CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:3345fa1a77d9ad2f4bce48138490e60a462fe18b JSONTXT 8 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-72 Sentence denotes Sugar-Binding Profiles of Chitin-Binding Lectins from the Hevein Family:
T3563 0-72 Sentence denotes Sugar-Binding Profiles of Chitin-Binding Lectins from the Hevein Family:
TextSentencer_T2 73-94 Sentence denotes A Comprehensive Study
T7332 73-94 Sentence denotes A Comprehensive Study
TextSentencer_T3 96-104 Sentence denotes Abstract
T42963 96-104 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T4 105-286 Sentence denotes Chitin-binding lectins form the hevein family in plants, which are defined by the presence of single or multiple structurally conserved GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine)-binding domains.
T27310 105-286 Sentence denotes Chitin-binding lectins form the hevein family in plants, which are defined by the presence of single or multiple structurally conserved GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine)-binding domains.
TextSentencer_T5 287-409 Sentence denotes Although they have been used as probes for chito-oligosaccharides, their detailed specificities remain to be investigated.
T96413 287-409 Sentence denotes Although they have been used as probes for chito-oligosaccharides, their detailed specificities remain to be investigated.
TextSentencer_T6 410-547 Sentence denotes In this study, we analyzed six chitin-binding lectins, DSA, LEL, PWM, STL, UDA, and WGA, by quantitative frontal affinity chromatography.
T11332 410-547 Sentence denotes In this study, we analyzed six chitin-binding lectins, DSA, LEL, PWM, STL, UDA, and WGA, by quantitative frontal affinity chromatography.
TextSentencer_T7 548-783 Sentence denotes Some novel features were evident: WGA showed almost comparable affinity for pyridylaminated chitotriose and chitotetraose, while LEL and UDA showed much weaker affinity, and DSA, PWM, and STL had no substantial affinity for the former.
T98263 548-783 Sentence denotes Some novel features were evident: WGA showed almost comparable affinity for pyridylaminated chitotriose and chitotetraose, while LEL and UDA showed much weaker affinity, and DSA, PWM, and STL had no substantial affinity for the former.
TextSentencer_T8 784-877 Sentence denotes WGA showed selective affinity for hybrid-type N-glycans harboring a bisecting GlcNAc residue.
T18783 784-877 Sentence denotes WGA showed selective affinity for hybrid-type N-glycans harboring a bisecting GlcNAc residue.
TextSentencer_T9 878-996 Sentence denotes UDA showed extensive binding to high-mannose type N-glycans, with affinity increasing with the number of Man residues.
T45466 878-996 Sentence denotes UDA showed extensive binding to high-mannose type N-glycans, with affinity increasing with the number of Man residues.
TextSentencer_T10 997-1110 Sentence denotes DSA showed the highest affinity for highly branched N-glycans consisting of type II LacNAc (N-acetyllactosamine).
T51061 997-1110 Sentence denotes DSA showed the highest affinity for highly branched N-glycans consisting of type II LacNAc (N-acetyllactosamine).
TextSentencer_T11 1111-1223 Sentence denotes Further, multivalent features of these lectins were investigated by using glycoconjugate and lectin microarrays.
T99261 1111-1223 Sentence denotes Further, multivalent features of these lectins were investigated by using glycoconjugate and lectin microarrays.
TextSentencer_T12 1224-1379 Sentence denotes The lectins showed substantial binding to immobilized LacNAc as well as chito-oligosaccharides, although the extents to which they bound varied among them.
T92190 1224-1379 Sentence denotes The lectins showed substantial binding to immobilized LacNAc as well as chito-oligosaccharides, although the extents to which they bound varied among them.
TextSentencer_T13 1380-1442 Sentence denotes WGA showed strong binding to heavily sialylated glycoproteins.
T72322 1380-1442 Sentence denotes WGA showed strong binding to heavily sialylated glycoproteins.
TextSentencer_T14 1443-1579 Sentence denotes The above observations will help interpret lectin-glycoprotein interactions in histochemical studies and glyco-biomarker investigations.
T10956 1443-1579 Sentence denotes The above observations will help interpret lectin-glycoprotein interactions in histochemical studies and glyco-biomarker investigations.
TextSentencer_T15 1580-1618 Sentence denotes well as disulfide bridges (Figure 1) .
T55005 1580-1618 Sentence denotes well as disulfide bridges (Figure 1) .
TextSentencer_T16 1619-1704 Sentence denotes Hevein was originally found in latex from rubber as a component of chitinase in 1970.
T40517 1619-1704 Sentence denotes Hevein was originally found in latex from rubber as a component of chitinase in 1970.
TextSentencer_T17 1705-2051 Sentence denotes Although hevein is known to show relatively weak (i.e., 1 mM or lower K d ) affinity for chito-oligosaccharides [12] [13] [14] , other chitin-binding lectins have multiple carbohydrate-binding domains and their amino acid sequences are significantly different, including the conserved aromatic residues involved in GlcNAc recognition (Figure 1) .
T10342 1705-2051 Sentence denotes Although hevein is known to show relatively weak (i.e., 1 mM or lower K d ) affinity for chito-oligosaccharides [12] [13] [14] , other chitin-binding lectins have multiple carbohydrate-binding domains and their amino acid sequences are significantly different, including the conserved aromatic residues involved in GlcNAc recognition (Figure 1) .
TextSentencer_T18 2052-2056 Sentence denotes Int.
T9611 2052-2056 Sentence denotes Int.
TextSentencer_T19 2057-2059 Sentence denotes J.
T57588 2057-2059 Sentence denotes J.
TextSentencer_T20 2060-2064 Sentence denotes Mol.
T29024 2060-2064 Sentence denotes Mol.
TextSentencer_T21 2065-2069 Sentence denotes Sci.
T73248 2065-2069 Sentence denotes Sci.
TextSentencer_T22 2070-2241 Sentence denotes 2017, 18, x 2 of 26 consisting of 43 amino acids (hevein domain), including evolutionarily conserved serine and aromatic residues as well as disulfide bridges (Figure 1) .
T59092 2070-2241 Sentence denotes 2017, 18, x 2 of 26 consisting of 43 amino acids (hevein domain), including evolutionarily conserved serine and aromatic residues as well as disulfide bridges (Figure 1) .
TextSentencer_T23 2242-2327 Sentence denotes Hevein was originally found in latex from rubber as a component of chitinase in 1970.
T51384 2242-2327 Sentence denotes Hevein was originally found in latex from rubber as a component of chitinase in 1970.
TextSentencer_T24 2328-2672 Sentence denotes Although hevein is known to show relatively weak (i.e., 1 mM or lower Kd) affinity for chito-oligosaccharides [12] [13] [14] , other chitin-binding lectins have multiple carbohydrate-binding domains and their amino acid sequences are significantly different, including the conserved aromatic residues involved in GlcNAc recognition (Figure 1 ).
T15254 2328-2672 Sentence denotes Although hevein is known to show relatively weak (i.e., 1 mM or lower Kd) affinity for chito-oligosaccharides [12] [13] [14] , other chitin-binding lectins have multiple carbohydrate-binding domains and their amino acid sequences are significantly different, including the conserved aromatic residues involved in GlcNAc recognition (Figure 1 ).
TextSentencer_T25 2674-2978 Sentence denotes Historically, plant lectins have been characterized as hemagglutinin-or mitogen-acting toward animal cells (e.g., Griffonia simplicifolia lectin I (GSL-I) A4 hemagglutinin specific for blood type group A [1] [2] [3] and the plant toxin ricin known as Ricinus communis agglutinin II (RCA60) [4] [5] [6] ).
T95402 2674-2978 Sentence denotes Historically, plant lectins have been characterized as hemagglutinin-or mitogen-acting toward animal cells (e.g., Griffonia simplicifolia lectin I (GSL-I) A4 hemagglutinin specific for blood type group A [1] [2] [3] and the plant toxin ricin known as Ricinus communis agglutinin II (RCA60) [4] [5] [6] ).
TextSentencer_T26 2979-3153 Sentence denotes Plant lectins exist as multiple molecular species (i.e., isolectins such as Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA120), RCA60, GSL-I A4, and GSL-I B4 [1, [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] ).
T66578 2979-3153 Sentence denotes Plant lectins exist as multiple molecular species (i.e., isolectins such as Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA120), RCA60, GSL-I A4, and GSL-I B4 [1, [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] ).
TextSentencer_T27 3154-3300 Sentence denotes These plant lectins have long been utilized in the glycoscience field, especially when no methods are available other than anti-glycan antibodies.
T50421 3154-3300 Sentence denotes These plant lectins have long been utilized in the glycoscience field, especially when no methods are available other than anti-glycan antibodies.
TextSentencer_T28 3301-3412 Sentence denotes Therefore, knowledge about glycan-binding properties is crucial to interpret the results obtained by their use.
T63684 3301-3412 Sentence denotes Therefore, knowledge about glycan-binding properties is crucial to interpret the results obtained by their use.
TextSentencer_T29 3413-3725 Sentence denotes Chitin-binding lectins constitute members of the hevein-like lectin family (hereafter referred to as the hevein family), where hevein corresponds to a sole proto-type member of the family, consisting of 43 amino acids (hevein domain), including evolutionarily conserved serine and aromatic residues as Figure 1 .
T32183 3413-3725 Sentence denotes Chitin-binding lectins constitute members of the hevein-like lectin family (hereafter referred to as the hevein family), where hevein corresponds to a sole proto-type member of the family, consisting of 43 amino acids (hevein domain), including evolutionarily conserved serine and aromatic residues as Figure 1 .
TextSentencer_T30 3726-3820 Sentence denotes Alignment of amino-acid sequences of the six chitin-binding lectins investigated in this work.
T32494 3726-3820 Sentence denotes Alignment of amino-acid sequences of the six chitin-binding lectins investigated in this work.
TextSentencer_T31 3821-3892 Sentence denotes Hevein, constituting a sole proto-type lectin, is shown as a reference.
T67158 3821-3892 Sentence denotes Hevein, constituting a sole proto-type lectin, is shown as a reference.
TextSentencer_T32 3893-4214 Sentence denotes The sequences are of UDA6 isolectin (GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number AAD05433) for UDA, PLC isolectin (AB052963) for PWM, WGA1 isolectin (UniProtKB accession number, P10968) for WGA (categorized as tandem-repeat type), LEL (AB360604), DSA-B isolectins (AB618634) for DSA, and STL (Q9S8M0; categorized as chimera type).
T13518 3893-4214 Sentence denotes The sequences are of UDA6 isolectin (GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number AAD05433) for UDA, PLC isolectin (AB052963) for PWM, WGA1 isolectin (UniProtKB accession number, P10968) for WGA (categorized as tandem-repeat type), LEL (AB360604), DSA-B isolectins (AB618634) for DSA, and STL (Q9S8M0; categorized as chimera type).
TextSentencer_T33 4215-4270 Sentence denotes Bold arrows on the top denote the regions of β-strands.
T77699 4215-4270 Sentence denotes Bold arrows on the top denote the regions of β-strands.
TextSentencer_T34 4271-4516 Sentence denotes Schematic representations are made for each lectin on the right, where four amino-acid residues essential for chito-oligosaccharide-binding in hevein, i.e., Ser (S), two Trp (W), and Tyr (Y) are shown in each hevein domain shown with a gray box.
T6791 4271-4516 Sentence denotes Schematic representations are made for each lectin on the right, where four amino-acid residues essential for chito-oligosaccharide-binding in hevein, i.e., Ser (S), two Trp (W), and Tyr (Y) are shown in each hevein domain shown with a gray box.
TextSentencer_T35 4517-4586 Sentence denotes The extensin-like, function-unknown domain is shown with a black bar.
T86370 4517-4586 Sentence denotes The extensin-like, function-unknown domain is shown with a black bar.
TextSentencer_T36 4587-4752 Sentence denotes Van Damme has proposed the categorization of the known plant lectins, including chitin-binding lectins, into three groups: merolectin, horolectin, and chimerolectin.
T72496 4587-4752 Sentence denotes Van Damme has proposed the categorization of the known plant lectins, including chitin-binding lectins, into three groups: merolectin, horolectin, and chimerolectin.
TextSentencer_T37 4753-4831 Sentence denotes Further, superlectin was designated as a special group of chimerolectin [15] .
T22944 4753-4831 Sentence denotes Further, superlectin was designated as a special group of chimerolectin [15] .
TextSentencer_T38 4832-5211 Sentence denotes This classification is analogous to that of galectins forming a large group of animal lectins (e.g., "proto type" consisting of a single carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) such as galectin-1, 2 and 7, "tandem-repeat type" consisting of multiple CRDs such as galectin-4, 8 and 9, and "chimera type" consisting of a CRD and a non-CRD structural domain such as galectin-3 [16] ).
T56091 4832-5211 Sentence denotes This classification is analogous to that of galectins forming a large group of animal lectins (e.g., "proto type" consisting of a single carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) such as galectin-1, 2 and 7, "tandem-repeat type" consisting of multiple CRDs such as galectin-4, 8 and 9, and "chimera type" consisting of a CRD and a non-CRD structural domain such as galectin-3 [16] ).
TextSentencer_T39 5212-5450 Sentence denotes With regard to the binding specificity of chitin-binding lectins, WGA is known to bind heavily sialylated glycans [17, 18] and tomato lectin (LEL) preferentially binds to repeated structures of N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LacNAc) [19, 20] .
T83550 5212-5450 Sentence denotes With regard to the binding specificity of chitin-binding lectins, WGA is known to bind heavily sialylated glycans [17, 18] and tomato lectin (LEL) preferentially binds to repeated structures of N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LacNAc) [19, 20] .
TextSentencer_T40 5451-5595 Sentence denotes However, details of the glycan-binding specificity of these chitin-binding lectins are not known, even though they are well-known plant lectins.
T55423 5451-5595 Sentence denotes However, details of the glycan-binding specificity of these chitin-binding lectins are not known, even though they are well-known plant lectins.
TextSentencer_T41 5596-6051 Sentence denotes In this study, six chitin-binding lectins, Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA), Lycopersicon esculentum (currently renamed Solanum lycopersicum) lectin (LEL; tomato lectin), Phytolacca americana mitogen (PWM; pokeweed mitogen), Solanum tuberosum lectin (STL; potato lectin), Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA), and Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (WGA; wheat germ agglutinin), belonging to the hevein family, were investigated for their glycan-binding properties.
T27693 5596-6051 Sentence denotes In this study, six chitin-binding lectins, Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA), Lycopersicon esculentum (currently renamed Solanum lycopersicum) lectin (LEL; tomato lectin), Phytolacca americana mitogen (PWM; pokeweed mitogen), Solanum tuberosum lectin (STL; potato lectin), Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA), and Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (WGA; wheat germ agglutinin), belonging to the hevein family, were investigated for their glycan-binding properties.
TextSentencer_T42 6052-6246 Sentence denotes WGA is extensively used as a Van Damme has proposed the categorization of the known plant lectins, including chitin-binding lectins, into three groups: merolectin, horolectin, and chimerolectin.
T4082 6052-6246 Sentence denotes WGA is extensively used as a Van Damme has proposed the categorization of the known plant lectins, including chitin-binding lectins, into three groups: merolectin, horolectin, and chimerolectin.
TextSentencer_T43 6247-6325 Sentence denotes Further, superlectin was designated as a special group of chimerolectin [15] .
T11388 6247-6325 Sentence denotes Further, superlectin was designated as a special group of chimerolectin [15] .
TextSentencer_T44 6326-6705 Sentence denotes This classification is analogous to that of galectins forming a large group of animal lectins (e.g., "proto type" consisting of a single carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) such as galectin-1, 2 and 7, "tandem-repeat type" consisting of multiple CRDs such as galectin-4, 8 and 9, and "chimera type" consisting of a CRD and a non-CRD structural domain such as galectin-3 [16] ).
T55659 6326-6705 Sentence denotes This classification is analogous to that of galectins forming a large group of animal lectins (e.g., "proto type" consisting of a single carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) such as galectin-1, 2 and 7, "tandem-repeat type" consisting of multiple CRDs such as galectin-4, 8 and 9, and "chimera type" consisting of a CRD and a non-CRD structural domain such as galectin-3 [16] ).
TextSentencer_T45 6706-6944 Sentence denotes With regard to the binding specificity of chitin-binding lectins, WGA is known to bind heavily sialylated glycans [17, 18] and tomato lectin (LEL) preferentially binds to repeated structures of N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LacNAc) [19, 20] .
T84250 6706-6944 Sentence denotes With regard to the binding specificity of chitin-binding lectins, WGA is known to bind heavily sialylated glycans [17, 18] and tomato lectin (LEL) preferentially binds to repeated structures of N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LacNAc) [19, 20] .
TextSentencer_T46 6945-7089 Sentence denotes However, details of the glycan-binding specificity of these chitin-binding lectins are not known, even though they are well-known plant lectins.
T40666 6945-7089 Sentence denotes However, details of the glycan-binding specificity of these chitin-binding lectins are not known, even though they are well-known plant lectins.
TextSentencer_T47 7090-7545 Sentence denotes In this study, six chitin-binding lectins, Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA), Lycopersicon esculentum (currently renamed Solanum lycopersicum) lectin (LEL; tomato lectin), Phytolacca americana mitogen (PWM; pokeweed mitogen), Solanum tuberosum lectin (STL; potato lectin), Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA), and Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (WGA; wheat germ agglutinin), belonging to the hevein family, were investigated for their glycan-binding properties.
T50343 7090-7545 Sentence denotes In this study, six chitin-binding lectins, Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA), Lycopersicon esculentum (currently renamed Solanum lycopersicum) lectin (LEL; tomato lectin), Phytolacca americana mitogen (PWM; pokeweed mitogen), Solanum tuberosum lectin (STL; potato lectin), Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA), and Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (WGA; wheat germ agglutinin), belonging to the hevein family, were investigated for their glycan-binding properties.
TextSentencer_T48 7546-7615 Sentence denotes WGA is extensively used as a probe to stain cell membranes [21, 22] .
T70369 7546-7615 Sentence denotes WGA is extensively used as a probe to stain cell membranes [21, 22] .
TextSentencer_T49 7616-7698 Sentence denotes LEL is also used for histochemical staining of the vascular endothelium [23, 24] .
T30755 7616-7698 Sentence denotes LEL is also used for histochemical staining of the vascular endothelium [23, 24] .
TextSentencer_T50 7699-7779 Sentence denotes Other lectins are also used as probes to stain animal tissue sections [25, 26] .
T71792 7699-7779 Sentence denotes Other lectins are also used as probes to stain animal tissue sections [25, 26] .
TextSentencer_T51 7780-7949 Sentence denotes WGA isolated from the germ of wheat (Gramineae) is a tandem-repeat type lectin consisting of four hevein domains of homo or hetero dimers [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] .
T35634 7780-7949 Sentence denotes WGA isolated from the germ of wheat (Gramineae) is a tandem-repeat type lectin consisting of four hevein domains of homo or hetero dimers [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] .
TextSentencer_T52 7950-8136 Sentence denotes As shown by Yamaguchi et al. and Hayashida et al. [14, [33] [34] [35] , PWM isolated from the root of pokeweed (Phytolaccaceae) also belongs to a tandem-repeat type, existing as a dimer.
T2209 7950-8136 Sentence denotes As shown by Yamaguchi et al. and Hayashida et al. [14, [33] [34] [35] , PWM isolated from the root of pokeweed (Phytolaccaceae) also belongs to a tandem-repeat type, existing as a dimer.
TextSentencer_T53 8137-8285 Sentence denotes UDA isolated from the rhizome of stinging nettle (Urticaceae) is also a tandem-repeat type lectin, consisting of two hevein domains [36] [37] [38] .
T80085 8137-8285 Sentence denotes UDA isolated from the rhizome of stinging nettle (Urticaceae) is also a tandem-repeat type lectin, consisting of two hevein domains [36] [37] [38] .
TextSentencer_T54 8286-8693 Sentence denotes In contrast, STL isolated from the plant tuber potato and DSA isolated from the seed of thornapple (Solanaceae) are more complex and categorized as a chimera-type lectin, both of which contain four hevein domain repeats and an extensin-like domain, the latter of which is located between two N-terminal hevein domains and two C-terminal domains, the function of which is not known [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] .
T54173 8286-8693 Sentence denotes In contrast, STL isolated from the plant tuber potato and DSA isolated from the seed of thornapple (Solanaceae) are more complex and categorized as a chimera-type lectin, both of which contain four hevein domain repeats and an extensin-like domain, the latter of which is located between two N-terminal hevein domains and two C-terminal domains, the function of which is not known [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] .
TextSentencer_T55 8694-8970 Sentence denotes LEL isolated from the fruit of tomato (Solanaceae) also belongs to a chimera-type lectin, comprised of a single and three hevein domain repeats in the N-and C-terminus of the dimer, respectively, and an extensin-like domain in between, unlike STL and DSA [44, 45] (Figure 1) .
T92865 8694-8970 Sentence denotes LEL isolated from the fruit of tomato (Solanaceae) also belongs to a chimera-type lectin, comprised of a single and three hevein domain repeats in the N-and C-terminus of the dimer, respectively, and an extensin-like domain in between, unlike STL and DSA [44, 45] (Figure 1) .
TextSentencer_T56 8971-9194 Sentence denotes We analyzed the glycan-binding properties of the six chitin-binding lectins for 124 pyridylaminated (PA) oligosaccharides by quantitative frontal affinity chromatography (FAC) [46] [47] [48] , where lectins are immobilized.
T85299 8971-9194 Sentence denotes We analyzed the glycan-binding properties of the six chitin-binding lectins for 124 pyridylaminated (PA) oligosaccharides by quantitative frontal affinity chromatography (FAC) [46] [47] [48] , where lectins are immobilized.
TextSentencer_T57 9195-9449 Sentence denotes Comparative analysis of the six lectins were also conducted using a glycoconjugate microarray, where a series of glycoconjugates consisting of glycoproteins and synthetic glycans conjugated to polyacrylamide (PAA), are immobilized on a glass slide [49] .
T29533 9195-9449 Sentence denotes Comparative analysis of the six lectins were also conducted using a glycoconjugate microarray, where a series of glycoconjugates consisting of glycoproteins and synthetic glycans conjugated to polyacrylamide (PAA), are immobilized on a glass slide [49] .
TextSentencer_T58 9450-9774 Sentence denotes Further analysis by a lectin microarray, where 43 commercial lectins, including the six chitin-binding lectins, are immobilized [50, 51] , was performed by probing with a serum glycoprotein, fetuin (FET), both before and after sialidase treatment to examine how the signal patterns are changed on the chitin-binding lectins.
T76056 9450-9774 Sentence denotes Further analysis by a lectin microarray, where 43 commercial lectins, including the six chitin-binding lectins, are immobilized [50, 51] , was performed by probing with a serum glycoprotein, fetuin (FET), both before and after sialidase treatment to examine how the signal patterns are changed on the chitin-binding lectins.
TextSentencer_T59 9775-9972 Sentence denotes The observed results are extremely informative and, thus, they will help interpret lectin-glycoprotein interactions in a variety of histochemical research fields and glyco-biomarker investigations.
T52408 9775-9972 Sentence denotes The observed results are extremely informative and, thus, they will help interpret lectin-glycoprotein interactions in a variety of histochemical research fields and glyco-biomarker investigations.
TextSentencer_T60 9973-10259 Sentence denotes The overall strategy in this work of analyzing six chitin-binding lectins used the following three approaches: (1) binding affinities between the six lectins and a panel of PA-oligosaccharides were determined in terms of dissociation constant (K d ) by FAC and based on the FAC results;
T87202 9973-10259 Sentence denotes The overall strategy in this work of analyzing six chitin-binding lectins used the following three approaches: (1) binding affinities between the six lectins and a panel of PA-oligosaccharides were determined in terms of dissociation constant (K d ) by FAC and based on the FAC results;
TextSentencer_T61 10260-10714 Sentence denotes (2) their actual binding to immobilized glycans was analyzed using a glycoconjugate microarray, wherein 96 glycoconjugates consisting of serially glycosidase-treated glycoproteins and polymer-based multivalent synthetic glycans were immobilized; and (3) effects of desialylation were examined with a model serum glycoprotein, FET, on a lectin microarray platform, wherein 43 commercial lectins, including the six chitin-binding lectins, were immobilized.
T7782 10260-10714 Sentence denotes (2) their actual binding to immobilized glycans was analyzed using a glycoconjugate microarray, wherein 96 glycoconjugates consisting of serially glycosidase-treated glycoproteins and polymer-based multivalent synthetic glycans were immobilized; and (3) effects of desialylation were examined with a model serum glycoprotein, FET, on a lectin microarray platform, wherein 43 commercial lectins, including the six chitin-binding lectins, were immobilized.
TextSentencer_T62 10715-10877 Sentence denotes For systematic comparison of sugar-binding properties of the six chitin-binding lectins, FAC was carried out with a previously established procedure [9, 48, 52] .
T97677 10715-10877 Sentence denotes For systematic comparison of sugar-binding properties of the six chitin-binding lectins, FAC was carried out with a previously established procedure [9, 48, 52] .
TextSentencer_T63 10878-11322 Sentence denotes Briefly, to determine the K d values of each of the six chitin-binding lectins for 124 PA-oligosaccharides, each of the lectins was immobilized on activated Sepharose at several concentrations: one for concentration-dependent analysis to determine the effective ligand content B t (expressed in nmol) of a standard column, from which K d values for a panel of PA-oligosaccharides were determined according to a simplified basic equation of FAC,
T3695 10878-11322 Sentence denotes Briefly, to determine the K d values of each of the six chitin-binding lectins for 124 PA-oligosaccharides, each of the lectins was immobilized on activated Sepharose at several concentrations: one for concentration-dependent analysis to determine the effective ligand content B t (expressed in nmol) of a standard column, from which K d values for a panel of PA-oligosaccharides were determined according to a simplified basic equation of FAC,
TextSentencer_T64 11323-11324 Sentence denotes .
T37760 11323-11324 Sentence denotes .
TextSentencer_T65 11325-11508 Sentence denotes The other(s) are supplementary to cover a wide range of possible K d values, which is in direct relation to the observed value of V − V 0 (for more detail, see Materials and Methods).
T43505 11325-11508 Sentence denotes The other(s) are supplementary to cover a wide range of possible K d values, which is in direct relation to the observed value of V − V 0 (for more detail, see Materials and Methods).
TextSentencer_T66 11509-11683 Sentence denotes In this work, B t was determined for each column using an appropriate p-nitrophenyl (pNP)-saccharide, which showed significant affinity with sufficient retardations (>25 µL).
T67994 11509-11683 Sentence denotes In this work, B t was determined for each column using an appropriate p-nitrophenyl (pNP)-saccharide, which showed significant affinity with sufficient retardations (>25 µL).
TextSentencer_T67 11684-11886 Sentence denotes Concentration-dependent analysis showed that B t values were 1.12, 0.74, 0.11, 1.58, 1.10, 6.10, and 5.55 nmol for DSA, LEL, LEL (supplementary), PWM, STL, UDA, and WGA columns, respectively (Table 1) .
T93268 11684-11886 Sentence denotes Concentration-dependent analysis showed that B t values were 1.12, 0.74, 0.11, 1.58, 1.10, 6.10, and 5.55 nmol for DSA, LEL, LEL (supplementary), PWM, STL, UDA, and WGA columns, respectively (Table 1) .
TextSentencer_T68 11887-12203 Sentence denotes From these data, K d values were derived to be 33 µM for DSA and chitotetraose-β-pNP, 7.9 µM for LEL and LacNAc-β-pNP, 4.6 µM for LEL and chitopentaose-β-pNP, 42 µM for PWM and chitopentaose-β-pNP, 31 µM for STL and chitopentaose-β-pNP, 48 µM for UDA and LacNAc-β-pNP and 57 µM for WGA and LacNAc-β-pNP ( Figure 2 ).
T40072 11887-12203 Sentence denotes From these data, K d values were derived to be 33 µM for DSA and chitotetraose-β-pNP, 7.9 µM for LEL and LacNAc-β-pNP, 4.6 µM for LEL and chitopentaose-β-pNP, 42 µM for PWM and chitopentaose-β-pNP, 31 µM for STL and chitopentaose-β-pNP, 48 µM for UDA and LacNAc-β-pNP and 57 µM for WGA and LacNAc-β-pNP ( Figure 2 ).
TextSentencer_T69 12205-12320 Sentence denotes Based on the above results, Kd values were subsequently determined for a panel of PA-oligosaccharides ( Figure 3 ).
T77710 12205-12320 Sentence denotes Based on the above results, Kd values were subsequently determined for a panel of PA-oligosaccharides ( Figure 3 ).
TextSentencer_T70 12321-12513 Sentence denotes Hereafter, FAC data are expressed in terms of affinity constant Ka (1/Kd) in the bar graphs in Figure 4 , while they are discussed in terms of Kd (μM) throughout the text (also see Table S1 ).
T70352 12321-12513 Sentence denotes Hereafter, FAC data are expressed in terms of affinity constant Ka (1/Kd) in the bar graphs in Figure 4 , while they are discussed in terms of Kd (μM) throughout the text (also see Table S1 ).
TextSentencer_T71 12515-12631 Sentence denotes Based on the above results, K d values were subsequently determined for a panel of PA-oligosaccharides ( Figure 3 ).
T40071 12515-12631 Sentence denotes Based on the above results, K d values were subsequently determined for a panel of PA-oligosaccharides ( Figure 3 ).
TextSentencer_T72 12632-12828 Sentence denotes Hereafter, FAC data are expressed in terms of affinity constant K a (1/K d ) in the bar graphs in Figure 4 , while they are discussed in terms of K d (µM) throughout the text (also see Table S1 ).
T8079 12632-12828 Sentence denotes Hereafter, FAC data are expressed in terms of affinity constant K a (1/K d ) in the bar graphs in Figure 4 , while they are discussed in terms of K d (µM) throughout the text (also see Table S1 ).
TextSentencer_T73 12829-13183 Sentence denotes Complex-type (sialo) Carbohydrate structures are expressed using symbols according to the rules defined by the Consortium for Glycomics (CFG; http://www.functionalglycomics.org/static/consortium/Nomenclature.shtml) with further modification to specify linkage and anomeric types: position 1, is placed at the right side, and numbering proceeds clockwise.
T90135 12829-13183 Sentence denotes Complex-type (sialo) Carbohydrate structures are expressed using symbols according to the rules defined by the Consortium for Glycomics (CFG; http://www.functionalglycomics.org/static/consortium/Nomenclature.shtml) with further modification to specify linkage and anomeric types: position 1, is placed at the right side, and numbering proceeds clockwise.
TextSentencer_T74 13184-13245 Sentence denotes Thin and thick bars represent α-and β-linkages, respectively.
T72975 13184-13245 Sentence denotes Thin and thick bars represent α-and β-linkages, respectively.
TextSentencer_T75 13246-13519 Sentence denotes As has been previously reported in studies of chitin-binding lectins [40, [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] , LEL, PWM, STL, UDA, and WGA showed high affinity, while DSA showed low affinity for chito-oligosaccharides (indicated by numbers 906 and 907 in the figures).
T24632 13246-13519 Sentence denotes As has been previously reported in studies of chitin-binding lectins [40, [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] , LEL, PWM, STL, UDA, and WGA showed high affinity, while DSA showed low affinity for chito-oligosaccharides (indicated by numbers 906 and 907 in the figures).
TextSentencer_T76 13520-13596 Sentence denotes However, the determined Kd values varied considerably among the six lectins.
T790 13520-13596 Sentence denotes However, the determined Kd values varied considerably among the six lectins.
TextSentencer_T77 13597-13875 Sentence denotes Those determined for PA-chitotetrasaccharide (907; note that reducing terminal GlcNAc takes an open form as a result of pyridylamination and, thus, may not contribute to full recognition in some lectins) were 43 (DSA), 0.64 (LEL), 53 (PWM), 12 (STL), 3.8 UDA), and 4.1 μM (WGA).
T18553 13597-13875 Sentence denotes Those determined for PA-chitotetrasaccharide (907; note that reducing terminal GlcNAc takes an open form as a result of pyridylamination and, thus, may not contribute to full recognition in some lectins) were 43 (DSA), 0.64 (LEL), 53 (PWM), 12 (STL), 3.8 UDA), and 4.1 μM (WGA).
TextSentencer_T78 13876-14041 Sentence denotes On the other hand, DSA, PWM, and STL did not show detectable affinity for chitotriose (906), while the Kd value of WGA was almost the same as that for chitotetraose.
T55577 13876-14041 Sentence denotes On the other hand, DSA, PWM, and STL did not show detectable affinity for chitotriose (906), while the Kd value of WGA was almost the same as that for chitotetraose.
TextSentencer_T79 14042-14229 Sentence denotes Notably, observed affinities of DSA for these chito-oligosaccharides were relatively low compared with other oligosaccharides to which DSA binds, such as branched N-glycans (323 and 418).
T16023 14042-14229 Sentence denotes Notably, observed affinities of DSA for these chito-oligosaccharides were relatively low compared with other oligosaccharides to which DSA binds, such as branched N-glycans (323 and 418).
TextSentencer_T80 14230-14364 Sentence denotes In this context, DSA is unique in that it showed significant affinity for a series of oligo-α1-4-glucose, (Glcα1-4)3-7 (908, 927-930).
T90211 14230-14364 Sentence denotes In this context, DSA is unique in that it showed significant affinity for a series of oligo-α1-4-glucose, (Glcα1-4)3-7 (908, 927-930).
TextSentencer_T81 14365-14495 Sentence denotes However, their affinities were almost the same regardless of the chain length, unlike other oligomers (described in detail below).
T95921 14365-14495 Sentence denotes However, their affinities were almost the same regardless of the chain length, unlike other oligomers (described in detail below).
TextSentencer_T82 14496-14829 Sentence denotes Carbohydrate structures are expressed using symbols according to the rules defined by the Consortium for Glycomics (CFG; http://www.functionalglycomics.org/static/consortium/Nomenclature.shtml) with further modification to specify linkage and anomeric types: position 1, is placed at the right side, and numbering proceeds clockwise.
T6133 14496-14829 Sentence denotes Carbohydrate structures are expressed using symbols according to the rules defined by the Consortium for Glycomics (CFG; http://www.functionalglycomics.org/static/consortium/Nomenclature.shtml) with further modification to specify linkage and anomeric types: position 1, is placed at the right side, and numbering proceeds clockwise.
TextSentencer_T83 14830-14890 Sentence denotes Thin and thick bars represent αand β-linkages, respectively.
T81181 14830-14890 Sentence denotes Thin and thick bars represent αand β-linkages, respectively.
TextSentencer_T84 14891-15164 Sentence denotes As has been previously reported in studies of chitin-binding lectins [40, [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] , LEL, PWM, STL, UDA, and WGA showed high affinity, while DSA showed low affinity for chito-oligosaccharides (indicated by numbers 906 and 907 in the figures).
T49319 14891-15164 Sentence denotes As has been previously reported in studies of chitin-binding lectins [40, [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] , LEL, PWM, STL, UDA, and WGA showed high affinity, while DSA showed low affinity for chito-oligosaccharides (indicated by numbers 906 and 907 in the figures).
TextSentencer_T85 15165-15242 Sentence denotes However, the determined K d values varied considerably among the six lectins.
T8102 15165-15242 Sentence denotes However, the determined K d values varied considerably among the six lectins.
TextSentencer_T86 15243-15521 Sentence denotes Those determined for PA-chitotetrasaccharide (907; note that reducing terminal GlcNAc takes an open form as a result of pyridylamination and, thus, may not contribute to full recognition in some lectins) were 43 (DSA), 0.64 (LEL), 53 (PWM), 12 (STL), 3.8 UDA), and 4.1 µM (WGA).
T94603 15243-15521 Sentence denotes Those determined for PA-chitotetrasaccharide (907; note that reducing terminal GlcNAc takes an open form as a result of pyridylamination and, thus, may not contribute to full recognition in some lectins) were 43 (DSA), 0.64 (LEL), 53 (PWM), 12 (STL), 3.8 UDA), and 4.1 µM (WGA).
TextSentencer_T87 15522-15688 Sentence denotes On the other hand, DSA, PWM, and STL did not show detectable affinity for chitotriose (906), while the K d value of WGA was almost the same as that for chitotetraose.
T1318 15522-15688 Sentence denotes On the other hand, DSA, PWM, and STL did not show detectable affinity for chitotriose (906), while the K d value of WGA was almost the same as that for chitotetraose.
TextSentencer_T88 15689-15876 Sentence denotes Notably, observed affinities of DSA for these chito-oligosaccharides were relatively low compared with other oligosaccharides to which DSA binds, such as branched N-glycans (323 and 418).
T13090 15689-15876 Sentence denotes Notably, observed affinities of DSA for these chito-oligosaccharides were relatively low compared with other oligosaccharides to which DSA binds, such as branched N-glycans (323 and 418).
TextSentencer_T89 15877-16012 Sentence denotes In this context, DSA is unique in that it showed significant affinity for a series of oligo-α1-4-glucose, (Glcα1-4) 3-7 (908, 927-930).
T98683 15877-16012 Sentence denotes In this context, DSA is unique in that it showed significant affinity for a series of oligo-α1-4-glucose, (Glcα1-4) 3-7 (908, 927-930).
TextSentencer_T90 16013-16143 Sentence denotes However, their affinities were almost the same regardless of the chain length, unlike other oligomers (described in detail below).
T42550 16013-16143 Sentence denotes However, their affinities were almost the same regardless of the chain length, unlike other oligomers (described in detail below).
TextSentencer_T91 16144-19161 Sentence denotes 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 052 101 102 103 104 105 107 108 201 202 203 301 302 304 305 307 308 313 314 323 401 402 403 404 405 406 410 418 419 420 501 502 503 504 506 601 602 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 901 902 903 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 913 914 915 918 919 920 921 927 928 929 930 936 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 052 101 102 103 104 105 107 108 201 202 203 301 302 304 305 307 308 313 314 323 401 402 403 404 405 406 410 418 419 420 501 502 503 504 506 601 602 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 901 902 903 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 913 914 915 918 919 920 921 927 928 929 930 936 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 052 101 102 103 104 105 107 108 201 202 203 301 302 304 305 307 308 313 314 323 401 402 403 404 405 406 410 418 419 420 501 502 503 504 506 601 602 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 901 902 903 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 913 914 915 918 919 920 921 927 928 929 930 936 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 052 101 102 103 104 105 107 108 201 202 203 301 302 304 305 307 308 313 314 323 401 402 403 404 405 406 410 418 419 420 501 502 503 504 506 601 602 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 901 902 903 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 913 914 915 918 919 920 921 927 928 929 930 936 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 052 101 102 103 104 105 107 108 201 202 203 301 302 304 305 307 308 313 314 323 401 402 403 404 405 406 410 418 419 420 501 502 503 504 506 601 602 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 901 902 903 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 913 914 915 918 919 920 921 927 928 929 930 936 937 I II III IV V Figure 3 , whereas the Roman numerals at the top represent types of glycans, i.e., high-mannose-type (I), agalacto-type (II), asialo-type (III), sialo-type (IV) N-glycans, glycolipid-type glycans (V), and others (VI).
T35853 16144-19161 Sentence denotes 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 052 101 102 103 104 105 107 108 201 202 203 301 302 304 305 307 308 313 314 323 401 402 403 404 405 406 410 418 419 420 501 502 503 504 506 601 602 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 901 902 903 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 913 914 915 918 919 920 921 927 928 929 930 936 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 052 101 102 103 104 105 107 108 201 202 203 301 302 304 305 307 308 313 314 323 401 402 403 404 405 406 410 418 419 420 501 502 503 504 506 601 602 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 901 902 903 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 913 914 915 918 919 920 921 927 928 929 930 936 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 052 101 102 103 104 105 107 108 201 202 203 301 302 304 305 307 308 313 314 323 401 402 403 404 405 406 410 418 419 420 501 502 503 504 506 601 602 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 901 902 903 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 913 914 915 918 919 920 921 927 928 929 930 936 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 052 101 102 103 104 105 107 108 201 202 203 301 302 304 305 307 308 313 314 323 401 402 403 404 405 406 410 418 419 420 501 502 503 504 506 601 602 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 901 902 903 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 913 914 915 918 919 920 921 927 928 929 930 936 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 052 101 102 103 104 105 107 108 201 202 203 301 302 304 305 307 308 313 314 323 401 402 403 404 405 406 410 418 419 420 501 502 503 504 506 601 602 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 901 902 903 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 913 914 915 918 919 920 921 927 928 929 930 936 937 I II III IV V Figure 3 , whereas the Roman numerals at the top represent types of glycans, i.e., high-mannose-type (I), agalacto-type (II), asialo-type (III), sialo-type (IV) N-glycans, glycolipid-type glycans (V), and others (VI).
TextSentencer_T92 19162-19269 Sentence denotes For oligosaccharide structures and specifications of the lectin columns, see Figure 3 and Table 1 (43 µM) .
T96569 19162-19269 Sentence denotes For oligosaccharide structures and specifications of the lectin columns, see Figure 3 and Table 1 (43 µM) .
TextSentencer_T93 19270-19540 Sentence denotes It was also evident that Lewis-type fucosylation abolished DSA binding to type II LacNAc by comparison between triantennary 313 and 419 (N.D.), and between tetraantennary 323 (4.0 µM) and 420 (5.2 µM), though the effect of Le x inclusion was less dominant in the latter.
T88144 19270-19540 Sentence denotes It was also evident that Lewis-type fucosylation abolished DSA binding to type II LacNAc by comparison between triantennary 313 and 419 (N.D.), and between tetraantennary 323 (4.0 µM) and 420 (5.2 µM), though the effect of Le x inclusion was less dominant in the latter.
TextSentencer_T94 19541-19639 Sentence denotes This feature was more evident for glycolipid-type glycans 724 (LNnT, 91 µM) vs. 726 (Le x , N.D.).
T1073 19541-19639 Sentence denotes This feature was more evident for glycolipid-type glycans 724 (LNnT, 91 µM) vs. 726 (Le x , N.D.).
TextSentencer_T95 19640-19724 Sentence denotes DSA affinity appeared to be attributed to the number of intact type II LacNAc units.
T60490 19640-19724 Sentence denotes DSA affinity appeared to be attributed to the number of intact type II LacNAc units.
TextSentencer_T96 19725-19888 Sentence denotes Conversely, core (α1-6) fucosylation did not substantially affect the affinity (410, 22 µM and 418, 4.1 µM compared with 313, 21 µM and 323, 4.0 µM, respectively).
T18143 19725-19888 Sentence denotes Conversely, core (α1-6) fucosylation did not substantially affect the affinity (410, 22 µM and 418, 4.1 µM compared with 313, 21 µM and 323, 4.0 µM, respectively).
TextSentencer_T97 19889-20083 Sentence denotes This result clearly indicates that DSA does not bind to the non-reducing terminal chitobiose structure, likely because the structure does not fulfill the minimal requirement for DSA recognition.
T18104 19889-20083 Sentence denotes This result clearly indicates that DSA does not bind to the non-reducing terminal chitobiose structure, likely because the structure does not fulfill the minimal requirement for DSA recognition.
TextSentencer_T98 20084-20211 Sentence denotes Though the affinity is relatively low, DSA showed selective binding to high-mannose-type N-glycans 010 (60 µM) and 011 (56 µM).
T27232 20084-20211 Sentence denotes Though the affinity is relatively low, DSA showed selective binding to high-mannose-type N-glycans 010 (60 µM) and 011 (56 µM).
TextSentencer_T99 20212-20326 Sentence denotes As has already been reported, both DSA and LEL show significant affinity for poly-LacNAc [19, 20, [61] [62] [63] .
T66817 20212-20326 Sentence denotes As has already been reported, both DSA and LEL show significant affinity for poly-LacNAc [19, 20, [61] [62] [63] .
TextSentencer_T100 20327-20483 Sentence denotes However, as noted above, LEL showed much stronger affinity for both chito-oligosaccharides (906 and 907) and oligo-LacNAc (901, 902, 903, and 905) than DSA.
T35087 20327-20483 Sentence denotes However, as noted above, LEL showed much stronger affinity for both chito-oligosaccharides (906 and 907) and oligo-LacNAc (901, 902, 903, and 905) than DSA.
TextSentencer_T101 20484-20639 Sentence denotes When the affinities of LEL for 901, 902, 903, and 905 were compared, it was evident that LEL affinity increased with the increasing number of LacNAc units:
T80443 20484-20639 Sentence denotes When the affinities of LEL for 901, 902, 903, and 905 were compared, it was evident that LEL affinity increased with the increasing number of LacNAc units:
TextSentencer_T102 20640-20694 Sentence denotes 901 (N.D.) < 902 (39 µM) < 903 (10 µM) < 905 (2.9 µM).
T25127 20640-20694 Sentence denotes 901 (N.D.) < 902 (39 µM) < 903 (10 µM) < 905 (2.9 µM).
TextSentencer_T103 20695-20854 Sentence denotes DSA showed a similar tendency, but affinities to these oligo-LacNAc structures are relatively low; i.e., 901 (87 µM) < 902 (48 µM) < 903 (43 µM) < 905 (17 µM).
T50302 20695-20854 Sentence denotes DSA showed a similar tendency, but affinities to these oligo-LacNAc structures are relatively low; i.e., 901 (87 µM) < 902 (48 µM) < 903 (43 µM) < 905 (17 µM).
TextSentencer_T104 20855-20972 Sentence denotes Thus, LEL appears to work as a good probe for detecting oligo-or poly-LacNAc chains in N-, O-glycans, or glycolipids.
T46572 20855-20972 Sentence denotes Thus, LEL appears to work as a good probe for detecting oligo-or poly-LacNAc chains in N-, O-glycans, or glycolipids.
TextSentencer_T105 20973-21257 Sentence denotes On the other hand, affinities for these oligosaccharides were low for WGA and UDA, and not detectable for PWM and STL, though previous papers report that PWM bound to poly-LacNAc chains with a GlcNAcβ1-6Gal branched structure, which is the result of I-GlcNAc transferase action [64] .
T28865 20973-21257 Sentence denotes On the other hand, affinities for these oligosaccharides were low for WGA and UDA, and not detectable for PWM and STL, though previous papers report that PWM bound to poly-LacNAc chains with a GlcNAcβ1-6Gal branched structure, which is the result of I-GlcNAc transferase action [64] .
TextSentencer_T106 21258-21419 Sentence denotes Like DSA, LEL showed an apparent preference for type II LacNAc structure by comparison of branched glycolipid-type structures, i.e., 733 (6.7 µM) < 734 (3.5 µM).
T46859 21258-21419 Sentence denotes Like DSA, LEL showed an apparent preference for type II LacNAc structure by comparison of branched glycolipid-type structures, i.e., 733 (6.7 µM) < 734 (3.5 µM).
TextSentencer_T107 21420-21551 Sentence denotes Intriguingly, the lectin did not bind to other branched glycans such as 323 and 418, to which DSA has the highest binding affinity.
T80280 21420-21551 Sentence denotes Intriguingly, the lectin did not bind to other branched glycans such as 323 and 418, to which DSA has the highest binding affinity.
TextSentencer_T108 21552-21650 Sentence denotes Therefore, their recognition mechanisms substantially differ from each other at a molecular level.
T55590 21552-21650 Sentence denotes Therefore, their recognition mechanisms substantially differ from each other at a molecular level.
TextSentencer_T109 21651-21776 Sentence denotes Among the chitin-binding lectins tested, STL showed the simplest profile of high affinity to only chitotetraose (907, 12 µM).
T4228 21651-21776 Sentence denotes Among the chitin-binding lectins tested, STL showed the simplest profile of high affinity to only chitotetraose (907, 12 µM).
TextSentencer_T110 21777-21930 Sentence denotes Significant binding was also found for other oligosaccharides, 307 (210 µM), 733 (130 µM), and 734 (220 µM), although the affinities were relatively low.
T48907 21777-21930 Sentence denotes Significant binding was also found for other oligosaccharides, 307 (210 µM), 733 (130 µM), and 734 (220 µM), although the affinities were relatively low.
TextSentencer_T111 21931-22131 Sentence denotes When type I and type II LacNAc structures were compared; i.e., 733 vs. 734, affinities for these glycolipids-type oligosaccharides were almost the same, with affinity for type I being slightly higher.
T34673 21931-22131 Sentence denotes When type I and type II LacNAc structures were compared; i.e., 733 vs. 734, affinities for these glycolipids-type oligosaccharides were almost the same, with affinity for type I being slightly higher.
TextSentencer_T112 22132-22400 Sentence denotes As is described later, STL showed selective affinity for a LacdiNAc (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc) structure when analyzed by glycoconjugate microarray, although the FAC assay did not generate corroborating evidence for this because of the lack of appropriate PA-oligosaccharides.
T89306 22132-22400 Sentence denotes As is described later, STL showed selective affinity for a LacdiNAc (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc) structure when analyzed by glycoconjugate microarray, although the FAC assay did not generate corroborating evidence for this because of the lack of appropriate PA-oligosaccharides.
TextSentencer_T113 22401-22511 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 4 and Table S1 , binding affinity of PWM is lowest among the tested chitin-binding lectins.
T70171 22401-22511 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 4 and Table S1 , binding affinity of PWM is lowest among the tested chitin-binding lectins.
TextSentencer_T114 22512-22644 Sentence denotes In fact, the K d for PA-chitotetraose (907), for which PWM showed the highest affinity, is 53 µM, which is 83 times weaker than LEL.
T7495 22512-22644 Sentence denotes In fact, the K d for PA-chitotetraose (907), for which PWM showed the highest affinity, is 53 µM, which is 83 times weaker than LEL.
TextSentencer_T115 22645-22726 Sentence denotes However, PWM showed substantial affinity for glycolipid-type glycans 733 and 734.
T81985 22645-22726 Sentence denotes However, PWM showed substantial affinity for glycolipid-type glycans 733 and 734.
TextSentencer_T116 22727-22848 Sentence denotes As found in the case for DSA and LEL, PWM showed preference for type II structure (734, 93 µM) over type I (733, 130 µM).
T81093 22727-22848 Sentence denotes As found in the case for DSA and LEL, PWM showed preference for type II structure (734, 93 µM) over type I (733, 130 µM).
TextSentencer_T117 22849-22988 Sentence denotes Another novel finding is that PWM showed significant affinity for high-mannose-type N-glycans 004 (150 µM), 005 (300 µM), and 007 (300 µM).
T81097 22849-22988 Sentence denotes Another novel finding is that PWM showed significant affinity for high-mannose-type N-glycans 004 (150 µM), 005 (300 µM), and 007 (300 µM).
TextSentencer_T118 22989-23142 Sentence denotes This result suggests that PWM can bind glycans with elongation of the Manα1-6Manβ branch, but α1-2 extension from the α1-3Manβ branch blocks the binding.
T80620 22989-23142 Sentence denotes This result suggests that PWM can bind glycans with elongation of the Manα1-6Manβ branch, but α1-2 extension from the α1-3Manβ branch blocks the binding.
TextSentencer_T119 23143-23275 Sentence denotes This observation conflicts with a previous report that PWM (Pa-2) binds glycans with Manα1-2 extension of the α1-3Manβ branch [55] .
T73077 23143-23275 Sentence denotes This observation conflicts with a previous report that PWM (Pa-2) binds glycans with Manα1-2 extension of the α1-3Manβ branch [55] .
TextSentencer_T120 23276-23406 Sentence denotes This discrepancy may be ascribed to the occurrence of isolectins, because the PWM used in this study was commercial product [65] .
T61132 23276-23406 Sentence denotes This discrepancy may be ascribed to the occurrence of isolectins, because the PWM used in this study was commercial product [65] .
TextSentencer_T121 23407-23602 Sentence denotes In this context, it is intriguing to know which feature is functionally related to the mitogenic activity of PWM and DSA in terms of isolectins, which other chitin-binding lectins lack [66, 67] .
T82003 23407-23602 Sentence denotes In this context, it is intriguing to know which feature is functionally related to the mitogenic activity of PWM and DSA in terms of isolectins, which other chitin-binding lectins lack [66, 67] .
TextSentencer_T122 23603-23779 Sentence denotes In the present work, it was found that UDA bound to a series of high-mannose-type N-glycans (001-014 and 016), although there are only a few reports on such interactions [68] .
T51077 23603-23779 Sentence denotes In the present work, it was found that UDA bound to a series of high-mannose-type N-glycans (001-014 and 016), although there are only a few reports on such interactions [68] .
TextSentencer_T123 23780-23931 Sentence denotes In the present study, however, it became evident that the affinity to these glycans increased with the increasing number of Man residues ( Figure 5A ).
T55528 23780-23931 Sentence denotes In the present study, however, it became evident that the affinity to these glycans increased with the increasing number of Man residues ( Figure 5A ).
TextSentencer_T124 23932-24158 Sentence denotes Detailed structural inspection leads to speculation that UDA requires the presence of a Manα1-3(Manα1-6)Manα1-6Manβ structure, in which both non-reducing terminal Manα1-3 and Manα1-6 can be modified with Manα1-2 ( Figure 5B ).
T87504 23932-24158 Sentence denotes Detailed structural inspection leads to speculation that UDA requires the presence of a Manα1-3(Manα1-6)Manα1-6Manβ structure, in which both non-reducing terminal Manα1-3 and Manα1-6 can be modified with Manα1-2 ( Figure 5B ).
TextSentencer_T125 24159-24328 Sentence denotes This is significantly different from PWM, which does not permit α1-2Man extension from the Manα1-3Manβ branch in the common recognition unit Manα1-3(Manα1-6)Manα1-6Manβ.
T22143 24159-24328 Sentence denotes This is significantly different from PWM, which does not permit α1-2Man extension from the Manα1-3Manβ branch in the common recognition unit Manα1-3(Manα1-6)Manα1-6Manβ.
TextSentencer_T126 24329-24523 Sentence denotes These findings provide clues to interpret the results of binding experiments using these lectins as probes for high-mannose-type N-glycans. affinity, is 53 μM, which is 83 times weaker than LEL.
T99918 24329-24523 Sentence denotes These findings provide clues to interpret the results of binding experiments using these lectins as probes for high-mannose-type N-glycans. affinity, is 53 μM, which is 83 times weaker than LEL.
TextSentencer_T127 24524-24605 Sentence denotes However, PWM showed substantial affinity for glycolipid-type glycans 733 and 734.
T75320 24524-24605 Sentence denotes However, PWM showed substantial affinity for glycolipid-type glycans 733 and 734.
TextSentencer_T128 24606-24728 Sentence denotes As found in the case for DSA and LEL, PWM showed preference for type II structure (734, 93 μM) over type I (733, 130 μM) .
T75686 24606-24728 Sentence denotes As found in the case for DSA and LEL, PWM showed preference for type II structure (734, 93 μM) over type I (733, 130 μM) .
TextSentencer_T129 24729-24868 Sentence denotes Another novel finding is that PWM showed significant affinity for high-mannose-type N-glycans 004 (150 μM), 005 (300 μM), and 007 (300 μM).
T22845 24729-24868 Sentence denotes Another novel finding is that PWM showed significant affinity for high-mannose-type N-glycans 004 (150 μM), 005 (300 μM), and 007 (300 μM).
TextSentencer_T130 24869-25022 Sentence denotes This result suggests that PWM can bind glycans with elongation of the Manα1-6Manβ branch, but α1-2 extension from the α1-3Manβ branch blocks the binding.
T31453 24869-25022 Sentence denotes This result suggests that PWM can bind glycans with elongation of the Manα1-6Manβ branch, but α1-2 extension from the α1-3Manβ branch blocks the binding.
TextSentencer_T131 25023-25155 Sentence denotes This observation conflicts with a previous report that PWM (Pa-2) binds glycans with Manα1-2 extension of the α1-3Manβ branch [55] .
T21595 25023-25155 Sentence denotes This observation conflicts with a previous report that PWM (Pa-2) binds glycans with Manα1-2 extension of the α1-3Manβ branch [55] .
TextSentencer_T132 25156-25286 Sentence denotes This discrepancy may be ascribed to the occurrence of isolectins, because the PWM used in this study was commercial product [65] .
T37130 25156-25286 Sentence denotes This discrepancy may be ascribed to the occurrence of isolectins, because the PWM used in this study was commercial product [65] .
TextSentencer_T133 25287-25482 Sentence denotes In this context, it is intriguing to know which feature is functionally related to the mitogenic activity of PWM and DSA in terms of isolectins, which other chitin-binding lectins lack [66, 67] .
T64979 25287-25482 Sentence denotes In this context, it is intriguing to know which feature is functionally related to the mitogenic activity of PWM and DSA in terms of isolectins, which other chitin-binding lectins lack [66, 67] .
TextSentencer_T134 25483-25659 Sentence denotes In the present work, it was found that UDA bound to a series of high-mannose-type N-glycans (001-014 and 016), although there are only a few reports on such interactions [68] .
T78413 25483-25659 Sentence denotes In the present work, it was found that UDA bound to a series of high-mannose-type N-glycans (001-014 and 016), although there are only a few reports on such interactions [68] .
TextSentencer_T135 25660-25811 Sentence denotes In the present study, however, it became evident that the affinity to these glycans increased with the increasing number of Man residues ( Figure 5A ).
T78450 25660-25811 Sentence denotes In the present study, however, it became evident that the affinity to these glycans increased with the increasing number of Man residues ( Figure 5A ).
TextSentencer_T136 25812-26038 Sentence denotes Detailed structural inspection leads to speculation that UDA requires the presence of a Manα1-3(Manα1-6)Manα1-6Manβ structure, in which both non-reducing terminal Manα1-3 and Manα1-6 can be modified with Manα1-2 ( Figure 5B ).
T19993 25812-26038 Sentence denotes Detailed structural inspection leads to speculation that UDA requires the presence of a Manα1-3(Manα1-6)Manα1-6Manβ structure, in which both non-reducing terminal Manα1-3 and Manα1-6 can be modified with Manα1-2 ( Figure 5B ).
TextSentencer_T137 26039-26208 Sentence denotes This is significantly different from PWM, which does not permit α1-2Man extension from the Manα1-3Manβ branch in the common recognition unit Manα1-3(Manα1-6)Manα1-6Manβ.
T11601 26039-26208 Sentence denotes This is significantly different from PWM, which does not permit α1-2Man extension from the Manα1-3Manβ branch in the common recognition unit Manα1-3(Manα1-6)Manα1-6Manβ.
TextSentencer_T138 26209-26348 Sentence denotes These findings provide clues to interpret the results of binding experiments using these lectins as probes for high-mannose-type N-glycans.
T68336 26209-26348 Sentence denotes These findings provide clues to interpret the results of binding experiments using these lectins as probes for high-mannose-type N-glycans.
TextSentencer_T139 26350-26480 Sentence denotes It is widely known that WGA interacts with heavily sialylated glycans on glycoproteins making a sialic acid cluster [17, 18, 69] .
T74709 26350-26480 Sentence denotes It is widely known that WGA interacts with heavily sialylated glycans on glycoproteins making a sialic acid cluster [17, 18, 69] .
TextSentencer_T140 26481-26654 Sentence denotes However, using FAC analysis, WGA showed no apparent affinity for sialoglycans (501-602), with the sole exception being 506 (930 µM), a hypersialylated triantennary N-glycan.
T76232 26481-26654 Sentence denotes However, using FAC analysis, WGA showed no apparent affinity for sialoglycans (501-602), with the sole exception being 506 (930 µM), a hypersialylated triantennary N-glycan.
TextSentencer_T141 26655-26747 Sentence denotes Although the binding is marginal, the retardation is significant in terms of V − V 0 (6 µL).
T56597 26655-26747 Sentence denotes Although the binding is marginal, the retardation is significant in terms of V − V 0 (6 µL).
TextSentencer_T142 26748-26899 Sentence denotes Marginal but significant binding was also observed for sialylated glycans 705 (1000 µM), 710 (1000 µM), and 712 (1100 µM), which contain Neu5Acα2-3Gal.
T72554 26748-26899 Sentence denotes Marginal but significant binding was also observed for sialylated glycans 705 (1000 µM), 710 (1000 µM), and 712 (1100 µM), which contain Neu5Acα2-3Gal.
TextSentencer_T143 26900-27010 Sentence denotes In fact, WGA is extensively used as a practical probe for glycoproteins with α2-3Sia rather than with α2-6Sia.
T51577 26900-27010 Sentence denotes In fact, WGA is extensively used as a practical probe for glycoproteins with α2-3Sia rather than with α2-6Sia.
TextSentencer_T144 27011-27200 Sentence denotes In our initial round of FAC analysis using a standard set of PA-oligosaccharides, significant binding was found for 052 (29 µM), a sole hybrid-type N-glycan with a bisecting GlcNAc residue.
T62401 27011-27200 Sentence denotes In our initial round of FAC analysis using a standard set of PA-oligosaccharides, significant binding was found for 052 (29 µM), a sole hybrid-type N-glycan with a bisecting GlcNAc residue.
TextSentencer_T145 27201-27283 Sentence denotes Yamamoto et al. previously reported that WGA bound to hybrid-type N-glycans [70] .
T68517 27201-27283 Sentence denotes Yamamoto et al. previously reported that WGA bound to hybrid-type N-glycans [70] .
TextSentencer_T146 27284-27416 Sentence denotes Therefore, we undertook further analysis using an additional set of hybrid- type N-glycans, i.e., 051, 053, 055, 056, 057 , and 058.
T58265 27284-27416 Sentence denotes Therefore, we undertook further analysis using an additional set of hybrid- type N-glycans, i.e., 051, 053, 055, 056, 057 , and 058.
TextSentencer_T147 27417-27609 Sentence denotes We found that WGA specifically bound to hybrid-type N-glycans with a bisecting GlcNAc residue (051, 052, 053, 055, and 058) , but did not bind to molecules without it (056 and 057, Figure 6 ).
T5000 27417-27609 Sentence denotes We found that WGA specifically bound to hybrid-type N-glycans with a bisecting GlcNAc residue (051, 052, 053, 055, and 058) , but did not bind to molecules without it (056 and 057, Figure 6 ).
TextSentencer_T148 27610-27818 Sentence denotes However, WGA showed much lowered binding to complex-type N-glycans, even though they are equipped with a bisecting GlcNAc residue, 104 (1000 µM), 108 (1400 µM), 203 (1200 µM), 305 (1200 µM), and 311 (290 µM).
T79612 27610-27818 Sentence denotes However, WGA showed much lowered binding to complex-type N-glycans, even though they are equipped with a bisecting GlcNAc residue, 104 (1000 µM), 108 (1400 µM), 203 (1200 µM), 305 (1200 µM), and 311 (290 µM).
TextSentencer_T149 27819-28033 Sentence denotes The affinity significantly decreased with the introduction of a LacNAc structure with GlcNAc transferase (GnT) IV, as seen in comparisons between 051 (20 µM) and 052 (29 µM) and between 053 (19 µM) and 055 (33 µM).
T54618 27819-28033 Sentence denotes The affinity significantly decreased with the introduction of a LacNAc structure with GlcNAc transferase (GnT) IV, as seen in comparisons between 051 (20 µM) and 052 (29 µM) and between 053 (19 µM) and 055 (33 µM).
TextSentencer_T150 28034-28164 Sentence denotes A sole exception is 310 (170 µM), which is a GlcNAc-exposed triantennary complex-type N-glycan lacking a bisecting GlcNAc residue.
T87577 28034-28164 Sentence denotes A sole exception is 310 (170 µM), which is a GlcNAc-exposed triantennary complex-type N-glycan lacking a bisecting GlcNAc residue.
TextSentencer_T151 28165-28573 Sentence denotes Considering the fact that WGA has no binding affinity for fully galactosylated glycans 308 and 406, which contain a bisecting GlcNAc residue, nor for an agalactosylated biantennary glycan 103, substantial binding to 310 as well as its analogue 311 could be attributed to the occurrence of a non-reducing terminal GlcNAc at two branch positions caused by GnT I and II as well as branching catalyzed by GnT IV.
T77392 28165-28573 Sentence denotes Considering the fact that WGA has no binding affinity for fully galactosylated glycans 308 and 406, which contain a bisecting GlcNAc residue, nor for an agalactosylated biantennary glycan 103, substantial binding to 310 as well as its analogue 311 could be attributed to the occurrence of a non-reducing terminal GlcNAc at two branch positions caused by GnT I and II as well as branching catalyzed by GnT IV.
TextSentencer_T152 28574-28704 Sentence denotes It is widely known that WGA interacts with heavily sialylated glycans on glycoproteins making a sialic acid cluster [17, 18, 69] .
T86969 28574-28704 Sentence denotes It is widely known that WGA interacts with heavily sialylated glycans on glycoproteins making a sialic acid cluster [17, 18, 69] .
TextSentencer_T153 28705-28878 Sentence denotes However, using FAC analysis, WGA showed no apparent affinity for sialoglycans (501-602), with the sole exception being 506 (930 μM), a hypersialylated triantennary N-glycan.
T99657 28705-28878 Sentence denotes However, using FAC analysis, WGA showed no apparent affinity for sialoglycans (501-602), with the sole exception being 506 (930 μM), a hypersialylated triantennary N-glycan.
TextSentencer_T154 28879-28970 Sentence denotes Although the binding is marginal, the retardation is significant in terms of V − V0 (6 μL).
T66188 28879-28970 Sentence denotes Although the binding is marginal, the retardation is significant in terms of V − V0 (6 μL).
TextSentencer_T155 28971-29122 Sentence denotes Marginal but significant binding was also observed for sialylated glycans 705 (1000 μM), 710 (1000 μM), and 712 (1100 μM), which contain Neu5Acα2-3Gal.
T45151 28971-29122 Sentence denotes Marginal but significant binding was also observed for sialylated glycans 705 (1000 μM), 710 (1000 μM), and 712 (1100 μM), which contain Neu5Acα2-3Gal.
TextSentencer_T156 29123-29233 Sentence denotes In fact, WGA is extensively used as a practical probe for glycoproteins with α2-3Sia rather than with α2-6Sia.
T19057 29123-29233 Sentence denotes In fact, WGA is extensively used as a practical probe for glycoproteins with α2-3Sia rather than with α2-6Sia.
TextSentencer_T157 29234-29423 Sentence denotes In our initial round of FAC analysis using a standard set of PA-oligosaccharides, significant binding was found for 052 (29 μM), a sole hybrid-type N-glycan with a bisecting GlcNAc residue.
T59521 29234-29423 Sentence denotes In our initial round of FAC analysis using a standard set of PA-oligosaccharides, significant binding was found for 052 (29 μM), a sole hybrid-type N-glycan with a bisecting GlcNAc residue.
TextSentencer_T158 29424-29506 Sentence denotes Yamamoto et al. previously reported that WGA bound to hybrid-type N-glycans [70] .
T64490 29424-29506 Sentence denotes Yamamoto et al. previously reported that WGA bound to hybrid-type N-glycans [70] .
TextSentencer_T159 29507-29637 Sentence denotes Therefore, we undertook further analysis using an additional set of hybrid-type N-glycans, i.e., 051, 053, 055, 056, 057, and 058.
T65786 29507-29637 Sentence denotes Therefore, we undertook further analysis using an additional set of hybrid-type N-glycans, i.e., 051, 053, 055, 056, 057, and 058.
TextSentencer_T160 29638-29830 Sentence denotes We found that WGA specifically bound to hybrid-type N-glycans with a bisecting GlcNAc residue (051, 052, 053, 055, and 058) , but did not bind to molecules without it (056 and 057, Figure 6 ).
T4787 29638-29830 Sentence denotes We found that WGA specifically bound to hybrid-type N-glycans with a bisecting GlcNAc residue (051, 052, 053, 055, and 058) , but did not bind to molecules without it (056 and 057, Figure 6 ).
TextSentencer_T161 29831-30039 Sentence denotes However, WGA showed much lowered binding to complex-type N-glycans, even though they are equipped with a bisecting GlcNAc residue, 104 (1000 μM), 108 (1400 μM), 203 (1200 μM), 305 (1200 μM), and 311 (290 μM).
T94367 29831-30039 Sentence denotes However, WGA showed much lowered binding to complex-type N-glycans, even though they are equipped with a bisecting GlcNAc residue, 104 (1000 μM), 108 (1400 μM), 203 (1200 μM), 305 (1200 μM), and 311 (290 μM).
TextSentencer_T162 30040-30254 Sentence denotes The affinity significantly decreased with the introduction of a LacNAc structure with GlcNAc transferase (GnT) IV, as seen in comparisons between 051 (20 μM) and 052 (29 μM) and between 053 (19 μM) and 055 (33 μM).
T84775 30040-30254 Sentence denotes The affinity significantly decreased with the introduction of a LacNAc structure with GlcNAc transferase (GnT) IV, as seen in comparisons between 051 (20 μM) and 052 (29 μM) and between 053 (19 μM) and 055 (33 μM).
TextSentencer_T163 30255-30385 Sentence denotes A sole exception is 310 (170 μM), which is a GlcNAc-exposed triantennary complex-type N-glycan lacking a bisecting GlcNAc residue.
T56572 30255-30385 Sentence denotes A sole exception is 310 (170 μM), which is a GlcNAc-exposed triantennary complex-type N-glycan lacking a bisecting GlcNAc residue.
TextSentencer_T164 30386-30794 Sentence denotes Considering the fact that WGA has no binding affinity for fully galactosylated glycans 308 and 406, which contain a bisecting GlcNAc residue, nor for an agalactosylated biantennary glycan 103, substantial binding to 310 as well as its analogue 311 could be attributed to the occurrence of a non-reducing terminal GlcNAc at two branch positions caused by GnT I and II as well as branching catalyzed by GnT IV.
T59471 30386-30794 Sentence denotes Considering the fact that WGA has no binding affinity for fully galactosylated glycans 308 and 406, which contain a bisecting GlcNAc residue, nor for an agalactosylated biantennary glycan 103, substantial binding to 310 as well as its analogue 311 could be attributed to the occurrence of a non-reducing terminal GlcNAc at two branch positions caused by GnT I and II as well as branching catalyzed by GnT IV.
TextSentencer_T165 30796-30934 Sentence denotes The above FAC analyses provided basic data in terms of K d observed between immobilized lectins and fluorescently labeled diluted glycans.
T82354 30796-30934 Sentence denotes The above FAC analyses provided basic data in terms of K d observed between immobilized lectins and fluorescently labeled diluted glycans.
TextSentencer_T166 30935-31081 Sentence denotes Lectins often exert much stronger binding (or avidity) toward multivalent forms of glycans, termed as the "clustering effect of glycosides" [71] .
T29651 30935-31081 Sentence denotes Lectins often exert much stronger binding (or avidity) toward multivalent forms of glycans, termed as the "clustering effect of glycosides" [71] .
TextSentencer_T167 31082-31350 Sentence denotes To investigate the affinity for multivalent oligosaccharides, the binding of the six chitin-binding lectins to immobilized glycans either in form of glycoproteins or synthetic glycans chemically conjugated with PAA was analyzed using a glycoconjugate microarray [49] .
T10258 31082-31350 Sentence denotes To investigate the affinity for multivalent oligosaccharides, the binding of the six chitin-binding lectins to immobilized glycans either in form of glycoproteins or synthetic glycans chemically conjugated with PAA was analyzed using a glycoconjugate microarray [49] .
TextSentencer_T168 31351-31423 Sentence denotes For reference, related glycans used in FAC are indicated in parentheses.
T25949 31351-31423 Sentence denotes For reference, related glycans used in FAC are indicated in parentheses.
TextSentencer_T169 31424-31749 Sentence denotes Although only LEL and WGA showed significant affinity for PA-chitotriose in the FAC analysis, STL, PWM, and UDA also showed significant binding to chitobiose-PAA (D24; 906 in Figure 3 ) on the microarray platform, though their binding was much weaker than LEL and WGA (Figure 7 ; for bar graph representation see Figure S1 ).
T11157 31424-31749 Sentence denotes Although only LEL and WGA showed significant affinity for PA-chitotriose in the FAC analysis, STL, PWM, and UDA also showed significant binding to chitobiose-PAA (D24; 906 in Figure 3 ) on the microarray platform, though their binding was much weaker than LEL and WGA (Figure 7 ; for bar graph representation see Figure S1 ).
TextSentencer_T170 31750-31788 Sentence denotes However, DSA binding was not detected.
T82730 31750-31788 Sentence denotes However, DSA binding was not detected.
TextSentencer_T171 31789-31879 Sentence denotes Overall, binding affinities to the immobilized glycans were enhanced in this assay system.
T29602 31789-31879 Sentence denotes Overall, binding affinities to the immobilized glycans were enhanced in this assay system.
TextSentencer_T172 31880-32078 Sentence denotes All six chitin-binding lectins showed significant binding to LacNAc (LN; B11; 901 in Figure 3 ) and its derivatives Galα1-3LacNAc (D8; 725 in Figure 3 ) and Galα1-4LacNAc (D9; 715 in Figure 3 D18) .
T32148 31880-32078 Sentence denotes All six chitin-binding lectins showed significant binding to LacNAc (LN; B11; 901 in Figure 3 ) and its derivatives Galα1-3LacNAc (D8; 725 in Figure 3 ) and Galα1-4LacNAc (D9; 715 in Figure 3 D18) .
TextSentencer_T173 32079-32196 Sentence denotes Although it has been reported that STL binds to KS [72, 73] , STL did not show the binding to KS (D19) in this study.
T72387 32079-32196 Sentence denotes Although it has been reported that STL binds to KS [72, 73] , STL did not show the binding to KS (D19) in this study.
TextSentencer_T174 32197-32530 Sentence denotes Considering that [6S]LacNAc, as well as its precursor LacNAc, are major components of KS, the inability of STL to bind to this neoglycoprotein (KS chemically conjugated to bovine serum albumin [49] ) is possibly a result of insufficient interaction with the epitope structures under the experimental conditions employed in this work.
T16179 32197-32530 Sentence denotes Considering that [6S]LacNAc, as well as its precursor LacNAc, are major components of KS, the inability of STL to bind to this neoglycoprotein (KS chemically conjugated to bovine serum albumin [49] ) is possibly a result of insufficient interaction with the epitope structures under the experimental conditions employed in this work.
TextSentencer_T175 32531-32784 Sentence denotes All six chitin-binding lectins showed substantial binding to LacdiNAc (B17; not available in Figure 3 ), while no binding was observed to Lac (B8; 701 in Figure 3 ), indicating the importance of the presence of the lateral acetyl group of LacdiNAc unit.
T47468 32531-32784 Sentence denotes All six chitin-binding lectins showed substantial binding to LacdiNAc (B17; not available in Figure 3 ), while no binding was observed to Lac (B8; 701 in Figure 3 ), indicating the importance of the presence of the lateral acetyl group of LacdiNAc unit.
TextSentencer_T176 32785-32852 Sentence denotes However, the binding was particularly evident in LEL, STL, and WGA.
T55048 32785-32852 Sentence denotes However, the binding was particularly evident in LEL, STL, and WGA.
TextSentencer_T177 32853-32937 Sentence denotes Notably, STL binding to this disaccharide was more selective than the other lectins.
T99364 32853-32937 Sentence denotes Notably, STL binding to this disaccharide was more selective than the other lectins.
TextSentencer_T178 32938-33236 Sentence denotes Considering that Galα1-3LacNAc, to which STL bound most strongly, is a xeno-antigen, and thus absent in human-derived samples, it may be a good probe for LacdiNAc structures in clinical samples in place of conventional Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), which binds to both α-and β-GalNAc [74] .
T93272 32938-33236 Sentence denotes Considering that Galα1-3LacNAc, to which STL bound most strongly, is a xeno-antigen, and thus absent in human-derived samples, it may be a good probe for LacdiNAc structures in clinical samples in place of conventional Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), which binds to both α-and β-GalNAc [74] .
TextSentencer_T179 33237-33303 Sentence denotes WFA also binds strongly to glycoproteins, which have highly D18) .
T7033 33237-33303 Sentence denotes WFA also binds strongly to glycoproteins, which have highly D18) .
TextSentencer_T180 33304-33421 Sentence denotes Although it has been reported that STL binds to KS [72, 73] , STL did not show the binding to KS (D19) in this study.
T91661 33304-33421 Sentence denotes Although it has been reported that STL binds to KS [72, 73] , STL did not show the binding to KS (D19) in this study.
TextSentencer_T181 33422-33755 Sentence denotes Considering that [6S]LacNAc, as well as its precursor LacNAc, are major components of KS, the inability of STL to bind to this neoglycoprotein (KS chemically conjugated to bovine serum albumin [49] ) is possibly a result of insufficient interaction with the epitope structures under the experimental conditions employed in this work.
T81940 33422-33755 Sentence denotes Considering that [6S]LacNAc, as well as its precursor LacNAc, are major components of KS, the inability of STL to bind to this neoglycoprotein (KS chemically conjugated to bovine serum albumin [49] ) is possibly a result of insufficient interaction with the epitope structures under the experimental conditions employed in this work.
TextSentencer_T182 33756-34009 Sentence denotes All six chitin-binding lectins showed substantial binding to LacdiNAc (B17; not available in Figure 3 ), while no binding was observed to Lac (B8; 701 in Figure 3 ), indicating the importance of the presence of the lateral acetyl group of LacdiNAc unit.
T84481 33756-34009 Sentence denotes All six chitin-binding lectins showed substantial binding to LacdiNAc (B17; not available in Figure 3 ), while no binding was observed to Lac (B8; 701 in Figure 3 ), indicating the importance of the presence of the lateral acetyl group of LacdiNAc unit.
TextSentencer_T183 34010-34077 Sentence denotes However, the binding was particularly evident in LEL, STL, and WGA.
T70591 34010-34077 Sentence denotes However, the binding was particularly evident in LEL, STL, and WGA.
TextSentencer_T184 34078-34162 Sentence denotes Notably, STL binding to this disaccharide was more selective than the other lectins.
T50801 34078-34162 Sentence denotes Notably, STL binding to this disaccharide was more selective than the other lectins.
TextSentencer_T185 34163-34460 Sentence denotes Considering that Galα1-3LacNAc, to which STL bound most strongly, is a xeno-antigen, and thus absent in human-derived samples, it may be a good probe for LacdiNAc structures in clinical samples in place of conventional Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), which binds to both αand β-GalNAc [74] .
T81687 34163-34460 Sentence denotes Considering that Galα1-3LacNAc, to which STL bound most strongly, is a xeno-antigen, and thus absent in human-derived samples, it may be a good probe for LacdiNAc structures in clinical samples in place of conventional Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), which binds to both αand β-GalNAc [74] .
TextSentencer_T186 34461-34633 Sentence denotes WFA also binds strongly to glycoproteins, which have highly branched N-glycans such as asialo-α1-acid glycoprotein (asialo-AGP) to which STL bound weakly (B20) (Figure 7) .
T68092 34461-34633 Sentence denotes WFA also binds strongly to glycoproteins, which have highly branched N-glycans such as asialo-α1-acid glycoprotein (asialo-AGP) to which STL bound weakly (B20) (Figure 7) .
TextSentencer_T187 34634-34929 Sentence denotes Only WGA showed extensive, but rather selective binding toward O-glycans (not available in Figure 3 except core 1, 911) ; i.e., strong binding was found to core 6 (GlcNAcβ1-6GalNAcα1-PAA; C16), core 4 (GlcNAcβ1-3(GlcNAcβ1-6)GalNAcα1-PAA; C14), and core 2 {Galβ1-3(GlcNAcβ1-6)GalNAcα1-PAA; C12}.
T87105 34634-34929 Sentence denotes Only WGA showed extensive, but rather selective binding toward O-glycans (not available in Figure 3 except core 1, 911) ; i.e., strong binding was found to core 6 (GlcNAcβ1-6GalNAcα1-PAA; C16), core 4 (GlcNAcβ1-3(GlcNAcβ1-6)GalNAcα1-PAA; C14), and core 2 {Galβ1-3(GlcNAcβ1-6)GalNAcα1-PAA; C12}.
TextSentencer_T188 34930-35170 Sentence denotes WGA apparently recognizes GlcNAcβ1-6-terminated O-glycans, because no binding was observed to core 1 (Galβ1-3GalNAcα1-PAA; C11) and core 8 (Galα1-3Galα1-PAA; C17) disaccharides and only weak binding to core 3 (GlcNAcβ1-3GalNAcα1-PAA; C13) .
T58522 34930-35170 Sentence denotes WGA apparently recognizes GlcNAcβ1-6-terminated O-glycans, because no binding was observed to core 1 (Galβ1-3GalNAcα1-PAA; C11) and core 8 (Galα1-3Galα1-PAA; C17) disaccharides and only weak binding to core 3 (GlcNAcβ1-3GalNAcα1-PAA; C13) .
TextSentencer_T189 35171-35357 Sentence denotes WGA also bound to Tn antigen (GalNAcα-PAA; C10) and its anomer GalNAcβ-PAA (B15), but to a much lesser extent compared with GlcNAcβ-PAA (B23) and its 6-sulfo form ([6S]GlcNAcβ-PAA; B24).
T39016 35171-35357 Sentence denotes WGA also bound to Tn antigen (GalNAcα-PAA; C10) and its anomer GalNAcβ-PAA (B15), but to a much lesser extent compared with GlcNAcβ-PAA (B23) and its 6-sulfo form ([6S]GlcNAcβ-PAA; B24).
TextSentencer_T190 35358-35468 Sentence denotes WGA bound strongly to a glycolipid-type, Forssman disaccharide (GalNAcα1-3GalNAcβ-PAA; C15; 717 in Figure 3 ).
T82799 35358-35468 Sentence denotes WGA bound strongly to a glycolipid-type, Forssman disaccharide (GalNAcα1-3GalNAcβ-PAA; C15; 717 in Figure 3 ).
TextSentencer_T191 35469-35693 Sentence denotes With regard to glycoprotein ligands, Cy3-labeled WGA showed extensive binding to sialylated glycoproteins, though the signals were much stronger for FET (B1) and AGP (B21) than transferin (TF; B3) and thyroglobulin (TG; B4).
T88118 35469-35693 Sentence denotes With regard to glycoprotein ligands, Cy3-labeled WGA showed extensive binding to sialylated glycoproteins, though the signals were much stronger for FET (B1) and AGP (B21) than transferin (TF; B3) and thyroglobulin (TG; B4).
TextSentencer_T192 35694-35751 Sentence denotes However, DSA and UDA bound almost exclusively to TG (B4).
T16321 35694-35751 Sentence denotes However, DSA and UDA bound almost exclusively to TG (B4).
TextSentencer_T193 35752-36089 Sentence denotes This may reflect the difference in sialylation; FET contains sialylated triantennary N-glycans as the main components and AGP contains sialylated tri and tetraantennary N-glycans, while TF is composed of sialylated biantennary and TG contains high-mannose-type N-glycans in addition to biantennary complex-type and hybrid-type N-glycans.
T69630 35752-36089 Sentence denotes This may reflect the difference in sialylation; FET contains sialylated triantennary N-glycans as the main components and AGP contains sialylated tri and tetraantennary N-glycans, while TF is composed of sialylated biantennary and TG contains high-mannose-type N-glycans in addition to biantennary complex-type and hybrid-type N-glycans.
TextSentencer_T194 36090-36233 Sentence denotes DSA, PWM, and UDA binding to TG (B4) may in part be attributed to binding to high-mannose-type N-glycans, which is consistent with FAC results.
T36639 36090-36233 Sentence denotes DSA, PWM, and UDA binding to TG (B4) may in part be attributed to binding to high-mannose-type N-glycans, which is consistent with FAC results.
TextSentencer_T195 36234-36312 Sentence denotes Other lectins (LEL and STL) also bound to TG (B4) but to a much lesser extent.
T34827 36234-36312 Sentence denotes Other lectins (LEL and STL) also bound to TG (B4) but to a much lesser extent.
TextSentencer_T196 36313-36573 Sentence denotes Although these lectins did not show significant affinity for sialylated glycans in FAC, the observed binding to the glycoconjugate microarray is attributed to a clustering effect involving GlcNAc and/or acetyl group of Neu5Ac, a major component of sialic acid.
T87692 36313-36573 Sentence denotes Although these lectins did not show significant affinity for sialylated glycans in FAC, the observed binding to the glycoconjugate microarray is attributed to a clustering effect involving GlcNAc and/or acetyl group of Neu5Ac, a major component of sialic acid.
TextSentencer_T197 36574-36712 Sentence denotes After desialylation, DSA showed an apparently increased affinity for asialo-FET (B19), asialo-AGP (B20), and slightly for asialo-TF (B21).
T13227 36574-36712 Sentence denotes After desialylation, DSA showed an apparently increased affinity for asialo-FET (B19), asialo-AGP (B20), and slightly for asialo-TF (B21).
TextSentencer_T198 36713-36797 Sentence denotes Conversely, the strong binding observed for TG was greatly reduced (asialo-TG; B22).
T3729 36713-36797 Sentence denotes Conversely, the strong binding observed for TG was greatly reduced (asialo-TG; B22).
TextSentencer_T199 36798-36958 Sentence denotes It seems that a common feature of all of the chitin-binding lectins investigated here is that binding to TG was substantially reduced after sialidase treatment.
T27029 36798-36958 Sentence denotes It seems that a common feature of all of the chitin-binding lectins investigated here is that binding to TG was substantially reduced after sialidase treatment.
TextSentencer_T200 36959-37108 Sentence denotes Both WGA and UDA showed significant affinity for these desialylated glycoproteins, though the latter showed much stronger binding to asialo-TG (B22).
T24639 36959-37108 Sentence denotes Both WGA and UDA showed significant affinity for these desialylated glycoproteins, though the latter showed much stronger binding to asialo-TG (B22).
TextSentencer_T201 37109-37214 Sentence denotes However, LEL, PWM, and STL showed weak binding to asialo-AGP (B20), asialo-TF (B21), and asialo-TG (B22).
T81975 37109-37214 Sentence denotes However, LEL, PWM, and STL showed weak binding to asialo-AGP (B20), asialo-TF (B21), and asialo-TG (B22).
TextSentencer_T202 37215-37430 Sentence denotes UDA showed relatively low, but significant affinity for mannose polymers, such as mannan derived from Streptococcus aureus (SA; D21) and Candida albicans (CA; D22), which contrasts with other chitin-binding lectins.
T25709 37215-37430 Sentence denotes UDA showed relatively low, but significant affinity for mannose polymers, such as mannan derived from Streptococcus aureus (SA; D21) and Candida albicans (CA; D22), which contrasts with other chitin-binding lectins.
TextSentencer_T203 37431-37535 Sentence denotes This may be related to the FAC result that UDA shows extensive affinity for high-mannose-type N-glycans.
T32738 37431-37535 Sentence denotes This may be related to the FAC result that UDA shows extensive affinity for high-mannose-type N-glycans.
TextSentencer_T204 37536-37679 Sentence denotes Indeed, UDA showed strong binding to invertase (Inver; C9) and ovalbumin (OVA; C5), which have high-mannose-type N-glycans as major components.
T86493 37536-37679 Sentence denotes Indeed, UDA showed strong binding to invertase (Inver; C9) and ovalbumin (OVA; C5), which have high-mannose-type N-glycans as major components.
TextSentencer_T205 37680-37875 Sentence denotes All of the lectins tested in this work showed significant affinity for ovomucoid (OVM; C4) to various extents, which consists of agalactosylated and, thus, GlcNAc-exposed, complex-type N-glycans.
T61130 37680-37875 Sentence denotes All of the lectins tested in this work showed significant affinity for ovomucoid (OVM; C4) to various extents, which consists of agalactosylated and, thus, GlcNAc-exposed, complex-type N-glycans.
TextSentencer_T206 37876-38073 Sentence denotes Particularly strong binding was observed for DSA, which could be attributed to the presence of partially galactosylated multi-antennary, complex-type N-glycans, which DSA recognizes preferentially.
T2862 37876-38073 Sentence denotes Particularly strong binding was observed for DSA, which could be attributed to the presence of partially galactosylated multi-antennary, complex-type N-glycans, which DSA recognizes preferentially.
TextSentencer_T207 38074-38152 Sentence denotes The presence of bisecting GlcNAc in OVM may explain the strong binding of WGA.
T629 38074-38152 Sentence denotes The presence of bisecting GlcNAc in OVM may explain the strong binding of WGA.
TextSentencer_T208 38153-38273 Sentence denotes Thus, the interpretation of glycoconjugate microarray, mimicking cell surface probing with these lectins, is not simple.
T47000 38153-38273 Sentence denotes Thus, the interpretation of glycoconjugate microarray, mimicking cell surface probing with these lectins, is not simple.
TextSentencer_T209 38274-38422 Sentence denotes Possible reasons for discrepancies between the results of FAC and glycoconjugate microarray include the cluster effect evident in the latter method.
T15877 38274-38422 Sentence denotes Possible reasons for discrepancies between the results of FAC and glycoconjugate microarray include the cluster effect evident in the latter method.
TextSentencer_T210 38423-38534 Sentence denotes Lectin immobilization may also alter binding properties in FAC as well as in lectin microarray described below.
T85447 38423-38534 Sentence denotes Lectin immobilization may also alter binding properties in FAC as well as in lectin microarray described below.
TextSentencer_T211 38535-38819 Sentence denotes Moreover, it should also be noted that any array platform is basically different from FAC in that the former is a "competitive platform" with a panel of immobilized glycans or lectins, which are reacted in a competitive manner with labeled probes; e.g., Cy3-lectins and glycoproteins.
T97317 38535-38819 Sentence denotes Moreover, it should also be noted that any array platform is basically different from FAC in that the former is a "competitive platform" with a panel of immobilized glycans or lectins, which are reacted in a competitive manner with labeled probes; e.g., Cy3-lectins and glycoproteins.
TextSentencer_T212 38820-39044 Sentence denotes On the other hand, basic specificities of lectins are obtained by FAC using structure-defined purified glycans without any effect of carrier protein and with less effect of clustering of glycans (they are maximally diluted).
T69719 38820-39044 Sentence denotes On the other hand, basic specificities of lectins are obtained by FAC using structure-defined purified glycans without any effect of carrier protein and with less effect of clustering of glycans (they are maximally diluted).
TextSentencer_T213 39045-39166 Sentence denotes In this regard, it should also be noted that native glycoproteins consist of considerably heterogeneous glycoforms [75] .
T94860 39045-39166 Sentence denotes In this regard, it should also be noted that native glycoproteins consist of considerably heterogeneous glycoforms [75] .
TextSentencer_T214 39167-39379 Sentence denotes All six chitin-binding lectins bound to sialylated glycoproteins in the glycoconjugate microarray (Figure 7) , while they showed no apparent affinity for sialylated oligosaccharides in the FAC assay ( Figure 4 ).
T6371 39167-39379 Sentence denotes All six chitin-binding lectins bound to sialylated glycoproteins in the glycoconjugate microarray (Figure 7) , while they showed no apparent affinity for sialylated oligosaccharides in the FAC assay ( Figure 4 ).
TextSentencer_T215 39380-39508 Sentence denotes This discrepancy is explained, at least in part, by the glycoside-clustering effect of the acetyl group of sialic acid (Neu5Ac).
T65832 39380-39508 Sentence denotes This discrepancy is explained, at least in part, by the glycoside-clustering effect of the acetyl group of sialic acid (Neu5Ac).
TextSentencer_T216 39509-39677 Sentence denotes To examine this idea, binding features were compared on the lectin microarray platform using FET as a model sialoglycoprotein both before and after sialidase treatment.
T37217 39509-39677 Sentence denotes To examine this idea, binding features were compared on the lectin microarray platform using FET as a model sialoglycoprotein both before and after sialidase treatment.
TextSentencer_T217 39678-39834 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 8 , signal intensities of a series of Sia-binding lectins (MAL, SNA, SSA, TJA-I, and MAH) were drastically decreased after desialylation.
T82013 39678-39834 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 8 , signal intensities of a series of Sia-binding lectins (MAL, SNA, SSA, TJA-I, and MAH) were drastically decreased after desialylation.
TextSentencer_T218 39835-40007 Sentence denotes Conversely, signal intensities of Gal-binding lectins (ECA, BPL, TJA-II, PNA WFA, and SBA) became much stronger after the sialidase treatment, with the exception of RCA120.
T27647 39835-40007 Sentence denotes Conversely, signal intensities of Gal-binding lectins (ECA, BPL, TJA-II, PNA WFA, and SBA) became much stronger after the sialidase treatment, with the exception of RCA120.
TextSentencer_T219 40008-40144 Sentence denotes It is known that RCA120 does not completely lose affinity for Siaα2-6Gal [9] , which is a major linkage of sialic acid in FET [76, 77] .
T21999 40008-40144 Sentence denotes It is known that RCA120 does not completely lose affinity for Siaα2-6Gal [9] , which is a major linkage of sialic acid in FET [76, 77] .
TextSentencer_T220 40145-40310 Sentence denotes Among the six chitin-binding lectins, signal intensities of DSA, LEL, STL, and UDA were reduced for asialo-FET by approximately 11%, 42%, 34%, and 34%, respectively.
T83309 40145-40310 Sentence denotes Among the six chitin-binding lectins, signal intensities of DSA, LEL, STL, and UDA were reduced for asialo-FET by approximately 11%, 42%, 34%, and 34%, respectively.
TextSentencer_T221 40311-40399 Sentence denotes However, WGA showed as much as 83% reduction in the observed signal after desialylation.
T81252 40311-40399 Sentence denotes However, WGA showed as much as 83% reduction in the observed signal after desialylation.
TextSentencer_T222 40400-40609 Sentence denotes Thus, the effect of sialic acid clustering is significant, but rather modest for most of the chitin-binding lectins under conditions where lectins are immobilized and diluted sialoglycoprotein, such as in FET.
T17832 40400-40609 Sentence denotes Thus, the effect of sialic acid clustering is significant, but rather modest for most of the chitin-binding lectins under conditions where lectins are immobilized and diluted sialoglycoprotein, such as in FET.
TextSentencer_T223 40610-40731 Sentence denotes However, WGA showed enhanced affinity for FET compared with asialo-FET, similar to that in the glycoconjugate microarray.
T84959 40610-40731 Sentence denotes However, WGA showed enhanced affinity for FET compared with asialo-FET, similar to that in the glycoconjugate microarray.
TextSentencer_T224 40732-40924 Sentence denotes Therefore, sialic acid clustering is sufficient for WGA recognition at a glycoprotein level (triantennary N-glycans in FET), but not at a liberated glycan level as is the case in FAC analysis.
T47830 40732-40924 Sentence denotes Therefore, sialic acid clustering is sufficient for WGA recognition at a glycoprotein level (triantennary N-glycans in FET), but not at a liberated glycan level as is the case in FAC analysis.
TextSentencer_T225 40925-41050 Sentence denotes Historically, plant lectins have been used for analysis and separation of various glycans, which are mainly of animal origin.
T11490 40925-41050 Sentence denotes Historically, plant lectins have been used for analysis and separation of various glycans, which are mainly of animal origin.
TextSentencer_T226 41051-41223 Sentence denotes Among them, however, chitin-binding lectins have been used to detect and inhibit parasites or viruses, which recognize chito-oligosaccharides as target molecules [78, 79] .
T52142 41051-41223 Sentence denotes Among them, however, chitin-binding lectins have been used to detect and inhibit parasites or viruses, which recognize chito-oligosaccharides as target molecules [78, 79] .
TextSentencer_T227 41224-41342 Sentence denotes They have also been shown to be useful probes for cell surface glycan structures containing poly-LacNAc [24, 61, 62] .
T2883 41224-41342 Sentence denotes They have also been shown to be useful probes for cell surface glycan structures containing poly-LacNAc [24, 61, 62] .
TextSentencer_T228 41343-41474 Sentence denotes A recent study supports the idea that various lectins, including chitin-binding lectins, can prevent viral infection in vivo [80] .
T89071 41343-41474 Sentence denotes A recent study supports the idea that various lectins, including chitin-binding lectins, can prevent viral infection in vivo [80] .
TextSentencer_T229 41475-41654 Sentence denotes In this study, six representative chitin-binding lectins belonging to the hevein family were investigated in detail for their sugar-binding properties (for summary, see Table 2 ).
T97113 41475-41654 Sentence denotes In this study, six representative chitin-binding lectins belonging to the hevein family were investigated in detail for their sugar-binding properties (for summary, see Table 2 ).
TextSentencer_T230 41655-41756 Sentence denotes However, there are many other chitin-binding lectins, which do not belong to the hevein family [81] .
T41634 41655-41756 Sentence denotes However, there are many other chitin-binding lectins, which do not belong to the hevein family [81] .
TextSentencer_T231 41757-41934 Sentence denotes They include LysM (lysin motif), which was initially found in several bacterial autolysin proteins and is often associated with chitinase as a carbohydrate-binding module [82] .
T46329 41757-41934 Sentence denotes They include LysM (lysin motif), which was initially found in several bacterial autolysin proteins and is often associated with chitinase as a carbohydrate-binding module [82] .
TextSentencer_T232 41935-42073 Sentence denotes Interestingly, LysM also consists of a small number (approximately 50) of amino acids, including evolutionarily conserved disulfide bonds.
T24032 41935-42073 Sentence denotes Interestingly, LysM also consists of a small number (approximately 50) of amino acids, including evolutionarily conserved disulfide bonds.
TextSentencer_T233 42074-42193 Sentence denotes It seems, however, that binding features to chito-oligosaccharides are fairly different between the two families [81] .
T54676 42074-42193 Sentence denotes It seems, however, that binding features to chito-oligosaccharides are fairly different between the two families [81] .
TextSentencer_T234 42194-42373 Sentence denotes Considering both compact and stable structures, chitin-binding lectins are good targets for protein engineering aimed at improving specific properties, which natural lectins lack.
T66243 42194-42373 Sentence denotes Considering both compact and stable structures, chitin-binding lectins are good targets for protein engineering aimed at improving specific properties, which natural lectins lack.
TextSentencer_T235 42374-42498 Sentence denotes More diverse oligosaccharide specificity will be generated by recently developed molecular engineering strategies [83, 84] .
T32437 42374-42498 Sentence denotes More diverse oligosaccharide specificity will be generated by recently developed molecular engineering strategies [83, 84] .
TextSentencer_T236 42499-42726 Sentence denotes Alternatively, tandem-repeat type lectins, such as WGA and UDA, may improve their performance both in terms of binding affinity and specificity by selecting one of their repeating CRDs resulting in a "homogenous" tandem-repeat.
T76780 42499-42726 Sentence denotes Alternatively, tandem-repeat type lectins, such as WGA and UDA, may improve their performance both in terms of binding affinity and specificity by selecting one of their repeating CRDs resulting in a "homogenous" tandem-repeat.
TextSentencer_T237 42727-42891 Sentence denotes It is widely believed that individual CRDs, after duplication in the course of evolution, diverge from each other and, thus, their specificities have also diverged.
T79363 42727-42891 Sentence denotes It is widely believed that individual CRDs, after duplication in the course of evolution, diverge from each other and, thus, their specificities have also diverged.
TextSentencer_T238 42892-43060 Sentence denotes In this context, it is important to identify a CRD responsible for the desired specificity, e.g., affinity for hybrid-type N-glycans containing bisecting GlcNAc in WGA.
T83783 42892-43060 Sentence denotes In this context, it is important to identify a CRD responsible for the desired specificity, e.g., affinity for hybrid-type N-glycans containing bisecting GlcNAc in WGA.
TextSentencer_T239 43061-43143 Sentence denotes So far, however, such an approach has never been made with chitin-binding lectins.
T67723 43061-43143 Sentence denotes So far, however, such an approach has never been made with chitin-binding lectins.
TextSentencer_T240 43144-43340 Sentence denotes Future studies necessary for this approach include practical application of naturally and artificially produced chitin-binding lectins in various fields, e.g., medical, material and food sciences.
T78207 43144-43340 Sentence denotes Future studies necessary for this approach include practical application of naturally and artificially produced chitin-binding lectins in various fields, e.g., medical, material and food sciences.
TextSentencer_T241 43341-43488 Sentence denotes Using the information obtained in these studies will generate more precise and systematic knowledge for lectin utilization in complex life systems.
T55230 43341-43488 Sentence denotes Using the information obtained in these studies will generate more precise and systematic knowledge for lectin utilization in complex life systems.
TextSentencer_T242 43489-43620 Sentence denotes N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-activated Sepharose 4 Fast Flow was purchased from GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK).
T42417 43489-43620 Sentence denotes N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-activated Sepharose 4 Fast Flow was purchased from GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK).
TextSentencer_T243 43621-43687 Sentence denotes All chemical reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.
T5949 43621-43687 Sentence denotes All chemical reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.
TextSentencer_T244 43688-43772 Sentence denotes FET from fetal calf serum (48,400 Da) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).
T57476 43688-43772 Sentence denotes FET from fetal calf serum (48,400 Da) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).
TextSentencer_T245 43773-44034 Sentence denotes pNP glycosides Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ (LacNAc-β-pNP), GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1 (chitotetraose-β-pNP), and GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1 (chitopentaose-β-pNP), were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals, Inc. (North York, ON, Canada).
T98551 43773-44034 Sentence denotes pNP glycosides Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ (LacNAc-β-pNP), GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1 (chitotetraose-β-pNP), and GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1 (chitopentaose-β-pNP), were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals, Inc. (North York, ON, Canada).
TextSentencer_T246 44035-44134 Sentence denotes Structure-defined, purified standard PA-oligosaccharides used in this study are shown in Figure 3 .
T26019 44035-44134 Sentence denotes Structure-defined, purified standard PA-oligosaccharides used in this study are shown in Figure 3 .
TextSentencer_T247 44135-44346 Sentence denotes PA -N-glycans numbered 001-014, 103, 105, 107, 108, 307, 313, 314, 323, 405, 410, 418-420, 501-504 , and 506 were purchased from Takara Bio, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan), 304, 403, and 404 were obtained from J-OIL MILLS.
T28268 44135-44346 Sentence denotes PA -N-glycans numbered 001-014, 103, 105, 107, 108, 307, 313, 314, 323, 405, 410, 418-420, 501-504 , and 506 were purchased from Takara Bio, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan), 304, 403, and 404 were obtained from J-OIL MILLS.
TextSentencer_T248 44347-44423 Sentence denotes Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), and other PA-N-glycans were obtained from Seikagaku Co.
T38990 44347-44423 Sentence denotes Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), and other PA-N-glycans were obtained from Seikagaku Co.
TextSentencer_T249 44424-44589 Sentence denotes The non-labeled glycans (601 and 602) were obtained from Dextra Laboratories, Ltd. (Reading, UK) and labeled with 2-aminopyridine with a GlycoTAG (Takara Bio, Inc.).
T52264 44424-44589 Sentence denotes The non-labeled glycans (601 and 602) were obtained from Dextra Laboratories, Ltd. (Reading, UK) and labeled with 2-aminopyridine with a GlycoTAG (Takara Bio, Inc.).
TextSentencer_T250 44590-44674 Sentence denotes The derived PA-N-glycans were purified and quantified as described previously [85] .
T97982 44590-44674 Sentence denotes The derived PA-N-glycans were purified and quantified as described previously [85] .
TextSentencer_T251 44675-44886 Sentence denotes Glycolipid and other types of glycans, 701-703, 705-713, 715-718, 720, 721, 724, 726 and 728-731, were obtained as their PA-derivatives from Takara Bio, Inc. or as non-labeled glycans which were pyridylaminated:
T99433 44675-44886 Sentence denotes Glycolipid and other types of glycans, 701-703, 705-713, 715-718, 720, 721, 724, 726 and 728-731, were obtained as their PA-derivatives from Takara Bio, Inc. or as non-labeled glycans which were pyridylaminated:
TextSentencer_T252 44887-45035 Sentence denotes 727 from Funakoshi Co., 704, 733, and 734 from Dextra Laboratories, Ltd., 725, 909, 910, and 911 from Calbiochem, and 906 and 907 from Seikagaku Co.
T20215 44887-45035 Sentence denotes 727 from Funakoshi Co., 704, 733, and 734 from Dextra Laboratories, Ltd., 725, 909, 910, and 911 from Calbiochem, and 906 and 907 from Seikagaku Co.
TextSentencer_T253 45036-45159 Sentence denotes Oligo-N-acetyllactosamines 901-903 and 905 and milk oligosaccharides 722, 723, 732, and 735-739 were generous gifts from K.
T70717 45036-45159 Sentence denotes Oligo-N-acetyllactosamines 901-903 and 905 and milk oligosaccharides 722, 723, 732, and 735-739 were generous gifts from K.
TextSentencer_T254 45160-45204 Sentence denotes Yoshida (Seikagaku Co., Tokyo, Japan) and T.
T73121 45160-45204 Sentence denotes Yoshida (Seikagaku Co., Tokyo, Japan) and T.
TextSentencer_T255 45205-45306 Sentence denotes Urashima (Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan), respectively. .
T17608 45205-45306 Sentence denotes Urashima (Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan), respectively. .
TextSentencer_T256 45307-45520 Sentence denotes For FAC analysis, the slurry of each lectin-Sepharose was packed into a miniature column (inner diameter, 2 mm; length, 10 mm; bed volume, 31.4 µL; Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan) as described previously [9, 48, 52] .
T44622 45307-45520 Sentence denotes For FAC analysis, the slurry of each lectin-Sepharose was packed into a miniature column (inner diameter, 2 mm; length, 10 mm; bed volume, 31.4 µL; Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan) as described previously [9, 48, 52] .
TextSentencer_T257 45521-45679 Sentence denotes The amount of uncoupled protein in the above wash fraction was determined by the Bradford method, and hereby, the amount of immobilized protein was estimated.
T77673 45521-45679 Sentence denotes The amount of uncoupled protein in the above wash fraction was determined by the Bradford method, and hereby, the amount of immobilized protein was estimated.
TextSentencer_T258 45680-45778 Sentence denotes FAC was performed using an automated system, FAC-1 or FAC-T, as described previously [9, 48, 52] .
T35417 45680-45778 Sentence denotes FAC was performed using an automated system, FAC-1 or FAC-T, as described previously [9, 48, 52] .
TextSentencer_T259 45779-45893 Sentence denotes Briefly, the above lectin-immobilized columns were connected to the FAC-1 or FAC-T and were equilibrated with TBS.
T73006 45779-45893 Sentence denotes Briefly, the above lectin-immobilized columns were connected to the FAC-1 or FAC-T and were equilibrated with TBS.
TextSentencer_T260 45894-45982 Sentence denotes The flow rate and column temperature were kept at 0.125 mL/min and 25 • C, respectively.
T11703 45894-45982 Sentence denotes The flow rate and column temperature were kept at 0.125 mL/min and 25 • C, respectively.
TextSentencer_T261 45983-46146 Sentence denotes After equilibration of the columns, either excess volume of PA or pNP-oligosaccharides dissolved in TBS were successively injected into each of the lectin columns.
T98031 45983-46146 Sentence denotes After equilibration of the columns, either excess volume of PA or pNP-oligosaccharides dissolved in TBS were successively injected into each of the lectin columns.
TextSentencer_T262 46147-46380 Sentence denotes Elution of PA-oligosaccharides (2.5 or 5.0 nM) was monitored by fluorescence (excitation and emission wavelengths of 310 and 380 nm, respectively), while that of pNP-oligosaccharides (2-60 µM) was monitored by UV adsorption (280 nm).
T18643 46147-46380 Sentence denotes Elution of PA-oligosaccharides (2.5 or 5.0 nM) was monitored by fluorescence (excitation and emission wavelengths of 310 and 380 nm, respectively), while that of pNP-oligosaccharides (2-60 µM) was monitored by UV adsorption (280 nm).
TextSentencer_T263 46381-46496 Sentence denotes The volume of the elution front (V) of each oligosaccharide was calculated as described previously [46] [47] [48] .
T29483 46381-46496 Sentence denotes The volume of the elution front (V) of each oligosaccharide was calculated as described previously [46] [47] [48] .
TextSentencer_T264 46497-46724 Sentence denotes V 0 was determined for an appropriate reference substance; i.e., Manα1-6(Manα1-2)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-PA (003) for DSA, LEL, STL, and WGA, Galβ1-4Glc-PA (701) for UDA, and 003 or Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-4Glc-PA (703) for PWM.
T3324 46497-46724 Sentence denotes V 0 was determined for an appropriate reference substance; i.e., Manα1-6(Manα1-2)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-PA (003) for DSA, LEL, STL, and WGA, Galβ1-4Glc-PA (701) for UDA, and 003 or Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-4Glc-PA (703) for PWM.
TextSentencer_T265 46725-46847 Sentence denotes Hence, retardation of the elution front of each oligosaccharide, i.e., V − V 0 , was used for determination of K d values.
T78200 46725-46847 Sentence denotes Hence, retardation of the elution front of each oligosaccharide, i.e., V − V 0 , was used for determination of K d values.
TextSentencer_T266 46848-46939 Sentence denotes Since [A] 0 is, in most cases, much smaller than K d , the equation can be simplified to be
T866 46848-46939 Sentence denotes Since [A] 0 is, in most cases, much smaller than K d , the equation can be simplified to be
TextSentencer_T267 46940-47070 Sentence denotes It is often useful to discuss lectin-oligosaccharide interactions in terms of an affinity constant, K a (1/K d ), instead of K d .
T93229 46940-47070 Sentence denotes It is often useful to discuss lectin-oligosaccharide interactions in terms of an affinity constant, K a (1/K d ), instead of K d .
TextSentencer_T268 47071-47260 Sentence denotes When binding affinity of a particular glycan was too high to measure V − V 0 , we determined its K d (or K a ) value using another column with an appropriately lowered lectin concentration.
T44081 47071-47260 Sentence denotes When binding affinity of a particular glycan was too high to measure V − V 0 , we determined its K d (or K a ) value using another column with an appropriately lowered lectin concentration.
TextSentencer_T269 47261-47414 Sentence denotes This was applied in the cases of DSA (6.0 and 1.5 mg/mL), UDA (6.0, 3.0, 1.0, and 0.3 mg/mL), WGA (7.0, 2.0, and 0.5 mg/mL), and LEL (6.0 and 0.5 mg/mL).
T11501 47261-47414 Sentence denotes This was applied in the cases of DSA (6.0 and 1.5 mg/mL), UDA (6.0, 3.0, 1.0, and 0.3 mg/mL), WGA (7.0, 2.0, and 0.5 mg/mL), and LEL (6.0 and 0.5 mg/mL).
TextSentencer_T270 47415-47586 Sentence denotes To combine data from the two columns, a ratio between them was determined using V − V 0 values of a reference glycan, which showed significant retardation in both columns.
T706 47415-47586 Sentence denotes To combine data from the two columns, a ratio between them was determined using V − V 0 values of a reference glycan, which showed significant retardation in both columns.
TextSentencer_T271 47587-47784 Sentence denotes For the determination of B t and K d values for each lectin column, an appropriate pNP-saccharide was diluted to various concentrations (2-100 µM) and was used for concentration-dependent analysis.
T21345 47587-47784 Sentence denotes For the determination of B t and K d values for each lectin column, an appropriate pNP-saccharide was diluted to various concentrations (2-100 µM) and was used for concentration-dependent analysis.
TextSentencer_T272 47785-48027 Sentence denotes Using the resulting V values, Woolf-Hofstee-type plots, i.e., (V − V 0 ) vs. (V − V 0 )[A] 0 , were constructed to determine B t and K d values from the intercept and the slope of the fitted curves, respectively, as described previously [9] .
T1942 47785-48027 Sentence denotes Using the resulting V values, Woolf-Hofstee-type plots, i.e., (V − V 0 ) vs. (V − V 0 )[A] 0 , were constructed to determine B t and K d values from the intercept and the slope of the fitted curves, respectively, as described previously [9] .
TextSentencer_T273 48028-48205 Sentence denotes To validate the binding specificity data obtained by FAC and observe the effect of clustering on the immobilized glycans, glycoconjugate microarray analysis was performed [49] .
T82150 48028-48205 Sentence denotes To validate the binding specificity data obtained by FAC and observe the effect of clustering on the immobilized glycans, glycoconjugate microarray analysis was performed [49] .
TextSentencer_T274 48206-48347 Sentence denotes Briefly, 60 µL of Cy3-labeled lectins (at a final concentration of 4.0 µg/mL) used for FAC was applied to the glycoconjugate microarray (ver.
T41625 48206-48347 Sentence denotes Briefly, 60 µL of Cy3-labeled lectins (at a final concentration of 4.0 µg/mL) used for FAC was applied to the glycoconjugate microarray (ver.
TextSentencer_T275 48348-48353 Sentence denotes 4.2).
T83520 48348-48353 Sentence denotes 4.2).
TextSentencer_T276 48354-48762 Sentence denotes After incubation for interaction at 20 • C overnight, wells on the glass slide were rinsed twice with the probing buffer (Tris-buffered saline, pH 7.4 containing 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM CaCl 2 , and 1 mM MnCl 2 ) for the microarray and fluorescence images of the microarray were acquired using an evanescent-field activated fluorescence scanner, GlycoStation Reader™ 1200 (GlycoTechnica Ltd., Yokohama, Japan).
T15365 48354-48762 Sentence denotes After incubation for interaction at 20 • C overnight, wells on the glass slide were rinsed twice with the probing buffer (Tris-buffered saline, pH 7.4 containing 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM CaCl 2 , and 1 mM MnCl 2 ) for the microarray and fluorescence images of the microarray were acquired using an evanescent-field activated fluorescence scanner, GlycoStation Reader™ 1200 (GlycoTechnica Ltd., Yokohama, Japan).
TextSentencer_T277 48763-48924 Sentence denotes Scanning conditions were as follows: exposure time, 199 ms; detection sensitivities, gain 115 for DSA, LEL, STL, and UDA, gain 125 for PWM, and gain 110 for STL.
T52198 48763-48924 Sentence denotes Scanning conditions were as follows: exposure time, 199 ms; detection sensitivities, gain 115 for DSA, LEL, STL, and UDA, gain 125 for PWM, and gain 110 for STL.
TextSentencer_T278 48925-49121 Sentence denotes To investigate the clustering effect for sialic acid (Neu5Ac), another interaction analysis was performed between immobilized lectins and a sialoglycoprotein, FET, in a lectin microarray platform.
T92127 48925-49121 Sentence denotes To investigate the clustering effect for sialic acid (Neu5Ac), another interaction analysis was performed between immobilized lectins and a sialoglycoprotein, FET, in a lectin microarray platform.
TextSentencer_T279 49122-49275 Sentence denotes Asialo-FET was prepared by digestion of FET with sialidase A (Prozyme Inc., San Leandro, CA, USA) according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer.
T36607 49122-49275 Sentence denotes Asialo-FET was prepared by digestion of FET with sialidase A (Prozyme Inc., San Leandro, CA, USA) according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer.
TextSentencer_T280 49276-49433 Sentence denotes For comparison, solutions of FET and asialo-FET were prepared at 2.0 µg/mL and were applied to a lectin microarray for analysis as described previously [9] .
T55336 49276-49433 Sentence denotes For comparison, solutions of FET and asialo-FET were prepared at 2.0 µg/mL and were applied to a lectin microarray for analysis as described previously [9] .
TextSentencer_T281 49434-49571 Sentence denotes Scanning conditions were as follows: exposure time, 199 ms; detection sensitivities, gain 90 and 80 for FET and asialo-FET, respectively.
T59038 49434-49571 Sentence denotes Scanning conditions were as follows: exposure time, 199 ms; detection sensitivities, gain 90 and 80 for FET and asialo-FET, respectively.
TextSentencer_T282 49572-49623 Sentence denotes Data were analyzed with the Array Pro analyzer ver.
T58857 49572-49623 Sentence denotes Data were analyzed with the Array Pro analyzer ver.
TextSentencer_T283 49624-49737 Sentence denotes 4.5 (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA) and are represented by bar graphs in terms of net signal intensities.
T3224 49624-49737 Sentence denotes 4.5 (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA) and are represented by bar graphs in terms of net signal intensities.
TextSentencer_T284 49738-49835 Sentence denotes In the present study, various novel features of chitin-binding lectins became evident (Table 2) .
T36462 49738-49835 Sentence denotes In the present study, various novel features of chitin-binding lectins became evident (Table 2) .
TextSentencer_T285 49836-50005 Sentence denotes It also became clear that results of FAC and glycoconjugate microarray are not necessarily consistent, and the interpretation of glycoconjugate microarray is not simple.
T2851 49836-50005 Sentence denotes It also became clear that results of FAC and glycoconjugate microarray are not necessarily consistent, and the interpretation of glycoconjugate microarray is not simple.
TextSentencer_T286 50006-50276 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, data derived by the present quantitative FAC analysis using structure-defined standard glycans provide key information to solve complex phenomena of biological systems, which include studies using these lectins in histochemical and cell separation studies.
T3582 50006-50276 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, data derived by the present quantitative FAC analysis using structure-defined standard glycans provide key information to solve complex phenomena of biological systems, which include studies using these lectins in histochemical and cell separation studies.
TextSentencer_T287 50277-50484 Sentence denotes Currently, it is not known whether the described characteristics are attributed to differences in overall structural architectures (i.e., proto, chimera, or tandem-repeat) or in amino-acid sequences in CRDs.
T52629 50277-50484 Sentence denotes Currently, it is not known whether the described characteristics are attributed to differences in overall structural architectures (i.e., proto, chimera, or tandem-repeat) or in amino-acid sequences in CRDs.
TextSentencer_T288 50485-50579 Sentence denotes Detailed structural analysis is necessary to define the sugar-binding specificity of each CRD.
T43142 50485-50579 Sentence denotes Detailed structural analysis is necessary to define the sugar-binding specificity of each CRD.
TextSentencer_T289 50580-50781 Sentence denotes Construction of tandem-repeat type homogenous hevein-like domains should lead to the development of a series of artificial chitin-binding lectins with much stronger avidity and much higher specificity.
T39772 50580-50781 Sentence denotes Construction of tandem-repeat type homogenous hevein-like domains should lead to the development of a series of artificial chitin-binding lectins with much stronger avidity and much higher specificity.