denotes We studied the prevalence and evolution of FQ-R GAS recovered from tonsillopharyngitis and invasive infections in Belgium during 2003-2005.
T39797 186627-186766 Sentence denotes We studied the prevalence and evolution of FQ-R GAS recovered from tonsillopharyngitis and invasive infections in Belgium during 2003-2005.
TextSentencer_T1483 186767-186775 Sentence denotes Methods:
T63378 186767-186775 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1484 186776-186980 Sentence denotes From a total of 3765 isolates collected from 10 provinces during 2003−05, 261 (7%) isolates were resistant to CIP (MIC 2 mg/mL) and corroborated with MICs of 4 FQs in the presence or absence of reserpine.
T37496 186776-186980 Sentence denotes From a total of 3765 isolates collected from 10 provinces during 2003−05, 261 (7%) isolates were resistant to CIP (MIC 2 mg/mL) and corroborated with MICs of 4 FQs in the presence or absence of reserpine.
TextSentencer_T1485 186981-187061 Sentence denotes Clonality was studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and emm typing.
T26323 186981-187061 Sentence denotes Clonality was studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and emm typing.
TextSentencer_T1486 187062-187184 Sentence denotes Clonal isolates with CIP MIC 2 mg/mL were sequenced for mutations in the FQ binding regions of parC, gyrA, gyrB, and parE.
T56702 187062-187184 Sentence denotes Clonal isolates with CIP MIC 2 mg/mL were sequenced for mutations in the FQ binding regions of parC, gyrA, gyrB, and parE.
TextSentencer_T1487 187185-187193 Sentence denotes Results:
T17253 187185-187193 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1488 187194-187248 Sentence denotes During 2003−05, FQ-R GAS increased from 2%, 5% to 16%.
T78610 187194-187248 Sentence denotes During 2003−05, FQ-R GAS increased from 2%, 5% to 16%.
TextSentencer_T1489 187249-187348 Sentence denotes The predominant emm type was emm6, which formed 76% of the total FQ-R GAS during these three years.
T22385 187249-187348 Sentence denotes The predominant emm type was emm6, which formed 76% of the total FQ-R GAS during these three years.
TextSentencer_T1490 187349-187414 Sentence denotes Emm6 and emm75 isolates together constituted 92% of the FQ-R GAS.
T89315 187349-187414 Sentence denotes Emm6 and emm75 isolates together constituted 92% of the FQ-R GAS.
TextSentencer_T1491 187415-187608 Sentence denotes Isolates with CIP MICs 2−8 mg/mL showed previously identified mutations in parC leading to amino acid substitutions as S79A (emm6) and S79Yor S79F (emm75), and no changes in gyrA, gyrB or parE.
T61887 187415-187608 Sentence denotes Isolates with CIP MICs 2−8 mg/mL showed previously identified mutations in parC leading to amino acid substitutions as S79A (emm6) and S79Yor S79F (emm75), and no changes in gyrA, gyrB or parE.
TextSentencer_T1492 187609-187828 Sentence denotes However, an emm6 throat isolate, recovered from a 36-year old female in 2005, exhibited highlevel resistance to CIP (MIC 32 mg/mL), full resistance to LEV (MIC 8 mg/mL) and decreased susceptibility to MOX (MIC 1 mg/mL).
T82221 187609-187828 Sentence denotes However, an emm6 throat isolate, recovered from a 36-year old female in 2005, exhibited highlevel resistance to CIP (MIC 32 mg/mL), full resistance to LEV (MIC 8 mg/mL) and decreased susceptibility to MOX (MIC 1 mg/mL).
TextSentencer_T1493 187829-187940 Sentence denotes This isolate also showed a second-step mutation in the FQ-binding region in gyrA (predicted substitution S81Y).
T39296 187829-187940 Sentence denotes This isolate also showed a second-step mutation in the FQ-binding region in gyrA (predicted substitution S81Y).
TextSentencer_T1494 187941-188002 Sentence denotes Reserpine-sensitive efflux was not observed for any FQ-R GAS.
T85835 187941-188002 Sentence denotes Reserpine-sensitive efflux was not observed for any FQ-R GAS.
TextSentencer_T1495 188003-188015 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T283 188003-188015 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T1496 188016-188151 Sentence denotes We report a dramatic increase in FQ-R GAS in 2005 in Belgium probably related to natural fluctuations of the low-level FQ-R emm6 clone.
T95115 188016-188151 Sentence denotes We report a dramatic increase in FQ-R GAS in 2005 in Belgium probably related to natural fluctuations of the low-level FQ-R emm6 clone.
TextSentencer_T1497 188152-188271 Sentence denotes More importantly, we describe, for the first time, an emergence of high-level FQ resistance in a clinical emm6 isolate.
T19441 188152-188271 Sentence denotes More importantly, we describe, for the first time, an emergence of high-level FQ resistance in a clinical emm6 isolate.
TextSentencer_T1498 188272-188435 Sentence denotes Although respiratory FQs are usually not a therapeutic option for GAS infections, dissemination of this parC/gyrA double-mutant emm6 strain needs close monitoring.
T12687 188272-188435 Sentence denotes Although respiratory FQs are usually not a therapeutic option for GAS infections, dissemination of this parC/gyrA double-mutant emm6 strain needs close monitoring.
TextSentencer_T1499 188436-188556 Sentence denotes This method replaced phage typing in combination with SmaImacrorestriction analysis for routine S. aureus strain typing.
T30522 188436-188556 Sentence denotes This method replaced phage typing in combination with SmaImacrorestriction analysis for routine S. aureus strain typing.
TextSentencer_T1500 188557-188720 Sentence denotes This study reviews typing results for six month with respect to typeability, reproducibility, discriminatory power and concordance with alternative typing methods.
T10744 188557-188720 Sentence denotes This study reviews typing results for six month with respect to typeability, reproducibility, discriminatory power and concordance with alternative typing methods.
TextSentencer_T1501 188721-188729 Sentence denotes Methods:
T9341 188721-188729 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1502 188730-188784 Sentence denotes A total of 1464 S. aureus isolates were characterised.
T69515 188730-188784 Sentence denotes A total of 1464 S. aureus isolates were characterised.
TextSentencer_T1503 188785-188909 Sentence denotes The polymorphic X-region of the protein A gene was sequenced and a spa type was assigned using the Ridom StaphType software.
T36006 188785-188909 Sentence denotes The polymorphic X-region of the protein A gene was sequenced and a spa type was assigned using the Ridom StaphType software.
TextSentencer_T1504 188910-189020 Sentence denotes The algorithm BURP (based upon repeat patterns) was used to cluster resulting spa types into different groups.
T48749 188910-189020 Sentence denotes The algorithm BURP (based upon repeat patterns) was used to cluster resulting spa types into different groups.
TextSentencer_T1505 189021-189121 Sentence denotes To verify the results a subset of isolates was subjected to SmaI-macrorestriction analysis and MLST.
T60164 189021-189121 Sentence denotes To verify the results a subset of isolates was subjected to SmaI-macrorestriction analysis and MLST.
TextSentencer_T1506 189122-189130 Sentence denotes Results:
T63686 189122-189130 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1507 189131-189208 Sentence denotes Among 1464 S. aureus isolates more than 200 different spa-types were defined.
T45182 189131-189208 Sentence denotes Among 1464 S. aureus isolates more than 200 different spa-types were defined.
TextSentencer_T1508 189209-189449 Sentence denotes The twenty spa-types most frequently found comprise more than 60% of all isolates and include most types linked to predominant clonal lineages of MRSA in Central Europe, previously defined by phage typing and SmaI-macrorestriction analysis.
T5207 189209-189449 Sentence denotes The twenty spa-types most frequently found comprise more than 60% of all isolates and include most types linked to predominant clonal lineages of MRSA in Central Europe, previously defined by phage typing and SmaI-macrorestriction analysis.
TextSentencer_T1509 189450-189757 Sentence denotes Among those clonal lineages distinct differences in spa-type variability were seen; while some lineages (e. g. the Barnim epidemic MRSA, t032, ST22) encompassed a variety of closely related spa-types, others (e. g. a subclone of Rhine-Hesse epidemic MRSA, t003, ST225) are represented only by a single type.
T19097 189450-189757 Sentence denotes Among those clonal lineages distinct differences in spa-type variability were seen; while some lineages (e. g. the Barnim epidemic MRSA, t032, ST22) encompassed a variety of closely related spa-types, others (e. g. a subclone of Rhine-Hesse epidemic MRSA, t003, ST225) are represented only by a single type.
TextSentencer_T1510 189758-189875 Sentence denotes For assessment of widely disseminated lineages exhibiting only a single spa-type, additional markers must be applied.
T96419 189758-189875 Sentence denotes For assessment of widely disseminated lineages exhibiting only a single spa-type, additional markers must be applied.
TextSentencer_T1511 189876-189934 Sentence denotes More than one hundred spa-types were determined only once.
T25374 189876-189934 Sentence denotes More than one hundred spa-types were determined only once.
TextSentencer_T1512 189935-190031 Sentence denotes For these isolates BURP proved to be a valuable tool to assign them to particular clonal groups.
T97538 189935-190031 Sentence denotes For these isolates BURP proved to be a valuable tool to assign them to particular clonal groups.
TextSentencer_T1513 190032-190144 Sentence denotes Thereby, results of BURP grouping were overall concordant with those of SmaI-macrorestriction analysis and MLST.
T32579 190032-190144 Sentence denotes Thereby, results of BURP grouping were overall concordant with those of SmaI-macrorestriction analysis and MLST.
TextSentencer_T1514 190145-190325 Sentence denotes Conclusion: spa-typing in combination with BURP based grouping of isolates proved to be a valuable tool for strain typing with regard to the demands of a national reference centre.
T47769 190145-190325 Sentence denotes Conclusion: spa-typing in combination with BURP based grouping of isolates proved to be a valuable tool for strain typing with regard to the demands of a national reference centre.
TextSentencer_T1515 190326-190411 Sentence denotes The BURP algorithm revealed extremely useful for grouping new and uncommon spa-types.
T12533 190326-190411 Sentence denotes The BURP algorithm revealed extremely useful for grouping new and uncommon spa-types.
TextSentencer_T1516 190412-190689 Sentence denotes The increasing amount of typing data obtained from outbreak situations enables comparison of closely related spa-types within BURP groups, thus facilitating the definition of criteria for strain relatedness according to those already defined for SmaI-macrorestriction analysis.
T95737 190412-190689 Sentence denotes The increasing amount of typing data obtained from outbreak situations enables comparison of closely related spa-types within BURP groups, thus facilitating the definition of criteria for strain relatedness according to those already defined for SmaI-macrorestriction analysis.
TextSentencer_T1517 190690-190865 Sentence denotes This will be an important prerequisite for definition of isolates as identical, related of different, which is essential for successful epidemiological outbreak investigation.
T10930 190690-190865 Sentence denotes This will be an important prerequisite for definition of isolates as identical, related of different, which is essential for successful epidemiological outbreak investigation.
TextSentencer_T1518 190866-191135 Sentence denotes Although bacterial colonisation is common and mostly asymptomatic in children, it frequently results in a wide spectrum of respiratory tract infections (RTIs): acute otitis media (AOM), sinusitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections (LRIs).
T79932 190866-191135 Sentence denotes Although bacterial colonisation is common and mostly asymptomatic in children, it frequently results in a wide spectrum of respiratory tract infections (RTIs): acute otitis media (AOM), sinusitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections (LRIs).
TextSentencer_T1519 191136-191284 Sentence denotes In children, the majority of bacterial RTIs are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc), Haemophilus influenzae (mostly nontypeable, NTHi) or both.
T81801 191136-191284 Sentence denotes In children, the majority of bacterial RTIs are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc), Haemophilus influenzae (mostly nontypeable, NTHi) or both.
TextSentencer_T1520 191285-191325 Sentence denotes In AOM, NTHi and Pnc are equally common.
T22036 191285-191325 Sentence denotes In AOM, NTHi and Pnc are equally common.
TextSentencer_T1521 191326-191511 Sentence denotes Pnc is slightly more 'aggressive' than NTHi (i.e. higher temperature, higher polymorphonuclear counts and complications are more frequent), but NTHi can still cause significant disease.
T7697 191326-191511 Sentence denotes Pnc is slightly more 'aggressive' than NTHi (i.e. higher temperature, higher polymorphonuclear counts and complications are more frequent), but NTHi can still cause significant disease.
TextSentencer_T1522 191512-191677 Sentence denotes The role of NTHi in recurrent and non-responsive AOM in both infants and in older children is recognized, suggesting different biological pathways compared with Pnc.
T37139 191512-191677 Sentence denotes The role of NTHi in recurrent and non-responsive AOM in both infants and in older children is recognized, suggesting different biological pathways compared with Pnc.
TextSentencer_T1523 191678-191749 Sentence denotes In both acute and subacute sinusitis, NTHi is found as commonly as Pnc.
T77776 191678-191749 Sentence denotes In both acute and subacute sinusitis, NTHi is found as commonly as Pnc.
TextSentencer_T1524 191750-191903 Sentence denotes NTHi is the most common causative agent of conjunctivitis and the most significant in relation to the co-presence of AOM and systemic symptoms and signs.
T16763 191750-191903 Sentence denotes NTHi is the most common causative agent of conjunctivitis and the most significant in relation to the co-presence of AOM and systemic symptoms and signs.
TextSentencer_T1525 191904-191990 Sentence denotes The role of NTHi in LRIs in general, and in pneumonia in particular, is not yet clear.
T82516 191904-191990 Sentence denotes The role of NTHi in LRIs in general, and in pneumonia in particular, is not yet clear.
TextSentencer_T1526 191991-192050 Sentence denotes In cystic fibrosis, however, NTHi is an important pathogen.
T3094 191991-192050 Sentence denotes In cystic fibrosis, however, NTHi is an important pathogen.
TextSentencer_T1527 192051-192344 Sentence denotes Although H. influenzae type b disease has practically been eliminated in vaccinated populations, the picture with S. pneumoniae in the 7-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) era is much more complex owing to its limited serotype coverage and some replacement with nonvaccine serotypes.
T40077 192051-192344 Sentence denotes Although H. influenzae type b disease has practically been eliminated in vaccinated populations, the picture with S. pneumoniae in the 7-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) era is much more complex owing to its limited serotype coverage and some replacement with nonvaccine serotypes.
TextSentencer_T1528 192345-192482 Sentence denotes A vaccine with additional pneumococcal serotypes and activity against NTHi would be a very welcome addition to our vaccine armamentarium.
T63970 192345-192482 Sentence denotes A vaccine with additional pneumococcal serotypes and activity against NTHi would be a very welcome addition to our vaccine armamentarium.
TextSentencer_T1529 192483-192611 Sentence denotes Otitis media (OM) is a highly prevalent paediatric disease that is associated with significant morbidity and socioeconomic cost.
T52533 192483-192611 Sentence denotes Otitis media (OM) is a highly prevalent paediatric disease that is associated with significant morbidity and socioeconomic cost.
TextSentencer_T1530 192612-192815 Sentence denotes OM is caused by the synergistic interaction between upper respiratory tract viruses and three predominant bacterial species, all of which are members of the commensal flora of the paediatric nasopharynx.
T53576 192612-192815 Sentence denotes OM is caused by the synergistic interaction between upper respiratory tract viruses and three predominant bacterial species, all of which are members of the commensal flora of the paediatric nasopharynx.
TextSentencer_T1531 192816-193043 Sentence denotes Despite their similar roles as opportunistic pathogens of the middle ear, the pathogenic mechanisms utilised by these bacteria (nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis) are unique.
T71912 192816-193043 Sentence denotes Despite their similar roles as opportunistic pathogens of the middle ear, the pathogenic mechanisms utilised by these bacteria (nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis) are unique.
TextSentencer_T1532 193044-193176 Sentence denotes Thus, to date, most laboratories have investigated the pathogenesis and prevention of disease caused by these microbes individually.
T46275 193044-193176 Sentence denotes Thus, to date, most laboratories have investigated the pathogenesis and prevention of disease caused by these microbes individually.
TextSentencer_T1533 193177-193312 Sentence denotes Recently, it has become appreciated that OM, and particularly chronic and recurrent OM, is a disease that includes a biofilm component.
T68789 193177-193312 Sentence denotes Recently, it has become appreciated that OM, and particularly chronic and recurrent OM, is a disease that includes a biofilm component.
TextSentencer_T1534 193313-193515 Sentence denotes By definition, bacteria resident within a biofilm community are inherently resistant to eradication due to their significantly enhanced ability to resist the action of antibodies as well as antibiotics.
T73919 193313-193515 Sentence denotes By definition, bacteria resident within a biofilm community are inherently resistant to eradication due to their significantly enhanced ability to resist the action of antibodies as well as antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T1535 193516-193746 Sentence denotes Moreover, residence within a biofilm promotes the bacterial exchange of DNA, which confers resistance to antibiotics, and induces a markedly reduced bacterial growth rate that commonly results in false-negative bacterial cultures.
T52748 193516-193746 Sentence denotes Moreover, residence within a biofilm promotes the bacterial exchange of DNA, which confers resistance to antibiotics, and induces a markedly reduced bacterial growth rate that commonly results in false-negative bacterial cultures.
TextSentencer_T1536 193747-194049 Sentence denotes In the past few years it has been demonstrated that each of the three predominant bacteria involved in OM can form a biofilm in in vitro assay systems and in animal models, and that they participate in biofilms formed on middle ear mucosa specimens recovered from children with recurrent or chronic OM.
T79554 193747-194049 Sentence denotes In the past few years it has been demonstrated that each of the three predominant bacteria involved in OM can form a biofilm in in vitro assay systems and in animal models, and that they participate in biofilms formed on middle ear mucosa specimens recovered from children with recurrent or chronic OM.
TextSentencer_T1537 194050-194273 Sentence denotes This enhanced understanding of the biofilm component of middle ear infections is greatly influencing the current approaches to both the management of OM and the design of novel strategies to treat, or better to prevent, OM.
T30197 194050-194273 Sentence denotes This enhanced understanding of the biofilm component of middle ear infections is greatly influencing the current approaches to both the management of OM and the design of novel strategies to treat, or better to prevent, OM.
TextSentencer_T1538 194274-194586 Sentence denotes It is particularly intriguing that some of the paediatric middle ear mucosa-derived biofilms characterised were of mixed bacterial aetiology, suggesting that progress made on single-microbe directed strategies for the treatment and/or prevention of OM, while highly encouraging, are also likely to be inadequate.
T46055 194274-194586 Sentence denotes It is particularly intriguing that some of the paediatric middle ear mucosa-derived biofilms characterised were of mixed bacterial aetiology, suggesting that progress made on single-microbe directed strategies for the treatment and/or prevention of OM, while highly encouraging, are also likely to be inadequate.
TextSentencer_T1539 194587-194943 Sentence denotes Therefore, a significantly greater understanding of how microbial physiology relates to the involvement of biofilms in OM is required to identify points in the disease course that are perhaps more amenable to treatment strategies, and also biofilm-relevant antigenic targets that would be helpful in the rational design of vaccine candidates to prevent OM.
T44728 194587-194943 Sentence denotes Therefore, a significantly greater understanding of how microbial physiology relates to the involvement of biofilms in OM is required to identify points in the disease course that are perhaps more amenable to treatment strategies, and also biofilm-relevant antigenic targets that would be helpful in the rational design of vaccine candidates to prevent OM.
TextSentencer_T1540 194944-195099 Sentence denotes Protein D (PD) is a highly conserved surface exposed 42 kDa lipoprotein found in 100% of all NTHi and encapsulated Hi, and is highly immunogenic in humans.
T2412 194944-195099 Sentence denotes Protein D (PD) is a highly conserved surface exposed 42 kDa lipoprotein found in 100% of all NTHi and encapsulated Hi, and is highly immunogenic in humans.
TextSentencer_T1541 195100-195259 Sentence denotes Evidence suggests that PD is involved in the pathogenesis of respiratory tract infections, and has been implicated in NTHi adhesion and invasion of host cells.
T72902 195100-195259 Sentence denotes Evidence suggests that PD is involved in the pathogenesis of respiratory tract infections, and has been implicated in NTHi adhesion and invasion of host cells.
TextSentencer_T1542 195260-195529 Sentence denotes An isogenic PD-deficient NTHi-mutant, compared with the wild type strain, had an approximately 100-fold lower capacity to cause acute otitis media (OM) in rats and induced significantly less impairment of ciliary function in a human nasopharyngeal tissue culture model.
T70593 195260-195529 Sentence denotes An isogenic PD-deficient NTHi-mutant, compared with the wild type strain, had an approximately 100-fold lower capacity to cause acute otitis media (OM) in rats and induced significantly less impairment of ciliary function in a human nasopharyngeal tissue culture model.
TextSentencer_T1543 195530-195747 Sentence denotes The likely mechanism of pathogenicity is that PD is an enzyme (glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, GlpQ) that releases phosphorylcholine (ChoP) from host epithelial cells to the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) on NTHi.
T22756 195530-195747 Sentence denotes The likely mechanism of pathogenicity is that PD is an enzyme (glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, GlpQ) that releases phosphorylcholine (ChoP) from host epithelial cells to the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) on NTHi.
TextSentencer_T1544 195748-195922 Sentence denotes LOS-ChoP interacts with platelet-activating factor receptors, inhibiting ciliary beat frequency of human bronchial epithelial cells and activating G protein-related pathways.
T79858 195748-195922 Sentence denotes LOS-ChoP interacts with platelet-activating factor receptors, inhibiting ciliary beat frequency of human bronchial epithelial cells and activating G protein-related pathways.
TextSentencer_T1545 195923-196027 Sentence denotes PD is also capable of inducing bactericidal anti-protein D antibodies that protect against NTHi disease.
T79756 195923-196027 Sentence denotes PD is also capable of inducing bactericidal anti-protein D antibodies that protect against NTHi disease.
TextSentencer_T1546 196028-196158 Sentence denotes PD-immunised rats cleared NTHi significantly better than non-immunised animals after middle ear and pulmonary bacterial challenge.
T53741 196028-196158 Sentence denotes PD-immunised rats cleared NTHi significantly better than non-immunised animals after middle ear and pulmonary bacterial challenge.
TextSentencer_T1547 196159-196274 Sentence denotes In addition, chinchillas, PD-immunised or passively given anti-PD sera, showed protection against NTHidependent OM.
T41099 196159-196274 Sentence denotes In addition, chinchillas, PD-immunised or passively given anti-PD sera, showed protection against NTHidependent OM.
TextSentencer_T1548 196275-196405 Sentence denotes PD was recently introduced as an antigenically active carrier protein in an experimental 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
T99449 196275-196405 Sentence denotes PD was recently introduced as an antigenically active carrier protein in an experimental 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
TextSentencer_T1549 196406-196556 Sentence denotes In a recent Phase III clinical trial with this experimental vaccine, significant protection was achieved against OM caused by pneumococci and/or NTHi.
T71149 196406-196556 Sentence denotes In a recent Phase III clinical trial with this experimental vaccine, significant protection was achieved against OM caused by pneumococci and/or NTHi.
TextSentencer_T1550 196557-196709 Sentence denotes The currently licensed pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has been integrated into infant immunisation programmes of several industrialised countries.
T36741 196557-196709 Sentence denotes The currently licensed pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has been integrated into infant immunisation programmes of several industrialised countries.
TextSentencer_T1551 196710-196856 Sentence denotes New PCV candidates in development with wider serotype coverage or new PCV formulations for both infants and adults will be evaluated for efficacy.
T37498 196710-196856 Sentence denotes New PCV candidates in development with wider serotype coverage or new PCV formulations for both infants and adults will be evaluated for efficacy.
TextSentencer_T1552 196857-196977 Sentence denotes Large efficacy trials are not feasible any more, and the acceptance of the new PCVs will rely on immunogenicity studies.
T8605 196857-196977 Sentence denotes Large efficacy trials are not feasible any more, and the acceptance of the new PCVs will rely on immunogenicity studies.
TextSentencer_T1553 196978-197255 Sentence denotes In the WHO guidelines (http://www.who.int/biologicals/publications/trs/ areas/vaccines/pneumo/en/index.html) the primary threshold for such trials is the proportion of subjects with antibody concentration of 0.35 mg/mL for all serotypes when measured via the WHO non-22F ELISA.
T26203 196978-197255 Sentence denotes In the WHO guidelines (http://www.who.int/biologicals/publications/trs/ areas/vaccines/pneumo/en/index.html) the primary threshold for such trials is the proportion of subjects with antibody concentration of 0.35 mg/mL for all serotypes when measured via the WHO non-22F ELISA.
TextSentencer_T1554 197256-197492 Sentence denotes The protective functional mechanism of antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides resides in opsonophagocytosis and the demonstration of the opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) has been regarded as an important secondary threshold.
T69327 197256-197492 Sentence denotes The protective functional mechanism of antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides resides in opsonophagocytosis and the demonstration of the opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) has been regarded as an important secondary threshold.
TextSentencer_T1555 197493-197605 Sentence denotes Thus far there are only few published PCV efficacy trials that connect with OPA data and their good correlation.
T89196 197493-197605 Sentence denotes Thus far there are only few published PCV efficacy trials that connect with OPA data and their good correlation.
TextSentencer_T1556 197606-197759 Sentence denotes Considering those data it is becoming evident that measuring OPA has an added value when evaluating the vaccine efficacy based on immunogenicity studies.
T76088 197606-197759 Sentence denotes Considering those data it is becoming evident that measuring OPA has an added value when evaluating the vaccine efficacy based on immunogenicity studies.
TextSentencer_T1557 197760-198012 Sentence denotes In general, the OPA titers and the antibody concentrations correlate well, but different serotypes can show various OPA/EIA ratios meaning that for certain serotypes (like 19F or 1) more antibodies are needed for killing the bacteria than for the rest.
T79231 197760-198012 Sentence denotes In general, the OPA titers and the antibody concentrations correlate well, but different serotypes can show various OPA/EIA ratios meaning that for certain serotypes (like 19F or 1) more antibodies are needed for killing the bacteria than for the rest.
TextSentencer_T1558 198013-198207 Sentence denotes Importantly, the elderly and HIV positive patients seem to have antibodies of low functional activity, and measuring OPA in studies in the elderly and HIV patients has been considered important.
T93801 198013-198207 Sentence denotes Importantly, the elderly and HIV positive patients seem to have antibodies of low functional activity, and measuring OPA in studies in the elderly and HIV patients has been considered important.
TextSentencer_T1559 198208-198335 Sentence denotes Various assays for determining OPA have been developed and some laboratories have already performed extensive validation steps.
T6587 198208-198335 Sentence denotes Various assays for determining OPA have been developed and some laboratories have already performed extensive validation steps.
TextSentencer_T1560 198336-198399 Sentence denotes A multilaboratory standardisation of the OPA assay is imminent.
T74482 198336-198399 Sentence denotes A multilaboratory standardisation of the OPA assay is imminent.
TextSentencer_T1561 198400-198537 Sentence denotes Measuring OPA with the classical killing assay consumes serum and time and thus measuring OPA for large materials is not always feasible.
T15499 198400-198537 Sentence denotes Measuring OPA with the classical killing assay consumes serum and time and thus measuring OPA for large materials is not always feasible.
TextSentencer_T1562 198538-198680 Sentence denotes However, the development of multiplex and/or high throughput assays will end up in wider use of this technology in the future clinical trials.
T80546 198538-198680 Sentence denotes However, the development of multiplex and/or high throughput assays will end up in wider use of this technology in the future clinical trials.
TextSentencer_T1563 198681-198815 Sentence denotes This would be in concordance with the guidelines for evaluation meningococcal conjugate vaccines by serum bactericidal activity assay.
T38786 198681-198815 Sentence denotes This would be in concordance with the guidelines for evaluation meningococcal conjugate vaccines by serum bactericidal activity assay.
TextSentencer_T1564 198816-198835 Sentence denotes a case study (POET)
T10050 198816-198835 Sentence denotes a case study (POET)
TextSentencer_T1565 198836-198940 Sentence denotes Bacterial respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children.
T1369 198836-198940 Sentence denotes Bacterial respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children.
TextSentencer_T1566 198941-199088 Sentence denotes Effective immunisation strategies against these infections have to contend with both the multiplicity of pathogens and a host of disease syndromes.
T50270 198941-199088 Sentence denotes Effective immunisation strategies against these infections have to contend with both the multiplicity of pathogens and a host of disease syndromes.
TextSentencer_T1567 199089-199237 Sentence denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), and both encapsulated and non-encapsulated forms of Haemophilus influenzae (Hi), are the leading pathogens.
T76998 199089-199237 Sentence denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), and both encapsulated and non-encapsulated forms of Haemophilus influenzae (Hi), are the leading pathogens.
TextSentencer_T1568 199238-199651 Sentence denotes More than 90 serotypes of pneumococci exist, but only 10 serogroups appear to be responsible for 80-85% of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal otitis media (OM) worldwide, ranging from the relatively rare but clinically severe meningitis, to the more frequent infections of the bloodstream and the lungs, such as pneumonia and finally to the extremely common middle ear infections among young children.
T43872 199238-199651 Sentence denotes More than 90 serotypes of pneumococci exist, but only 10 serogroups appear to be responsible for 80-85% of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal otitis media (OM) worldwide, ranging from the relatively rare but clinically severe meningitis, to the more frequent infections of the bloodstream and the lungs, such as pneumonia and finally to the extremely common middle ear infections among young children.
TextSentencer_T1569 199652-199801 Sentence denotes Middle ear infections are often associated with diagnostic uncertainty, frequent use and misuse of antibiotics, and recurrent and persistent disease.
T18824 199652-199801 Sentence denotes Middle ear infections are often associated with diagnostic uncertainty, frequent use and misuse of antibiotics, and recurrent and persistent disease.
TextSentencer_T1570 199802-199875 Sentence denotes Recurrent infections occur in as many as 10% of children <3 years of age.
T51995 199802-199875 Sentence denotes Recurrent infections occur in as many as 10% of children <3 years of age.
TextSentencer_T1571 199876-199992 Sentence denotes Recurrent and persistence disease can lead to temporary or even permanent hearing loss and surgery (tube placement).
T64140 199876-199992 Sentence denotes Recurrent and persistence disease can lead to temporary or even permanent hearing loss and surgery (tube placement).
TextSentencer_T1572 199993-200187 Sentence denotes In order to address these issues, preventive acute OM (AOM) strategies should include a vaccine with broader pneumococcal serotype coverage as well as protection against additional otopathogens.
T37417 199993-200187 Sentence denotes In order to address these issues, preventive acute OM (AOM) strategies should include a vaccine with broader pneumococcal serotype coverage as well as protection against additional otopathogens.
TextSentencer_T1573 200188-200385 Sentence denotes This presentation describes a novel vaccine approach in which polysaccharides from the 11 leading streptococcal paediatric serotypes are conjugated to a carrier protein (protein D) derived from Hi.
T29333 200188-200385 Sentence denotes This presentation describes a novel vaccine approach in which polysaccharides from the 11 leading streptococcal paediatric serotypes are conjugated to a carrier protein (protein D) derived from Hi.
TextSentencer_T1574 200386-200513 Sentence denotes Resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin and tetracycline was found in 45.8%, 50.6%, 9.1% and 33.7%, respectively.
T29984 200386-200513 Sentence denotes Resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin and tetracycline was found in 45.8%, 50.6%, 9.1% and 33.7%, respectively.
TextSentencer_T1575 200514-200585 Sentence denotes All the strains were fully susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin.
T79216 200514-200585 Sentence denotes All the strains were fully susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin.
TextSentencer_T1576 200586-200757 Sentence denotes Resistance to moxifloxacin and erythromycin was tightly associated and MICs of moxifloxacin were significantly higher in patients previously treated with fluoroquinolones.
T67009 200586-200757 Sentence denotes Resistance to moxifloxacin and erythromycin was tightly associated and MICs of moxifloxacin were significantly higher in patients previously treated with fluoroquinolones.
TextSentencer_T1577 200758-200805 Sentence denotes Prevalence of the 027 epidemic strain was 5.7%.
T11779 200758-200805 Sentence denotes Prevalence of the 027 epidemic strain was 5.7%.
TextSentencer_T1578 200806-200880 Sentence denotes It was found in Ireland (n = 1), Netherlands (n = 8) and Belgium (n = 11).
T68176 200806-200880 Sentence denotes It was found in Ireland (n = 1), Netherlands (n = 8) and Belgium (n = 11).
TextSentencer_T1579 200881-201120 Sentence denotes This strain exhibits the same phenotypic and genotypic features as the NAP1 clone described in North America: it is positive for binary toxin genes, it has an18-bp deletion in tcdC gene and it is resistant to erythromycin and moxifloxacin.
T39053 200881-201120 Sentence denotes This strain exhibits the same phenotypic and genotypic features as the NAP1 clone described in North America: it is positive for binary toxin genes, it has an18-bp deletion in tcdC gene and it is resistant to erythromycin and moxifloxacin.
TextSentencer_T1580 201121-201233 Sentence denotes Mean incidence of CDAD was 2.45 cases per 10,000 patient-days but it varied widely from one hospital to another.
T21246 201121-201233 Sentence denotes Mean incidence of CDAD was 2.45 cases per 10,000 patient-days but it varied widely from one hospital to another.
TextSentencer_T1581 201234-201329 Sentence denotes Patients infected with 027 strain were likely to have a more severe disease (RR = 1.72, 95% CI:
T22970 201234-201329 Sentence denotes Patients infected with 027 strain were likely to have a more severe disease (RR = 1.72, 95% CI:
TextSentencer_T1582 201330-201442 Sentence denotes 1.07−2.75, p = 0.048), to have received less antimicrobials in the month preceding diarrhoea (RR = 0.76, 95% CI:
T51464 201330-201442 Sentence denotes 1.07−2.75, p = 0.048), to have received less antimicrobials in the month preceding diarrhoea (RR = 0.76, 95% CI:
TextSentencer_T1583 201443-201571 Sentence denotes 0.53−1.10, p = 0.05) and to have been more specifically treated by metronidazole or vancomycin (RR = 1.32, 1.17−1.49, p = 0.02).
T65650 201443-201571 Sentence denotes 0.53−1.10, p = 0.05) and to have been more specifically treated by metronidazole or vancomycin (RR = 1.32, 1.17−1.49, p = 0.02).
TextSentencer_T1584 201572-201778 Sentence denotes On-going epidemiologic surveillance of CDAD cases with periodic characterisation of the strains is needed to timely detect clustering of cases and to monitor the emergence of a specific hypervirulent clone.
T58594 201572-201778 Sentence denotes On-going epidemiologic surveillance of CDAD cases with periodic characterisation of the strains is needed to timely detect clustering of cases and to monitor the emergence of a specific hypervirulent clone.
TextSentencer_T1585 201779-201864 Sentence denotes The incidence and severity of nosocomial C. difficile disease seems to be increasing.
T51174 201779-201864 Sentence denotes The incidence and severity of nosocomial C. difficile disease seems to be increasing.
TextSentencer_T1586 201865-201983 Sentence denotes Additionally, disease with community onset is becoming more common than previously recognized and cases in groups with
T32088 201865-201983 Sentence denotes Additionally, disease with community onset is becoming more common than previously recognized and cases in groups with
TextSentencer_T1587 201984-202022 Sentence denotes Acinetobacter -the Gram-negative MRSA?
T55735 201984-202022 Sentence denotes Acinetobacter -the Gram-negative MRSA?
TextSentencer_T1588 202023-202066 Sentence denotes S47 previously low risk have been reported.
T67943 202023-202066 Sentence denotes S47 previously low risk have been reported.
TextSentencer_T1589 202067-202159 Sentence denotes C. difficile is also emerging as an important animal pathogen in horses, calves and piglets.
T8750 202067-202159 Sentence denotes C. difficile is also emerging as an important animal pathogen in horses, calves and piglets.
TextSentencer_T1590 202160-202247 Sentence denotes Described changes correlate with changed populations of C. difficile present in humans.
T37888 202160-202247 Sentence denotes Described changes correlate with changed populations of C. difficile present in humans.
TextSentencer_T1591 202248-202471 Sentence denotes New type BI/NAP1/027 with increased virulence is spreading since 2003, but only part of the recent increase in mortality and morbidity caused by C. difficile infections can be accounted for by this new highly virulent type.
T85284 202248-202471 Sentence denotes New type BI/NAP1/027 with increased virulence is spreading since 2003, but only part of the recent increase in mortality and morbidity caused by C. difficile infections can be accounted for by this new highly virulent type.
TextSentencer_T1592 202472-202560 Sentence denotes The proportion of other binary toxin positive types is also rising among human isolates.
T74288 202472-202560 Sentence denotes The proportion of other binary toxin positive types is also rising among human isolates.
TextSentencer_T1593 202561-202750 Sentence denotes Such binary toxin positive strains used to be more often associated with animal than human host and early typing comparisons did not show many similarities between human and animal strains.
T45409 202561-202750 Sentence denotes Such binary toxin positive strains used to be more often associated with animal than human host and early typing comparisons did not show many similarities between human and animal strains.
TextSentencer_T1594 202751-202900 Sentence denotes However, recent studies found a marked overlap between isolates from calves and humans, including two of the predominant outbreak types, 027 and 017.
T56778 202751-202900 Sentence denotes However, recent studies found a marked overlap between isolates from calves and humans, including two of the predominant outbreak types, 027 and 017.
TextSentencer_T1595 202901-203056 Sentence denotes C. difficile has also been found in retail meat samples, suggesting that food could be involved in the transmission of C. difficile from animals to humans.
T44798 202901-203056 Sentence denotes C. difficile has also been found in retail meat samples, suggesting that food could be involved in the transmission of C. difficile from animals to humans.
TextSentencer_T1596 203057-203298 Sentence denotes As a response to the new developments in C. difficile epidemiology, new diagnostic and typing methods are being developed aiming in quick and sensitive detection of C. difficile but also in quick recognition of strains with higher virulence.
T19443 203057-203298 Sentence denotes As a response to the new developments in C. difficile epidemiology, new diagnostic and typing methods are being developed aiming in quick and sensitive detection of C. difficile but also in quick recognition of strains with higher virulence.
TextSentencer_T1597 203299-203428 Sentence denotes Early diagnosis of CDAD, prompt isolation of symptomatic patients and reducing antimicrobial treatment are essential first steps.
T59419 203299-203428 Sentence denotes Early diagnosis of CDAD, prompt isolation of symptomatic patients and reducing antimicrobial treatment are essential first steps.
TextSentencer_T1598 203429-203852 Sentence denotes The infection control measures include recommendations to isolate infected patient on a single room with designated toilet, to apply proper hand hygiene with soap and water, to use appropriate protective clothing (gloves and aprons or gowns), to intensify environmental cleaning with a chlorine containing disinfectant and to take specific precautions for the use of devices (disposable or dedicated to individual patient).
T72064 203429-203852 Sentence denotes The infection control measures include recommendations to isolate infected patient on a single room with designated toilet, to apply proper hand hygiene with soap and water, to use appropriate protective clothing (gloves and aprons or gowns), to intensify environmental cleaning with a chlorine containing disinfectant and to take specific precautions for the use of devices (disposable or dedicated to individual patient).
TextSentencer_T1599 203853-203921 Sentence denotes Patient isolation must continue at least until diarrhoea has ceased.
T26528 203853-203921 Sentence denotes Patient isolation must continue at least until diarrhoea has ceased.
TextSentencer_T1600 203922-204051 Sentence denotes Each hospital should have an appropriate surveillance system to recognize an increase of the incidence of CDAD in an early stage.
T30017 203922-204051 Sentence denotes Each hospital should have an appropriate surveillance system to recognize an increase of the incidence of CDAD in an early stage.
TextSentencer_T1601 204052-204206 Sentence denotes All infection control measures should be written in a local protocol so that additional measures can be carried out as soon as a problem with CDAD arises.
T65059 204052-204206 Sentence denotes All infection control measures should be written in a local protocol so that additional measures can be carried out as soon as a problem with CDAD arises.
TextSentencer_T1602 204207-204620 Sentence denotes When outbreaks occur, additional recommendations include a reinforcement of general and hand washing measures, intensifying of testing patients with diarrhoea for C. difficile, reinforcement of environmental cleaning, information and education of healthcare workers, cleaning department and visitors, cohorting of infected patients, and eventually closure of the unit followed by intensive environmental cleaning.
T62285 204207-204620 Sentence denotes When outbreaks occur, additional recommendations include a reinforcement of general and hand washing measures, intensifying of testing patients with diarrhoea for C. difficile, reinforcement of environmental cleaning, information and education of healthcare workers, cleaning department and visitors, cohorting of infected patients, and eventually closure of the unit followed by intensive environmental cleaning.
TextSentencer_T1603 204621-204736 Sentence denotes Restricted antibiotic prescribing is also highly recommended to reduce polypharmacy and duration of administration.
T4308 204621-204736 Sentence denotes Restricted antibiotic prescribing is also highly recommended to reduce polypharmacy and duration of administration.
TextSentencer_T1604 204737-204876 Sentence denotes Second and third generations cephalosporins, clindamycin and more recently fluoroquinolones have been identified as potential risk factors.
T58932 204737-204876 Sentence denotes Second and third generations cephalosporins, clindamycin and more recently fluoroquinolones have been identified as potential risk factors.
TextSentencer_T1605 204877-205096 Sentence denotes Although some hospitals report successes for enhanced environmental cleaning with potentially effective agents such as hydrogen peroxide vapour, the evidence is too scarce to consider this as an evidence-based approach.
T61418 204877-205096 Sentence denotes Although some hospitals report successes for enhanced environmental cleaning with potentially effective agents such as hydrogen peroxide vapour, the evidence is too scarce to consider this as an evidence-based approach.
TextSentencer_T1606 205097-205135 Sentence denotes Acinetobacter -the Gram-negative MRSA?
T96059 205097-205135 Sentence denotes Acinetobacter -the Gram-negative MRSA?
TextSentencer_T1607 205136-205177 Sentence denotes S242 Global epidemiology of Acinetobacter
T59448 205136-205177 Sentence denotes S242 Global epidemiology of Acinetobacter
TextSentencer_T1608 205178-205429 Sentence denotes Members of the genus Acinetobacter, particularly Acinetobacter baumannii, are now recognized as significant nosocomial pathogens, particularly for the subset of critically-ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation in hospital intensive care units.
T13908 205178-205429 Sentence denotes Members of the genus Acinetobacter, particularly Acinetobacter baumannii, are now recognized as significant nosocomial pathogens, particularly for the subset of critically-ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation in hospital intensive care units.
TextSentencer_T1609 205430-205516 Sentence denotes However, Acinetobacter infections can also be acquired outside the healthcare setting.
T86090 205430-205516 Sentence denotes However, Acinetobacter infections can also be acquired outside the healthcare setting.
TextSentencer_T1610 205517-205768 Sentence denotes Wound infections caused by Acinetobacter are now common among trauma patients in conflict zones or following natural disasters, and there have also been reports of other community-acquired infections, mainly in patients with some type of co-morbidity.
T70769 205517-205768 Sentence denotes Wound infections caused by Acinetobacter are now common among trauma patients in conflict zones or following natural disasters, and there have also been reports of other community-acquired infections, mainly in patients with some type of co-morbidity.
TextSentencer_T1611 205769-205918 Sentence denotes Most of the latter reports originate from tropical or sub-tropical areas, and may become more common following ongoing changes in the global climate.
T15992 205769-205918 Sentence denotes Most of the latter reports originate from tropical or sub-tropical areas, and may become more common following ongoing changes in the global climate.
TextSentencer_T1612 205919-206081 Sentence denotes Strains of A. baumannii harbour inherent or acquired resistance mechanisms against the vast majority of available antimicrobial agents, including the carbapenems.
T59454 205919-206081 Sentence denotes Strains of A. baumannii harbour inherent or acquired resistance mechanisms against the vast majority of available antimicrobial agents, including the carbapenems.
TextSentencer_T1613 206082-206227 Sentence denotes These organisms also have a remarkable capacity to persist in the hospital environment and to cause epidemic outbreaks of infection in hospitals.
T66985 206082-206227 Sentence denotes These organisms also have a remarkable capacity to persist in the hospital environment and to cause epidemic outbreaks of infection in hospitals.
TextSentencer_T1614 206228-206355 Sentence denotes A recent increase in the number of carbapenem-resistant strains, particularly in eastern Europe, is currently of great concern.
T34362 206228-206355 Sentence denotes A recent increase in the number of carbapenem-resistant strains, particularly in eastern Europe, is currently of great concern.
TextSentencer_T1615 206356-206620 Sentence denotes The recent EU-funded ARPAC study revealed that 130 of 169 participating European hospitals in 32 European countries had encountered carbapenem-resistant isolates of Acinetobacter, ranging from very rare sporadic resistant isolates to an endemic/epidemic situation.
T52917 206356-206620 Sentence denotes The recent EU-funded ARPAC study revealed that 130 of 169 participating European hospitals in 32 European countries had encountered carbapenem-resistant isolates of Acinetobacter, ranging from very rare sporadic resistant isolates to an endemic/epidemic situation.
TextSentencer_T1616 206621-206894 Sentence denotes Certain multiresistant epidemic clones are currently spreading worldwide, and epidemics of multiresistant A. baumannii infections have occurred following the repatriation of casualties from the recent wars in Kuwait, Iraq and Afghanistan to European and American hospitals.
T99360 206621-206894 Sentence denotes Certain multiresistant epidemic clones are currently spreading worldwide, and epidemics of multiresistant A. baumannii infections have occurred following the repatriation of casualties from the recent wars in Kuwait, Iraq and Afghanistan to European and American hospitals.
TextSentencer_T1617 206895-207049 Sentence denotes In general, multiple isolates from a single hospital usually belong to the same clone, but some hospitals yield isolates belonging to more than one clone.
T90998 206895-207049 Sentence denotes In general, multiple isolates from a single hospital usually belong to the same clone, but some hospitals yield isolates belonging to more than one clone.
TextSentencer_T1618 207050-207325 Sentence denotes Three 'European Clones' (lineages) have been identified in hospitals throughout Europe, but numerous other, more localised, clones have also been characterised, showing that the problem of A. baumannii is not confined solely to the widespread 'European clones I, II and III'.
T2765 207050-207325 Sentence denotes Three 'European Clones' (lineages) have been identified in hospitals throughout Europe, but numerous other, more localised, clones have also been characterised, showing that the problem of A. baumannii is not confined solely to the widespread 'European clones I, II and III'.
TextSentencer_T1619 207326-207434 Sentence denotes The reasons why certain A. baumannii lineages are more successful than others are not understood at present.
T14968 207326-207434 Sentence denotes The reasons why certain A. baumannii lineages are more successful than others are not understood at present.
TextSentencer_T1620 207435-207590 Sentence denotes Overall, the available epidemiological evidence suggests that A. baumannii is becoming one of the most significant microbial challenges of the current era.
T10982 207435-207590 Sentence denotes Overall, the available epidemiological evidence suggests that A. baumannii is becoming one of the most significant microbial challenges of the current era.
TextSentencer_T1621 207591-207814 Sentence denotes Strains in some hospitals are already effectively untreatable, and more scientific efforts and resources are urgently needed to further elucidate the epidemiological and infection control issues related to these infections.
T18460 207591-207814 Sentence denotes Strains in some hospitals are already effectively untreatable, and more scientific efforts and resources are urgently needed to further elucidate the epidemiological and infection control issues related to these infections.
TextSentencer_T1622 207815-207947 Sentence denotes Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that is mostly involved in nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients.
T65296 207815-207947 Sentence denotes Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that is mostly involved in nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients.
TextSentencer_T1623 207948-208124 Sentence denotes Whereas A. baumannii has itself a quite high level of naturallyoccurring antibiotic resistance, it may acquire additional resistance traits as a source of multidrug resistance.
T25838 207948-208124 Sentence denotes Whereas A. baumannii has itself a quite high level of naturallyoccurring antibiotic resistance, it may acquire additional resistance traits as a source of multidrug resistance.
TextSentencer_T1624 208125-208252 Sentence denotes These resistance mechanisms may involve most of the antibiotic molecules, i.e. aminoglycosides, b-lactams and fluoroquinolones.
T7927 208125-208252 Sentence denotes These resistance mechanisms may involve most of the antibiotic molecules, i.e. aminoglycosides, b-lactams and fluoroquinolones.
TextSentencer_T1625 208253-208330 Sentence denotes Rate and spread of specific mechanisms of resistance depends on each country.
T41880 208253-208330 Sentence denotes Rate and spread of specific mechanisms of resistance depends on each country.
TextSentencer_T1626 208331-208445 Sentence denotes A similar trend between the number of A. baumannii infections and antibiotic resistance may be observed worldwide.
T20807 208331-208445 Sentence denotes A similar trend between the number of A. baumannii infections and antibiotic resistance may be observed worldwide.
TextSentencer_T1627 208446-208600 Sentence denotes Acquired resistance genes are located on chromosome, plasmids, insertions sequences, transposons, integrons, and the recently described resistance island.
T71098 208446-208600 Sentence denotes Acquired resistance genes are located on chromosome, plasmids, insertions sequences, transposons, integrons, and the recently described resistance island.
TextSentencer_T1628 208601-208789 Sentence denotes One of the most worrying antibiotic resistance problems in A. baumannii is the increasing trend of carbapenem resistance since carbapenems are often used as antibiotics of the last resort.
T53783 208601-208789 Sentence denotes One of the most worrying antibiotic resistance problems in A. baumannii is the increasing trend of carbapenem resistance since carbapenems are often used as antibiotics of the last resort.
TextSentencer_T1629 208790-208928 Sentence denotes Carbapenem resistance results from metallo-b-lactamases, carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinases and often combined mechanisms of resistance.
T25578 208790-208928 Sentence denotes Carbapenem resistance results from metallo-b-lactamases, carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinases and often combined mechanisms of resistance.
TextSentencer_T1630 208929-208937 Sentence denotes Methods:
T13241 208929-208937 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1631 208938-209120 Sentence denotes During the two flights the patient had no cough but a urinary tract catheter which was disconnected from the reservoir and released relevant amounts of urine on the passenger's seat.
T7969 208938-209120 Sentence denotes During the two flights the patient had no cough but a urinary tract catheter which was disconnected from the reservoir and released relevant amounts of urine on the passenger's seat.
TextSentencer_T1632 209121-209310 Sentence denotes The patient's urine was tested positive for Lassa virus, which was taken into account for the risk assessment and contributed to the decision to trace back copassengers potentially exposed.
T47736 209121-209310 Sentence denotes The patient's urine was tested positive for Lassa virus, which was taken into account for the risk assessment and contributed to the decision to trace back copassengers potentially exposed.
TextSentencer_T1633 209311-209412 Sentence denotes The passengers at risk were defined as those sitting in maximum three rows distance from the patient.
T36963 209311-209412 Sentence denotes The passengers at risk were defined as those sitting in maximum three rows distance from the patient.
TextSentencer_T1634 209413-209481 Sentence denotes 57 additional persons from the airline and the airport were exposed.
T67538 209413-209481 Sentence denotes 57 additional persons from the airline and the airport were exposed.
TextSentencer_T1635 209482-209580 Sentence denotes With the help of the airline the passenger's lists of both flights were available within two days.
T11375 209482-209580 Sentence denotes With the help of the airline the passenger's lists of both flights were available within two days.
TextSentencer_T1636 209581-209631 Sentence denotes 92 passengers from nine countries were identified.
T5777 209581-209631 Sentence denotes 92 passengers from nine countries were identified.
TextSentencer_T1637 209632-209840 Sentence denotes Every country received a list with names and contact telephone numbers of all passengers at risk who were allocated to the country as well as a questionnaire about symptoms to be filled for traced passengers.
T74773 209632-209840 Sentence denotes Every country received a list with names and contact telephone numbers of all passengers at risk who were allocated to the country as well as a questionnaire about symptoms to be filled for traced passengers.
TextSentencer_T1638 209841-209945 Sentence denotes The trace back of the concerned staff was done by the airline and the Belgian public health authorities.
T24876 209841-209945 Sentence denotes The trace back of the concerned staff was done by the airline and the Belgian public health authorities.
TextSentencer_T1639 209946-209950 Sentence denotes 7) .
T3424 209946-209950 Sentence denotes 7) .
TextSentencer_T1640 209951-210043 Sentence denotes In all cases, the magnitude of the reproduction number was comparable between the two waves.
T88435 209951-210043 Sentence denotes In all cases, the magnitude of the reproduction number was comparable between the two waves.
TextSentencer_T1641 210044-210224 Sentence denotes Our best estimate for the initial reproduction number (R 0 ) was 3.7, although it could range from 2 to 11 depending on assumptions regarding incubation and lifespan in mosquitoes.
T76393 210044-210224 Sentence denotes Our best estimate for the initial reproduction number (R 0 ) was 3.7, although it could range from 2 to 11 depending on assumptions regarding incubation and lifespan in mosquitoes.
TextSentencer_T1642 210225-210374 Sentence denotes In the best fitting case, each infected individual may have contaminated 3 mosquitoes at most, and each mosquito contaminated 1.4 persons on average.
T4521 210225-210374 Sentence denotes In the best fitting case, each infected individual may have contaminated 3 mosquitoes at most, and each mosquito contaminated 1.4 persons on average.
TextSentencer_T1643 210375-210559 Sentence denotes Using data from the first season alone, modelbased extrapolations suggested that epidemic outbreaks were possible as long as more than one third of the population remained susceptible.
T35049 210375-210559 Sentence denotes Using data from the first season alone, modelbased extrapolations suggested that epidemic outbreaks were possible as long as more than one third of the population remained susceptible.
TextSentencer_T1644 210560-210571 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T77245 210560-210571 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T1645 210572-210795 Sentence denotes Despite a thousand-fold change in incidence between the two seasons, the transmission characteristics of Chikungunya were similar; therefore there is no epidemiological evidence for an increase in virulence between seasons.
T50435 210572-210795 Sentence denotes Despite a thousand-fold change in incidence between the two seasons, the transmission characteristics of Chikungunya were similar; therefore there is no epidemiological evidence for an increase in virulence between seasons.
TextSentencer_T1646 210796-210967 Sentence denotes At a time when information systems make it easier to monitor the course of emerging diseases, methods for timely and efficient analysis of the data must also be developed.
T59163 210796-210967 Sentence denotes At a time when information systems make it easier to monitor the course of emerging diseases, methods for timely and efficient analysis of the data must also be developed.
TextSentencer_T1647 210968-210976 Sentence denotes Results:
T29638 210968-210976 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1648 210977-211088 Sentence denotes During the study period, a total of 138 cases of invasive Hi disease were reported from AK (76) and N Can (62).
T96793 210977-211088 Sentence denotes During the study period, a total of 138 cases of invasive Hi disease were reported from AK (76) and N Can (62).
TextSentencer_T1649 211089-211240 Sentence denotes Among the 88 (67%) invasive Hi cases with serotype information available, 42 (48%) were serotype a, 27 (31%) were serotype b, 12 (14%) were serotype f.
T46518 211089-211240 Sentence denotes Among the 88 (67%) invasive Hi cases with serotype information available, 42 (48%) were serotype a, 27 (31%) were serotype b, 12 (14%) were serotype f.
TextSentencer_T1650 211241-211367 Sentence denotes Among Hia isolates, 35 (83%) occurred in aboriginal peoples; median age was 1.1 years (range 3 mo to 74 years); 62% were male.
T96191 211241-211367 Sentence denotes Among Hia isolates, 35 (83%) occurred in aboriginal peoples; median age was 1.1 years (range 3 mo to 74 years); 62% were male.
TextSentencer_T1651 211368-211411 Sentence denotes Two Hia cases (1 adult/1 child) were fatal.
T66516 211368-211411 Sentence denotes Two Hia cases (1 adult/1 child) were fatal.
TextSentencer_T1652 211412-211514 Sentence denotes Common clinical presentations included: meningitis (33%), pneumonia (29%), and septic arthritis (12%).
T34421 211412-211514 Sentence denotes Common clinical presentations included: meningitis (33%), pneumonia (29%), and septic arthritis (12%).
TextSentencer_T1653 211515-211551 Sentence denotes There were no cases of epiglotittis.
T7058 211515-211551 Sentence denotes There were no cases of epiglotittis.
TextSentencer_T1654 211552-211618 Sentence denotes Overall annual Hia incidence was 0.9 cases per 100,000 population.
T35156 211552-211618 Sentence denotes Overall annual Hia incidence was 0.9 cases per 100,000 population.
TextSentencer_T1655 211619-211826 Sentence denotes Annual incidence rates in aboriginals in AK and N Can were 1.1 and 4.6 per 100,000 persons, respectively; rates in aboriginal children <2 years of age were 22 and 101 cases per 100,000 persons, respectively.
T93608 211619-211826 Sentence denotes Annual incidence rates in aboriginals in AK and N Can were 1.1 and 4.6 per 100,000 persons, respectively; rates in aboriginal children <2 years of age were 22 and 101 cases per 100,000 persons, respectively.
TextSentencer_T1656 211827-211903 Sentence denotes PFGE analysis revealed genetically similar Hia strains in both AK and N Can.
T21035 211827-211903 Sentence denotes PFGE analysis revealed genetically similar Hia strains in both AK and N Can.
TextSentencer_T1657 211904-211916 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T12963 211904-211916 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T1658 211917-212047 Sentence denotes Serotype a is now the most common Hi serotype seen in the North American Arctic, with the highest rates among indigenous children.
T85481 211917-212047 Sentence denotes Serotype a is now the most common Hi serotype seen in the North American Arctic, with the highest rates among indigenous children.
TextSentencer_T1659 212048-212185 Sentence denotes Further research is needed to determine sequelae, risk factors, outbreak potential, and the utility of chemoprophylaxis for this disease.
T45887 212048-212185 Sentence denotes Further research is needed to determine sequelae, risk factors, outbreak potential, and the utility of chemoprophylaxis for this disease.
TextSentencer_T1660 212186-212197 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T77672 212186-212197 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1661 212198-212350 Sentence denotes Telavancin is a novel, multivalent, lipoglycopeptide antibiotic that exerts rapid bactericidal activity against a broad range of Grampositive pathogens.
T89363 212198-212350 Sentence denotes Telavancin is a novel, multivalent, lipoglycopeptide antibiotic that exerts rapid bactericidal activity against a broad range of Grampositive pathogens.
TextSentencer_T1662 212351-212520 Sentence denotes Telavancin has a unique multifunctional mechanism of action that includes both inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis and disruption of bacterial membrane function.
T53292 212351-212520 Sentence denotes Telavancin has a unique multifunctional mechanism of action that includes both inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis and disruption of bacterial membrane function.
TextSentencer_T1663 212521-212721 Sentence denotes Previous studies with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) revealed that telavancin increases cell membrane permeability and causes rapid dissipation of the bacterial membrane potential.
T39548 212521-212721 Sentence denotes Previous studies with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) revealed that telavancin increases cell membrane permeability and causes rapid dissipation of the bacterial membrane potential.
TextSentencer_T1664 212722-212864 Sentence denotes This study aimed to further characterise the effects of telavancin on the functional integrity of the MRSA cell membrane using flow cytometry.
T64162 212722-212864 Sentence denotes This study aimed to further characterise the effects of telavancin on the functional integrity of the MRSA cell membrane using flow cytometry.
TextSentencer_T1665 212865-212873 Sentence denotes Methods:
T50641 212865-212873 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1666 212874-212993 Sentence denotes Cell membrane potential and membrane permeability were studied in telavancin-treated S. aureus ATCC 33591 (MRSA) cells.
T48880 212874-212993 Sentence denotes Cell membrane potential and membrane permeability were studied in telavancin-treated S. aureus ATCC 33591 (MRSA) cells.
TextSentencer_T1667 212994-213117 Sentence denotes The fluorescent dyes, DiOC2(3) and propidium iodide, were used to assess membrane potential and permeability, respectively.
T29954 212994-213117 Sentence denotes The fluorescent dyes, DiOC2(3) and propidium iodide, were used to assess membrane potential and permeability, respectively.
TextSentencer_T1668 213118-213202 Sentence denotes Flow cytometry was used to analyse uptake of these dyes in telavancin-treated cells.
T85844 213118-213202 Sentence denotes Flow cytometry was used to analyse uptake of these dyes in telavancin-treated cells.
TextSentencer_T1669 213203-213211 Sentence denotes Results:
T73196 213203-213211 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1670 213212-213334 Sentence denotes Telavancin (MIC, 0.5 mg/mL) caused a concentration-and time-dependent dissipation of the membrane potential in MRSA cells.
T75715 213212-213334 Sentence denotes Telavancin (MIC, 0.5 mg/mL) caused a concentration-and time-dependent dissipation of the membrane potential in MRSA cells.
TextSentencer_T1671 213335-213531 Sentence denotes After 60 minutes' exposure to telavancin, 67% of the bacterial population was depolarised at 8 mg/mL (approximate human plasma trough concentration), while 32 mg/mL resulted in 95% depolarisation.
T72768 213335-213531 Sentence denotes After 60 minutes' exposure to telavancin, 67% of the bacterial population was depolarised at 8 mg/mL (approximate human plasma trough concentration), while 32 mg/mL resulted in 95% depolarisation.
TextSentencer_T1672 213532-213768 Sentence denotes Membrane permeability was also concentration-and time-dependent, as seen when cells were exposed to telavancin concentrations ranging from 2 to 64 mg/mL, with 32 and 64 mg/mL yielding rapid, >90% permeabilisation of the cell population.
T72230 213532-213768 Sentence denotes Membrane permeability was also concentration-and time-dependent, as seen when cells were exposed to telavancin concentrations ranging from 2 to 64 mg/mL, with 32 and 64 mg/mL yielding rapid, >90% permeabilisation of the cell population.
TextSentencer_T1673 213769-213780 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T7789 213769-213780 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T1674 213781-214003 Sentence denotes Exposure of MRSA cells to telavancin initiated concentration-and time-dependent membrane depolarisation and increases in permeability, further demonstrating that telavancin interferes with bacterial cell membrane function.
T6330 213781-214003 Sentence denotes Exposure of MRSA cells to telavancin initiated concentration-and time-dependent membrane depolarisation and increases in permeability, further demonstrating that telavancin interferes with bacterial cell membrane function.
TextSentencer_T1675 214004-214224 Sentence denotes These effects were observed at telavancin concentrations that are achieved clinically with 10 mg/kg intravenous dosing, and further highlight the therapeutic relevance of telavancin's multifunctional mechanism of action.
T39397 214004-214224 Sentence denotes These effects were observed at telavancin concentrations that are achieved clinically with 10 mg/kg intravenous dosing, and further highlight the therapeutic relevance of telavancin's multifunctional mechanism of action.
TextSentencer_T1676 214225-214236 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T20482 214225-214236 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1677 214237-214377 Sentence denotes Telavancin (TLV) is a novel, rapidly bactericidal lipoglycopeptide with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
T77001 214237-214377 Sentence denotes Telavancin (TLV) is a novel, rapidly bactericidal lipoglycopeptide with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
TextSentencer_T1678 214378-214602 Sentence denotes TLV possesses a unique, multivalent, multifunctional mechanism that contributes to enhanced activity and includes inhibition of cell wall peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis and disruption of bacterial membrane barrier function.
T40776 214378-214602 Sentence denotes TLV possesses a unique, multivalent, multifunctional mechanism that contributes to enhanced activity and includes inhibition of cell wall peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis and disruption of bacterial membrane barrier function.
TextSentencer_T1679 214603-214816 Sentence denotes In vitro studies suggest that TLV exhibits superior antibacterial potency relative to vancomycin (VAN); this may be due to the lipophilic decylaminoethyl side chain that targets TLV to the bacterial cell membrane.
T83055 214603-214816 Sentence denotes In vitro studies suggest that TLV exhibits superior antibacterial potency relative to vancomycin (VAN); this may be due to the lipophilic decylaminoethyl side chain that targets TLV to the bacterial cell membrane.
TextSentencer_T1680 214817-214962 Sentence denotes All isolates with the erm(A) gene were susceptible to oleandomycin whereas no inhibition zone was observed for the isolates with the erm(C) gene.
T27691 214817-214962 Sentence denotes All isolates with the erm(A) gene were susceptible to oleandomycin whereas no inhibition zone was observed for the isolates with the erm(C) gene.
TextSentencer_T1681 214963-215152 Sentence denotes Conclusion: S. aureus with the erm(C) gene are more readily susceptible to develop constitutive resistance to clindamycin than those with the erm(A) gene, regardless methicillin resistance.
T78100 214963-215152 Sentence denotes Conclusion: S. aureus with the erm(C) gene are more readily susceptible to develop constitutive resistance to clindamycin than those with the erm(A) gene, regardless methicillin resistance.
TextSentencer_T1682 215153-215337 Sentence denotes Susceptibility or inducible resistance to oleandomycin was associated with the presence of an inducible erm(A) or erm(C) gene, respectively and might constitute markers of these genes.
T37049 215153-215337 Sentence denotes Susceptibility or inducible resistance to oleandomycin was associated with the presence of an inducible erm(A) or erm(C) gene, respectively and might constitute markers of these genes.
TextSentencer_T1683 215338-215506 Sentence denotes The risk analysis for the clindamycin use in therapy of infections due to S. aureus inducibly resistant to erythromycin might include the nature of the resistance gene.
T15836 215338-215506 Sentence denotes The risk analysis for the clindamycin use in therapy of infections due to S. aureus inducibly resistant to erythromycin might include the nature of the resistance gene.
TextSentencer_T1684 215507-215518 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T44970 215507-215518 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1685 215519-215762 Sentence denotes Multiple resistance of Escherichia coli to distinct classes of antimicrobials is usually attributed to simultaneous increased expression of AcrAB-TolC efflux system and loss of porin F generated by transcriptional activators marA, soxS or rob.
T2548 215519-215762 Sentence denotes Multiple resistance of Escherichia coli to distinct classes of antimicrobials is usually attributed to simultaneous increased expression of AcrAB-TolC efflux system and loss of porin F generated by transcriptional activators marA, soxS or rob.
TextSentencer_T1686 215763-215851 Sentence denotes AcrAB-TolC is also upregulated by SdiA, an E. coli protein that regulates cell division.
T50332 215763-215851 Sentence denotes AcrAB-TolC is also upregulated by SdiA, an E. coli protein that regulates cell division.
TextSentencer_T1687 215852-216021 Sentence denotes In this study, multidrug resistant mutants selected in vitro with diazepam (DZ) and lomefloxacin (LOM) from two E. coli susceptible clinical isolates were characterised.
T5516 215852-216021 Sentence denotes In this study, multidrug resistant mutants selected in vitro with diazepam (DZ) and lomefloxacin (LOM) from two E. coli susceptible clinical isolates were characterised.
TextSentencer_T1688 216022-216030 Sentence denotes Methods:
T84994 216022-216030 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1689 216031-216094 Sentence denotes Mutants were selected with DZ or LOM at 2, 3, 4 or 6 × the MIC.
T36930 216031-216094 Sentence denotes Mutants were selected with DZ or LOM at 2, 3, 4 or 6 × the MIC.
TextSentencer_T1690 216095-216165 Sentence denotes Tolerance of strains to 10% cyclohexane was measured in liquid medium.
T66077 216095-216165 Sentence denotes Tolerance of strains to 10% cyclohexane was measured in liquid medium.
TextSentencer_T1691 216166-216270 Sentence denotes Inner and outer membrane proteins (IMP and OMP) were analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels.
T71171 216166-216270 Sentence denotes Inner and outer membrane proteins (IMP and OMP) were analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels.
TextSentencer_T1692 216271-216364 Sentence denotes Penicillin-Binding-Proteins (PBPs) were detected with Bocillin FL and Imperial Protein Stain.
T57713 216271-216364 Sentence denotes Penicillin-Binding-Proteins (PBPs) were detected with Bocillin FL and Imperial Protein Stain.
TextSentencer_T1693 216365-216452 Sentence denotes Active efflux was evidenced by 0.05 mM carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP).
T60982 216365-216452 Sentence denotes Active efflux was evidenced by 0.05 mM carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP).
TextSentencer_T1694 216453-216644 Sentence denotes The expression of the acrA, acrB, marA, soxS, rob and sdiA genes was studied by reverse transcription of total RNA and PCR of cDNA (RT-PCR), using gapA gene as internal control of expression.
T35390 216453-216644 Sentence denotes The expression of the acrA, acrB, marA, soxS, rob and sdiA genes was studied by reverse transcription of total RNA and PCR of cDNA (RT-PCR), using gapA gene as internal control of expression.
TextSentencer_T1695 216645-216731 Sentence denotes PCR products were separated on polyacrylamide gels and detected using silver staining.
T48083 216645-216731 Sentence denotes PCR products were separated on polyacrylamide gels and detected using silver staining.
TextSentencer_T1696 216732-216832 Sentence denotes Ag100 strain (induced or noninduced with 5 mM salicylate or 0.2 mM paraquat) was the control strain.
T85693 216732-216832 Sentence denotes Ag100 strain (induced or noninduced with 5 mM salicylate or 0.2 mM paraquat) was the control strain.
TextSentencer_T1697 216833-216841 Sentence denotes Results:
T36807 216833-216841 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1698 216842-216893 Sentence denotes Nine different clones were selected with DZ or LOM.
T93606 216842-216893 Sentence denotes Nine different clones were selected with DZ or LOM.
TextSentencer_T1699 216894-216944 Sentence denotes Selection frequencies were around 10 −9 to 10 −8 .
T79943 216894-216944 Sentence denotes Selection frequencies were around 10 −9 to 10 −8 .
TextSentencer_T1700 216945-217081 Sentence denotes The nine mutants increased resistance to quinolones, chloramphenicol and b-lactams (2−8 fold ceftazidime, cefpirome and aztreonam MICs).
T77058 216945-217081 Sentence denotes The nine mutants increased resistance to quinolones, chloramphenicol and b-lactams (2−8 fold ceftazidime, cefpirome and aztreonam MICs).
TextSentencer_T1701 217082-217167 Sentence denotes The presence of CCCP increased the susceptibility of mutants to antimicrobial agents.
T74886 217082-217167 Sentence denotes The presence of CCCP increased the susceptibility of mutants to antimicrobial agents.
TextSentencer_T1702 217168-217257 Sentence denotes The OMP TolC increased in mutants, coinciding with their increased cyclohexane tolerance.
T18214 217168-217257 Sentence denotes The OMP TolC increased in mutants, coinciding with their increased cyclohexane tolerance.
TextSentencer_T1703 217258-217333 Sentence denotes Mutants and parent strains showed a high expression of acrA and acrB genes.
T21720 217258-217333 Sentence denotes Mutants and parent strains showed a high expression of acrA and acrB genes.
TextSentencer_T1704 217334-217418 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, only mutants showed overexpression of sdiA and soxS and OmpF decrease.
T71517 217334-217418 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, only mutants showed overexpression of sdiA and soxS and OmpF decrease.
TextSentencer_T1705 217419-217488 Sentence denotes Neither parent strains nor mutants showed marA or rob overexpression.
T27391 217419-217488 Sentence denotes Neither parent strains nor mutants showed marA or rob overexpression.
TextSentencer_T1706 217489-217583 Sentence denotes Increased PBP3 expression was detected in only the mutants selected with 6 × MIC of DZ or LOM.
T61625 217489-217583 Sentence denotes Increased PBP3 expression was detected in only the mutants selected with 6 × MIC of DZ or LOM.
TextSentencer_T1707 217584-217586 Sentence denotes i.
T29480 217584-217586 Sentence denotes i.
TextSentencer_T1708 217587-217797 Sentence denotes DZ (a non-antimicrobial drug) and LOM selected multiple antibiotic resistant mutants that overexpressed the same transcriptional regulators, soxS and sdiA, resulting in TolC increased expression in mutants. ii.
T94831 217587-217797 Sentence denotes DZ (a non-antimicrobial drug) and LOM selected multiple antibiotic resistant mutants that overexpressed the same transcriptional regulators, soxS and sdiA, resulting in TolC increased expression in mutants. ii.
TextSentencer_T1709 217798-217990 Sentence denotes The OmpF decrease, which was generated by soxS overexpression, and increased TolC and PBP3 expression contributed to 2−8-fold increment in ceftazidime, aztreonam and cefpirome MICs in mutants.
T9391 217798-217990 Sentence denotes The OmpF decrease, which was generated by soxS overexpression, and increased TolC and PBP3 expression contributed to 2−8-fold increment in ceftazidime, aztreonam and cefpirome MICs in mutants.
TextSentencer_T1710 217991-218002 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T16399 217991-218002 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1711 218003-218126 Sentence denotes To study the role of Qnr-like pentapeptidic proteins of several Gram-positive species in resistance to quinolones in vitro.
T89513 218003-218126 Sentence denotes To study the role of Qnr-like pentapeptidic proteins of several Gram-positive species in resistance to quinolones in vitro.
TextSentencer_T1712 218127-218135 Sentence denotes Methods:
T52687 218127-218135 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1713 218136-218304 Sentence denotes Enterococcus faecalis V583 homologue QnrA protein sequence was used to search pentapeptidic proteins with different levels of aminoacidic identity in the NCBI database.
T77698 218136-218304 Sentence denotes Enterococcus faecalis V583 homologue QnrA protein sequence was used to search pentapeptidic proteins with different levels of aminoacidic identity in the NCBI database.
TextSentencer_T1714 218305-218659 Sentence denotes A PCR-based strategy was used to clone and express the genes coding for Qnr-like pentapeptidic proteins of E. faecalis ATCC 29212, E. faecalis V583, E. faecium BM4147, Listeria monocytogenes 868 (clinical isolate), Clostridium perfringens 455 (clinical isolate) and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 in pPCR-Script vector (Stratagene) in Escherichia coli DH10B.
T57506 218305-218659 Sentence denotes A PCR-based strategy was used to clone and express the genes coding for Qnr-like pentapeptidic proteins of E. faecalis ATCC 29212, E. faecalis V583, E. faecium BM4147, Listeria monocytogenes 868 (clinical isolate), Clostridium perfringens 455 (clinical isolate) and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 in pPCR-Script vector (Stratagene) in Escherichia coli DH10B.
TextSentencer_T1715 218660-218953 Sentence denotes According to CLSI guidelines, MICs of nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin were determined for clinical strains, reference strains and Escherichia coli DH10B harbouring recombinant plasmids containing genes coding for the pentapeptidic proteins.
T29309 218660-218953 Sentence denotes According to CLSI guidelines, MICs of nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin were determined for clinical strains, reference strains and Escherichia coli DH10B harbouring recombinant plasmids containing genes coding for the pentapeptidic proteins.
TextSentencer_T1716 218954-218962 Sentence denotes Results:
T84203 218954-218962 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1717 218963-219165 Sentence denotes The aminoacidic identity of Qnr-like pentapeptidic proteins of the Gram-positive strains compared to those of plasmid-mediated QnrA1, QnrB1 or QnrS1 quinolone resistance proteins ranged from 20% to 27%.
T15928 218963-219165 Sentence denotes The aminoacidic identity of Qnr-like pentapeptidic proteins of the Gram-positive strains compared to those of plasmid-mediated QnrA1, QnrB1 or QnrS1 quinolone resistance proteins ranged from 20% to 27%.
TextSentencer_T1718 219166-219274 Sentence denotes When compared to the homologue of QnrA in E. faecalis V583, the aminoacidic identity ranged from 30% to 35%.
T42431 219166-219274 Sentence denotes When compared to the homologue of QnrA in E. faecalis V583, the aminoacidic identity ranged from 30% to 35%.
TextSentencer_T1719 219275-219430 Sentence denotes All the clones obtained in E. coli DH10B expressing a pentapentidic protein from the Gram positives strains conferred reduced susceptibility to quinolones.
T54358 219275-219430 Sentence denotes All the clones obtained in E. coli DH10B expressing a pentapentidic protein from the Gram positives strains conferred reduced susceptibility to quinolones.
TextSentencer_T1720 219431-219751 Sentence denotes The recombinant plasmids expressing pentapentidic proteins in E. coli DH10B increased the MICs from 4 to 12 folds for nalidixic acid, from 6 to 24 folds for ofloxacin, from 2 to 47 folds for norfloxacin, from 12 to 32 folds for ciprofloxacin, from 4 to 21 folds for levofloxacin, and from 4 to 32 folds for moxifloxacin.
T29913 219431-219751 Sentence denotes The recombinant plasmids expressing pentapentidic proteins in E. coli DH10B increased the MICs from 4 to 12 folds for nalidixic acid, from 6 to 24 folds for ofloxacin, from 2 to 47 folds for norfloxacin, from 12 to 32 folds for ciprofloxacin, from 4 to 21 folds for levofloxacin, and from 4 to 32 folds for moxifloxacin.
TextSentencer_T1721 219752-219839 Sentence denotes The pentapeptidic proteins analysed confer reduced susceptibility phenotype in E. coli.
T236 219752-219839 Sentence denotes The pentapeptidic proteins analysed confer reduced susceptibility phenotype in E. coli.
TextSentencer_T1722 219840-220009 Sentence denotes These data could provide further evidence about the possible role of pentapeptidic proteins of different Gram-positive species in their natural resistance to quinolones.
T98197 219840-220009 Sentence denotes These data could provide further evidence about the possible role of pentapeptidic proteins of different Gram-positive species in their natural resistance to quinolones.
TextSentencer_T1723 220010-220110 Sentence denotes These Gram positives species could constitute a reservoir of Qnr-like quinolone resistance proteins.
T85290 220010-220110 Sentence denotes These Gram positives species could constitute a reservoir of Qnr-like quinolone resistance proteins.
TextSentencer_T1724 220111-220122 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T2610 220111-220122 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1725 220123-220300 Sentence denotes The Silverman model for the mode of action of daptomycin (DAP) is based on the leakage of potassium ions (K + ), membrane deenergisation and subsequent cell death without lysis.
T97252 220123-220300 Sentence denotes The Silverman model for the mode of action of daptomycin (DAP) is based on the leakage of potassium ions (K + ), membrane deenergisation and subsequent cell death without lysis.
TextSentencer_T1726 220301-220378 Sentence denotes However, it is unknown whether loss of K + is sufficient to cause cell death.
T81526 220301-220378 Sentence denotes However, it is unknown whether loss of K + is sufficient to cause cell death.
TextSentencer_T1727 220379-220526 Sentence denotes In this study we determined the kinetics of both cell death and lysis of S. aureus treated with DAP to establish any relationships between the two.
T29941 220379-220526 Sentence denotes In this study we determined the kinetics of both cell death and lysis of S. aureus treated with DAP to establish any relationships between the two.
TextSentencer_T1728 220527-220535 Sentence denotes Methods:
T92194 220527-220535 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1729 220536-220737 Sentence denotes Time-kill experiments were performed at various concentrations of DAP to determine the kinetics of cell death and samples were taken and prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy (EM).
T51010 220536-220737 Sentence denotes Time-kill experiments were performed at various concentrations of DAP to determine the kinetics of cell death and samples were taken and prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy (EM).
TextSentencer_T1730 220738-220844 Sentence denotes Culture samples were taken at intervals and the extracellular and intracellular amounts of ATP determined.
T7795 220738-220844 Sentence denotes Culture samples were taken at intervals and the extracellular and intracellular amounts of ATP determined.
TextSentencer_T1731 220845-220990 Sentence denotes The extracellular and intracellular levels of b-galactosidase (b-gal) in a S. aureus strain expressing b-gal in its cytoplasm were also measured.
T32973 220845-220990 Sentence denotes The extracellular and intracellular levels of b-galactosidase (b-gal) in a S. aureus strain expressing b-gal in its cytoplasm were also measured.
TextSentencer_T1732 220991-221064 Sentence denotes The time-kill experiments show DAP to be rapidly bactericidal at 32 mg/L.
T56441 220991-221064 Sentence denotes The time-kill experiments show DAP to be rapidly bactericidal at 32 mg/L.
TextSentencer_T1733 221065-221167 Sentence denotes DAP at 4 mg/L shows a bacteriostatic effect for the first 60 min and then becomes slowly bactericidal.
T46643 221065-221167 Sentence denotes DAP at 4 mg/L shows a bacteriostatic effect for the first 60 min and then becomes slowly bactericidal.
TextSentencer_T1734 221168-221306 Sentence denotes There is evidence for dosedependent leakage of ATP and b-gal from cells treated with DAP, but this leakage occurs at very different rates.
T14912 221168-221306 Sentence denotes There is evidence for dosedependent leakage of ATP and b-gal from cells treated with DAP, but this leakage occurs at very different rates.
TextSentencer_T1735 221307-221431 Sentence denotes After 30 min of treatment with DAP at 32 mg/L, 90% of the total ATP has been released but only a negligible amount of b-gal.
T23144 221307-221431 Sentence denotes After 30 min of treatment with DAP at 32 mg/L, 90% of the total ATP has been released but only a negligible amount of b-gal.
TextSentencer_T1736 221432-221550 Sentence denotes The percentage of b-gal released increases steadily over a period of hours, reaching 40% after 6 h and 90% after 24 h.
T89190 221432-221550 Sentence denotes The percentage of b-gal released increases steadily over a period of hours, reaching 40% after 6 h and 90% after 24 h.
TextSentencer_T1737 221551-221683 Sentence denotes After 30 min of treatment with DAP at 4 mg/L, 50% of the total ATP has been released and this amount continues to increase steadily.
T11965 221551-221683 Sentence denotes After 30 min of treatment with DAP at 4 mg/L, 50% of the total ATP has been released and this amount continues to increase steadily.
TextSentencer_T1738 221684-221775 Sentence denotes The leakage of b-gal is less apparent and after 24 h the cells have released less than 30%.
T32316 221684-221775 Sentence denotes The leakage of b-gal is less apparent and after 24 h the cells have released less than 30%.
TextSentencer_T1739 221776-221939 Sentence denotes The EM images show some cellular disruption in the first hour after DAP treatment, with this damage becoming more apparent and widespread over the following hours.
T57355 221776-221939 Sentence denotes The EM images show some cellular disruption in the first hour after DAP treatment, with this damage becoming more apparent and widespread over the following hours.
TextSentencer_T1740 221940-222025 Sentence denotes The images clearly show that the rate and extent of cellular lysis is dose-dependent.
T97670 221940-222025 Sentence denotes The images clearly show that the rate and extent of cellular lysis is dose-dependent.
TextSentencer_T1741 222026-222037 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T73556 222026-222037 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T1742 222038-222188 Sentence denotes Our findings support the Silverman model for the mode of action of DAP and the hypothesis that it can cause rapid cell death without whole cell lysis.
T35682 222038-222188 Sentence denotes Our findings support the Silverman model for the mode of action of DAP and the hypothesis that it can cause rapid cell death without whole cell lysis.
TextSentencer_T1743 222189-222316 Sentence denotes We have, however, shown that cell lysis does occur over time, through both EM images and the leakage of large amounts of b-gal.
T66578 222189-222316 Sentence denotes We have, however, shown that cell lysis does occur over time, through both EM images and the leakage of large amounts of b-gal.
TextSentencer_T1744 222317-222482 Sentence denotes Our findings, while upholding the Silverman model, suggest that it is too simple to conclude that cell death is due only to loss of K + and membrane de-energisation.
T54125 222317-222482 Sentence denotes Our findings, while upholding the Silverman model, suggest that it is too simple to conclude that cell death is due only to loss of K + and membrane de-energisation.
TextSentencer_T1745 222483-222552 Sentence denotes The rapid loss of ATP would be an equally likely cause of cell death.
T48451 222483-222552 Sentence denotes The rapid loss of ATP would be an equally likely cause of cell death.
TextSentencer_T1746 222553-222563 Sentence denotes Objective:
T28280 222553-222563 Sentence denotes Objective:
TextSentencer_T1747 222564-222840 Sentence denotes To study the effects of efflux pump inhibitors (CCCP and PAbN) on carbapenems in P. aeruginosa (Pa); to investigate the correlation between the resistance phenotypes and expression levels of efflux pumps of Pa and discuss the mechanism of different phenotypes in resistant Pa.
T29203 222564-222840 Sentence denotes To study the effects of efflux pump inhibitors (CCCP and PAbN) on carbapenems in P. aeruginosa (Pa); to investigate the correlation between the resistance phenotypes and expression levels of efflux pumps of Pa and discuss the mechanism of different phenotypes in resistant Pa.
TextSentencer_T1748 222841-222944 Sentence denotes By contrast, all the qnrA1-positive but blaVEB-1-negative isolates were negative for the A/C2 replicon.
T89622 222841-222944 Sentence denotes By contrast, all the qnrA1-positive but blaVEB-1-negative isolates were negative for the A/C2 replicon.
TextSentencer_T1749 222945-223196 Sentence denotes These results clearly indicated that the genes encoding QnrA1 and VEB-1, when identified concomitantly in a given isolate, were always located on plasmids belonging to the same IncA/C2-incompatibility group that may vary in size and digestion pattern.
T38729 222945-223196 Sentence denotes These results clearly indicated that the genes encoding QnrA1 and VEB-1, when identified concomitantly in a given isolate, were always located on plasmids belonging to the same IncA/C2-incompatibility group that may vary in size and digestion pattern.
TextSentencer_T1750 223197-223291 Sentence denotes In addition, plasmids carrying the blaVEB-1 gene but lacking qnrA1 were also of the A/C2 type.
T45851 223197-223291 Sentence denotes In addition, plasmids carrying the blaVEB-1 gene but lacking qnrA1 were also of the A/C2 type.
TextSentencer_T1751 223292-223472 Sentence denotes On the opposite, plasmids that were qnrA1-positive but blaVEB-1-negative were of distinct replicon types, suggesting independent acquisition of the qnrA gene on different plasmids.
T22722 223292-223472 Sentence denotes On the opposite, plasmids that were qnrA1-positive but blaVEB-1-negative were of distinct replicon types, suggesting independent acquisition of the qnrA gene on different plasmids.
TextSentencer_T1752 223473-223723 Sentence denotes Restriction pattern analysis of plasmid DNAs performed using the PstI endonuclease revealed that the blaVEB-1-positive plasmids exhibited different restriction profiles but also sharing common bands, likely corresponding to a common plasmid backbone.
T97682 223473-223723 Sentence denotes Restriction pattern analysis of plasmid DNAs performed using the PstI endonuclease revealed that the blaVEB-1-positive plasmids exhibited different restriction profiles but also sharing common bands, likely corresponding to a common plasmid backbone.
TextSentencer_T1753 223724-223956 Sentence denotes Hybridisation performed with an A/C2-specific probe showed an identical signal revealing that the bands carrying the replication control region of the plasmids were of identical size, as expected with plasmids from the same lineage.
T17898 223724-223956 Sentence denotes Hybridisation performed with an A/C2-specific probe showed an identical signal revealing that the bands carrying the replication control region of the plasmids were of identical size, as expected with plasmids from the same lineage.
TextSentencer_T1754 223957-223968 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T63295 223957-223968 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T1755 223969-224100 Sentence denotes It is shown here that the IncA/C2 plasmid may be the main vehicle of the blaVEB-1 gene on which the QnrA1 determinant may be added.
T62340 223969-224100 Sentence denotes It is shown here that the IncA/C2 plasmid may be the main vehicle of the blaVEB-1 gene on which the QnrA1 determinant may be added.
TextSentencer_T1756 224101-224201 Sentence denotes Understanding these patterns will help to identify potential targets for public health intervention.
T55203 224101-224201 Sentence denotes Understanding these patterns will help to identify potential targets for public health intervention.
TextSentencer_T1757 224202-224213 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T36055 224202-224213 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1758 224214-224471 Sentence denotes Controversy still surrounds the indications for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) against group B streptococci (GBS) for women in labour, with arguments for and against the two recognized care pathways; antenatal screening and risk factor assessment.
T41501 224214-224471 Sentence denotes Controversy still surrounds the indications for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) against group B streptococci (GBS) for women in labour, with arguments for and against the two recognized care pathways; antenatal screening and risk factor assessment.
TextSentencer_T1759 224472-224731 Sentence denotes Using data obtained from a large test accuracy study into rapid detection of intrapartum GBS colonisation, the aims were to determine (1) the prevalence of vaginal and rectal GBS in labouring women, comparing standard culture to enrichment culture techniques;
T63861 224472-224731 Sentence denotes Using data obtained from a large test accuracy study into rapid detection of intrapartum GBS colonisation, the aims were to determine (1) the prevalence of vaginal and rectal GBS in labouring women, comparing standard culture to enrichment culture techniques;
TextSentencer_T1760 224732-225002 Sentence denotes (2) what proportion of women present with different risk factors; (3) how both culture positivity and risk factors correlate with the frequency of IAP administration; (4) baby colonisation rates with regard to maternal colonisation site and whether or not IAP was given.
T96572 224732-225002 Sentence denotes (2) what proportion of women present with different risk factors; (3) how both culture positivity and risk factors correlate with the frequency of IAP administration; (4) baby colonisation rates with regard to maternal colonisation site and whether or not IAP was given.
TextSentencer_T1761 225003-225011 Sentence denotes Methods:
T41027 225003-225011 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1762 225012-225165 Sentence denotes Vaginal and rectal swabs collected from 1185 women in labour for direct culture on streptococcal selective agar (CNA) and enrichment culture (LIM broth).
T71189 225012-225165 Sentence denotes Vaginal and rectal swabs collected from 1185 women in labour for direct culture on streptococcal selective agar (CNA) and enrichment culture (LIM broth).
TextSentencer_T1763 225166-225256 Sentence denotes 1125 ear swabs from neonates were collected within 1 hour of birth for enrichment culture.
T63052 225166-225256 Sentence denotes 1125 ear swabs from neonates were collected within 1 hour of birth for enrichment culture.
TextSentencer_T1764 225257-225325 Sentence denotes Data on risk factors and antibiotic therapy collected prospectively.
T67053 225257-225325 Sentence denotes Data on risk factors and antibiotic therapy collected prospectively.
TextSentencer_T1765 225326-225328 Sentence denotes 1.
T78562 225326-225328 Sentence denotes 1.
TextSentencer_T1766 225329-225449 Sentence denotes Enriched culture gave an overall (vaginal and/or rectal) colonisation rate of 21% compared to 10% with standard culture.
T1383 225329-225449 Sentence denotes Enriched culture gave an overall (vaginal and/or rectal) colonisation rate of 21% compared to 10% with standard culture.
TextSentencer_T1767 225450-225452 Sentence denotes 2.
T32049 225450-225452 Sentence denotes 2.
TextSentencer_T1768 225453-225555 Sentence denotes 32% of women studied had at least one risk factor, most commonly prolonged rupture of membranes (49%).
T20627 225453-225555 Sentence denotes 32% of women studied had at least one risk factor, most commonly prolonged rupture of membranes (49%).
TextSentencer_T1769 225556-225558 Sentence denotes 3.
T93665 225556-225558 Sentence denotes 3.
TextSentencer_T1770 225559-225624 Sentence denotes 50% of women with any risk factor did not receive IAP (Table 1) .
T13202 225559-225624 Sentence denotes 50% of women with any risk factor did not receive IAP (Table 1) .
TextSentencer_T1771 225625-225627 Sentence denotes 4.
T23947 225625-225627 Sentence denotes 4.
TextSentencer_T1772 225628-225733 Sentence denotes Only 21% of GBS carriers received IAP, whilst 67% of women who received IAP were GBS-negative (Table 2 ).
T97424 225628-225733 Sentence denotes Only 21% of GBS carriers received IAP, whilst 67% of women who received IAP were GBS-negative (Table 2 ).
TextSentencer_T1773 225734-225736 Sentence denotes 5.
T33183 225734-225736 Sentence denotes 5.
TextSentencer_T1774 225737-225781 Sentence denotes The baby colonisation rate was 8% (90/1125).
T51515 225737-225781 Sentence denotes The baby colonisation rate was 8% (90/1125).
TextSentencer_T1775 225782-225932 Sentence denotes Positive vaginal culture identified 78% of the positive babies; positive rectal culture 89% and both rectal and vaginal positive culture combined 93%.
T68099 225782-225932 Sentence denotes Positive vaginal culture identified 78% of the positive babies; positive rectal culture 89% and both rectal and vaginal positive culture combined 93%.
TextSentencer_T1776 225933-225944 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T90703 225933-225944 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1777 225945-226039 Sentence denotes Staphylococcus aureus remains the prevalent bacterium causing acute osteomyelitis in children.
T44605 225945-226039 Sentence denotes Staphylococcus aureus remains the prevalent bacterium causing acute osteomyelitis in children.
TextSentencer_T1778 226040-226158 Sentence denotes The involvement of methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA) as a cause of acute childhood osteomyelitis was investigated.
T25133 226040-226158 Sentence denotes The involvement of methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA) as a cause of acute childhood osteomyelitis was investigated.
TextSentencer_T1779 226159-226167 Sentence denotes Methods:
T48227 226159-226167 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T1780 226168-226311 Sentence denotes Included in the study were all children treated for acute osteomyelitis due to S. aureus in Western Greece from January 2005 until August 2006.
T37360 226168-226311 Sentence denotes Included in the study were all children treated for acute osteomyelitis due to S. aureus in Western Greece from January 2005 until August 2006.
TextSentencer_T1781 226312-226431 Sentence denotes Bone scan, MRI and X-rays were performed in order to ascertain the diagnosis and to assess the severity of the disease.
T30506 226312-226431 Sentence denotes Bone scan, MRI and X-rays were performed in order to ascertain the diagnosis and to assess the severity of the disease.
TextSentencer_T1782 226432-226522 Sentence denotes S. aureus was isolated from blood and/or bone tissue when surgical drainage was necessary.
T85849 226432-226522 Sentence denotes S. aureus was isolated from blood and/or bone tissue when surgical drainage was necessary.
TextSentencer_T1783 226523-226664 Sentence denotes The Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome (SCCmec) type and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes (lukS-PV and lukF-PV) were detected by PCRs.
T15664 226523-226664 Sentence denotes The Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome (SCCmec) type and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes (lukS-PV and lukF-PV) were detected by PCRs.
TextSentencer_T1784 226665-226718 Sentence denotes MRSA clones were defined by PFGE of SmaI DNA digests.
T86625 226665-226718 Sentence denotes MRSA clones were defined by PFGE of SmaI DNA digests.
TextSentencer_T1785 226719-226898 Sentence denotes Signs, symptoms and laboratory findings were prospectively registered and statistically evaluated (Mann-Whitney-U test) in all patients until cessation of activity of the disease.
T36939 226719-226898 Sentence denotes Signs, symptoms and laboratory findings were prospectively registered and statistically evaluated (Mann-Whitney-U test) in all patients until cessation of activity of the disease.
TextSentencer_T1786 226899-226907 Sentence denotes Results:
T85805 226899-226907 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1787 226908-227050 Sentence denotes Nineteen patients, 12 males and 7 females, median age 11 years, range 2−13 years, were diagnosed as having acute staphylococcal osteomyelitis.
T5123 226908-227050 Sentence denotes Nineteen patients, 12 males and 7 females, median age 11 years, range 2−13 years, were diagnosed as having acute staphylococcal osteomyelitis.
TextSentencer_T1788 227051-227137 Sentence denotes Three children had a suspected site of bacterial entrance (injury, burn, insect bite).
T46103 227051-227137 Sentence denotes Three children had a suspected site of bacterial entrance (injury, burn, insect bite).
TextSentencer_T1789 227138-227280 Sentence denotes S. aureus was isolated from the blood of nine patients, from the tissue of nine more patients and from both clinical specimens in one patient.
T70301 227138-227280 Sentence denotes S. aureus was isolated from the blood of nine patients, from the tissue of nine more patients and from both clinical specimens in one patient.
TextSentencer_T1790 227281-227379 Sentence denotes In five children community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) carrying SCCmec type IV and PVL was identified.
T20491 227281-227379 Sentence denotes In five children community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) carrying SCCmec type IV and PVL was identified.
TextSentencer_T1791 227380-227457 Sentence denotes Among the 14 MSSA isolated from the remaining patients, two were PVLpositive.
T77720 227380-227457 Sentence denotes Among the 14 MSSA isolated from the remaining patients, two were PVLpositive.
TextSentencer_T1792 227458-227682 Sentence denotes The maximal ESR and CRP values as well as the time necessary for normalisation of ESR and CRP differed statistically significantly in patients with PVL positive stains (MRSA and MSSA) compared to PVLnegative MSSA (p < 0.05).
T69245 227458-227682 Sentence denotes The maximal ESR and CRP values as well as the time necessary for normalisation of ESR and CRP differed statistically significantly in patients with PVL positive stains (MRSA and MSSA) compared to PVLnegative MSSA (p < 0.05).
TextSentencer_T1793 227683-227766 Sentence denotes Surgical drainage was more often necessary among patients with PVL-positive stains.
T11653 227683-227766 Sentence denotes Surgical drainage was more often necessary among patients with PVL-positive stains.
TextSentencer_T1794 227767-227905 Sentence denotes Conclusions: PVL-positive CA-MRSA are recovered not only from patients with superficial but also with invasive musculoskeletal infections.
T10190 227767-227905 Sentence denotes Conclusions: PVL-positive CA-MRSA are recovered not only from patients with superficial but also with invasive musculoskeletal infections.
TextSentencer_T1795 227906-228010 Sentence denotes The production of PVL seems to be the main factor that contributes to the course of acute osteomyelitis.
T73390 227906-228010 Sentence denotes The production of PVL seems to be the main factor that contributes to the course of acute osteomyelitis.
TextSentencer_T1796 228011-228130 Sentence denotes Here, we describe the first report of family transmission of C-MRSA PVL-, tsst1+, in a patient (pt) with osteomyelitis.
T17584 228011-228130 Sentence denotes Here, we describe the first report of family transmission of C-MRSA PVL-, tsst1+, in a patient (pt) with osteomyelitis.
TextSentencer_T1797 228131-228143 Sentence denotes Case report:
T46284 228131-228143 Sentence denotes Case report:
TextSentencer_T1798 228144-228304 Sentence denotes In October 2006, a 29-year-old alcoholic man with no medical history was admitted in our department of infectious diseases for acromioclavicular osteoarthritis.
T99656 228144-228304 Sentence denotes In October 2006, a 29-year-old alcoholic man with no medical history was admitted in our department of infectious diseases for acromioclavicular osteoarthritis.
TextSentencer_T1799 228305-228360 Sentence denotes He was married and had two children (6 and 8 year-old).
T96586 228305-228360 Sentence denotes He was married and had two children (6 and 8 year-old).
TextSentencer_T1800 228361-228513 Sentence denotes In 2005 he had a traumatic dislocation of the right acromioclavicular joint and was operated one year later for tendons refection using homogenic graft.
T85598 228361-228513 Sentence denotes In 2005 he had a traumatic dislocation of the right acromioclavicular joint and was operated one year later for tendons refection using homogenic graft.
TextSentencer_T1801 228514-228634 Sentence denotes Two weeks after surgery, a purulent discharge from the post-operative wound was noted, and MRSA was cultured from swabs.
T88038 228514-228634 Sentence denotes Two weeks after surgery, a purulent discharge from the post-operative wound was noted, and MRSA was cultured from swabs.
TextSentencer_T1802 228635-228834 Sentence denotes The strain was resistant to oxacillin, kanamycin, tobramycin, and susceptible to ofloxacin, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, pristinamycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and was intermediate to fusidic acid.
T91654 228635-228834 Sentence denotes The strain was resistant to oxacillin, kanamycin, tobramycin, and susceptible to ofloxacin, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, pristinamycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and was intermediate to fusidic acid.
TextSentencer_T1803 228835-228889 Sentence denotes He was given oral pristinamycin (1 g tid for 8 weeks).
T23661 228835-228889 Sentence denotes He was given oral pristinamycin (1 g tid for 8 weeks).
TextSentencer_T1804 228890-229078 Sentence denotes One week after the end of treatment, in October 2006, he was admitted for a right acromioclavicular osteoarthritis which required surgical debridement and intravenous vancomycin treatment.
T30111 228890-229078 Sentence denotes One week after the end of treatment, in October 2006, he was admitted for a right acromioclavicular osteoarthritis which required surgical debridement and intravenous vancomycin treatment.
TextSentencer_T1805 229079-229141 Sentence denotes A C-MRSA strain PVL− tsst1+ grew from intra-operative samples.
T50898 229079-229141 Sentence denotes A C-MRSA strain PVL− tsst1+ grew from intra-operative samples.
TextSentencer_T1806 229142-229357 Sentence denotes The family carriage screening (including the pt) showed that the pt's children were colonised with the same MRSA strain according to the antibiotic susceptibility profile (PVL and tsst 1 detection still in process).
T91859 229142-229357 Sentence denotes The family carriage screening (including the pt) showed that the pt's children were colonised with the same MRSA strain according to the antibiotic susceptibility profile (PVL and tsst 1 detection still in process).
TextSentencer_T1807 229358-229442 Sentence denotes The members of the pt's family had no healthcare associated risk factors for C-MRSA.
T69560 229358-229442 Sentence denotes The members of the pt's family had no healthcare associated risk factors for C-MRSA.
TextSentencer_T1808 229443-229544 Sentence denotes Vancomycin was switched to oral trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and rifampicin combination for 3 months.
T45242 229443-229544 Sentence denotes Vancomycin was switched to oral trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and rifampicin combination for 3 months.
TextSentencer_T1809 229545-229556 Sentence denotes Discussion:
T93228 229545-229556 Sentence denotes Discussion:
TextSentencer_T1810 229557-229646 Sentence denotes In 2002, a new type of MRSA producing tsst1 has been described in France and Switzerland.
T75768 229557-229646 Sentence denotes In 2002, a new type of MRSA producing tsst1 has been described in France and Switzerland.
TextSentencer_T1811 229647-229751 Sentence denotes To the best of our knowledge, family transmission of C-MRSA PVL-, tsst1+ strain has never been reported.
T18521 229647-229751 Sentence denotes To the best of our knowledge, family transmission of C-MRSA PVL-, tsst1+ strain has never been reported.
TextSentencer_T1812 229752-229852 Sentence denotes In the present case report, a cross contamination between the pt and his family is highly suspected.
T57175 229752-229852 Sentence denotes In the present case report, a cross contamination between the pt and his family is highly suspected.
TextSentencer_T1813 229853-229958 Sentence denotes Conclusion: the present case shows that C-MRSA PVL-, tsst 1 might be associated with family transmission.
T64499 229853-229958 Sentence denotes Conclusion: the present case shows that C-MRSA PVL-, tsst 1 might be associated with family transmission.
TextSentencer_T1814 229960-230107 Sentence denotes The prevalence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in Swiss pigs was high using PCR, however, the isolation rate was clearly lower than in German pigs.
T13821 229960-230107 Sentence denotes The prevalence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in Swiss pigs was high using PCR, however, the isolation rate was clearly lower than in German pigs.
TextSentencer_T1815 230108-230332 Sentence denotes Most of the Swiss pigs were infected with bioserotype 4/O:3, which is the most common type found among human Y. enterolitica gastroenteritis in German and Switzerland and is the only type isolated from German slaughter pigs.
T68918 230108-230332 Sentence denotes Most of the Swiss pigs were infected with bioserotype 4/O:3, which is the most common type found among human Y. enterolitica gastroenteritis in German and Switzerland and is the only type isolated from German slaughter pigs.
TextSentencer_T1816 230333-230407 Sentence denotes Pig was also shown to be a reservoir for bioserotype 2/O:9 in Switzerland.
T99552 230333-230407 Sentence denotes Pig was also shown to be a reservoir for bioserotype 2/O:9 in Switzerland.
TextSentencer_T1817 230408-230535 Sentence denotes The genetic diversity of ail-positive Y. enterocolitica in the pig tonsils collected from one Swiss slaughterhouse was limited.
T10515 230408-230535 Sentence denotes The genetic diversity of ail-positive Y. enterocolitica in the pig tonsils collected from one Swiss slaughterhouse was limited.
TextSentencer_T1818 230536-230597 Sentence denotes T. van were significantly associated with the CDAD incidence.
T95803 230536-230597 Sentence denotes T. van were significantly associated with the CDAD incidence.
TextSentencer_T1819 230598-230609 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T88847 230598-230609 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T1820 230610-230817 Sentence denotes Hospital-wide use of most antibiotics known to be a risk factor for CDAD at patient level, such as fluoroquinolones, are not associated at institution level with higher incidences of type 027associated CDAD.
T84795 230610-230817 Sentence denotes Hospital-wide use of most antibiotics known to be a risk factor for CDAD at patient level, such as fluoroquinolones, are not associated at institution level with higher incidences of type 027associated CDAD.
TextSentencer_T1821 230818-230879 Sentence denotes Possibly, investigation at ward-level might correlate better.
T5538 230818-230879 Sentence denotes Possibly, investigation at ward-level might correlate better.
TextSentencer_T1822 230880-230988 Sentence denotes Wearing an apron and giving special instructions to visitors in case of diarrhoea appeared to be protective.
T32013 230880-230988 Sentence denotes Wearing an apron and giving special instructions to visitors in case of diarrhoea appeared to be protective.
TextSentencer_T1823 230989-231000 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T49292 230989-231000 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T1824 231001-231097 Sentence denotes Acanthamoebae have been reported to represent the environmental host of several human pathogens.
T81766 231001-231097 Sentence denotes Acanthamoebae have been reported to represent the environmental host of several human pathogens.
TextSentencer_T1825 231098-231229 Sentence denotes Vibrio cholerae requires 10 8 to 10 9 cells to cause cholera, and accordingly it needs an environmental host to enhance its growth.
T26035 231098-231229 Sentence denotes Vibrio cholerae requires 10 8 to 10 9 cells to cause cholera, and accordingly it needs an environmental host to enhance its growth.
TextSentencer_T1826 231230-231348 Sentence denotes Our studies have shown that extracellular V. cholerae O1 and O139 have grown and survived in Acanthamoeba castellanii.
T66452 231230-231348 Sentence denotes Our studies have shown that extracellular V. cholerae O1 and O139 have grown and survived in Acanthamoeba castellanii.
TextSentencer_T1827 231349-231492 Sentence denotes The aim of this study is to examine the ability of A. castellanii to protect V. cholerae and to enhance its growth to be able to infect humans.
T23489 231349-231492 Sentence denotes The aim of this study is to examine the ability of A. castellanii to protect V. cholerae and to enhance its growth to be able to infect humans.
TextSentencer_T1828 231493-231587 Sentence denotes Methods: V. cholerae producing green fluorescent protein was cocultivated with A. castellanii.
T77107 231493-231587 Sentence denotes Methods: V. cholerae producing green fluorescent protein was cocultivated with A. castellanii.
TextSentencer_T1829 231588-231746 Sentence denotes An antibiotic assay used to examine ability of amoeba to protect intracellular bacteria and to differentiate between extracellular and intracellular bacteria.
T75081 231588-231746 Sentence denotes An antibiotic assay used to examine ability of amoeba to protect intracellular bacteria and to differentiate between extracellular and intracellular bacteria.
TextSentencer_T1830 231747-231803 Sentence denotes A. castellanii cultivated with V. cholerae for one week.
T38449 231747-231803 Sentence denotes A. castellanii cultivated with V. cholerae for one week.
TextSentencer_T1831 231804-231940 Sentence denotes After gentamicin killing and washing of extracellular V. cholerae, the number of intracellular bacteria was found to be 2×10 5 cells/mL.
T3635 231804-231940 Sentence denotes After gentamicin killing and washing of extracellular V. cholerae, the number of intracellular bacteria was found to be 2×10 5 cells/mL.
TextSentencer_T1832 231941-232069 Sentence denotes The amoebae harbouring V. cholerae were re-cultivated and growth of the microorganisms examined by viable counts during 2 weeks.
T44638 231941-232069 Sentence denotes The amoebae harbouring V. cholerae were re-cultivated and growth of the microorganisms examined by viable counts during 2 weeks.
TextSentencer_T1833 232070-232078 Sentence denotes Results:
T32553 232070-232078 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T1834 232079-232236 Sentence denotes Gentamicin killed only the extracellular bacteria, while ciprofloxacin killed both, thus, the amoeba protected the intracellular V. cholerae from gentamicin.
T31688 232079-232236 Sentence denotes Gentamicin killed only the extracellular bacteria, while ciprofloxacin killed both, thus, the amoeba protected the intracellular V. cholerae from gentamicin.
TextSentencer_T1835 232237-232430 Sentence denotes The antibiotic assay differentiated between extracellular bacteria that killed by gentamicin and intracellular bacteria that killed only by ciprofloxacin, which could diffuse into amoeba cells.
T48604 232237-232430 Sentence denotes The antibiotic assay differentiated between extracellular bacteria that killed by gentamicin and intracellular bacteria that killed only by ciprofloxacin, which could diffuse into amoeba cells.
TextSentencer_T1836 232431-232612 Sentence denotes Re-cultivation of A. castellanii harbouring intracellular V. cholerae resulted in enhanced growth of V. cholerae to 2×10 11 CFU/mL and the bacteria survived for more than two weeks.
T39780 232431-232612 Sentence denotes Re-cultivation of A. castellanii harbouring intracellular V. cholerae resulted in enhanced growth of V. cholerae to 2×10 11 CFU/mL and the bacteria survived for more than two weeks.
TextSentencer_T1837 232613-232792 Sentence denotes Thus, amoeba acted as a biological incubator in which intracellular growth of the bacteria occurred to increase their number a million fold and maintained their overall viability.
T62734 232613-232792 Sentence denotes Thus, amoeba acted as a biological incubator in which intracellular growth of the bacteria occurred to increase their number a million fold and maintained their overall viability.
TextSentencer_T1838 232793-232969 Sentence denotes Existence of V. cholerae extracellularly as well as intracellularly in culture medium confirmed its facultative intracellular behaviour, which enhanced its growth and survival.
T95474 232793-232969 Sentence denotes Existence of V. cholerae extracellularly as well as intracellularly in culture medium confirmed its facultative intracellular behaviour, which enhanced its growth and survival.
TextSentencer_T1839 232970-233064 Sentence denotes The utilised antibiotic assay differentiates between extracellular and intracellular bacteria.
T30444 232970-233064 Sentence denotes The utilised antibiotic assay differentiates between extracellular and intracellular bacteria.
TextSentencer_T1840 233065-233288 Sentence denotes Free-living amoeba is a possible biological factor, which protects and enhances growth of V. cholerae to exceed its infections dose and to supports the idea of amoeba as a second host to the bacterium in nature besides man.
T96284 233065-233288 Sentence denotes Free-living amoeba is a possible biological factor, which protects and enhances growth of V. cholerae to exceed its infections dose and to supports the idea of amoeba as a second host to the bacterium in nature besides man.
TextSentencer_T1841 233290-233451 Sentence denotes Common oral conditions, such as gingivitis and chronic periodontitis, are found world-wide and are among the most widely prevalent microbial diseases of mankind.
T97285 233290-233451 Sentence denotes Common oral conditions, such as gingivitis and chronic periodontitis, are found world-wide and are among the most widely prevalent microbial diseases of mankind.
TextSentencer_T1842 233452-233569 Sentence denotes A primary trigger for these conditions is the complex microbiota found as dental plaque, a complex microbial biofilm.
T85084 233452-233569 Sentence denotes A primary trigger for these conditions is the complex microbiota found as dental plaque, a complex microbial biofilm.
TextSentencer_T1843 233570-233795 Sentence denotes Despite 3000 years of history demonstrating the influence of oral status on general health, recent decades have seen an accelerated effort for the prevention and management of these conditions through groundbreaking advances.
T76194 233570-233795 Sentence denotes Despite 3000 years of history demonstrating the influence of oral status on general health, recent decades have seen an accelerated effort for the prevention and management of these conditions through groundbreaking advances.
TextSentencer_T1844 233796-234099 Sentence denotes One outcome of these advances is the realisation that periodontal diseases are associated with systemic conditions such as coronary heart disease and stroke; higher risk for preterm, low birth weight babies and pose threats to those with chronic disease: diabetes, respiratory diseases and osteoporosis.
T15417 233796-234099 Sentence denotes One outcome of these advances is the realisation that periodontal diseases are associated with systemic conditions such as coronary heart disease and stroke; higher risk for preterm, low birth weight babies and pose threats to those with chronic disease: diabetes, respiratory diseases and osteoporosis.
TextSentencer_T1845 234100-234204 Sentence denotes This presentation will highlight recent research associating periodontal disease with systemic diseases.
T6296 234100-234204 Sentence denotes This presentation will highlight recent research associating periodontal disease with systemic diseases.
TextSentencer_T1846 234205-234315 Sentence denotes The relationship between oral infections and systemic disease represents a paradigm shift in current research.
T67318 234205-234315 Sentence denotes The relationship between oral infections and systemic disease represents a paradigm shift in current research.
TextSentencer_T1847 234316-234459 Sentence denotes A portion of this lecture will be devoted to examining the role of chronic infections and their association with cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
T64474 234316-234459 Sentence denotes A portion of this lecture will be devoted to examining the role of chronic infections and their association with cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
TextSentencer_T1848 234460-234636 Sentence denotes These infections include Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and, more recently, periodontopathic bacteria including Porphyromonas gingivalis.
T88680 234460-234636 Sentence denotes These infections include Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and, more recently, periodontopathic bacteria including Porphyromonas gingivalis.
TextSentencer_T1849 234637-234782 Sentence denotes Although a number of potential mechanisms have been postulated, the mechanism by which these infections are associated with CVD is still unclear.
T75591 234637-234782 Sentence denotes Although a number of potential mechanisms have been postulated, the mechanism by which these infections are associated with CVD is still unclear.
TextSentencer_T1850 234783-235086 Sentence denotes The various hypotheses concerning this relationship include common susceptibility, inflammation via increased circulating cytokines and inflammatory mediators, direct infection of the blood vessels and finally the possibility of cross-reactivity or molecular mimicry between bacterial and self antigens.
T2656 234783-235086 Sentence denotes The various hypotheses concerning this relationship include common susceptibility, inflammation via increased circulating cytokines and inflammatory mediators, direct infection of the blood vessels and finally the possibility of cross-reactivity or molecular mimicry between bacterial and self antigens.
TextSentencer_T1851 235087-235224 Sentence denotes The evidence for each of these mechanisms will be presented and the clinical implications for medical and dental practitioners discussed.
T33182 235087-235224 Sentence denotes The evidence for each of these mechanisms will be presented and the clinical implications for medical and dental practitioners discussed.
TextSentencer_T1852 235225-235390 Sentence denotes This introductory lecture will set the stage for subsequent speakers highlighting the medico-dental interface as a required shift in health practices for the future.
T92651 235225-235390 Sentence denotes This introductory lecture will set the stage for subsequent speakers highlighting the medico-dental interface as a required shift in health practices for the future.
TextSentencer_T1853 235391-235537 Sentence denotes While both medicine and dentistry are healthcare professions devoted to patient care, the interaction between the two disciplines remains limited.
T93954 235391-235537 Sentence denotes While both medicine and dentistry are healthcare professions devoted to patient care, the interaction between the two disciplines remains limited.
TextSentencer_T1854 235538-235646 Sentence denotes It is rare for dental professionals to be integral members of medical teams or hospital/healthcare settings.
T81172 235538-235646 Sentence denotes It is rare for dental professionals to be integral members of medical teams or hospital/healthcare settings.
TextSentencer_T1855 235647-235787 Sentence denotes While referrals between the two professions occur, improved communications between professionals are required to optimise treatment options.
T39355 235647-235787 Sentence denotes While referrals between the two professions occur, improved communications between professionals are required to optimise treatment options.
TextSentencer_T1856 235788-235937 Sentence denotes This is increasingly required to capitalise on recent advances in health sciences for the management of chronic diseases that have reduced morbidity.
T10134 235788-235937 Sentence denotes This is increasingly required to capitalise on recent advances in health sciences for the management of chronic diseases that have reduced morbidity.
TextSentencer_T1857 235938-236328 Sentence denotes Improvements in longevity have resulted in unique populations with special oral care needs and include those with cancer of the head and neck, immunocompromised, HIV/AIDS, geriatrics, residents of long-term care facilities, patients with lifelong conditions, after organ transplantation and those on prescription medications like those for blood-pressure control or anticoagulation therapy.
T18174 235938-236328 Sentence denotes Improvements in longevity have resulted in unique populations with special oral care needs and include those with cancer of the head and neck, immunocompromised, HIV/AIDS, geriatrics, residents of long-term care facilities, patients with lifelong conditions, after organ transplantation and those on prescription medications like those for blood-pressure control or anticoagulation therapy.
TextSentencer_T1858 236329-236500 Sentence denotes This session will highlight the unique oral care needs for our changing patient population, and how oral health can be improved when dentists and physicians work together.
T1792 236329-236500 Sentence denotes This session will highlight the unique oral care needs for our changing patient population, and how oral health can be improved when dentists and physicians work together.
TextSentencer_T1859 236501-236662 Sentence denotes The role of prescription medications to treat medical conditions and their adverse reactions in the oral cavity will form a separate another area for discussion.
T99256 236501-236662 Sentence denotes The role of prescription medications to treat medical conditions and their adverse reactions in the oral cavity will form a separate another area for discussion.
TextSentencer_T1860 236663-236710 Sentence denotes Many medications, for instance, are xerostomic.
T62106 236663-236710 Sentence denotes Many medications, for instance, are xerostomic.
TextSentencer_T1861 236711-236798 Sentence denotes Patients with xerostomia are at increased risk for tooth decay and periodontal disease.
T62480 236711-236798 Sentence denotes Patients with xerostomia are at increased risk for tooth decay and periodontal disease.
TextSentencer_T1862 236799-236989 Sentence denotes The need for increased collaboration between dentists and physicians to prevent or reduce complications by maintaining better oral and medical health will form a core theme for this session.
T65063 236799-236989 Sentence denotes The need for increased collaboration between dentists and physicians to prevent or reduce complications by maintaining better oral and medical health will form a core theme for this session.
TextSentencer_T1863 236990-237124 Sentence denotes It cannot be any longer ignored that oral health and medical health professionals must unite for optimal management of patient health.
T31939 236990-237124 Sentence denotes It cannot be any longer ignored that oral health and medical health professionals must unite for optimal management of patient health.
TextSentencer_T1864 237125-237222 Sentence denotes A primary step to improve oral health is the routine control of dental plaque, a natural biofilm.
T75130 237125-237222 Sentence denotes A primary step to improve oral health is the routine control of dental plaque, a natural biofilm.
TextSentencer_T1865 237223-237349 Sentence denotes Oral hygiene formulations with significant effects on the dental biofilm augment ineffective practices of routine prophylaxis.
T6787 237223-237349 Sentence denotes Oral hygiene formulations with significant effects on the dental biofilm augment ineffective practices of routine prophylaxis.
TextSentencer_T1866 237350-237485 Sentence denotes Chlorhexidine and triclosan formulated in oral hygiene formulations have an extensive history of clinically proven efficacy and safety.
T54287 237350-237485 Sentence denotes Chlorhexidine and triclosan formulated in oral hygiene formulations have an extensive history of clinically proven efficacy and safety.
TextSentencer_T1867 237486-237621 Sentence denotes An overview of clinically effective oral hygiene formulations and their role as therapeutic strategies will commence this presentation.
T87629 237486-237621 Sentence denotes An overview of clinically effective oral hygiene formulations and their role as therapeutic strategies will commence this presentation.
TextSentencer_T1868 237622-237881 Sentence denotes With triclosan serving as a case-study, the talk will bring together recent advances in the assessment of oral biofilms, analyses of clinical strains including susceptibility to demonstrate the microbiological safety and efficacy of oral hygiene formulations.
T50779 237622-237881 Sentence denotes With triclosan serving as a case-study, the talk will bring together recent advances in the assessment of oral biofilms, analyses of clinical strains including susceptibility to demonstrate the microbiological safety and efficacy of oral hygiene formulations.
TextSentencer_T1869 237882-238030 Sentence denotes The past three decades have witnessed no general reduction in the effectiveness of triclosan for its target bacteria including periodontal bacteria.
T29124 237882-238030 Sentence denotes The past three decades have witnessed no general reduction in the effectiveness of triclosan for its target bacteria including periodontal bacteria.
TextSentencer_T1870 238031-238273 Sentence denotes Whilst triclosan is not noted for its activity against enteric bacteria and pseudomonads, laboratory studies demonstrated that chronic sub-lethal exposure of Escherichia coli can select mutant clones with significantly reduced susceptibility.
T39647 238031-238273 Sentence denotes Whilst triclosan is not noted for its activity against enteric bacteria and pseudomonads, laboratory studies demonstrated that chronic sub-lethal exposure of Escherichia coli can select mutant clones with significantly reduced susceptibility.
TextSentencer_T1871 238274-238406 Sentence denotes These mutants are either mutated in an enzyme (FabI) associated with fatty-acid biosynthesis or overexpress multi-drug efflux pumps.
T61675 238274-238406 Sentence denotes These mutants are either mutated in an enzyme (FabI) associated with fatty-acid biosynthesis or overexpress multi-drug efflux pumps.
TextSentencer_T1872 238407-238630 Sentence denotes Initial concern that mutations in FabI might be capable of horizontal transfer between environmental bacteria and noscomial pathogens or that parallel processes might occur directly in Gram-positive pathogens have subsided.
T52885 238407-238630 Sentence denotes Initial concern that mutations in FabI might be capable of horizontal transfer between environmental bacteria and noscomial pathogens or that parallel processes might occur directly in Gram-positive pathogens have subsided.
TextSentencer_T1873 238631-238789 Sentence denotes Similarly, concern about possible selection of resistance towards third-party agents (antibiotics) that might share the FabI gene target has proven unfounded.
T80803 238631-238789 Sentence denotes Similarly, concern about possible selection of resistance towards third-party agents (antibiotics) that might share the FabI gene target has proven unfounded.
TextSentencer_T1874 238790-239000 Sentence denotes Selection of efflux-on mutants, whilst demonstrated in the laboratory is not supported by analyses of isolates from the hospital or domestic environment where agents such as triclosan have been widely deployed.
T59472 238790-239000 Sentence denotes Selection of efflux-on mutants, whilst demonstrated in the laboratory is not supported by analyses of isolates from the hospital or domestic environment where agents such as triclosan have been widely deployed.
TextSentencer_T1875 239001-239097 Sentence denotes Evidence suggests that efflux-on mutants are unable to compete in natural microbial communities.
T17205 239001-239097 Sentence denotes Evidence suggests that efflux-on mutants are unable to compete in natural microbial communities.
TextSentencer_T1876 239098-239442 Sentence denotes Whilst there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the uncontrolled use of triclosan in domestic products is totally free of risk, its deployment for oral hygiene, especially where such use might limit the number of refractory infections and their possible complications contributes ultimately to a reduction in antibiotic use is encouraged.
T69030 239098-239442 Sentence denotes Whilst there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the uncontrolled use of triclosan in domestic products is totally free of risk, its deployment for oral hygiene, especially where such use might limit the number of refractory infections and their possible complications contributes ultimately to a reduction in antibiotic use is encouraged.
TextSentencer_T1877 239443-239615 Sentence denotes Collectively, there is no evidence that the long-term application of triclosan formulations to the oral cavity or skin selects for triclosanresistant bacterial populations.
T75808 239443-239615 Sentence denotes Collectively, there is no evidence that the long-term application of triclosan formulations to the oral cavity or skin selects for triclosanresistant bacterial populations.
TextSentencer_T1878 239616-239810 Sentence denotes As the increasing elderly population retain more of their natural teeth into later life periodontal disease will pose an increasing problem both for the dentition and potentially general health.
T65816 239616-239810 Sentence denotes As the increasing elderly population retain more of their natural teeth into later life periodontal disease will pose an increasing problem both for the dentition and potentially general health.
TextSentencer_T1879 239811-240109 Sentence denotes The maintenance of an effective level of oral hygiene is the cornerstone of all attempts to prevent and control periodontal diseases and yet the widespread prevalence of these diseases indicates the inability of most people to achieve a level of plaque control commensurate with periodontal health.
T93144 239811-240109 Sentence denotes The maintenance of an effective level of oral hygiene is the cornerstone of all attempts to prevent and control periodontal diseases and yet the widespread prevalence of these diseases indicates the inability of most people to achieve a level of plaque control commensurate with periodontal health.
TextSentencer_T1880 240110-240290 Sentence denotes The inclusion of antibacterial agents, such as chlorhexidine and triclosan/copolymer, into oral care products has provided the consumer with the means to improve their oral health.
T81898 240110-240290 Sentence denotes The inclusion of antibacterial agents, such as chlorhexidine and triclosan/copolymer, into oral care products has provided the consumer with the means to improve their oral health.
TextSentencer_T1881 240291-240527 Sentence denotes Randomised controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that a dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer significantly improves gingival health, prevents the onset of periodontitis and furthermore reduces the progression of the disease.
T61288 240291-240527 Sentence denotes Randomised controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that a dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer significantly improves gingival health, prevents the onset of periodontitis and furthermore reduces the progression of the disease.
TextSentencer_T1882 240528-240679 Sentence denotes These benefits were initially attributed to the antibacterial action of triclosan but evidence now suggests that it is also an anti-inflammatory agent.
T79615 240528-240679 Sentence denotes These benefits were initially attributed to the antibacterial action of triclosan but evidence now suggests that it is also an anti-inflammatory agent.
TextSentencer_T1883 240680-240820 Sentence denotes The delivery of such benefits is considerable with implications for the maintenance of oral and general health and the costs of dental care.
T51142 240680-240820 Sentence denotes The delivery of such benefits is considerable with implications for the maintenance of oral and general health and the costs of dental care.
TextSentencer_T1884 240821-241025 Sentence denotes The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) is alarming.
T42581 240821-241025 Sentence denotes The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) is alarming.
TextSentencer_T1885 241026-241145 Sentence denotes Increasing MDR in patients treated for nosocomial infections is causing an increase in costs, morbidity, and mortality.
T17424 241026-241145 Sentence denotes Increasing MDR in patients treated for nosocomial infections is causing an increase in costs, morbidity, and mortality.
TextSentencer_T1886 241146-241259 Sentence denotes Traditionally, a narrow-spectrum drug was used first, and the most potent drugs were reserved for subsequent use.
T79556 241146-241259 Sentence denotes Traditionally, a narrow-spectrum drug was used first, and the most potent drugs were reserved for subsequent use.
TextSentencer_T1887 241260-241390 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, the traditional approach increases the chance of treatment failure and the emergence of multidrugresistant strains.
T14017 241260-241390 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, the traditional approach increases the chance of treatment failure and the emergence of multidrugresistant strains.
TextSentencer_T1888 241391-241496 Sentence denotes In fact, the inappropriate choice of antibiotics is the most important independent risk factor for death.
T66380 241391-241496 Sentence denotes In fact, the inappropriate choice of antibiotics is the most important independent risk factor for death.
TextSentencer_T1889 241497-241643 Sentence denotes ESBL producers are resistant to most penicillins and cephalosporins and are often cross-resistant to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones as well.
T20843 241497-241643 Sentence denotes ESBL producers are resistant to most penicillins and cephalosporins and are often cross-resistant to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones as well.
TextSentencer_T1890 241644-241768 Sentence denotes Carbapenems have been shown to provide superior outcomes compared with other agents for infections caused by ESBL producers.
T22550 241644-241768 Sentence denotes Carbapenems have been shown to provide superior outcomes compared with other agents for infections caused by ESBL producers.
TextSentencer_T1891 241769-241889 Sentence denotes Consequently, the first-line use of carbapenems is optimal for serious infections in which ESBL pathogens are suspected.
T70156 241769-241889 Sentence denotes Consequently, the first-line use of carbapenems is optimal for serious infections in which ESBL pathogens are suspected.
TextSentencer_T1892 241890-241968 Sentence denotes The major non-fermentative Gram-negative pathogen of concern is P. aeruginosa.
T14842 241890-241968 Sentence denotes The major non-fermentative Gram-negative pathogen of concern is P. aeruginosa.
TextSentencer_T1893 241969-242083 Sentence denotes P. aeruginosa is a common cause of nosocomial infections and the leading cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
T57791 241969-242083 Sentence denotes P. aeruginosa is a common cause of nosocomial infections and the leading cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
TextSentencer_T1894 242084-242288 Sentence denotes Initial therapy should include an antipseudomonal b-lactam, such as piperacillintazobactam, an antipseudomonal carbapenem, or an antipseudomonal cephalosporin, plus an aminoglycoside or a fluoroquinolone.
T21827 242084-242288 Sentence denotes Initial therapy should include an antipseudomonal b-lactam, such as piperacillintazobactam, an antipseudomonal carbapenem, or an antipseudomonal cephalosporin, plus an aminoglycoside or a fluoroquinolone.
TextSentencer_T1895 242289-242396 Sentence denotes A. baumannii generally is susceptible to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, sulbactam, colistin, or tigecycline.
T99555 242289-242396 Sentence denotes A. baumannii generally is susceptible to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, sulbactam, colistin, or tigecycline.
TextSentencer_T1896 242397-242491 Sentence denotes Carbapenems are one of the few classes that remain an excellent choice for both nonfermenters.
T45694 242397-242491 Sentence denotes Carbapenems are one of the few classes that remain an excellent choice for both nonfermenters.
TextSentencer_T1897 242492-242665 Sentence denotes Doripenem is a new broad-spectrum carbapenem with activity superior to that of other carbapenems against P. aeruginosa and similar to other carbapenems against A. baumannii.
T6568 242492-242665 Sentence denotes Doripenem is a new broad-spectrum carbapenem with activity superior to that of other carbapenems against P. aeruginosa and similar to other carbapenems against A. baumannii.
TextSentencer_T1898 242666-242807 Sentence denotes As antibiotic resistance increases, empiric therapy for severe infections should be based on local pathogen etiology and resistance patterns.
T15464 242666-242807 Sentence denotes As antibiotic resistance increases, empiric therapy for severe infections should be based on local pathogen etiology and resistance patterns.
TextSentencer_T1899 242808-242951 Sentence denotes A new approach is to start with a high-dose, broad-spectrum antibiotic and then tailor the individual therapy based on microbiological results.
T84656 242808-242951 Sentence denotes A new approach is to start with a high-dose, broad-spectrum antibiotic and then tailor the individual therapy based on microbiological results.
TextSentencer_T1900 242952-243068 Sentence denotes Carbapenems are likely to remain an important option for serious Gramnegative infections for the foreseeable future.
T49742 242952-243068 Sentence denotes Carbapenems are likely to remain an important option for serious Gramnegative infections for the foreseeable future.
TextSentencer_T1901 243069-243303 Sentence denotes Since the number of new intravenous agents with activity against Gram-negative organisms is extremely limited, the development of a new carbapenem may help to reduce the mortality, morbidity, and cost of serious nosocomial infections.
T54049 243069-243303 Sentence denotes Since the number of new intravenous agents with activity against Gram-negative organisms is extremely limited, the development of a new carbapenem may help to reduce the mortality, morbidity, and cost of serious nosocomial infections.
TextSentencer_T1902 243304-243516 Sentence denotes The widely marketed carbapenems long comprised imipenem (launched 1985) and meropenem (1996) , but the family is now growing, with ertapenem (2002), doripenem (anticipated 2007/2008), and CS-023 (in development).
T30734 243304-243516 Sentence denotes The widely marketed carbapenems long comprised imipenem (launched 1985) and meropenem (1996) , but the family is now growing, with ertapenem (2002), doripenem (anticipated 2007/2008), and CS-023 (in development).
TextSentencer_T1903 243517-243600 Sentence denotes Use is also growing, driven by the spread of extendedspectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs).
T2543 243517-243600 Sentence denotes Use is also growing, driven by the spread of extendedspectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs).
TextSentencer_T1904 243601-243849 Sentence denotes The carbapenems have much in common with each other, with broader activity and better stability to ESBLs and AmpC enzymes than other b-lactams, but with lability to metallo-and KPC b-lactamases and to the OXA carbapenemases of Acinetobacter clones.
T56381 243601-243849 Sentence denotes The carbapenems have much in common with each other, with broader activity and better stability to ESBLs and AmpC enzymes than other b-lactams, but with lability to metallo-and KPC b-lactamases and to the OXA carbapenemases of Acinetobacter clones.
TextSentencer_T1905 243850-243902 Sentence denotes Three carbapenem groups nevertheless can be defined.
T2607 243850-243902 Sentence denotes Three carbapenem groups nevertheless can be defined.
TextSentencer_T1906 243903-244038 Sentence denotes Group 1 agents lack activity versus non-fermenters; they are represented by ertapenem and perhaps in the future also by oral analogues.
T49419 243903-244038 Sentence denotes Group 1 agents lack activity versus non-fermenters; they are represented by ertapenem and perhaps in the future also by oral analogues.
TextSentencer_T1907 244039-244285 Sentence denotes Ertapenem's utility lies in the treatment of community-acquired infections, where ESBL producers are likely or proven; it has convenient, oncedaily, dosing but is the most vulnerable carbapenem to combinations of ESBL or AmpC plus impermeability.
T40661 244039-244285 Sentence denotes Ertapenem's utility lies in the treatment of community-acquired infections, where ESBL producers are likely or proven; it has convenient, oncedaily, dosing but is the most vulnerable carbapenem to combinations of ESBL or AmpC plus impermeability.
TextSentencer_T1908 244286-244503 Sentence denotes Group 2 comprises imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem, plus analogues available only in East Asia; they are active versus most non-fermenters and are appropriate in nosocomial settings where these pathogens are likely.
T15250 244286-244503 Sentence denotes Group 2 comprises imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem, plus analogues available only in East Asia; they are active versus most non-fermenters and are appropriate in nosocomial settings where these pathogens are likely.
TextSentencer_T1909 244504-244761 Sentence denotes Doripenem and meropenem are very similar, but with doripenem circa two-fold more active versus most species; imipenem is slightly less active against Gram-negative bacteria except Acinetobacter but is the sole carbapenem active versus Enterococcus faecalis.
T75225 244504-244761 Sentence denotes Doripenem and meropenem are very similar, but with doripenem circa two-fold more active versus most species; imipenem is slightly less active against Gram-negative bacteria except Acinetobacter but is the sole carbapenem active versus Enterococcus faecalis.
TextSentencer_T1910 244762-244885 Sentence denotes Doripenem and meropenem need two mutations -loss of OprD and up-regulated efflux -for resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
T38326 244762-244885 Sentence denotes Doripenem and meropenem need two mutations -loss of OprD and up-regulated efflux -for resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
TextSentencer_T1911 244886-245030 Sentence denotes Imipenem resistance arises by loss of OprD alone and can be selected in therapy; nevertheless, imipenem is unique in evading pseudomonal efflux.
T36287 244886-245030 Sentence denotes Imipenem resistance arises by loss of OprD alone and can be selected in therapy; nevertheless, imipenem is unique in evading pseudomonal efflux.
TextSentencer_T1912 245031-245389 Sentence denotes Meropenem and doripenem are relatively stable to renal dehydropeptidase, but imipenem needs protection with cilastatin; doripenem and meropenem are chemically stable, allowing prolonged infusion, whereas imipenem is not; doripenem and meropenem have little seizure potential (meropenem is licensed for meningitis), but CNS side-effects limit imipenem dosage.
T2829 245031-245389 Sentence denotes Meropenem and doripenem are relatively stable to renal dehydropeptidase, but imipenem needs protection with cilastatin; doripenem and meropenem are chemically stable, allowing prolonged infusion, whereas imipenem is not; doripenem and meropenem have little seizure potential (meropenem is licensed for meningitis), but CNS side-effects limit imipenem dosage.
TextSentencer_T1913 245390-245659 Sentence denotes Group 3, comprising analogues active versus MRSA, is represented by the developmental agent CS-023; its minimum inhibitory concentrations for MRSA are more widely distributed than those of anti-MRSA cephalosporins, but it has the wider spectrum typical of a carbapenem.
T88842 245390-245659 Sentence denotes Group 3, comprising analogues active versus MRSA, is represented by the developmental agent CS-023; its minimum inhibitory concentrations for MRSA are more widely distributed than those of anti-MRSA cephalosporins, but it has the wider spectrum typical of a carbapenem.
TextSentencer_T1914 245660-245792 Sentence denotes As carbapenem usage expands, it is critical to understand these differences, so that the most appropriate analogues can be selected.
T94301 245660-245792 Sentence denotes As carbapenem usage expands, it is critical to understand these differences, so that the most appropriate analogues can be selected.
TextSentencer_T1915 245793-245938 Sentence denotes Increasing antibiotic resistance and a lack of new drug classes in development are driving the need to optimise use of currently available drugs.
T47815 245793-245938 Sentence denotes Increasing antibiotic resistance and a lack of new drug classes in development are driving the need to optimise use of currently available drugs.
TextSentencer_T1916 245939-246231 Sentence denotes The goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy is to optimise the combined pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of a drug so that the greatest percentage of patients achieves the PD target associated with a favourable outcome, while minimising the development of resistant organisms.
T14588 245939-246231 Sentence denotes The goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy is to optimise the combined pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of a drug so that the greatest percentage of patients achieves the PD target associated with a favourable outcome, while minimising the development of resistant organisms.
TextSentencer_T1917 246232-246489 Sentence denotes Integration of population PK, a PD target, and microbiologic surveillance data by Monte Carlo simulations can generate an empirical dosing strategy that maximises the likelihood that an antibiotic regimen achieves the desired PD end point (exposure target).
T40870 246232-246489 Sentence denotes Integration of population PK, a PD target, and microbiologic surveillance data by Monte Carlo simulations can generate an empirical dosing strategy that maximises the likelihood that an antibiotic regimen achieves the desired PD end point (exposure target).
TextSentencer_T1918 246490-246630 Sentence denotes For b-lactams, the exposure target is the percentage of time that free drug levels are above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T > MIC).
T90447 246490-246630 Sentence denotes For b-lactams, the exposure target is the percentage of time that free drug levels are above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T > MIC).
TextSentencer_T1919 246631-246706 Sentence denotes For carbapenems, the T > MIC requirement is lower than for other b-lactams.
T57030 246631-246706 Sentence denotes For carbapenems, the T > MIC requirement is lower than for other b-lactams.
TextSentencer_T1920 246707-246878 Sentence denotes By extending the infusion period to achieve the necessary T > MIC, a lower dose can achieve the same efficacy as a higher dose, while lowering cost and potential toxicity.
T13370 246707-246878 Sentence denotes By extending the infusion period to achieve the necessary T > MIC, a lower dose can achieve the same efficacy as a higher dose, while lowering cost and potential toxicity.
TextSentencer_T1921 246879-247152 Sentence denotes For example, a recent publication showed that a 1-g 0.5-h infusion of meropenem has a 77.1% rate of target attainment against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hospitals in Hungary, whereas a 3-h infusion of 0.5 g meropenem would have an 83.8% rate of target attainment.
T90723 246879-247152 Sentence denotes For example, a recent publication showed that a 1-g 0.5-h infusion of meropenem has a 77.1% rate of target attainment against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hospitals in Hungary, whereas a 3-h infusion of 0.5 g meropenem would have an 83.8% rate of target attainment.
TextSentencer_T1922 247153-247489 Sentence denotes In a retrospective study that compared 0.5 h piperacillin/tazobactam infusions (3.375 g, q6h) with 4-h infusions (3.375 g, q8h) in patients infected with P. aeruginosa, the 4-h infusions reduced 14-day mortality from 31.6% to 12.2% (P = 0.02) and median length of stay from 38 to 21 days in patients with APACHE II scores 17 (P = 0.02).
T5632 247153-247489 Sentence denotes In a retrospective study that compared 0.5 h piperacillin/tazobactam infusions (3.375 g, q6h) with 4-h infusions (3.375 g, q8h) in patients infected with P. aeruginosa, the 4-h infusions reduced 14-day mortality from 31.6% to 12.2% (P = 0.02) and median length of stay from 38 to 21 days in patients with APACHE II scores 17 (P = 0.02).
TextSentencer_T1923 247490-247639 Sentence denotes Doripenem is more stable upon reconstitution than other carbapenems, potentially making it more convenient and easier to use as an extended infusion.
T91989 247490-247639 Sentence denotes Doripenem is more stable upon reconstitution than other carbapenems, potentially making it more convenient and easier to use as an extended infusion.
TextSentencer_T1924 247640-247788 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the study design for the doripenem ventilatorassociated pneumonia phase 3 trial includes an extended infusion regimen (0.5 g over 4 h).
T7715 247640-247788 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the study design for the doripenem ventilatorassociated pneumonia phase 3 trial includes an extended infusion regimen (0.5 g over 4 h).
TextSentencer_T1925 247789-247938 Sentence denotes In conclusion, the same dose of an antibiotic has the capacity to increase efficacy for more resistant infections if infused over an extended period.
T86431 247789-247938 Sentence denotes In conclusion, the same dose of an antibiotic has the capacity to increase efficacy for more resistant infections if infused over an extended period.
TextSentencer_T1926 247939-248114 Sentence denotes Extended infusion of a lower dose of antibiotic may produce efficacy equivalent to shorter, higher-dose infusions while reducing both toxicity and the emergence of resistance.
T90924 247939-248114 Sentence denotes Extended infusion of a lower dose of antibiotic may produce efficacy equivalent to shorter, higher-dose infusions while reducing both toxicity and the emergence of resistance.
TextSentencer_T1927 248115-248294 Sentence denotes Extended infusion of a carbapenem, such as doripenem, that has neither seizure potential nor high resistance selection is a particularly promising strategy for serious infections.
T59236 248115-248294 Sentence denotes Extended infusion of a carbapenem, such as doripenem, that has neither seizure potential nor high resistance selection is a particularly promising strategy for serious infections.
TextSentencer_T1928 248295-248561 Sentence denotes Doripenem is an investigational carbapenem that has completed phase 3 multi-national trials for complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs), complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs), hospitalacquired pneumonia (HAP), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
T75306 248295-248561 Sentence denotes Doripenem is an investigational carbapenem that has completed phase 3 multi-national trials for complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs), complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs), hospitalacquired pneumonia (HAP), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
TextSentencer_T1929 248562-248813 Sentence denotes Doripenem's advantages over other carbapenems include: enhanced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (with a low propensity for resistance), the lowest potential for seizures in the carbapenem class, and the greatest stability after reconstitution.
T45890 248562-248813 Sentence denotes Doripenem's advantages over other carbapenems include: enhanced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (with a low propensity for resistance), the lowest potential for seizures in the carbapenem class, and the greatest stability after reconstitution.
TextSentencer_T1930 248814-249059 Sentence denotes Two randomised, double-blind phase 3 cIAI trials compared intravenous (IV) doripenem (500 mg q8h) with IV meropenem (500 mg q8h), with an option to switch to amoxicillin/clavulanate for both treatment arms after 9 doses of IV study drug therapy.
T11875 248814-249059 Sentence denotes Two randomised, double-blind phase 3 cIAI trials compared intravenous (IV) doripenem (500 mg q8h) with IV meropenem (500 mg q8h), with an option to switch to amoxicillin/clavulanate for both treatment arms after 9 doses of IV study drug therapy.
TextSentencer_T1931 249060-249181 Sentence denotes Results from the cIAI trials showed that doripenem (500 mg q8h) is welltolerated and non-inferior to meropenem (1 g q8h).
T61276 249060-249181 Sentence denotes Results from the cIAI trials showed that doripenem (500 mg q8h) is welltolerated and non-inferior to meropenem (1 g q8h).
TextSentencer_T1932 249182-249317 Sentence denotes Doripenem was microbiologically effective against major causative organisms of cIAIs, including Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides spp.
T93568 249182-249317 Sentence denotes Doripenem was microbiologically effective against major causative organisms of cIAIs, including Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides spp.
TextSentencer_T1933 249318-249416 Sentence denotes Adverse events (AEs) occurring in 3% of subjects in either treatment arm were nausea and vomiting.
T9669 249318-249416 Sentence denotes Adverse events (AEs) occurring in 3% of subjects in either treatment arm were nausea and vomiting.
TextSentencer_T1934 249417-249443 Sentence denotes No seizures were reported.
T20668 249417-249443 Sentence denotes No seizures were reported.
TextSentencer_T1935 249444-249631 Sentence denotes A randomised, double-blind phase 3 cUTI trial compared IV doripenem (500 mg q8h) with IV levofloxacin (250 mg q24h), with an option to switch to oral levofloxacin for both treatment arms.
T9586 249444-249631 Sentence denotes A randomised, double-blind phase 3 cUTI trial compared IV doripenem (500 mg q8h) with IV levofloxacin (250 mg q24h), with an option to switch to oral levofloxacin for both treatment arms.
TextSentencer_T1936 249632-249729 Sentence denotes Results from this trial showed that doripenem is well-tolerated and non-inferior to levofloxacin.
T17061 249632-249729 Sentence denotes Results from this trial showed that doripenem is well-tolerated and non-inferior to levofloxacin.
TextSentencer_T1937 249730-249870 Sentence denotes Doripenem was effective against major causative organisms of cUTIs, including Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
T98103 249730-249870 Sentence denotes Doripenem was effective against major causative organisms of cUTIs, including Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TextSentencer_T1938 249871-250002 Sentence denotes Doripenem had greater efficacy in patients who remained on intravenous therapy and in patients with levofloxacin-resistant E. coli.
T34833 249871-250002 Sentence denotes Doripenem had greater efficacy in patients who remained on intravenous therapy and in patients with levofloxacin-resistant E. coli.
TextSentencer_T1939 250003-250130 Sentence denotes Fewer pathogens had a 4-fold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration during therapy with doripenem than with levofloxacin.
T46267 250003-250130 Sentence denotes Fewer pathogens had a 4-fold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration during therapy with doripenem than with levofloxacin.
TextSentencer_T1940 250131-250227 Sentence denotes AEs occurring in 3% of subjects in either treatment arm were headache, diarrhoea, and phlebitis.
T25851 250131-250227 Sentence denotes AEs occurring in 3% of subjects in either treatment arm were headache, diarrhoea, and phlebitis.
TextSentencer_T1941 250228-250276 Sentence denotes No serious study drug-related AEs were reported.
T16721 250228-250276 Sentence denotes No serious study drug-related AEs were reported.
TextSentencer_T1942 250277-250360 Sentence denotes Urine from patients was obtained and evaluated to assess urine bactericidal titers.
T70062 250277-250360 Sentence denotes Urine from patients was obtained and evaluated to assess urine bactericidal titers.
TextSentencer_T1943 250361-250463 Sentence denotes Serum and urine drug concentration data collected in Phase 1, 2, and 3 studies will also be discussed.
T83495 250361-250463 Sentence denotes Serum and urine drug concentration data collected in Phase 1, 2, and 3 studies will also be discussed.
TextSentencer_T1944 250464-250640 Sentence denotes Doripenem also completed a phase 3 trial versus piperacillin/tazobactam for HAP (including early-onset VAP), and a phase 3 trial versus imipenem for VAP (early and late onset).
T71649 250464-250640 Sentence denotes Doripenem also completed a phase 3 trial versus piperacillin/tazobactam for HAP (including early-onset VAP), and a phase 3 trial versus imipenem for VAP (early and late onset).
TextSentencer_T1945 250641-250803 Sentence denotes Doripenem's superior stability allowed the VAP trial to utilise an extended infusion (4-h) regimen for doripenem that may maximise for these difficult infections.
T82663 250641-250803 Sentence denotes Doripenem's superior stability allowed the VAP trial to utilise an extended infusion (4-h) regimen for doripenem that may maximise for these difficult infections.
TextSentencer_T1946 250804-250897 Sentence denotes Tuberculosis is a major health threat with 9 million new cases and 2 million deaths annually.
T5904 250804-250897 Sentence denotes Tuberculosis is a major health threat with 9 million new cases and 2 million deaths annually.
TextSentencer_T1947 250898-251061 Sentence denotes The available vaccine, BCG, protects newborns from miliary tuberculosis, but fails to prevent the most prevalent form of disease, pulmonary tuberculosis in adults.
T32213 250898-251061 Sentence denotes The available vaccine, BCG, protects newborns from miliary tuberculosis, but fails to prevent the most prevalent form of disease, pulmonary tuberculosis in adults.
TextSentencer_T1948 251062-251161 Sentence denotes One third of the world population is infected with the etiologic agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
T91918 251062-251161 Sentence denotes One third of the world population is infected with the etiologic agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
TextSentencer_T1949 251162-251283 Sentence denotes Hence: (i) M. tuberculosis can be controlled (though not eradicated) by the immune response induced by natural infection;
T81122 251162-251283 Sentence denotes Hence: (i) M. tuberculosis can be controlled (though not eradicated) by the immune response induced by natural infection;
TextSentencer_T1950 251284-251404 Sentence denotes (ii) BCG fails to induce a protective immune response at least in those individuals who are susceptible to tuberculosis.
T21318 251284-251404 Sentence denotes (ii) BCG fails to induce a protective immune response at least in those individuals who are susceptible to tuberculosis.
TextSentencer_T1951 251405-251498 Sentence denotes Current vaccination strategies have to consider both pre-exposure and post-exposure vaccines.
T60601 251405-251498 Sentence denotes Current vaccination strategies have to consider both pre-exposure and post-exposure vaccines.
TextSentencer_T1952 251499-251571 Sentence denotes Acquired immunity against tuberculosis is a T cell-dependent phenomenon.
T86553 251499-251571 Sentence denotes Acquired immunity against tuberculosis is a T cell-dependent phenomenon.
TextSentencer_T1953 251572-251621 Sentence denotes The T cell system comprises distinct populations.
T96734 251572-251621 Sentence denotes The T cell system comprises distinct populations.
TextSentencer_T1954 251622-251717 Sentence denotes CD4 T cells are undoubtedly of central importance for acquired resistance against tuberculosis.
T59238 251622-251717 Sentence denotes CD4 T cells are undoubtedly of central importance for acquired resistance against tuberculosis.
TextSentencer_T1955 251718-251804 Sentence denotes Antigens of M. tuberculosis also stimulate CD8 T cells, probably through crosspriming.
T85551 251718-251804 Sentence denotes Antigens of M. tuberculosis also stimulate CD8 T cells, probably through crosspriming.
TextSentencer_T1956 251805-251899 Sentence denotes In addition, unconventional T cells also seem to participate in immunity against tuberculosis.
T13235 251805-251899 Sentence denotes In addition, unconventional T cells also seem to participate in immunity against tuberculosis.
TextSentencer_T1957 251900-251946 Sentence denotes What can we learn for rational vaccine design?
T42332 251900-251946 Sentence denotes What can we learn for rational vaccine design?
TextSentencer_T1958 251947-252039 Sentence denotes Novel vaccination strategies either focus on subunit vaccines or viable attenuated vaccines.
T9752 251947-252039 Sentence denotes Novel vaccination strategies either focus on subunit vaccines or viable attenuated vaccines.
TextSentencer_T1959 252040-252165 Sentence denotes Subunit vaccination strategies are based on the assumption that one or few antigens suffice for an efficient immune response.
T29571 252040-252165 Sentence denotes Subunit vaccination strategies are based on the assumption that one or few antigens suffice for an efficient immune response.
TextSentencer_T1960 252166-252293 Sentence denotes Hence, the identification of protective antigens represents an essential prerequisite for the success of this type of vaccines.
T19210 252166-252293 Sentence denotes Hence, the identification of protective antigens represents an essential prerequisite for the success of this type of vaccines.
TextSentencer_T1961 252294-252331 Sentence denotes Subunit vaccines come in three forms:
T34899 252294-252331 Sentence denotes Subunit vaccines come in three forms:
TextSentencer_T1962 252332-252421 Sentence denotes Protein/adjuvant formulations, recombinant heterologous carriers or naked DNA constructs.
T60295 252332-252421 Sentence denotes Protein/adjuvant formulations, recombinant heterologous carriers or naked DNA constructs.
TextSentencer_T1963 252422-252540 Sentence denotes Viable attenuated vaccines are based on the assumption that multiple antigens are required for efficacious protection.
T73653 252422-252540 Sentence denotes Viable attenuated vaccines are based on the assumption that multiple antigens are required for efficacious protection.
TextSentencer_T1964 252541-252580 Sentence denotes Two major strategies are being pursued:
T97115 252541-252580 Sentence denotes Two major strategies are being pursued:
TextSentencer_T1965 252581-252659 Sentence denotes Knockout mutants of M. tuberculosis and improved recombinant (r)-BCG vaccines.
T64450 252581-252659 Sentence denotes Knockout mutants of M. tuberculosis and improved recombinant (r)-BCG vaccines.
TextSentencer_T1966 252660-252779 Sentence denotes Improved r-BCG should first be endowed with a higher immunogenicity and second may need a broader antigenic repertoire.
T39875 252660-252779 Sentence denotes Improved r-BCG should first be endowed with a higher immunogenicity and second may need a broader antigenic repertoire.
TextSentencer_T1967 252780-252876 Sentence denotes Rational vaccination strategies performed in the laboratory of the author focus on improved BCG.
T48666 252780-252876 Sentence denotes Rational vaccination strategies performed in the laboratory of the author focus on improved BCG.
TextSentencer_T1968 252877-252967 Sentence denotes A r-BCG strain which expresses listeriolysin induces better protection than wild-type BCG.
T33313 252877-252967 Sentence denotes A r-BCG strain which expresses listeriolysin induces better protection than wild-type BCG.
TextSentencer_T1969 252968-253153 Sentence denotes It is tempting to speculate that a prime/boost scheme comprising prime with improved r-BCG and boost with the most efficacious subunit vaccine candidate will provide optimal protection.
T68696 252968-253153 Sentence denotes It is tempting to speculate that a prime/boost scheme comprising prime with improved r-BCG and boost with the most efficacious subunit vaccine candidate will provide optimal protection.
TextSentencer_T1970 253154-253341 Sentence denotes Identification of a biosignature that allows distinction between infection/protection and infection/disease in tuberculosis could speed up efficacy testing of vaccines in clinical trials.
T6247 253154-253341 Sentence denotes Identification of a biosignature that allows distinction between infection/protection and infection/disease in tuberculosis could speed up efficacy testing of vaccines in clinical trials.
TextSentencer_T1971 253342-253442 Sentence denotes The Grand Challenge 6 of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation aims at identifying such biosignatures.
T26534 253342-253442 Sentence denotes The Grand Challenge 6 of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation aims at identifying such biosignatures.
TextSentencer_T1972 253443-253654 Sentence denotes Taking advantage of our increasing knowledge about the immune response to M. tuberculosis will facilitate rational design of novel vaccines against one of the most frightening threats in the world, tuberculosis.
T83170 253443-253654 Sentence denotes Taking advantage of our increasing knowledge about the immune response to M. tuberculosis will facilitate rational design of novel vaccines against one of the most frightening threats in the world, tuberculosis.
TextSentencer_T1973 253655-253853 Sentence denotes The following years will witness the transformation of vaccine candidates from preclinical to clinical trials requiring intensive coordination in order to identify the most appropriate candidate(s).
T99541 253655-253853 Sentence denotes The following years will witness the transformation of vaccine candidates from preclinical to clinical trials requiring intensive coordination in order to identify the most appropriate candidate(s).
TextSentencer_T1974 253855-254056 Sentence denotes One of the most important characteristics that separate antimicrobials from other drugs used in clinical medicine is that their target (the receptor of the drug) is part of the microbe, and not of men.
T33796 253855-254056 Sentence denotes One of the most important characteristics that separate antimicrobials from other drugs used in clinical medicine is that their target (the receptor of the drug) is part of the microbe, and not of men.
TextSentencer_T1975 254057-254234 Sentence denotes The activity of the antimicrobial can therefore be studied both in vitro and in model systems, such as animal models, and a relationship between exposure and effect established.
T87964 254057-254234 Sentence denotes The activity of the antimicrobial can therefore be studied both in vitro and in model systems, such as animal models, and a relationship between exposure and effect established.
TextSentencer_T1976 254235-254440 Sentence denotes The exposure is primarily determined by the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug, while the effect is determined by the concentration-effect relationship of the antimicrobial and the micro-organism.
T25174 254235-254440 Sentence denotes The exposure is primarily determined by the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug, while the effect is determined by the concentration-effect relationship of the antimicrobial and the micro-organism.
TextSentencer_T1977 254441-254606 Sentence denotes However, in most clinical settings, it is the potency of the antimicrobial that is measured in terms of the MIC and not the concentration-effect relationship itself.
T43041 254441-254606 Sentence denotes However, in most clinical settings, it is the potency of the antimicrobial that is measured in terms of the MIC and not the concentration-effect relationship itself.
TextSentencer_T1978 254607-254706 Sentence denotes Therefore, a relationship needs to be ascertained between the MIC, exposure of the drug and effect.
T40112 254607-254706 Sentence denotes Therefore, a relationship needs to be ascertained between the MIC, exposure of the drug and effect.
TextSentencer_T1979 254707-254855 Sentence denotes Over the last decade, these pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships of antimicrobials have been established for most classes of drugs.
T62337 254707-254855 Sentence denotes Over the last decade, these pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships of antimicrobials have been established for most classes of drugs.
TextSentencer_T1980 254856-255126 Sentence denotes The two major indices describing these relationships are the time the concentration of the antimicrobial remains above the MIC (T >MIC) as a fraction of the dosing interval and the Area under the Time Concentration curve over 24 hours divided by the MIC (AUC/MIC ratio).
T39441 254856-255126 Sentence denotes The two major indices describing these relationships are the time the concentration of the antimicrobial remains above the MIC (T >MIC) as a fraction of the dosing interval and the Area under the Time Concentration curve over 24 hours divided by the MIC (AUC/MIC ratio).
TextSentencer_T1981 255127-255294 Sentence denotes The Peak/MIC ratio correlates with effect for a number of drugs, but it in many, if not all, cases the effect can not be clearly distinguished from the AUC/MIC effect.
T43354 255127-255294 Sentence denotes The Peak/MIC ratio correlates with effect for a number of drugs, but it in many, if not all, cases the effect can not be clearly distinguished from the AUC/MIC effect.
TextSentencer_T1982 255295-255574 Sentence denotes Importantly, for virtually all antimicrobials, it is the exposure of the free non-protein bound fraction of the drug that best correlates with efficacy, and is of particular significance when drugs are compared with each other within a class and/or across species, including men.
T83387 255295-255574 Sentence denotes Importantly, for virtually all antimicrobials, it is the exposure of the free non-protein bound fraction of the drug that best correlates with efficacy, and is of particular significance when drugs are compared with each other within a class and/or across species, including men.
TextSentencer_T1983 255575-255644 Sentence denotes From these PK/PD relationships, a number of issues have come forward.
T75219 255575-255644 Sentence denotes From these PK/PD relationships, a number of issues have come forward.
TextSentencer_T1984 255645-255858 Sentence denotes Importantly, it has been shown in a number of clinical trials -now exceeding 10 -including several classes of drugs, that the PK/PD relationships that do exist in animals are, as expected, similar to those in men.
T1491 255645-255858 Sentence denotes Importantly, it has been shown in a number of clinical trials -now exceeding 10 -including several classes of drugs, that the PK/PD relationships that do exist in animals are, as expected, similar to those in men.
TextSentencer_T1985 255859-255946 Sentence denotes Moreover, it has been shown that the quantitative relationships are remarkably similar.
T26666 255859-255946 Sentence denotes Moreover, it has been shown that the quantitative relationships are remarkably similar.
TextSentencer_T1986 255947-256076 Sentence denotes In other words, exposures in infected animals result in the same effect as exposures in infected humans under similar conditions.
T44882 255947-256076 Sentence denotes In other words, exposures in infected animals result in the same effect as exposures in infected humans under similar conditions.
TextSentencer_T1987 256077-256252 Sentence denotes A second, perhaps even more important topic is that these relationships -once well established -can be used to optimise therapy in patients by optimising exposure of the drug.
T3566 256077-256252 Sentence denotes A second, perhaps even more important topic is that these relationships -once well established -can be used to optimise therapy in patients by optimising exposure of the drug.
TextSentencer_T1988 256253-256377 Sentence denotes In a relatively simple approach, these relationships are used in daily clinical practice in the use of clinical breakpoints.
T12540 256253-256377 Sentence denotes In a relatively simple approach, these relationships are used in daily clinical practice in the use of clinical breakpoints.
TextSentencer_T1989 256378-256603 Sentence denotes These MIC values are used to discriminate between high and low probabilities of successful outcome of treatment (S and R, respectively) based on the PK/PD relationships of the antimicrobial together with the clinical setting.
T72394 256378-256603 Sentence denotes These MIC values are used to discriminate between high and low probabilities of successful outcome of treatment (S and R, respectively) based on the PK/PD relationships of the antimicrobial together with the clinical setting.
TextSentencer_T1990 256604-256748 Sentence denotes For instance, lower exposures to obtain the same effect are needed in the immunocompetent host because of the contribution of the immune system.
T44645 256604-256748 Sentence denotes For instance, lower exposures to obtain the same effect are needed in the immunocompetent host because of the contribution of the immune system.
TextSentencer_T1991 256749-256949 Sentence denotes More sophisticated, these relationships are used to adjust dosing regimens once the MICs of the infectious micro-organisms are known, and thus provide an integrated approach to the individual patient.
T69021 256749-256949 Sentence denotes More sophisticated, these relationships are used to adjust dosing regimens once the MICs of the infectious micro-organisms are known, and thus provide an integrated approach to the individual patient.
TextSentencer_T1992 256950-257083 Sentence denotes Finally, PK/PD relationships are used in the development phase of the drug in determining the optimal dose for the indication sought.
T39543 256950-257083 Sentence denotes Finally, PK/PD relationships are used in the development phase of the drug in determining the optimal dose for the indication sought.
TextSentencer_T1993 257084-257243 Sentence denotes Alternatively, once dosing regimens are established, they can be used to form an opinion on the possible indications for various clinical treatment modalities.
T81539 257084-257243 Sentence denotes Alternatively, once dosing regimens are established, they can be used to form an opinion on the possible indications for various clinical treatment modalities.
TextSentencer_T1994 257244-257450 Sentence denotes Dissemination of microbial drug resistance observed in the antibiotic era is clearly related to the selective pressure generated by the use of antibiotics in clinical, veterinary and agricultural practices.
T66215 257244-257450 Sentence denotes Dissemination of microbial drug resistance observed in the antibiotic era is clearly related to the selective pressure generated by the use of antibiotics in clinical, veterinary and agricultural practices.
TextSentencer_T1995 257451-257736 Sentence denotes This notion is universally acknowledged and supported by the several studies that have correlated the emergence and dissemination of resistance with the use of new antibiotics, and by documentation of the absence of acquired resistance in clinical isolates from the pre-antibiotic era.
T1597 257451-257736 Sentence denotes This notion is universally acknowledged and supported by the several studies that have correlated the emergence and dissemination of resistance with the use of new antibiotics, and by documentation of the absence of acquired resistance in clinical isolates from the pre-antibiotic era.
TextSentencer_T1996 257737-257937 Sentence denotes However, the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has recently been reported also in humans and in wild animals living in remote areas where antibiotic exposure has been absent or minimal [1−3] .
T14187 257737-257937 Sentence denotes However, the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has recently been reported also in humans and in wild animals living in remote areas where antibiotic exposure has been absent or minimal [1−3] .
TextSentencer_T1997 257938-258240 Sentence denotes This unexpected finding raises a question on the mechanisms responsible for spreading and maintenance of antibiotic resistance in similar settings, and could have important implications for the design of strategies addressed at controlling bacterial resistance based on antibiotic restriction policies.
T44425 257938-258240 Sentence denotes This unexpected finding raises a question on the mechanisms responsible for spreading and maintenance of antibiotic resistance in similar settings, and could have important implications for the design of strategies addressed at controlling bacterial resistance based on antibiotic restriction policies.
TextSentencer_T1998 258241-258878 Sentence denotes Results of studies on antibiotic resistance in settings of minimal antibiotic exposure (including investigations recently carried out in very remote human communities living in the Bolivian Chaco and in the Alto Amazonas jungle of South America, and among wild reptiles (land iguanas) from a remote and protected island of the Galápagos archipelago with no documented sources of antibiotic exposure and minimum human contacts) will be critically reviewed in this presentation, and the mechanisms potentially involved in the dissemination of resistant strains and resistance genes unrelated to antimicrobial consumption will be discussed.
T44809 258241-258878 Sentence denotes Results of studies on antibiotic resistance in settings of minimal antibiotic exposure (including investigations recently carried out in very remote human communities living in the Bolivian Chaco and in the Alto Amazonas jungle of South America, and among wild reptiles (land iguanas) from a remote and protected island of the Galápagos archipelago with no documented sources of antibiotic exposure and minimum human contacts) will be critically reviewed in this presentation, and the mechanisms potentially involved in the dissemination of resistant strains and resistance genes unrelated to antimicrobial consumption will be discussed.
TextSentencer_T1999 258879-259119 Sentence denotes Results from the characterisation of resistance determinants carried by bacterial isolates from these settings pointed to their likely origin from antibiotic-exposed areas rather than to a local and independent resistance selection process.
T3084 258879-259119 Sentence denotes Results from the characterisation of resistance determinants carried by bacterial isolates from these settings pointed to their likely origin from antibiotic-exposed areas rather than to a local and independent resistance selection process.
TextSentencer_T2000 259120-259281 Sentence denotes However, the mechanisms responsible for this flow of resistance genes and for their maintenance and spread in absence of sustained antibiotic use remain elusive.
T85549 259120-259281 Sentence denotes However, the mechanisms responsible for this flow of resistance genes and for their maintenance and spread in absence of sustained antibiotic use remain elusive.
TextSentencer_T2001 259282-259292 Sentence denotes Objective:
T9766 259282-259292 Sentence denotes Objective:
TextSentencer_T2002 259293-259436 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to identify the 43-kDa ChoP containing protein and characterise its function in the virulence of P. aeruginosa.
T79743 259293-259436 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to identify the 43-kDa ChoP containing protein and characterise its function in the virulence of P. aeruginosa.
TextSentencer_T2003 259437-259445 Sentence denotes Methods:
T30638 259437-259445 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2004 259446-259535 Sentence denotes To identify the ChoP containing protein, bacterial cell fractions were separated by FPLC.
T51761 259446-259535 Sentence denotes To identify the ChoP containing protein, bacterial cell fractions were separated by FPLC.
TextSentencer_T2005 259536-259699 Sentence denotes Fractions were analysed by Western blot using specific monoclonal anti-ChoP antibodies and those that contained the ChoP epitope were further purified by SDS-PAGE.
T14965 259536-259699 Sentence denotes Fractions were analysed by Western blot using specific monoclonal anti-ChoP antibodies and those that contained the ChoP epitope were further purified by SDS-PAGE.
TextSentencer_T2006 259700-259825 Sentence denotes A 43-kDa protein containing the ChoP epitope was cut out of the gel, trypsinised, and subjected to capillary LC-MS and MS/MS.
T27068 259700-259825 Sentence denotes A 43-kDa protein containing the ChoP epitope was cut out of the gel, trypsinised, and subjected to capillary LC-MS and MS/MS.
TextSentencer_T2007 259826-260061 Sentence denotes ChoP epitope expression of whole cell extracts of 92 genetic unrelated P. aeruginosa isolates (46 from chronic infections and 46 from acute infections) was analysed by Western blot analysis using specific monoclonal anti-ChoP antibody.
T16250 259826-260061 Sentence denotes ChoP epitope expression of whole cell extracts of 92 genetic unrelated P. aeruginosa isolates (46 from chronic infections and 46 from acute infections) was analysed by Western blot analysis using specific monoclonal anti-ChoP antibody.
TextSentencer_T2008 260062-260188 Sentence denotes ChoP epitope expression was also analysed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescent microscopy on intact cells of P. aeruginosa.
T83390 260062-260188 Sentence denotes ChoP epitope expression was also analysed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescent microscopy on intact cells of P. aeruginosa.
TextSentencer_T2009 260189-260458 Sentence denotes To determine whether the ChoP epitope was involved in the interaction of the P. aeruginosa isolates with the respiratory epithelial cells, standard invasion assays were performed using 16HBE14-bronchoepithelial cells, either treated or untreated with a PAFr antagonist.
T84463 260189-260458 Sentence denotes To determine whether the ChoP epitope was involved in the interaction of the P. aeruginosa isolates with the respiratory epithelial cells, standard invasion assays were performed using 16HBE14-bronchoepithelial cells, either treated or untreated with a PAFr antagonist.
TextSentencer_T2010 260459-260543 Sentence denotes The 43-kDa ChoP containing protein was shown to be the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu).
T24165 260459-260543 Sentence denotes The 43-kDa ChoP containing protein was shown to be the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu).
TextSentencer_T2011 260544-260716 Sentence denotes The expression of the ChoP epitope at 37ºC was significantly more frequent in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from chronic infections (70%) than from acute infections (28%).
T95806 260544-260716 Sentence denotes The expression of the ChoP epitope at 37ºC was significantly more frequent in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from chronic infections (70%) than from acute infections (28%).
TextSentencer_T2012 260717-260913 Sentence denotes The ChoP epitope was shown to be expressed on the outer surface of the bacterial cell and bacterial invasion was significantly inhibited by treatment with the PAFr antagonist compared to controls.
T11822 260717-260913 Sentence denotes The ChoP epitope was shown to be expressed on the outer surface of the bacterial cell and bacterial invasion was significantly inhibited by treatment with the PAFr antagonist compared to controls.
TextSentencer_T2013 260914-261000 Sentence denotes We have demonstrated that in P. aeruginosa, the ChoP epitope is associated with EF-Tu.
T61350 260914-261000 Sentence denotes We have demonstrated that in P. aeruginosa, the ChoP epitope is associated with EF-Tu.
TextSentencer_T2014 261001-261137 Sentence denotes A high percentage of the isolates from chronic infections, in comparison with those from acute infections, express this epitope at 37ºC.
T53304 261001-261137 Sentence denotes A high percentage of the isolates from chronic infections, in comparison with those from acute infections, express this epitope at 37ºC.
TextSentencer_T2015 261138-261248 Sentence denotes This epitope is present on the cell surface and mediates the invasion of the airway epithelial cells via PAFr.
T61651 261138-261248 Sentence denotes This epitope is present on the cell surface and mediates the invasion of the airway epithelial cells via PAFr.
TextSentencer_T2016 261249-261260 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T7329 261249-261260 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2017 261261-261472 Sentence denotes We aim to develop novel therapies for the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections, by isolating monoclonal antibodies that are capable of binding to signal molecules involved in bacterial quorum sensing.
T37545 261261-261472 Sentence denotes We aim to develop novel therapies for the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections, by isolating monoclonal antibodies that are capable of binding to signal molecules involved in bacterial quorum sensing.
TextSentencer_T2018 261473-261620 Sentence denotes Signalling blockade was hypothesised to prevent the production of virulence factors and so allow the host immune system to eliminate the infection.
T39651 261473-261620 Sentence denotes Signalling blockade was hypothesised to prevent the production of virulence factors and so allow the host immune system to eliminate the infection.
TextSentencer_T2019 261621-261629 Sentence denotes Methods:
T52399 261621-261629 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2020 261630-261817 Sentence denotes As Gram-negative bacterial signaling molecules are typically of low molecular weight (less than 500 Da) they have been considered intractable to standard antibody discovery methodologies.
T39347 261630-261817 Sentence denotes As Gram-negative bacterial signaling molecules are typically of low molecular weight (less than 500 Da) they have been considered intractable to standard antibody discovery methodologies.
TextSentencer_T2021 261818-262019 Sentence denotes Therefore we have used a novel suite of antibody discovery processes termed Haptomics ® to isolate a panel of human antibodies capable of binding to signal molecules produced by Gram-negative bacteria.
T20572 261818-262019 Sentence denotes Therefore we have used a novel suite of antibody discovery processes termed Haptomics ® to isolate a panel of human antibodies capable of binding to signal molecules produced by Gram-negative bacteria.
TextSentencer_T2022 262020-262028 Sentence denotes Results:
T44008 262020-262028 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2023 262029-262258 Sentence denotes We have demonstrated the abilities of the antibodies to bind bacterial signaling molecules using a range of in vitro experiments, and we have also evaluated the antibodies using in vivo models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
T8818 262029-262258 Sentence denotes We have demonstrated the abilities of the antibodies to bind bacterial signaling molecules using a range of in vitro experiments, and we have also evaluated the antibodies using in vivo models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
TextSentencer_T2024 262259-262441 Sentence denotes Results will be presented demonstrating the efficacy of our fully human recombinant antibody fragments and whole IgG molecules in the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections.
T60439 262259-262441 Sentence denotes Results will be presented demonstrating the efficacy of our fully human recombinant antibody fragments and whole IgG molecules in the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections.
TextSentencer_T2025 262442-262453 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T62966 262442-262453 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2026 262454-262567 Sentence denotes Our approach offers the exciting prospect of using powerful immunological reagents to combat bacterial infection.
T91599 262454-262567 Sentence denotes Our approach offers the exciting prospect of using powerful immunological reagents to combat bacterial infection.
TextSentencer_T2027 262568-262743 Sentence denotes By targeting the signal molecules, rather than the bacteria themselves, we believe that resistance is considerably less likely to develop to these antibody-based therapeutics.
T72533 262568-262743 Sentence denotes By targeting the signal molecules, rather than the bacteria themselves, we believe that resistance is considerably less likely to develop to these antibody-based therapeutics.
TextSentencer_T2028 262744-262871 Sentence denotes We are currently broadening our approach to develop antibodies capable of disrupting quorum sensing in Gram-positive organisms.
T83979 262744-262871 Sentence denotes We are currently broadening our approach to develop antibodies capable of disrupting quorum sensing in Gram-positive organisms.
TextSentencer_T2029 262872-262883 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T29393 262872-262883 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2030 262884-262976 Sentence denotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a free-living, extracellular and a common environmental bacterium.
T45642 262884-262976 Sentence denotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a free-living, extracellular and a common environmental bacterium.
TextSentencer_T2031 262977-263056 Sentence denotes It is an opportunistic and nosocomial pathogen causing serious health problems.
T76267 262977-263056 Sentence denotes It is an opportunistic and nosocomial pathogen causing serious health problems.
TextSentencer_T2032 263057-263221 Sentence denotes To compete its predators such as macrophages and environmental phagocytes it utilises different survival strategies such as biofilm and formation of micro-colonies.
T94827 263057-263221 Sentence denotes To compete its predators such as macrophages and environmental phagocytes it utilises different survival strategies such as biofilm and formation of micro-colonies.
TextSentencer_T2033 263222-263436 Sentence denotes It also develops resistance mechanisms and produces virulence factors such as lipopolysaccharide, alginate as well as extracellular, quorum sensing regulated enzymes and toxins and type III secretion system (TTSS).
T46187 263222-263436 Sentence denotes It also develops resistance mechanisms and produces virulence factors such as lipopolysaccharide, alginate as well as extracellular, quorum sensing regulated enzymes and toxins and type III secretion system (TTSS).
TextSentencer_T2034 263437-263546 Sentence denotes The aim of this study is to examine the interaction between P. aeruginosa PA103 and Acanthamoeba castellanii.
T39407 263437-263546 Sentence denotes The aim of this study is to examine the interaction between P. aeruginosa PA103 and Acanthamoeba castellanii.
TextSentencer_T2035 263547-263555 Sentence denotes Methods:
T96657 263547-263555 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2036 263556-263783 Sentence denotes Bacteria and amoebae were co-culture and the interaction was examined between P. aeruginosa PA103 and A. castellanii by cocultivation, viable count, eosin staining, electron microscopy, apoptosis assay and statistical analysis.
T83821 263556-263783 Sentence denotes Bacteria and amoebae were co-culture and the interaction was examined between P. aeruginosa PA103 and A. castellanii by cocultivation, viable count, eosin staining, electron microscopy, apoptosis assay and statistical analysis.
TextSentencer_T2037 263784-263941 Sentence denotes The results showed that P. aeruginosa PA103 induced necrosis and apoptosis to kill A. castellanii by the effects of TTSS proteins ExoU, ExoS, ExoT, and ExoY.
T59629 263784-263941 Sentence denotes The results showed that P. aeruginosa PA103 induced necrosis and apoptosis to kill A. castellanii by the effects of TTSS proteins ExoU, ExoS, ExoT, and ExoY.
TextSentencer_T2038 263942-264052 Sentence denotes In comparison, growth of Acanthamoeba cultured alone and co-cultured with TTSS mutant strain was not affected.
T95941 263942-264052 Sentence denotes In comparison, growth of Acanthamoeba cultured alone and co-cultured with TTSS mutant strain was not affected.
TextSentencer_T2039 264053-264264 Sentence denotes The results confirm the nature of P. aeruginosa as a strict extracellular bacterium that needs TTSS to survive in the environment since this system is able to kill its eukaryotic predators such as Acanthamoebae.
T10365 264053-264264 Sentence denotes The results confirm the nature of P. aeruginosa as a strict extracellular bacterium that needs TTSS to survive in the environment since this system is able to kill its eukaryotic predators such as Acanthamoebae.
TextSentencer_T2040 264265-264360 Sentence denotes In all instances but one, the three methods agreed in the susceptibility testing for linezolid.
T24603 264265-264360 Sentence denotes In all instances but one, the three methods agreed in the susceptibility testing for linezolid.
TextSentencer_T2041 264361-264543 Sentence denotes The only strain carrying 23S rRNA mutation showed MIC values for linezolid 4 ug/mL when tested with the Phoenix and with the E-test, while with the VITEK 2 displayed a MIC > 8 ug/mL.
T47336 264361-264543 Sentence denotes The only strain carrying 23S rRNA mutation showed MIC values for linezolid 4 ug/mL when tested with the Phoenix and with the E-test, while with the VITEK 2 displayed a MIC > 8 ug/mL.
TextSentencer_T2042 264544-264556 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T83550 264544-264556 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T2043 264557-264706 Sentence denotes Glycopeptide resistance of Enterococci poses serious therapeutic problems and an accurate microbiological diagnosis is fundamental for the treatment.
T20601 264557-264706 Sentence denotes Glycopeptide resistance of Enterococci poses serious therapeutic problems and an accurate microbiological diagnosis is fundamental for the treatment.
TextSentencer_T2044 264707-264858 Sentence denotes Our results evidenced a high rate of discrepancies in the detection of glycopeptide resistance by three widely diffused susceptibility testing methods.
T19061 264707-264858 Sentence denotes Our results evidenced a high rate of discrepancies in the detection of glycopeptide resistance by three widely diffused susceptibility testing methods.
TextSentencer_T2045 264859-264995 Sentence denotes Furthermore, some limits were observed in the detection of linezolid resistance that prospectively could reduce the therapeutic options.
T30464 264859-264995 Sentence denotes Furthermore, some limits were observed in the detection of linezolid resistance that prospectively could reduce the therapeutic options.
TextSentencer_T2046 264996-265077 Sentence denotes Increasing b-lactam resistance in E. coli has become a worrying threat worldwide.
T43403 264996-265077 Sentence denotes Increasing b-lactam resistance in E. coli has become a worrying threat worldwide.
TextSentencer_T2047 265078-265363 Sentence denotes In that species, most of the mechanisms involved in the b-lactam resistance are linked to the production of b-lactamases, including clavulanic-acid inhibited expanded-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases which are the most powerful enzymes able to degradate most b-lactams.
T97964 265078-265363 Sentence denotes In that species, most of the mechanisms involved in the b-lactam resistance are linked to the production of b-lactamases, including clavulanic-acid inhibited expanded-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases which are the most powerful enzymes able to degradate most b-lactams.
TextSentencer_T2048 265364-265574 Sentence denotes Besides the most common ESBLs circulating in Enterobacteriaceae (TEM-, SHV, and CTX-M-types), there are other emerging enzymes which are mostly plasmid-encoded and are distributed in a large variety of species.
T83004 265364-265574 Sentence denotes Besides the most common ESBLs circulating in Enterobacteriaceae (TEM-, SHV, and CTX-M-types), there are other emerging enzymes which are mostly plasmid-encoded and are distributed in a large variety of species.
TextSentencer_T2049 265575-265753 Sentence denotes The ESBL VEB-1 is known to be largerly distributed in South-East Asia, PER-1 in Turkey, Italy, Korea, and also South America, and GES/IBC-type enzymes in Greece and Japan mostly.
T97975 265575-265753 Sentence denotes The ESBL VEB-1 is known to be largerly distributed in South-East Asia, PER-1 in Turkey, Italy, Korea, and also South America, and GES/IBC-type enzymes in Greece and Japan mostly.
TextSentencer_T2050 265754-265915 Sentence denotes All these ESBLs are known to efficiently hydrolyze expanded-spectrum b-lactams, and some variants of the GES family are also hydrolysing imipenem at a low level.
T97856 265754-265915 Sentence denotes All these ESBLs are known to efficiently hydrolyze expanded-spectrum b-lactams, and some variants of the GES family are also hydrolysing imipenem at a low level.
TextSentencer_T2051 265916-265983 Sentence denotes Other enzymes of the KPC family have been also reported in E. coli.
T44588 265916-265983 Sentence denotes Other enzymes of the KPC family have been also reported in E. coli.
TextSentencer_T2052 265984-266095 Sentence denotes KPC-2 has been shown to be prevalent in E. coli in Israel and KPC-3 has been reportyed sporadically in the USA.
T53461 265984-266095 Sentence denotes KPC-2 has been shown to be prevalent in E. coli in Israel and KPC-3 has been reportyed sporadically in the USA.
TextSentencer_T2053 266096-266333 Sentence denotes These latter enzymes are considered as ESBLs since they are inhibited by clavulanic acid and their hydrolytic efficiencies toward imipenem are very high, thus giving rise to high level resistance to carbapenems in those E. coli isolates.
T1210 266096-266333 Sentence denotes These latter enzymes are considered as ESBLs since they are inhibited by clavulanic acid and their hydrolytic efficiencies toward imipenem are very high, thus giving rise to high level resistance to carbapenems in those E. coli isolates.
TextSentencer_T2054 266334-266433 Sentence denotes In addition to these ESBL determinants, metallo-b-lactamases (MBL) have been identified in E. coli.
T21229 266334-266433 Sentence denotes In addition to these ESBL determinants, metallo-b-lactamases (MBL) have been identified in E. coli.
TextSentencer_T2055 266434-266564 Sentence denotes These enzymes which are not inhibited by clavulanic acid and hydrolyse carbapenems very efficiently are of the IMP and VIM groups.
T33483 266434-266564 Sentence denotes These enzymes which are not inhibited by clavulanic acid and hydrolyse carbapenems very efficiently are of the IMP and VIM groups.
TextSentencer_T2056 266565-266716 Sentence denotes In E. coli, IMP-1 has been identified in Japan and VIM-2 in Greece, but the most worrying observation is that related to the spread of VIM-1 in Greece.
T94161 266565-266716 Sentence denotes In E. coli, IMP-1 has been identified in Japan and VIM-2 in Greece, but the most worrying observation is that related to the spread of VIM-1 in Greece.
TextSentencer_T2057 266717-266867 Sentence denotes Indeed, this determinant has been identified in clinical isolates also harbouring ESBL encoding genes, thus leading to panresistance in those strains.
T79209 266717-266867 Sentence denotes Indeed, this determinant has been identified in clinical isolates also harbouring ESBL encoding genes, thus leading to panresistance in those strains.
TextSentencer_T2058 266868-267133 Sentence denotes Noteworthy, most of the ESBL and MBL encoding genes encountered in E. coli are vehiculed by plasmids and located into class 1 integron structures, thus facilitating the occurrence of multidrug resistance via the co-localisation of other antibiotic resistance genes.
T89716 266868-267133 Sentence denotes Noteworthy, most of the ESBL and MBL encoding genes encountered in E. coli are vehiculed by plasmids and located into class 1 integron structures, thus facilitating the occurrence of multidrug resistance via the co-localisation of other antibiotic resistance genes.
TextSentencer_T2059 267134-267346 Sentence denotes A particular attention will be needed in the next future to trace the isolates harbouring these worrying determinants, and also to trace the corresponding plasmids which are powerful tools for such dissemination.
T54999 267134-267346 Sentence denotes A particular attention will be needed in the next future to trace the isolates harbouring these worrying determinants, and also to trace the corresponding plasmids which are powerful tools for such dissemination.
TextSentencer_T2060 267347-267534 Sentence denotes Severe sepsis is a serious syndrome with organ failure that may affect a large proportion of the patients admitted to the intensive care unit and whose prediction is often difficult [1] .
T59081 267347-267534 Sentence denotes Severe sepsis is a serious syndrome with organ failure that may affect a large proportion of the patients admitted to the intensive care unit and whose prediction is often difficult [1] .
TextSentencer_T2061 267535-267684 Sentence denotes The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) is a global programme to reduce mortality rates in severe sepsis, endorsed by 11 International Medical Societies.
T22332 267535-267684 Sentence denotes The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) is a global programme to reduce mortality rates in severe sepsis, endorsed by 11 International Medical Societies.
TextSentencer_T2062 267685-267777 Sentence denotes This Campaign produced the guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock [2] .
T67935 267685-267777 Sentence denotes This Campaign produced the guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock [2] .
TextSentencer_T2063 267778-267902 Sentence denotes These recommendations were reviewed during the annual meeting of the Society of Critical Care Medicine held in January 2006.
T9935 267778-267902 Sentence denotes These recommendations were reviewed during the annual meeting of the Society of Critical Care Medicine held in January 2006.
TextSentencer_T2064 267903-268024 Sentence denotes The Campaign has taken an action to create National and International networks to collect data and monitor interventions.
T48741 267903-268024 Sentence denotes The Campaign has taken an action to create National and International networks to collect data and monitor interventions.
TextSentencer_T2065 268025-268076 Sentence denotes In Italy the network was settled in September 2006.
T12698 268025-268076 Sentence denotes In Italy the network was settled in September 2006.
TextSentencer_T2066 268077-268194 Sentence denotes But, can we monitor therapy for severe sepsis if concepts, tools, ideas and attitudes differ largely between centres?
T12726 268077-268194 Sentence denotes But, can we monitor therapy for severe sepsis if concepts, tools, ideas and attitudes differ largely between centres?
TextSentencer_T2067 268195-268395 Sentence denotes With the aim of answering this crucial question, we conducted a survey on the perception of Severe Sepsis, its diagnosis and monitoring through the national network for the Italian Chapter of the SSC.
T4064 268195-268395 Sentence denotes With the aim of answering this crucial question, we conducted a survey on the perception of Severe Sepsis, its diagnosis and monitoring through the national network for the Italian Chapter of the SSC.
TextSentencer_T2068 268396-268546 Sentence denotes Twenty-three participating centres (10 community and 13 teaching hospitals) responded to our survey, for a total number of 261 ICU/critical care beds.
T43078 268396-268546 Sentence denotes Twenty-three participating centres (10 community and 13 teaching hospitals) responded to our survey, for a total number of 261 ICU/critical care beds.
TextSentencer_T2069 268547-268796 Sentence denotes When the participants were asked to describe the methodology currently used for implementation of data in their institution, 70% of the respondents adopted a continuous data collection methodology and the other 30% a "before and after event" design.
T27169 268547-268796 Sentence denotes When the participants were asked to describe the methodology currently used for implementation of data in their institution, 70% of the respondents adopted a continuous data collection methodology and the other 30% a "before and after event" design.
TextSentencer_T2070 268797-269086 Sentence denotes On the question whether an educational tool was used to sensitise people to the campaign, 13% of the respondents declared that no specific tool was used and the other 87% (20 centres) stated that they used different educative means (mostly chart documentations and department conferences).
T48635 268797-269086 Sentence denotes On the question whether an educational tool was used to sensitise people to the campaign, 13% of the respondents declared that no specific tool was used and the other 87% (20 centres) stated that they used different educative means (mostly chart documentations and department conferences).
TextSentencer_T2071 269087-269304 Sentence denotes When asked when data collection for the diagnosis of sepsis usually takes place, thirteen respondents said that their collection occurred within 24 hours from the diagnosis, only 2 contemporary, and 8 retrospectively.
T349 269087-269304 Sentence denotes When asked when data collection for the diagnosis of sepsis usually takes place, thirteen respondents said that their collection occurred within 24 hours from the diagnosis, only 2 contemporary, and 8 retrospectively.
TextSentencer_T2072 269305-269493 Sentence denotes On the question how data were collected 9 institutions out of 23 (39%) answered that the SSC paper tool or database were used, 11 (47%) a combination of the two, and 3 (23%) other systems.
T54119 269305-269493 Sentence denotes On the question how data were collected 9 institutions out of 23 (39%) answered that the SSC paper tool or database were used, 11 (47%) a combination of the two, and 3 (23%) other systems.
TextSentencer_T2073 269494-269739 Sentence denotes In 17 of the 23 centres the responsibility of data collection is assigned to the attending physician; in the remaining 5 cases residents, nurses or students collect the data, but same centres allow the simultaneous collaboration of more figures.
T89335 269494-269739 Sentence denotes In 17 of the 23 centres the responsibility of data collection is assigned to the attending physician; in the remaining 5 cases residents, nurses or students collect the data, but same centres allow the simultaneous collaboration of more figures.
TextSentencer_T2074 269740-269934 Sentence denotes Partnership between ICUs and other departments to approach Sepsis in the spirit of the SSC is unfortunately scarce: only 4 (17%) of the respondents have a form of collaboration with other units.
T72748 269740-269934 Sentence denotes Partnership between ICUs and other departments to approach Sepsis in the spirit of the SSC is unfortunately scarce: only 4 (17%) of the respondents have a form of collaboration with other units.
TextSentencer_T2075 269935-270072 Sentence denotes The effect of this mentality is that only 6 (26%) of the interviewed hospitals currently apply a screening for severe sepsis in the ward.
T83629 269935-270072 Sentence denotes The effect of this mentality is that only 6 (26%) of the interviewed hospitals currently apply a screening for severe sepsis in the ward.
TextSentencer_T2076 270073-270205 Sentence denotes One main concept that illustrates the spirit of the SSC is the idea of an early intervention to apply the different recommendations.
T91201 270073-270205 Sentence denotes One main concept that illustrates the spirit of the SSC is the idea of an early intervention to apply the different recommendations.
TextSentencer_T2077 270206-270377 Sentence denotes Again, in checking how the time of presentation of sepsis is conceived in the emergency department, in the ward and in the ICU we obtained answers that were quite diverse.
T15924 270206-270377 Sentence denotes Again, in checking how the time of presentation of sepsis is conceived in the emergency department, in the ward and in the ICU we obtained answers that were quite diverse.
TextSentencer_T2078 270378-270429 Sentence denotes Of the 23 participating institutions, 16 responded.
T93712 270378-270429 Sentence denotes Of the 23 participating institutions, 16 responded.
TextSentencer_T2079 270430-270581 Sentence denotes Only 50% of physicians in the Emergency Department identified the "presentation time" of severe sepsis with the moment of triage or hospital admission.
T14939 270430-270581 Sentence denotes Only 50% of physicians in the Emergency Department identified the "presentation time" of severe sepsis with the moment of triage or hospital admission.
TextSentencer_T2080 270582-270684 Sentence denotes The remaining 50% had a sort of "a posteriori" diagnosis, losing the possibility of an early approach.
T44643 270582-270684 Sentence denotes The remaining 50% had a sort of "a posteriori" diagnosis, losing the possibility of an early approach.
TextSentencer_T2081 270685-270951 Sentence denotes Things are much worse looking at the ward, where in 80% of cases the moment of severe sepsis presentation corresponded to the identification of symptoms from the "a posteriori" reviews of the medical notes, the arrival of a critical care consultant or ICU admission.
T3228 270685-270951 Sentence denotes Things are much worse looking at the ward, where in 80% of cases the moment of severe sepsis presentation corresponded to the identification of symptoms from the "a posteriori" reviews of the medical notes, the arrival of a critical care consultant or ICU admission.
TextSentencer_T2082 270952-271063 Sentence denotes Surprisingly, in the ICU still 30% of the cases is usually diagnosed through the review of the medical reports.
T50677 270952-271063 Sentence denotes Surprisingly, in the ICU still 30% of the cases is usually diagnosed through the review of the medical reports.
TextSentencer_T2083 271065-271247 Sentence denotes The EUCAST Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST-AFST) has recently published a standard for determining the susceptibility of fermentative yeasts to antifungals.
T34449 271065-271247 Sentence denotes The EUCAST Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST-AFST) has recently published a standard for determining the susceptibility of fermentative yeasts to antifungals.
TextSentencer_T2084 271248-271370 Sentence denotes Besides, another standard related with the susceptibility of filamentous fungi to antifungals will be published very soon.
T15232 271248-271370 Sentence denotes Besides, another standard related with the susceptibility of filamentous fungi to antifungals will be published very soon.
TextSentencer_T2085 271371-271576 Sentence denotes The EUCAST General Committee has recently published guidelines for harmonisation of breakpoints for antimicrobials and therefore the Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of EUCAST has adopted it.
T88227 271371-271576 Sentence denotes The EUCAST General Committee has recently published guidelines for harmonisation of breakpoints for antimicrobials and therefore the Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of EUCAST has adopted it.
TextSentencer_T2086 271577-271710 Sentence denotes In order, to prove that breakpoints for antifungals can be obtained, EUCAST-AFST decided to make a proof of concept with fluconazole.
T81080 271577-271710 Sentence denotes In order, to prove that breakpoints for antifungals can be obtained, EUCAST-AFST decided to make a proof of concept with fluconazole.
TextSentencer_T2087 271711-271870 Sentence denotes All the requirements raised for EUCAST committee to obtain break points for antimicrobials have been addressed and fluconazole break points have been attained.
T38277 271711-271870 Sentence denotes All the requirements raised for EUCAST committee to obtain break points for antimicrobials have been addressed and fluconazole break points have been attained.
TextSentencer_T2088 271871-271974 Sentence denotes The data obtained through the revision system to obtain break points for fluconazole will be discussed.
T95921 271871-271974 Sentence denotes The data obtained through the revision system to obtain break points for fluconazole will be discussed.
TextSentencer_T2089 271975-272060 Sentence denotes Also the discrepancies of EUCAST and CLSI break points will be examined and analysed.
T11523 271975-272060 Sentence denotes Also the discrepancies of EUCAST and CLSI break points will be examined and analysed.
TextSentencer_T2090 272061-272161 Sentence denotes In the near future, it is intention of EUCAST AFST develop break points to all licensed antifungals.
T83063 272061-272161 Sentence denotes In the near future, it is intention of EUCAST AFST develop break points to all licensed antifungals.
TextSentencer_T2091 272162-272173 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T29412 272162-272173 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2092 272174-272341 Sentence denotes In recent years K. pneumoniae has been shown to have increasing resistance, due to production of extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) or metallo-b-lactamases (MBLs).
T87807 272174-272341 Sentence denotes In recent years K. pneumoniae has been shown to have increasing resistance, due to production of extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) or metallo-b-lactamases (MBLs).
TextSentencer_T2093 272342-272533 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to record the bacteraemias due to K. pneumoniae in our ICU, to analyse the patterns of resistance, as well as the clinical characteristics of the ensuing infections.
T14653 272342-272533 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to record the bacteraemias due to K. pneumoniae in our ICU, to analyse the patterns of resistance, as well as the clinical characteristics of the ensuing infections.
TextSentencer_T2094 272534-272542 Sentence denotes Methods:
T22862 272534-272542 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2095 272543-272657 Sentence denotes Prospective observational study in patients who were hospitalised in the ICU, from September 2004 to October 2006.
T58702 272543-272657 Sentence denotes Prospective observational study in patients who were hospitalised in the ICU, from September 2004 to October 2006.
TextSentencer_T2096 272658-272912 Sentence denotes The demographic characteristics of all patients admitted were recorded, as well as the underlying diseases, disease severity as estimated by the APACHE II score and possible factors predisposing to infections, such as previous consumption of antibiotics.
T69141 272658-272912 Sentence denotes The demographic characteristics of all patients admitted were recorded, as well as the underlying diseases, disease severity as estimated by the APACHE II score and possible factors predisposing to infections, such as previous consumption of antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T2097 272913-272993 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing of culture isolates was performed by MicroScan autoSCAN4.
T46264 272913-272993 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing of culture isolates was performed by MicroScan autoSCAN4.
TextSentencer_T2098 272994-273039 Sentence denotes The outcome of all bacteraemias was recorded.
T22923 272994-273039 Sentence denotes The outcome of all bacteraemias was recorded.
TextSentencer_T2099 273040-273086 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was done with ESPSS v.12.
T48241 273040-273086 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was done with ESPSS v.12.
TextSentencer_T2100 273087-273095 Sentence denotes Results:
T76719 273087-273095 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2101 273096-273204 Sentence denotes During the study period 290 patients were admitted to the ICU and 160 episodes of bacteraemia were recorded.
T86951 273096-273204 Sentence denotes During the study period 290 patients were admitted to the ICU and 160 episodes of bacteraemia were recorded.
TextSentencer_T2102 273205-273250 Sentence denotes Of these, 29 (18%) were due to K. pneumoniae.
T48980 273205-273250 Sentence denotes Of these, 29 (18%) were due to K. pneumoniae.
TextSentencer_T2103 273251-273290 Sentence denotes The isolates were resistant as follows:
T80886 273251-273290 Sentence denotes The isolates were resistant as follows:
TextSentencer_T2104 273291-273475 Sentence denotes 100% to ampicillin, 72% to b-lactamase inhibitors, 90% to 3rd-generation cephalosporins, 41% to imipenem (MIC > 4 mg/L), 41% to aztreonam, 86% to quinolones and 31% to aminoglycosides.
T49287 273291-273475 Sentence denotes 100% to ampicillin, 72% to b-lactamase inhibitors, 90% to 3rd-generation cephalosporins, 41% to imipenem (MIC > 4 mg/L), 41% to aztreonam, 86% to quinolones and 31% to aminoglycosides.
TextSentencer_T2105 273476-273531 Sentence denotes All isolates were susceptible to colistin (MIC 2 mg/L).
T65083 273476-273531 Sentence denotes All isolates were susceptible to colistin (MIC 2 mg/L).
TextSentencer_T2106 273532-273694 Sentence denotes The carbapenemresistant isolates (CRKP) were also resistant to all other antibiotics tested, except aztreonam and gentamicin (75% and 58% sensitive respectively).
T5264 273532-273694 Sentence denotes The carbapenemresistant isolates (CRKP) were also resistant to all other antibiotics tested, except aztreonam and gentamicin (75% and 58% sensitive respectively).
TextSentencer_T2107 273695-273793 Sentence denotes The bacteria were isolated in 23 patients (mean age 67 years, 69% male) of whom 56% were surgical.
T75819 273695-273793 Sentence denotes The bacteria were isolated in 23 patients (mean age 67 years, 69% male) of whom 56% were surgical.
TextSentencer_T2108 273794-273828 Sentence denotes Their mean APACHE II score was 19.
T25778 273794-273828 Sentence denotes Their mean APACHE II score was 19.
TextSentencer_T2109 273829-273931 Sentence denotes Ten bacteraemias were primary, 5 secondary to ventilator-associated pneumonia and 14 catheter-related.
T53659 273829-273931 Sentence denotes Ten bacteraemias were primary, 5 secondary to ventilator-associated pneumonia and 14 catheter-related.
TextSentencer_T2110 273932-274062 Sentence denotes The 14days mortality of patients with bacteraemia due to CRKP was 53%, while in those with sensitive strains it was 28% (p = 0.2).
T38548 273932-274062 Sentence denotes The 14days mortality of patients with bacteraemia due to CRKP was 53%, while in those with sensitive strains it was 28% (p = 0.2).
TextSentencer_T2111 274063-274131 Sentence denotes Outcome was significantly related to the APACHE II score (p = 0.02).
T45789 274063-274131 Sentence denotes Outcome was significantly related to the APACHE II score (p = 0.02).
TextSentencer_T2112 274132-274228 Sentence denotes Of the patients who had bacteraemia due to CRKP, 77% had been previously receiving a carbapenem.
T85688 274132-274228 Sentence denotes Of the patients who had bacteraemia due to CRKP, 77% had been previously receiving a carbapenem.
TextSentencer_T2113 274229-274336 Sentence denotes Of those who had a carbapenem-sensitive isolate, 35% had been receiving a carbapenem (p = 0.4) Conclusions:
T58260 274229-274336 Sentence denotes Of those who had a carbapenem-sensitive isolate, 35% had been receiving a carbapenem (p = 0.4) Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T2114 274337-274488 Sentence denotes Infections due to K. pneumoniae resistant to carbapenems represent a serious clinical problem in our ICU and are associated with a high mortality rate.
T28180 274337-274488 Sentence denotes Infections due to K. pneumoniae resistant to carbapenems represent a serious clinical problem in our ICU and are associated with a high mortality rate.
TextSentencer_T2115 274489-274561 Sentence denotes It seems that previous use of carbapenems leads to increased resistance.
T79652 274489-274561 Sentence denotes It seems that previous use of carbapenems leads to increased resistance.
TextSentencer_T2116 274562-274641 Sentence denotes Larger studies are needed in order to obtain statistically significant results.
T48690 274562-274641 Sentence denotes Larger studies are needed in order to obtain statistically significant results.
TextSentencer_T2117 274642-274653 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T85522 274642-274653 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2118 274654-275231 Sentence denotes Nosocomial infections surveillance was performed in an Italian ICU in order to pretest the HELICS protocol before its nationwide implementation, and to evaluate the impact and the routes of acquisition of three emerging multiresistant pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by determining: (i) the occurrence of carriage on admission; (ii) the microrganism-specific ICU-acquired infection rates, by site; (iii) the impact of cross-transmission using molecular typing data, and (iv) the individual risk factors for infection.
T13266 274654-275231 Sentence denotes Nosocomial infections surveillance was performed in an Italian ICU in order to pretest the HELICS protocol before its nationwide implementation, and to evaluate the impact and the routes of acquisition of three emerging multiresistant pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by determining: (i) the occurrence of carriage on admission; (ii) the microrganism-specific ICU-acquired infection rates, by site; (iii) the impact of cross-transmission using molecular typing data, and (iv) the individual risk factors for infection.
TextSentencer_T2119 275232-275240 Sentence denotes Methods:
T6569 275232-275240 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2120 275241-275411 Sentence denotes A six-months surveillance survey was performed at the ICU of an Italian Hospital, in accordance with the HELICS protocol, excluding patients staying less than three days.
T2165 275241-275411 Sentence denotes A six-months surveillance survey was performed at the ICU of an Italian Hospital, in accordance with the HELICS protocol, excluding patients staying less than three days.
TextSentencer_T2121 275412-275506 Sentence denotes An electronic data form, was designed using the SPSS Data Entry Enterprise Server (SPSS Inc.).
T43672 275412-275506 Sentence denotes An electronic data form, was designed using the SPSS Data Entry Enterprise Server (SPSS Inc.).
TextSentencer_T2122 275507-275709 Sentence denotes Clonality was determined by macrorestriction analysis using well established criteria, and the presence of two indistinguishable strains in two patients was considered one episode of cross-transmission.
T68383 275507-275709 Sentence denotes Clonality was determined by macrorestriction analysis using well established criteria, and the presence of two indistinguishable strains in two patients was considered one episode of cross-transmission.
TextSentencer_T2123 275710-275718 Sentence denotes Results:
T81198 275710-275718 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2124 275719-275812 Sentence denotes During the study period, 121 patients were enrolled into the survey for a total of 2165 days.
T47245 275719-275812 Sentence denotes During the study period, 121 patients were enrolled into the survey for a total of 2165 days.
TextSentencer_T2125 275813-275913 Sentence denotes The ICU-acquired infection rate was 82.6% patients and the incidence density was 46.2‰ patient-days.
T64260 275813-275913 Sentence denotes The ICU-acquired infection rate was 82.6% patients and the incidence density was 46.2‰ patient-days.
TextSentencer_T2126 275914-275986 Sentence denotes The occurrence of P. aeruginosa carriage on admission was 1.6% patients.
T57509 275914-275986 Sentence denotes The occurrence of P. aeruginosa carriage on admission was 1.6% patients.
TextSentencer_T2127 275987-276056 Sentence denotes No episode of A. baumannii or S. maltophilia carriage was identified.
T98268 275987-276056 Sentence denotes No episode of A. baumannii or S. maltophilia carriage was identified.
TextSentencer_T2128 276057-276166 Sentence denotes The ICU-acquired P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and S. maltophilia associated infection rates were respectively:
T10157 276057-276166 Sentence denotes The ICU-acquired P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and S. maltophilia associated infection rates were respectively:
TextSentencer_T2129 276167-276199 Sentence denotes 35.9%, 13.0% and 12.4% patients.
T89777 276167-276199 Sentence denotes 35.9%, 13.0% and 12.4% patients.
TextSentencer_T2130 276200-276270 Sentence denotes The incidence density were respectively 19.4‰, 7.4‰, 6.9‰ patientdays.
T17857 276200-276270 Sentence denotes The incidence density were respectively 19.4‰, 7.4‰, 6.9‰ patientdays.
TextSentencer_T2131 276271-276531 Sentence denotes ICU-acquired pneumonia was confirmed to be the first infection type (30.0%), followed by bloodstream infections (BSIs) (25.0%), local CVC-related infections (23.0%), urinary tract infections (13.0%), CVC-related BSI (8.0%), and surgical site infections (1.0%).
T97795 276271-276531 Sentence denotes ICU-acquired pneumonia was confirmed to be the first infection type (30.0%), followed by bloodstream infections (BSIs) (25.0%), local CVC-related infections (23.0%), urinary tract infections (13.0%), CVC-related BSI (8.0%), and surgical site infections (1.0%).
TextSentencer_T2132 276532-276687 Sentence denotes Eighteen P. aeruginosa, one A. baumannii and four S. maltophilia distinct clones were identified by macrorestriction analysis over a total of 162 isolates.
T8154 276532-276687 Sentence denotes Eighteen P. aeruginosa, one A. baumannii and four S. maltophilia distinct clones were identified by macrorestriction analysis over a total of 162 isolates.
TextSentencer_T2133 276688-276833 Sentence denotes The impact of cross-transmission was estimated to be at least 52.4%, thus defining the preventable proportion of all cross-transmission episodes.
T37816 276688-276833 Sentence denotes The impact of cross-transmission was estimated to be at least 52.4%, thus defining the preventable proportion of all cross-transmission episodes.
TextSentencer_T2134 276834-276946 Sentence denotes Two major risk factors were identified: inappropriate management of invasive devices and of antimicrobial usage.
T89810 276834-276946 Sentence denotes Two major risk factors were identified: inappropriate management of invasive devices and of antimicrobial usage.
TextSentencer_T2135 276947-276958 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T79654 276947-276958 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2136 276959-277109 Sentence denotes Our study confirms the essential role of epidemiologic surveillance to provide advanced risk-adjusted infection rates as a measure of quality of care.
T66630 276959-277109 Sentence denotes Our study confirms the essential role of epidemiologic surveillance to provide advanced risk-adjusted infection rates as a measure of quality of care.
TextSentencer_T2137 277110-277121 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T82151 277110-277121 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2138 277122-277258 Sentence denotes The role of the multi-gene PE family of proteins unique to mycobacteria, in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis is still poorly understood.
T88561 277122-277258 Sentence denotes The role of the multi-gene PE family of proteins unique to mycobacteria, in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis is still poorly understood.
TextSentencer_T2139 277259-277350 Sentence denotes Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) is essential for successfully combatting tuberculosis.
T31643 277259-277350 Sentence denotes Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) is essential for successfully combatting tuberculosis.
TextSentencer_T2140 277351-277560 Sentence denotes Our objective was to understand how PE_PGRS33, a surface-exposed protein known to undergo variation among strains, influences TNF-a release from macrophages, and how this is linked to apoptosis of macrophages.
T48478 277351-277560 Sentence denotes Our objective was to understand how PE_PGRS33, a surface-exposed protein known to undergo variation among strains, influences TNF-a release from macrophages, and how this is linked to apoptosis of macrophages.
TextSentencer_T2141 277561-277569 Sentence denotes Methods:
T11868 277561-277569 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2142 277570-277726 Sentence denotes Recombinant PE_PGRS33 was tested for its ability to release TNF-a from the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 as well as from human monocyte-derived macrophages.
T4777 277570-277726 Sentence denotes Recombinant PE_PGRS33 was tested for its ability to release TNF-a from the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 as well as from human monocyte-derived macrophages.
TextSentencer_T2143 277727-277925 Sentence denotes Its binding to cell surface TLR2 was analysed by flow cytometry and the role of TLR2 was studied by transfecting cells with dominant-negative TLR2 prior to analysing PE_PGRS33-induced TNF-a release.
T21537 277727-277925 Sentence denotes Its binding to cell surface TLR2 was analysed by flow cytometry and the role of TLR2 was studied by transfecting cells with dominant-negative TLR2 prior to analysing PE_PGRS33-induced TNF-a release.
TextSentencer_T2144 277926-278072 Sentence denotes The signaling pathways activated were studied by assaying for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase ASK1 and downstream MAPKs.
T28579 277926-278072 Sentence denotes The signaling pathways activated were studied by assaying for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase ASK1 and downstream MAPKs.
TextSentencer_T2145 278073-278170 Sentence denotes Cell death was analysed using histone ELISA and also by assaying surface-associated annexin-FITC.
T82615 278073-278170 Sentence denotes Cell death was analysed using histone ELISA and also by assaying surface-associated annexin-FITC.
TextSentencer_T2146 278171-278307 Sentence denotes Results: PE_PGRS33, a surface exposed protein, elicits TNF-a release from macrophages in a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent manner.
T32711 278171-278307 Sentence denotes Results: PE_PGRS33, a surface exposed protein, elicits TNF-a release from macrophages in a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent manner.
TextSentencer_T2147 278308-278384 Sentence denotes Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is activated downstream of TLR2.
T32836 278308-278384 Sentence denotes Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is activated downstream of TLR2.
TextSentencer_T2148 278385-278458 Sentence denotes ASK1 activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 and JNK.
T24608 278385-278458 Sentence denotes ASK1 activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 and JNK.
TextSentencer_T2149 278459-278558 Sentence denotes PE_PGRS33-induced signaling leads to enhanced expression of TNF-a and TNF receptor I (TNFRI) genes.
T7551 278459-278558 Sentence denotes PE_PGRS33-induced signaling leads to enhanced expression of TNF-a and TNF receptor I (TNFRI) genes.
TextSentencer_T2150 278559-278651 Sentence denotes Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing PE_PGRS33 elicits the same effects as purified PE_PGRS33.
T92378 278559-278651 Sentence denotes Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing PE_PGRS33 elicits the same effects as purified PE_PGRS33.
TextSentencer_T2151 278652-278789 Sentence denotes Neutralising TNF-a antibodies showed that release of TNF-a is required for triggering apoptosis in macrophages challenged with PE_PGRS33.
T34717 278652-278789 Sentence denotes Neutralising TNF-a antibodies showed that release of TNF-a is required for triggering apoptosis in macrophages challenged with PE_PGRS33.
TextSentencer_T2152 278790-278964 Sentence denotes The death receptor-dependent signals are amplified through classical caspase 8-dependent mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, leading to the activation of caspases 9 and 3.
T25459 278790-278964 Sentence denotes The death receptor-dependent signals are amplified through classical caspase 8-dependent mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, leading to the activation of caspases 9 and 3.
TextSentencer_T2153 278965-279142 Sentence denotes The important aspect of our findings is that deletions within the PGRS domain (simulating those occurring in clinical strains) attenuate the TNF-a-inducing ability of PE_PGRS33.
T68394 278965-279142 Sentence denotes The important aspect of our findings is that deletions within the PGRS domain (simulating those occurring in clinical strains) attenuate the TNF-a-inducing ability of PE_PGRS33.
TextSentencer_T2154 279143-279282 Sentence denotes These results provide the first evidence that variations in the polymorphic repeats of the PGRS domain modulate the innate immune response.
T88055 279143-279282 Sentence denotes These results provide the first evidence that variations in the polymorphic repeats of the PGRS domain modulate the innate immune response.
TextSentencer_T2155 279283-279367 Sentence denotes Our objective was to understand the role of PPK1 in bacterial survival under stress.
T40201 279283-279367 Sentence denotes Our objective was to understand the role of PPK1 in bacterial survival under stress.
TextSentencer_T2156 279368-279376 Sentence denotes Methods:
T70584 279368-279376 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2157 279377-279519 Sentence denotes To evaluate the role of PPK1 in mycobacterial survival, the gene encoding PPK1 was disrupted in M. smegmatis through homologous recombination.
T54604 279377-279519 Sentence denotes To evaluate the role of PPK1 in mycobacterial survival, the gene encoding PPK1 was disrupted in M. smegmatis through homologous recombination.
TextSentencer_T2158 279520-279650 Sentence denotes The effect of stress on the wild type and the mutant were then analysed. ppk1 was also silenced by antisensing in M. tuberculosis.
T18620 279520-279650 Sentence denotes The effect of stress on the wild type and the mutant were then analysed. ppk1 was also silenced by antisensing in M. tuberculosis.
TextSentencer_T2159 279651-279659 Sentence denotes Results:
T21350 279651-279659 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2160 279660-279841 Sentence denotes The PPK1-deleted strain of M. smegmatis exhibited significantly reduced intracellular survival in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages compared to the survival of its wild type counterpart.
T48743 279660-279841 Sentence denotes The PPK1-deleted strain of M. smegmatis exhibited significantly reduced intracellular survival in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages compared to the survival of its wild type counterpart.
TextSentencer_T2161 279842-280048 Sentence denotes It exhibited an extended lag phase of growth when shifted to a low phosphate-containing medium, was unable to grow in nitrogen-depleted medium and impaired in its ability to survive in anaerobic conditions.
T936 279842-280048 Sentence denotes It exhibited an extended lag phase of growth when shifted to a low phosphate-containing medium, was unable to grow in nitrogen-depleted medium and impaired in its ability to survive in anaerobic conditions.
TextSentencer_T2162 280049-280124 Sentence denotes It showed decreased transcription of the stringent response regulator relA.
T16614 280049-280124 Sentence denotes It showed decreased transcription of the stringent response regulator relA.
TextSentencer_T2163 280125-280174 Sentence denotes M. tuberculosis ppk1 could complement the mutant.
T83561 280125-280174 Sentence denotes M. tuberculosis ppk1 could complement the mutant.
TextSentencer_T2164 280175-280272 Sentence denotes Antisensing of the ppk1 gene in M. tuberculosis also showed reduced levels of relA transcription.
T21912 280175-280272 Sentence denotes Antisensing of the ppk1 gene in M. tuberculosis also showed reduced levels of relA transcription.
TextSentencer_T2165 280273-280335 Sentence denotes The ppk1 mutant was defective in its ability to form biofilms.
T19433 280273-280335 Sentence denotes The ppk1 mutant was defective in its ability to form biofilms.
TextSentencer_T2166 280336-280449 Sentence denotes Conclusion: ppk1 likely plays a role in mycobacterial persistence and is a potential target for drug development.
T61306 280336-280449 Sentence denotes Conclusion: ppk1 likely plays a role in mycobacterial persistence and is a potential target for drug development.
TextSentencer_T2167 280450-280461 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T24614 280450-280461 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2168 280462-280594 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to evaluate cholesterol oxidase (ChoD) as a putative virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
T13114 280462-280594 Sentence denotes The objective of this study was to evaluate cholesterol oxidase (ChoD) as a putative virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
TextSentencer_T2169 280595-280603 Sentence denotes Methods:
T54467 280595-280603 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2170 280604-280714 Sentence denotes A two-step recombination protocol was used to replace the cholesterol oxidase gene with a non-functional copy.
T10766 280604-280714 Sentence denotes A two-step recombination protocol was used to replace the cholesterol oxidase gene with a non-functional copy.
TextSentencer_T2171 280715-280835 Sentence denotes The pathogenicity of resultant strains was analysed in vitro using peritoneal macrophages and in vivo by mice infection.
T43658 280715-280835 Sentence denotes The pathogenicity of resultant strains was analysed in vitro using peritoneal macrophages and in vivo by mice infection.
TextSentencer_T2172 280836-280844 Sentence denotes Results:
T21855 280836-280844 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2173 280845-280997 Sentence denotes Cholesterol oxidase is known to be a key enzyme initiating cholesterol degradation processes in many soil bacteria, including fast growing mycobacteria.
T77943 280845-280997 Sentence denotes Cholesterol oxidase is known to be a key enzyme initiating cholesterol degradation processes in many soil bacteria, including fast growing mycobacteria.
TextSentencer_T2174 280998-281128 Sentence denotes Pathogenic mycobacteria accumulate cholesterol without its utilisation and express cholesterol oxidase as an extracellular enzyme.
T38088 280998-281128 Sentence denotes Pathogenic mycobacteria accumulate cholesterol without its utilisation and express cholesterol oxidase as an extracellular enzyme.
TextSentencer_T2175 281129-281251 Sentence denotes A homologous recombination was used to construct an M. tuberculosis strain with an unmarked deletion within the choD gene.
T94341 281129-281251 Sentence denotes A homologous recombination was used to construct an M. tuberculosis strain with an unmarked deletion within the choD gene.
TextSentencer_T2176 281252-281509 Sentence denotes The wild type M. tuberculosis strain (Mt-wt), choD-mutant (mut-choD) and mutant complemented with choD gene controlled by a heat shock protein promoter (mut-choD-PhspchoD) were used to study the function of cholesterol oxidase in mycobacterial pathogenesis.
T2263 281252-281509 Sentence denotes The wild type M. tuberculosis strain (Mt-wt), choD-mutant (mut-choD) and mutant complemented with choD gene controlled by a heat shock protein promoter (mut-choD-PhspchoD) were used to study the function of cholesterol oxidase in mycobacterial pathogenesis.
TextSentencer_T2177 281510-281676 Sentence denotes Peritoneal macrophages (10 6 /well) were infected with Mt-wt, mut-choD and mut-choD-PhspchoD M. tuberculosis strains (10 5 /well) and incubated for four and six days.
T40636 281510-281676 Sentence denotes Peritoneal macrophages (10 6 /well) were infected with Mt-wt, mut-choD and mut-choD-PhspchoD M. tuberculosis strains (10 5 /well) and incubated for four and six days.
TextSentencer_T2178 281677-281861 Sentence denotes The numbers of Mt-wt and mut-choD-PhspchoD viable bacteria recovered from macrophages were at least an order of magnitude higher compared to mut-cho strain as revealed by cfu analysis.
T78774 281677-281861 Sentence denotes The numbers of Mt-wt and mut-choD-PhspchoD viable bacteria recovered from macrophages were at least an order of magnitude higher compared to mut-cho strain as revealed by cfu analysis.
TextSentencer_T2179 281862-281911 Sentence denotes The same strains were used for infection of mice.
T91959 281862-281911 Sentence denotes The same strains were used for infection of mice.
TextSentencer_T2180 281912-281991 Sentence denotes Ten weeks post infection, lungs and spleens were isolated from euthanised mice.
T23217 281912-281991 Sentence denotes Ten weeks post infection, lungs and spleens were isolated from euthanised mice.
TextSentencer_T2181 281992-282058 Sentence denotes The numbers of viable bacteria in each organ were detected by cfu.
T50715 281992-282058 Sentence denotes The numbers of viable bacteria in each organ were detected by cfu.
TextSentencer_T2182 282059-282203 Sentence denotes Analysing at least 10 mice of each group, the strong attenuation of choD mutants was observed compared to wild type and complementation strains.
T15811 282059-282203 Sentence denotes Analysing at least 10 mice of each group, the strong attenuation of choD mutants was observed compared to wild type and complementation strains.
TextSentencer_T2183 282204-282355 Sentence denotes We studied the cytokine/chemokine profiles associated with LTBI and TB in order to gain insight into ongoing immune activation events in Mtb-infection.
T19534 282204-282355 Sentence denotes We studied the cytokine/chemokine profiles associated with LTBI and TB in order to gain insight into ongoing immune activation events in Mtb-infection.
TextSentencer_T2184 282356-282364 Sentence denotes Methods:
T88444 282356-282364 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2185 282365-282527 Sentence denotes Blood was obtained from patients with culture-confirmed TB (n = 4), with recently acquired LTBI (n = 3), and from healthcare workers without Mtb exposure (n = 6).
T67643 282365-282527 Sentence denotes Blood was obtained from patients with culture-confirmed TB (n = 4), with recently acquired LTBI (n = 3), and from healthcare workers without Mtb exposure (n = 6).
TextSentencer_T2186 282528-282785 Sentence denotes Interferon-gamma (IFN-g) that was released from sensitised lymphocytes upon ex vivo stimulation with Mtb-specific antigens was determined using the QuantiFERON-TB ® Gold In Tube assay as recommended by the manufacturer (Cellestis Ltd., Carnegie, Australia).
T24177 282528-282785 Sentence denotes Interferon-gamma (IFN-g) that was released from sensitised lymphocytes upon ex vivo stimulation with Mtb-specific antigens was determined using the QuantiFERON-TB ® Gold In Tube assay as recommended by the manufacturer (Cellestis Ltd., Carnegie, Australia).
TextSentencer_T2187 282786-283099 Sentence denotes Microsphere-based multiplex assays (Lincoplex ® , Linco Research Inc., St Charles, MA, USA) were used to assess the plasma concentrations of IFN-g, TNF-a, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 IL-13, IL-15, Fraktalkine, GM-CSF, MCP-1, and IP-10 before (NIL) and after (TbAg) ex vivo stimulation.
T94914 282786-283099 Sentence denotes Microsphere-based multiplex assays (Lincoplex ® , Linco Research Inc., St Charles, MA, USA) were used to assess the plasma concentrations of IFN-g, TNF-a, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 IL-13, IL-15, Fraktalkine, GM-CSF, MCP-1, and IP-10 before (NIL) and after (TbAg) ex vivo stimulation.
TextSentencer_T2188 283100-283188 Sentence denotes Values were determined using Bio-Plex Manager (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).
T7333 283100-283188 Sentence denotes Values were determined using Bio-Plex Manager (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).
TextSentencer_T2189 283189-283226 Sentence denotes The limit of detection was 3.2 pg/mL.
T67677 283189-283226 Sentence denotes The limit of detection was 3.2 pg/mL.
TextSentencer_T2190 283227-283323 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was performed using Prism 4.1 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).
T17052 283227-283323 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was performed using Prism 4.1 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).
TextSentencer_T2191 283324-283444 Sentence denotes The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for multiple group comparison, and the Mann-Whitney test for group to group comparison.
T32896 283324-283444 Sentence denotes The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for multiple group comparison, and the Mann-Whitney test for group to group comparison.
TextSentencer_T2192 283445-283591 Sentence denotes Results: IFN-g, IP-10, IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-13 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with TB and LTBI as compared to controls (Table) .
T86070 283445-283591 Sentence denotes Results: IFN-g, IP-10, IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-13 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with TB and LTBI as compared to controls (Table) .
TextSentencer_T2193 283592-283604 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T84156 283592-283604 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T2194 283605-283729 Sentence denotes Mean plasma concentrations of IP-10 were 50 to 90-fold higher than those of IFN-g, both in patients with active TB and LTBI.
T94453 283605-283729 Sentence denotes Mean plasma concentrations of IP-10 were 50 to 90-fold higher than those of IFN-g, both in patients with active TB and LTBI.
TextSentencer_T2195 283730-283854 Sentence denotes Assessment of IP-10 might substantially increase the sensitivity of IFN-g release assays (IGRA) for detecting Mtb infection.
T33739 283730-283854 Sentence denotes Assessment of IP-10 might substantially increase the sensitivity of IFN-g release assays (IGRA) for detecting Mtb infection.
TextSentencer_T2196 283855-284170 Sentence denotes Ex vivo profiling of cytokines/chemokines using IGRA in combination with flow-cytometer multiplex assays identified additional candidate parameters to confirm Mtb infection and will improve our understanding of TB pathogenesis. results suggested that all isolates from patients of hospitals I and II were identical.
T49719 283855-284170 Sentence denotes Ex vivo profiling of cytokines/chemokines using IGRA in combination with flow-cytometer multiplex assays identified additional candidate parameters to confirm Mtb infection and will improve our understanding of TB pathogenesis. results suggested that all isolates from patients of hospitals I and II were identical.
TextSentencer_T2197 284171-284341 Sentence denotes No transmissions of patients from hospital I to hospital II had been found and vice versa indicating prevalence of one prevailing C. difficile strain in the local region.
T44314 284171-284341 Sentence denotes No transmissions of patients from hospital I to hospital II had been found and vice versa indicating prevalence of one prevailing C. difficile strain in the local region.
TextSentencer_T2198 284342-284431 Sentence denotes Binary toxin was not found in these isolates indicating the strain neither NAP 1 nor 027.
T67272 284342-284431 Sentence denotes Binary toxin was not found in these isolates indicating the strain neither NAP 1 nor 027.
TextSentencer_T2199 284432-284443 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T12864 284432-284443 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2200 284444-284528 Sentence denotes One C. difficile strain seems to be predominating in Northern Bavaria CDAD patients.
T41607 284444-284528 Sentence denotes One C. difficile strain seems to be predominating in Northern Bavaria CDAD patients.
TextSentencer_T2201 284529-284668 Sentence denotes The increased number of CDAD cases was probably promoted by common events, e.g. increased antibiotic use due respiratory infects in winter.
T87560 284529-284668 Sentence denotes The increased number of CDAD cases was probably promoted by common events, e.g. increased antibiotic use due respiratory infects in winter.
TextSentencer_T2202 284669-284863 Sentence denotes Therefore, infection control programmes to restrict spread of C. difficile should not be restricted to hospitals but also should imply other healthcare facilities (nursing homes, house doctors).
T37802 284669-284863 Sentence denotes Therefore, infection control programmes to restrict spread of C. difficile should not be restricted to hospitals but also should imply other healthcare facilities (nursing homes, house doctors).
TextSentencer_T2203 284864-284956 Sentence denotes Giardia lamblia and Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated in 2 and 1 patients, respectively.
T82087 284864-284956 Sentence denotes Giardia lamblia and Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated in 2 and 1 patients, respectively.
TextSentencer_T2204 284957-285109 Sentence denotes C. difficile was detected in 66 (9.3%) of all faeces samples; 13 (26%) patients had moderate-severe diarrhoea and 53 (74%) suffered from mild diarrhoea.
T40261 284957-285109 Sentence denotes C. difficile was detected in 66 (9.3%) of all faeces samples; 13 (26%) patients had moderate-severe diarrhoea and 53 (74%) suffered from mild diarrhoea.
TextSentencer_T2205 285110-285308 Sentence denotes Of 66 patients with community-onset CDAD, 31 (47%) were healthcare-associated (onset of symptoms within 48 h following admission or within 4 weeks after discharge) and 53% were community-associated.
T87021 285110-285308 Sentence denotes Of 66 patients with community-onset CDAD, 31 (47%) were healthcare-associated (onset of symptoms within 48 h following admission or within 4 weeks after discharge) and 53% were community-associated.
TextSentencer_T2206 285309-285386 Sentence denotes The mean age of 66 patients (24 males and 41 females) with CDAD was 66 years.
T13843 285309-285386 Sentence denotes The mean age of 66 patients (24 males and 41 females) with CDAD was 66 years.
TextSentencer_T2207 285387-285550 Sentence denotes The most frequent underlying diseases were cardiovascular disease (41%), urogenital disease (20%), lung disease (14%), diabetes mellitus (11%) and malignancy (9%).
T47790 285387-285550 Sentence denotes The most frequent underlying diseases were cardiovascular disease (41%), urogenital disease (20%), lung disease (14%), diabetes mellitus (11%) and malignancy (9%).
TextSentencer_T2208 285551-285679 Sentence denotes Recent antibiotic use was reported by 34 (52%) patients with cephalosporins (33%) and fluoroquinolones (33%) as most frequently.
T43617 285551-285679 Sentence denotes Recent antibiotic use was reported by 34 (52%) patients with cephalosporins (33%) and fluoroquinolones (33%) as most frequently.
TextSentencer_T2209 285680-285739 Sentence denotes Of 66 patients, 19 (29%) received a PPI and 17 (26%) NSAID.
T82005 285680-285739 Sentence denotes Of 66 patients, 19 (29%) received a PPI and 17 (26%) NSAID.
TextSentencer_T2210 285740-285875 Sentence denotes Preliminary results of typing of 14 strains revealed 8 different types with type 001 (21%) and type 015 (14%) as the predominant types.
T71372 285740-285875 Sentence denotes Preliminary results of typing of 14 strains revealed 8 different types with type 001 (21%) and type 015 (14%) as the predominant types.
TextSentencer_T2211 285876-285887 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T75874 285876-285887 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2212 285888-286054 Sentence denotes Clostridium difficile was the most frequent cause of diarrhoea in a population of patients who visited the GP because of diarrhoea, but 47% was healthcare-associated.
T69668 285888-286054 Sentence denotes Clostridium difficile was the most frequent cause of diarrhoea in a population of patients who visited the GP because of diarrhoea, but 47% was healthcare-associated.
TextSentencer_T2213 286055-286066 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T91938 286055-286066 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2214 286067-286167 Sentence denotes Clostridium difficile infection is implicated in 20−30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea.
T98130 286067-286167 Sentence denotes Clostridium difficile infection is implicated in 20−30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea.
TextSentencer_T2215 286168-286321 Sentence denotes Few studies have evaluated risk factors for the development of C. difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea.
T69297 286168-286321 Sentence denotes Few studies have evaluated risk factors for the development of C. difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea.
TextSentencer_T2216 286322-286575 Sentence denotes Our objective was to compare clinical characteristics of hospitalised patients who received antibiotics and developed CDAD with hospitalised patients who received antibiotics and developed diarrhoea with negative C. difficile toxin assay in their stool.
T90336 286322-286575 Sentence denotes Our objective was to compare clinical characteristics of hospitalised patients who received antibiotics and developed CDAD with hospitalised patients who received antibiotics and developed diarrhoea with negative C. difficile toxin assay in their stool.
TextSentencer_T2217 286576-286584 Sentence denotes Methods:
T68871 286576-286584 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2218 286585-286704 Sentence denotes A prospective cohort study of hospitalised patients who had received antibiotics and developed diarrhoea were included.
T41120 286585-286704 Sentence denotes A prospective cohort study of hospitalised patients who had received antibiotics and developed diarrhoea were included.
TextSentencer_T2219 286705-286837 Sentence denotes CDAD patients were defined as patients who had diarrhoea and was associated with a positive stool toxin A/B enzyme immunoassay test.
T53834 286705-286837 Sentence denotes CDAD patients were defined as patients who had diarrhoea and was associated with a positive stool toxin A/B enzyme immunoassay test.
TextSentencer_T2220 286838-286938 Sentence denotes Univariate and stepwise logistic regression analyses were used for prediction of C. difficile toxin.
T80911 286838-286938 Sentence denotes Univariate and stepwise logistic regression analyses were used for prediction of C. difficile toxin.
TextSentencer_T2221 286939-287045 Sentence denotes The predictive capability of the model was demonstrated by a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve.
T18479 286939-287045 Sentence denotes The predictive capability of the model was demonstrated by a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve.
TextSentencer_T2222 287046-287054 Sentence denotes Results:
T42604 287046-287054 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2223 287055-287159 Sentence denotes Fifty-two (24%) out of 217 patients were found to be positive for C. difficile toxin A/B in their stool.
T75789 287055-287159 Sentence denotes Fifty-two (24%) out of 217 patients were found to be positive for C. difficile toxin A/B in their stool.
TextSentencer_T2224 287160-287351 Sentence denotes The logistic regression model included impaired functional capacity, watery diarrhoea, use of a proton pump inhibitor, use of a histamine receptor blocker, leukocytosis, and hypoalbuminaemia.
T15912 287160-287351 Sentence denotes The logistic regression model included impaired functional capacity, watery diarrhoea, use of a proton pump inhibitor, use of a histamine receptor blocker, leukocytosis, and hypoalbuminaemia.
TextSentencer_T2225 287352-287485 Sentence denotes The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for the model as predictor to positive stool toxin assay was 0.896 [95% CI:
T98506 287352-287485 Sentence denotes The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for the model as predictor to positive stool toxin assay was 0.896 [95% CI:
TextSentencer_T2226 287486-287553 Sentence denotes 0.661-1.00; p < 0.001], with a 95% specificity and 68% sensitivity.
T21837 287486-287553 Sentence denotes 0.661-1.00; p < 0.001], with a 95% specificity and 68% sensitivity.
TextSentencer_T2227 287554-287566 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T92780 287554-287566 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T2228 287567-287773 Sentence denotes Our results may help clinicians predict the risk of CDAD in hospitalised patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, guide careful antibiotic prescription and early attention to infection control issues.
T95966 287567-287773 Sentence denotes Our results may help clinicians predict the risk of CDAD in hospitalised patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, guide careful antibiotic prescription and early attention to infection control issues.
TextSentencer_T2229 287774-287877 Sentence denotes Inpatient cases receiving oral MET or VANC were analysed, and initial dual therapy cases were excluded.
T7896 287774-287877 Sentence denotes Inpatient cases receiving oral MET or VANC were analysed, and initial dual therapy cases were excluded.
TextSentencer_T2230 287878-288037 Sentence denotes Groups were compared on demographics, prior CDAD admissions, and comorbidity proxy measures, the APR-DRG Severity of Illness (SOI) and Risk of Mortality (ROM).
T48184 287878-288037 Sentence denotes Groups were compared on demographics, prior CDAD admissions, and comorbidity proxy measures, the APR-DRG Severity of Illness (SOI) and Risk of Mortality (ROM).
TextSentencer_T2231 288038-288131 Sentence denotes Length of stay (LOS), in-hospital mortality, ICU stay, colon resection defined case outcomes.
T11974 288038-288131 Sentence denotes Length of stay (LOS), in-hospital mortality, ICU stay, colon resection defined case outcomes.
TextSentencer_T2232 288132-288173 Sentence denotes Chi-square and t-tests produced p-values.
T4759 288132-288173 Sentence denotes Chi-square and t-tests produced p-values.
TextSentencer_T2233 288174-288182 Sentence denotes Results:
T16647 288174-288182 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2234 288183-288258 Sentence denotes We identified 32,325 CDAD cases treated first with MET (89%) or VANC (11%).
T95933 288183-288258 Sentence denotes We identified 32,325 CDAD cases treated first with MET (89%) or VANC (11%).
TextSentencer_T2235 288259-288311 Sentence denotes Cases were similar in age (mean 70 years, p = 0.38).
T74870 288259-288311 Sentence denotes Cases were similar in age (mean 70 years, p = 0.38).
TextSentencer_T2236 288312-288503 Sentence denotes Fewer (p < 0.0001) MET than VANC cases were female (58% vs 64%), had a principal CDAD diagnosis (19% vs 31%), prior CDAD admission (10% vs 31%) or prior acid suppressive therapy (42% vs 53%).
T90506 288312-288503 Sentence denotes Fewer (p < 0.0001) MET than VANC cases were female (58% vs 64%), had a principal CDAD diagnosis (19% vs 31%), prior CDAD admission (10% vs 31%) or prior acid suppressive therapy (42% vs 53%).
TextSentencer_T2237 288504-288610 Sentence denotes Higher SOI and ROM were observed in MET vs VANC (p < 0.0001), with 30% MET and 24% VANC rated extreme SOI.
T56232 288504-288610 Sentence denotes Higher SOI and ROM were observed in MET vs VANC (p < 0.0001), with 30% MET and 24% VANC rated extreme SOI.
TextSentencer_T2238 288611-288821 Sentence denotes During hospitalisation, 15% VANC cases subsequently received MET, and 12% MET received VANC; 9% MET and 11% VANC received IV MET (unknown if specifically for CDAD), and 1.5% MET and 3.1% VANC received rifampin.
T77544 288611-288821 Sentence denotes During hospitalisation, 15% VANC cases subsequently received MET, and 12% MET received VANC; 9% MET and 11% VANC received IV MET (unknown if specifically for CDAD), and 1.5% MET and 3.1% VANC received rifampin.
TextSentencer_T2239 288822-288974 Sentence denotes MET vs VANC had increased LOS (12.8 vs 11.5 days, p < 0.0001), in-hospital death (7.9% vs 6.8%, p < 0.02), and ICU stay (23.2 vs 17.7 days, p < 0.0001).
T45393 288822-288974 Sentence denotes MET vs VANC had increased LOS (12.8 vs 11.5 days, p < 0.0001), in-hospital death (7.9% vs 6.8%, p < 0.02), and ICU stay (23.2 vs 17.7 days, p < 0.0001).
TextSentencer_T2240 288975-289046 Sentence denotes There was no difference in colectomy (1.0% MET vs 0.8% VANC, p = 0.37).
T3007 288975-289046 Sentence denotes There was no difference in colectomy (1.0% MET vs 0.8% VANC, p = 0.37).
TextSentencer_T2241 289047-289234 Sentence denotes Despite lower costs of MET vs VANC therapy, total pharmacy costs were similar ($2,439 vs $2,492, p = 0.52), while total hospitalisation costs were higher ($16,953 vs $14,718, p < 0.0001).
T58543 289047-289234 Sentence denotes Despite lower costs of MET vs VANC therapy, total pharmacy costs were similar ($2,439 vs $2,492, p = 0.52), while total hospitalisation costs were higher ($16,953 vs $14,718, p < 0.0001).
TextSentencer_T2242 289235-289246 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T8520 289235-289246 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2243 289247-289370 Sentence denotes Most CDAD patients received MET, and modification to initial therapy occurred in similar proportions of MET and VANC cases.
T59012 289247-289370 Sentence denotes Most CDAD patients received MET, and modification to initial therapy occurred in similar proportions of MET and VANC cases.
TextSentencer_T2244 289371-289556 Sentence denotes Compared to initial VANC therapy, those treated with MET had higher rates of poor discharge outcomes and greater resource use, however comparisons do not adjust for acute comorbidities.
T2090 289371-289556 Sentence denotes Compared to initial VANC therapy, those treated with MET had higher rates of poor discharge outcomes and greater resource use, however comparisons do not adjust for acute comorbidities.
TextSentencer_T2245 289557-289568 Sentence denotes Background:
T27360 289557-289568 Sentence denotes Background:
TextSentencer_T2246 289569-289776 Sentence denotes Since 2003 severe cases of Clostridium difficile (CD) associated diarrhoea (CDAD) have been reported in hospitals in North America and Europe caused by a hypervirulent strain CD ribotype 027, toxinotype III.
T36386 289569-289776 Sentence denotes Since 2003 severe cases of Clostridium difficile (CD) associated diarrhoea (CDAD) have been reported in hospitals in North America and Europe caused by a hypervirulent strain CD ribotype 027, toxinotype III.
TextSentencer_T2247 289777-289827 Sentence denotes This ribotype is also detected in The Netherlands.
T83790 289777-289827 Sentence denotes This ribotype is also detected in The Netherlands.
TextSentencer_T2248 289828-289838 Sentence denotes Objective:
T93707 289828-289838 Sentence denotes Objective:
TextSentencer_T2249 289839-289989 Sentence denotes A descriptive study to the incidence of CDAD after the introduction of specific infection control measures in a region with outbreaks due to type 027.
T89305 289839-289989 Sentence denotes A descriptive study to the incidence of CDAD after the introduction of specific infection control measures in a region with outbreaks due to type 027.
TextSentencer_T2250 289990-289998 Sentence denotes Methods:
T32051 289990-289998 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2251 289999-290117 Sentence denotes A case of CDAD was defined as a patient with diarrhoea and a positive toxin test on a faeces sample (ICTAB, Meridian).
T68292 289999-290117 Sentence denotes A case of CDAD was defined as a patient with diarrhoea and a positive toxin test on a faeces sample (ICTAB, Meridian).
TextSentencer_T2252 290118-290208 Sentence denotes Strains isolated from positive faeces samples were further investigated by PCR ribotyping.
T76795 290118-290208 Sentence denotes Strains isolated from positive faeces samples were further investigated by PCR ribotyping.
TextSentencer_T2253 290209-290363 Sentence denotes The Public Health Laboratory Haarlem, The Netherlands, services an area with 440,000 inhabitants including nursing homes and three hospitals (A, B and C).
T53526 290209-290363 Sentence denotes The Public Health Laboratory Haarlem, The Netherlands, services an area with 440,000 inhabitants including nursing homes and three hospitals (A, B and C).
TextSentencer_T2254 290364-290481 Sentence denotes Monthly admission rates of the latter are 1,050, 1,300 and 1,600, respectively; overall admission rate 47,000 yearly.
T8368 290364-290481 Sentence denotes Monthly admission rates of the latter are 1,050, 1,300 and 1,600, respectively; overall admission rate 47,000 yearly.
TextSentencer_T2255 290482-290727 Sentence denotes Retrospective evaluation of laboratory data showed short episodes of CDAD outbreaks in hospital A in October 2002 (incidence 62/10,000 admissions) and June 2003 (121/10,000); in hospital C in December 2003 (50/10,000) and April 2004 (44/10,000).
T20948 290482-290727 Sentence denotes Retrospective evaluation of laboratory data showed short episodes of CDAD outbreaks in hospital A in October 2002 (incidence 62/10,000 admissions) and June 2003 (121/10,000); in hospital C in December 2003 (50/10,000) and April 2004 (44/10,000).
TextSentencer_T2256 290728-290807 Sentence denotes The highest CDAD increase was found in hospital B in August 2004 (>130/10,000).
T3852 290728-290807 Sentence denotes The highest CDAD increase was found in hospital B in August 2004 (>130/10,000).
TextSentencer_T2257 290808-291031 Sentence denotes The latter episode was found to be the start of a long-term increase of CDAD with incidence peaks of >100/10,000 admissions per month in all hospitals as well as one nursing home to which hospital patients were transferred.
T46600 290808-291031 Sentence denotes The latter episode was found to be the start of a long-term increase of CDAD with incidence peaks of >100/10,000 admissions per month in all hospitals as well as one nursing home to which hospital patients were transferred.
TextSentencer_T2258 291032-291151 Sentence denotes In the 3rd quarter of 2005, 67% of 30 CD strains from hospitalised patients belonged to the hypervirulent ribotype 027.
T40246 291032-291151 Sentence denotes In the 3rd quarter of 2005, 67% of 30 CD strains from hospitalised patients belonged to the hypervirulent ribotype 027.
TextSentencer_T2259 291152-291389 Sentence denotes Specific measures against CDAD were introduced in all hospitals and nursing homes: strict barrier precautions as private room, glove use, gowns and hand washing, environmental cleaning with bleach and restrictive use of fluoroquinolones.
T9136 291152-291389 Sentence denotes Specific measures against CDAD were introduced in all hospitals and nursing homes: strict barrier precautions as private room, glove use, gowns and hand washing, environmental cleaning with bleach and restrictive use of fluoroquinolones.
TextSentencer_T2260 291390-291509 Sentence denotes Also a laboratory algorithm was introduced to investigate all faecal samples from hospitalised patients with diarrhoea.
T54713 291390-291509 Sentence denotes Also a laboratory algorithm was introduced to investigate all faecal samples from hospitalised patients with diarrhoea.
TextSentencer_T2261 291510-291705 Sentence denotes Subsequently, during the 4th part of 2005 until the 3rd part of 2006, CDAD incidence decreased to a mean of 21/10,000 (range 30−13/ /10,000) admissions, corresponding with the national incidence.
T81462 291510-291705 Sentence denotes Subsequently, during the 4th part of 2005 until the 3rd part of 2006, CDAD incidence decreased to a mean of 21/10,000 (range 30−13/ /10,000) admissions, corresponding with the national incidence.
TextSentencer_T2262 291706-291825 Sentence denotes The percentage type 027 strains decreased from 67% to 36% and 8% in the 3rd 05, 1st 06 and 3rd 06 period, respectively.
T18552 291706-291825 Sentence denotes The percentage type 027 strains decreased from 67% to 36% and 8% in the 3rd 05, 1st 06 and 3rd 06 period, respectively.
TextSentencer_T2263 291826-291837 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T26813 291826-291837 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2264 291838-292010 Sentence denotes Specific hygienic measures in combination with restrictions of antibiotic prescriptions and intensified laboratory surveillance are successful to overcome CD 027 outbreaks.
T14657 291838-292010 Sentence denotes Specific hygienic measures in combination with restrictions of antibiotic prescriptions and intensified laboratory surveillance are successful to overcome CD 027 outbreaks.
TextSentencer_T2265 292011-292284 Sentence denotes Whole-genome multi-strain bacterial microarrays can be used to take a rapid snapshot of gene presence or absence in unsequenced bacterial genomes, and allow large bacterial populations to be interogated for genetic markers of phenotypic, clinical or evolutionary behaviour.
T88880 292011-292284 Sentence denotes Whole-genome multi-strain bacterial microarrays can be used to take a rapid snapshot of gene presence or absence in unsequenced bacterial genomes, and allow large bacterial populations to be interogated for genetic markers of phenotypic, clinical or evolutionary behaviour.
TextSentencer_T2266 292285-292464 Sentence denotes We have designed and built a seven-strain Staphylococcus aureus microarray, and used it to compare S. aureus isolates from nasal carriage, community-and hospital-acquired disease.
T69655 292285-292464 Sentence denotes We have designed and built a seven-strain Staphylococcus aureus microarray, and used it to compare S. aureus isolates from nasal carriage, community-and hospital-acquired disease.
TextSentencer_T2267 292465-292579 Sentence denotes We found the S. aureus genome consists of three parts, core, core variable (CV) and mobile genetic elements (MGE).
T79851 292465-292579 Sentence denotes We found the S. aureus genome consists of three parts, core, core variable (CV) and mobile genetic elements (MGE).
TextSentencer_T2268 292580-292667 Sentence denotes About 70% of the genes in a S. aureus genome are common to all strains and called core.
T74086 292580-292667 Sentence denotes About 70% of the genes in a S. aureus genome are common to all strains and called core.
TextSentencer_T2269 292668-292818 Sentence denotes Surprisingly, about 12% of genes are CV, their presence, absence or variabity can be used to classify an isolate into one of about ten human lineages.
T94246 292668-292818 Sentence denotes Surprisingly, about 12% of genes are CV, their presence, absence or variabity can be used to classify an isolate into one of about ten human lineages.
TextSentencer_T2270 292819-292901 Sentence denotes This classification matches well with multilocus sequence typing clonal complexes.
T24854 292819-292901 Sentence denotes This classification matches well with multilocus sequence typing clonal complexes.
TextSentencer_T2271 292902-293084 Sentence denotes Many CV genes are regulators of virulence genes, or known or predicted to be expressed on the bacterial surface and to interact with the host during nasal colonisation and infection.
T92690 292902-293084 Sentence denotes Many CV genes are regulators of virulence genes, or known or predicted to be expressed on the bacterial surface and to interact with the host during nasal colonisation and infection.
TextSentencer_T2272 293085-293316 Sentence denotes Since each lineage carries a unique combination of CV genes scattered throughout the chromosome, there was likely to be a common S. aureus ancestor but early evolutionary divergence of lineages, with possible selection in the nose.
T63225 293085-293316 Sentence denotes Since each lineage carries a unique combination of CV genes scattered throughout the chromosome, there was likely to be a common S. aureus ancestor but early evolutionary divergence of lineages, with possible selection in the nose.
TextSentencer_T2273 293317-293469 Sentence denotes MGE often carry key resistance and virulence genes, and show substantial variation within and between lineages, indicating frequent horizontal transfer.
T15972 293317-293469 Sentence denotes MGE often carry key resistance and virulence genes, and show substantial variation within and between lineages, indicating frequent horizontal transfer.
TextSentencer_T2274 293470-293698 Sentence denotes Interestingly, we have been unable to identify any markers that differ between carriage and typical invasive community isolates (not CA-MRSA), suggesting community-acquired invasive disease is strongly dependent on host factors.
T79099 293470-293698 Sentence denotes Interestingly, we have been unable to identify any markers that differ between carriage and typical invasive community isolates (not CA-MRSA), suggesting community-acquired invasive disease is strongly dependent on host factors.
TextSentencer_T2275 293699-293794 Sentence denotes We have also discovered the likely mechanism controlling the independent evolution of lineages.
T71542 293699-293794 Sentence denotes We have also discovered the likely mechanism controlling the independent evolution of lineages.
TextSentencer_T2276 293795-293982 Sentence denotes A restriction modification pathway found in all S. aureus called Sau1 can block horizontal transfer of DNA between isolates, and the specificity of the system varies according to lineage.
T69590 293795-293982 Sentence denotes A restriction modification pathway found in all S. aureus called Sau1 can block horizontal transfer of DNA between isolates, and the specificity of the system varies according to lineage.
TextSentencer_T2277 293983-294110 Sentence denotes Thus DNA from one lineage is recognized as foreign and digested by other lineages, but as self by isolates of the same lineage.
T94809 293983-294110 Sentence denotes Thus DNA from one lineage is recognized as foreign and digested by other lineages, but as self by isolates of the same lineage.
TextSentencer_T2278 294111-294338 Sentence denotes Not only does this explain independent lineage evolution, but has important implications for how S. aureus continues to evolve, and in particular to acquire MGE leading to increasingly antibiotic resistant and virulent strains.
T44982 294111-294338 Sentence denotes Not only does this explain independent lineage evolution, but has important implications for how S. aureus continues to evolve, and in particular to acquire MGE leading to increasingly antibiotic resistant and virulent strains.
TextSentencer_T2279 294339-294422 Sentence denotes S337 Baseline laboratory facilities on remote sites in Africa: too much/too little?
T50224 294339-294422 Sentence denotes S337 Baseline laboratory facilities on remote sites in Africa: too much/too little?
TextSentencer_T2280 294423-294690 Sentence denotes The provision of medical care to privately funded, isolated populations in geographically and socio-economically remote areas of the world pose the challenge of providing maximum laboratory support to medical and para-medical personnel in the most cost effective way.
T61816 294423-294690 Sentence denotes The provision of medical care to privately funded, isolated populations in geographically and socio-economically remote areas of the world pose the challenge of providing maximum laboratory support to medical and para-medical personnel in the most cost effective way.
TextSentencer_T2281 294691-295054 Sentence denotes This requires a pragmatic approach based on a knowledge of the clinically most significant diseases in the area, either due to a high and clinically significant incidence or a high risk of significant morbidity and or mortality due to disease, the outcome of which may require or may benefit from reliable, affordable and readily available laboratory diagnostics.
T59837 294691-295054 Sentence denotes This requires a pragmatic approach based on a knowledge of the clinically most significant diseases in the area, either due to a high and clinically significant incidence or a high risk of significant morbidity and or mortality due to disease, the outcome of which may require or may benefit from reliable, affordable and readily available laboratory diagnostics.
TextSentencer_T2282 295055-295256 Sentence denotes The author provides a perspective on this challenge based on the provision of medical services to multinational companies operating in remote areas of Africa on a limited budget over a ten year period.
T81375 295055-295256 Sentence denotes The author provides a perspective on this challenge based on the provision of medical services to multinational companies operating in remote areas of Africa on a limited budget over a ten year period.
TextSentencer_T2283 295257-295801 Sentence denotes In a setting in which a relatively small number of expatriate and national employees are taken care of with limited funding, the healthcare provider needs to be aware of the health risk profile of the region in which the service is rendered, the likely exposure of the population served to the prevalent diseases and the availability of laboratory tests that could or would make a significant difference to clinical disease management if available The main limiting factor in the provision of laboratory support to a medical service is funding.
T25609 295257-295801 Sentence denotes In a setting in which a relatively small number of expatriate and national employees are taken care of with limited funding, the healthcare provider needs to be aware of the health risk profile of the region in which the service is rendered, the likely exposure of the population served to the prevalent diseases and the availability of laboratory tests that could or would make a significant difference to clinical disease management if available The main limiting factor in the provision of laboratory support to a medical service is funding.
TextSentencer_T2284 295802-295953 Sentence denotes Laboratory equipment may vary from a number of simple dry chemistry based kits to sophisticated spectrophotometer and other technology based analysers.
T86192 295802-295953 Sentence denotes Laboratory equipment may vary from a number of simple dry chemistry based kits to sophisticated spectrophotometer and other technology based analysers.
TextSentencer_T2285 295954-296106 Sentence denotes A number of factors impact on this including ease of operation of the provided tests, sensitivity and specificity, quality assurance and sustainability.
T92390 295954-296106 Sentence denotes A number of factors impact on this including ease of operation of the provided tests, sensitivity and specificity, quality assurance and sustainability.
TextSentencer_T2286 296107-296281 Sentence denotes The absence of trained laboratory personnel is most often a significant determinant in the decision making process regarding the level of sophistication that can be achieved.
T90615 296107-296281 Sentence denotes The absence of trained laboratory personnel is most often a significant determinant in the decision making process regarding the level of sophistication that can be achieved.
TextSentencer_T2287 296282-296455 Sentence denotes On the African continent the advent of rapid malaria antigen test kits have had a major impact on suspected malaria case management in the absence of trained miscroscopists.
T41819 296282-296455 Sentence denotes On the African continent the advent of rapid malaria antigen test kits have had a major impact on suspected malaria case management in the absence of trained miscroscopists.
TextSentencer_T2288 296456-296824 Sentence denotes Long standing main stays of side-room diagnostics such as blood and urine test kits capable of detecting a number of metabolic and other diseases prove to be cost effective, regularly useful, affordable and sustainable whilst sophisticated dry chemistry analysis machines find a very limited application on a remote site with limited medical and other infra-structure.
T95670 296456-296824 Sentence denotes Long standing main stays of side-room diagnostics such as blood and urine test kits capable of detecting a number of metabolic and other diseases prove to be cost effective, regularly useful, affordable and sustainable whilst sophisticated dry chemistry analysis machines find a very limited application on a remote site with limited medical and other infra-structure.
TextSentencer_T2289 296825-297054 Sentence denotes Dry chemistry tests that may be useful in this setting are superfluous in a setting in which a patient who requires, e.g., regular kidney function monitoring needs to be evacuated due to the overall limitations beset by the area.
T57220 296825-297054 Sentence denotes Dry chemistry tests that may be useful in this setting are superfluous in a setting in which a patient who requires, e.g., regular kidney function monitoring needs to be evacuated due to the overall limitations beset by the area.
TextSentencer_T2290 297055-297229 Sentence denotes Migrants and other mobile individuals, such as migrant workers and asylum seekers, are an expanding global population of growing social, demographic and political importance.
T51268 297055-297229 Sentence denotes Migrants and other mobile individuals, such as migrant workers and asylum seekers, are an expanding global population of growing social, demographic and political importance.
TextSentencer_T2291 297230-297353 Sentence denotes Often, grave disparities exist between place of origin and destination, in particular with relation to health determinants.
T9324 297230-297353 Sentence denotes Often, grave disparities exist between place of origin and destination, in particular with relation to health determinants.
TextSentencer_T2292 297354-297444 Sentence denotes The effects of those disparities can be observed at both individual and population levels.
T96619 297354-297444 Sentence denotes The effects of those disparities can be observed at both individual and population levels.
TextSentencer_T2293 297445-297543 Sentence denotes Migration influences the epidemiology of many diseases globally and in nations receiving migrants.
T71370 297445-297543 Sentence denotes Migration influences the epidemiology of many diseases globally and in nations receiving migrants.
TextSentencer_T2294 297544-297620 Sentence denotes Specific disease-based outcomes may vary between migrant group and location.
T65470 297544-297620 Sentence denotes Specific disease-based outcomes may vary between migrant group and location.
TextSentencer_T2295 297621-297757 Sentence denotes Traditionally, migration health activities have been designed for national application and lack an integrated international perspective.
T68132 297621-297757 Sentence denotes Traditionally, migration health activities have been designed for national application and lack an integrated international perspective.
TextSentencer_T2296 297758-297892 Sentence denotes Present and future health challenges related to migration may be more effectively addressed through collaborative global undertakings.
T29455 297758-297892 Sentence denotes Present and future health challenges related to migration may be more effectively addressed through collaborative global undertakings.
TextSentencer_T2297 297893-298091 Sentence denotes The epidemiological relationships resulting from health disparities in migration are reviewed and the growing role of migration and population mobility in global disease epidemiology is highlighted.
T15650 297893-298091 Sentence denotes The epidemiological relationships resulting from health disparities in migration are reviewed and the growing role of migration and population mobility in global disease epidemiology is highlighted.
TextSentencer_T2298 298092-298187 Sentence denotes Implications for national and international health policy and programme planning are presented.
T4704 298092-298187 Sentence denotes Implications for national and international health policy and programme planning are presented.
TextSentencer_T2299 298188-298322 Sentence denotes In the last decade, Southeast Asia has become the epicentre of a number of new disease outbreaks with the potential for global spread.
T79504 298188-298322 Sentence denotes In the last decade, Southeast Asia has become the epicentre of a number of new disease outbreaks with the potential for global spread.
TextSentencer_T2300 298323-298482 Sentence denotes Nipah virus encephalitis first occurred in Malaysia in 1998 and there is serological evidence that the virus has spread to Cambodia, Thailand, China and India.
T87917 298323-298482 Sentence denotes Nipah virus encephalitis first occurred in Malaysia in 1998 and there is serological evidence that the virus has spread to Cambodia, Thailand, China and India.
TextSentencer_T2301 298483-298609 Sentence denotes In Bangladesh, Nipah virus or one closely related to it has caused several outbreaks in Bangladesh with a high mortality rate.
T1317 298483-298609 Sentence denotes In Bangladesh, Nipah virus or one closely related to it has caused several outbreaks in Bangladesh with a high mortality rate.
TextSentencer_T2302 298610-298769 Sentence denotes The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) followed by avian influenza H5N1 in China and their subsequent spread led to fear of global pandemics.
T12434 298610-298769 Sentence denotes The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) followed by avian influenza H5N1 in China and their subsequent spread led to fear of global pandemics.
TextSentencer_T2303 298770-298871 Sentence denotes Many factors accounting for the emergence of new infections must be in place prior to such outbreaks.
T94436 298770-298871 Sentence denotes Many factors accounting for the emergence of new infections must be in place prior to such outbreaks.
TextSentencer_T2304 298872-298983 Sentence denotes The convergence of a number of these factors in Southeast Asia makes this region a hotspot for their emergence.
T9151 298872-298983 Sentence denotes The convergence of a number of these factors in Southeast Asia makes this region a hotspot for their emergence.
TextSentencer_T2305 298984-299113 Sentence denotes In order to mount a programme to fight emerging viral diseases, it is important to have adequate funds and political commitments.
T79641 298984-299113 Sentence denotes In order to mount a programme to fight emerging viral diseases, it is important to have adequate funds and political commitments.
TextSentencer_T2306 299114-299333 Sentence denotes The key to a comprehensive programme includes good surveillance, clinical hospital management, preventing disease spread, strong laboratory support, research and evaluation, and a well-tested national preparedness plan.
T15096 299114-299333 Sentence denotes The key to a comprehensive programme includes good surveillance, clinical hospital management, preventing disease spread, strong laboratory support, research and evaluation, and a well-tested national preparedness plan.
TextSentencer_T2307 299334-299425 Sentence denotes Surveillance is complicated in the case of a zoonotic disease such as avian influenza H5N1.
T97064 299334-299425 Sentence denotes Surveillance is complicated in the case of a zoonotic disease such as avian influenza H5N1.
TextSentencer_T2308 299426-299547 Sentence denotes Hospitals are ill-equipped to cater to large numbers of severely ill patients as in the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia.
T32171 299426-299547 Sentence denotes Hospitals are ill-equipped to cater to large numbers of severely ill patients as in the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia.
TextSentencer_T2309 299548-299700 Sentence denotes Preventing disease spread in an era of globalisation poses tremendous challenges in developing countries that depend on international trade and tourism.
T62664 299548-299700 Sentence denotes Preventing disease spread in an era of globalisation poses tremendous challenges in developing countries that depend on international trade and tourism.
TextSentencer_T2310 299701-299835 Sentence denotes Research and evaluation are greatly hampered by lack of manpower and infrastructure, including the lack of high security laboratories.
T57025 299701-299835 Sentence denotes Research and evaluation are greatly hampered by lack of manpower and infrastructure, including the lack of high security laboratories.
TextSentencer_T2311 299836-300012 Sentence denotes Although there are guidelines available for pandemic preparedness as in the case of avian influenza, national plans are totally inadequate and do not measure up to expectation.
T58545 299836-300012 Sentence denotes Although there are guidelines available for pandemic preparedness as in the case of avian influenza, national plans are totally inadequate and do not measure up to expectation.
TextSentencer_T2312 300013-300152 Sentence denotes Despite these inadequacies, developing countries in Southeast Asia are making contingency plans in the event of unexpected viral emergence.
T87962 300013-300152 Sentence denotes Despite these inadequacies, developing countries in Southeast Asia are making contingency plans in the event of unexpected viral emergence.
TextSentencer_T2313 300153-300311 Sentence denotes There is no doubt that this will be an uphill battle but certain measures initiated in the region will hopefully reduce the spread of emerging viral diseases.
T45990 300153-300311 Sentence denotes There is no doubt that this will be an uphill battle but certain measures initiated in the region will hopefully reduce the spread of emerging viral diseases.
TextSentencer_T2314 300312-300418 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial drug discovery: the road is long . . . (Symposium arranged with the ICAAC Program Committee)
T83875 300312-300418 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial drug discovery: the road is long . . . (Symposium arranged with the ICAAC Program Committee)
TextSentencer_T2315 300419-300572 Sentence denotes Cell wall inhibitors have traditionally provided the infectious disease community with safe and efficacious agents to treat serious bacterial infections.
T4836 300419-300572 Sentence denotes Cell wall inhibitors have traditionally provided the infectious disease community with safe and efficacious agents to treat serious bacterial infections.
TextSentencer_T2316 300573-300770 Sentence denotes In addition, metabolism inhibitors, singly or in combination, have continued to provide coverage for some of the more resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
T58952 300573-300770 Sentence denotes In addition, metabolism inhibitors, singly or in combination, have continued to provide coverage for some of the more resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
TextSentencer_T2317 300771-301071 Sentence denotes Of the cell wall inhibitors in the pipeline, b-lactams have been a major component of antibiotic discovery programmes, but lagged in development as multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, such as MRSA, and cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative organisms emerged as prevalent nosocomial pathogens.
T99796 300771-301071 Sentence denotes Of the cell wall inhibitors in the pipeline, b-lactams have been a major component of antibiotic discovery programmes, but lagged in development as multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, such as MRSA, and cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative organisms emerged as prevalent nosocomial pathogens.
TextSentencer_T2318 301072-301302 Sentence denotes Compounds in late stage development include anti-MRSA b-lactams such as ceftobiprole, the broad-spectrum cephalosporin that has successfully completed two Phase III trials in complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI).
T59642 301072-301302 Sentence denotes Compounds in late stage development include anti-MRSA b-lactams such as ceftobiprole, the broad-spectrum cephalosporin that has successfully completed two Phase III trials in complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI).
TextSentencer_T2319 301303-301562 Sentence denotes Following are two investigational anti-MRSA b-lactams, the anti-MRSA cephalosporin, ceftaroline, that has completed a Phase II cSSSI trial and the carbapenem CS-023/RO-4908463 with in vitro activity against MRSA and cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
T61904 301303-301562 Sentence denotes Following are two investigational anti-MRSA b-lactams, the anti-MRSA cephalosporin, ceftaroline, that has completed a Phase II cSSSI trial and the carbapenem CS-023/RO-4908463 with in vitro activity against MRSA and cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
TextSentencer_T2320 301563-301869 Sentence denotes Also in development are two additional carbapenems, ME1036, in Phase I studies, with activity against MRSA as well as against most Enterobacteriaceae, and SMP-601/PZ-601 that has demonstrated in vitro activity against many multidrug-resistant Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria in preclinical studies.
T58231 301563-301869 Sentence denotes Also in development are two additional carbapenems, ME1036, in Phase I studies, with activity against MRSA as well as against most Enterobacteriaceae, and SMP-601/PZ-601 that has demonstrated in vitro activity against many multidrug-resistant Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria in preclinical studies.
TextSentencer_T2321 301870-302115 Sentence denotes Other b-lactam agents in development include doripenem, a carbapenem with enhanced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; doripenem has recently completed clinical trials for complicated urinary tract infections and intra-abdominal infections.
T1311 301870-302115 Sentence denotes Other b-lactam agents in development include doripenem, a carbapenem with enhanced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; doripenem has recently completed clinical trials for complicated urinary tract infections and intra-abdominal infections.
TextSentencer_T2322 302116-302264 Sentence denotes FR264205 is an unusual preclinical cephalosporin with promising in vitro activity against Helicobacter pylori and AmpC-hyperproducing P. aeruginosa.
T45867 302116-302264 Sentence denotes FR264205 is an unusual preclinical cephalosporin with promising in vitro activity against Helicobacter pylori and AmpC-hyperproducing P. aeruginosa.
TextSentencer_T2323 302265-302388 Sentence denotes Additional cell wall active agents include lipoglycopeptide inhibitors that are active against most Gram-positive bacteria.
T13637 302265-302388 Sentence denotes Additional cell wall active agents include lipoglycopeptide inhibitors that are active against most Gram-positive bacteria.
TextSentencer_T2324 302389-302565 Sentence denotes Telavancin and dalbavancin are in late-stage regulatory reviews, and are characterised by long half lives in humans, with a proposed once-weekly dosing regimen for dalbavancin.
T45807 302389-302565 Sentence denotes Telavancin and dalbavancin are in late-stage regulatory reviews, and are characterised by long half lives in humans, with a proposed once-weekly dosing regimen for dalbavancin.
TextSentencer_T2325 302566-302836 Sentence denotes Iclaprim, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor that is the most advanced metabolism inhibitor with completion of a Phase III cSSSI clinical trial, demonstrates in vitro antibacterial activity against MRSA, penicillin-resistant pneumococci and other respiratory pathogens.
T96088 302566-302836 Sentence denotes Iclaprim, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor that is the most advanced metabolism inhibitor with completion of a Phase III cSSSI clinical trial, demonstrates in vitro antibacterial activity against MRSA, penicillin-resistant pneumococci and other respiratory pathogens.
TextSentencer_T2326 302837-302992 Sentence denotes Other metabolism inhibitors that have been described in early development include peptide deformylase inhibitors and inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis.
T47495 302837-302992 Sentence denotes Other metabolism inhibitors that have been described in early development include peptide deformylase inhibitors and inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis.
TextSentencer_T2327 302993-303112 Sentence denotes However, none of these early metabolism inhibitors have proceeded to proof-of-concept therapeutic studies at this time.
T20990 302993-303112 Sentence denotes However, none of these early metabolism inhibitors have proceeded to proof-of-concept therapeutic studies at this time.
TextSentencer_T2328 303113-303188 Sentence denotes The compound bank approach: complementing to increase the chance of success
T91154 303113-303188 Sentence denotes The compound bank approach: complementing to increase the chance of success
TextSentencer_T2329 303189-303404 Sentence denotes Since the publication of the first complete bacterial genome in 1995, the genome-derived target based approach to discover new classes of antibacterial drugs with novel mechanisms of action has been employed widely.
T49952 303189-303404 Sentence denotes Since the publication of the first complete bacterial genome in 1995, the genome-derived target based approach to discover new classes of antibacterial drugs with novel mechanisms of action has been employed widely.
TextSentencer_T2330 303405-303577 Sentence denotes The literature shows that the success rate of both biochemical screening of individual antibacterial targets, and whole-cell antibacterial screening has been disappointing.
T6729 303405-303577 Sentence denotes The literature shows that the success rate of both biochemical screening of individual antibacterial targets, and whole-cell antibacterial screening has been disappointing.
TextSentencer_T2331 303578-303748 Sentence denotes In retrospect, this is not surprising given the historical content of the chemical collections that companies employed in their early high throughput screening campaigns.
T52328 303578-303748 Sentence denotes In retrospect, this is not surprising given the historical content of the chemical collections that companies employed in their early high throughput screening campaigns.
TextSentencer_T2332 303749-303975 Sentence denotes Most companies have engaged in "cleaning-up" their compound libraries in recent years and have increased the molecular diversity of their collection in efforts to increase the chance of success, regardless of therapeutic area.
T85288 303749-303975 Sentence denotes Most companies have engaged in "cleaning-up" their compound libraries in recent years and have increased the molecular diversity of their collection in efforts to increase the chance of success, regardless of therapeutic area.
TextSentencer_T2333 303976-304100 Sentence denotes Efforts have also been made to create focussed chemical libraries that are better suited to finding antibacterial compounds.
T24168 303976-304100 Sentence denotes Efforts have also been made to create focussed chemical libraries that are better suited to finding antibacterial compounds.
TextSentencer_T2334 304101-304374 Sentence denotes By complementing the screening of diverse, drug-like, infection-friendly compound collections against drugable targets, and early application of structure-based approaches, we should see breakthroughs in the discovery of antibacterial drugs with novel mechanisms of action.
T94139 304101-304374 Sentence denotes By complementing the screening of diverse, drug-like, infection-friendly compound collections against drugable targets, and early application of structure-based approaches, we should see breakthroughs in the discovery of antibacterial drugs with novel mechanisms of action.
TextSentencer_T2335 304375-304478 Sentence denotes The natural product approach: advances over the last 10 years that make it an attractive approach again
T90376 304375-304478 Sentence denotes The natural product approach: advances over the last 10 years that make it an attractive approach again
TextSentencer_T2336 304479-304712 Sentence denotes There is an urgent medical need to discover and develop new antibiotics, since resistance to antibiotics is becoming an increasingly frequent problem and current development pipelines are lacking innovative, novel antibiotic classes.
T24240 304479-304712 Sentence denotes There is an urgent medical need to discover and develop new antibiotics, since resistance to antibiotics is becoming an increasingly frequent problem and current development pipelines are lacking innovative, novel antibiotic classes.
TextSentencer_T2337 304713-304890 Sentence denotes In the past natural products dominated the field of antibiotics and have had a significant role in the discovery and development of commercially successful drugs of all classes.
T33800 304713-304890 Sentence denotes In the past natural products dominated the field of antibiotics and have had a significant role in the discovery and development of commercially successful drugs of all classes.
TextSentencer_T2338 304891-305024 Sentence denotes Over 75% of the antibacterial new chemical entities (NCEs) introduced worldwide between 1981 and 2002 were based on natural products.
T67823 304891-305024 Sentence denotes Over 75% of the antibacterial new chemical entities (NCEs) introduced worldwide between 1981 and 2002 were based on natural products.
TextSentencer_T2339 305025-305172 Sentence denotes The unmatched chemical diversity and complexity of natural products is one reason for their success over those obtained by pure chemical synthesis.
T98902 305025-305172 Sentence denotes The unmatched chemical diversity and complexity of natural products is one reason for their success over those obtained by pure chemical synthesis.
TextSentencer_T2340 305173-305398 Sentence denotes Another reason for their superiority can be explained by the fact that their synthesis evolved naturally in response to needs and challenges of the natural environment generating compounds which are pre-selected for activity.
T762 305173-305398 Sentence denotes Another reason for their superiority can be explained by the fact that their synthesis evolved naturally in response to needs and challenges of the natural environment generating compounds which are pre-selected for activity.
TextSentencer_T2341 305399-305499 Sentence denotes Despite these facts, natural product research has recently gone through a phase of reduced interest.
T82423 305399-305499 Sentence denotes Despite these facts, natural product research has recently gone through a phase of reduced interest.
TextSentencer_T2342 305500-305597 Sentence denotes Big pharmaceutical companies in particular have downgraded or even stopped this kind of research.
T16798 305500-305597 Sentence denotes Big pharmaceutical companies in particular have downgraded or even stopped this kind of research.
TextSentencer_T2343 305598-305853 Sentence denotes The reasons for this development may be that natural products are often produced in low quantities and as mixtures of similar compounds, the rediscovery of known compounds and the challenge of natural product derivatisation using classical chemical means.
T20822 305598-305853 Sentence denotes The reasons for this development may be that natural products are often produced in low quantities and as mixtures of similar compounds, the rediscovery of known compounds and the challenge of natural product derivatisation using classical chemical means.
TextSentencer_T2344 305854-306136 Sentence denotes The past few years have witnessed major developments in the use of innovative natural product related technologies, such as fermentation optimisation, separation, structure elucidation and dereplication allowing much faster access to sufficient quantities of pure natural compounds.
T95032 305854-306136 Sentence denotes The past few years have witnessed major developments in the use of innovative natural product related technologies, such as fermentation optimisation, separation, structure elucidation and dereplication allowing much faster access to sufficient quantities of pure natural compounds.
TextSentencer_T2345 306137-306303 Sentence denotes The application of modern medicinal chemistry adapted to the special needs of natural products is also an efficient way to revisit and recycle old antibiotic classes.
T27950 306137-306303 Sentence denotes The application of modern medicinal chemistry adapted to the special needs of natural products is also an efficient way to revisit and recycle old antibiotic classes.
TextSentencer_T2346 306304-306458 Sentence denotes The use of modern Genome-based technologies, established in the past few years, offers the opportunity to increase the attractiveness of natural products.
T45655 306304-306458 Sentence denotes The use of modern Genome-based technologies, established in the past few years, offers the opportunity to increase the attractiveness of natural products.
TextSentencer_T2347 306459-306660 Sentence denotes Genome-based screening technologies provide fast access to the enormous genetic potential of Actinomycetes, soil bacteria known to represent one of the most important sources for bioactive metabolites.
T69195 306459-306660 Sentence denotes Genome-based screening technologies provide fast access to the enormous genetic potential of Actinomycetes, soil bacteria known to represent one of the most important sources for bioactive metabolites.
TextSentencer_T2348 306661-306892 Sentence denotes Additionally, genetic engineering technologies will help to overcome two of the main hurdles connected to natural products, the difficulty in derivatising complex structures and the quantitative improvement of the production yield.
T11118 306661-306892 Sentence denotes Additionally, genetic engineering technologies will help to overcome two of the main hurdles connected to natural products, the difficulty in derivatising complex structures and the quantitative improvement of the production yield.
TextSentencer_T2349 306893-307149 Sentence denotes By focussing on examples in the field of genome based screening and genetic engineering this presentation will give an overview of major improvements that may lead to a rediscovery of natural product based drugs to meet the urgent need for new antibiotics.
T1730 306893-307149 Sentence denotes By focussing on examples in the field of genome based screening and genetic engineering this presentation will give an overview of major improvements that may lead to a rediscovery of natural product based drugs to meet the urgent need for new antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T2350 307150-307161 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T40486 307150-307161 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2351 307162-307290 Sentence denotes Recently, we described the discovery of a novel group 2 coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1 (CoV-HKU1), from a patient with pneumonia.
T3324 307162-307290 Sentence denotes Recently, we described the discovery of a novel group 2 coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1 (CoV-HKU1), from a patient with pneumonia.
TextSentencer_T2352 307291-307398 Sentence denotes In this study, we examined the molecular epidemiology, genotype distribution and recombination in CoV-HKU1.
T9893 307291-307398 Sentence denotes In this study, we examined the molecular epidemiology, genotype distribution and recombination in CoV-HKU1.
TextSentencer_T2353 307399-307407 Sentence denotes Methods:
T25450 307399-307407 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2354 307408-307515 Sentence denotes We collected nasopharyngeal aspirates of patients with respiratory tract infections over a two-year period.
T52700 307408-307515 Sentence denotes We collected nasopharyngeal aspirates of patients with respiratory tract infections over a two-year period.
TextSentencer_T2355 307516-307602 Sentence denotes The complete genomes of a total of 22 strains of CoV-HKU1 were sequenced and compared.
T37706 307516-307602 Sentence denotes The complete genomes of a total of 22 strains of CoV-HKU1 were sequenced and compared.
TextSentencer_T2356 307603-307665 Sentence denotes Genotypes and possible sites of recombination were determined.
T59863 307603-307665 Sentence denotes Genotypes and possible sites of recombination were determined.
TextSentencer_T2357 307666-307674 Sentence denotes Results:
T7264 307666-307674 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2358 307675-307879 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic analysis of 24 putative proteins and polypeptides showed that the 22 CoV-HKU1 strains fell into three clusters (genotype A, 13 strains; genotype B, three strains and genotype C, six strains).
T16380 307675-307879 Sentence denotes Phylogenetic analysis of 24 putative proteins and polypeptides showed that the 22 CoV-HKU1 strains fell into three clusters (genotype A, 13 strains; genotype B, three strains and genotype C, six strains).
TextSentencer_T2359 307880-308003 Sentence denotes However, different phylogenetic relationships among the three clusters were observed in different regions of their genomes.
T71853 307880-308003 Sentence denotes However, different phylogenetic relationships among the three clusters were observed in different regions of their genomes.
TextSentencer_T2360 308004-308089 Sentence denotes From nsp4 to nsp6, the genotype A strains were clustered with the genotype B strains.
T72884 308004-308089 Sentence denotes From nsp4 to nsp6, the genotype A strains were clustered with the genotype B strains.
TextSentencer_T2361 308090-308200 Sentence denotes For nsp7 and nsp8, and from nsp10 to nsp16, the genotype A strains were clustered with the genotype C strains.
T33849 308090-308200 Sentence denotes For nsp7 and nsp8, and from nsp10 to nsp16, the genotype A strains were clustered with the genotype C strains.
TextSentencer_T2362 308201-308329 Sentence denotes From hemagglutinin esterase (HE) to nucleocapsid (N), the genotype B strains were clustered closely with the genotype C strains.
T71617 308201-308329 Sentence denotes From hemagglutinin esterase (HE) to nucleocapsid (N), the genotype B strains were clustered closely with the genotype C strains.
TextSentencer_T2363 308330-308652 Sentence denotes Bootscan analysis showed possible recombination between genotypes B and C from nucleotide positions 11500 to 13000, corresponding to the nsp6/nsp7 junction, giving rise to genotype A; and between genotypes A and B from nucleotide positions 21500 to 22500, corresponding to the nsp16/HE junction, giving rise to genotype C.
T16831 308330-308652 Sentence denotes Bootscan analysis showed possible recombination between genotypes B and C from nucleotide positions 11500 to 13000, corresponding to the nsp6/nsp7 junction, giving rise to genotype A; and between genotypes A and B from nucleotide positions 21500 to 22500, corresponding to the nsp16/HE junction, giving rise to genotype C.
TextSentencer_T2364 308653-308843 Sentence denotes Multiple alignments further narrowed the sites of cross-over to a 143-bp region between nucleotide positions 11750 and 11892, and a 29-bp region between nucleotide positions 21502 and 21530.
T12712 308653-308843 Sentence denotes Multiple alignments further narrowed the sites of cross-over to a 143-bp region between nucleotide positions 11750 and 11892, and a 29-bp region between nucleotide positions 21502 and 21530.
TextSentencer_T2365 308844-309138 Sentence denotes Genome analysis also revealed variable numbers of tandem copies of a perfect 30-base acidic tandem repeat which encodes NDDEDVVTGD and variable numbers and sequences of imperfect repeats in the N-terminal of nsp3 inside the acidic domain upstream of papain-like protease 1 among the 22 genomes.
T19294 308844-309138 Sentence denotes Genome analysis also revealed variable numbers of tandem copies of a perfect 30-base acidic tandem repeat which encodes NDDEDVVTGD and variable numbers and sequences of imperfect repeats in the N-terminal of nsp3 inside the acidic domain upstream of papain-like protease 1 among the 22 genomes.
TextSentencer_T2366 309139-309226 Sentence denotes All 10 CoV-HKU1 with incomplete imperfect repeats (1.4 and 4.4) belonged to genotype A.
T25414 309139-309226 Sentence denotes All 10 CoV-HKU1 with incomplete imperfect repeats (1.4 and 4.4) belonged to genotype A.
TextSentencer_T2367 309227-309239 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T63337 309227-309239 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T2368 309240-309314 Sentence denotes Three genotypes, genotype A, genotype B and genotype C, exist in CoV-HKU1.
T86544 309240-309314 Sentence denotes Three genotypes, genotype A, genotype B and genotype C, exist in CoV-HKU1.
TextSentencer_T2369 309315-309551 Sentence denotes Analysis of a single gene is not sufficient for genotyping of CoV-HKU1, but would require amplification and sequencing of at least two gene loci, one from nsp10 to nsp16 (e.g. pol or helicase) and another from HE to N (e.g. spike or N).
T95146 309315-309551 Sentence denotes Analysis of a single gene is not sufficient for genotyping of CoV-HKU1, but would require amplification and sequencing of at least two gene loci, one from nsp10 to nsp16 (e.g. pol or helicase) and another from HE to N (e.g. spike or N).
TextSentencer_T2370 309552-309726 Sentence denotes Influenza activity in temperate regions of Australia typically occurs between May and September, whereas in tropical regions influenza can occur any time throughout the year.
T43051 309552-309726 Sentence denotes Influenza activity in temperate regions of Australia typically occurs between May and September, whereas in tropical regions influenza can occur any time throughout the year.
TextSentencer_T2371 309727-309839 Sentence denotes The main purpose of this presentation is to outline the epidemiology of human influenza during 2001-2006 in NSW.
T86792 309727-309839 Sentence denotes The main purpose of this presentation is to outline the epidemiology of human influenza during 2001-2006 in NSW.
TextSentencer_T2372 309840-309988 Sentence denotes The second purpose is to report a quality assurance programme for laboratory diagnosis of influenza throughout Australia, including avian influenza.
T32322 309840-309988 Sentence denotes The second purpose is to report a quality assurance programme for laboratory diagnosis of influenza throughout Australia, including avian influenza.
TextSentencer_T2373 309989-310160 Sentence denotes Epidemiological data from NSW, Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney) shows that Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the first respiratory virus emerging in the winter season.
T78848 309989-310160 Sentence denotes Epidemiological data from NSW, Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney) shows that Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the first respiratory virus emerging in the winter season.
TextSentencer_T2374 310161-310241 Sentence denotes Influenza A infections typically last for 4−5 weeks during August and September.
T66392 310161-310241 Sentence denotes Influenza A infections typically last for 4−5 weeks during August and September.
TextSentencer_T2375 310242-310386 Sentence denotes Infections with other respiratory viruses such as Parainfluenza virus 3 and human metapneumovirus occur from June to late November and December.
T61247 310242-310386 Sentence denotes Infections with other respiratory viruses such as Parainfluenza virus 3 and human metapneumovirus occur from June to late November and December.
TextSentencer_T2376 310387-310440 Sentence denotes Summary data from the last 5 years will be presented.
T82816 310387-310440 Sentence denotes Summary data from the last 5 years will be presented.
TextSentencer_T2377 310441-310638 Sentence denotes Influenza data from 2001 to 2006 indicate that the first ones affected early in the season are children and young adults, whereas during peak season the majority are between 20 and 50 years of age.
T35560 310441-310638 Sentence denotes Influenza data from 2001 to 2006 indicate that the first ones affected early in the season are children and young adults, whereas during peak season the majority are between 20 and 50 years of age.
TextSentencer_T2378 310639-310760 Sentence denotes There is an even distribution between the number of influenza attacks among males and females (51% and 49% respectively).
T20311 310639-310760 Sentence denotes There is an even distribution between the number of influenza attacks among males and females (51% and 49% respectively).
TextSentencer_T2379 310761-310898 Sentence denotes From a total of 500 specimens tested for respiratory viruses during 2001-2006, 51% were true influenza cases, 10% RSV and 17% rhinovirus.
T56602 310761-310898 Sentence denotes From a total of 500 specimens tested for respiratory viruses during 2001-2006, 51% were true influenza cases, 10% RSV and 17% rhinovirus.
TextSentencer_T2380 310899-311073 Sentence denotes Data collected from the Prince of Wales Hospital is submitted on a weekly basis to the New South Wales Department of Health as part of the NSW Influenza Surveillance Program.
T15737 310899-311073 Sentence denotes Data collected from the Prince of Wales Hospital is submitted on a weekly basis to the New South Wales Department of Health as part of the NSW Influenza Surveillance Program.
TextSentencer_T2381 311074-311406 Sentence denotes During 2006 we have undertaken a Quality Assurance Program aiming to improve detection and diagnosis of HPAI H5N1 among Australian and Asian Laboratories in collaboration with the Royal College of Pathologists Australia (RCPA) and the Elizabeth MacArthur Agricultural Institute, integrating human and veterinary health laboratories.
T36758 311074-311406 Sentence denotes During 2006 we have undertaken a Quality Assurance Program aiming to improve detection and diagnosis of HPAI H5N1 among Australian and Asian Laboratories in collaboration with the Royal College of Pathologists Australia (RCPA) and the Elizabeth MacArthur Agricultural Institute, integrating human and veterinary health laboratories.
TextSentencer_T2382 311407-311586 Sentence denotes The project assesses H5 diagnosis accuracy using serological and molecular techniques, utilising a new avian influenza module within the Serology Quality Assurance Program (SQAP).
T36378 311407-311586 Sentence denotes The project assesses H5 diagnosis accuracy using serological and molecular techniques, utilising a new avian influenza module within the Serology Quality Assurance Program (SQAP).
TextSentencer_T2383 311587-311696 Sentence denotes The report from the first Nucleic acid testing panel is already available to the 30 participant laboratories.
T70344 311587-311696 Sentence denotes The report from the first Nucleic acid testing panel is already available to the 30 participant laboratories.
TextSentencer_T2384 311697-311954 Sentence denotes The results suggest that testing laboratories around Australia and Asia generally utilise accurate and sensitive methods for detection of H5N1, although some laboratories are only testing for Influenza A and are currently not performing specific H5N1 tests.
T7035 311697-311954 Sentence denotes The results suggest that testing laboratories around Australia and Asia generally utilise accurate and sensitive methods for detection of H5N1, although some laboratories are only testing for Influenza A and are currently not performing specific H5N1 tests.
TextSentencer_T2385 311955-311966 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T8117 311955-311966 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2386 311967-312072 Sentence denotes Influenza pandemic preparedness plans are currently being developed on national and international levels.
T69305 311967-312072 Sentence denotes Influenza pandemic preparedness plans are currently being developed on national and international levels.
TextSentencer_T2387 312073-312206 Sentence denotes Planning public health responses rely on predictive models by which the impact of different intervention strategies can be evaluated.
T19449 312073-312206 Sentence denotes Planning public health responses rely on predictive models by which the impact of different intervention strategies can be evaluated.
TextSentencer_T2388 312207-312366 Sentence denotes Previous research has rather focused on producing predictions for certain localities or under specific conditions and on the administration of antiviral drugs.
T30693 312207-312366 Sentence denotes Previous research has rather focused on producing predictions for certain localities or under specific conditions and on the administration of antiviral drugs.
TextSentencer_T2389 312367-312512 Sentence denotes The effectiveness of these interventions depends on various factors which must be explored by sensitivity analyses, based on mathematical models.
T12732 312367-312512 Sentence denotes The effectiveness of these interventions depends on various factors which must be explored by sensitivity analyses, based on mathematical models.
TextSentencer_T2390 312513-312836 Sentence denotes We investigate how pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions can mitigate an influenza pandemic and examine how intervention schedules, restricted stockpiles and contact reduction (social distancing measures and partial isolation of cases) determine the course of a pandemic wave and the success of interventions.
T95089 312513-312836 Sentence denotes We investigate how pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions can mitigate an influenza pandemic and examine how intervention schedules, restricted stockpiles and contact reduction (social distancing measures and partial isolation of cases) determine the course of a pandemic wave and the success of interventions.
TextSentencer_T2391 312837-312845 Sentence denotes Methods:
T27328 312837-312845 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2392 312846-313131 Sentence denotes We provide the freely available planning tool InfluSim ( figure) , a deterministic compartment model, which is based on a system of over 1,000 differential equations and designed to operate with an optimal combination of the competing requirements of precision, realism and generality.
T62266 312846-313131 Sentence denotes We provide the freely available planning tool InfluSim ( figure) , a deterministic compartment model, which is based on a system of over 1,000 differential equations and designed to operate with an optimal combination of the competing requirements of precision, realism and generality.
TextSentencer_T2393 313132-313380 Sentence denotes It allows for producing time courses and cumulative numbers of influenza cases, outpatient visits, applied antiviral treatment doses, hospitalisations, deaths and work days lost due to sickness, all of which may be associated with economic aspects.
T2368 313132-313380 Sentence denotes It allows for producing time courses and cumulative numbers of influenza cases, outpatient visits, applied antiviral treatment doses, hospitalisations, deaths and work days lost due to sickness, all of which may be associated with economic aspects.
TextSentencer_T2394 313381-313389 Sentence denotes Results:
T50781 313381-313389 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2395 313390-313612 Sentence denotes The model shows that a timely application of antiviral drugs combined with a quick implementation of contact reduction measures is required to substantially protract the peak of an influenza epidemic and reduce its height.
T77668 313390-313612 Sentence denotes The model shows that a timely application of antiviral drugs combined with a quick implementation of contact reduction measures is required to substantially protract the peak of an influenza epidemic and reduce its height.
TextSentencer_T2396 313613-313893 Sentence denotes Delays in the initiation of antiviral treatment (e.g. because of parsimonious use of a limited stockpile) result in much more pessimistic outcomes and can even lead to the paradoxical effect that the stockpile is depleted earlier compared to early distribution of antiviral drugs.
T51434 313613-313893 Sentence denotes Delays in the initiation of antiviral treatment (e.g. because of parsimonious use of a limited stockpile) result in much more pessimistic outcomes and can even lead to the paradoxical effect that the stockpile is depleted earlier compared to early distribution of antiviral drugs.
TextSentencer_T2397 313894-313905 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T21271 313894-313905 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2398 313906-314020 Sentence denotes InfluSim efficiently assists public health planners in designing optimal interventions against pandemic influenza.
T80756 313906-314020 Sentence denotes InfluSim efficiently assists public health planners in designing optimal interventions against pandemic influenza.
TextSentencer_T2399 314021-314219 Sentence denotes It reproduces the infection dynamics of pandemic influenza like complex computer simulations while offering at the same time reproducibility, higher computational performance and better operability.
T49860 314021-314219 Sentence denotes It reproduces the infection dynamics of pandemic influenza like complex computer simulations while offering at the same time reproducibility, higher computational performance and better operability.
TextSentencer_T2400 314220-314335 Sentence denotes When controlling pandemic influenza, pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical measures should not be used exclusively.
T25549 314220-314335 Sentence denotes When controlling pandemic influenza, pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical measures should not be used exclusively.
TextSentencer_T2401 314336-314449 Sentence denotes Contact reduction measures must be part of mitigation strategies and have the advantage to be not limited per se.
T48240 314336-314449 Sentence denotes Contact reduction measures must be part of mitigation strategies and have the advantage to be not limited per se.
TextSentencer_T2402 314450-314461 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T30671 314450-314461 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2403 314462-314600 Sentence denotes Although influenza (Flu) is an old infectious disease, it will cause pandemics and requires global cooperation for control and prevention.
T80019 314462-314600 Sentence denotes Although influenza (Flu) is an old infectious disease, it will cause pandemics and requires global cooperation for control and prevention.
TextSentencer_T2404 314601-314754 Sentence denotes In addition to the avoidance of exposure during the influenza season vaccination has been the most effective modality for preventing influenza epidemics.
T58521 314601-314754 Sentence denotes In addition to the avoidance of exposure during the influenza season vaccination has been the most effective modality for preventing influenza epidemics.
TextSentencer_T2405 314755-314847 Sentence denotes However, due to the genetic variability of the influenza it requires vaccination every year.
T9637 314755-314847 Sentence denotes However, due to the genetic variability of the influenza it requires vaccination every year.
TextSentencer_T2406 314848-314997 Sentence denotes Our Department of Health supported free influenza vaccination for aged people (>65 year-old) for years and the host antibody responses are evaluated.
T36214 314848-314997 Sentence denotes Our Department of Health supported free influenza vaccination for aged people (>65 year-old) for years and the host antibody responses are evaluated.
TextSentencer_T2407 314998-315006 Sentence denotes Methods:
T24431 314998-315006 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2408 315007-315160 Sentence denotes A total of 89 paired sera was collected before and 3 weeks after the vaccination with one dose of a commercial trivalent influenza vaccine for 2006-2007.
T51497 315007-315160 Sentence denotes A total of 89 paired sera was collected before and 3 weeks after the vaccination with one dose of a commercial trivalent influenza vaccine for 2006-2007.
TextSentencer_T2409 315161-315312 Sentence denotes The paired samples were tested for influenza A and B antibodies by complement fixation (CF) and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
T88939 315161-315312 Sentence denotes The paired samples were tested for influenza A and B antibodies by complement fixation (CF) and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
TextSentencer_T2410 315313-315433 Sentence denotes In addition, 83 paired sera were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) using an A/New Caledonia/20/99-like strain.
T38439 315313-315433 Sentence denotes In addition, 83 paired sera were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) using an A/New Caledonia/20/99-like strain.
TextSentencer_T2411 315434-315503 Sentence denotes There were 49 males and 34 females, and 47 people were older than 65.
T78411 315434-315503 Sentence denotes There were 49 males and 34 females, and 47 people were older than 65.
TextSentencer_T2412 315504-315512 Sentence denotes Results:
T53303 315504-315512 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2413 315513-315684 Sentence denotes Our results indicated that the CF response rates (defined as 4-fold titer increase of the paired sera) for both influenza A and B were low (33.7% and 15.7%, respectively).
T26195 315513-315684 Sentence denotes Our results indicated that the CF response rates (defined as 4-fold titer increase of the paired sera) for both influenza A and B were low (33.7% and 15.7%, respectively).
TextSentencer_T2414 315685-315864 Sentence denotes However, the pre-immunised ELISA titers for both influenza A and B were much higher than normal (average 98.3±45.6 RU/mL for Flu A and 176±57.5 RU/mL for Flu B; normal <22 RU/mL).
T71929 315685-315864 Sentence denotes However, the pre-immunised ELISA titers for both influenza A and B were much higher than normal (average 98.3±45.6 RU/mL for Flu A and 176±57.5 RU/mL for Flu B; normal <22 RU/mL).
TextSentencer_T2415 315865-316031 Sentence denotes The overall response rate for HI was 32.5% (27/83), but the response rate of the aged (>65 year-old) was lower (27.7%, 13/47) than people <65 year-old (38.9%, 14/36).
T10048 315865-316031 Sentence denotes The overall response rate for HI was 32.5% (27/83), but the response rate of the aged (>65 year-old) was lower (27.7%, 13/47) than people <65 year-old (38.9%, 14/36).
TextSentencer_T2416 316032-316123 Sentence denotes However, the rate of pre-immunised sera with protective HI titer (HI 40) was 80.7% (67/83).
T34997 316032-316123 Sentence denotes However, the rate of pre-immunised sera with protective HI titer (HI 40) was 80.7% (67/83).
TextSentencer_T2417 316124-316135 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T68477 316124-316135 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2418 316136-316279 Sentence denotes The antibody responses induced by the 2006-2007 influenza vaccine were low, but the pre-immunised antibody positive rates and titers were high.
T36610 316136-316279 Sentence denotes The antibody responses induced by the 2006-2007 influenza vaccine were low, but the pre-immunised antibody positive rates and titers were high.
TextSentencer_T2419 316280-316518 Sentence denotes The phenomenon might reflect the quality of the vaccine and the consequences of previous vaccination. , among nurses with above-average knowledge about the influenza vaccine (OR 2.1) and an underestimation of non-severe AE rates (OR 3.6).
T50684 316280-316518 Sentence denotes The phenomenon might reflect the quality of the vaccine and the consequences of previous vaccination. , among nurses with above-average knowledge about the influenza vaccine (OR 2.1) and an underestimation of non-severe AE rates (OR 3.6).
TextSentencer_T2420 316519-316636 Sentence denotes Conclusion: HP overestimated the severe AE rates and underestimated the non-severe AE rates of influenza vaccination.
T23640 316519-316636 Sentence denotes Conclusion: HP overestimated the severe AE rates and underestimated the non-severe AE rates of influenza vaccination.
TextSentencer_T2421 316637-316738 Sentence denotes The appraisal of these AE rates appears to be very important in the decision of HP to get vaccinated.
T70206 316637-316738 Sentence denotes The appraisal of these AE rates appears to be very important in the decision of HP to get vaccinated.
TextSentencer_T2422 316739-316866 Sentence denotes A better mediation of the actual very low rates of severe adverse effects may improve the influenza-vaccination rates among HP.
T80184 316739-316866 Sentence denotes A better mediation of the actual very low rates of severe adverse effects may improve the influenza-vaccination rates among HP.
TextSentencer_T2423 316867-316878 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T14860 316867-316878 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2424 316879-316977 Sentence denotes Avian H5N1 influenza viruses could be transmitted to humans, resulting in severe or fatal disease.
T87975 316879-316977 Sentence denotes Avian H5N1 influenza viruses could be transmitted to humans, resulting in severe or fatal disease.
TextSentencer_T2425 316978-317153 Sentence denotes Aim of this study was to evaluate the immune cross-reactivity between human and avian (H5N1) influenza strains in healthy donors vaccinated for seasonal H1N1/H3N2 influenza A.
T66653 316978-317153 Sentence denotes Aim of this study was to evaluate the immune cross-reactivity between human and avian (H5N1) influenza strains in healthy donors vaccinated for seasonal H1N1/H3N2 influenza A.
TextSentencer_T2426 317154-317162 Sentence denotes Methods:
T74676 317154-317162 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2427 317163-317275 Sentence denotes Healthcare workers wishing to receive seasonal influenza vaccination at the Spallanzani Institute were enrolled.
T20619 317163-317275 Sentence denotes Healthcare workers wishing to receive seasonal influenza vaccination at the Spallanzani Institute were enrolled.
TextSentencer_T2428 317276-317399 Sentence denotes Blood samples for the assessment of humoral and cell-mediated responses were obtained before and 30 days after vaccination.
T50009 317276-317399 Sentence denotes Blood samples for the assessment of humoral and cell-mediated responses were obtained before and 30 days after vaccination.
TextSentencer_T2429 317400-317633 Sentence denotes The frequency of circulating antigen-specific CD4 and/or CD8 T-cells in healthy donors enrolled in the study were analysed by flow cytometry, using intracellular cytokine staining assay after the expansion of effector-cells in vitro.
T35225 317400-317633 Sentence denotes The frequency of circulating antigen-specific CD4 and/or CD8 T-cells in healthy donors enrolled in the study were analysed by flow cytometry, using intracellular cytokine staining assay after the expansion of effector-cells in vitro.
TextSentencer_T2430 317634-317786 Sentence denotes Human sera from the same donors were tested for their HA-inhibition activity against vaccine preparation and neutralisation activity against H5N1 virus.
T66288 317634-317786 Sentence denotes Human sera from the same donors were tested for their HA-inhibition activity against vaccine preparation and neutralisation activity against H5N1 virus.
TextSentencer_T2431 317787-317902 Sentence denotes Our data indicate that vaccination may boost cross-subtype cellular and/or humoral immunity against H5N1 influenza.
T75391 317787-317902 Sentence denotes Our data indicate that vaccination may boost cross-subtype cellular and/or humoral immunity against H5N1 influenza.
TextSentencer_T2432 317903-318031 Sentence denotes Specifically, H5N1-specific CD4 T-cell frequency was significantly higher in plurivaccinated versus first flu-vaccinated donors.
T81070 317903-318031 Sentence denotes Specifically, H5N1-specific CD4 T-cell frequency was significantly higher in plurivaccinated versus first flu-vaccinated donors.
TextSentencer_T2433 318032-318111 Sentence denotes The main target for cross-reactivity between H5N1 and H3N2/H1N1 strains was N1.
T91352 318032-318111 Sentence denotes The main target for cross-reactivity between H5N1 and H3N2/H1N1 strains was N1.
TextSentencer_T2434 318112-318264 Sentence denotes No correlation between influenza-specific CD4 T-cells and humoral response was observed, suggesting that this response was mainly CD4 T-cellindependent.
T3037 318112-318264 Sentence denotes No correlation between influenza-specific CD4 T-cells and humoral response was observed, suggesting that this response was mainly CD4 T-cellindependent.
TextSentencer_T2435 318265-318338 Sentence denotes Differently, CD4 T-cells may help for anti-influenza CD8 T-cell response.
T89486 318265-318338 Sentence denotes Differently, CD4 T-cells may help for anti-influenza CD8 T-cell response.
TextSentencer_T2436 318339-318506 Sentence denotes Furthermore, human sera from the same donors, tested for their HA-inhibition activity against vaccine preparation, showed a significant rise (73.7%) after vaccination.
T5589 318339-318506 Sentence denotes Furthermore, human sera from the same donors, tested for their HA-inhibition activity against vaccine preparation, showed a significant rise (73.7%) after vaccination.
TextSentencer_T2437 318507-318740 Sentence denotes The same sera were tested for their H5N1 neutralisation activity and 34.2% of subjects was able to show anti-H5N1 antibody rise after seasonal influenza vaccination, showing the existence of an antibody-dependent cross-type immunity.
T1152 318507-318740 Sentence denotes The same sera were tested for their H5N1 neutralisation activity and 34.2% of subjects was able to show anti-H5N1 antibody rise after seasonal influenza vaccination, showing the existence of an antibody-dependent cross-type immunity.
TextSentencer_T2438 318741-318913 Sentence denotes No correlation between influenza specific CD4 T-cells and humoral responses were observed, suggesting that this type of antibody response was mainly CD4 T-cell independent.
T59049 318741-318913 Sentence denotes No correlation between influenza specific CD4 T-cells and humoral responses were observed, suggesting that this type of antibody response was mainly CD4 T-cell independent.
TextSentencer_T2439 318914-319081 Sentence denotes In this study, we demonstrated that vaccination against seasonal influenza might induce both cellular and humoral cross-reactive immunity against H5N1 avian influenza.
T9460 318914-319081 Sentence denotes In this study, we demonstrated that vaccination against seasonal influenza might induce both cellular and humoral cross-reactive immunity against H5N1 avian influenza.
TextSentencer_T2440 319082-319204 Sentence denotes This cross-type immunity may represent an important component of the immune response against novel influenza A infections.
T6971 319082-319204 Sentence denotes This cross-type immunity may represent an important component of the immune response against novel influenza A infections.
TextSentencer_T2441 319205-319443 Sentence denotes Considering the local serotype distribution, the direct effect of PCV-7, -10, and -13 was estimated in children under 5 years (<5 y), assuming a 90% vaccination coverage and a 97% effectiveness in reducing IPD caused by vaccine-serotypes.
T93998 319205-319443 Sentence denotes Considering the local serotype distribution, the direct effect of PCV-7, -10, and -13 was estimated in children under 5 years (<5 y), assuming a 90% vaccination coverage and a 97% effectiveness in reducing IPD caused by vaccine-serotypes.
TextSentencer_T2442 319444-319539 Sentence denotes Herd immunity effect was estimated assuming a 40% reduction of IPD caused by vaccine-serotypes.
T78214 319444-319539 Sentence denotes Herd immunity effect was estimated assuming a 40% reduction of IPD caused by vaccine-serotypes.
TextSentencer_T2443 319540-319563 Sentence denotes Results: (1) Incidence:
T12469 319540-319563 Sentence denotes Results: (1) Incidence:
TextSentencer_T2444 319564-319700 Sentence denotes The total incidence remained stable throughout the period,~20/100,000 population, whereas the incidence in <5 y increased from 25 to 34.
T45532 319564-319700 Sentence denotes The total incidence remained stable throughout the period,~20/100,000 population, whereas the incidence in <5 y increased from 25 to 34.
TextSentencer_T2445 319701-319775 Sentence denotes The highest incidence was observed among adults >65 years,~69 per 100,000.
T72973 319701-319775 Sentence denotes The highest incidence was observed among adults >65 years,~69 per 100,000.
TextSentencer_T2446 319776-319814 Sentence denotes 92% of cases presented as bacteraemia.
T47646 319776-319814 Sentence denotes 92% of cases presented as bacteraemia.
TextSentencer_T2447 319815-319822 Sentence denotes Approx.
T48565 319815-319822 Sentence denotes Approx.
TextSentencer_T2448 319823-319919 Sentence denotes 100 cases of pneumococcal meningitis were registered annually, with an overall mortality of 20%.
T67962 319823-319919 Sentence denotes 100 cases of pneumococcal meningitis were registered annually, with an overall mortality of 20%.
TextSentencer_T2449 319920-319928 Sentence denotes Methods:
T16418 319920-319928 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2450 319929-320022 Sentence denotes Twenty-seven and 20 healthy adults were immunised with either a PCV or a PPV intramuscularly.
T29216 319929-320022 Sentence denotes Twenty-seven and 20 healthy adults were immunised with either a PCV or a PPV intramuscularly.
TextSentencer_T2451 320023-320264 Sentence denotes Sera were obtained before and at 4 weeks after immunisation to determine IgG pneumococcal antibody titers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and opsonisation tier by opsonophagocytic killing assay to the 7 serotypes represented in the PCV.
T2652 320023-320264 Sentence denotes Sera were obtained before and at 4 weeks after immunisation to determine IgG pneumococcal antibody titers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and opsonisation tier by opsonophagocytic killing assay to the 7 serotypes represented in the PCV.
TextSentencer_T2452 320265-320273 Sentence denotes Results:
T64898 320265-320273 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2453 320274-320412 Sentence denotes Antibody titers and opsonisation titers to 7 pneumococcal serotypes were significantly increased after immunisation in PCV and PPV groups.
T63802 320274-320412 Sentence denotes Antibody titers and opsonisation titers to 7 pneumococcal serotypes were significantly increased after immunisation in PCV and PPV groups.
TextSentencer_T2454 320413-320535 Sentence denotes Post-immune antibody titers to serotype 4, 18C and 23F were significantly higher in PCV groups than in those in PPV group.
T45321 320413-320535 Sentence denotes Post-immune antibody titers to serotype 4, 18C and 23F were significantly higher in PCV groups than in those in PPV group.
TextSentencer_T2455 320536-320652 Sentence denotes Also PCV elicited significantly higher fold rise of opsonisation titer compared with PPV in serotype 4, 18C and 23F.
T25366 320536-320652 Sentence denotes Also PCV elicited significantly higher fold rise of opsonisation titer compared with PPV in serotype 4, 18C and 23F.
TextSentencer_T2456 320653-320792 Sentence denotes Antibody titers and opsonisation titers to 7 serotypes have good correlation in pre-immune sera as well as post-immuue sera in both groups.
T9963 320653-320792 Sentence denotes Antibody titers and opsonisation titers to 7 serotypes have good correlation in pre-immune sera as well as post-immuue sera in both groups.
TextSentencer_T2457 320793-320896 Sentence denotes More than 95% of subjects in both groups have antibody titer 1 mg/mL to 7 serotypes after immunisation.
T30903 320793-320896 Sentence denotes More than 95% of subjects in both groups have antibody titer 1 mg/mL to 7 serotypes after immunisation.
TextSentencer_T2458 320898-320987 Sentence denotes Quantitative and qualitative antibody responses to PCV and PPV are good in Korean adults.
T563 320898-320987 Sentence denotes Quantitative and qualitative antibody responses to PCV and PPV are good in Korean adults.
TextSentencer_T2459 320988-321048 Sentence denotes PCV is more immunogenic than PPV to serotype 4, 18C and 23F.
T7270 320988-321048 Sentence denotes PCV is more immunogenic than PPV to serotype 4, 18C and 23F.
TextSentencer_T2460 321050-321082 Sentence denotes The study included 704 isolates:
T89580 321050-321082 Sentence denotes The study included 704 isolates:
TextSentencer_T2461 321083-321185 Sentence denotes 301 from years before the introduction of the vaccine (1998-1999) and 298 post-release (2003) (2004) .
T69104 321083-321185 Sentence denotes 301 from years before the introduction of the vaccine (1998-1999) and 298 post-release (2003) (2004) .
TextSentencer_T2462 321186-321283 Sentence denotes Key demographic data, serotype and resistance profiles for 5 antimicrobial classes were analysed.
T51815 321186-321283 Sentence denotes Key demographic data, serotype and resistance profiles for 5 antimicrobial classes were analysed.
TextSentencer_T2463 321284-321405 Sentence denotes Strains displaying resistance (defined as non-susceptibility based on CLSI breakpoints) to >2 classes were considered MR.
T46024 321284-321405 Sentence denotes Strains displaying resistance (defined as non-susceptibility based on CLSI breakpoints) to >2 classes were considered MR.
TextSentencer_T2464 321406-321499 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was carried out using linear mixed effects models for repeated measures.
T66227 321406-321499 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was carried out using linear mixed effects models for repeated measures.
TextSentencer_T2465 321500-321508 Sentence denotes Results:
T84099 321500-321508 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2466 321509-321731 Sentence denotes After adjusting for age, invasive status and region, a multivariate logistic regression model showed that non-vaccine (NV) isolates are 1.9 times (1.3−2.7, p = 0.03) more likely to be MR in the post-vaccine release period.
T81454 321509-321731 Sentence denotes After adjusting for age, invasive status and region, a multivariate logistic regression model showed that non-vaccine (NV) isolates are 1.9 times (1.3−2.7, p = 0.03) more likely to be MR in the post-vaccine release period.
TextSentencer_T2467 321732-322036 Sentence denotes When serotypes are divided into groups according to the prevalence of multiple resistance and their propensity to expand (i.e. become more prevalent after introduction of the vaccine), we found that the serotype 19 not F was 4.4 times more likely to expand (2.1−9.1) than other NV serotypes (p < 0.0001).
T47403 321732-322036 Sentence denotes When serotypes are divided into groups according to the prevalence of multiple resistance and their propensity to expand (i.e. become more prevalent after introduction of the vaccine), we found that the serotype 19 not F was 4.4 times more likely to expand (2.1−9.1) than other NV serotypes (p < 0.0001).
TextSentencer_T2468 322037-322180 Sentence denotes A group formed by serotypes [11, 15, 33, 35] is also more likely to increase in prevalence, OR 2.4, 1.3−4.5, p = 0.01) than other NV serotypes.
T2645 322037-322180 Sentence denotes A group formed by serotypes [11, 15, 33, 35] is also more likely to increase in prevalence, OR 2.4, 1.3−4.5, p = 0.01) than other NV serotypes.
TextSentencer_T2469 322181-322275 Sentence denotes Details in resistance prevalence and proportions at each point in time are shown in the table.
T87565 322181-322275 Sentence denotes Details in resistance prevalence and proportions at each point in time are shown in the table.
TextSentencer_T2470 322276-322287 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T98925 322276-322287 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2471 322288-322414 Sentence denotes Groups of both vaccine and non-vaccine serotypes can be categorised according to their propensity to expand and to acquire MR.
T9850 322288-322414 Sentence denotes Groups of both vaccine and non-vaccine serotypes can be categorised according to their propensity to expand and to acquire MR.
TextSentencer_T2472 322415-322620 Sentence denotes Serotype 19F slightly decreases in prevalence but increases in MR rate, while serotype 19 not F both increases in prevalence and acquires resistance at a rate that is proportional to the expansion process.
T15290 322415-322620 Sentence denotes Serotype 19F slightly decreases in prevalence but increases in MR rate, while serotype 19 not F both increases in prevalence and acquires resistance at a rate that is proportional to the expansion process.
TextSentencer_T2473 322621-322704 Sentence denotes About half of the NV serotypes rapidly increased both in prevalence and resistance.
T25642 322621-322704 Sentence denotes About half of the NV serotypes rapidly increased both in prevalence and resistance.
TextSentencer_T2474 322705-322785 Sentence denotes Vaccine serotypes (excluding 19F) decreased in prevalence but not in resistance.
T30935 322705-322785 Sentence denotes Vaccine serotypes (excluding 19F) decreased in prevalence but not in resistance.
TextSentencer_T2475 322787-322789 Sentence denotes A.
T94959 322787-322789 Sentence denotes A.
TextSentencer_T2476 322790-322937 Sentence denotes Bartoloni Objectives: ANTRES is a research project aimed at describing antimicrobial use and resistance in low-resource countries of Latin America.
T50984 322790-322937 Sentence denotes Bartoloni Objectives: ANTRES is a research project aimed at describing antimicrobial use and resistance in low-resource countries of Latin America.
TextSentencer_T2477 322938-323111 Sentence denotes In this project, dissemination of microbial drug resistance is monitored in commensal Escherichia coli, which has largely been exploited as an indicator for similar studies.
T72640 322938-323111 Sentence denotes In this project, dissemination of microbial drug resistance is monitored in commensal Escherichia coli, which has largely been exploited as an indicator for similar studies.
TextSentencer_T2478 323112-323267 Sentence denotes In the baseline study, carried out in 2002, we observed a high rate of faecal carriage of E. coli with acquired resistance to several antimicrobial agents.
T58514 323112-323267 Sentence denotes In the baseline study, carried out in 2002, we observed a high rate of faecal carriage of E. coli with acquired resistance to several antimicrobial agents.
TextSentencer_T2479 323268-323428 Sentence denotes Here we report the results of a second cross-sectional study conducted in 2005 to evaluate the evolution of antimicrobial resistance rates in the studied areas.
T13473 323268-323428 Sentence denotes Here we report the results of a second cross-sectional study conducted in 2005 to evaluate the evolution of antimicrobial resistance rates in the studied areas.
TextSentencer_T2480 323429-323437 Sentence denotes Methods:
T9246 323429-323437 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2481 323438-323565 Sentence denotes Rectal swabs were collected from 3,193 healthy children aged 6−72 months, living in 4 urban areas (2 in Bolivia and 2 in Peru).
T95088 323438-323565 Sentence denotes Rectal swabs were collected from 3,193 healthy children aged 6−72 months, living in 4 urban areas (2 in Bolivia and 2 in Peru).
TextSentencer_T2482 323566-323899 Sentence denotes Samples were processed by a rapid screening method which allowed detecting of E. coli resistant to ampicillin (AMP), ceftriaxone (CRO), tetracycline (TET), chloramphenicol (CHL), kanamycin (KAN), gentamicin (GEN), amikacin (AMK), streptomycin (STR), trimethoprimsulphamethoxazole (SXT), nalidixic acid (NAL), and ciprofloxacin (CIP).
T65060 323566-323899 Sentence denotes Samples were processed by a rapid screening method which allowed detecting of E. coli resistant to ampicillin (AMP), ceftriaxone (CRO), tetracycline (TET), chloramphenicol (CHL), kanamycin (KAN), gentamicin (GEN), amikacin (AMK), streptomycin (STR), trimethoprimsulphamethoxazole (SXT), nalidixic acid (NAL), and ciprofloxacin (CIP).
TextSentencer_T2483 323900-323987 Sentence denotes Sampling strategy and microbiological processes were the same as in the baseline study.
T70378 323900-323987 Sentence denotes Sampling strategy and microbiological processes were the same as in the baseline study.
TextSentencer_T2484 323988-324309 Sentence denotes The data from the 2005 survey confirmed the high resistance rates for AMP (96% vs. 95%), SXT (94% vs. 94%), TET (93% vs. 93%) and CHL (69% vs. 70%) observed in the baseline study, and showed a remarkably increase in the resistance rates to quinolones (57% vs. 35% for NAL and 33% vs. 18% for CIP) and CRO (1.7% vs. 0.1%).
T39872 323988-324309 Sentence denotes The data from the 2005 survey confirmed the high resistance rates for AMP (96% vs. 95%), SXT (94% vs. 94%), TET (93% vs. 93%) and CHL (69% vs. 70%) observed in the baseline study, and showed a remarkably increase in the resistance rates to quinolones (57% vs. 35% for NAL and 33% vs. 18% for CIP) and CRO (1.7% vs. 0.1%).
TextSentencer_T2485 324310-324419 Sentence denotes A significant increasing trend was also observed for STR and GEN (92% vs. 82% and 27% vs. 21%, respectively).
T50595 324310-324419 Sentence denotes A significant increasing trend was also observed for STR and GEN (92% vs. 82% and 27% vs. 21%, respectively).
TextSentencer_T2486 324420-324658 Sentence denotes The results of this study confirmed the magnitude of the problem of antimicrobial resistance in these low-resource countries and evidenced an alarming increase in the resistance rates to quinolones and to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins.
T72311 324420-324658 Sentence denotes The results of this study confirmed the magnitude of the problem of antimicrobial resistance in these low-resource countries and evidenced an alarming increase in the resistance rates to quinolones and to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins.
TextSentencer_T2487 324659-324667 Sentence denotes Results:
T55528 324659-324667 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2488 324668-324782 Sentence denotes Overall, most if not all resistance to a drug was in the presence of resistance to one or more of the other drugs.
T27968 324668-324782 Sentence denotes Overall, most if not all resistance to a drug was in the presence of resistance to one or more of the other drugs.
TextSentencer_T2489 324783-324852 Sentence denotes More than half of the isolates resistant to 3CP were resistant to FQ.
T84090 324783-324852 Sentence denotes More than half of the isolates resistant to 3CP were resistant to FQ.
TextSentencer_T2490 324853-325060 Sentence denotes Whereas only 3−10% of all isolates were resistant to AG, similarly almost all isolates resistant to AG were also resistant to FQ (82−91%) as compared to the much lower rates in those sensitive to AG (6−22%).
T5910 324853-325060 Sentence denotes Whereas only 3−10% of all isolates were resistant to AG, similarly almost all isolates resistant to AG were also resistant to FQ (82−91%) as compared to the much lower rates in those sensitive to AG (6−22%).
TextSentencer_T2491 325061-325269 Sentence denotes Large differences were observed between countries in antimicrobial resistance rates, whereas the levels of associated resistance among the group of resistant isolates did not vary to the same extent (Table) .
T64301 325061-325269 Sentence denotes Large differences were observed between countries in antimicrobial resistance rates, whereas the levels of associated resistance among the group of resistant isolates did not vary to the same extent (Table) .
TextSentencer_T2492 325270-325708 Sentence denotes Conclusions: (i) The level of associated resistance for the isolates resistant to the different antimicrobial groups under EARSS study seemed comparable between countries, irrespective of their differences in overall resistance proportions. (ii) The group of isolates resistant to one group of antibiotics was more likely to be resistant to other antimicrobial groups (under EARSS surveillance) compared to their susceptible counterparts.
T88024 325270-325708 Sentence denotes Conclusions: (i) The level of associated resistance for the isolates resistant to the different antimicrobial groups under EARSS study seemed comparable between countries, irrespective of their differences in overall resistance proportions. (ii) The group of isolates resistant to one group of antibiotics was more likely to be resistant to other antimicrobial groups (under EARSS surveillance) compared to their susceptible counterparts.
TextSentencer_T2493 325709-326026 Sentence denotes The observation that most resistance is associated with other types of resistance and that the level of associated resistance seems comparable between countries would suggest that the overall reduction of the antibiotic use is probably more important in the society as a whole than targeted reduction of single drugs.
T28285 325709-326026 Sentence denotes The observation that most resistance is associated with other types of resistance and that the level of associated resistance seems comparable between countries would suggest that the overall reduction of the antibiotic use is probably more important in the society as a whole than targeted reduction of single drugs.
TextSentencer_T2494 326027-326114 Sentence denotes Our analysis suggest that efforts should be focused on these 'multi' resistant strains.
T83215 326027-326114 Sentence denotes Our analysis suggest that efforts should be focused on these 'multi' resistant strains.
TextSentencer_T2495 326115-326132 Sentence denotes Asia, and Europe.
T16306 326115-326132 Sentence denotes Asia, and Europe.
TextSentencer_T2496 326133-326445 Sentence denotes Following the identification of the first imipenemresistant, KPC-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate in our institution, we initiated a prospective study from August 2006 to November 2006 of 108 consecutive isolates of this organism to determine the prevalence and genetic relatedness of KPC-positive strains.
T23253 326133-326445 Sentence denotes Following the identification of the first imipenemresistant, KPC-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate in our institution, we initiated a prospective study from August 2006 to November 2006 of 108 consecutive isolates of this organism to determine the prevalence and genetic relatedness of KPC-positive strains.
TextSentencer_T2497 326446-326589 Sentence denotes Methods: KPC-specific polymerase chain reaction was performed on total DNA and plasmid DNA from 108 consecutive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.
T45065 326446-326589 Sentence denotes Methods: KPC-specific polymerase chain reaction was performed on total DNA and plasmid DNA from 108 consecutive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.
TextSentencer_T2498 326590-326698 Sentence denotes Repetitive sequence PCR was performed on all KPC-positive isolates to determine genetic relatedness Results:
T70877 326590-326698 Sentence denotes Repetitive sequence PCR was performed on all KPC-positive isolates to determine genetic relatedness Results:
TextSentencer_T2499 326699-326809 Sentence denotes Of the 108 isolates collected over the four-month period, 13 (12.0%) were shown to harbour the KPC ORF by PCR.
T6260 326699-326809 Sentence denotes Of the 108 isolates collected over the four-month period, 13 (12.0%) were shown to harbour the KPC ORF by PCR.
TextSentencer_T2500 326810-326934 Sentence denotes Six of the 13 isolates were identified from three patients, while each of the remaining seven came from individual patients.
T99246 326810-326934 Sentence denotes Six of the 13 isolates were identified from three patients, while each of the remaining seven came from individual patients.
TextSentencer_T2501 326935-327068 Sentence denotes Eight of the eleven isolates were resistant to imipenem by disk diffusion testing while three of the isolates were fully susceptible.
T3156 326935-327068 Sentence denotes Eight of the eleven isolates were resistant to imipenem by disk diffusion testing while three of the isolates were fully susceptible.
TextSentencer_T2502 327069-327175 Sentence denotes Plasmids containing the KPC gene were isolated and verified by PCR from the 8 imipenem-resistant isolates.
T36083 327069-327175 Sentence denotes Plasmids containing the KPC gene were isolated and verified by PCR from the 8 imipenem-resistant isolates.
TextSentencer_T2503 327176-327342 Sentence denotes In contrast, we were unable to isolate any plasmids from the 3 imipenem-sensitive strains; however, they were positive for the KPC ORF using PCR on total genomic DNA.
T38535 327176-327342 Sentence denotes In contrast, we were unable to isolate any plasmids from the 3 imipenem-sensitive strains; however, they were positive for the KPC ORF using PCR on total genomic DNA.
TextSentencer_T2504 327343-327434 Sentence denotes Two distinct clusters of Klebsiella pneumoniae were seen following repetitive sequence PCR.
T40960 327343-327434 Sentence denotes Two distinct clusters of Klebsiella pneumoniae were seen following repetitive sequence PCR.
TextSentencer_T2505 327435-327559 Sentence denotes The first cluster of 7 isolates was 86.0% identical suggesting a clonal expansion while the other 5 isolates were unrelated.
T79229 327435-327559 Sentence denotes The first cluster of 7 isolates was 86.0% identical suggesting a clonal expansion while the other 5 isolates were unrelated.
TextSentencer_T2506 327560-327651 Sentence denotes As expected, multiple isolates from single patients were between 94.8% and 97.4% identical.
T91473 327560-327651 Sentence denotes As expected, multiple isolates from single patients were between 94.8% and 97.4% identical.
TextSentencer_T2507 327652-327852 Sentence denotes The prevalence of KPC-possessing Klebsiella pneumoniae in our institution has risen to 9.2% in 4 months thereby compromising empiric treatment options for patients infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae.
T75022 327652-327852 Sentence denotes The prevalence of KPC-possessing Klebsiella pneumoniae in our institution has risen to 9.2% in 4 months thereby compromising empiric treatment options for patients infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TextSentencer_T2508 327853-327952 Sentence denotes Both a clonal expansion and horizontal plasmid transfer appear to be involved in KPC dissemination.
T49330 327853-327952 Sentence denotes Both a clonal expansion and horizontal plasmid transfer appear to be involved in KPC dissemination.
TextSentencer_T2509 327953-328207 Sentence denotes In addition, these data suggest that the KPC ORF may reside in the chromosome and is not expressed until the proper inducing agent is present or that the KPC ORF may reside on a transposable element that is not expressed until transferred into a plasmid.
T42848 327953-328207 Sentence denotes In addition, these data suggest that the KPC ORF may reside in the chromosome and is not expressed until the proper inducing agent is present or that the KPC ORF may reside on a transposable element that is not expressed until transferred into a plasmid.
TextSentencer_T2510 328208-328550 Sentence denotes O362 Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance rates in association with level of hospital care: data from the EARSS Factors independently associated with increased risk of non-susceptibility to 1 of these agents in P. aeruginosa were intensive care, young age, >48 hours prior hospitalisation, and infections arising from skin/soft tissue and lines.
T70055 328208-328550 Sentence denotes O362 Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance rates in association with level of hospital care: data from the EARSS Factors independently associated with increased risk of non-susceptibility to 1 of these agents in P. aeruginosa were intensive care, young age, >48 hours prior hospitalisation, and infections arising from skin/soft tissue and lines.
TextSentencer_T2511 328551-328616 Sentence denotes Among Acinetobacter, resistance was concentrated in A. baumannii:
T60067 328551-328616 Sentence denotes Among Acinetobacter, resistance was concentrated in A. baumannii:
TextSentencer_T2512 328617-328713 Sentence denotes 2/110 (2%) of A. baumannii were non-susceptible to all 5 agents, and 36% to 2 classes of agents.
T15435 328617-328713 Sentence denotes 2/110 (2%) of A. baumannii were non-susceptible to all 5 agents, and 36% to 2 classes of agents.
TextSentencer_T2513 328714-328833 Sentence denotes Overall, 5% of Acinetobacter were nonsusceptible to GEN and IPM, and 17%, 27% and 63% to TZP, CIP and CAZ respectively.
T59016 328714-328833 Sentence denotes Overall, 5% of Acinetobacter were nonsusceptible to GEN and IPM, and 17%, 27% and 63% to TZP, CIP and CAZ respectively.
TextSentencer_T2514 328834-328912 Sentence denotes Numbers were too small to assess trend, predictors or agreement with LabBase2.
T32004 328834-328912 Sentence denotes Numbers were too small to assess trend, predictors or agreement with LabBase2.
TextSentencer_T2515 328913-329022 Sentence denotes MIN and TGC largely overcame TET resistance in Acinetobacter, with maximum MICs of 8 and 4 mg/L respectively.
T74157 328913-329022 Sentence denotes MIN and TGC largely overcame TET resistance in Acinetobacter, with maximum MICs of 8 and 4 mg/L respectively.
TextSentencer_T2516 329023-329153 Sentence denotes DOR MICs were closely related to IPM, on average 2.8 dilutions lower for P. aeruginosa and 0.5 dilutions higher for Acinetobacter.
T83932 329023-329153 Sentence denotes DOR MICs were closely related to IPM, on average 2.8 dilutions lower for P. aeruginosa and 0.5 dilutions higher for Acinetobacter.
TextSentencer_T2517 329154-329267 Sentence denotes BPR MICs were on average 1.2 dilutions higher than CAZ for P. aeruginosa and 2 dilutions lower for Acinetobacter.
T22984 329154-329267 Sentence denotes BPR MICs were on average 1.2 dilutions higher than CAZ for P. aeruginosa and 2 dilutions lower for Acinetobacter.
TextSentencer_T2518 329269-329434 Sentence denotes The plasmid mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnrB (1) and qnrS (9) were identified in 10 of 81 Salmonella enterica isolates with raised ciprofloxacin MICs.
T50645 329269-329434 Sentence denotes The plasmid mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnrB (1) and qnrS (9) were identified in 10 of 81 Salmonella enterica isolates with raised ciprofloxacin MICs.
TextSentencer_T2519 329435-329437 Sentence denotes S.
T11340 329435-329437 Sentence denotes S.
TextSentencer_T2520 329438-329616 Sentence denotes Corvallis is an uncommon serovar in our experience (0.2% of all isolates) and is remarkable that this serovar represents a high proportion of all qnrS positive isolates detected.
T976 329438-329616 Sentence denotes Corvallis is an uncommon serovar in our experience (0.2% of all isolates) and is remarkable that this serovar represents a high proportion of all qnrS positive isolates detected.
TextSentencer_T2521 329617-329679 Sentence denotes There is no evidence of an epidemiological link between the S.
T33426 329617-329679 Sentence denotes There is no evidence of an epidemiological link between the S.
TextSentencer_T2522 329680-329699 Sentence denotes Corvallis isolates.
T66165 329680-329699 Sentence denotes Corvallis isolates.
TextSentencer_T2523 329700-329964 Sentence denotes Orthopaedic and Trauma surgery is an implant specialty where surgical success is related to the insertion of prosthetic joints (e.g. knee, hip and shoulder replacements) and reconstructive metalwork following trauma (e.g. intra-medullary nails, plates and screws).
T61835 329700-329964 Sentence denotes Orthopaedic and Trauma surgery is an implant specialty where surgical success is related to the insertion of prosthetic joints (e.g. knee, hip and shoulder replacements) and reconstructive metalwork following trauma (e.g. intra-medullary nails, plates and screws).
TextSentencer_T2524 329965-330125 Sentence denotes The worst complication is infection which results in multiple additional operations, extended hospitalisation, prolonged morbidity and poor functional outcomes.
T10349 329965-330125 Sentence denotes The worst complication is infection which results in multiple additional operations, extended hospitalisation, prolonged morbidity and poor functional outcomes.
TextSentencer_T2525 330126-330179 Sentence denotes Infection rates are low, ideally between 0.5% and 2%.
T41896 330126-330179 Sentence denotes Infection rates are low, ideally between 0.5% and 2%.
TextSentencer_T2526 330180-330275 Sentence denotes The most common infective organism is Staphylococcus aureus which accounts for 50−70% of cases.
T55350 330180-330275 Sentence denotes The most common infective organism is Staphylococcus aureus which accounts for 50−70% of cases.
TextSentencer_T2527 330276-330390 Sentence denotes Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci are of growing importance but numerically less significant.
T56026 330276-330390 Sentence denotes Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci are of growing importance but numerically less significant.
TextSentencer_T2528 330391-330595 Sentence denotes The clinical presentation, surgical techniques and pre/post operative morbidity of chronic osteomyelitis and infected joint replacement will be discussed to project the patients' perspective of S. aureus.
T12655 330391-330595 Sentence denotes The clinical presentation, surgical techniques and pre/post operative morbidity of chronic osteomyelitis and infected joint replacement will be discussed to project the patients' perspective of S. aureus.
TextSentencer_T2529 330597-330721 Sentence denotes Emerging infectious diseases have a major impact on public and animal health, the economy, and the environment (Science 309:
T87889 330597-330721 Sentence denotes Emerging infectious diseases have a major impact on public and animal health, the economy, and the environment (Science 309:
TextSentencer_T2530 330722-330728 Sentence denotes 1680).
T1906 330722-330728 Sentence denotes 1680).
TextSentencer_T2531 330729-330881 Sentence denotes Human mortality from recently emerged diseases varies, ranging from less than 200 people thus far for H5N1 avian influenza to about 20 million for AIDS.
T27747 330729-330881 Sentence denotes Human mortality from recently emerged diseases varies, ranging from less than 200 people thus far for H5N1 avian influenza to about 20 million for AIDS.
TextSentencer_T2532 330882-331102 Sentence denotes Livestock production has been negatively affected by the direct mortality of animals from emerging infections and depopulation policies to protect the safety of international trade and to control the spread of pathogens.
T97230 330882-331102 Sentence denotes Livestock production has been negatively affected by the direct mortality of animals from emerging infections and depopulation policies to protect the safety of international trade and to control the spread of pathogens.
TextSentencer_T2533 331103-331275 Sentence denotes The environmental impact of emerging infections is of special concern for endangered wild animal populations, which can be pushed to the brink of extinction by such events.
T6186 331103-331275 Sentence denotes The environmental impact of emerging infections is of special concern for endangered wild animal populations, which can be pushed to the brink of extinction by such events.
TextSentencer_T2534 331276-331439 Sentence denotes Animals, and particularly wild animals, are thought to be the source of more than 70% of all emerging infections ( August to December and also rises in the spring.
T83918 331276-331439 Sentence denotes Animals, and particularly wild animals, are thought to be the source of more than 70% of all emerging infections ( August to December and also rises in the spring.
TextSentencer_T2535 331440-331543 Sentence denotes These findings are of importance for the understanding of how influenza virus is perpetuated in nature.
T10333 331440-331543 Sentence denotes These findings are of importance for the understanding of how influenza virus is perpetuated in nature.
TextSentencer_T2536 331544-331661 Sentence denotes Of concern is the presence of H5 and H7 subtypes that are prone to change into highly pathogenic variants in poultry.
T58601 331544-331661 Sentence denotes Of concern is the presence of H5 and H7 subtypes that are prone to change into highly pathogenic variants in poultry.
TextSentencer_T2537 331662-331797 Sentence denotes Many of the strains isolated in our study are prototypes that have caused influenza outbreaks in poultry in Europe during recent years.
T29635 331662-331797 Sentence denotes Many of the strains isolated in our study are prototypes that have caused influenza outbreaks in poultry in Europe during recent years.
TextSentencer_T2538 331798-331941 Sentence denotes This indicates that wild bird surveillance for influenza A virus can be of value as a sentinel system to prevent outbreaks in domestic poultry.
T90570 331798-331941 Sentence denotes This indicates that wild bird surveillance for influenza A virus can be of value as a sentinel system to prevent outbreaks in domestic poultry.
TextSentencer_T2539 331942-332057 Sentence denotes A result of the domestic animal revolution is that there has never before in history been so much poultry as today.
T33650 331942-332057 Sentence denotes A result of the domestic animal revolution is that there has never before in history been so much poultry as today.
TextSentencer_T2540 332058-332209 Sentence denotes This fact, in combination with a growing number of humans, creates an arena where domestic animals, humans and finally zoonotic pathogens can interact.
T95738 332058-332209 Sentence denotes This fact, in combination with a growing number of humans, creates an arena where domestic animals, humans and finally zoonotic pathogens can interact.
TextSentencer_T2541 332210-332323 Sentence denotes Influenza A virus is the ultimate actor in this play where some subtypes may change into highly pathogenic forms.
T50802 332210-332323 Sentence denotes Influenza A virus is the ultimate actor in this play where some subtypes may change into highly pathogenic forms.
TextSentencer_T2542 332324-332365 Sentence denotes These may be transmitted directly to man.
T53920 332324-332365 Sentence denotes These may be transmitted directly to man.
TextSentencer_T2543 332366-332474 Sentence denotes Another worrying scenario is that an avian influenza virus will reassort with a circulating human influenza.
T21293 332366-332474 Sentence denotes Another worrying scenario is that an avian influenza virus will reassort with a circulating human influenza.
TextSentencer_T2544 332475-332622 Sentence denotes A genetic trait might then readily go from the human to the bird virus so that avian influenza acquires the capacity to pass from person to person.
T23909 332475-332622 Sentence denotes A genetic trait might then readily go from the human to the bird virus so that avian influenza acquires the capacity to pass from person to person.
TextSentencer_T2545 332623-332733 Sentence denotes With this risk in mind, it would advisable to consider any method to reduce the probability of this happening.
T27905 332623-332733 Sentence denotes With this risk in mind, it would advisable to consider any method to reduce the probability of this happening.
TextSentencer_T2546 332734-332910 Sentence denotes Contingency planning should take into account the known evolutionary potential of animal viruses and other pathogens to adapt to the environment of humans and domestic animals.
T47383 332734-332910 Sentence denotes Contingency planning should take into account the known evolutionary potential of animal viruses and other pathogens to adapt to the environment of humans and domestic animals.
TextSentencer_T2547 332911-332919 Sentence denotes Candida.
T26139 332911-332919 Sentence denotes Candida.
TextSentencer_T2548 332920-333066 Sentence denotes The use of fluconazole susceptibility profile as a surrogate marker for prediction of voriconazole susceptibility has also been proposed recently.
T31942 332920-333066 Sentence denotes The use of fluconazole susceptibility profile as a surrogate marker for prediction of voriconazole susceptibility has also been proposed recently.
TextSentencer_T2549 333067-333275 Sentence denotes In addition, based on the modifications of the CLSI M38-A reference method, new guidelines for in vitro susceptibility testing of antifungal agents against Aspergillus spp. have been developed by AFST-EUCAST.
T83480 333067-333275 Sentence denotes In addition, based on the modifications of the CLSI M38-A reference method, new guidelines for in vitro susceptibility testing of antifungal agents against Aspergillus spp. have been developed by AFST-EUCAST.
TextSentencer_T2550 333276-333371 Sentence denotes A standard assay for testing antifungal agents against dermatophytes is also under development.
T57678 333276-333371 Sentence denotes A standard assay for testing antifungal agents against dermatophytes is also under development.
TextSentencer_T2551 333372-333506 Sentence denotes Further investigations address the applicability of other methods, which are more practical and/or require shorter incubation periods.
T61032 333372-333506 Sentence denotes Further investigations address the applicability of other methods, which are more practical and/or require shorter incubation periods.
TextSentencer_T2552 333507-333596 Sentence denotes Among these are Etest, colorimetric methods, flow cytometry, and ergosterol quantitation.
T49304 333507-333596 Sentence denotes Among these are Etest, colorimetric methods, flow cytometry, and ergosterol quantitation.
TextSentencer_T2553 333597-333702 Sentence denotes Utility of flow cytometry for AFST of yeasts and moulds is being currently studied and appears promising.
T74654 333597-333702 Sentence denotes Utility of flow cytometry for AFST of yeasts and moulds is being currently studied and appears promising.
TextSentencer_T2554 333703-333964 Sentence denotes Assessment of metabolic activity by using XTT colorimetric assay is also being investigated as a novel approach, particularly for determination of quantitative endpoints for testing caspofungin against Aspergillus, and for susceptibility testing of Zygomycetes.
T45380 333703-333964 Sentence denotes Assessment of metabolic activity by using XTT colorimetric assay is also being investigated as a novel approach, particularly for determination of quantitative endpoints for testing caspofungin against Aspergillus, and for susceptibility testing of Zygomycetes.
TextSentencer_T2555 333965-334096 Sentence denotes Despite these progressions, utility of AFST in direction of antifungal therapy and prediction of clinical outcome is still limited.
T52759 333965-334096 Sentence denotes Despite these progressions, utility of AFST in direction of antifungal therapy and prediction of clinical outcome is still limited.
TextSentencer_T2556 334097-334414 Sentence denotes While in vitro triazole (particularly fluconazole) susceptibility results for Candida appear to be optimally correlated with clinical outcome, data are either limited and investigational or fail to demonstrate any significant in vitro-in vivo correlation for most of the remaining fungus-antifungal drug combinations.
T54400 334097-334414 Sentence denotes While in vitro triazole (particularly fluconazole) susceptibility results for Candida appear to be optimally correlated with clinical outcome, data are either limited and investigational or fail to demonstrate any significant in vitro-in vivo correlation for most of the remaining fungus-antifungal drug combinations.
TextSentencer_T2557 334415-334544 Sentence denotes Importantly and conclusively, the results obtained by AFST constitute one of the several factors that influence clinical outcome.
T43063 334415-334544 Sentence denotes Importantly and conclusively, the results obtained by AFST constitute one of the several factors that influence clinical outcome.
TextSentencer_T2558 334545-334747 Sentence denotes Optimisation of test methodologies and parameters for routine use and expanded in vitro-in vivo correlation studies may further enhance the role of AFST as an adjunct in direction of antifungal therapy.
T25407 334545-334747 Sentence denotes Optimisation of test methodologies and parameters for routine use and expanded in vitro-in vivo correlation studies may further enhance the role of AFST as an adjunct in direction of antifungal therapy.
TextSentencer_T2559 334748-334855 Sentence denotes In recent years, there has been important progress in our knowledge of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
T44859 334748-334855 Sentence denotes In recent years, there has been important progress in our knowledge of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T2560 334856-335056 Sentence denotes The availability of a large number of antibiotics has allowed precise individualisation of resistance phenotypes, and enzyme inhibitors have provided clues concerning certain mechanisms of resistance.
T3005 334856-335056 Sentence denotes The availability of a large number of antibiotics has allowed precise individualisation of resistance phenotypes, and enzyme inhibitors have provided clues concerning certain mechanisms of resistance.
TextSentencer_T2561 335057-335297 Sentence denotes Detailed analysis of the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of antibiotics, alone or in combination, has indicated the limits of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests in the detection of resistance resulting in clinical failure.
T43764 335057-335297 Sentence denotes Detailed analysis of the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of antibiotics, alone or in combination, has indicated the limits of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests in the detection of resistance resulting in clinical failure.
TextSentencer_T2562 335298-335554 Sentence denotes The goal of combined molecular and therapeutic interpretation of susceptibility tests is to provide an improved logical basis for decision-making in antibiotic therapy by taking into account the recent progress in the understanding of bacterial resistance.
T4389 335298-335554 Sentence denotes The goal of combined molecular and therapeutic interpretation of susceptibility tests is to provide an improved logical basis for decision-making in antibiotic therapy by taking into account the recent progress in the understanding of bacterial resistance.
TextSentencer_T2563 335555-335719 Sentence denotes The molecular analysis and therapeutic interpretation, designated "interpretative reading", of the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests consists of three steps:
T1619 335555-335719 Sentence denotes The molecular analysis and therapeutic interpretation, designated "interpretative reading", of the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests consists of three steps:
TextSentencer_T2564 335720-336024 Sentence denotes (1) characterisation of the resistance phenotype with a judicious assortment of antibiotics belonging to the same class; (2) deduction from the observed phenotype of the corresponding biochemical mechanism of resistance; and (3) inference from the deduced mechanism of the predicted resistance phenotype.
T8085 335720-336024 Sentence denotes (1) characterisation of the resistance phenotype with a judicious assortment of antibiotics belonging to the same class; (2) deduction from the observed phenotype of the corresponding biochemical mechanism of resistance; and (3) inference from the deduced mechanism of the predicted resistance phenotype.
TextSentencer_T2565 336025-336150 Sentence denotes In vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests, like other tests in biology, should provide objective quantitative data, e.g. MICs.
T15218 336025-336150 Sentence denotes In vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests, like other tests in biology, should provide objective quantitative data, e.g. MICs.
TextSentencer_T2566 336151-336267 Sentence denotes For various historical reasons, they also provide subjective interpretation of the data such as clinical categories.
T55753 336151-336267 Sentence denotes For various historical reasons, they also provide subjective interpretation of the data such as clinical categories.
TextSentencer_T2567 336268-336509 Sentence denotes Interpretative reading of antimicrobial susceptibility tests is an attempt to reconcile these two notions by basing interpretation on the most recent knowledge in the field of antibiotic study, in particular that of mechanisms of resistance.
T10947 336268-336509 Sentence denotes Interpretative reading of antimicrobial susceptibility tests is an attempt to reconcile these two notions by basing interpretation on the most recent knowledge in the field of antibiotic study, in particular that of mechanisms of resistance.
TextSentencer_T2568 336510-336639 Sentence denotes The best that one can ask of antibiotic susceptibility testing is detection of resistance, in particular of low-level resistance.
T59759 336510-336639 Sentence denotes The best that one can ask of antibiotic susceptibility testing is detection of resistance, in particular of low-level resistance.
TextSentencer_T2569 336640-336782 Sentence denotes This can be achieved by improved interpretation of the results of in vitro sensitivity tests or by the design of certain genotypic approaches.
T64349 336640-336782 Sentence denotes This can be achieved by improved interpretation of the results of in vitro sensitivity tests or by the design of certain genotypic approaches.
TextSentencer_T2570 336783-337075 Sentence denotes The goal of the proposed approach is to provide the clinician with the necessary results for judicious decision-making in antibiotic therapy utilising available information and to draw his or her attention to the combinations of bacterium and antibiotic for which there is a therapeutic risk.
T81830 336783-337075 Sentence denotes The goal of the proposed approach is to provide the clinician with the necessary results for judicious decision-making in antibiotic therapy utilising available information and to draw his or her attention to the combinations of bacterium and antibiotic for which there is a therapeutic risk.
TextSentencer_T2571 337076-337222 Sentence denotes Resistance to aminoglycosides is mostly related to production of modifying enzymes, phosphorylases, nucleotidyltransferases or acetyltransferases.
T10236 337076-337222 Sentence denotes Resistance to aminoglycosides is mostly related to production of modifying enzymes, phosphorylases, nucleotidyltransferases or acetyltransferases.
TextSentencer_T2572 337223-337429 Sentence denotes The enzymes vary in their substrate ranges which are often broad and each enzyme is characterised by a particular profile of resistance which allows its putative identification from the conferred phenotype.
T28127 337223-337429 Sentence denotes The enzymes vary in their substrate ranges which are often broad and each enzyme is characterised by a particular profile of resistance which allows its putative identification from the conferred phenotype.
TextSentencer_T2573 337430-337536 Sentence denotes The enzymes from Gram-positive cocci generally differ from the enzymes detected in Gram-negative bacteria.
T25699 337430-337536 Sentence denotes The enzymes from Gram-positive cocci generally differ from the enzymes detected in Gram-negative bacteria.
TextSentencer_T2574 337537-337648 Sentence denotes Generally, the presence of an enzyme confers to the host frank resistance to the antibiotics modified in vitro.
T85408 337537-337648 Sentence denotes Generally, the presence of an enzyme confers to the host frank resistance to the antibiotics modified in vitro.
TextSentencer_T2575 337649-337737 Sentence denotes However, there are some exceptions, both in Gram-negative and in Gram-positive bacteria.
T18205 337649-337737 Sentence denotes However, there are some exceptions, both in Gram-negative and in Gram-positive bacteria.
TextSentencer_T2576 337738-337886 Sentence denotes For instance, resistance of Gram-positive organisms to the kanamycin-neomycin group of antibiotics is due to the synthesis of an APH(3 )-III enzyme.
T93583 337738-337886 Sentence denotes For instance, resistance of Gram-positive organisms to the kanamycin-neomycin group of antibiotics is due to the synthesis of an APH(3 )-III enzyme.
TextSentencer_T2577 337887-338028 Sentence denotes The enzyme catalyzes efficient phosphorylation of amikacin in cell-free extracts but does not always determine resistance to this antibiotic.
T37011 337887-338028 Sentence denotes The enzyme catalyzes efficient phosphorylation of amikacin in cell-free extracts but does not always determine resistance to this antibiotic.
TextSentencer_T2578 338029-338122 Sentence denotes However, bactericidal synergism of amikacin with b-lactams or vancomycin is always abolished.
T34561 338029-338122 Sentence denotes However, bactericidal synergism of amikacin with b-lactams or vancomycin is always abolished.
TextSentencer_T2579 338123-338229 Sentence denotes Therefore, the test of kanamycin better predicts the activity of amikacin against Gram-positive organisms.
T993 338123-338229 Sentence denotes Therefore, the test of kanamycin better predicts the activity of amikacin against Gram-positive organisms.
TextSentencer_T2580 338230-338415 Sentence denotes In this case and several others, interpretive reading of susceptibility tests based on identification of resistance phenotypes may help to identify impaired activity of aminoglycosides.
T82364 338230-338415 Sentence denotes In this case and several others, interpretive reading of susceptibility tests based on identification of resistance phenotypes may help to identify impaired activity of aminoglycosides.
TextSentencer_T2581 338416-338550 Sentence denotes Interpretive reading may also allow to identify some pitfalls in the detection of resistance to macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics.
T47916 338416-338550 Sentence denotes Interpretive reading may also allow to identify some pitfalls in the detection of resistance to macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T2582 338551-338748 Sentence denotes Staphylococci may be resistant to macrolides by production of a ribosomal methylase encoded by erm genes conferring the MLSB phenotype or by production of an efflux pump encoded by the msr(A) gene.
T16678 338551-338748 Sentence denotes Staphylococci may be resistant to macrolides by production of a ribosomal methylase encoded by erm genes conferring the MLSB phenotype or by production of an efflux pump encoded by the msr(A) gene.
TextSentencer_T2583 338749-338837 Sentence denotes In case of inducible MLSB resistance, clindamycin that is not an inducer remains active.
T22047 338749-338837 Sentence denotes In case of inducible MLSB resistance, clindamycin that is not an inducer remains active.
TextSentencer_T2584 338838-339002 Sentence denotes However, constitutively resistant mutants can be selected by clindamycin and clinical failure during treatment by clindamycin have been reported in a few occasions.
T78632 338838-339002 Sentence denotes However, constitutively resistant mutants can be selected by clindamycin and clinical failure during treatment by clindamycin have been reported in a few occasions.
TextSentencer_T2585 339003-339115 Sentence denotes The use of clindamycin is probably best avoided in severe infections or infections with heavy bacterial inocula.
T30613 339003-339115 Sentence denotes The use of clindamycin is probably best avoided in severe infections or infections with heavy bacterial inocula.
TextSentencer_T2586 339116-339302 Sentence denotes In case of resistance by efflux, clindamycin is not substrate for the pump and the risk for selection of resistant mutants is not greater than that for erythromycin-susceptible isolates.
T49735 339116-339302 Sentence denotes In case of resistance by efflux, clindamycin is not substrate for the pump and the risk for selection of resistant mutants is not greater than that for erythromycin-susceptible isolates.
TextSentencer_T2587 339303-339447 Sentence denotes By a disk diffusion test, the inducible MLSB phenotype can be identified by the flattening of the clindamycin zone facing the erythromycin disk.
T65992 339303-339447 Sentence denotes By a disk diffusion test, the inducible MLSB phenotype can be identified by the flattening of the clindamycin zone facing the erythromycin disk.
TextSentencer_T2588 339448-339543 Sentence denotes The relative importance of the contaminated inanimate environment is discussed controversially:
T34776 339448-339543 Sentence denotes The relative importance of the contaminated inanimate environment is discussed controversially:
TextSentencer_T2589 339544-339763 Sentence denotes Whereas outbreaks due to environmental sources have been described repeatedly, its role as a source for endemic colonisation (and, as a consequence, infection) in intensive care patients has not been firmly established.
T65108 339544-339763 Sentence denotes Whereas outbreaks due to environmental sources have been described repeatedly, its role as a source for endemic colonisation (and, as a consequence, infection) in intensive care patients has not been firmly established.
TextSentencer_T2590 339764-340020 Sentence denotes More recent data show that in an ICU, a high figure of 35% of all cases of P. aeruginosa acquisition may originate from contaminated tap water (clonal relationship between isolates) and that retrograde contamination of faucets by patients may occur in 15%.
T88075 339764-340020 Sentence denotes More recent data show that in an ICU, a high figure of 35% of all cases of P. aeruginosa acquisition may originate from contaminated tap water (clonal relationship between isolates) and that retrograde contamination of faucets by patients may occur in 15%.
TextSentencer_T2591 340021-340156 Sentence denotes However, surveillance of intestinal colonisation (which plays a relevant role in the epidemiology of P. aeruginosa) was not undertaken.
T65502 340021-340156 Sentence denotes However, surveillance of intestinal colonisation (which plays a relevant role in the epidemiology of P. aeruginosa) was not undertaken.
TextSentencer_T2592 340157-340349 Sentence denotes The majority of colonised patients is already colonised on admission, with preceding antibiotic exposure being responsible for the majority of cases of acquired respiratory tract colonisation.
T2320 340157-340349 Sentence denotes The majority of colonised patients is already colonised on admission, with preceding antibiotic exposure being responsible for the majority of cases of acquired respiratory tract colonisation.
TextSentencer_T2593 340350-340503 Sentence denotes With regard to infection control, adequate hand hygiene is essential, whereas 'sterilisation' of sinks or routine use of water filters seems impractical.
T48490 340350-340503 Sentence denotes With regard to infection control, adequate hand hygiene is essential, whereas 'sterilisation' of sinks or routine use of water filters seems impractical.
TextSentencer_T2594 340504-340657 Sentence denotes Alcohol-based handrubs, via dispensers near the bedside or in coat pockets, should be preferred in most situations over hand washing with soap and water.
T85060 340504-340657 Sentence denotes Alcohol-based handrubs, via dispensers near the bedside or in coat pockets, should be preferred in most situations over hand washing with soap and water.
TextSentencer_T2595 340658-340851 Sentence denotes All open water sources including sinks may be a potential habitat of pathogens like P. aeruginosa, and the use of tap water for critically ill or immuno-compromised patients must be restricted.
T48551 340658-340851 Sentence denotes All open water sources including sinks may be a potential habitat of pathogens like P. aeruginosa, and the use of tap water for critically ill or immuno-compromised patients must be restricted.
TextSentencer_T2596 340852-340934 Sentence denotes A second pathogen was reported in 65% of patients and Candida sp. was seen in 14%.
T21640 340852-340934 Sentence denotes A second pathogen was reported in 65% of patients and Candida sp. was seen in 14%.
TextSentencer_T2597 340935-341088 Sentence denotes There were significant regional variations in the distribution of pathogens and the number of culture tests taken (0−5.9 cultures per patient admission).
T9987 340935-341088 Sentence denotes There were significant regional variations in the distribution of pathogens and the number of culture tests taken (0−5.9 cultures per patient admission).
TextSentencer_T2598 341089-341183 Sentence denotes The principal pathogen was resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics in 60−90% of cases.
T43248 341089-341183 Sentence denotes The principal pathogen was resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics in 60−90% of cases.
TextSentencer_T2599 341184-341336 Sentence denotes The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was about 30% in most regions, while the prevalence of urosepsis varied between 2−27% in the regions studied.
T57323 341184-341336 Sentence denotes The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was about 30% in most regions, while the prevalence of urosepsis varied between 2−27% in the regions studied.
TextSentencer_T2600 341337-341349 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T4095 341337-341349 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T2601 341350-341504 Sentence denotes Urology sections should be encouraged to monitor the susceptibility of pathogens causing NAUTI in order to tailor a better empirical antibiotic treatment.
T83150 341350-341504 Sentence denotes Urology sections should be encouraged to monitor the susceptibility of pathogens causing NAUTI in order to tailor a better empirical antibiotic treatment.
TextSentencer_T2602 341505-341664 Sentence denotes Urologists need to work out guidelines on when to take blood cultures after urological surgery to obtain a more uniform reporting of urosepsis between regions.
T37210 341505-341664 Sentence denotes Urologists need to work out guidelines on when to take blood cultures after urological surgery to obtain a more uniform reporting of urosepsis between regions.
TextSentencer_T2603 341665-341745 Sentence denotes The high prevalence of urosepsis after urological surgery is a cause of concern.
T91679 341665-341745 Sentence denotes The high prevalence of urosepsis after urological surgery is a cause of concern.
TextSentencer_T2604 341746-341822 Sentence denotes Escherichia coli accounted for about 80% of organisms in uncomplicated UTIs.
T26561 341746-341822 Sentence denotes Escherichia coli accounted for about 80% of organisms in uncomplicated UTIs.
TextSentencer_T2605 341823-342026 Sentence denotes In contrast, in complicated UTI many kinds of enterobacteriaceae isolates, staphylococci, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the other glucose-nonfermentable Gram-negative rod (NFGNR) are isolated.
T82963 341823-342026 Sentence denotes In contrast, in complicated UTI many kinds of enterobacteriaceae isolates, staphylococci, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the other glucose-nonfermentable Gram-negative rod (NFGNR) are isolated.
TextSentencer_T2606 342027-342075 Sentence denotes Almost nosocomial UTI (NUTI) is complicated UTI.
T98318 342027-342075 Sentence denotes Almost nosocomial UTI (NUTI) is complicated UTI.
TextSentencer_T2607 342076-342162 Sentence denotes In the 2003 GPIU study (formerly PEP study), NUTI prevalence rate was 9.4% (326/3350).
T52239 342076-342162 Sentence denotes In the 2003 GPIU study (formerly PEP study), NUTI prevalence rate was 9.4% (326/3350).
TextSentencer_T2608 342163-342278 Sentence denotes In the 2003 GPIU study, E. coli was the most frequent pathogen, accounting for about 30% of all pathogens isolated.
T83192 342163-342278 Sentence denotes In the 2003 GPIU study, E. coli was the most frequent pathogen, accounting for about 30% of all pathogens isolated.
TextSentencer_T2609 342279-342377 Sentence denotes Pseudomonas (13%), Klebsiella (10%), Enterococcus (9%), and Proteus (7%) were isolated frequently.
T29273 342279-342377 Sentence denotes Pseudomonas (13%), Klebsiella (10%), Enterococcus (9%), and Proteus (7%) were isolated frequently.
TextSentencer_T2610 342378-342485 Sentence denotes In our hospital, Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequent of all isolated organisms, accounting for 24%.
T15543 342378-342485 Sentence denotes In our hospital, Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequent of all isolated organisms, accounting for 24%.
TextSentencer_T2611 342486-342649 Sentence denotes The other enterococci (12%), S. marcescens (12%), P. aeruginosa (9%), the other NFGNR (9%), E. coli (6%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (6%) were isolated frequently.
T75910 342486-342649 Sentence denotes The other enterococci (12%), S. marcescens (12%), P. aeruginosa (9%), the other NFGNR (9%), E. coli (6%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (6%) were isolated frequently.
TextSentencer_T2612 342650-342741 Sentence denotes It is considered that these differences occurred by the difference of patients' background.
T71207 342650-342741 Sentence denotes It is considered that these differences occurred by the difference of patients' background.
TextSentencer_T2613 342742-342850 Sentence denotes The fluoroquinolone-and cephem-resistant enterobacteriaceae isolates from patients with NUTI are increasing.
T8917 342742-342850 Sentence denotes The fluoroquinolone-and cephem-resistant enterobacteriaceae isolates from patients with NUTI are increasing.
TextSentencer_T2614 342851-342985 Sentence denotes Most of the cephem-resistant isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis are producing Extended-Spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs).
T19516 342851-342985 Sentence denotes Most of the cephem-resistant isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis are producing Extended-Spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs).
TextSentencer_T2615 342986-343041 Sentence denotes ESBLs are plasmid-mediated broad-spectrum b-lactamases.
T59847 342986-343041 Sentence denotes ESBLs are plasmid-mediated broad-spectrum b-lactamases.
TextSentencer_T2616 343042-343168 Sentence denotes The ratios of ESBL producers in E. coli and K. pneumoniae are quite different in each country (less than 5% to more than 80%).
T72283 343042-343168 Sentence denotes The ratios of ESBL producers in E. coli and K. pneumoniae are quite different in each country (less than 5% to more than 80%).
TextSentencer_T2617 343169-343305 Sentence denotes Most of the nosocomial ESBL producers have acquired resistance to non-b-lactams, such as fluoroquinolones, phosphomycin, co-trimoxazole.
T40302 343169-343305 Sentence denotes Most of the nosocomial ESBL producers have acquired resistance to non-b-lactams, such as fluoroquinolones, phosphomycin, co-trimoxazole.
TextSentencer_T2618 343306-343383 Sentence denotes Some of the multi-drug resistant isolates have no effective oral antibiotics.
T27684 343306-343383 Sentence denotes Some of the multi-drug resistant isolates have no effective oral antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T2619 343384-343580 Sentence denotes According to the 2003-2004 GISP study, the ratios of fluoroquinolone resistance of E. coli and K. pneumoniae accounted for about 20%, respectively, that of enterococci accounted for more than 60%.
T28312 343384-343580 Sentence denotes According to the 2003-2004 GISP study, the ratios of fluoroquinolone resistance of E. coli and K. pneumoniae accounted for about 20%, respectively, that of enterococci accounted for more than 60%.
TextSentencer_T2620 343581-343674 Sentence denotes Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones are mainly target mutations, especially GyrA and ParC.
T29303 343581-343674 Sentence denotes Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones are mainly target mutations, especially GyrA and ParC.
TextSentencer_T2621 343675-343741 Sentence denotes Qnr that is plasmid encoded quinolone resistance reported in 2002.
T55078 343675-343741 Sentence denotes Qnr that is plasmid encoded quinolone resistance reported in 2002.
TextSentencer_T2622 343742-343851 Sentence denotes The emergence of qnr also alerts us to the potential rapid dissemination of quinolone-resistant determinants.
T53633 343742-343851 Sentence denotes The emergence of qnr also alerts us to the potential rapid dissemination of quinolone-resistant determinants.
TextSentencer_T2623 343852-344087 Sentence denotes Qnr shows quinolone specific resistance, but the qnrplasmids reported are integron-associated and carry multiple resistance determinants providing resistance to several classes of antimicrobials including b-lactams and aminoglycosides.
T72928 343852-344087 Sentence denotes Qnr shows quinolone specific resistance, but the qnrplasmids reported are integron-associated and carry multiple resistance determinants providing resistance to several classes of antimicrobials including b-lactams and aminoglycosides.
TextSentencer_T2624 344088-344149 Sentence denotes Multi-drug resistant isolates cause nosocomial spread easily.
T10199 344088-344149 Sentence denotes Multi-drug resistant isolates cause nosocomial spread easily.
TextSentencer_T2625 344150-344236 Sentence denotes There are many reports about nosocomial spread of multi-drug resistant ESBL producers.
T44269 344150-344236 Sentence denotes There are many reports about nosocomial spread of multi-drug resistant ESBL producers.
TextSentencer_T2626 344237-344341 Sentence denotes To prevent prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant isolates appropriate antimicrobial selection is needed.
T21864 344237-344341 Sentence denotes To prevent prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant isolates appropriate antimicrobial selection is needed.
TextSentencer_T2627 344342-344566 Sentence denotes Geographic variations in pathogen occurrence and susceptibility profiles require monitoring continuously, and it is important to update treatment guidelines based on susceptibility profile and the results of clinical trials.
T91007 344342-344566 Sentence denotes Geographic variations in pathogen occurrence and susceptibility profiles require monitoring continuously, and it is important to update treatment guidelines based on susceptibility profile and the results of clinical trials.
TextSentencer_T2628 344567-344714 Sentence denotes Urosepsis accounts for approximately 25% of all sepsis cases and may develop from a community or nosocomial acquired urinary tract infection (UTI).
T88592 344567-344714 Sentence denotes Urosepsis accounts for approximately 25% of all sepsis cases and may develop from a community or nosocomial acquired urinary tract infection (UTI).
TextSentencer_T2629 344715-344916 Sentence denotes The underlying UTI is almost exclusively a complicated one with involvement of the parenchymatous urogenital organs (e.g. kidneys, prostate) and mostly associated with any kind of obstructive uropathy.
T76102 344715-344916 Sentence denotes The underlying UTI is almost exclusively a complicated one with involvement of the parenchymatous urogenital organs (e.g. kidneys, prostate) and mostly associated with any kind of obstructive uropathy.
TextSentencer_T2630 344917-345083 Sentence denotes If urosepsis originates from a nosocomial infection, a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens have to be expected which are often multiresistant.
T21947 344917-345083 Sentence denotes If urosepsis originates from a nosocomial infection, a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens have to be expected which are often multiresistant.
TextSentencer_T2631 345084-345188 Sentence denotes In urosepsis, as in other types of sepsis, the severity of sepsis depends mostly upon the host response.
T50517 345084-345188 Sentence denotes In urosepsis, as in other types of sepsis, the severity of sepsis depends mostly upon the host response.
TextSentencer_T2632 345189-345297 Sentence denotes The treatment of urosepsis follows the generally accepted rules of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines.
T82250 345189-345297 Sentence denotes The treatment of urosepsis follows the generally accepted rules of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines.
TextSentencer_T2633 345298-345482 Sentence denotes Early normalisation of blood pressure and early adequate empiric antibiotic therapy with optimised dosing are equally important to meet the requirements of early goal directed therapy.
T15509 345298-345482 Sentence denotes Early normalisation of blood pressure and early adequate empiric antibiotic therapy with optimised dosing are equally important to meet the requirements of early goal directed therapy.
TextSentencer_T2634 345483-345580 Sentence denotes In most cases of urosepsis an early control of the infectious focus is possible and as important.
T43399 345483-345580 Sentence denotes In most cases of urosepsis an early control of the infectious focus is possible and as important.
TextSentencer_T2635 345581-345657 Sentence denotes Optimal supportive measures need to follow the early phase of resuscitation.
T95290 345581-345657 Sentence denotes Optimal supportive measures need to follow the early phase of resuscitation.
TextSentencer_T2636 345658-346262 Sentence denotes Although most antibiotics achieve high urinary concentrations there are several unique properties in complicated UTI, and thus in urosepsis, that influence the activity of the antibiotic substances: (i) The renal pharmacokinetics in unilateral and bilateral renal impairment and in unilateral and bilateral renal obstruction differ. (ii) Varations in pH may influence the activity of certain antibiotics. (iii) Biofilm infection is frequently found under these conditions, which may increase the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the antimicrobials at the site of infection by several 100-folds.
T92584 345658-346262 Sentence denotes Although most antibiotics achieve high urinary concentrations there are several unique properties in complicated UTI, and thus in urosepsis, that influence the activity of the antibiotic substances: (i) The renal pharmacokinetics in unilateral and bilateral renal impairment and in unilateral and bilateral renal obstruction differ. (ii) Varations in pH may influence the activity of certain antibiotics. (iii) Biofilm infection is frequently found under these conditions, which may increase the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the antimicrobials at the site of infection by several 100-folds.
TextSentencer_T2637 346263-346624 Sentence denotes In order to assess the antibiotic pharmacodynamic properties in such situations not only the MIC as determined in vitro and the plasma concentrations of the free (unbound) drug, which are the guiding principle for many infections, but also the actual renal excretion and the urinary bactericidal activity of an antibiotic substance should be taken into account.
T80421 346263-346624 Sentence denotes In order to assess the antibiotic pharmacodynamic properties in such situations not only the MIC as determined in vitro and the plasma concentrations of the free (unbound) drug, which are the guiding principle for many infections, but also the actual renal excretion and the urinary bactericidal activity of an antibiotic substance should be taken into account.
TextSentencer_T2638 346625-346757 Sentence denotes In the treatment of urosepsis it is important to achieve optimal exposure to antimicrobials both in plasma and in the urinary tract.
T37134 346625-346757 Sentence denotes In the treatment of urosepsis it is important to achieve optimal exposure to antimicrobials both in plasma and in the urinary tract.
TextSentencer_T2639 346758-346827 Sentence denotes The role of drugs with low renal excretion rate is therefore limited.
T81736 346758-346827 Sentence denotes The role of drugs with low renal excretion rate is therefore limited.
TextSentencer_T2640 346828-347052 Sentence denotes Since urosepsis originates quite often from catheter associated UTI and after urological interventions, optimal catheter care and optimal strategies to prevent nosocomial UTI may be able to reduce the frequency of urosepsis.
T16733 346828-347052 Sentence denotes Since urosepsis originates quite often from catheter associated UTI and after urological interventions, optimal catheter care and optimal strategies to prevent nosocomial UTI may be able to reduce the frequency of urosepsis.
TextSentencer_T2641 347053-347186 Sentence denotes 28.5%; p < 0.001) and were more commonly classified into Pneumonia Severity Index high-risk class (group V) (48% vs. 16%; p = 0.001).
T47520 347053-347186 Sentence denotes 28.5%; p < 0.001) and were more commonly classified into Pneumonia Severity Index high-risk class (group V) (48% vs. 16%; p = 0.001).
TextSentencer_T2642 347187-347319 Sentence denotes They also had received more frequently prior corticosteroid (30% vs. 6%; p = 0.001) and antibiotic (44% vs. 17%; p = 0.011) therapy.
T48720 347187-347319 Sentence denotes They also had received more frequently prior corticosteroid (30% vs. 6%; p = 0.001) and antibiotic (44% vs. 17%; p = 0.011) therapy.
TextSentencer_T2643 347320-347443 Sentence denotes Multivariate analysis identified COPD (OR = 6.83) and prior corticosteroid therapy (OR = 4.22) as independent risk factors.
T79730 347320-347443 Sentence denotes Multivariate analysis identified COPD (OR = 6.83) and prior corticosteroid therapy (OR = 4.22) as independent risk factors.
TextSentencer_T2644 347444-347642 Sentence denotes Patients with CAP due to P. aeruginosa presented more frequently with septic shock at entry (25% vs. 3.8%; p = 0.001) and multilobar pneumonia (50% vs. 25.4%; p = 0.019) than the remaining patients.
T65598 347444-347642 Sentence denotes Patients with CAP due to P. aeruginosa presented more frequently with septic shock at entry (25% vs. 3.8%; p = 0.001) and multilobar pneumonia (50% vs. 25.4%; p = 0.019) than the remaining patients.
TextSentencer_T2645 347643-347758 Sentence denotes They were also given more frequently an inappropriate initial empirical antibiotic therapy (68% vs. 9%; p < 0.001).
T88983 347643-347758 Sentence denotes They were also given more frequently an inappropriate initial empirical antibiotic therapy (68% vs. 9%; p < 0.001).
TextSentencer_T2646 347759-347904 Sentence denotes Early (29% vs. 2%; p < 0.001) and overall (55% vs. 8.5%; p < 0.001) case-fatality rates were higher among patients with CAP due to P. aeruginosa.
T31472 347759-347904 Sentence denotes Early (29% vs. 2%; p < 0.001) and overall (55% vs. 8.5%; p < 0.001) case-fatality rates were higher among patients with CAP due to P. aeruginosa.
TextSentencer_T2647 347905-348027 Sentence denotes Conclusions: CAP caused by P. aeruginosa is uncommon and occurs mainly in patients with COPD treated with corticosteroids.
T46953 347905-348027 Sentence denotes Conclusions: CAP caused by P. aeruginosa is uncommon and occurs mainly in patients with COPD treated with corticosteroids.
TextSentencer_T2648 348028-348098 Sentence denotes It frequently presents with shock and causes high case-fatality rates.
T39969 348028-348098 Sentence denotes It frequently presents with shock and causes high case-fatality rates.
TextSentencer_T2649 348099-348236 Sentence denotes The risk factors delineated in this study should be considered when selecting initial empirical antibiotic therapy for patients with CAP.
T20797 348099-348236 Sentence denotes The risk factors delineated in this study should be considered when selecting initial empirical antibiotic therapy for patients with CAP.
TextSentencer_T2650 348237-348247 Sentence denotes Objective:
T95045 348237-348247 Sentence denotes Objective:
TextSentencer_T2651 348248-348378 Sentence denotes In prospective aetiological studies, a microbial cause is not found in 30−65% of subjects with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).
T14744 348248-348378 Sentence denotes In prospective aetiological studies, a microbial cause is not found in 30−65% of subjects with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).
TextSentencer_T2652 348379-348491 Sentence denotes The objective of this analysis was to identify predictors of microbiological documentation in a large CAP trial.
T57413 348379-348491 Sentence denotes The objective of this analysis was to identify predictors of microbiological documentation in a large CAP trial.
TextSentencer_T2653 348492-348584 Sentence denotes Persistence or deterioration of CXR abnormalities were not correlated with a poor prognosis.
T44481 348492-348584 Sentence denotes Persistence or deterioration of CXR abnormalities were not correlated with a poor prognosis.
TextSentencer_T2654 348585-348798 Sentence denotes Therefore, routine follow-up CXR seems not to be appropriate for patients that respond to therapy and CXR follow-up to exclude a non-infectious cause should not be performed within 4 weeks after initial diagnosis.
T82557 348585-348798 Sentence denotes Therefore, routine follow-up CXR seems not to be appropriate for patients that respond to therapy and CXR follow-up to exclude a non-infectious cause should not be performed within 4 weeks after initial diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T2655 348799-348894 Sentence denotes O414 Is empiric broad-spectrum therapy always necessary in severe community-acquired pneumonia?
T55112 348799-348894 Sentence denotes O414 Is empiric broad-spectrum therapy always necessary in severe community-acquired pneumonia?
TextSentencer_T2656 348895-348897 Sentence denotes G.
T49323 348895-348897 Sentence denotes G.
TextSentencer_T2657 348898-348908 Sentence denotes Barlow, D.
T3383 348898-348908 Sentence denotes Barlow, D.
TextSentencer_T2658 348909-348921 Sentence denotes Nathwani, P.
T60294 348909-348921 Sentence denotes Nathwani, P.
TextSentencer_T2659 348922-348946 Sentence denotes Davey (Hull, Dundee, UK)
T47766 348922-348946 Sentence denotes Davey (Hull, Dundee, UK)
TextSentencer_T2660 348947-349116 Sentence denotes Objectives: UK guidelines recommend co-amoxiclav/macrolide or a second/third-generation cephalosporin/macrolide for severe (CURB65 3) community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).
T54645 348947-349116 Sentence denotes Objectives: UK guidelines recommend co-amoxiclav/macrolide or a second/third-generation cephalosporin/macrolide for severe (CURB65 3) community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).
TextSentencer_T2661 349117-349231 Sentence denotes Observational studies suggest that adherence to guidelines and atypical pathogen cover results in better outcomes.
T2763 349117-349231 Sentence denotes Observational studies suggest that adherence to guidelines and atypical pathogen cover results in better outcomes.
TextSentencer_T2662 349232-349312 Sentence denotes There is concern about the ecological impact, however, of broad-spectrum agents.
T27657 349232-349312 Sentence denotes There is concern about the ecological impact, however, of broad-spectrum agents.
TextSentencer_T2663 349313-349571 Sentence denotes This study compared mortality in hospitalised patients who had received amoxicillin/macrolide (narrow spectrum, NS) with those who had received either co-amoxiclav/macrolide or a second/ third-generation cephalosporin/macrolide (broad spectrum, BS Objective:
T29790 349313-349571 Sentence denotes This study compared mortality in hospitalised patients who had received amoxicillin/macrolide (narrow spectrum, NS) with those who had received either co-amoxiclav/macrolide or a second/ third-generation cephalosporin/macrolide (broad spectrum, BS Objective:
TextSentencer_T2664 349572-349644 Sentence denotes Bacteraemia is an important cause of mortality in hospitalised patients.
T81771 349572-349644 Sentence denotes Bacteraemia is an important cause of mortality in hospitalised patients.
TextSentencer_T2665 349645-349748 Sentence denotes CURB65 has been validated as a predictor of mortality in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (Lim et al.
T23793 349645-349748 Sentence denotes CURB65 has been validated as a predictor of mortality in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (Lim et al.
TextSentencer_T2666 349749-349797 Sentence denotes Thorax 2003), but not in other causes of sepsis.
T50066 349749-349797 Sentence denotes Thorax 2003), but not in other causes of sepsis.
TextSentencer_T2667 349798-349889 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to assess the performance of CURB65 in patients with bacteraemia.
T33503 349798-349889 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to assess the performance of CURB65 in patients with bacteraemia.
TextSentencer_T2668 349890-349898 Sentence denotes Methods:
T55880 349890-349898 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2669 349899-350021 Sentence denotes A retrospective cohort study was performed using data routinely collected in the delivery of the Hull Bacteraemia Service.
T48683 349899-350021 Sentence denotes A retrospective cohort study was performed using data routinely collected in the delivery of the Hull Bacteraemia Service.
TextSentencer_T2670 350022-350143 Sentence denotes As part of this service, patients with confirmed bacteraemia are seen at the bedside by an infectious diseases physician.
T19733 350022-350143 Sentence denotes As part of this service, patients with confirmed bacteraemia are seen at the bedside by an infectious diseases physician.
TextSentencer_T2671 350144-350235 Sentence denotes A typed report, which includes physiological data, is then sent to the patient's physician.
T22979 350144-350235 Sentence denotes A typed report, which includes physiological data, is then sent to the patient's physician.
TextSentencer_T2672 350236-350328 Sentence denotes Patients were included if they had all CURB65 criteria recorded at the point of bacteraemia.
T99601 350236-350328 Sentence denotes Patients were included if they had all CURB65 criteria recorded at the point of bacteraemia.
TextSentencer_T2673 350329-350414 Sentence denotes 30-day mortality was established by hospital database and stratified by CURB65 score.
T62859 350329-350414 Sentence denotes 30-day mortality was established by hospital database and stratified by CURB65 score.
TextSentencer_T2674 350415-350531 Sentence denotes A receiver operating curve (ROC) was produced and area under the curve and 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated.
T99375 350415-350531 Sentence denotes A receiver operating curve (ROC) was produced and area under the curve and 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated.
TextSentencer_T2675 350532-350540 Sentence denotes Results:
T18712 350532-350540 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2676 350541-350622 Sentence denotes Of 151 patient reports, 61 patients (62% male) had a full set of CURB65 criteria.
T56920 350541-350622 Sentence denotes Of 151 patient reports, 61 patients (62% male) had a full set of CURB65 criteria.
TextSentencer_T2677 350623-350705 Sentence denotes 49% of patients were over 65 years old and 34% were being managed on a renal ward.
T54758 350623-350705 Sentence denotes 49% of patients were over 65 years old and 34% were being managed on a renal ward.
TextSentencer_T2678 350706-350919 Sentence denotes The most common bacteria were: MSSA (41% of patients), MRSA (23%); various Gram-negatives (16%); thought to be significant coagulasenegative staphylococci (15%); Group A−G streptococci (10%); and enterococci (8%).
T65629 350706-350919 Sentence denotes The most common bacteria were: MSSA (41% of patients), MRSA (23%); various Gram-negatives (16%); thought to be significant coagulasenegative staphylococci (15%); Group A−G streptococci (10%); and enterococci (8%).
TextSentencer_T2679 350920-351100 Sentence denotes The most common sources of bacteraemia were: central venous line (31% of patients); intravenous drug use (15%); urinary tract (13%); contamination (10%); and skin/soft tissue (8%).
T38930 350920-351100 Sentence denotes The most common sources of bacteraemia were: central venous line (31% of patients); intravenous drug use (15%); urinary tract (13%); contamination (10%); and skin/soft tissue (8%).
TextSentencer_T2680 351101-351166 Sentence denotes 9% of patients were receiving discordant therapy prior to review.
T54181 351101-351166 Sentence denotes 9% of patients were receiving discordant therapy prior to review.
TextSentencer_T2681 351167-351201 Sentence denotes Overall, 30-day mortality was 25%.
T62281 351167-351201 Sentence denotes Overall, 30-day mortality was 25%.
TextSentencer_T2682 351202-351260 Sentence denotes Recrudescence within 90 days occurred in 5.5% of patients.
T49239 351202-351260 Sentence denotes Recrudescence within 90 days occurred in 5.5% of patients.
TextSentencer_T2683 351261-351321 Sentence denotes The table shows 30-day mortality stratified by CURB65 score.
T42382 351261-351321 Sentence denotes The table shows 30-day mortality stratified by CURB65 score.
TextSentencer_T2684 351322-351362 Sentence denotes The area under the ROC was 0.73 (95% CI:
T79119 351322-351362 Sentence denotes The area under the ROC was 0.73 (95% CI:
TextSentencer_T2685 351363-351373 Sentence denotes 0.6−0.86).
T80232 351363-351373 Sentence denotes 0.6−0.86).
TextSentencer_T2686 351374-351386 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T23096 351374-351386 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T2687 351387-351478 Sentence denotes This is the first study to assess the performance of CURB65 in a non-respiratory infection.
T15577 351387-351478 Sentence denotes This is the first study to assess the performance of CURB65 in a non-respiratory infection.
TextSentencer_T2688 351479-351575 Sentence denotes Although preliminary, CURB65 appeared to stratify 30-day mortality in patients with bacteraemia.
T23157 351479-351575 Sentence denotes Although preliminary, CURB65 appeared to stratify 30-day mortality in patients with bacteraemia.
TextSentencer_T2689 351576-351650 Sentence denotes The cut-off for severe illness may need to be lower, however, than in CAP.
T82426 351576-351650 Sentence denotes The cut-off for severe illness may need to be lower, however, than in CAP.
TextSentencer_T2690 351651-351833 Sentence denotes There is the potential, therefore, to identify a low-risk cohort of patients (i.e. CURB65 = 0) who may be appropriate for an early switch to oral therapy and discharge from hospital.
T37179 351651-351833 Sentence denotes There is the potential, therefore, to identify a low-risk cohort of patients (i.e. CURB65 = 0) who may be appropriate for an early switch to oral therapy and discharge from hospital.
TextSentencer_T2691 351834-351986 Sentence denotes Likewise, patients at high risk (i.e. CURB65 2) are more likely to need aggressive therapy according to the principals of the surviving sepsis campaign.
T12437 351834-351986 Sentence denotes Likewise, patients at high risk (i.e. CURB65 2) are more likely to need aggressive therapy according to the principals of the surviving sepsis campaign.
TextSentencer_T2692 351987-352028 Sentence denotes A large prospective study is warranted. .
T64120 351987-352028 Sentence denotes A large prospective study is warranted. .
TextSentencer_T2693 352029-352171 Sentence denotes Mortality occurred rapidly after the onset of symptoms (median 3 days; range 1−17 days) in seven patients with non-menstrual STSS (7/32, 22%).
T90325 352029-352171 Sentence denotes Mortality occurred rapidly after the onset of symptoms (median 3 days; range 1−17 days) in seven patients with non-menstrual STSS (7/32, 22%).
TextSentencer_T2694 352172-352333 Sentence denotes Deceased patients were more aggressively treated in comparison to survivors but they never received clindamycin, linezolid or intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg).
T24134 352172-352333 Sentence denotes Deceased patients were more aggressively treated in comparison to survivors but they never received clindamycin, linezolid or intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg).
TextSentencer_T2695 352334-352408 Sentence denotes We observed that non-menstrual STSS was a more severe disease as expected.
T78231 352334-352408 Sentence denotes We observed that non-menstrual STSS was a more severe disease as expected.
TextSentencer_T2696 352409-352550 Sentence denotes Comparing with menstrual STSS, non-menstrual STSS patients have a high positive blood culture and mortality rate (50% and 22%, respectively).
T70947 352409-352550 Sentence denotes Comparing with menstrual STSS, non-menstrual STSS patients have a high positive blood culture and mortality rate (50% and 22%, respectively).
TextSentencer_T2697 352551-352684 Sentence denotes This could reflect an evolution of the S. aureus isolates towards a higher virulence and expression of various superantigenic toxins.
T37546 352551-352684 Sentence denotes This could reflect an evolution of the S. aureus isolates towards a higher virulence and expression of various superantigenic toxins.
TextSentencer_T2698 352685-352876 Sentence denotes Bacteraemia could partially explain the severity of non-menstrual cases and may be a composite form of shock, frontier between septic shock and STSS, potentially more severe than STSS itself.
T55801 352685-352876 Sentence denotes Bacteraemia could partially explain the severity of non-menstrual cases and may be a composite form of shock, frontier between septic shock and STSS, potentially more severe than STSS itself.
TextSentencer_T2699 352877-353182 Sentence denotes Specific therapeutic intervention has to be implemented for patients with non-menstrual STSS and we proposed the following strategy: rapid wound debridement whatever the importance of local inflammation; rapid addition of anti-toxinic antibiotic such as clindamycin or linezolid; and prescription of IVIg.
T36822 352877-353182 Sentence denotes Specific therapeutic intervention has to be implemented for patients with non-menstrual STSS and we proposed the following strategy: rapid wound debridement whatever the importance of local inflammation; rapid addition of anti-toxinic antibiotic such as clindamycin or linezolid; and prescription of IVIg.
TextSentencer_T2700 353183-353357 Sentence denotes To determine the best model, Model Selection Criterion (MSC) and coefficient of determination (R2) were taken into account as well as a visual inspection for goodness of fit.
T80191 353183-353357 Sentence denotes To determine the best model, Model Selection Criterion (MSC) and coefficient of determination (R2) were taken into account as well as a visual inspection for goodness of fit.
TextSentencer_T2701 353358-353366 Sentence denotes Results:
T89750 353358-353366 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2702 353367-353520 Sentence denotes Two susceptibility stages were defined for MRSAstage 1: self-replicating and susceptible to linezolid, and stage 2: unsusceptible and metabolic inactive.
T21773 353367-353520 Sentence denotes Two susceptibility stages were defined for MRSAstage 1: self-replicating and susceptible to linezolid, and stage 2: unsusceptible and metabolic inactive.
TextSentencer_T2703 353521-353682 Sentence denotes In the log-growth phase, susceptible bacteria grow with a growth rate constant k s that is greater than their natural death rate constant k d in a certain ratio.
T68321 353521-353682 Sentence denotes In the log-growth phase, susceptible bacteria grow with a growth rate constant k s that is greater than their natural death rate constant k d in a certain ratio.
TextSentencer_T2704 353683-353799 Sentence denotes Converging to the stationary phase this ratio changes in a non-linear manner, described by an additional N max term.
T93492 353683-353799 Sentence denotes Converging to the stationary phase this ratio changes in a non-linear manner, described by an additional N max term.
TextSentencer_T2705 353800-353891 Sentence denotes In the presence of linezolid a concentration C dependent kill has to be taken into account.
T10732 353800-353891 Sentence denotes In the presence of linezolid a concentration C dependent kill has to be taken into account.
TextSentencer_T2706 353892-354018 Sentence denotes From certain drug specific concentrations on, a maximum effect is reached, described by the maximum kill rate constant k max .
T57273 353892-354018 Sentence denotes From certain drug specific concentrations on, a maximum effect is reached, described by the maximum kill rate constant k max .
TextSentencer_T2707 354019-354162 Sentence denotes However, both the onset of growth and kill can be delayed and modeled by exponential terms, characterised by time t and dg or dk, respectively.
T92148 354019-354162 Sentence denotes However, both the onset of growth and kill can be delayed and modeled by exponential terms, characterised by time t and dg or dk, respectively.
TextSentencer_T2708 354163-354240 Sentence denotes The final shape of the curve is smoothed out by a Hill factor/shape factor h.
T17245 354163-354240 Sentence denotes The final shape of the curve is smoothed out by a Hill factor/shape factor h.
TextSentencer_T2709 354241-354358 Sentence denotes The modified sigmoid Emax-model shown below described the data best, resulting in MSC and R2 values of 4.04 and 0.82.
T29318 354241-354358 Sentence denotes The modified sigmoid Emax-model shown below described the data best, resulting in MSC and R2 values of 4.04 and 0.82.
TextSentencer_T2710 354359-354370 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T96343 354359-354370 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2711 354371-354504 Sentence denotes The proposed model incorporating five additional terms could account much better for the in vitro situation than a simple Emax-model.
T65405 354371-354504 Sentence denotes The proposed model incorporating five additional terms could account much better for the in vitro situation than a simple Emax-model.
TextSentencer_T2712 354505-354584 Sentence denotes A simultaneous fit describes the actual time-kill curve data sufficiently well.
T72744 354505-354584 Sentence denotes A simultaneous fit describes the actual time-kill curve data sufficiently well.
TextSentencer_T2713 354585-354755 Sentence denotes We have recently evaluated a number of antistaphylococcal drugs in vivo in a murine model of peritonitis, with respect to their intracellular antistaphylococcal activity.
T53765 354585-354755 Sentence denotes We have recently evaluated a number of antistaphylococcal drugs in vivo in a murine model of peritonitis, with respect to their intracellular antistaphylococcal activity.
TextSentencer_T2714 354756-354945 Sentence denotes Objectives: (1) A PK description of azithromycin (AZM), cefuroxime (CXM), dicloxacillin (DCX), gentamicin (GEN) and rifampicin (RIF) in plasma and peritoneal exudate following SC injection.
T11119 354756-354945 Sentence denotes Objectives: (1) A PK description of azithromycin (AZM), cefuroxime (CXM), dicloxacillin (DCX), gentamicin (GEN) and rifampicin (RIF) in plasma and peritoneal exudate following SC injection.
TextSentencer_T2715 354946-355035 Sentence denotes (2) A description of the intracellular accumulation of antibiotics in peritoneal exudate.
T15506 354946-355035 Sentence denotes (2) A description of the intracellular accumulation of antibiotics in peritoneal exudate.
TextSentencer_T2716 355036-355044 Sentence denotes Methods:
T88266 355036-355044 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2717 355045-355127 Sentence denotes Female NMRI mice were inoculated IP with Staphylococcus aureus E19977 in 5% mucin.
T22932 355045-355127 Sentence denotes Female NMRI mice were inoculated IP with Staphylococcus aureus E19977 in 5% mucin.
TextSentencer_T2718 355128-355199 Sentence denotes Two hours later, mice were treated SC with one of the five antibiotics.
T66154 355128-355199 Sentence denotes Two hours later, mice were treated SC with one of the five antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T2719 355200-355349 Sentence denotes For each individual mouse an aliquot of peritoneal exudate was saved for differential somatic cell count and measurement of antibiotic concentration.
T70418 355200-355349 Sentence denotes For each individual mouse an aliquot of peritoneal exudate was saved for differential somatic cell count and measurement of antibiotic concentration.
TextSentencer_T2720 355350-355460 Sentence denotes Pelleted cells (300 g, 10 min) from the rest of the peritoneal exudate were lysed in a small volume of dH 2 O.
T91334 355350-355460 Sentence denotes Pelleted cells (300 g, 10 min) from the rest of the peritoneal exudate were lysed in a small volume of dH 2 O.
TextSentencer_T2721 355461-355513 Sentence denotes Antibiotic concentrations were measured by bioassay.
T51450 355461-355513 Sentence denotes Antibiotic concentrations were measured by bioassay.
TextSentencer_T2722 355514-355623 Sentence denotes Intracellular accumulation was calculated by dividing the intracellular with the extracellular concentration.
T73150 355514-355623 Sentence denotes Intracellular accumulation was calculated by dividing the intracellular with the extracellular concentration.
TextSentencer_T2723 355625-355729 Sentence denotes The concentrations found for CXM and DCX were higher than the concentrations found for AZM, GEN and RIF.
T80041 355625-355729 Sentence denotes The concentrations found for CXM and DCX were higher than the concentrations found for AZM, GEN and RIF.
TextSentencer_T2724 355730-355857 Sentence denotes This corresponds well with the higher dose injected and the relatively high antistaphylococcal activity observed in PD studies.
T84032 355730-355857 Sentence denotes This corresponds well with the higher dose injected and the relatively high antistaphylococcal activity observed in PD studies.
TextSentencer_T2725 355858-355971 Sentence denotes The intracellular accumulation of AZM and RIF found here corresponds well with what has previously been reported.
T4932 355858-355971 Sentence denotes The intracellular accumulation of AZM and RIF found here corresponds well with what has previously been reported.
TextSentencer_T2726 355972-356297 Sentence denotes The intracellular accumulation for CXM, DCX and GEN found here, are surprisingly high, since b-lactams are notoriously considered not to accumulate intracellularly, and the 2−4 fold intracellular accumulation of aminoglycosides take several days, but the influx correlates well with the good effect seen in the in vivo model.
T39496 355972-356297 Sentence denotes The intracellular accumulation for CXM, DCX and GEN found here, are surprisingly high, since b-lactams are notoriously considered not to accumulate intracellularly, and the 2−4 fold intracellular accumulation of aminoglycosides take several days, but the influx correlates well with the good effect seen in the in vivo model.
TextSentencer_T2727 356298-356451 Sentence denotes An inflammatory reaction of the venous vessel is a common clinical problem that is observed after intravenous application of antibiotics and other drugs.
T11203 356298-356451 Sentence denotes An inflammatory reaction of the venous vessel is a common clinical problem that is observed after intravenous application of antibiotics and other drugs.
TextSentencer_T2728 356452-356612 Sentence denotes The local irritation of the endothelium at the site of infusion leads to an inflammatory response with an increased expression of various cell surface antigens.
T6619 356452-356612 Sentence denotes The local irritation of the endothelium at the site of infusion leads to an inflammatory response with an increased expression of various cell surface antigens.
TextSentencer_T2729 356613-356692 Sentence denotes Among these are CD 34, E-Selectin (CD 62E), ICAM-1 (CD 54) and VCAM-1 (CD 106).
T56086 356613-356692 Sentence denotes Among these are CD 34, E-Selectin (CD 62E), ICAM-1 (CD 54) and VCAM-1 (CD 106).
TextSentencer_T2730 356693-356789 Sentence denotes We studied the effects of three closely related antibiotics on human endothelial cells in vitro.
T34135 356693-356789 Sentence denotes We studied the effects of three closely related antibiotics on human endothelial cells in vitro.
TextSentencer_T2731 356790-356915 Sentence denotes We used the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 and analysed the reaction by means of flow cytometry (FACScan, Becton Dickinson).
T93318 356790-356915 Sentence denotes We used the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 and analysed the reaction by means of flow cytometry (FACScan, Becton Dickinson).
TextSentencer_T2732 356916-357099 Sentence denotes Cells were incubated with clarithromycin or azithromycin at concentrations ranging from 100 mg/l to 800 mg/l and at concentrations ranging from 200 mg/l to 1400 mg/l for erythromycin.
T53494 356916-357099 Sentence denotes Cells were incubated with clarithromycin or azithromycin at concentrations ranging from 100 mg/l to 800 mg/l and at concentrations ranging from 200 mg/l to 1400 mg/l for erythromycin.
TextSentencer_T2733 357100-357179 Sentence denotes Such concentrations occur under therapeutic conditions at the site of infusion.
T53745 357100-357179 Sentence denotes Such concentrations occur under therapeutic conditions at the site of infusion.
TextSentencer_T2734 357180-357341 Sentence denotes Subsequently, they were stained with fluoresceinisothiocyanate-or phycoerythrin-conjugated monoclonal IgG mouse-antibodies for the four antigens mentioned above.
T94628 357180-357341 Sentence denotes Subsequently, they were stained with fluoresceinisothiocyanate-or phycoerythrin-conjugated monoclonal IgG mouse-antibodies for the four antigens mentioned above.
TextSentencer_T2735 357342-357455 Sentence denotes Cells were incubated with the drugs for 2 h and analysis was carried out after an additional time period of 22 h.
T13766 357342-357455 Sentence denotes Cells were incubated with the drugs for 2 h and analysis was carried out after an additional time period of 22 h.
TextSentencer_T2736 357456-357591 Sentence denotes In control cells, we found positively stained cells at the following levels: CD 34 (2%), E-Selectin (4%), ICAM-1 (14%) and VCAM-1 (2%).
T27295 357456-357591 Sentence denotes In control cells, we found positively stained cells at the following levels: CD 34 (2%), E-Selectin (4%), ICAM-1 (14%) and VCAM-1 (2%).
TextSentencer_T2737 357592-357717 Sentence denotes The most pronounced changes were observed at 800 mg/l (erythromycin), 600 mg/l (azithroymcin), and 400 mg/l (clarithromycin).
T57415 357592-357717 Sentence denotes The most pronounced changes were observed at 800 mg/l (erythromycin), 600 mg/l (azithroymcin), and 400 mg/l (clarithromycin).
TextSentencer_T2738 357718-357865 Sentence denotes Erythromycin (800 mg/l) caused significantly increased expressions of all epitopes [CD 34 (+6%), E-Selectin (+5%), ICAM-1 (+15%) and VCAM-1 (+5%)].
T60901 357718-357865 Sentence denotes Erythromycin (800 mg/l) caused significantly increased expressions of all epitopes [CD 34 (+6%), E-Selectin (+5%), ICAM-1 (+15%) and VCAM-1 (+5%)].
TextSentencer_T2739 357866-358034 Sentence denotes At 600 mg/l the azalide azithromycin provokes a stronger upregulation of the proinflammatory antigens: CD 34 (+17%), E-Selectin (+16%), ICAM-1 (+27%) and VCAM-1 (+17%).
T34528 357866-358034 Sentence denotes At 600 mg/l the azalide azithromycin provokes a stronger upregulation of the proinflammatory antigens: CD 34 (+17%), E-Selectin (+16%), ICAM-1 (+27%) and VCAM-1 (+17%).
TextSentencer_T2740 358035-358213 Sentence denotes Clarithromycin at a concentration of 400 mg/l causes a similar effect as erythromycin at twice this concentration [CD 34 (+6%), E-Selectin (+7%), ICAM-1 (+23%) and VCAM-1 (+4%)].
T63790 358035-358213 Sentence denotes Clarithromycin at a concentration of 400 mg/l causes a similar effect as erythromycin at twice this concentration [CD 34 (+6%), E-Selectin (+7%), ICAM-1 (+23%) and VCAM-1 (+4%)].
TextSentencer_T2741 358214-358443 Sentence denotes Analysis of the cell surface markers involved in cell-cell-interactions proved to be a useful approach to further study the mechanism of infusion phlebitis and to compare the proinflammatory effects of related compounds in vitro.
T22546 358214-358443 Sentence denotes Analysis of the cell surface markers involved in cell-cell-interactions proved to be a useful approach to further study the mechanism of infusion phlebitis and to compare the proinflammatory effects of related compounds in vitro.
TextSentencer_T2742 358444-358456 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T91799 358444-358456 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T2743 358457-358712 Sentence denotes This study is the first report of the integron-associated IMP resistance, high prevalence and co-existence of blaIPM-1, blaVIM-2 and blaOXA-23-type among multiple clones of blaOXA-8-type-bearing multiresistant clinical isolates of A. baumannii in Romania.
T93271 358457-358712 Sentence denotes This study is the first report of the integron-associated IMP resistance, high prevalence and co-existence of blaIPM-1, blaVIM-2 and blaOXA-23-type among multiple clones of blaOXA-8-type-bearing multiresistant clinical isolates of A. baumannii in Romania.
TextSentencer_T2744 358713-359024 Sentence denotes Taking into account the very narrow antibiotherapy choices in these infections, the horizontal transfer of these genes and also the increasing resistance to colistin, the possibility of a further spreading of carbapenemhydrolyzing oxacillinases is of a considerable concern for antimicrobial chemotherapy. (15).
T31717 358713-359024 Sentence denotes Taking into account the very narrow antibiotherapy choices in these infections, the horizontal transfer of these genes and also the increasing resistance to colistin, the possibility of a further spreading of carbapenemhydrolyzing oxacillinases is of a considerable concern for antimicrobial chemotherapy. (15).
TextSentencer_T2745 359025-359227 Sentence denotes The strains were investigated for the presence of metallo-b-lactamase genes by class-1 integron PCR followed by digestion with restriction enzymes, Southern hybridisation and probing with blaVIM probes.
T34172 359025-359227 Sentence denotes The strains were investigated for the presence of metallo-b-lactamase genes by class-1 integron PCR followed by digestion with restriction enzymes, Southern hybridisation and probing with blaVIM probes.
TextSentencer_T2746 359228-359384 Sentence denotes Positive isolates were further investigated by PCR and sequencing with primers designed against class-1 integron, blaVIM genes and Tn5090 transposase genes.
T55821 359228-359384 Sentence denotes Positive isolates were further investigated by PCR and sequencing with primers designed against class-1 integron, blaVIM genes and Tn5090 transposase genes.
TextSentencer_T2747 359385-359393 Sentence denotes Results:
T91342 359385-359393 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2748 359394-359487 Sentence denotes All isolates were positive by hybridisation with blaVIM-1 and blaVIM-2 radio-labelled probes.
T87967 359394-359487 Sentence denotes All isolates were positive by hybridisation with blaVIM-1 and blaVIM-2 radio-labelled probes.
TextSentencer_T2749 359488-359602 Sentence denotes Digestion of the class-1 integron PCR products with HincII produced ten different integron RFLP types (Types A−J).
T28188 359488-359602 Sentence denotes Digestion of the class-1 integron PCR products with HincII produced ten different integron RFLP types (Types A−J).
TextSentencer_T2750 359603-359739 Sentence denotes Type A was found in six PSA, 3 PPU and one PST strains and consisted of a class-1 integron harbouring aacA4 and blaVIM-4 gene cassettes.
T70829 359603-359739 Sentence denotes Type A was found in six PSA, 3 PPU and one PST strains and consisted of a class-1 integron harbouring aacA4 and blaVIM-4 gene cassettes.
TextSentencer_T2751 359740-359899 Sentence denotes Type B was found in 10 PSA strains and the individual EC strain, harbouring an integron with aacC4, blaVIM-4 gene cassettes and the insertion sequence ISPpu17.
T77516 359740-359899 Sentence denotes Type B was found in 10 PSA strains and the individual EC strain, harbouring an integron with aacC4, blaVIM-4 gene cassettes and the insertion sequence ISPpu17.
TextSentencer_T2752 359900-360048 Sentence denotes Eight strains harboured the blaVIM-2 gene cassette in several different gene arrays and only one strain of PSA harboured the blaVIM-1 gene cassette.
T34992 359900-360048 Sentence denotes Eight strains harboured the blaVIM-2 gene cassette in several different gene arrays and only one strain of PSA harboured the blaVIM-1 gene cassette.
TextSentencer_T2753 360049-360135 Sentence denotes All class-1 integrons were of the more common form including the 3 Conserved sequence.
T1334 360049-360135 Sentence denotes All class-1 integrons were of the more common form including the 3 Conserved sequence.
TextSentencer_T2754 360136-360281 Sentence denotes No class-1 integrons were found that did not have the 3 CS as has been found in several recent blaVIM-2 isolates from diverse geographic regions.
T47347 360136-360281 Sentence denotes No class-1 integrons were found that did not have the 3 CS as has been found in several recent blaVIM-2 isolates from diverse geographic regions.
TextSentencer_T2755 360282-360293 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T89786 360282-360293 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2756 360294-360438 Sentence denotes We sought to evaluate the bactericidal effect of human b-defensin 3 against metallo-b-lactamase (MBL)-producing P. aeruginosa clinical isolates.
T19919 360294-360438 Sentence denotes We sought to evaluate the bactericidal effect of human b-defensin 3 against metallo-b-lactamase (MBL)-producing P. aeruginosa clinical isolates.
TextSentencer_T2757 360439-360461 Sentence denotes Materials and Methods:
T52344 360439-360461 Sentence denotes Materials and Methods:
TextSentencer_T2758 360462-360618 Sentence denotes A total of 15 unique multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains were tested that originated from relevant specimens of patients hospitalised at our hospital.
T15187 360462-360618 Sentence denotes A total of 15 unique multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains were tested that originated from relevant specimens of patients hospitalised at our hospital.
TextSentencer_T2759 360619-360733 Sentence denotes Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with the VITEK 2 automated system.
T52971 360619-360733 Sentence denotes Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with the VITEK 2 automated system.
TextSentencer_T2760 360734-360852 Sentence denotes According to their drug susceptibilities all clinical isolates were categorised into 3 distinct resistance phenotypes.
T59924 360734-360852 Sentence denotes According to their drug susceptibilities all clinical isolates were categorised into 3 distinct resistance phenotypes.
TextSentencer_T2761 360853-360981 Sentence denotes Metallob-lactamase (MBL) production was detected with the use of Etest MBL strips, according to the manufacturers' instructions.
T76196 360853-360981 Sentence denotes Metallob-lactamase (MBL) production was detected with the use of Etest MBL strips, according to the manufacturers' instructions.
TextSentencer_T2762 360982-361104 Sentence denotes To determine the MBL types all isolates were subjected to PCR analysis to confirm the presence of blaVIM and blaIMP genes.
T57564 360982-361104 Sentence denotes To determine the MBL types all isolates were subjected to PCR analysis to confirm the presence of blaVIM and blaIMP genes.
TextSentencer_T2763 361105-361272 Sentence denotes The bactericidal activity of recombinant hbD-3 was assessed by the liquid microdilution assay in the presence of 10mM sodium phosphate buffer, as previously described.
T95229 361105-361272 Sentence denotes The bactericidal activity of recombinant hbD-3 was assessed by the liquid microdilution assay in the presence of 10mM sodium phosphate buffer, as previously described.
TextSentencer_T2764 361273-361425 Sentence denotes Briefly, exponentially growing bacteria (inoculum density of 1×10 4 cfu/mL) were exposed to different concentrations of hbD3 (0.5 ug/mL and 0.25 ug/mL).
T82959 361273-361425 Sentence denotes Briefly, exponentially growing bacteria (inoculum density of 1×10 4 cfu/mL) were exposed to different concentrations of hbD3 (0.5 ug/mL and 0.25 ug/mL).
TextSentencer_T2765 361426-361526 Sentence denotes Following incubation for 20 min at 37ºC, 0.1 ml of each sample was plated onto McConkey agar plates.
T22949 361426-361526 Sentence denotes Following incubation for 20 min at 37ºC, 0.1 ml of each sample was plated onto McConkey agar plates.
TextSentencer_T2766 361527-361670 Sentence denotes Bactericidal effect was expressed as percentage of reduction in numbers of viable bacteria after 18 to 24 hr incubation at 37ºC in ambient air.
T8241 361527-361670 Sentence denotes Bactericidal effect was expressed as percentage of reduction in numbers of viable bacteria after 18 to 24 hr incubation at 37ºC in ambient air.
TextSentencer_T2767 361671-361679 Sentence denotes Results:
T31067 361671-361679 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2768 361680-361848 Sentence denotes At a concentration of 0.25 ug/mL, the peptide produced a reduction rate ranging from 55% to 95.4% whereas the use of 0.5 ug/mL of hbD-3 resulted in 68% to 100% killing.
T31294 361680-361848 Sentence denotes At a concentration of 0.25 ug/mL, the peptide produced a reduction rate ranging from 55% to 95.4% whereas the use of 0.5 ug/mL of hbD-3 resulted in 68% to 100% killing.
TextSentencer_T2769 361849-361979 Sentence denotes The significant variability in the bactericidal effect observed, appears to be independent of the isolates' resistance phenotypes.
T47302 361849-361979 Sentence denotes The significant variability in the bactericidal effect observed, appears to be independent of the isolates' resistance phenotypes.
TextSentencer_T2770 361980-361991 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T93298 361980-361991 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2771 361992-362225 Sentence denotes Despite the relatively low concentrations used, hbD-3 exhibited bactericidal activity against MBL-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial strains and therefore it would be an attractive alternative to current theurapeutic agents.
T34562 361992-362225 Sentence denotes Despite the relatively low concentrations used, hbD-3 exhibited bactericidal activity against MBL-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial strains and therefore it would be an attractive alternative to current theurapeutic agents.
TextSentencer_T2772 362227-362461 Sentence denotes Systems biology is a fast developing research area in life sciences which combines both experimental and theoretical disciplines and which investigates all components of complex biological systems (for example all proteins of a cell).
T2348 362227-362461 Sentence denotes Systems biology is a fast developing research area in life sciences which combines both experimental and theoretical disciplines and which investigates all components of complex biological systems (for example all proteins of a cell).
TextSentencer_T2773 362462-362609 Sentence denotes It collects large biological datasets by novel, high-throughput-based technologies and develops computational tools for its bioinformatic analysis.
T50123 362462-362609 Sentence denotes It collects large biological datasets by novel, high-throughput-based technologies and develops computational tools for its bioinformatic analysis.
TextSentencer_T2774 362610-362850 Sentence denotes It thus allows a holistic view on complex biological systems and to set up improved biological models, particularly if several different experimental parameters are integrated (for example protein interaction and expression profiling data).
T52716 362610-362850 Sentence denotes It thus allows a holistic view on complex biological systems and to set up improved biological models, particularly if several different experimental parameters are integrated (for example protein interaction and expression profiling data).
TextSentencer_T2775 362851-363063 Sentence denotes Although Systems biology is usually based on screening assays and thus starts without bias, in contrast to hypothesis-driven research, in most cases it eventually leads to a multitude of novel working hypotheses.
T87202 362851-363063 Sentence denotes Although Systems biology is usually based on screening assays and thus starts without bias, in contrast to hypothesis-driven research, in most cases it eventually leads to a multitude of novel working hypotheses.
TextSentencer_T2776 363064-363271 Sentence denotes Particularly interesting are hypotheses derived from bioinformatic concepts like network emergence, robustness and modularity, since it is currently completely unclear if and how they translate into biology.
T15667 363064-363271 Sentence denotes Particularly interesting are hypotheses derived from bioinformatic concepts like network emergence, robustness and modularity, since it is currently completely unclear if and how they translate into biology.
TextSentencer_T2777 363272-363465 Sentence denotes Systems biology-based approaches in infectious diseases are even more complex, as they investigate the interactions between the components of two distinct biological systems, pathogen and host.
T76054 363272-363465 Sentence denotes Systems biology-based approaches in infectious diseases are even more complex, as they investigate the interactions between the components of two distinct biological systems, pathogen and host.
TextSentencer_T2778 363466-363630 Sentence denotes On the host side, cellular components which directly deal with the control of the infection, i.e. the innate and adaptive immune system, are of particular interest.
T12808 363466-363630 Sentence denotes On the host side, cellular components which directly deal with the control of the infection, i.e. the innate and adaptive immune system, are of particular interest.
TextSentencer_T2779 363631-363756 Sentence denotes For the understanding of the pathogenesis, pathogen products counteracting these cellular components are similarly important.
T89496 363631-363756 Sentence denotes For the understanding of the pathogenesis, pathogen products counteracting these cellular components are similarly important.
TextSentencer_T2780 363757-363975 Sentence denotes By integrating all components of the immune system, Systems biology-based approaches might be able to generate better disease models than previous reductionist approaches focusing on only one or few pathogenic aspects.
T88829 363757-363975 Sentence denotes By integrating all components of the immune system, Systems biology-based approaches might be able to generate better disease models than previous reductionist approaches focusing on only one or few pathogenic aspects.
TextSentencer_T2781 363976-364247 Sentence denotes For example, in herpesviruses, which cause persistent latent infections, both the innate as well as the adaptive immune system and their components play a role at different time points after infection and thus have to be considered to fully understand their pathogenesis.
T61766 363976-364247 Sentence denotes For example, in herpesviruses, which cause persistent latent infections, both the innate as well as the adaptive immune system and their components play a role at different time points after infection and thus have to be considered to fully understand their pathogenesis.
TextSentencer_T2782 364248-364396 Sentence denotes Recently developed technologies in molecular biology allowing genomewide analyses are one of the prerequisites for Systems biology-based approaches.
T68366 364248-364396 Sentence denotes Recently developed technologies in molecular biology allowing genomewide analyses are one of the prerequisites for Systems biology-based approaches.
TextSentencer_T2783 364397-364560 Sentence denotes For example, novel sequencing technologies which are powerful enough to evaluate whole genomes within short time are able to detect inter-individual polymorphisms.
T82579 364397-364560 Sentence denotes For example, novel sequencing technologies which are powerful enough to evaluate whole genomes within short time are able to detect inter-individual polymorphisms.
TextSentencer_T2784 364561-364707 Sentence denotes There is growing evidence that genetic variations on both the host and the pathogen side are often crucial for the outcome of infectious diseases.
T90072 364561-364707 Sentence denotes There is growing evidence that genetic variations on both the host and the pathogen side are often crucial for the outcome of infectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T2785 364708-365117 Sentence denotes A variety of other experimental systems have been developed during the last decade and are meanwhile sufficiently potent to allow genome-wide analyses, including microarrays for transcriptional or protein expression profiling, genetic screening systems like the yeast-two-hybrid system used to identify pairwise protein interactions and novel mass spectrometry approaches used for proteomics and metabolomics.
T49387 364708-365117 Sentence denotes A variety of other experimental systems have been developed during the last decade and are meanwhile sufficiently potent to allow genome-wide analyses, including microarrays for transcriptional or protein expression profiling, genetic screening systems like the yeast-two-hybrid system used to identify pairwise protein interactions and novel mass spectrometry approaches used for proteomics and metabolomics.
TextSentencer_T2786 365118-365242 Sentence denotes In medicine, Systems biology is currently still largely considered as a basic research area with little practical relevance.
T3230 365118-365242 Sentence denotes In medicine, Systems biology is currently still largely considered as a basic research area with little practical relevance.
TextSentencer_T2787 365243-365743 Sentence denotes However, it will lead to substantial changes in medicine within only a few years, not just because Systems biology-based disease models will considerabley improve our understanding of the pathogenesis and will accelerate and rationalise drug discovery, but also since the ability to determinate individual genetic traits and availability of multi-parameter diagnostics will eventually lead to a much more personalised medicine, in which therapeutical interventions are tailored to single individuals.
T22994 365243-365743 Sentence denotes However, it will lead to substantial changes in medicine within only a few years, not just because Systems biology-based disease models will considerabley improve our understanding of the pathogenesis and will accelerate and rationalise drug discovery, but also since the ability to determinate individual genetic traits and availability of multi-parameter diagnostics will eventually lead to a much more personalised medicine, in which therapeutical interventions are tailored to single individuals.
TextSentencer_T2788 365744-365821 Sentence denotes Human immunodeficiency virus represents the best model of evolution on earth.
T333 365744-365821 Sentence denotes Human immunodeficiency virus represents the best model of evolution on earth.
TextSentencer_T2789 365822-366009 Sentence denotes Due to the high rate of replicative cycles, and the errorprone polymerase (able to make about 1 error out of 10,000-30,000 nucleotides), the entire genome of HIV can be changed every day.
T22049 365822-366009 Sentence denotes Due to the high rate of replicative cycles, and the errorprone polymerase (able to make about 1 error out of 10,000-30,000 nucleotides), the entire genome of HIV can be changed every day.
TextSentencer_T2790 366010-366267 Sentence denotes Based on these factors, it has been calculated that HIV genome varies in one day more than the variability of influenza virus (another highly variable virus) in 10 years, and more than the variability of the human genome during the whole history of mankind.
T55657 366010-366267 Sentence denotes Based on these factors, it has been calculated that HIV genome varies in one day more than the variability of influenza virus (another highly variable virus) in 10 years, and more than the variability of the human genome during the whole history of mankind.
TextSentencer_T2791 366268-366419 Sentence denotes Despite this immense potentiality, only few mutations that are randomly produced during the daily replicative cycles are fixed within the viral genome.
T14631 366268-366419 Sentence denotes Despite this immense potentiality, only few mutations that are randomly produced during the daily replicative cycles are fixed within the viral genome.
TextSentencer_T2792 366420-366765 Sentence denotes This is because of a bottleneck phenomenon related to the constraint of target cells (unable to support the replication of all vira strains daily generated) and because the large majority of the mutations generate variants whose replicative capacity is very low/ absent, or in any case lower than the one that characterised the wild type strain.
T26591 366420-366765 Sentence denotes This is because of a bottleneck phenomenon related to the constraint of target cells (unable to support the replication of all vira strains daily generated) and because the large majority of the mutations generate variants whose replicative capacity is very low/ absent, or in any case lower than the one that characterised the wild type strain.
TextSentencer_T2793 366766-366902 Sentence denotes For this reason, the number of quasispecies is limited if the environment (that is immune and pharmacological pressure) does not change.
T61870 366766-366902 Sentence denotes For this reason, the number of quasispecies is limited if the environment (that is immune and pharmacological pressure) does not change.
TextSentencer_T2794 366903-366959 Sentence denotes Of course the situation changes unpo environment change.
T76619 366903-366959 Sentence denotes Of course the situation changes unpo environment change.
TextSentencer_T2795 366960-367137 Sentence denotes In case of therapeutic pressure, the ability of the virus to rapidly deselect the wild-type strain in favour of a resistant mutant is a function of the strength of drug regimen.
T92139 366960-367137 Sentence denotes In case of therapeutic pressure, the ability of the virus to rapidly deselect the wild-type strain in favour of a resistant mutant is a function of the strength of drug regimen.
TextSentencer_T2796 367138-367312 Sentence denotes In case of fully suppressive therapy, the virus is unable to generate and/or select new variants, the wild-type strain remains prevalent and the therapy is highly successful.
T62813 367138-367312 Sentence denotes In case of fully suppressive therapy, the virus is unable to generate and/or select new variants, the wild-type strain remains prevalent and the therapy is highly successful.
TextSentencer_T2797 367313-367544 Sentence denotes By contrast, if therapeutic pressure is inconsistent, erratic, or not sufficiently potent, the virus continues its replicative cycles under drug presence, and this represents the best environment to select mutant-resistant strains.
T21676 367313-367544 Sentence denotes By contrast, if therapeutic pressure is inconsistent, erratic, or not sufficiently potent, the virus continues its replicative cycles under drug presence, and this represents the best environment to select mutant-resistant strains.
TextSentencer_T2798 367545-367758 Sentence denotes The rapidity with which this selection occurs is a function of the genetic barrier of each drug, that in turn is related to the number of mutations occurring to generate a new variant fully resistant to each drug.
T8822 367545-367758 Sentence denotes The rapidity with which this selection occurs is a function of the genetic barrier of each drug, that in turn is related to the number of mutations occurring to generate a new variant fully resistant to each drug.
TextSentencer_T2799 367759-367879 Sentence denotes A low genetic barrier means few (1 or 2) mutations are required to generate resistant variants, that will occur rapidly.
T68765 367759-367879 Sentence denotes A low genetic barrier means few (1 or 2) mutations are required to generate resistant variants, that will occur rapidly.
TextSentencer_T2800 367880-368028 Sentence denotes A high genetic barrier (5−6 or more mutations occurring in sequence) makes more difficult and slower the process of selection of a resistant strain.
T10146 367880-368028 Sentence denotes A high genetic barrier (5−6 or more mutations occurring in sequence) makes more difficult and slower the process of selection of a resistant strain.
TextSentencer_T2801 368029-368165 Sentence denotes These data have a strong clinical implication, in view of the impossibility (at least today) to eradicate virus infection from the body.
T20432 368029-368165 Sentence denotes These data have a strong clinical implication, in view of the impossibility (at least today) to eradicate virus infection from the body.
TextSentencer_T2802 368166-368297 Sentence denotes Thus, anti-HIV therapy has to be started before the damage of the immune system is too advanced, and must be strong and consistent.
T58953 368166-368297 Sentence denotes Thus, anti-HIV therapy has to be started before the damage of the immune system is too advanced, and must be strong and consistent.
TextSentencer_T2803 368298-368403 Sentence denotes For this reason, until today, at least three drugs rationally combined are needed to achieve this result.
T78129 368298-368403 Sentence denotes For this reason, until today, at least three drugs rationally combined are needed to achieve this result.
TextSentencer_T2804 368404-368639 Sentence denotes A great effort has to be dedicated by physicians and nurses to the achievement of a very high level of adherence, that represents a key factor to maintain a long-lasting protection of HIV-disease progression and a good quality of life.
T22660 368404-368639 Sentence denotes A great effort has to be dedicated by physicians and nurses to the achievement of a very high level of adherence, that represents a key factor to maintain a long-lasting protection of HIV-disease progression and a good quality of life.
TextSentencer_T2805 368640-368840 Sentence denotes Objectives: API-1252 is a novel antimicrobial, with a mechanism of action targeting fatty acid biosynthesis, currently in development as a new class of oral and intravenous anti-staphylococcal agents.
T9317 368640-368840 Sentence denotes Objectives: API-1252 is a novel antimicrobial, with a mechanism of action targeting fatty acid biosynthesis, currently in development as a new class of oral and intravenous anti-staphylococcal agents.
TextSentencer_T2806 368841-369056 Sentence denotes In this study, comparative single-dose response experiments were performed with API-1252 and linezolid to assess their quantitative oral efficacy against hospital-acquired (HA)-MRSA and community-acquired (CA)-MRSA.
T92207 368841-369056 Sentence denotes In this study, comparative single-dose response experiments were performed with API-1252 and linezolid to assess their quantitative oral efficacy against hospital-acquired (HA)-MRSA and community-acquired (CA)-MRSA.
TextSentencer_T2807 369057-369106 Sentence denotes Methods: MICs were determined by CLSI guidelines.
T38452 369057-369106 Sentence denotes Methods: MICs were determined by CLSI guidelines.
TextSentencer_T2808 369107-369145 Sentence denotes Single dose PK studies were conducted.
T502 369107-369145 Sentence denotes Single dose PK studies were conducted.
TextSentencer_T2809 369146-369247 Sentence denotes The thighs of neutropaenic mice were inoculated (~10 6 ) with a single isolate of HA-MRSA or CA-MRSA.
T19457 369146-369247 Sentence denotes The thighs of neutropaenic mice were inoculated (~10 6 ) with a single isolate of HA-MRSA or CA-MRSA.
TextSentencer_T2810 369248-369340 Sentence denotes API-1252 and linezolid were administered orally in single doses ranging from 1 to 300 mg/kg.
T22079 369248-369340 Sentence denotes API-1252 and linezolid were administered orally in single doses ranging from 1 to 300 mg/kg.
TextSentencer_T2811 369341-369398 Sentence denotes CFU were determined in infected thighs 24 hours postdose.
T14559 369341-369398 Sentence denotes CFU were determined in infected thighs 24 hours postdose.
TextSentencer_T2812 369399-369489 Sentence denotes Efficacy was determined as the change in CFU/thigh at 24 hours versus the 0 hour controls.
T35986 369399-369489 Sentence denotes Efficacy was determined as the change in CFU/thigh at 24 hours versus the 0 hour controls.
TextSentencer_T2813 369490-369588 Sentence denotes Results: MICs of API-1252 and linezolid against both isolates were 0.004 and 2 mg/L, respectively.
T69359 369490-369588 Sentence denotes Results: MICs of API-1252 and linezolid against both isolates were 0.004 and 2 mg/L, respectively.
TextSentencer_T2814 369589-369661 Sentence denotes For the HA-MRSA, CFU reduction was seen with API-1252 doses of 10 mg/kg.
T85357 369589-369661 Sentence denotes For the HA-MRSA, CFU reduction was seen with API-1252 doses of 10 mg/kg.
TextSentencer_T2815 369662-369806 Sentence denotes While the 10 mg/kg dose displayed a variable effect for the CA-MRSA, doses of 40 mg/kg of API-1252 resulted in sustained antibacterial activity.
T46398 369662-369806 Sentence denotes While the 10 mg/kg dose displayed a variable effect for the CA-MRSA, doses of 40 mg/kg of API-1252 resulted in sustained antibacterial activity.
TextSentencer_T2816 369807-369946 Sentence denotes Linezolid doses of 100 mg/kg were required to maintain sustained antibacterial activity over the 24 hour exposure period for both isolates.
T50690 369807-369946 Sentence denotes Linezolid doses of 100 mg/kg were required to maintain sustained antibacterial activity over the 24 hour exposure period for both isolates.
TextSentencer_T2817 369947-370091 Sentence denotes With both MRSA isolates, the 80% maximally effective dose (ED80, mg/kg), ED50, and ED5 were 4−20× lower for API-1252 when compared to linezolid.
T65378 369947-370091 Sentence denotes With both MRSA isolates, the 80% maximally effective dose (ED80, mg/kg), ED50, and ED5 were 4−20× lower for API-1252 when compared to linezolid.
TextSentencer_T2818 370092-370199 Sentence denotes Pharmacodynamic index correlations showed that the fAUC/MIC of API-1252 was the best predictor of efficacy.
T24595 370092-370199 Sentence denotes Pharmacodynamic index correlations showed that the fAUC/MIC of API-1252 was the best predictor of efficacy.
TextSentencer_T2819 370200-370330 Sentence denotes For both MRSA strains the API-1252 fAUC/MIC ranges resulting in the ED80, ED50, and ED5 were 32−69, 29−32, and 6−25, respectively.
T54182 370200-370330 Sentence denotes For both MRSA strains the API-1252 fAUC/MIC ranges resulting in the ED80, ED50, and ED5 were 32−69, 29−32, and 6−25, respectively.
TextSentencer_T2820 370331-370430 Sentence denotes These ED values were similar to that observed with MSSA for API-1252 (ICAAC 2006, Abstract F1-759).
T16074 370331-370430 Sentence denotes These ED values were similar to that observed with MSSA for API-1252 (ICAAC 2006, Abstract F1-759).
TextSentencer_T2821 370431-370442 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T29541 370431-370442 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2822 370443-370657 Sentence denotes These data demonstrate the superior dose-response of API-1252 as compared to linezolid against HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA in the mouse thigh model. fAUC/MIC appears to best characterise the PD profile of this novel agent.
T48289 370443-370657 Sentence denotes These data demonstrate the superior dose-response of API-1252 as compared to linezolid against HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA in the mouse thigh model. fAUC/MIC appears to best characterise the PD profile of this novel agent.
TextSentencer_T2823 370658-370818 Sentence denotes The low efficacious fAUC/MIC values support the further development of API-1252 as a novel oral and intravenous agent for challenging staphylococcal infections.
T89147 370658-370818 Sentence denotes The low efficacious fAUC/MIC values support the further development of API-1252 as a novel oral and intravenous agent for challenging staphylococcal infections.
TextSentencer_T2824 370819-371113 Sentence denotes The emergence of multi-drug-resistant pathogens, including methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), combined with the absence of new antibiotics from the pharmaceutical sector demands that alternative anti-MRSA agents are scientifically evaluated and developed as a matter of urgency.
T23389 370819-371113 Sentence denotes The emergence of multi-drug-resistant pathogens, including methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), combined with the absence of new antibiotics from the pharmaceutical sector demands that alternative anti-MRSA agents are scientifically evaluated and developed as a matter of urgency.
TextSentencer_T2825 371114-371220 Sentence denotes Recent studies have shown the enormous potential of the use of phage endolysins as potential therapeutics.
T72541 371114-371220 Sentence denotes Recent studies have shown the enormous potential of the use of phage endolysins as potential therapeutics.
TextSentencer_T2826 371221-371232 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T37384 371221-371232 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2827 371233-371446 Sentence denotes To characterise the staphylococcal phage K-derived protein, LysK, a bifunctional endolysin with antimicrobial activity against MRSA, with a view to identifying the domain or domains responsible for lytic activity.
T90369 371233-371446 Sentence denotes To characterise the staphylococcal phage K-derived protein, LysK, a bifunctional endolysin with antimicrobial activity against MRSA, with a view to identifying the domain or domains responsible for lytic activity.
TextSentencer_T2828 371447-371455 Sentence denotes Methods:
T86697 371447-371455 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2829 371456-371552 Sentence denotes The lysK gene was PCR-amplified from phage K cDNA and cloned into the pTOPO (Invitrogen) vector.
T45938 371456-371552 Sentence denotes The lysK gene was PCR-amplified from phage K cDNA and cloned into the pTOPO (Invitrogen) vector.
TextSentencer_T2830 371553-371735 Sentence denotes The domain architecture of LysK was studied by performing deletion analysis on the intact LysK protein using PCR and/or slicing by overlap extension (SOEing) PCR on this pTOPO clone.
T42159 371553-371735 Sentence denotes The domain architecture of LysK was studied by performing deletion analysis on the intact LysK protein using PCR and/or slicing by overlap extension (SOEing) PCR on this pTOPO clone.
TextSentencer_T2831 371736-371855 Sentence denotes To assess the activity of LysK deletion derivatives, constructs were recreated in the pQE60 (Qiagen) expression system.
T89682 371736-371855 Sentence denotes To assess the activity of LysK deletion derivatives, constructs were recreated in the pQE60 (Qiagen) expression system.
TextSentencer_T2832 371856-372045 Sentence denotes SDS-PAGE and zymogram assays were used to visualise the activity of LysK and its deletion derivatives in pQE60 and to assess which domain(s) the lytic activity of LysK could be ascribed to.
T27651 371856-372045 Sentence denotes SDS-PAGE and zymogram assays were used to visualise the activity of LysK and its deletion derivatives in pQE60 and to assess which domain(s) the lytic activity of LysK could be ascribed to.
TextSentencer_T2833 372046-372054 Sentence denotes Results:
T92033 372046-372054 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2834 372055-372358 Sentence denotes Bioinformatic analysis of LysK (495 amino acids) suggests that it has a modular structure, containing two peptidoglycan hydrolase domains, CHAP (endopeptidase activity) and Amidase_2 (N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity), at the N-terminus and a cellwall binding domain at the C-terminus (SH3b).
T20037 372055-372358 Sentence denotes Bioinformatic analysis of LysK (495 amino acids) suggests that it has a modular structure, containing two peptidoglycan hydrolase domains, CHAP (endopeptidase activity) and Amidase_2 (N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity), at the N-terminus and a cellwall binding domain at the C-terminus (SH3b).
TextSentencer_T2835 372359-372607 Sentence denotes Analysis of deletion derivatives of LysK confirmed that while Amidase_2 and SH3b domains had no significant activity alone, the CHAP domain was as active as the intact LysK, displaying an identical lytic spectra when examined by zymographic assays.
T4309 372359-372607 Sentence denotes Analysis of deletion derivatives of LysK confirmed that while Amidase_2 and SH3b domains had no significant activity alone, the CHAP domain was as active as the intact LysK, displaying an identical lytic spectra when examined by zymographic assays.
TextSentencer_T2836 372608-372836 Sentence denotes While attempting to define the smallest possible functional CHAP domain with antimicrobial activity, we found that the endopeptidase activity associated with the CHAP domain is contained within the first 161 amino acids of LysK.
T61921 372608-372836 Sentence denotes While attempting to define the smallest possible functional CHAP domain with antimicrobial activity, we found that the endopeptidase activity associated with the CHAP domain is contained within the first 161 amino acids of LysK.
TextSentencer_T2837 372837-372909 Sentence denotes Further deletions resulted in a complete loss of antimicrobial activity.
T33186 372837-372909 Sentence denotes Further deletions resulted in a complete loss of antimicrobial activity.
TextSentencer_T2838 372910-373042 Sentence denotes The 161 amino acid truncated CHAP has been found to be active against the main MRSA strains emerging in hospitals in the local area.
T11561 372910-373042 Sentence denotes The 161 amino acid truncated CHAP has been found to be active against the main MRSA strains emerging in hospitals in the local area.
TextSentencer_T2839 373043-373154 Sentence denotes Conclusion: NXL101 retained activity against highly FQR SA exhibiting a range of QRDR mutations and CFX efflux.
T19297 373043-373154 Sentence denotes Conclusion: NXL101 retained activity against highly FQR SA exhibiting a range of QRDR mutations and CFX efflux.
TextSentencer_T2840 373155-373225 Sentence denotes NXL101 must target topoisomerases in a manner distinct to that of FQs.
T85708 373155-373225 Sentence denotes NXL101 must target topoisomerases in a manner distinct to that of FQs.
TextSentencer_T2841 373226-373342 Sentence denotes Harnessing the host response for antiinfective therapy S459 Controlling pathogenic bacteria with phage lytic enzymes
T38301 373226-373342 Sentence denotes Harnessing the host response for antiinfective therapy S459 Controlling pathogenic bacteria with phage lytic enzymes
TextSentencer_T2842 373343-373486 Sentence denotes Bacteriophage lytic enzymes are highly evolved molecules used by the phage to quickly destroy the bacterial cell wall to release phage progeny.
T34203 373343-373486 Sentence denotes Bacteriophage lytic enzymes are highly evolved molecules used by the phage to quickly destroy the bacterial cell wall to release phage progeny.
TextSentencer_T2843 373487-373637 Sentence denotes We have exploited the rapid and lethal action of these enzymes to destroy pathogenic and biological warfare bacteria on mucous membranes and in blood.
T96298 373487-373637 Sentence denotes We have exploited the rapid and lethal action of these enzymes to destroy pathogenic and biological warfare bacteria on mucous membranes and in blood.
TextSentencer_T2844 373638-373831 Sentence denotes These enzymes in general are specific for the species or strain from which they were produced, thus avoiding destruction of the surrounding normal commensal organisms found on mucosal surfaces.
T16977 373638-373831 Sentence denotes These enzymes in general are specific for the species or strain from which they were produced, thus avoiding destruction of the surrounding normal commensal organisms found on mucosal surfaces.
TextSentencer_T2845 373832-374014 Sentence denotes We now have enzymes that are specific for Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter faecalis/E. faecium and group B streptococci.
T7546 373832-374014 Sentence denotes We now have enzymes that are specific for Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter faecalis/E. faecium and group B streptococci.
TextSentencer_T2846 374015-374026 Sentence denotes Our results
T97553 374015-374026 Sentence denotes Our results
TextSentencer_T2847 374027-374117 Sentence denotes show that in vitro 10 7 bacteria can be reduced to sterility seconds after enzyme contact.
T26784 374027-374117 Sentence denotes show that in vitro 10 7 bacteria can be reduced to sterility seconds after enzyme contact.
TextSentencer_T2848 374118-374346 Sentence denotes In animal model experiments, we were able to colonise mice with either streptococcal or pneumococcal species (orally or nasally) and remove these completely with phage enzymes delivered to these sites using a single enzyme dose.
T54008 374118-374346 Sentence denotes In animal model experiments, we were able to colonise mice with either streptococcal or pneumococcal species (orally or nasally) and remove these completely with phage enzymes delivered to these sites using a single enzyme dose.
TextSentencer_T2849 374347-374498 Sentence denotes In a septicaemia model with S. pneumoniae, bacteria are reduced by >2-logs from the blood of infected animals with a single intravenous dose of enzyme.
T83168 374347-374498 Sentence denotes In a septicaemia model with S. pneumoniae, bacteria are reduced by >2-logs from the blood of infected animals with a single intravenous dose of enzyme.
TextSentencer_T2850 374499-374619 Sentence denotes A lytic enzyme called PlyG from the gamma-phage of B. anthracis was specific for all worldwide isolates of B. anthracis.
T21939 374499-374619 Sentence denotes A lytic enzyme called PlyG from the gamma-phage of B. anthracis was specific for all worldwide isolates of B. anthracis.
TextSentencer_T2851 374620-374715 Sentence denotes The enzyme specifically killed B. anthracis with no effect on other bacilli or other organisms.
T88090 374620-374715 Sentence denotes The enzyme specifically killed B. anthracis with no effect on other bacilli or other organisms.
TextSentencer_T2852 374716-374885 Sentence denotes When >1 LD100 of B. anthracis bacilli were delivered i.v. to mice we observed a progression of symptoms, leading to survival of only 10% of animals followed for 12 days.
T51281 374716-374885 Sentence denotes When >1 LD100 of B. anthracis bacilli were delivered i.v. to mice we observed a progression of symptoms, leading to survival of only 10% of animals followed for 12 days.
TextSentencer_T2853 374886-374913 Sentence denotes When PlyG was injected i.v.
T12177 374886-374913 Sentence denotes When PlyG was injected i.v.
TextSentencer_T2854 374914-375025 Sentence denotes 15 min after infection, a significant therapeutic effect was observed in which 90% of the mice recovered fully.
T34191 374914-375025 Sentence denotes 15 min after infection, a significant therapeutic effect was observed in which 90% of the mice recovered fully.
TextSentencer_T2855 375026-375115 Sentence denotes Resistance to the enzymes has not been found nor do antibodies neutralise their activity.
T76253 375026-375115 Sentence denotes Resistance to the enzymes has not been found nor do antibodies neutralise their activity.
TextSentencer_T2856 375116-375288 Sentence denotes Furthermore, a combination of antibiotic and enzyme has been shown to work synergistically resulting in efficient lethal activity in cases of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
T3825 375116-375288 Sentence denotes Furthermore, a combination of antibiotic and enzyme has been shown to work synergistically resulting in efficient lethal activity in cases of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
TextSentencer_T2857 375289-375536 Sentence denotes Thus, phage lytic enzymes are a new reagent that may be used in hospitals, nursing homes and the general population to control antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria in blood and on mucosal surfaces, offering a capability previously unavailable.
T44169 375289-375536 Sentence denotes Thus, phage lytic enzymes are a new reagent that may be used in hospitals, nursing homes and the general population to control antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria in blood and on mucosal surfaces, offering a capability previously unavailable.
TextSentencer_T2858 375537-375734 Sentence denotes Two-component signal transduction systems are ubiquitous in bacteria and are woven within the fabric of the regulatory processes that are used to sense environmental change and respond accordingly.
T20510 375537-375734 Sentence denotes Two-component signal transduction systems are ubiquitous in bacteria and are woven within the fabric of the regulatory processes that are used to sense environmental change and respond accordingly.
TextSentencer_T2859 375735-375951 Sentence denotes These systems allow the bacterial cell to continually re-programme patterns of gene expression rapidly and in defined ways to bring about cellular adaptation as a direct consequence of specific environmental signals.
T3494 375735-375951 Sentence denotes These systems allow the bacterial cell to continually re-programme patterns of gene expression rapidly and in defined ways to bring about cellular adaptation as a direct consequence of specific environmental signals.
TextSentencer_T2860 375952-376178 Sentence denotes To achieve this function two-component systems are composed of a signal ligandresponsive sensor histidine kinase that is usually an integral membrane protein, and a response regulator that is often a transcriptional regulator.
T89407 375952-376178 Sentence denotes To achieve this function two-component systems are composed of a signal ligandresponsive sensor histidine kinase that is usually an integral membrane protein, and a response regulator that is often a transcriptional regulator.
TextSentencer_T2861 376179-376457 Sentence denotes Signal ligands are sensed by the sensor histidine kinase resulting in ATP-dependent autophosphorylation and the subsequent transfer of the phosphoryl moiety to the cognate response regulator influences its DNA binding and transcriptional activity, and therefore gene expression.
T97912 376179-376457 Sentence denotes Signal ligands are sensed by the sensor histidine kinase resulting in ATP-dependent autophosphorylation and the subsequent transfer of the phosphoryl moiety to the cognate response regulator influences its DNA binding and transcriptional activity, and therefore gene expression.
TextSentencer_T2862 376458-376708 Sentence denotes For bacterial pathogens these signal transduction pathways are frequently key elements in the regulation of a myriad of virulence responses that facilitate colonisation, survival and persistence within the host environment and at specific host sites.
T29907 376458-376708 Sentence denotes For bacterial pathogens these signal transduction pathways are frequently key elements in the regulation of a myriad of virulence responses that facilitate colonisation, survival and persistence within the host environment and at specific host sites.
TextSentencer_T2863 376709-376900 Sentence denotes Examples of the types of virulence attributes modulated by two-component systems include biofilm formation, quorum sensing, resistance to host defence peptides, and secreted toxin production.
T31106 376709-376900 Sentence denotes Examples of the types of virulence attributes modulated by two-component systems include biofilm formation, quorum sensing, resistance to host defence peptides, and secreted toxin production.
TextSentencer_T2864 376901-376998 Sentence denotes In addition, two-component systems that are essential for bacterial viability are known to exist.
T57811 376901-376998 Sentence denotes In addition, two-component systems that are essential for bacterial viability are known to exist.
TextSentencer_T2865 376999-377155 Sentence denotes For these and other reasons two-component signalling systems and their variants have been recognized as targets for the development of anti-infective drugs.
T31312 376999-377155 Sentence denotes For these and other reasons two-component signalling systems and their variants have been recognized as targets for the development of anti-infective drugs.
TextSentencer_T2866 377156-377323 Sentence denotes In this presentation the features of two-component systems that make them potentially attractive targets for the development of novel antiinfectives will be discussed.
T72689 377156-377323 Sentence denotes In this presentation the features of two-component systems that make them potentially attractive targets for the development of novel antiinfectives will be discussed.
TextSentencer_T2867 377324-377587 Sentence denotes The mechanisms of action and limitations of some classes of previously developed two-component system inhibitors will also be discussed, as will the current and future perspectives for the development of selective inhibitors of these bacterial signalling systems.
T16671 377324-377587 Sentence denotes The mechanisms of action and limitations of some classes of previously developed two-component system inhibitors will also be discussed, as will the current and future perspectives for the development of selective inhibitors of these bacterial signalling systems.
TextSentencer_T2868 377588-377712 Sentence denotes The global increase of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has generated much attention over the last decade.
T76170 377588-377712 Sentence denotes The global increase of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has generated much attention over the last decade.
TextSentencer_T2869 377713-377884 Sentence denotes The public have linked the so-called 'superbug' with their experience of dirty hospitals, but the precise role of cleaning in the control of this organism is unknown [1] .
T29106 377713-377884 Sentence denotes The public have linked the so-called 'superbug' with their experience of dirty hospitals, but the precise role of cleaning in the control of this organism is unknown [1] .
TextSentencer_T2870 377885-378119 Sentence denotes There is some support for a link between poor hygiene in hospitals and MRSA, since its epidemiological characteristics permit survival in the clinical environment as well as make it potentially vulnerable to the cleaning process [2] .
T50791 377885-378119 Sentence denotes There is some support for a link between poor hygiene in hospitals and MRSA, since its epidemiological characteristics permit survival in the clinical environment as well as make it potentially vulnerable to the cleaning process [2] .
TextSentencer_T2871 378120-378269 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, we cannot assess the risk of acquiring MRSA from the clinical environment because there is no way of measuring the effect of cleaning.
T57194 378120-378269 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, we cannot assess the risk of acquiring MRSA from the clinical environment because there is no way of measuring the effect of cleaning.
TextSentencer_T2872 378270-378365 Sentence denotes Perhaps it is time to introduce microbiological standards for surface levels in hospitals [3] .
T20066 378270-378365 Sentence denotes Perhaps it is time to introduce microbiological standards for surface levels in hospitals [3] .
TextSentencer_T2873 378366-378547 Sentence denotes This would not only allay concerns over the grading of hygiene by visual assessment, but would provide a means whereby the removal of dirt becomes an evidence-based science [3, 4] .
T47006 378366-378547 Sentence denotes This would not only allay concerns over the grading of hygiene by visual assessment, but would provide a means whereby the removal of dirt becomes an evidence-based science [3, 4] .
TextSentencer_T2874 378548-378642 Sentence denotes Without such evidence, the importance of a clean hospital will continue to remain speculative.
T90243 378548-378642 Sentence denotes Without such evidence, the importance of a clean hospital will continue to remain speculative.
TextSentencer_T2875 378643-378782 Sentence denotes Even if the benefits of cleaning are well established, buffing the floors to a shine will not reduce the number of patients acquiring MRSA.
T20604 378643-378782 Sentence denotes Even if the benefits of cleaning are well established, buffing the floors to a shine will not reduce the number of patients acquiring MRSA.
TextSentencer_T2876 378783-379035 Sentence denotes Floors may form a repository for a variety of organisms but they do not play a major role in HAI [5] Pathogens are delivered to patients on hands, and it is more likely that contaminated hand-touch sites are a greater risk for MRSA acquisition [3, 6] .
T24145 378783-379035 Sentence denotes Floors may form a repository for a variety of organisms but they do not play a major role in HAI [5] Pathogens are delivered to patients on hands, and it is more likely that contaminated hand-touch sites are a greater risk for MRSA acquisition [3, 6] .
TextSentencer_T2877 379036-379197 Sentence denotes Such areas should be prioritised when managing cleaning schedules, since a targeted approach to hospital cleaning might be a useful control factor for MRSA [7] .
T4282 379036-379197 Sentence denotes Such areas should be prioritised when managing cleaning schedules, since a targeted approach to hospital cleaning might be a useful control factor for MRSA [7] .
TextSentencer_T2878 379198-379309 Sentence denotes We will never be able to guarantee consistent hand hygiene nor a sustained reduction in antibiotic consumption.
T49615 379198-379309 Sentence denotes We will never be able to guarantee consistent hand hygiene nor a sustained reduction in antibiotic consumption.
TextSentencer_T2879 379310-379373 Sentence denotes Improvements in cleaning, however, are not insurmountable [1] .
T55447 379310-379373 Sentence denotes Improvements in cleaning, however, are not insurmountable [1] .
TextSentencer_T2880 379374-379467 Sentence denotes More research on the association between MRSA and environmental hygiene is urgently required.
T91805 379374-379467 Sentence denotes More research on the association between MRSA and environmental hygiene is urgently required.
TextSentencer_T2881 379468-379602 Sentence denotes Basic cleaning could deliver significant cost benefits in MRSA control and could ultimately be our only defence against this organism.
T12958 379468-379602 Sentence denotes Basic cleaning could deliver significant cost benefits in MRSA control and could ultimately be our only defence against this organism.
TextSentencer_T2882 379603-379666 Sentence denotes Carriage of MRSA is most often transient but can be persistent.
T71389 379603-379666 Sentence denotes Carriage of MRSA is most often transient but can be persistent.
TextSentencer_T2883 379667-379758 Sentence denotes In patients carriage is associated with an increased risk for the development of infection.
T82001 379667-379758 Sentence denotes In patients carriage is associated with an increased risk for the development of infection.
TextSentencer_T2884 379759-379837 Sentence denotes Healthcare workers who carry MRSA may transmit the micro-organism to patients.
T1657 379759-379837 Sentence denotes Healthcare workers who carry MRSA may transmit the micro-organism to patients.
TextSentencer_T2885 379838-379945 Sentence denotes To control transmission and prevent the development of infection, eradication of carriage may be indicated.
T3063 379838-379945 Sentence denotes To control transmission and prevent the development of infection, eradication of carriage may be indicated.
TextSentencer_T2886 379946-380068 Sentence denotes The decision to start decolonisation therapy should be carefully balanced with the risk for the development of resistance.
T31080 379946-380068 Sentence denotes The decision to start decolonisation therapy should be carefully balanced with the risk for the development of resistance.
TextSentencer_T2887 380069-380271 Sentence denotes Factors that are associated with increased failure rates are: the presence of wounds or other skin lesions, the presence of indwelling devices, multisite carriage and the presence of reservoirs at home.
T6859 380069-380271 Sentence denotes Factors that are associated with increased failure rates are: the presence of wounds or other skin lesions, the presence of indwelling devices, multisite carriage and the presence of reservoirs at home.
TextSentencer_T2888 380272-380396 Sentence denotes In individuals without these risk factors treatment with mupirocin nasal ointment is succesfull in the majority of subjects.
T78011 380272-380396 Sentence denotes In individuals without these risk factors treatment with mupirocin nasal ointment is succesfull in the majority of subjects.
TextSentencer_T2889 380397-380463 Sentence denotes It is often combined with the application of antiseptic showering.
T7596 380397-380463 Sentence denotes It is often combined with the application of antiseptic showering.
TextSentencer_T2890 380464-380610 Sentence denotes In individuals who fail on this topical treatment or with the presence of risk factors for failure, systemic antimicrobial treatment is indicated.
T45494 380464-380610 Sentence denotes In individuals who fail on this topical treatment or with the presence of risk factors for failure, systemic antimicrobial treatment is indicated.
TextSentencer_T2891 380611-380712 Sentence denotes Well-designed trials are not available so at present an evidencebased recommendation can not be made.
T29928 380611-380712 Sentence denotes Well-designed trials are not available so at present an evidencebased recommendation can not be made.
TextSentencer_T2892 380713-380807 Sentence denotes The existing data indicate that a combination of two agents including rifampicin is preferred.
T56549 380713-380807 Sentence denotes The existing data indicate that a combination of two agents including rifampicin is preferred.
TextSentencer_T2893 380808-380887 Sentence denotes The choice of the agents should be based on the susceptibility testing results.
T3121 380808-380887 Sentence denotes The choice of the agents should be based on the susceptibility testing results.
TextSentencer_T2894 380888-380973 Sentence denotes Treatment failure may be based on recolonisation from a persisting reservoir at home.
T79562 380888-380973 Sentence denotes Treatment failure may be based on recolonisation from a persisting reservoir at home.
TextSentencer_T2895 380974-381080 Sentence denotes Therefore, in patients who (repeatedly) fail on decolonisation therapy these sources should be sought for.
T31918 380974-381080 Sentence denotes Therefore, in patients who (repeatedly) fail on decolonisation therapy these sources should be sought for.
TextSentencer_T2896 381081-381311 Sentence denotes The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was set up in 2002 following a decade of food scares and a loss of confidence by the European public which led to a complete overhaul of the European Union food safety system and policies.
T47566 381081-381311 Sentence denotes The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was set up in 2002 following a decade of food scares and a loss of confidence by the European public which led to a complete overhaul of the European Union food safety system and policies.
TextSentencer_T2897 381312-381434 Sentence denotes EFSA's mission is to provide Risk Assessment on matters related to Food and Feed Safety and to communicate on these risks.
T81920 381312-381434 Sentence denotes EFSA's mission is to provide Risk Assessment on matters related to Food and Feed Safety and to communicate on these risks.
TextSentencer_T2898 381435-381659 Sentence denotes In 2005, twenty-four Member States, Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland submitted information on the occurrence of zoonoses, zoonotic agents, antimicrobial resistance and foodborne outbreaks to the European Commission and EFSA.
T75573 381435-381659 Sentence denotes In 2005, twenty-four Member States, Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland submitted information on the occurrence of zoonoses, zoonotic agents, antimicrobial resistance and foodborne outbreaks to the European Commission and EFSA.
TextSentencer_T2899 381660-381761 Sentence denotes Campylobacteriosis was found to be the most frequently reported zoonotic disease in humans within EU.
T17341 381660-381761 Sentence denotes Campylobacteriosis was found to be the most frequently reported zoonotic disease in humans within EU.
TextSentencer_T2900 381762-381941 Sentence denotes Reported Campylobacter cases increased by 7.8% compared to the previous year rising to an incidence rate of 51.6 cases per 100,000 people and to a total of 197,363 recorded cases.
T55058 381762-381941 Sentence denotes Reported Campylobacter cases increased by 7.8% compared to the previous year rising to an incidence rate of 51.6 cases per 100,000 people and to a total of 197,363 recorded cases.
TextSentencer_T2901 381942-382105 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis remained the second most frequent zoonosis with 171,775 reported human cases, despite the fall by 9.5% to an incidence rate of 38.2 compared to 2004.
T87053 381942-382105 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis remained the second most frequent zoonosis with 171,775 reported human cases, despite the fall by 9.5% to an incidence rate of 38.2 compared to 2004.
TextSentencer_T2902 382106-382235 Sentence denotes Salmonella was most often reported from fresh poultry and pig meat where proportions of positive samples up to 18% were detected.
T11326 382106-382235 Sentence denotes Salmonella was most often reported from fresh poultry and pig meat where proportions of positive samples up to 18% were detected.
TextSentencer_T2903 382236-382410 Sentence denotes In table eggs, findings of positive samples ranged from 0% to 6%, but over the past 5 years, an overall decreasing trend in occurrence of Salmonella in the eggs was observed.
T65841 382236-382410 Sentence denotes In table eggs, findings of positive samples ranged from 0% to 6%, but over the past 5 years, an overall decreasing trend in occurrence of Salmonella in the eggs was observed.
TextSentencer_T2904 382411-382494 Sentence denotes In animal populations, Salmonella was most frequently detected from poultry flocks.
T46364 382411-382494 Sentence denotes In animal populations, Salmonella was most frequently detected from poultry flocks.
TextSentencer_T2905 382495-382604 Sentence denotes Salmonella, Campylobacter and viruses were the most important causes of reported foodborne outbreaks in 2005.
T38218 382495-382604 Sentence denotes Salmonella, Campylobacter and viruses were the most important causes of reported foodborne outbreaks in 2005.
TextSentencer_T2906 382605-382785 Sentence denotes Egg and bakery products were the most common reported sources of Salmonella outbreaks, whereas broiler meat was an important source for both Salmonella and Campylobacter outbreaks.
T53114 382605-382785 Sentence denotes Egg and bakery products were the most common reported sources of Salmonella outbreaks, whereas broiler meat was an important source for both Salmonella and Campylobacter outbreaks.
TextSentencer_T2907 382786-382876 Sentence denotes Foodborne virus outbreaks were most often caused by drinking water, fruits and vegetables.
T97278 382786-382876 Sentence denotes Foodborne virus outbreaks were most often caused by drinking water, fruits and vegetables.
TextSentencer_T2908 382877-383046 Sentence denotes Relatively high proportions of Campylobacter and Salmonella isolates from animals and food were resistant to antimicrobials commonly used in treatment of human diseases.
T33570 382877-383046 Sentence denotes Relatively high proportions of Campylobacter and Salmonella isolates from animals and food were resistant to antimicrobials commonly used in treatment of human diseases.
TextSentencer_T2909 383047-383149 Sentence denotes This is especially the case for resistance to fluoroquinolones in Campylobacter isolates from poultry.
T2929 383047-383149 Sentence denotes This is especially the case for resistance to fluoroquinolones in Campylobacter isolates from poultry.
TextSentencer_T2910 383150-383273 Sentence denotes Foodborne infections caused by these resistant bacteria pose a particular risk to humans due to possible treatment failure.
T34541 383150-383273 Sentence denotes Foodborne infections caused by these resistant bacteria pose a particular risk to humans due to possible treatment failure.
TextSentencer_T2911 383274-383543 Sentence denotes When the results of the routine monitoring of laying-hen flocks are compared to the results from an EU-wide, fully harmonised Salmonella baseline study in laying-hen holdings, the prevalences in the baseline study are remarkably higher than those in routine monitoring.
T49229 383274-383543 Sentence denotes When the results of the routine monitoring of laying-hen flocks are compared to the results from an EU-wide, fully harmonised Salmonella baseline study in laying-hen holdings, the prevalences in the baseline study are remarkably higher than those in routine monitoring.
TextSentencer_T2912 383544-383748 Sentence denotes This reflects the different sensitivities of sampling scheme and sample types used and demonstrates that a harmonised protocol should be used when comparing the situation in one Member State with another.
T62202 383544-383748 Sentence denotes This reflects the different sensitivities of sampling scheme and sample types used and demonstrates that a harmonised protocol should be used when comparing the situation in one Member State with another.
TextSentencer_T2913 383749-383871 Sentence denotes Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis infections (yersiniosis) occur predominantly in the northern hemisphere.
T61648 383749-383871 Sentence denotes Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis infections (yersiniosis) occur predominantly in the northern hemisphere.
TextSentencer_T2914 383872-384000 Sentence denotes The clinical manifestations range from acute gastroenteritis to divers postinfectious sequelae, most notably reactive arthritis.
T78051 383872-384000 Sentence denotes The clinical manifestations range from acute gastroenteritis to divers postinfectious sequelae, most notably reactive arthritis.
TextSentencer_T2915 384001-384262 Sentence denotes The pathogenicity of these Gram-negative bacteria has been studied intensively during the last decades, resulting in identification and molecular characterisation of a set of chromosomally and extrachromosomally (plasmid pYV) encoded pathogenicity factors (PF).
T10031 384001-384262 Sentence denotes The pathogenicity of these Gram-negative bacteria has been studied intensively during the last decades, resulting in identification and molecular characterisation of a set of chromosomally and extrachromosomally (plasmid pYV) encoded pathogenicity factors (PF).
TextSentencer_T2916 384263-384370 Sentence denotes Here, the function of the PFs in the context of cell culture and animal infection models will be discussed.
T26218 384263-384370 Sentence denotes Here, the function of the PFs in the context of cell culture and animal infection models will be discussed.
TextSentencer_T2917 384371-384577 Sentence denotes The most intriguing PFs are the yersinia outer proteins (Yops) which are "microinjected" into host cells via a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) and function as "tranquilliser" towards the innate host defence.
T59593 384371-384577 Sentence denotes The most intriguing PFs are the yersinia outer proteins (Yops) which are "microinjected" into host cells via a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) and function as "tranquilliser" towards the innate host defence.
TextSentencer_T2918 384578-384821 Sentence denotes Several PFs of yersiniae have become prototypic members of growing families of PFs: such as the invasin, the trimeric autotransporter (TATA) Yersinia adhesin (YadA) and the siderophore yersiniabactin encoded by high pathogenicity island (HPI).
T69012 384578-384821 Sentence denotes Several PFs of yersiniae have become prototypic members of growing families of PFs: such as the invasin, the trimeric autotransporter (TATA) Yersinia adhesin (YadA) and the siderophore yersiniabactin encoded by high pathogenicity island (HPI).
TextSentencer_T2919 384822-384965 Sentence denotes The Yersinia invasin (Inv) is closely related to the intimins (EaeA) of enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC).
T87456 384822-384965 Sentence denotes The Yersinia invasin (Inv) is closely related to the intimins (EaeA) of enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC).
TextSentencer_T2920 384966-385188 Sentence denotes The Yersinia adhesin (YadA) is a trimeric autotransporter and member of the oligomer coiledcoil adhesin (Oca) family which comprises adhesins of Haemophilus influenzae (Hia), Moraxella catarrhalis (UspA) and other species.
T53809 384966-385188 Sentence denotes The Yersinia adhesin (YadA) is a trimeric autotransporter and member of the oligomer coiledcoil adhesin (Oca) family which comprises adhesins of Haemophilus influenzae (Hia), Moraxella catarrhalis (UspA) and other species.
TextSentencer_T2921 385189-385396 Sentence denotes The yersiniabactin biosynthetic gene cluster of the HPI is widely spread among members of the family of Enterobacteriaceae and has become a marker for extraintestinal pathogenicity, in particular in E. coli.
T41082 385189-385396 Sentence denotes The yersiniabactin biosynthetic gene cluster of the HPI is widely spread among members of the family of Enterobacteriaceae and has become a marker for extraintestinal pathogenicity, in particular in E. coli.
TextSentencer_T2922 385397-385624 Sentence denotes The molecular analysis of the pathogenicity of Yersinia has not only improved our understanding of bacterial mechanism of invasion and persistence but has also provided us with new tools for laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
T31508 385397-385624 Sentence denotes The molecular analysis of the pathogenicity of Yersinia has not only improved our understanding of bacterial mechanism of invasion and persistence but has also provided us with new tools for laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
TextSentencer_T2923 385625-385849 Sentence denotes Several PFs turned out to be useful antigens for (i) differentiation between virulent and avirulent Y. enterocolitica, (ii) detection of a class-specific serum antibody response (serological diagnosis) and (iii) vaccination.
T27459 385625-385849 Sentence denotes Several PFs turned out to be useful antigens for (i) differentiation between virulent and avirulent Y. enterocolitica, (ii) detection of a class-specific serum antibody response (serological diagnosis) and (iii) vaccination.
TextSentencer_T2924 385850-386031 Sentence denotes Moreover, the T3SS of yersiniae is suitable for delivery of antigens to antigen presenting cells and, thus, opens a new strategy for the design of oral live vaccine carrier strains.
T88147 385850-386031 Sentence denotes Moreover, the T3SS of yersiniae is suitable for delivery of antigens to antigen presenting cells and, thus, opens a new strategy for the design of oral live vaccine carrier strains.
TextSentencer_T2925 386032-386067 Sentence denotes Heesemann J, Sing A and Trülzsch K.
T22719 386032-386067 Sentence denotes Heesemann J, Sing A and Trülzsch K.
TextSentencer_T2926 386068-386073 Sentence denotes 2006.
T14821 386068-386073 Sentence denotes 2006.
TextSentencer_T2927 386074-386141 Sentence denotes Yersinia's stratagem: targeting innate and adaptive immune defence.
T53991 386074-386141 Sentence denotes Yersinia's stratagem: targeting innate and adaptive immune defence.
TextSentencer_T2928 386142-386164 Sentence denotes Curr Opin Microbiol 9:
T35302 386142-386164 Sentence denotes Curr Opin Microbiol 9:
TextSentencer_T2929 386165-386171 Sentence denotes 55−61.
T26748 386165-386171 Sentence denotes 55−61.
TextSentencer_T2930 386172-386265 Sentence denotes S468 Diarrhoea-causing Escherichia coli pathotypes -which genes to target for identification?
T54001 386172-386265 Sentence denotes S468 Diarrhoea-causing Escherichia coli pathotypes -which genes to target for identification?
TextSentencer_T2931 386266-386385 Sentence denotes In the past decades various groups of Escherichia coli associated with diarrhoeal diseases in man have been recognized.
T51764 386266-386385 Sentence denotes In the past decades various groups of Escherichia coli associated with diarrhoeal diseases in man have been recognized.
TextSentencer_T2932 386386-386617 Sentence denotes Currently, the most frequently identified pathotypes are the enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteroinvasive (EIEC), enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC) and diffusely adherent (DAEC) E. coli strains.
T48420 386386-386617 Sentence denotes Currently, the most frequently identified pathotypes are the enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteroinvasive (EIEC), enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC) and diffusely adherent (DAEC) E. coli strains.
TextSentencer_T2933 386618-386769 Sentence denotes Individual classes are defined on the basis of more or less characterised interactions between the bacterial cell and the host when inducing diarrhoea.
T93811 386618-386769 Sentence denotes Individual classes are defined on the basis of more or less characterised interactions between the bacterial cell and the host when inducing diarrhoea.
TextSentencer_T2934 386770-386864 Sentence denotes There are several problems associated with the recognition of these strains in the laboratory.
T73444 386770-386864 Sentence denotes There are several problems associated with the recognition of these strains in the laboratory.
TextSentencer_T2935 386865-387020 Sentence denotes Easily detectable phenotypic markers sufficiently specific and sensitive to distinguish these strains from their non-pathogenic counterparts are not known.
T89022 386865-387020 Sentence denotes Easily detectable phenotypic markers sufficiently specific and sensitive to distinguish these strains from their non-pathogenic counterparts are not known.
TextSentencer_T2936 387021-387237 Sentence denotes Although certain virulence factors (toxins, adhesins, invasins) are always, or often present in particular groups, the detection of their expression frequently goes beyond the capabilities of diagnostic laboratories.
T95661 387021-387237 Sentence denotes Although certain virulence factors (toxins, adhesins, invasins) are always, or often present in particular groups, the detection of their expression frequently goes beyond the capabilities of diagnostic laboratories.
TextSentencer_T2937 387238-387395 Sentence denotes The use of molecular methods specific to genes of these factors, often in multiplexed PCR systems, is currently the most straightforward diagnostic approach.
T23801 387238-387395 Sentence denotes The use of molecular methods specific to genes of these factors, often in multiplexed PCR systems, is currently the most straightforward diagnostic approach.
TextSentencer_T2938 387396-387578 Sentence denotes The detection of some of these genes (e.g. Shiga toxin, stx, or intimin, eae) can serve screening purposes but their identification may not prove the actual virulence of the isolate.
T22860 387396-387578 Sentence denotes The detection of some of these genes (e.g. Shiga toxin, stx, or intimin, eae) can serve screening purposes but their identification may not prove the actual virulence of the isolate.
TextSentencer_T2939 387579-387742 Sentence denotes Virulence factors can be shared by members of different pathotypes, and can be present in isolates recovered from healthy individuals or in non-pathogenic strains.
T64910 387579-387742 Sentence denotes Virulence factors can be shared by members of different pathotypes, and can be present in isolates recovered from healthy individuals or in non-pathogenic strains.
TextSentencer_T2940 387743-388023 Sentence denotes For some classes it is still not clear which particular combination(s) of these genes are necessary to cause disease (e.g. EAEC), while in others the existence of subgroups with various pathogenic potential are already known to exist (e.g. EPEC, or Shiga toxin producing strains).
T70384 387743-388023 Sentence denotes For some classes it is still not clear which particular combination(s) of these genes are necessary to cause disease (e.g. EAEC), while in others the existence of subgroups with various pathogenic potential are already known to exist (e.g. EPEC, or Shiga toxin producing strains).
TextSentencer_T2941 388024-388155 Sentence denotes Currently, the lack of straightforward diagnostic algorithms limits our knowledge on the epidemiology of diarrhoea-causing E. coli.
T4120 388024-388155 Sentence denotes Currently, the lack of straightforward diagnostic algorithms limits our knowledge on the epidemiology of diarrhoea-causing E. coli.
TextSentencer_T2942 388156-388338 Sentence denotes Furthermore, more data on the incidence of these pathotypes should help to understand the role of the individual host's susceptibility in the outcome when encountering these strains.
T80124 388156-388338 Sentence denotes Furthermore, more data on the incidence of these pathotypes should help to understand the role of the individual host's susceptibility in the outcome when encountering these strains.
TextSentencer_T2943 388339-388513 Sentence denotes Since their discovery antimicrobials have been extensively used in livestock and poultry, with significant beneficial effects on food animal health and production efficiency.
T71172 388339-388513 Sentence denotes Since their discovery antimicrobials have been extensively used in livestock and poultry, with significant beneficial effects on food animal health and production efficiency.
TextSentencer_T2944 388514-388611 Sentence denotes Most classes of antimicrobials used in animals, including fluoroquinolones, have human analogues.
T16187 388514-388611 Sentence denotes Most classes of antimicrobials used in animals, including fluoroquinolones, have human analogues.
TextSentencer_T2945 388612-388791 Sentence denotes Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are used in animal production primarily for: (1) therapy; (2) prophylaxis; (3) infection control (metaphylaxis); and (4) growth promotion in healthy animals.
T75594 388612-388791 Sentence denotes Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are used in animal production primarily for: (1) therapy; (2) prophylaxis; (3) infection control (metaphylaxis); and (4) growth promotion in healthy animals.
TextSentencer_T2946 388792-388965 Sentence denotes In contrast to human medicine in which treatment is customarily directed at the patient, entire groups of animals may be treated with the use of medicated feed and/or water.
T38912 388792-388965 Sentence denotes In contrast to human medicine in which treatment is customarily directed at the patient, entire groups of animals may be treated with the use of medicated feed and/or water.
TextSentencer_T2947 388966-389265 Sentence denotes Moreover, growth-promoting dosages are usually at low concentrations for extended time periods, therefore both practices are a potentially significant driving force in accelerating the emergence of resistant bacteria in these animals that can be transferred through contact or food to infect humans.
T63585 388966-389265 Sentence denotes Moreover, growth-promoting dosages are usually at low concentrations for extended time periods, therefore both practices are a potentially significant driving force in accelerating the emergence of resistant bacteria in these animals that can be transferred through contact or food to infect humans.
TextSentencer_T2948 389266-389507 Sentence denotes The acquisition of quinolone resistance in Gramnegative bacteria is mainly due to chromosomal mutations either in topoisomerase genes (mainly gyrA and parC) or in genes associated with a decreased uptake or by increased efflux of quinolones.
T39281 389266-389507 Sentence denotes The acquisition of quinolone resistance in Gramnegative bacteria is mainly due to chromosomal mutations either in topoisomerase genes (mainly gyrA and parC) or in genes associated with a decreased uptake or by increased efflux of quinolones.
TextSentencer_T2949 389508-389719 Sentence denotes In addition, a plasmid conferring low levels of quinolone resistance linked to the presence of the qnr gene, which encodes a protein protecting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolones, has been reported.
T37942 389508-389719 Sentence denotes In addition, a plasmid conferring low levels of quinolone resistance linked to the presence of the qnr gene, which encodes a protein protecting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolones, has been reported.
TextSentencer_T2950 389720-390029 Sentence denotes The above mentioned mechanisms have been described in both Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. and generate an increased level of FQ resistance in a step-wise model, with the first mutation found either in the gyrA gene or in genes involved in efflux pump(s), such these producing an overexpression of acrAB.
T92994 389720-390029 Sentence denotes The above mentioned mechanisms have been described in both Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. and generate an increased level of FQ resistance in a step-wise model, with the first mutation found either in the gyrA gene or in genes involved in efflux pump(s), such these producing an overexpression of acrAB.
TextSentencer_T2951 390030-390212 Sentence denotes However, Campylobacter spp. easily acquire high levels of FQ resistance associated with a mutation in the gyrA gene, likely because this microorganism does not have topoisomerase IV.
T247 390030-390212 Sentence denotes However, Campylobacter spp. easily acquire high levels of FQ resistance associated with a mutation in the gyrA gene, likely because this microorganism does not have topoisomerase IV.
TextSentencer_T2952 390213-390363 Sentence denotes Several studies have demonstrated an association between FQ use in animals and the subsequent isolation of FQ-resistant bacteria from the same animal.
T87308 390213-390363 Sentence denotes Several studies have demonstrated an association between FQ use in animals and the subsequent isolation of FQ-resistant bacteria from the same animal.
TextSentencer_T2953 390364-390521 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial-resistant enteric pathogens can reach humans through direct animal contact, or more commonly, through ingestion of contaminated water or foods.
T55647 390364-390521 Sentence denotes Antimicrobial-resistant enteric pathogens can reach humans through direct animal contact, or more commonly, through ingestion of contaminated water or foods.
TextSentencer_T2954 390522-390755 Sentence denotes Three scenarios may be proposed by which the use of FQ in food animals could affect the treatment of diseases in humans: (1) FQ-resistant bacterial pathogens are selected, and food is contaminated during slaughter and/or preparation.
T37355 390522-390755 Sentence denotes Three scenarios may be proposed by which the use of FQ in food animals could affect the treatment of diseases in humans: (1) FQ-resistant bacterial pathogens are selected, and food is contaminated during slaughter and/or preparation.
TextSentencer_T2955 390756-390963 Sentence denotes After consumption of the food, these pathogens cause an infection that requires antibiotic treatment and therapy is compromised; (2) FQ-resistant bacteria non-pathogenic to humans are selected in the animal.
T1397 390756-390963 Sentence denotes After consumption of the food, these pathogens cause an infection that requires antibiotic treatment and therapy is compromised; (2) FQ-resistant bacteria non-pathogenic to humans are selected in the animal.
TextSentencer_T2956 390964-391298 Sentence denotes When the contaminated food is ingested, the bacteria transfer FQ-resistance determinants, such as plasmid carrying the qnr gene, to other bacteria in the human gut, commensal and potential pathogens; and (3) FQs remain as residue in food products, which allow the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria after the food is consumed.
T17522 390964-391298 Sentence denotes When the contaminated food is ingested, the bacteria transfer FQ-resistance determinants, such as plasmid carrying the qnr gene, to other bacteria in the human gut, commensal and potential pathogens; and (3) FQs remain as residue in food products, which allow the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria after the food is consumed.
TextSentencer_T2957 391299-391506 Sentence denotes In conclusion, ongoing surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of foodborne pathogens is needed to identify emerging antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes within the food production continuum.
T61124 391299-391506 Sentence denotes In conclusion, ongoing surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of foodborne pathogens is needed to identify emerging antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes within the food production continuum.
TextSentencer_T2958 391507-391642 Sentence denotes Moreover, barriers to stop the dissemination of FQ or other antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from animals to humans should be improved.
T77648 391507-391642 Sentence denotes Moreover, barriers to stop the dissemination of FQ or other antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from animals to humans should be improved.
TextSentencer_T2959 391643-391654 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T71188 391643-391654 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2960 391655-391759 Sentence denotes It has been suggested that tuberculosis (TB) in the elderly is often atypical and difficult to diagnose.
T53968 391655-391759 Sentence denotes It has been suggested that tuberculosis (TB) in the elderly is often atypical and difficult to diagnose.
TextSentencer_T2961 391760-391831 Sentence denotes There is a lack of information about TB in people over 80 years of age.
T20986 391760-391831 Sentence denotes There is a lack of information about TB in people over 80 years of age.
TextSentencer_T2962 391832-391997 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to examine current clinical manifestations, time to diagnosis and outcomes in old ( 65 years) and in very old ( 80 years) patients with TB.
T88180 391832-391997 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to examine current clinical manifestations, time to diagnosis and outcomes in old ( 65 years) and in very old ( 80 years) patients with TB.
TextSentencer_T2963 391998-392115 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of TB infection was based on anamnesis for TB risk, two step tuberculin skin testing (TST) and chest X-ray.
T34000 391998-392115 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of TB infection was based on anamnesis for TB risk, two step tuberculin skin testing (TST) and chest X-ray.
TextSentencer_T2964 392116-392293 Sentence denotes Patients were followed up throughout the period of chemoprophylaxis and adherence was monitored by determining isoniazid metabolites in urine (or urine colour when appropriate).
T69732 392116-392293 Sentence denotes Patients were followed up throughout the period of chemoprophylaxis and adherence was monitored by determining isoniazid metabolites in urine (or urine colour when appropriate).
TextSentencer_T2965 392294-392343 Sentence denotes A positive TST was defined as an induration 5 mm.
T58993 392294-392343 Sentence denotes A positive TST was defined as an induration 5 mm.
TextSentencer_T2966 392344-392352 Sentence denotes Results:
T28401 392344-392352 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2967 392353-392412 Sentence denotes 210 patients, 64% women, mean age 52 years, were evaluated.
T72954 392353-392412 Sentence denotes 210 patients, 64% women, mean age 52 years, were evaluated.
TextSentencer_T2968 392413-392430 Sentence denotes Baseline illness:
T3250 392413-392430 Sentence denotes Baseline illness:
TextSentencer_T2969 392431-392566 Sentence denotes 60.5% rheumatoid arthritis, 13.8% cutaneous psoriasis, 13.3% psoriatic arthritis, 11% ankylosing spondylitis, and 1.4% Crohn's disease.
T95379 392431-392566 Sentence denotes 60.5% rheumatoid arthritis, 13.8% cutaneous psoriasis, 13.3% psoriatic arthritis, 11% ankylosing spondylitis, and 1.4% Crohn's disease.
TextSentencer_T2970 392567-392633 Sentence denotes Thirty-eight (80.2%) patients were on immunosuppressive treatment.
T60083 392567-392633 Sentence denotes Thirty-eight (80.2%) patients were on immunosuppressive treatment.
TextSentencer_T2971 392634-392739 Sentence denotes Thirty-one (14.9%) patients had BCG-vaccination, 6 had been treated for TB, and 2 had prior positive TST.
T10974 392634-392739 Sentence denotes Thirty-one (14.9%) patients had BCG-vaccination, 6 had been treated for TB, and 2 had prior positive TST.
TextSentencer_T2972 392740-392893 Sentence denotes Of 201 patients who underwent TST, 84 (41.8%) resulted positive (59 and 25 in the first and second test respectively), and 117 (58.2%) resulted negative.
T42798 392740-392893 Sentence denotes Of 201 patients who underwent TST, 84 (41.8%) resulted positive (59 and 25 in the first and second test respectively), and 117 (58.2%) resulted negative.
TextSentencer_T2973 392894-392944 Sentence denotes Chemoprophylaxis was given to 79 (39.3%) patients:
T59517 392894-392944 Sentence denotes Chemoprophylaxis was given to 79 (39.3%) patients:
TextSentencer_T2974 392945-393000 Sentence denotes 78, isoniazid for 9 months and 1 rifampin for 4 months.
T71550 392945-393000 Sentence denotes 78, isoniazid for 9 months and 1 rifampin for 4 months.
TextSentencer_T2975 393001-393089 Sentence denotes Three patients (3.8%) experienced a 5-fold increase of transaminase level above the ULN.
T16509 393001-393089 Sentence denotes Three patients (3.8%) experienced a 5-fold increase of transaminase level above the ULN.
TextSentencer_T2976 393090-393219 Sentence denotes After a 237 patient-years follow up, one of the 130 patients who finally received anti-TNF treatment developed TB (0.42%; 95% CI:
T51038 393090-393219 Sentence denotes After a 237 patient-years follow up, one of the 130 patients who finally received anti-TNF treatment developed TB (0.42%; 95% CI:
TextSentencer_T2977 393220-393231 Sentence denotes 0.01−1.71).
T18444 393220-393231 Sentence denotes 0.01−1.71).
TextSentencer_T2978 393232-393293 Sentence denotes His twostep TST resulted negative and he began on adalimumab.
T80538 393232-393293 Sentence denotes His twostep TST resulted negative and he began on adalimumab.
TextSentencer_T2979 393294-393326 Sentence denotes Five months later, TB developed.
T9940 393294-393326 Sentence denotes Five months later, TB developed.
TextSentencer_T2980 393327-393338 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T32623 393327-393338 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T2981 393339-393494 Sentence denotes Systematic and protocolised assessment for TB infection and its treatment when indicated is a reliable and useful method to prevent anti-TNF-associated TB.
T86710 393339-393494 Sentence denotes Systematic and protocolised assessment for TB infection and its treatment when indicated is a reliable and useful method to prevent anti-TNF-associated TB.
TextSentencer_T2982 393495-393597 Sentence denotes Our data show that two-step TST is helpful to detect TB infection in a significant number of patients.
T56990 393495-393597 Sentence denotes Our data show that two-step TST is helpful to detect TB infection in a significant number of patients.
TextSentencer_T2983 393598-393679 Sentence denotes Prolonged treatment with isoniazid seems to be safe in anti-TNF treated patients.
T80463 393598-393679 Sentence denotes Prolonged treatment with isoniazid seems to be safe in anti-TNF treated patients.
TextSentencer_T2984 393680-393691 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T92973 393680-393691 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T2985 393692-393884 Sentence denotes Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA), such as the QuantiFERON ® -TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT; Cellestis Ltd., Carnegie, Australia), are increasingly used for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB).
T76668 393692-393884 Sentence denotes Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA), such as the QuantiFERON ® -TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT; Cellestis Ltd., Carnegie, Australia), are increasingly used for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB).
TextSentencer_T2986 393885-394010 Sentence denotes These tests exploit immunological mechanisms that normally contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infecting the human host.
T1291 393885-394010 Sentence denotes These tests exploit immunological mechanisms that normally contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infecting the human host.
TextSentencer_T2987 394011-394094 Sentence denotes Failed containment results in clinical TB and is associated with proliferating Mtb.
T93417 394011-394094 Sentence denotes Failed containment results in clinical TB and is associated with proliferating Mtb.
TextSentencer_T2988 394095-394270 Sentence denotes We thus wondered if in this situation indeterminate or negative QFT-GIT results were associated with positive microscopy, thus serving as a surrogate for the bacterial burden.
T20219 394095-394270 Sentence denotes We thus wondered if in this situation indeterminate or negative QFT-GIT results were associated with positive microscopy, thus serving as a surrogate for the bacterial burden.
TextSentencer_T2989 394271-394279 Sentence denotes Methods:
T14929 394271-394279 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T2990 394280-394398 Sentence denotes Between November 2004 and October 2006, 67 consecutive patients with culture-confirmed TB were prospectively enrolled.
T81245 394280-394398 Sentence denotes Between November 2004 and October 2006, 67 consecutive patients with culture-confirmed TB were prospectively enrolled.
TextSentencer_T2991 394399-394550 Sentence denotes Patients had received no or less than 14 days of antituberculous therapy (n = 58) or were recruited within two months since begining treatment (n = 9).
T66362 394399-394550 Sentence denotes Patients had received no or less than 14 days of antituberculous therapy (n = 58) or were recruited within two months since begining treatment (n = 9).
TextSentencer_T2992 394551-394612 Sentence denotes Severe immunosuppressive conditions were present in 14 (21%).
T48867 394551-394612 Sentence denotes Severe immunosuppressive conditions were present in 14 (21%).
TextSentencer_T2993 394613-394680 Sentence denotes QFT-GIT was performed according to the manufacturers' instructions.
T30241 394613-394680 Sentence denotes QFT-GIT was performed according to the manufacturers' instructions.
TextSentencer_T2994 394681-394805 Sentence denotes Laboratory investigations included fluorescence microscopy for acidfast bacilli, and culture on both liquid and solid media.
T73835 394681-394805 Sentence denotes Laboratory investigations included fluorescence microscopy for acidfast bacilli, and culture on both liquid and solid media.
TextSentencer_T2995 394806-394910 Sentence denotes Univariate and multivariate analysis were done in StatView ® version 5.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).
T1157 394806-394910 Sentence denotes Univariate and multivariate analysis were done in StatView ® version 5.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).
TextSentencer_T2996 394911-394919 Sentence denotes Results:
T27355 394911-394919 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T2997 394920-395052 Sentence denotes Overall, 52%, 36%, and 12% of the patients had pulmonary, extrapulmonary, or combined pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, respectively.
T354 394920-395052 Sentence denotes Overall, 52%, 36%, and 12% of the patients had pulmonary, extrapulmonary, or combined pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, respectively.
TextSentencer_T2998 395053-395146 Sentence denotes In one patient, no microscopy result was available as Mtb was only detected in blood culture.
T20112 395053-395146 Sentence denotes In one patient, no microscopy result was available as Mtb was only detected in blood culture.
TextSentencer_T2999 395147-395202 Sentence denotes Microscopy was positive in 40/66 patients (61%; 95% CI:
T64044 395147-395202 Sentence denotes Microscopy was positive in 40/66 patients (61%; 95% CI:
TextSentencer_T3000 395203-395333 Sentence denotes 49−72%); respiratory and extrapulmonary specimens were smear-positive in 30/39 (77%) and 10/27 (35%) of TB patients, respectively.
T12897 395203-395333 Sentence denotes 49−72%); respiratory and extrapulmonary specimens were smear-positive in 30/39 (77%) and 10/27 (35%) of TB patients, respectively.
TextSentencer_T3001 395334-395383 Sentence denotes Overall, QFT-GIT was positive in 51 (76%; 95% CI:
T90322 395334-395383 Sentence denotes Overall, QFT-GIT was positive in 51 (76%; 95% CI:
TextSentencer_T3002 395384-395505 Sentence denotes 65−85%) TB patients; indeterminate or negative QFT-GIT results occurred in 6 (9%) and 10 (15%) TB patients, respectively.
T52560 395384-395505 Sentence denotes 65−85%) TB patients; indeterminate or negative QFT-GIT results occurred in 6 (9%) and 10 (15%) TB patients, respectively.
TextSentencer_T3003 395506-395563 Sentence denotes Age and gender did not influence the QFT-GIT test result.
T73933 395506-395563 Sentence denotes Age and gender did not influence the QFT-GIT test result.
TextSentencer_T3004 395564-395749 Sentence denotes However, the likelihood of having a negative or indeterminate QFT-GIT test result was significantly and independently associated with a positive microscopy (odds ratio [OR] 5.8, 95% CI:
T65506 395564-395749 Sentence denotes However, the likelihood of having a negative or indeterminate QFT-GIT test result was significantly and independently associated with a positive microscopy (odds ratio [OR] 5.8, 95% CI:
TextSentencer_T3005 395750-395814 Sentence denotes 1.2−28.2%; p = 0.03) and with immunesuppression (OR 3.2, 95% CI:
T43767 395750-395814 Sentence denotes 1.2−28.2%; p = 0.03) and with immunesuppression (OR 3.2, 95% CI:
TextSentencer_T3006 395815-395836 Sentence denotes 0.91−11.4, p = 0.08).
T23341 395815-395836 Sentence denotes 0.91−11.4, p = 0.08).
TextSentencer_T3007 395837-395849 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
T79317 395837-395849 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T3008 395850-396002 Sentence denotes To our knowledge this is the first study that demonstrates a significant association of smear-positive TB and negative or indeterminate QFT-GIT results.
T74693 395850-396002 Sentence denotes To our knowledge this is the first study that demonstrates a significant association of smear-positive TB and negative or indeterminate QFT-GIT results.
TextSentencer_T3009 396003-396104 Sentence denotes This association was independent of, and stronger than, the effect of concomitant immune-suppression.
T74895 396003-396104 Sentence denotes This association was independent of, and stronger than, the effect of concomitant immune-suppression.
TextSentencer_T3010 396105-396178 Sentence denotes The finding has implications for the use of QFT-GIT in clinical practice.
T84392 396105-396178 Sentence denotes The finding has implications for the use of QFT-GIT in clinical practice.
TextSentencer_T3011 396179-396189 Sentence denotes Objective:
T97298 396179-396189 Sentence denotes Objective:
TextSentencer_T3012 396190-396287 Sentence denotes Duration of exposure to tuberculosis (TB) is a major risk factor for transmission of the disease.
T82737 396190-396287 Sentence denotes Duration of exposure to tuberculosis (TB) is a major risk factor for transmission of the disease.
TextSentencer_T3013 396288-396416 Sentence denotes Current WHO guidelines, based on transmission of TB on aeroplane flights, recommend an 8 hour period as a cut off for screening.
T26916 396288-396416 Sentence denotes Current WHO guidelines, based on transmission of TB on aeroplane flights, recommend an 8 hour period as a cut off for screening.
TextSentencer_T3014 396417-396473 Sentence denotes However this was before the routine use of IFN-g assays.
T26763 396417-396473 Sentence denotes However this was before the routine use of IFN-g assays.
TextSentencer_T3015 396474-396617 Sentence denotes We compared Mantoux skin testing with QUANTIFERON-TB GOLD (QFN) in a hospital associated outbreak, stratifying patients by duration of contact.
T43433 396474-396617 Sentence denotes We compared Mantoux skin testing with QUANTIFERON-TB GOLD (QFN) in a hospital associated outbreak, stratifying patients by duration of contact.
TextSentencer_T3016 396618-396626 Sentence denotes Methods:
T19900 396618-396626 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T3017 396627-396830 Sentence denotes Hospital contacts of the index case were screened in a sequential manner (close contacts sharing the same room for 8 hours, contacts on the same ward for 8 hours and contacts on ward <8 hours Objectives:
T67883 396627-396830 Sentence denotes Hospital contacts of the index case were screened in a sequential manner (close contacts sharing the same room for 8 hours, contacts on the same ward for 8 hours and contacts on ward <8 hours Objectives:
TextSentencer_T3018 396831-396962 Sentence denotes Nation-wide surveillance on transmission and resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Netherlands has functioned since 1993.
T68513 396831-396962 Sentence denotes Nation-wide surveillance on transmission and resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Netherlands has functioned since 1993.
TextSentencer_T3019 396963-397153 Sentence denotes Presumably due to a lower transmissibility and a well-organised tuberculosis control, transmission of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) was so far limited to single secondary cases.
T40247 396963-397153 Sentence denotes Presumably due to a lower transmissibility and a well-organised tuberculosis control, transmission of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) was so far limited to single secondary cases.
TextSentencer_T3020 397154-397344 Sentence denotes However, a MDR strain with an unusually low level of rifampicin resistance (MIC 1−2 mg/l) was transmitted from a single source to nine persons, of whom three developed active disease so far.
T43481 397154-397344 Sentence denotes However, a MDR strain with an unusually low level of rifampicin resistance (MIC 1−2 mg/l) was transmitted from a single source to nine persons, of whom three developed active disease so far.
TextSentencer_T3021 397345-397512 Sentence denotes In the current study we assessed the molecular basis of the INH and rifampicin resistance of the outbreak strain and its implications for transmissibility and therapy.
T39766 397345-397512 Sentence denotes In the current study we assessed the molecular basis of the INH and rifampicin resistance of the outbreak strain and its implications for transmissibility and therapy.
TextSentencer_T3022 397513-397521 Sentence denotes Methods:
T53581 397513-397521 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T3023 397522-397662 Sentence denotes The katG and rpoB gene of the MDR strain were sequenced and the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) to INH and rifampicin was determined.
T50442 397522-397662 Sentence denotes The katG and rpoB gene of the MDR strain were sequenced and the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) to INH and rifampicin was determined.
TextSentencer_T3024 397663-397801 Sentence denotes DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis isolates and conventional contact tracing was performed to investigate the spread of the MDR strain.
T98899 397663-397801 Sentence denotes DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis isolates and conventional contact tracing was performed to investigate the spread of the MDR strain.
TextSentencer_T3025 397802-397810 Sentence denotes Results:
T65514 397802-397810 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T3026 397811-397891 Sentence denotes The respective outbreak strain had a Ser315Thr mutation in the katG gene (k315).
T58655 397811-397891 Sentence denotes The respective outbreak strain had a Ser315Thr mutation in the katG gene (k315).
TextSentencer_T3027 397892-398026 Sentence denotes INH resistant strains with k315 mutation were previously found to maintain a higher transmissibility than other INH resistant strains.
T38195 397892-398026 Sentence denotes INH resistant strains with k315 mutation were previously found to maintain a higher transmissibility than other INH resistant strains.
TextSentencer_T3028 398027-398083 Sentence denotes An Asp516Tyr mutation was found in the rpoB gene (r516).
T14489 398027-398083 Sentence denotes An Asp516Tyr mutation was found in the rpoB gene (r516).
TextSentencer_T3029 398084-398278 Sentence denotes Phenotypically, most of the outbreak isolates were interpreted resistant, but a part of the isolates were read as susceptible, which confused the therapy guidance and the surveillance of MDR-TB.
T19577 398084-398278 Sentence denotes Phenotypically, most of the outbreak isolates were interpreted resistant, but a part of the isolates were read as susceptible, which confused the therapy guidance and the surveillance of MDR-TB.
TextSentencer_T3030 398279-398290 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T61705 398279-398290 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T3031 398291-398568 Sentence denotes The relatively high rate of transmission of this k315/r516 variant may be related to evolutionary development of M. tuberculosis to maintain its transmissibility despite the adaptation to withstand the therapy by our most important anti-mycobacterial drugs; INH and rifampicin.
T42623 398291-398568 Sentence denotes The relatively high rate of transmission of this k315/r516 variant may be related to evolutionary development of M. tuberculosis to maintain its transmissibility despite the adaptation to withstand the therapy by our most important anti-mycobacterial drugs; INH and rifampicin.
TextSentencer_T3032 398569-398676 Sentence denotes More studies are needed to investigate the contribution of k315/r516 MDR strains to transmission of MDR-TB.
T61324 398569-398676 Sentence denotes More studies are needed to investigate the contribution of k315/r516 MDR strains to transmission of MDR-TB.
TextSentencer_T3033 398677-398801 Sentence denotes The consequences of the unusual low level of rifampicin resistance for therapy guidance and surveillance will be determined.
T46517 398677-398801 Sentence denotes The consequences of the unusual low level of rifampicin resistance for therapy guidance and surveillance will be determined.
TextSentencer_T3034 398802-398919 Sentence denotes It is considered to introduce the term "intermediate susceptibility" to indicate this level of rifampicin resistance.
T56623 398802-398919 Sentence denotes It is considered to introduce the term "intermediate susceptibility" to indicate this level of rifampicin resistance.
TextSentencer_T3035 398920-398931 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T12314 398920-398931 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T3036 398932-399111 Sentence denotes The "Real Time TB" assay (RT-TB) is a new multiplex real time PCR assay that allows the rapid detection and differentiation of the M. tuberculosis complex from other mycobacteria.
T31995 398932-399111 Sentence denotes The "Real Time TB" assay (RT-TB) is a new multiplex real time PCR assay that allows the rapid detection and differentiation of the M. tuberculosis complex from other mycobacteria.
TextSentencer_T3037 399112-399353 Sentence denotes The assay targets the IS6110 element and the RD9 specific region that differentiate M. tuberculosis (IS6110 positive -RD9 positive) from the other mycobacterial species included in the M. tuberculosis complex (IS6110 positive -RD9 negative).
T29763 399112-399353 Sentence denotes The assay targets the IS6110 element and the RD9 specific region that differentiate M. tuberculosis (IS6110 positive -RD9 positive) from the other mycobacterial species included in the M. tuberculosis complex (IS6110 positive -RD9 negative).
TextSentencer_T3038 399354-399520 Sentence denotes We recently evaluated the first version of the RT-TB kit, demonstrating that the assay is sensitive, particularly in smear negative-culture positive clinical samples.
T4523 399354-399520 Sentence denotes We recently evaluated the first version of the RT-TB kit, demonstrating that the assay is sensitive, particularly in smear negative-culture positive clinical samples.
TextSentencer_T3039 399521-399706 Sentence denotes Here, we report on the evaluation of a new version of the RT-TB assay in which the labelling of the IS6110 probe has been modified in order to improve its stability and detection level.
T51566 399521-399706 Sentence denotes Here, we report on the evaluation of a new version of the RT-TB assay in which the labelling of the IS6110 probe has been modified in order to improve its stability and detection level.
TextSentencer_T3040 399707-399892 Sentence denotes The new RT-TB BioRad kit includes an IS6110-BRD04 probe (instead of IS6110-Tamra in the previous version) that increases by 10-fold the sensitivity of detection of the IS6110 amplicons.
T43524 399707-399892 Sentence denotes The new RT-TB BioRad kit includes an IS6110-BRD04 probe (instead of IS6110-Tamra in the previous version) that increases by 10-fold the sensitivity of detection of the IS6110 amplicons.
TextSentencer_T3041 399893-400000 Sentence denotes Fifty-two clinical samples collected in routine (sputa, bronchoalveolar and gastric lavages) were included.
T6734 399893-400000 Sentence denotes Fifty-two clinical samples collected in routine (sputa, bronchoalveolar and gastric lavages) were included.
TextSentencer_T3042 400001-400101 Sentence denotes DNA preparations and RT PCR reactions were carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions.
T89918 400001-400101 Sentence denotes DNA preparations and RT PCR reactions were carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions.
TextSentencer_T3043 400102-400227 Sentence denotes A new specific software developed by the manufacturer was used for the automated analysis of the RT-TB amplification results.
T45833 400102-400227 Sentence denotes A new specific software developed by the manufacturer was used for the automated analysis of the RT-TB amplification results.
TextSentencer_T3044 400228-400236 Sentence denotes Results:
T52056 400228-400236 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T3045 400237-400394 Sentence denotes In the present study, 2 samples were found to contain inhibitors (as indicated by the negative amplification signals of the corresponding internal controls).
T21995 400237-400394 Sentence denotes In the present study, 2 samples were found to contain inhibitors (as indicated by the negative amplification signals of the corresponding internal controls).
TextSentencer_T3046 400395-400490 Sentence denotes The 8 smear positive samples included in the study were all found to be IS6110-POS and RD9-POS.
T76540 400395-400490 Sentence denotes The 8 smear positive samples included in the study were all found to be IS6110-POS and RD9-POS.
TextSentencer_T3047 400491-400581 Sentence denotes Interestingly, 4 of them showed <1 acid fast bacilli per field on microscopic examination.
T78820 400491-400581 Sentence denotes Interestingly, 4 of them showed <1 acid fast bacilli per field on microscopic examination.
TextSentencer_T3048 400582-400727 Sentence denotes The good sensitivity of the test was confirmed by 2 smear negative samples which were both found to be IS6110-POS and RD9-POS by the RT-TB assay.
T38285 400582-400727 Sentence denotes The good sensitivity of the test was confirmed by 2 smear negative samples which were both found to be IS6110-POS and RD9-POS by the RT-TB assay.
TextSentencer_T3049 400728-400824 Sentence denotes These two samples were confirmed to be positive for M. tuberculosis by the Roche Amplicor assay.
T9152 400728-400824 Sentence denotes These two samples were confirmed to be positive for M. tuberculosis by the Roche Amplicor assay.
TextSentencer_T3050 400825-401040 Sentence denotes Finally, the 40 remaining smear-negative samples were all found to be negative for IS6110 and RD9, suggesting that the increased sensitivity of the new IS6110-BRD04 probe does not impair the specificity of the test.
T109 400825-401040 Sentence denotes Finally, the 40 remaining smear-negative samples were all found to be negative for IS6110 and RD9, suggesting that the increased sensitivity of the new IS6110-BRD04 probe does not impair the specificity of the test.
TextSentencer_T3051 401041-401278 Sentence denotes The results obtained for the first evaluation of the new version of the RT-TB kit suggest that the assay is sensitive and specific and may be very promising for the detection of M. tuberculosis in clinical samples containing few bacilli.
T92106 401041-401278 Sentence denotes The results obtained for the first evaluation of the new version of the RT-TB kit suggest that the assay is sensitive and specific and may be very promising for the detection of M. tuberculosis in clinical samples containing few bacilli.
TextSentencer_T3052 401279-401349 Sentence denotes Further experiments are in progress to confirm these preliminary data.
T46235 401279-401349 Sentence denotes Further experiments are in progress to confirm these preliminary data.
TextSentencer_T3053 401350-401361 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T39806 401350-401361 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T3054 401362-401493 Sentence denotes A Dot-Blot hybridisation assay that detects all mutations occurring in the M. tuberculosis rpoB hot-spot region is being developed.
T79865 401362-401493 Sentence denotes A Dot-Blot hybridisation assay that detects all mutations occurring in the M. tuberculosis rpoB hot-spot region is being developed.
TextSentencer_T3055 401494-401643 Sentence denotes The assay uses five probes, capable of binding to a different target segment within the rpoB hot-spot region of the wild-type M. tuberculosis genome.
T54129 401494-401643 Sentence denotes The assay uses five probes, capable of binding to a different target segment within the rpoB hot-spot region of the wild-type M. tuberculosis genome.
TextSentencer_T3056 401644-401836 Sentence denotes The present study is a preliminary investigation to assess the suitability of the assay for detection of resistance mutations in rpoB in clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from Delhi, India.
T85041 401644-401836 Sentence denotes The present study is a preliminary investigation to assess the suitability of the assay for detection of resistance mutations in rpoB in clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from Delhi, India.
TextSentencer_T3057 401837-401845 Sentence denotes Methods:
T58049 401837-401845 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T3058 401846-401978 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing of 142 isolates of M. tuberculosis was carried out by proportion method and confirmed by BACTEC 460TB system.
T79632 401846-401978 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing of 142 isolates of M. tuberculosis was carried out by proportion method and confirmed by BACTEC 460TB system.
TextSentencer_T3059 401979-402163 Sentence denotes Dot-Blot assay was performed on 106 isolates with two of the probes hybridising to the wild-type sequence of M. tuberculosis, from codons 522 to 527 (Probe D) and 528 to 533 (Probe E).
T29252 401979-402163 Sentence denotes Dot-Blot assay was performed on 106 isolates with two of the probes hybridising to the wild-type sequence of M. tuberculosis, from codons 522 to 527 (Probe D) and 528 to 533 (Probe E).
TextSentencer_T3060 402164-402345 Sentence denotes Absence of hybridisation with any of the probes in the assay when a mutation was present indicated Rifampicin resistance, a surrogate marker for Multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis.
T48415 402164-402345 Sentence denotes Absence of hybridisation with any of the probes in the assay when a mutation was present indicated Rifampicin resistance, a surrogate marker for Multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis.
TextSentencer_T3061 402346-402354 Sentence denotes Results:
T84343 402346-402354 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T3062 402355-402539 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing of 142 isolates revealed isoniazid resistance in 53.5%, rifampicin resistance in 41%, streptomycin resistance in 53% and ethambutol resistance in 37% of strains.
T31013 402355-402539 Sentence denotes Susceptibility testing of 142 isolates revealed isoniazid resistance in 53.5%, rifampicin resistance in 41%, streptomycin resistance in 53% and ethambutol resistance in 37% of strains.
TextSentencer_T3063 402540-402589 Sentence denotes Fortyfive strains (32%) were multidrug resistant.
T80311 402540-402589 Sentence denotes Fortyfive strains (32%) were multidrug resistant.
TextSentencer_T3064 402590-402769 Sentence denotes Further analysis of the data showed that 96.4% of rifampicin-resistant strains and 100% of ethambutol-resistant strains had co resistance to one or the other antituberculous drug.
T88633 402590-402769 Sentence denotes Further analysis of the data showed that 96.4% of rifampicin-resistant strains and 100% of ethambutol-resistant strains had co resistance to one or the other antituberculous drug.
TextSentencer_T3065 402770-402945 Sentence denotes It was also interesting to note that 77% of the rifampicin-resistant strains were multidrug resistant, while the corresponding figure for ethambutol-resistant strains was 87%.
T82438 402770-402945 Sentence denotes It was also interesting to note that 77% of the rifampicin-resistant strains were multidrug resistant, while the corresponding figure for ethambutol-resistant strains was 87%.
TextSentencer_T3066 402946-403088 Sentence denotes Dot-Blot hybridisation assay with probes D and E was carried out on 106 isolates of M. tuberculosis, of which 43 were resistant to rifampicin.
T12331 402946-403088 Sentence denotes Dot-Blot hybridisation assay with probes D and E was carried out on 106 isolates of M. tuberculosis, of which 43 were resistant to rifampicin.
TextSentencer_T3067 403089-403204 Sentence denotes Of the rifampicin-resistant isolates tested, 15 did not hybridise with probe E, indicating a mutation at this site.
T50869 403089-403204 Sentence denotes Of the rifampicin-resistant isolates tested, 15 did not hybridise with probe E, indicating a mutation at this site.
TextSentencer_T3068 403205-403347 Sentence denotes The results of 10 strains were confirmed by sequencing when a mutation was detected in 9 strains at codon 531 and in one of them at codon 533.
T50913 403205-403347 Sentence denotes The results of 10 strains were confirmed by sequencing when a mutation was detected in 9 strains at codon 531 and in one of them at codon 533.
TextSentencer_T3069 403348-403497 Sentence denotes The remaining 28 rifampicin-resistant strains, which hybridised with probe E, may have a mutation at a site other than that complimentary to probe E.
T70335 403348-403497 Sentence denotes The remaining 28 rifampicin-resistant strains, which hybridised with probe E, may have a mutation at a site other than that complimentary to probe E.
TextSentencer_T3070 403498-403615 Sentence denotes Of these, 10 hybridised with probe D, indicating a mutation at the site complimentary to probe D (codons 522 to 527).
T37102 403498-403615 Sentence denotes Of these, 10 hybridised with probe D, indicating a mutation at the site complimentary to probe D (codons 522 to 527).
TextSentencer_T3071 403616-403732 Sentence denotes Of the 63 rifampicin-susceptible isolates, 62 (98%) hybridised with probes D and E, indicating a wild-type sequence.
T17171 403616-403732 Sentence denotes Of the 63 rifampicin-susceptible isolates, 62 (98%) hybridised with probes D and E, indicating a wild-type sequence.
TextSentencer_T3072 403733-403997 Sentence denotes The Dot-Blot assay was found to be a sensitive and specific assay. , and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), respectively, by the MALDI-TOF with correct identification rates of 100%, 97.7% and 93.3%, in comparison with those identified by phenotypic methods.
T61459 403733-403997 Sentence denotes The Dot-Blot assay was found to be a sensitive and specific assay. , and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), respectively, by the MALDI-TOF with correct identification rates of 100%, 97.7% and 93.3%, in comparison with those identified by phenotypic methods.
TextSentencer_T3073 403998-404143 Sentence denotes The agreement rate was 75.6% with those determined by the API STAPH when these CoNS isolates were identified into species level by the MALDI-TOF.
T45598 403998-404143 Sentence denotes The agreement rate was 75.6% with those determined by the API STAPH when these CoNS isolates were identified into species level by the MALDI-TOF.
TextSentencer_T3074 404144-404286 Sentence denotes Seven PVL-positive MRSA isolates were correctly recognized by the MALDI-TOF with 100% accordance with the results determined by real-time PCR.
T81438 404144-404286 Sentence denotes Seven PVL-positive MRSA isolates were correctly recognized by the MALDI-TOF with 100% accordance with the results determined by real-time PCR.
TextSentencer_T3075 404287-404483 Sentence denotes The whole process, from the sample preparation to result analysis, can be completed between 1.5 and 2.5 hours, which greatly shortens the time usually needed for current phenotypic identification.
T57573 404287-404483 Sentence denotes The whole process, from the sample preparation to result analysis, can be completed between 1.5 and 2.5 hours, which greatly shortens the time usually needed for current phenotypic identification.
TextSentencer_T3076 404484-404606 Sentence denotes Conclusion: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry provides a rapid and relevant system for clinical identification of staphylococci.
T87692 404484-404606 Sentence denotes Conclusion: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry provides a rapid and relevant system for clinical identification of staphylococci.
TextSentencer_T3077 404607-404754 Sentence denotes Detecting PVL protein directly from clinical isolates provides a bacterial identification system that is desirable in clinical diagnostic services.
T98703 404607-404754 Sentence denotes Detecting PVL protein directly from clinical isolates provides a bacterial identification system that is desirable in clinical diagnostic services.
TextSentencer_T3078 404755-404766 Sentence denotes Objectives:
T96674 404755-404766 Sentence denotes Objectives:
TextSentencer_T3079 404767-404860 Sentence denotes Bacteroides fragilis is the Gram-negative anaerobe isolated most often from human infections.
T97332 404767-404860 Sentence denotes Bacteroides fragilis is the Gram-negative anaerobe isolated most often from human infections.
TextSentencer_T3080 404861-404921 Sentence denotes Some B. fragilis strains produce a 20 kDa enterotoxin (BFT).
T4229 404861-404921 Sentence denotes Some B. fragilis strains produce a 20 kDa enterotoxin (BFT).
TextSentencer_T3081 404922-405150 Sentence denotes Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) have been isolated from various diarrhoeic animal species and epidemiological studies worldwide note a significant correlation between ETBF and human diarrhoeal disease, especially in children.
T2988 404922-405150 Sentence denotes Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) have been isolated from various diarrhoeic animal species and epidemiological studies worldwide note a significant correlation between ETBF and human diarrhoeal disease, especially in children.
TextSentencer_T3082 405151-405349 Sentence denotes The prevalence of ETBF in gastrointestinal diseases in the UK, however, has not been investigated, partly due to the lack of a simple identification test that can be used in diagnostic laboratories.
T38640 405151-405349 Sentence denotes The prevalence of ETBF in gastrointestinal diseases in the UK, however, has not been investigated, partly due to the lack of a simple identification test that can be used in diagnostic laboratories.
TextSentencer_T3083 405350-405575 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and specific multiplex PCR assay for the detection of ETBF directly from faeces, and to investigate if ETBF are associated with cases of community-acquired diarrhoea in the UK.
T90913 405350-405575 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and specific multiplex PCR assay for the detection of ETBF directly from faeces, and to investigate if ETBF are associated with cases of community-acquired diarrhoea in the UK.
TextSentencer_T3084 405576-405584 Sentence denotes Methods:
T20960 405576-405584 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T3085 405585-405767 Sentence denotes Primers were designed from published enterotoxin sequences to amplify 416 bp of bft, and multiplexed with primers amplifying 293 bp of nanH (+ve control for presence of B. fragilis).
T75740 405585-405767 Sentence denotes Primers were designed from published enterotoxin sequences to amplify 416 bp of bft, and multiplexed with primers amplifying 293 bp of nanH (+ve control for presence of B. fragilis).
TextSentencer_T3086 405768-405828 Sentence denotes The assay was validated against 136 strains from 52 species.
T33584 405768-405828 Sentence denotes The assay was validated against 136 strains from 52 species.
TextSentencer_T3087 405829-405904 Sentence denotes DNA was extracted from stools using the QIAamp DNA stool mini kit (Qiagen).
T3098 405829-405904 Sentence denotes DNA was extracted from stools using the QIAamp DNA stool mini kit (Qiagen).
TextSentencer_T3088 405905-405973 Sentence denotes Spiking experiments were used to determine sensitivity of the assay.
T38842 405905-405973 Sentence denotes Spiking experiments were used to determine sensitivity of the assay.
TextSentencer_T3089 405974-406116 Sentence denotes Stool was obtained from 193 cases of community-acquired diarrhoea, selected on the basis that no other bacterial pathogen had been identified.
T66474 405974-406116 Sentence denotes Stool was obtained from 193 cases of community-acquired diarrhoea, selected on the basis that no other bacterial pathogen had been identified.
TextSentencer_T3090 406117-406254 Sentence denotes Where bft was detected in DNA extracts, a second novel multiplex PCR assay was used to determine which of the 3 bft isoforms was present.
T47585 406117-406254 Sentence denotes Where bft was detected in DNA extracts, a second novel multiplex PCR assay was used to determine which of the 3 bft isoforms was present.
TextSentencer_T3091 406255-406263 Sentence denotes Results:
T41038 406255-406263 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T3092 406264-406363 Sentence denotes The PCR assay for ETBF was found to be 100% specific and had a detection limit of 10 4 cfu/g stool.
T23650 406264-406363 Sentence denotes The PCR assay for ETBF was found to be 100% specific and had a detection limit of 10 4 cfu/g stool.
TextSentencer_T3093 406364-406442 Sentence denotes 13% (25/193) of the diarrhoea samples gave a positive result for bft and nanH.
T21333 406364-406442 Sentence denotes 13% (25/193) of the diarrhoea samples gave a positive result for bft and nanH.
TextSentencer_T3094 406443-406515 Sentence denotes The predominant isoform in the ETBF +ve samples was bft-1 (n = 20, 80%).
T36180 406443-406515 Sentence denotes The predominant isoform in the ETBF +ve samples was bft-1 (n = 20, 80%).
TextSentencer_T3095 406516-406556 Sentence denotes Three samples had bft-2 and 1 had bft-3.
T32027 406516-406556 Sentence denotes Three samples had bft-2 and 1 had bft-3.
TextSentencer_T3096 406557-406702 Sentence denotes A diarrhoeal sample from a 1-yr old male yielded PCR amplimers for both bft-1 and bft-2 suggesting carriage of at least 2 different ETBF strains.
T59881 406557-406702 Sentence denotes A diarrhoeal sample from a 1-yr old male yielded PCR amplimers for both bft-1 and bft-2 suggesting carriage of at least 2 different ETBF strains.
TextSentencer_T3097 406703-406714 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
T20054 406703-406714 Sentence denotes Conclusion:
TextSentencer_T3098 406715-406819 Sentence denotes The multiplex PCR assay was highly specific for ETBF and allowed detection without the need for culture.
T51391 406715-406819 Sentence denotes The multiplex PCR assay was highly specific for ETBF and allowed detection without the need for culture.
TextSentencer_T3099 406820-406895 Sentence denotes This is the first report of ETBF in community-acquired diarrhoea in the UK.
T91660 406820-406895 Sentence denotes This is the first report of ETBF in community-acquired diarrhoea in the UK.
TextSentencer_T3100 406896-407089 Sentence denotes The distribution of isoforms in the clinical samples was similar to earlier reports from Europe, but the occurrence of 2 different bft isoforms in a faecal sample has not been described before.
T1941 406896-407089 Sentence denotes The distribution of isoforms in the clinical samples was similar to earlier reports from Europe, but the occurrence of 2 different bft isoforms in a faecal sample has not been described before.
TextSentencer_T3101 407090-407263 Sentence denotes The finding of ETBF in a high proportion (13%) of samples for which there was no other bacterial explanation for the diarrhoea merits further investigation of this pathogen.
T73534 407090-407263 Sentence denotes The finding of ETBF in a high proportion (13%) of samples for which there was no other bacterial explanation for the diarrhoea merits further investigation of this pathogen.