CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:120bd6eed7e254029455aec25478a4860a46764e JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-69 Sentence denotes Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death 1
TextSentencer_T1 0-69 Sentence denotes Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death 1
T28364 0-69 Sentence denotes Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death 1
TextSentencer_T2 71-79 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T2 71-79 Sentence denotes Abstract
T5596 71-79 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 80-1573 Sentence denotes Apaf-1-Apoptosis activating factor 1 ATG-Autophagy-related gene products ATP-Adenosine triphosphate Bak-Bcl-2 antagonist/killer, a proapoptotic protein Bax-Bcl-2 associated X protein, a proapoptotic protein Bcl-2-B lymphocyte lymphoma 2 family of regulatory proteins Bid-BH3-interacting domain death agonist BMP3-Bone morphogenetic protein 3 C5-Complement component 5 C5b-Complement fragment 5b C6-Complement component 6 C7-Complement component 7 C8-Complement component 8 C9-Complement component 9 cAMP-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CD3-Cluster of differentiation (classification determinant) protein 3 CD59-Cluster of differentiation glycoprotein 59 CDK-Cyclin-dependent kinase cGMP-Cyclic guanosine monophosphate CHS-Chédiak-Higashi syndrome CNS-Central nervous system CYP-Member of the cytochrome P450 family DD-Death domain DDR-DNA damage response DISC-Death-inducing signaling complex DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid DOPA-Dihydroxyphenylalanine DR-Death receptor ECM-Extracellular matrix ER-Endoplasmic reticulum FAD-Flavin adenine dinucleotide FADD-Fas-associated death domain FasL-Fas ligand FGF4-Fibroblast growth factor 4 FLIP-(FADD-like interleukin 1 β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein, an antiapoptotic protein FOXO-Forkhead box protein O H&E-Hematoxylin and eosin IGF-1-Insulin-like growth factor-1 IL-1-Interleukin 1 IL-6-Interleukin 6 IL-10-Interleukin 10 LC-Light chain LYST-Lysosomal trafficking regulator gene MAC-Membrane attack complex MAPK-Mitogen-activated protein kinase
TextSentencer_T3 80-1573 Sentence denotes Apaf-1-Apoptosis activating factor 1 ATG-Autophagy-related gene products ATP-Adenosine triphosphate Bak-Bcl-2 antagonist/killer, a proapoptotic protein Bax-Bcl-2 associated X protein, a proapoptotic protein Bcl-2-B lymphocyte lymphoma 2 family of regulatory proteins Bid-BH3-interacting domain death agonist BMP3-Bone morphogenetic protein 3 C5-Complement component 5 C5b-Complement fragment 5b C6-Complement component 6 C7-Complement component 7 C8-Complement component 8 C9-Complement component 9 cAMP-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CD3-Cluster of differentiation (classification determinant) protein 3 CD59-Cluster of differentiation glycoprotein 59 CDK-Cyclin-dependent kinase cGMP-Cyclic guanosine monophosphate CHS-Chédiak-Higashi syndrome CNS-Central nervous system CYP-Member of the cytochrome P450 family DD-Death domain DDR-DNA damage response DISC-Death-inducing signaling complex DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid DOPA-Dihydroxyphenylalanine DR-Death receptor ECM-Extracellular matrix ER-Endoplasmic reticulum FAD-Flavin adenine dinucleotide FADD-Fas-associated death domain FasL-Fas ligand FGF4-Fibroblast growth factor 4 FLIP-(FADD-like interleukin 1 β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein, an antiapoptotic protein FOXO-Forkhead box protein O H&E-Hematoxylin and eosin IGF-1-Insulin-like growth factor-1 IL-1-Interleukin 1 IL-6-Interleukin 6 IL-10-Interleukin 10 LC-Light chain LYST-Lysosomal trafficking regulator gene MAC-Membrane attack complex MAPK-Mitogen-activated protein kinase
T91268 80-1573 Sentence denotes Apaf-1-Apoptosis activating factor 1 ATG-Autophagy-related gene products ATP-Adenosine triphosphate Bak-Bcl-2 antagonist/killer, a proapoptotic protein Bax-Bcl-2 associated X protein, a proapoptotic protein Bcl-2-B lymphocyte lymphoma 2 family of regulatory proteins Bid-BH3-interacting domain death agonist BMP3-Bone morphogenetic protein 3 C5-Complement component 5 C5b-Complement fragment 5b C6-Complement component 6 C7-Complement component 7 C8-Complement component 8 C9-Complement component 9 cAMP-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CD3-Cluster of differentiation (classification determinant) protein 3 CD59-Cluster of differentiation glycoprotein 59 CDK-Cyclin-dependent kinase cGMP-Cyclic guanosine monophosphate CHS-Chédiak-Higashi syndrome CNS-Central nervous system CYP-Member of the cytochrome P450 family DD-Death domain DDR-DNA damage response DISC-Death-inducing signaling complex DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid DOPA-Dihydroxyphenylalanine DR-Death receptor ECM-Extracellular matrix ER-Endoplasmic reticulum FAD-Flavin adenine dinucleotide FADD-Fas-associated death domain FasL-Fas ligand FGF4-Fibroblast growth factor 4 FLIP-(FADD-like interleukin 1 β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein, an antiapoptotic protein FOXO-Forkhead box protein O H&E-Hematoxylin and eosin IGF-1-Insulin-like growth factor-1 IL-1-Interleukin 1 IL-6-Interleukin 6 IL-10-Interleukin 10 LC-Light chain LYST-Lysosomal trafficking regulator gene MAC-Membrane attack complex MAPK-Mitogen-activated protein kinase
TextSentencer_T4 1575-1780 Sentence denotes I, more emphasis will be placed on the interaction among cells of different types, as well as the interaction of cells with their stroma, with other organ systems, and with circulating cells and molecules.
TextSentencer_T4 1575-1780 Sentence denotes I, more emphasis will be placed on the interaction among cells of different types, as well as the interaction of cells with their stroma, with other organ systems, and with circulating cells and molecules.
T68623 1575-1780 Sentence denotes I, more emphasis will be placed on the interaction among cells of different types, as well as the interaction of cells with their stroma, with other organ systems, and with circulating cells and molecules.
TextSentencer_T5 1781-1902 Sentence denotes Systemic pathology is the study of systemic disease (i.e., disease that affects the system, meaning the entire organism).
TextSentencer_T5 1781-1902 Sentence denotes Systemic pathology is the study of systemic disease (i.e., disease that affects the system, meaning the entire organism).
T66922 1781-1902 Sentence denotes Systemic pathology is the study of systemic disease (i.e., disease that affects the system, meaning the entire organism).
TextSentencer_T6 1903-2126 Sentence denotes It is not a separate discipline from general pathology, but a different approach to the study of disease, in which the principles of general pathology are applied at the level of the tissue or organ or even the entire body.
TextSentencer_T6 1903-2126 Sentence denotes It is not a separate discipline from general pathology, but a different approach to the study of disease, in which the principles of general pathology are applied at the level of the tissue or organ or even the entire body.
T3097 1903-2126 Sentence denotes It is not a separate discipline from general pathology, but a different approach to the study of disease, in which the principles of general pathology are applied at the level of the tissue or organ or even the entire body.
TextSentencer_T7 2127-2293 Sentence denotes As for general pathology, the learning process is simplified by categorization, so Section II of this book is arranged in chapters based on a particular organ system.
TextSentencer_T7 2127-2293 Sentence denotes As for general pathology, the learning process is simplified by categorization, so Section II of this book is arranged in chapters based on a particular organ system.
T22113 2127-2293 Sentence denotes As for general pathology, the learning process is simplified by categorization, so Section II of this book is arranged in chapters based on a particular organ system.
TextSentencer_T8 2294-2429 Sentence denotes Again, this subdivision is arbitrary, and the student must bear in mind that disease seldom, if ever, affects only one organ or tissue.
TextSentencer_T8 2294-2429 Sentence denotes Again, this subdivision is arbitrary, and the student must bear in mind that disease seldom, if ever, affects only one organ or tissue.
T5580 2294-2429 Sentence denotes Again, this subdivision is arbitrary, and the student must bear in mind that disease seldom, if ever, affects only one organ or tissue.
TextSentencer_T9 2430-2637 Sentence denotes It also helps to remember that most organs or tissues respond in a similar way to a particular type of injury, hence the value in mastering the concepts of general pathology before the organ system approach.
TextSentencer_T9 2430-2637 Sentence denotes It also helps to remember that most organs or tissues respond in a similar way to a particular type of injury, hence the value in mastering the concepts of general pathology before the organ system approach.
T32940 2430-2637 Sentence denotes It also helps to remember that most organs or tissues respond in a similar way to a particular type of injury, hence the value in mastering the concepts of general pathology before the organ system approach.
TextSentencer_T10 2638-2790 Sentence denotes There is no optimum arrangement of the organ system chapters, so pathology of organ systems can be taught in different sequences in different curricula.
TextSentencer_T10 2638-2790 Sentence denotes There is no optimum arrangement of the organ system chapters, so pathology of organ systems can be taught in different sequences in different curricula.
T85565 2638-2790 Sentence denotes There is no optimum arrangement of the organ system chapters, so pathology of organ systems can be taught in different sequences in different curricula.
TextSentencer_T11 2791-2851 Sentence denotes Pathologists are specialists in the discipline of pathology.
TextSentencer_T11 2791-2851 Sentence denotes Pathologists are specialists in the discipline of pathology.
T93550 2791-2851 Sentence denotes Pathologists are specialists in the discipline of pathology.
TextSentencer_T12 2852-3120 Sentence denotes Although general pathology and systemic pathology are educationally useful divisions of the discipline, pathologists are seldom categorized as general pathologists or systemic pathologists but, instead, are often classified as specialists in a particular organ system.
TextSentencer_T12 2852-3120 Sentence denotes Although general pathology and systemic pathology are educationally useful divisions of the discipline, pathologists are seldom categorized as general pathologists or systemic pathologists but, instead, are often classified as specialists in a particular organ system.
T57275 2852-3120 Sentence denotes Although general pathology and systemic pathology are educationally useful divisions of the discipline, pathologists are seldom categorized as general pathologists or systemic pathologists but, instead, are often classified as specialists in a particular organ system.
TextSentencer_T13 3121-3239 Sentence denotes For example, a dermatopathologist specializes in skin diseases; a neuropathologist, in diseases of the nervous system.
TextSentencer_T13 3121-3239 Sentence denotes For example, a dermatopathologist specializes in skin diseases; a neuropathologist, in diseases of the nervous system.
T97860 3121-3239 Sentence denotes For example, a dermatopathologist specializes in skin diseases; a neuropathologist, in diseases of the nervous system.
TextSentencer_T14 3240-3672 Sentence denotes In North America, pathologists are certified as anatomic pathologists, interested especially in the morphologic changes of gross (macroscopic) pathology and histopathology (microscopic pathology of tissues), or as clinical pathologists, who work more with microscopic and biochemical evaluations of blood, urine, and other bodily fluids or with cytologic samples, in which individual cells are studied rather than the intact tissue.
TextSentencer_T14 3240-3672 Sentence denotes In North America, pathologists are certified as anatomic pathologists, interested especially in the morphologic changes of gross (macroscopic) pathology and histopathology (microscopic pathology of tissues), or as clinical pathologists, who work more with microscopic and biochemical evaluations of blood, urine, and other bodily fluids or with cytologic samples, in which individual cells are studied rather than the intact tissue.
T65444 3240-3672 Sentence denotes In North America, pathologists are certified as anatomic pathologists, interested especially in the morphologic changes of gross (macroscopic) pathology and histopathology (microscopic pathology of tissues), or as clinical pathologists, who work more with microscopic and biochemical evaluations of blood, urine, and other bodily fluids or with cytologic samples, in which individual cells are studied rather than the intact tissue.
TextSentencer_T15 3673-3957 Sentence denotes Although there is overlap between anatomic and clinical The goals of this chapter are to explain and illustrate the structure and function of cells and how they are interconnected with mechanisms of and responses to cell and tissue injury, such as adaptation, degeneration, and death.
TextSentencer_T15 3673-3957 Sentence denotes Although there is overlap between anatomic and clinical The goals of this chapter are to explain and illustrate the structure and function of cells and how they are interconnected with mechanisms of and responses to cell and tissue injury, such as adaptation, degeneration, and death.
T93352 3673-3957 Sentence denotes Although there is overlap between anatomic and clinical The goals of this chapter are to explain and illustrate the structure and function of cells and how they are interconnected with mechanisms of and responses to cell and tissue injury, such as adaptation, degeneration, and death.
TextSentencer_T16 3958-4226 Sentence denotes This information will serve as the underpinnings for materials presented in the remaining chapters covering general pathology and for comprehending materials presented on disease mechanisms and pathogeneses in subsequent chapters that cover pathology of organ systems.
TextSentencer_T16 3958-4226 Sentence denotes This information will serve as the underpinnings for materials presented in the remaining chapters covering general pathology and for comprehending materials presented on disease mechanisms and pathogeneses in subsequent chapters that cover pathology of organ systems.
T28311 3958-4226 Sentence denotes This information will serve as the underpinnings for materials presented in the remaining chapters covering general pathology and for comprehending materials presented on disease mechanisms and pathogeneses in subsequent chapters that cover pathology of organ systems.
TextSentencer_T17 4227-4283 Sentence denotes Pathology is the study of disease from all perspectives.
TextSentencer_T17 4227-4283 Sentence denotes Pathology is the study of disease from all perspectives.
T8769 4227-4283 Sentence denotes Pathology is the study of disease from all perspectives.
TextSentencer_T18 4284-4433 Sentence denotes This pathology textbook begins with a 6-chapter general pathology section followed by 15 chapters of pathology of organ systems (systemic pathology).
TextSentencer_T18 4284-4433 Sentence denotes This pathology textbook begins with a 6-chapter general pathology section followed by 15 chapters of pathology of organ systems (systemic pathology).
T21250 4284-4433 Sentence denotes This pathology textbook begins with a 6-chapter general pathology section followed by 15 chapters of pathology of organ systems (systemic pathology).
TextSentencer_T19 4434-4604 Sentence denotes Although this layout parallels the instruction of pathology in many veterinary schools, the division into general pathology and systemic pathology is somewhat artificial.
TextSentencer_T19 4434-4604 Sentence denotes Although this layout parallels the instruction of pathology in many veterinary schools, the division into general pathology and systemic pathology is somewhat artificial.
T57481 4434-4604 Sentence denotes Although this layout parallels the instruction of pathology in many veterinary schools, the division into general pathology and systemic pathology is somewhat artificial.
TextSentencer_T20 4605-4730 Sentence denotes General pathology is the study of the reaction of cells or tissues to injury with a focus on the mechanisms of that response.
TextSentencer_T20 4605-4730 Sentence denotes General pathology is the study of the reaction of cells or tissues to injury with a focus on the mechanisms of that response.
T19958 4605-4730 Sentence denotes General pathology is the study of the reaction of cells or tissues to injury with a focus on the mechanisms of that response.
TextSentencer_T21 4731-5027 Sentence denotes In the first six chapters of this book, the response to injury is classified as cellular adaptations (degenerative, regenerative, or restorative), vascular disorders, inflammation, or neoplasia, with an additional chapter on the mechanisms of infectious diseases and one on disorders of immunity.
TextSentencer_T21 4731-5027 Sentence denotes In the first six chapters of this book, the response to injury is classified as cellular adaptations (degenerative, regenerative, or restorative), vascular disorders, inflammation, or neoplasia, with an additional chapter on the mechanisms of infectious diseases and one on disorders of immunity.
T98253 4731-5027 Sentence denotes In the first six chapters of this book, the response to injury is classified as cellular adaptations (degenerative, regenerative, or restorative), vascular disorders, inflammation, or neoplasia, with an additional chapter on the mechanisms of infectious diseases and one on disorders of immunity.
TextSentencer_T22 5028-5106 Sentence denotes These categorizations simplify the teaching and learning of general pathology.
TextSentencer_T22 5028-5106 Sentence denotes These categorizations simplify the teaching and learning of general pathology.
T51998 5028-5106 Sentence denotes These categorizations simplify the teaching and learning of general pathology.
TextSentencer_T23 5107-5262 Sentence denotes However, in the living body, cell injury provokes a variety of vascular, inflammatory, and immune-mediated responses in addition to disturbances of growth.
TextSentencer_T23 5107-5262 Sentence denotes However, in the living body, cell injury provokes a variety of vascular, inflammatory, and immune-mediated responses in addition to disturbances of growth.
T83537 5107-5262 Sentence denotes However, in the living body, cell injury provokes a variety of vascular, inflammatory, and immune-mediated responses in addition to disturbances of growth.
TextSentencer_T24 5263-5409 Sentence denotes These reactions not only extend beyond the injured cell to the organ or organismal level but also can occur simultaneously or in rapid succession.
TextSentencer_T24 5263-5409 Sentence denotes These reactions not only extend beyond the injured cell to the organ or organismal level but also can occur simultaneously or in rapid succession.
T70808 5263-5409 Sentence denotes These reactions not only extend beyond the injured cell to the organ or organismal level but also can occur simultaneously or in rapid succession.
TextSentencer_T25 5410-5585 Sentence denotes This first chapter is focused on the cellular responses to injury, not only on the degeneration that can progress to cell death but also on the adaptations of surviving cells.
TextSentencer_T25 5410-5585 Sentence denotes This first chapter is focused on the cellular responses to injury, not only on the degeneration that can progress to cell death but also on the adaptations of surviving cells.
T69616 5410-5585 Sentence denotes This first chapter is focused on the cellular responses to injury, not only on the degeneration that can progress to cell death but also on the adaptations of surviving cells.
TextSentencer_T26 5586-5778 Sentence denotes In subsequent general pathology chapters of Section [see Chapter 4]) and (2) to form a structural base for the membraneassociated proteins (enzymes and receptors) that determine cell function.
TextSentencer_T26 5586-5778 Sentence denotes In subsequent general pathology chapters of Section [see Chapter 4]) and (2) to form a structural base for the membraneassociated proteins (enzymes and receptors) that determine cell function.
T29993 5586-5778 Sentence denotes In subsequent general pathology chapters of Section [see Chapter 4]) and (2) to form a structural base for the membraneassociated proteins (enzymes and receptors) that determine cell function.
TextSentencer_T27 5779-5971 Sentence denotes The term fluidic indicates that proteins and lipids in the membrane are not immovable but can travel as part of the cytocavitary system ( Fig. 1-3 ) throughout the physical extent of the cell.
TextSentencer_T27 5779-5971 Sentence denotes The term fluidic indicates that proteins and lipids in the membrane are not immovable but can travel as part of the cytocavitary system ( Fig. 1-3 ) throughout the physical extent of the cell.
T25302 5779-5971 Sentence denotes The term fluidic indicates that proteins and lipids in the membrane are not immovable but can travel as part of the cytocavitary system ( Fig. 1-3 ) throughout the physical extent of the cell.
TextSentencer_T28 5972-6306 Sentence denotes As an example of this process of "fluidic" movement, transmembrane proteins used as cell surface receptors are synthesized and assembled in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), inserted into membranes in the Golgi complex, and moved (fluidic) to the cell's surface at the plasma membrane via the cytocavitary system (see Fig. 1-3) .
TextSentencer_T28 5972-6306 Sentence denotes As an example of this process of "fluidic" movement, transmembrane proteins used as cell surface receptors are synthesized and assembled in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), inserted into membranes in the Golgi complex, and moved (fluidic) to the cell's surface at the plasma membrane via the cytocavitary system (see Fig. 1-3) .
T2117 5972-6306 Sentence denotes As an example of this process of "fluidic" movement, transmembrane proteins used as cell surface receptors are synthesized and assembled in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), inserted into membranes in the Golgi complex, and moved (fluidic) to the cell's surface at the plasma membrane via the cytocavitary system (see Fig. 1-3) .
TextSentencer_T29 6307-6439 Sentence denotes The plasma membrane encloses the entire cell and thus is its first contact with harmful substances, agents, and infectious microbes.
TextSentencer_T29 6307-6439 Sentence denotes The plasma membrane encloses the entire cell and thus is its first contact with harmful substances, agents, and infectious microbes.
T11213 6307-6439 Sentence denotes The plasma membrane encloses the entire cell and thus is its first contact with harmful substances, agents, and infectious microbes.
TextSentencer_T30 6440-6556 Sentence denotes Microvilli and cilia (see Fig. 1 -1) are specialized areas of the plasma membrane that are often altered in disease.
TextSentencer_T30 6440-6556 Sentence denotes Microvilli and cilia (see Fig. 1 -1) are specialized areas of the plasma membrane that are often altered in disease.
T38152 6440-6556 Sentence denotes Microvilli and cilia (see Fig. 1 -1) are specialized areas of the plasma membrane that are often altered in disease.
TextSentencer_T31 6557-6692 Sentence denotes Plasma membranes separate the interior of the cell from the external environment, neighboring cells, or the extracellular matrix (ECM).
TextSentencer_T31 6557-6692 Sentence denotes Plasma membranes separate the interior of the cell from the external environment, neighboring cells, or the extracellular matrix (ECM).
T27915 6557-6692 Sentence denotes Plasma membranes separate the interior of the cell from the external environment, neighboring cells, or the extracellular matrix (ECM).
TextSentencer_T32 6693-6789 Sentence denotes Surface proteins, such as fibronectin, play a role in cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM interactions.
TextSentencer_T32 6693-6789 Sentence denotes Surface proteins, such as fibronectin, play a role in cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM interactions.
T30806 6693-6789 Sentence denotes Surface proteins, such as fibronectin, play a role in cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM interactions.
TextSentencer_T33 6790-6942 Sentence denotes Transmembrane proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer serve in a variety of essential structural, transport, and enzymatic functions ( Fig. 1-4) .
TextSentencer_T33 6790-6942 Sentence denotes Transmembrane proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer serve in a variety of essential structural, transport, and enzymatic functions ( Fig. 1-4) .
T70289 6790-6942 Sentence denotes Transmembrane proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer serve in a variety of essential structural, transport, and enzymatic functions ( Fig. 1-4) .
TextSentencer_T34 6943-7006 Sentence denotes Ligand-receptor interactions play key roles in these functions.
TextSentencer_T34 6943-7006 Sentence denotes Ligand-receptor interactions play key roles in these functions.
T87371 6943-7006 Sentence denotes Ligand-receptor interactions play key roles in these functions.
TextSentencer_T35 7007-7279 Sentence denotes Ligands are signaling molecules (also known as first messengers) (i.e., autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signals [see Fig. 12 -1]) that bind to receptors in the plasma membrane (cell surface receptors), cytoplasm (cytoplasmic receptors), or nucleus (nuclear receptors).
TextSentencer_T35 7007-7279 Sentence denotes Ligands are signaling molecules (also known as first messengers) (i.e., autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signals [see Fig. 12 -1]) that bind to receptors in the plasma membrane (cell surface receptors), cytoplasm (cytoplasmic receptors), or nucleus (nuclear receptors).
T31527 7007-7279 Sentence denotes Ligands are signaling molecules (also known as first messengers) (i.e., autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signals [see Fig. 12 -1]) that bind to receptors in the plasma membrane (cell surface receptors), cytoplasm (cytoplasmic receptors), or nucleus (nuclear receptors).
TextSentencer_T36 7280-7495 Sentence denotes Ligands may be cell associated, such as those on the surface of infectious microbes (see Fig. 4-31) , or extracellular, such as hormones, growth factors, cytokines, cell recognition molecules, and neurotransmitters.
TextSentencer_T36 7280-7495 Sentence denotes Ligands may be cell associated, such as those on the surface of infectious microbes (see Fig. 4-31) , or extracellular, such as hormones, growth factors, cytokines, cell recognition molecules, and neurotransmitters.
T37204 7280-7495 Sentence denotes Ligands may be cell associated, such as those on the surface of infectious microbes (see Fig. 4-31) , or extracellular, such as hormones, growth factors, cytokines, cell recognition molecules, and neurotransmitters.
TextSentencer_T37 7496-7633 Sentence denotes Cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors, through control of gene expression, regulate cellular development, homeostasis, metabolism, and aging.
TextSentencer_T37 7496-7633 Sentence denotes Cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors, through control of gene expression, regulate cellular development, homeostasis, metabolism, and aging.
T49109 7496-7633 Sentence denotes Cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors, through control of gene expression, regulate cellular development, homeostasis, metabolism, and aging.
TextSentencer_T38 7634-7832 Sentence denotes Ligands that bind these receptors include lipophilic substances, such as steroid hormones, vitamins, and xenobiotic endocrine disruptors that cross plasma and nuclear membranes by passive diffusion.
TextSentencer_T38 7634-7832 Sentence denotes Ligands that bind these receptors include lipophilic substances, such as steroid hormones, vitamins, and xenobiotic endocrine disruptors that cross plasma and nuclear membranes by passive diffusion.
T28211 7634-7832 Sentence denotes Ligands that bind these receptors include lipophilic substances, such as steroid hormones, vitamins, and xenobiotic endocrine disruptors that cross plasma and nuclear membranes by passive diffusion.
TextSentencer_T39 7833-7937 Sentence denotes Cell surface receptors are central to the pathogenesis of many disorders discussed throughout this book.
TextSentencer_T39 7833-7937 Sentence denotes Cell surface receptors are central to the pathogenesis of many disorders discussed throughout this book.
T14434 7833-7937 Sentence denotes Cell surface receptors are central to the pathogenesis of many disorders discussed throughout this book.
TextSentencer_T40 7938-8086 Sentence denotes As an extension of a transmembrane protein, cell surface receptors receive and interpret extracellular signals (i.e., ligands) from the environment.
TextSentencer_T40 7938-8086 Sentence denotes As an extension of a transmembrane protein, cell surface receptors receive and interpret extracellular signals (i.e., ligands) from the environment.
T96224 7938-8086 Sentence denotes As an extension of a transmembrane protein, cell surface receptors receive and interpret extracellular signals (i.e., ligands) from the environment.
TextSentencer_T41 8087-8517 Sentence denotes When a ligand binds to an appropriate surface receptor, conformational changes in the transmembrane protein result in a process called signal transduction (signaling molecule → specific receptor protein on the plasma membrane → second messenger transmits the signal into the cell → physiologic response) and the activation (i.e., second messenger system [see later discussion]) or inhibition of the receptor's biochemical pathway.
TextSentencer_T41 8087-8517 Sentence denotes When a ligand binds to an appropriate surface receptor, conformational changes in the transmembrane protein result in a process called signal transduction (signaling molecule → specific receptor protein on the plasma membrane → second messenger transmits the signal into the cell → physiologic response) and the activation (i.e., second messenger system [see later discussion]) or inhibition of the receptor's biochemical pathway.
T97342 8087-8517 Sentence denotes When a ligand binds to an appropriate surface receptor, conformational changes in the transmembrane protein result in a process called signal transduction (signaling molecule → specific receptor protein on the plasma membrane → second messenger transmits the signal into the cell → physiologic response) and the activation (i.e., second messenger system [see later discussion]) or inhibition of the receptor's biochemical pathway.
TextSentencer_T42 8518-8789 Sentence denotes There are hundreds of different types of glycoprotein and lipoprotein transmembrane receptors; each type is linked to a specific intracellular biochemical pathway, and individual cells contain many of these receptors based on their function as determined by their genome.
TextSentencer_T42 8518-8789 Sentence denotes There are hundreds of different types of glycoprotein and lipoprotein transmembrane receptors; each type is linked to a specific intracellular biochemical pathway, and individual cells contain many of these receptors based on their function as determined by their genome.
T27548 8518-8789 Sentence denotes There are hundreds of different types of glycoprotein and lipoprotein transmembrane receptors; each type is linked to a specific intracellular biochemical pathway, and individual cells contain many of these receptors based on their function as determined by their genome.
TextSentencer_T43 8790-8970 Sentence denotes Transmembrane receptors are often used by infectious microbes to invade cells or use cell systems during their life cycles, thus initiating a process that can injure the host cell.
TextSentencer_T43 8790-8970 Sentence denotes Transmembrane receptors are often used by infectious microbes to invade cells or use cell systems during their life cycles, thus initiating a process that can injure the host cell.
T93563 8790-8970 Sentence denotes Transmembrane receptors are often used by infectious microbes to invade cells or use cell systems during their life cycles, thus initiating a process that can injure the host cell.
TextSentencer_T44 8971-9080 Sentence denotes These receptors and their roles in the mechanisms of infectious disease are discussed in detail in Chapter 4.
TextSentencer_T44 8971-9080 Sentence denotes These receptors and their roles in the mechanisms of infectious disease are discussed in detail in Chapter 4.
T40847 8971-9080 Sentence denotes These receptors and their roles in the mechanisms of infectious disease are discussed in detail in Chapter 4.
TextSentencer_T45 9081-9164 Sentence denotes A unique transmembrane protein receptor is involved in the notch-signaling pathway.
TextSentencer_T45 9081-9164 Sentence denotes A unique transmembrane protein receptor is involved in the notch-signaling pathway.
T22307 9081-9164 Sentence denotes A unique transmembrane protein receptor is involved in the notch-signaling pathway.
TextSentencer_T46 9165-9359 Sentence denotes Ligand activation of notch signaling results in the formation of a cytoplasmic second messenger that enters the nucleus and modifies gene expression during embryonic development and homeostasis.
TextSentencer_T46 9165-9359 Sentence denotes Ligand activation of notch signaling results in the formation of a cytoplasmic second messenger that enters the nucleus and modifies gene expression during embryonic development and homeostasis.
T54731 9165-9359 Sentence denotes Ligand activation of notch signaling results in the formation of a cytoplasmic second messenger that enters the nucleus and modifies gene expression during embryonic development and homeostasis.
TextSentencer_T47 9360-9470 Sentence denotes During development, notch signaling allows specific types of cells and tissues to develop, organize, and grow.
TextSentencer_T47 9360-9470 Sentence denotes During development, notch signaling allows specific types of cells and tissues to develop, organize, and grow.
T60443 9360-9470 Sentence denotes During development, notch signaling allows specific types of cells and tissues to develop, organize, and grow.
TextSentencer_T48 9471-9661 Sentence denotes If a specific cell type expresses a trait essential for the development of a specific tissue type, ligands are released from the "essential" cell that bind notch receptors on adjacent cells.
TextSentencer_T48 9471-9661 Sentence denotes If a specific cell type expresses a trait essential for the development of a specific tissue type, ligands are released from the "essential" cell that bind notch receptors on adjacent cells.
T34437 9471-9661 Sentence denotes If a specific cell type expresses a trait essential for the development of a specific tissue type, ligands are released from the "essential" cell that bind notch receptors on adjacent cells.
TextSentencer_T49 9662-9812 Sentence denotes Signal transduction and pathology, the focus of this book is anatomic pathology; clinical pathology is taught separately in most veterinary curricula.
TextSentencer_T49 9662-9812 Sentence denotes Signal transduction and pathology, the focus of this book is anatomic pathology; clinical pathology is taught separately in most veterinary curricula.
T89405 9662-9812 Sentence denotes Signal transduction and pathology, the focus of this book is anatomic pathology; clinical pathology is taught separately in most veterinary curricula.
TextSentencer_T50 9813-9892 Sentence denotes After certification, many anatomic pathologists specialize further in practice.
TextSentencer_T50 9813-9892 Sentence denotes After certification, many anatomic pathologists specialize further in practice.
T87364 9813-9892 Sentence denotes After certification, many anatomic pathologists specialize further in practice.
TextSentencer_T51 9893-10107 Sentence denotes Diagnostic pathologists are involved in autopsy (syn: necropsy; postmortem gross and histologic examination along with correlation of ancillary test results) and histologic examination of surgical biopsy specimens.
TextSentencer_T51 9893-10107 Sentence denotes Diagnostic pathologists are involved in autopsy (syn: necropsy; postmortem gross and histologic examination along with correlation of ancillary test results) and histologic examination of surgical biopsy specimens.
T55122 9893-10107 Sentence denotes Diagnostic pathologists are involved in autopsy (syn: necropsy; postmortem gross and histologic examination along with correlation of ancillary test results) and histologic examination of surgical biopsy specimens.
TextSentencer_T52 10108-10189 Sentence denotes Some diagnostic pathologists limit their practice to surgical (biopsy) pathology.
TextSentencer_T52 10108-10189 Sentence denotes Some diagnostic pathologists limit their practice to surgical (biopsy) pathology.
T94580 10108-10189 Sentence denotes Some diagnostic pathologists limit their practice to surgical (biopsy) pathology.
TextSentencer_T53 10190-10324 Sentence denotes Toxicologic and other experimental pathologists study the tissue, cellular, and molecular mechanisms of disease in a research setting.
TextSentencer_T53 10190-10324 Sentence denotes Toxicologic and other experimental pathologists study the tissue, cellular, and molecular mechanisms of disease in a research setting.
T85165 10190-10324 Sentence denotes Toxicologic and other experimental pathologists study the tissue, cellular, and molecular mechanisms of disease in a research setting.
TextSentencer_T54 10325-10406 Sentence denotes In the practice of pathology the goal is to answer a question or solve a problem.
TextSentencer_T54 10325-10406 Sentence denotes In the practice of pathology the goal is to answer a question or solve a problem.
T64338 10325-10406 Sentence denotes In the practice of pathology the goal is to answer a question or solve a problem.
TextSentencer_T55 10407-10463 Sentence denotes The question depends on the nature of the investigation.
TextSentencer_T55 10407-10463 Sentence denotes The question depends on the nature of the investigation.
T28564 10407-10463 Sentence denotes The question depends on the nature of the investigation.
TextSentencer_T56 10464-10678 Sentence denotes In diagnostic pathology an autopsy (syn: necropsy) may be performed to determine the cause of death in an individual or in a group of animals or to explain decreased production in a herd, flock, kennel, or cattery.
TextSentencer_T56 10464-10678 Sentence denotes In diagnostic pathology an autopsy (syn: necropsy) may be performed to determine the cause of death in an individual or in a group of animals or to explain decreased production in a herd, flock, kennel, or cattery.
T70220 10464-10678 Sentence denotes In diagnostic pathology an autopsy (syn: necropsy) may be performed to determine the cause of death in an individual or in a group of animals or to explain decreased production in a herd, flock, kennel, or cattery.
TextSentencer_T57 10679-10788 Sentence denotes In forensic pathology the purpose of an autopsy is to determine the nature of death from a legal perspective.
TextSentencer_T57 10679-10788 Sentence denotes In forensic pathology the purpose of an autopsy is to determine the nature of death from a legal perspective.
T12150 10679-10788 Sentence denotes In forensic pathology the purpose of an autopsy is to determine the nature of death from a legal perspective.
TextSentencer_T58 10789-10975 Sentence denotes Surgical pathology (histologic examination of surgically excised tissue specimens) not only facilitates diagnosis and prognosis for a living animal but also can be the basis for therapy.
TextSentencer_T58 10789-10975 Sentence denotes Surgical pathology (histologic examination of surgically excised tissue specimens) not only facilitates diagnosis and prognosis for a living animal but also can be the basis for therapy.
T35955 10789-10975 Sentence denotes Surgical pathology (histologic examination of surgically excised tissue specimens) not only facilitates diagnosis and prognosis for a living animal but also can be the basis for therapy.
TextSentencer_T59 10976-11208 Sentence denotes Experimental pathologists contribute from the design to the end point of an investigation with the goal of correlating morphologic changes with clinical, functional, and biochemical parameters to elucidate the mechanisms of disease.
TextSentencer_T59 10976-11208 Sentence denotes Experimental pathologists contribute from the design to the end point of an investigation with the goal of correlating morphologic changes with clinical, functional, and biochemical parameters to elucidate the mechanisms of disease.
T61722 10976-11208 Sentence denotes Experimental pathologists contribute from the design to the end point of an investigation with the goal of correlating morphologic changes with clinical, functional, and biochemical parameters to elucidate the mechanisms of disease.
TextSentencer_T60 11209-11372 Sentence denotes Most veterinary students will practice internal medicine or surgery, rather than pathology, yet pathology is an integral part of veterinary education and practice.
TextSentencer_T60 11209-11372 Sentence denotes Most veterinary students will practice internal medicine or surgery, rather than pathology, yet pathology is an integral part of veterinary education and practice.
T86164 11209-11372 Sentence denotes Most veterinary students will practice internal medicine or surgery, rather than pathology, yet pathology is an integral part of veterinary education and practice.
TextSentencer_T61 11373-11588 Sentence denotes Pathology is the link between basic sciences, such as anatomy and physiology, and clinical sciences and is the foundation for a lifetime of learning, diagnosing, and understanding disease in living and dead animals.
TextSentencer_T61 11373-11588 Sentence denotes Pathology is the link between basic sciences, such as anatomy and physiology, and clinical sciences and is the foundation for a lifetime of learning, diagnosing, and understanding disease in living and dead animals.
T94393 11373-11588 Sentence denotes Pathology is the link between basic sciences, such as anatomy and physiology, and clinical sciences and is the foundation for a lifetime of learning, diagnosing, and understanding disease in living and dead animals.
TextSentencer_T62 11589-11694 Sentence denotes The practicing veterinarian and the pathologist form a team at the forefront of animal and public health.
TextSentencer_T62 11589-11694 Sentence denotes The practicing veterinarian and the pathologist form a team at the forefront of animal and public health.
T98012 11589-11694 Sentence denotes The practicing veterinarian and the pathologist form a team at the forefront of animal and public health.
TextSentencer_T63 11695-11759 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T63 11695-11759 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
T3792 11695-11759 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T64 11760-11872 Sentence denotes Knowledge of anatomy and of normal anatomic variations is prerequisite to lesion recognition and interpretation.
TextSentencer_T64 11760-11872 Sentence denotes Knowledge of anatomy and of normal anatomic variations is prerequisite to lesion recognition and interpretation.
T33904 11760-11872 Sentence denotes Knowledge of anatomy and of normal anatomic variations is prerequisite to lesion recognition and interpretation.
TextSentencer_T65 11873-11980 Sentence denotes Structure is covered briefly at the beginning of each of the organ system pathology chapters in Section II.
TextSentencer_T65 11873-11980 Sentence denotes Structure is covered briefly at the beginning of each of the organ system pathology chapters in Section II.
T47843 11873-11980 Sentence denotes Structure is covered briefly at the beginning of each of the organ system pathology chapters in Section II.
TextSentencer_T66 11981-12031 Sentence denotes The anatomic focus in this chapter is on the cell.
TextSentencer_T66 11981-12031 Sentence denotes The anatomic focus in this chapter is on the cell.
T94100 11981-12031 Sentence denotes The anatomic focus in this chapter is on the cell.
TextSentencer_T67 12032-12149 Sentence denotes The language of pathology shares many words with other biomedical disciplines but also has its share of unique terms.
TextSentencer_T67 12032-12149 Sentence denotes The language of pathology shares many words with other biomedical disciplines but also has its share of unique terms.
T13088 12032-12149 Sentence denotes The language of pathology shares many words with other biomedical disciplines but also has its share of unique terms.
TextSentencer_T68 12150-12346 Sentence denotes First, the student should remember that pathology is the study of disease and that the word "pathology" is not equivalent to "lesion(s)." A lesion is a structural abnormality in a tissue or organ.
TextSentencer_T68 12150-12346 Sentence denotes First, the student should remember that pathology is the study of disease and that the word "pathology" is not equivalent to "lesion(s)." A lesion is a structural abnormality in a tissue or organ.
T33340 12150-12346 Sentence denotes First, the student should remember that pathology is the study of disease and that the word "pathology" is not equivalent to "lesion(s)." A lesion is a structural abnormality in a tissue or organ.
TextSentencer_T69 12347-12515 Sentence denotes All too often, we hear or read a phrase such as "No pathology is observed in the liver." This would be more correctly written as "No lesions are observed in the liver."
TextSentencer_T69 12347-12515 Sentence denotes All too often, we hear or read a phrase such as "No pathology is observed in the liver." This would be more correctly written as "No lesions are observed in the liver."
T27138 12347-12515 Sentence denotes All too often, we hear or read a phrase such as "No pathology is observed in the liver." This would be more correctly written as "No lesions are observed in the liver."
TextSentencer_T70 12516-12704 Sentence denotes Traditionally, in veterinary medicine, the word necropsy has been applied to a postmortem examination of an animal to distinguish it from autopsy (postmortem examination of a human being).
TextSentencer_T70 12516-12704 Sentence denotes Traditionally, in veterinary medicine, the word necropsy has been applied to a postmortem examination of an animal to distinguish it from autopsy (postmortem examination of a human being).
T67648 12516-12704 Sentence denotes Traditionally, in veterinary medicine, the word necropsy has been applied to a postmortem examination of an animal to distinguish it from autopsy (postmortem examination of a human being).
TextSentencer_T71 12705-12903 Sentence denotes The word necropsy (literally, having a look at something dead) also served to distinguish the examination of a dead creature from biopsy, a look at a sample from a living animal (human or nonhuman).
TextSentencer_T71 12705-12903 Sentence denotes The word necropsy (literally, having a look at something dead) also served to distinguish the examination of a dead creature from biopsy, a look at a sample from a living animal (human or nonhuman).
T41656 12705-12903 Sentence denotes The word necropsy (literally, having a look at something dead) also served to distinguish the examination of a dead creature from biopsy, a look at a sample from a living animal (human or nonhuman).
TextSentencer_T72 12904-13187 Sentence denotes In the interest of one health, and in recognition that it is unnecessary to distinguish a postmortem examination of a human from that of a nonhuman animal, the word autopsy (literally, having a look with one's own eyes) has been applied to the postmortem examination of any creature.
TextSentencer_T72 12904-13187 Sentence denotes In the interest of one health, and in recognition that it is unnecessary to distinguish a postmortem examination of a human from that of a nonhuman animal, the word autopsy (literally, having a look with one's own eyes) has been applied to the postmortem examination of any creature.
T15837 12904-13187 Sentence denotes In the interest of one health, and in recognition that it is unnecessary to distinguish a postmortem examination of a human from that of a nonhuman animal, the word autopsy (literally, having a look with one's own eyes) has been applied to the postmortem examination of any creature.
TextSentencer_T73 13188-13328 Sentence denotes One could argue, because pathologists use The student will find that much of the vocabulary of pathology is common to that of other courses.
TextSentencer_T73 13188-13328 Sentence denotes One could argue, because pathologists use The student will find that much of the vocabulary of pathology is common to that of other courses.
T66552 13188-13328 Sentence denotes One could argue, because pathologists use The student will find that much of the vocabulary of pathology is common to that of other courses.
TextSentencer_T74 13329-13426 Sentence denotes However, certain words mean one thing in one discipline and something quite different in another.
TextSentencer_T74 13329-13426 Sentence denotes However, certain words mean one thing in one discipline and something quite different in another.
T75831 13329-13426 Sentence denotes However, certain words mean one thing in one discipline and something quite different in another.
TextSentencer_T75 13427-13565 Sentence denotes Indeed, the precise meaning-and precision is the object in writing or speaking about pathology-of a word depends very much on the context.
TextSentencer_T75 13427-13565 Sentence denotes Indeed, the precise meaning-and precision is the object in writing or speaking about pathology-of a word depends very much on the context.
T48665 13427-13565 Sentence denotes Indeed, the precise meaning-and precision is the object in writing or speaking about pathology-of a word depends very much on the context.
TextSentencer_T76 13566-13735 Sentence denotes For example, the word malacia, which literally means softening, implies a lack of mineralization when applied to bones, but when applied to the brain, it means necrosis.
TextSentencer_T76 13566-13735 Sentence denotes For example, the word malacia, which literally means softening, implies a lack of mineralization when applied to bones, but when applied to the brain, it means necrosis.
T44467 13566-13735 Sentence denotes For example, the word malacia, which literally means softening, implies a lack of mineralization when applied to bones, but when applied to the brain, it means necrosis.
TextSentencer_T77 13736-13854 Sentence denotes That brings us to an important word that pathologists use a lot and that figures prominently in this chapter-necrosis.
TextSentencer_T77 13736-13854 Sentence denotes That brings us to an important word that pathologists use a lot and that figures prominently in this chapter-necrosis.
T90418 13736-13854 Sentence denotes That brings us to an important word that pathologists use a lot and that figures prominently in this chapter-necrosis.
TextSentencer_T78 13855-13999 Sentence denotes It means death or, more precisely, the structural changes that follow death, not of the entire organism, but of cells within an organ or tissue.
TextSentencer_T78 13855-13999 Sentence denotes It means death or, more precisely, the structural changes that follow death, not of the entire organism, but of cells within an organ or tissue.
T42625 13855-13999 Sentence denotes It means death or, more precisely, the structural changes that follow death, not of the entire organism, but of cells within an organ or tissue.
TextSentencer_T79 14000-14245 Sentence denotes Do not worry, there will be more on necrosis in subsequent sections! microscopy in addition to their own eyes, that the word autopsy could just as well be applied to other diagnostic imaging modalities (e.g., radiography or computed tomography).
TextSentencer_T79 14000-14245 Sentence denotes Do not worry, there will be more on necrosis in subsequent sections! microscopy in addition to their own eyes, that the word autopsy could just as well be applied to other diagnostic imaging modalities (e.g., radiography or computed tomography).
T71715 14000-14245 Sentence denotes Do not worry, there will be more on necrosis in subsequent sections! microscopy in addition to their own eyes, that the word autopsy could just as well be applied to other diagnostic imaging modalities (e.g., radiography or computed tomography).
TextSentencer_T80 14246-14532 Sentence denotes However, by convention, the term has been relegated to the discipline of pathology, and the autopsy or biopsy examination generally implies a search for lesions. second messenger systems are activated, leading to the inhibition of division and development of affected "bystander" cells.
TextSentencer_T80 14246-14532 Sentence denotes However, by convention, the term has been relegated to the discipline of pathology, and the autopsy or biopsy examination generally implies a search for lesions. second messenger systems are activated, leading to the inhibition of division and development of affected "bystander" cells.
T88976 14246-14532 Sentence denotes However, by convention, the term has been relegated to the discipline of pathology, and the autopsy or biopsy examination generally implies a search for lesions. second messenger systems are activated, leading to the inhibition of division and development of affected "bystander" cells.
TextSentencer_T81 14533-14668 Sentence denotes This outcome allows specific types of cells to increase in number during development, while inhibiting other less essential cell types.
TextSentencer_T81 14533-14668 Sentence denotes This outcome allows specific types of cells to increase in number during development, while inhibiting other less essential cell types.
T98831 14533-14668 Sentence denotes This outcome allows specific types of cells to increase in number during development, while inhibiting other less essential cell types.
TextSentencer_T82 14669-14852 Sentence denotes Notch-signaling pathways are involved in the development of neural tissues, blood vessels, heart, pancreas, mammary gland, T lymphocytes, hematopoietic lineages, and other cell types.
TextSentencer_T82 14669-14852 Sentence denotes Notch-signaling pathways are involved in the development of neural tissues, blood vessels, heart, pancreas, mammary gland, T lymphocytes, hematopoietic lineages, and other cell types.
T72210 14669-14852 Sentence denotes Notch-signaling pathways are involved in the development of neural tissues, blood vessels, heart, pancreas, mammary gland, T lymphocytes, hematopoietic lineages, and other cell types.
TextSentencer_T83 14853-14913 Sentence denotes Notch-signaling pathways also play a role in mature animals.
TextSentencer_T83 14853-14913 Sentence denotes Notch-signaling pathways also play a role in mature animals.
T49541 14853-14913 Sentence denotes Notch-signaling pathways also play a role in mature animals.
TextSentencer_T84 14914-15058 Sentence denotes They appear to determine, for example, whether enteric stem cells differentiate into villous enterocytes with secretory or absorptive functions.
TextSentencer_T84 14914-15058 Sentence denotes They appear to determine, for example, whether enteric stem cells differentiate into villous enterocytes with secretory or absorptive functions.
T16741 14914-15058 Sentence denotes They appear to determine, for example, whether enteric stem cells differentiate into villous enterocytes with secretory or absorptive functions.
TextSentencer_T85 15059-15443 Sentence denotes Diseases that kill or injure enteric crypt stem cells (e.g., parvovirus) or villous enterocytes (e.g., coronaviruses) probably disrupt notch-signaling pathways, leading to a lack of secretory or absorptive enterocytes during healing with failure to return to "normal" function (see Chapter 7). ribosomes synthesize proteins that are released into the cytosol and used within the cell.
TextSentencer_T85 15059-15443 Sentence denotes Diseases that kill or injure enteric crypt stem cells (e.g., parvovirus) or villous enterocytes (e.g., coronaviruses) probably disrupt notch-signaling pathways, leading to a lack of secretory or absorptive enterocytes during healing with failure to return to "normal" function (see Chapter 7). ribosomes synthesize proteins that are released into the cytosol and used within the cell.
T37559 15059-15443 Sentence denotes Diseases that kill or injure enteric crypt stem cells (e.g., parvovirus) or villous enterocytes (e.g., coronaviruses) probably disrupt notch-signaling pathways, leading to a lack of secretory or absorptive enterocytes during healing with failure to return to "normal" function (see Chapter 7). ribosomes synthesize proteins that are released into the cytosol and used within the cell.
TextSentencer_T86 15444-15861 Sentence denotes Fixed ribosomes synthesize proteins that are (1) inserted into the cell membrane (transmembrane proteins) at the rER and subsequently moved (fluid mosaic membrane model) to their final destinations usually within the plasma membrane or (2) placed in membrane-bound vesicles and moved through the Golgi complex (see next paragraph) to the plasma membrane and released via exocytosis into the extracellular environment.
TextSentencer_T86 15444-15861 Sentence denotes Fixed ribosomes synthesize proteins that are (1) inserted into the cell membrane (transmembrane proteins) at the rER and subsequently moved (fluid mosaic membrane model) to their final destinations usually within the plasma membrane or (2) placed in membrane-bound vesicles and moved through the Golgi complex (see next paragraph) to the plasma membrane and released via exocytosis into the extracellular environment.
T80257 15444-15861 Sentence denotes Fixed ribosomes synthesize proteins that are (1) inserted into the cell membrane (transmembrane proteins) at the rER and subsequently moved (fluid mosaic membrane model) to their final destinations usually within the plasma membrane or (2) placed in membrane-bound vesicles and moved through the Golgi complex (see next paragraph) to the plasma membrane and released via exocytosis into the extracellular environment.
TextSentencer_T87 15862-16063 Sentence denotes The Golgi complex, also commonly called the Golgi apparatus, is a series of flattened membrane-bound sacs with its inner face (cis or entry face) near the rER in a paranuclear position (see Fig. 1 -3).
TextSentencer_T87 15862-16063 Sentence denotes The Golgi complex, also commonly called the Golgi apparatus, is a series of flattened membrane-bound sacs with its inner face (cis or entry face) near the rER in a paranuclear position (see Fig. 1 -3).
T20488 15862-16063 Sentence denotes The Golgi complex, also commonly called the Golgi apparatus, is a series of flattened membrane-bound sacs with its inner face (cis or entry face) near the rER in a paranuclear position (see Fig. 1 -3).
TextSentencer_T88 16064-16164 Sentence denotes Proteins made in the rER are delivered to the entry face of the Golgi complex by transport vesicles.
TextSentencer_T88 16064-16164 Sentence denotes Proteins made in the rER are delivered to the entry face of the Golgi complex by transport vesicles.
T26437 16064-16164 Sentence denotes Proteins made in the rER are delivered to the entry face of the Golgi complex by transport vesicles.
TextSentencer_T89 16165-16555 Sentence denotes As the proteins traverse the Golgi complex, they are processed (e.g., carbohydrate moieties added through glycosylation) and packaged into secretory vesicles to be released from the outer (trans) face of the Golgi complex into the cytosol, either for use by the cell that produced them, as in the case of lysosomal enzymes, or (more commonly) for delivery to the plasma membrane for export.
TextSentencer_T89 16165-16555 Sentence denotes As the proteins traverse the Golgi complex, they are processed (e.g., carbohydrate moieties added through glycosylation) and packaged into secretory vesicles to be released from the outer (trans) face of the Golgi complex into the cytosol, either for use by the cell that produced them, as in the case of lysosomal enzymes, or (more commonly) for delivery to the plasma membrane for export.
T19750 16165-16555 Sentence denotes As the proteins traverse the Golgi complex, they are processed (e.g., carbohydrate moieties added through glycosylation) and packaged into secretory vesicles to be released from the outer (trans) face of the Golgi complex into the cytosol, either for use by the cell that produced them, as in the case of lysosomal enzymes, or (more commonly) for delivery to the plasma membrane for export.
TextSentencer_T90 16556-16640 Sentence denotes Transmission electron microscopy is usually required to visualize the Golgi complex.
TextSentencer_T90 16556-16640 Sentence denotes Transmission electron microscopy is usually required to visualize the Golgi complex.
T26169 16556-16640 Sentence denotes Transmission electron microscopy is usually required to visualize the Golgi complex.
TextSentencer_T91 16641-16889 Sentence denotes However, an active Golgi complex, such as that needed for processing and packaging of immunoglobulin molecules, is large enough to impart a paranuclear eosinophilic pallor to plasma cells in a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained histologic section.
TextSentencer_T91 16641-16889 Sentence denotes However, an active Golgi complex, such as that needed for processing and packaging of immunoglobulin molecules, is large enough to impart a paranuclear eosinophilic pallor to plasma cells in a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained histologic section.
T99651 16641-16889 Sentence denotes However, an active Golgi complex, such as that needed for processing and packaging of immunoglobulin molecules, is large enough to impart a paranuclear eosinophilic pallor to plasma cells in a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained histologic section.
TextSentencer_T92 16890-16943 Sentence denotes sER is a membrane-bound network of tubules (see Figs.
TextSentencer_T92 16890-16943 Sentence denotes sER is a membrane-bound network of tubules (see Figs.
T99578 16890-16943 Sentence denotes sER is a membrane-bound network of tubules (see Figs.
TextSentencer_T93 16944-17025 Sentence denotes 1-1 and 1-3) without surface ribosomes. sER is not involved in protein synthesis.
TextSentencer_T93 16944-17025 Sentence denotes 1-1 and 1-3) without surface ribosomes. sER is not involved in protein synthesis.
T33525 16944-17025 Sentence denotes 1-1 and 1-3) without surface ribosomes. sER is not involved in protein synthesis.
TextSentencer_T94 17026-17176 Sentence denotes Its main function is the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates, as well as the metabolism of exogenous substances, such as drugs or toxins.
TextSentencer_T94 17026-17176 Sentence denotes Its main function is the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates, as well as the metabolism of exogenous substances, such as drugs or toxins.
T82827 17026-17176 Sentence denotes Its main function is the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates, as well as the metabolism of exogenous substances, such as drugs or toxins.
TextSentencer_T95 17177-17413 Sentence denotes Cells, such as hepatocytes, that are important for synthesis of lipids and metabolism of drugs or toxins have abundant sER, as do cells that produce steroid hormones, such as adrenocortical cells and certain testicular or ovarian cells.
TextSentencer_T95 17177-17413 Sentence denotes Cells, such as hepatocytes, that are important for synthesis of lipids and metabolism of drugs or toxins have abundant sER, as do cells that produce steroid hormones, such as adrenocortical cells and certain testicular or ovarian cells.
T94896 17177-17413 Sentence denotes Cells, such as hepatocytes, that are important for synthesis of lipids and metabolism of drugs or toxins have abundant sER, as do cells that produce steroid hormones, such as adrenocortical cells and certain testicular or ovarian cells.
TextSentencer_T96 17414-17490 Sentence denotes Cells with abundant sER have pale eosinophilic, finely vacuolated cytoplasm.
TextSentencer_T96 17414-17490 Sentence denotes Cells with abundant sER have pale eosinophilic, finely vacuolated cytoplasm.
T79153 17414-17490 Sentence denotes Cells with abundant sER have pale eosinophilic, finely vacuolated cytoplasm.
TextSentencer_T97 17491-17609 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can change shape, undergo fission and fusion, and move about within the cell.
TextSentencer_T97 17491-17609 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can change shape, undergo fission and fusion, and move about within the cell.
T96803 17491-17609 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can change shape, undergo fission and fusion, and move about within the cell.
TextSentencer_T98 17610-17748 Sentence denotes They can be large enough (up to 1 µm) to resolve with the light microscope, especially in muscle from athletic animals such as racehorses.
TextSentencer_T98 17610-17748 Sentence denotes They can be large enough (up to 1 µm) to resolve with the light microscope, especially in muscle from athletic animals such as racehorses.
T333 17610-17748 Sentence denotes They can be large enough (up to 1 µm) to resolve with the light microscope, especially in muscle from athletic animals such as racehorses.
TextSentencer_T99 17749-17806 Sentence denotes Because most cellular processes require "energy," a major
TextSentencer_T99 17749-17806 Sentence denotes Because most cellular processes require "energy," a major
T31858 17749-17806 Sentence denotes Because most cellular processes require "energy," a major
TextSentencer_T100 17808-17949 Sentence denotes Cell surface receptor with second messenger system Cytoskeletal anchors Cell adhesion Cell surface marker (ER) , with which it is continuous.
TextSentencer_T100 17808-17949 Sentence denotes Cell surface receptor with second messenger system Cytoskeletal anchors Cell adhesion Cell surface marker (ER) , with which it is continuous.
T14720 17808-17949 Sentence denotes Cell surface receptor with second messenger system Cytoskeletal anchors Cell adhesion Cell surface marker (ER) , with which it is continuous.
TextSentencer_T101 17950-18080 Sentence denotes This differentiation and arrangement is essential for translation of genetic material (DNA and RNA) into gene products (proteins).
TextSentencer_T101 17950-18080 Sentence denotes This differentiation and arrangement is essential for translation of genetic material (DNA and RNA) into gene products (proteins).
T6119 17950-18080 Sentence denotes This differentiation and arrangement is essential for translation of genetic material (DNA and RNA) into gene products (proteins).
TextSentencer_T102 18081-18091 Sentence denotes Nucleolus.
TextSentencer_T102 18081-18091 Sentence denotes Nucleolus.
T6843 18081-18091 Sentence denotes Nucleolus.
TextSentencer_T103 18092-18288 Sentence denotes The nucleolus (see Fig. 1 -1) is a non-membranebound structure within the nucleus that forms around chromosomal loci of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes known as nucleolar organizing regions (NORs).
TextSentencer_T103 18092-18288 Sentence denotes The nucleolus (see Fig. 1 -1) is a non-membranebound structure within the nucleus that forms around chromosomal loci of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes known as nucleolar organizing regions (NORs).
T40263 18092-18288 Sentence denotes The nucleolus (see Fig. 1 -1) is a non-membranebound structure within the nucleus that forms around chromosomal loci of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes known as nucleolar organizing regions (NORs).
TextSentencer_T104 18289-18396 Sentence denotes The nucleolus is the site of transcription and processing of rRNA and of assembly of preribosomal subunits.
TextSentencer_T104 18289-18396 Sentence denotes The nucleolus is the site of transcription and processing of rRNA and of assembly of preribosomal subunits.
T61157 18289-18396 Sentence denotes The nucleolus is the site of transcription and processing of rRNA and of assembly of preribosomal subunits.
TextSentencer_T105 18397-18514 Sentence denotes Thus it consists of ribosomal DNA, RNA, and ribosomal proteins, including RNA polymerases, imported from the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T105 18397-18514 Sentence denotes Thus it consists of ribosomal DNA, RNA, and ribosomal proteins, including RNA polymerases, imported from the cytosol.
T43116 18397-18514 Sentence denotes Thus it consists of ribosomal DNA, RNA, and ribosomal proteins, including RNA polymerases, imported from the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T106 18515-18657 Sentence denotes At the light microscopic level, the nucleolus can be inconspicuous in inactive cells or quite prominent in cells with high protein production.
TextSentencer_T106 18515-18657 Sentence denotes At the light microscopic level, the nucleolus can be inconspicuous in inactive cells or quite prominent in cells with high protein production.
T31337 18515-18657 Sentence denotes At the light microscopic level, the nucleolus can be inconspicuous in inactive cells or quite prominent in cells with high protein production.
TextSentencer_T107 18658-18734 Sentence denotes The ER is a membrane-bound network of flattened saclike cisternae (see Figs.
TextSentencer_T107 18658-18734 Sentence denotes The ER is a membrane-bound network of flattened saclike cisternae (see Figs.
T67131 18658-18734 Sentence denotes The ER is a membrane-bound network of flattened saclike cisternae (see Figs.
TextSentencer_T108 18735-18748 Sentence denotes 1-1 and 1-3).
TextSentencer_T108 18735-18748 Sentence denotes 1-1 and 1-3).
T62735 18735-18748 Sentence denotes 1-1 and 1-3).
TextSentencer_T109 18749-19095 Sentence denotes The membrane of the rER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane, so the luminal contents of the rER and of the nuclear envelope communicate. rER is so named because attached ribosomes impart a rough appearance (at the ultrastructural level) to its membrane as opposed to the appearance of the smooth ER (sER), which lacks surface ribosomes.
TextSentencer_T109 18749-19095 Sentence denotes The membrane of the rER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane, so the luminal contents of the rER and of the nuclear envelope communicate. rER is so named because attached ribosomes impart a rough appearance (at the ultrastructural level) to its membrane as opposed to the appearance of the smooth ER (sER), which lacks surface ribosomes.
T61126 18749-19095 Sentence denotes The membrane of the rER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane, so the luminal contents of the rER and of the nuclear envelope communicate. rER is so named because attached ribosomes impart a rough appearance (at the ultrastructural level) to its membrane as opposed to the appearance of the smooth ER (sER), which lacks surface ribosomes.
TextSentencer_T110 19096-19142 Sentence denotes The main function of rER is protein synthesis.
TextSentencer_T110 19096-19142 Sentence denotes The main function of rER is protein synthesis.
T33665 19096-19142 Sentence denotes The main function of rER is protein synthesis.
TextSentencer_T111 19143-19255 Sentence denotes Translation of mRNA with assembly of amino acids into peptides begins on ribosomes that are free in the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T111 19143-19255 Sentence denotes Translation of mRNA with assembly of amino acids into peptides begins on ribosomes that are free in the cytosol.
T76478 19143-19255 Sentence denotes Translation of mRNA with assembly of amino acids into peptides begins on ribosomes that are free in the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T112 19256-19434 Sentence denotes When the developing peptide is detected by a signal recognition particle, translation pauses until the ribosomal peptide-mRNA complex is attached to the outer surface of the rER.
TextSentencer_T112 19256-19434 Sentence denotes When the developing peptide is detected by a signal recognition particle, translation pauses until the ribosomal peptide-mRNA complex is attached to the outer surface of the rER.
T25034 19256-19434 Sentence denotes When the developing peptide is detected by a signal recognition particle, translation pauses until the ribosomal peptide-mRNA complex is attached to the outer surface of the rER.
TextSentencer_T113 19435-19730 Sentence denotes Protein formation continues in the membrane or lumen of the rER until a signal peptidase removes the signal peptide, at which time the newly formed protein can be transported to the cellular or extracellular site where it is needed or to the Golgi complex for further processing (see Fig. 1-3) .
TextSentencer_T113 19435-19730 Sentence denotes Protein formation continues in the membrane or lumen of the rER until a signal peptidase removes the signal peptide, at which time the newly formed protein can be transported to the cellular or extracellular site where it is needed or to the Golgi complex for further processing (see Fig. 1-3) .
T92674 19435-19730 Sentence denotes Protein formation continues in the membrane or lumen of the rER until a signal peptidase removes the signal peptide, at which time the newly formed protein can be transported to the cellular or extracellular site where it is needed or to the Golgi complex for further processing (see Fig. 1-3) .
TextSentencer_T114 19731-19972 Sentence denotes Transmission electron microscopy is generally required to visualize the rER; however, cells that produce abundant protein and thus have abundant rER tend to have more basophilic cytoplasm because of the ample nucleic acid (RNA) in ribosomes.
TextSentencer_T114 19731-19972 Sentence denotes Transmission electron microscopy is generally required to visualize the rER; however, cells that produce abundant protein and thus have abundant rER tend to have more basophilic cytoplasm because of the ample nucleic acid (RNA) in ribosomes.
T24139 19731-19972 Sentence denotes Transmission electron microscopy is generally required to visualize the rER; however, cells that produce abundant protein and thus have abundant rER tend to have more basophilic cytoplasm because of the ample nucleic acid (RNA) in ribosomes.
TextSentencer_T115 19973-19983 Sentence denotes Ribosomes.
TextSentencer_T115 19973-19983 Sentence denotes Ribosomes.
T97749 19973-19983 Sentence denotes Ribosomes.
TextSentencer_T116 19984-20070 Sentence denotes Ribosomes facilitate the synthesis of proteins in cells (i.e., translation) (see Figs.
TextSentencer_T116 19984-20070 Sentence denotes Ribosomes facilitate the synthesis of proteins in cells (i.e., translation) (see Figs.
T65643 19984-20070 Sentence denotes Ribosomes facilitate the synthesis of proteins in cells (i.e., translation) (see Figs.
TextSentencer_T117 20071-20084 Sentence denotes 1-1 and 1-3).
TextSentencer_T117 20071-20084 Sentence denotes 1-1 and 1-3).
T16065 20071-20084 Sentence denotes 1-1 and 1-3).
TextSentencer_T118 20085-20207 Sentence denotes Their function is to "translate" information encoded in mRNA into polypeptide chains of amino acids that make up proteins.
TextSentencer_T118 20085-20207 Sentence denotes Their function is to "translate" information encoded in mRNA into polypeptide chains of amino acids that make up proteins.
T38557 20085-20207 Sentence denotes Their function is to "translate" information encoded in mRNA into polypeptide chains of amino acids that make up proteins.
TextSentencer_T119 20208-20288 Sentence denotes There are two types of ribosomes, free and fixed (also known as membrane bound).
TextSentencer_T119 20208-20288 Sentence denotes There are two types of ribosomes, free and fixed (also known as membrane bound).
T78971 20208-20288 Sentence denotes There are two types of ribosomes, free and fixed (also known as membrane bound).
TextSentencer_T120 20289-20361 Sentence denotes They are identical in structure but differ in locations within the cell.
TextSentencer_T120 20289-20361 Sentence denotes They are identical in structure but differ in locations within the cell.
T50871 20289-20361 Sentence denotes They are identical in structure but differ in locations within the cell.
TextSentencer_T121 20362-20494 Sentence denotes Free ribosomes are located in the cytosol and are able to move throughout the cell, whereas fixed ribosomes are attached to the rER.
TextSentencer_T121 20362-20494 Sentence denotes Free ribosomes are located in the cytosol and are able to move throughout the cell, whereas fixed ribosomes are attached to the rER.
T98184 20362-20494 Sentence denotes Free ribosomes are located in the cytosol and are able to move throughout the cell, whereas fixed ribosomes are attached to the rER.
TextSentencer_T122 20495-20577 Sentence denotes Free CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
TextSentencer_T122 20495-20577 Sentence denotes Free CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
T27001 20495-20577 Sentence denotes Free CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
TextSentencer_T123 20578-20882 Sentence denotes Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles (see Fig. 1-1 ; also see E- Fig. 1-27 , A) that contain enzymes (acid hydrolases) that can digest most chemical compounds (nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids) endogenous to the cell or extracellular substances taken up by endocytosis or phagocytosis.
TextSentencer_T123 20578-20882 Sentence denotes Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles (see Fig. 1-1 ; also see E- Fig. 1-27 , A) that contain enzymes (acid hydrolases) that can digest most chemical compounds (nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids) endogenous to the cell or extracellular substances taken up by endocytosis or phagocytosis.
T78977 20578-20882 Sentence denotes Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles (see Fig. 1-1 ; also see E- Fig. 1-27 , A) that contain enzymes (acid hydrolases) that can digest most chemical compounds (nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids) endogenous to the cell or extracellular substances taken up by endocytosis or phagocytosis.
TextSentencer_T124 20883-21097 Sentence denotes Enzymes contained in lysosomes are synthesized by the rER (i.e., fixed ribosomes), processed and packaged in the Golgi complex, and released in vesicles from the outer surface of the Golgi complex into the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T124 20883-21097 Sentence denotes Enzymes contained in lysosomes are synthesized by the rER (i.e., fixed ribosomes), processed and packaged in the Golgi complex, and released in vesicles from the outer surface of the Golgi complex into the cytosol.
T81090 20883-21097 Sentence denotes Enzymes contained in lysosomes are synthesized by the rER (i.e., fixed ribosomes), processed and packaged in the Golgi complex, and released in vesicles from the outer surface of the Golgi complex into the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T125 21098-21272 Sentence denotes Peroxisomes (see Fig. 1 -1) are membrane-bound vesicles that are specialized for the β-oxidation of fatty acids and degradation by catalase of the hydrogen peroxide produced.
TextSentencer_T125 21098-21272 Sentence denotes Peroxisomes (see Fig. 1 -1) are membrane-bound vesicles that are specialized for the β-oxidation of fatty acids and degradation by catalase of the hydrogen peroxide produced.
T81092 21098-21272 Sentence denotes Peroxisomes (see Fig. 1 -1) are membrane-bound vesicles that are specialized for the β-oxidation of fatty acids and degradation by catalase of the hydrogen peroxide produced.
TextSentencer_T126 21273-21340 Sentence denotes They may be distinguished from lysosomes by an electron-dense core.
TextSentencer_T126 21273-21340 Sentence denotes They may be distinguished from lysosomes by an electron-dense core.
T30605 21273-21340 Sentence denotes They may be distinguished from lysosomes by an electron-dense core.
TextSentencer_T127 21341-21483 Sentence denotes Peroxisomes can import large protein complexes; their function depends on communication with the Golgi complex, mitochondria, and the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T127 21341-21483 Sentence denotes Peroxisomes can import large protein complexes; their function depends on communication with the Golgi complex, mitochondria, and the cytosol.
T54441 21341-21483 Sentence denotes Peroxisomes can import large protein complexes; their function depends on communication with the Golgi complex, mitochondria, and the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T128 21484-21593 Sentence denotes Peroxisomes are generated de novo by budding from the ER but are also capable of replication through fission.
TextSentencer_T128 21484-21593 Sentence denotes Peroxisomes are generated de novo by budding from the ER but are also capable of replication through fission.
T99164 21484-21593 Sentence denotes Peroxisomes are generated de novo by budding from the ER but are also capable of replication through fission.
TextSentencer_T129 21594-21711 Sentence denotes Enzymes contained in peroxisomes are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol, then transported into peroxisomes.
TextSentencer_T129 21594-21711 Sentence denotes Enzymes contained in peroxisomes are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol, then transported into peroxisomes.
T97013 21594-21711 Sentence denotes Enzymes contained in peroxisomes are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol, then transported into peroxisomes.
TextSentencer_T130 21712-21875 Sentence denotes The cytoskeleton ( Fig. 1-5) is a structural network that regulates the shape and movement of the cell and its organelles, cell division, and biochemical pathways.
TextSentencer_T130 21712-21875 Sentence denotes The cytoskeleton ( Fig. 1-5) is a structural network that regulates the shape and movement of the cell and its organelles, cell division, and biochemical pathways.
T74362 21712-21875 Sentence denotes The cytoskeleton ( Fig. 1-5) is a structural network that regulates the shape and movement of the cell and its organelles, cell division, and biochemical pathways.
TextSentencer_T131 21876-22159 Sentence denotes It consists of three integrated components: actin microfilaments (6 to 7 nm in diameter), intermediate filaments (approximately 10 nm in diameter) of different types mitochondrial function is the generation of energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T131 21876-22159 Sentence denotes It consists of three integrated components: actin microfilaments (6 to 7 nm in diameter), intermediate filaments (approximately 10 nm in diameter) of different types mitochondrial function is the generation of energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation.
T61900 21876-22159 Sentence denotes It consists of three integrated components: actin microfilaments (6 to 7 nm in diameter), intermediate filaments (approximately 10 nm in diameter) of different types mitochondrial function is the generation of energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T132 22160-22284 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are also involved in programmed cell death (e.g., apoptosis), signaling, cell differentiation, and cell growth.
TextSentencer_T132 22160-22284 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are also involved in programmed cell death (e.g., apoptosis), signaling, cell differentiation, and cell growth.
T54918 22160-22284 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are also involved in programmed cell death (e.g., apoptosis), signaling, cell differentiation, and cell growth.
TextSentencer_T133 22285-22485 Sentence denotes Mitochondria contain their own genome (see later section on the Genetic Basis of Disease), which consists mainly of circular DNA that encodes transfer and rRNAs as well as some mitochondrial proteins.
TextSentencer_T133 22285-22485 Sentence denotes Mitochondria contain their own genome (see later section on the Genetic Basis of Disease), which consists mainly of circular DNA that encodes transfer and rRNAs as well as some mitochondrial proteins.
T72769 22285-22485 Sentence denotes Mitochondria contain their own genome (see later section on the Genetic Basis of Disease), which consists mainly of circular DNA that encodes transfer and rRNAs as well as some mitochondrial proteins.
TextSentencer_T134 22486-22587 Sentence denotes However, most of the genes that encode mitochondrial proteins are located in the nucleus of the cell.
TextSentencer_T134 22486-22587 Sentence denotes However, most of the genes that encode mitochondrial proteins are located in the nucleus of the cell.
T62256 22486-22587 Sentence denotes However, most of the genes that encode mitochondrial proteins are located in the nucleus of the cell.
TextSentencer_T135 22588-22656 Sentence denotes Mitochondria have a biochemically distinct inner and outer membrane.
TextSentencer_T135 22588-22656 Sentence denotes Mitochondria have a biochemically distinct inner and outer membrane.
T45260 22588-22656 Sentence denotes Mitochondria have a biochemically distinct inner and outer membrane.
TextSentencer_T136 22657-22767 Sentence denotes The inner membrane is folded into cristae that project into the central matrix of the mitochondrion (see Figs.
TextSentencer_T136 22657-22767 Sentence denotes The inner membrane is folded into cristae that project into the central matrix of the mitochondrion (see Figs.
T33422 22657-22767 Sentence denotes The inner membrane is folded into cristae that project into the central matrix of the mitochondrion (see Figs.
TextSentencer_T137 22768-22781 Sentence denotes 1-1 and 1-5).
TextSentencer_T137 22768-22781 Sentence denotes 1-1 and 1-5).
T89804 22768-22781 Sentence denotes 1-1 and 1-5).
TextSentencer_T138 22782-23005 Sentence denotes Some mitochondrial structural proteins and enzymes are made on free ribosomes and then imported from the cytosol to the appropriate mitochondrial compartment (outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, or matrix).
TextSentencer_T138 22782-23005 Sentence denotes Some mitochondrial structural proteins and enzymes are made on free ribosomes and then imported from the cytosol to the appropriate mitochondrial compartment (outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, or matrix).
T26903 22782-23005 Sentence denotes Some mitochondrial structural proteins and enzymes are made on free ribosomes and then imported from the cytosol to the appropriate mitochondrial compartment (outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, or matrix).
TextSentencer_T139 23006-23093 Sentence denotes Mitochondria also establish close contact, perhaps via tethering proteins, with the ER.
TextSentencer_T139 23006-23093 Sentence denotes Mitochondria also establish close contact, perhaps via tethering proteins, with the ER.
T71571 23006-23093 Sentence denotes Mitochondria also establish close contact, perhaps via tethering proteins, with the ER.
TextSentencer_T140 23094-23158 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T140 23094-23158 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
T20624 23094-23158 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T141 23159-23378 Sentence denotes Vaults are rather recently discovered barrel-shaped organelles (see Fig. 1 -1) that are thought to function in transporting large molecules (e.g., mRNA or proteins) between the nucleus and other intracellular locations.
TextSentencer_T141 23159-23378 Sentence denotes Vaults are rather recently discovered barrel-shaped organelles (see Fig. 1 -1) that are thought to function in transporting large molecules (e.g., mRNA or proteins) between the nucleus and other intracellular locations.
T19896 23159-23378 Sentence denotes Vaults are rather recently discovered barrel-shaped organelles (see Fig. 1 -1) that are thought to function in transporting large molecules (e.g., mRNA or proteins) between the nucleus and other intracellular locations.
TextSentencer_T142 23379-23443 Sentence denotes Their octagonal profile may facilitate docking at nuclear pores.
TextSentencer_T142 23379-23443 Sentence denotes Their octagonal profile may facilitate docking at nuclear pores.
T16257 23379-23443 Sentence denotes Their octagonal profile may facilitate docking at nuclear pores.
TextSentencer_T143 23444-23633 Sentence denotes Mitochondria produce energy in their matrix by converting pyruvate (produced from glucose or other carbohydrates by glycolysis in the cytosol) and amino or fatty acids to acetyl coenzyme A.
TextSentencer_T143 23444-23633 Sentence denotes Mitochondria produce energy in their matrix by converting pyruvate (produced from glucose or other carbohydrates by glycolysis in the cytosol) and amino or fatty acids to acetyl coenzyme A.
T96202 23444-23633 Sentence denotes Mitochondria produce energy in their matrix by converting pyruvate (produced from glucose or other carbohydrates by glycolysis in the cytosol) and amino or fatty acids to acetyl coenzyme A.
TextSentencer_T144 23634-23905 Sentence denotes As acetyl coenzyme A is oxidized to CO 2 in the citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycle), the coenzymes oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are reduced to NADH and FADH 2 , respectively.
TextSentencer_T144 23634-23905 Sentence denotes As acetyl coenzyme A is oxidized to CO 2 in the citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycle), the coenzymes oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are reduced to NADH and FADH 2 , respectively.
T69441 23634-23905 Sentence denotes As acetyl coenzyme A is oxidized to CO 2 in the citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycle), the coenzymes oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are reduced to NADH and FADH 2 , respectively.
TextSentencer_T145 23906-24028 Sentence denotes These reduced coenzymes provide electrons for stepwise transfer (in the inner mitochondrial membrane) to molecular oxygen.
TextSentencer_T145 23906-24028 Sentence denotes These reduced coenzymes provide electrons for stepwise transfer (in the inner mitochondrial membrane) to molecular oxygen.
T85951 23906-24028 Sentence denotes These reduced coenzymes provide electrons for stepwise transfer (in the inner mitochondrial membrane) to molecular oxygen.
TextSentencer_T146 24029-24348 Sentence denotes The energy released from this electron transport generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that drives oxidative phosphorylation with the production of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. depending on the cell type, and microtubules (approximately 25 nm in diameter).
TextSentencer_T146 24029-24348 Sentence denotes The energy released from this electron transport generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that drives oxidative phosphorylation with the production of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. depending on the cell type, and microtubules (approximately 25 nm in diameter).
T26323 24029-24348 Sentence denotes The energy released from this electron transport generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that drives oxidative phosphorylation with the production of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. depending on the cell type, and microtubules (approximately 25 nm in diameter).
TextSentencer_T147 24349-24430 Sentence denotes The function of most organelles requires their interaction with the cytoskeleton.
TextSentencer_T147 24349-24430 Sentence denotes The function of most organelles requires their interaction with the cytoskeleton.
T63515 24349-24430 Sentence denotes The function of most organelles requires their interaction with the cytoskeleton.
TextSentencer_T148 24431-24831 Sentence denotes The following are general concepts: (1) microfilaments facilitate cell motility (e.g., ameboid movement [chemotaxis], cilia, pseudopodia); (2) intermediate filaments facilitate the physical strength and shape of cells and tissues, often via junctional complexes; and (3) microtubules move organelles and vesicles within the cytosol of a cell and chromosomes via mitotic spindles during cell division.
TextSentencer_T148 24431-24831 Sentence denotes The following are general concepts: (1) microfilaments facilitate cell motility (e.g., ameboid movement [chemotaxis], cilia, pseudopodia); (2) intermediate filaments facilitate the physical strength and shape of cells and tissues, often via junctional complexes; and (3) microtubules move organelles and vesicles within the cytosol of a cell and chromosomes via mitotic spindles during cell division.
T87702 24431-24831 Sentence denotes The following are general concepts: (1) microfilaments facilitate cell motility (e.g., ameboid movement [chemotaxis], cilia, pseudopodia); (2) intermediate filaments facilitate the physical strength and shape of cells and tissues, often via junctional complexes; and (3) microtubules move organelles and vesicles within the cytosol of a cell and chromosomes via mitotic spindles during cell division.
TextSentencer_T149 24832-25076 Sentence denotes Cellular inclusions are composed of molecules, such as glycogen, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, hemosiderin, and calcium, that accumulate as metabolic by-products, breakdown products of macromolecular complexes, or as a result of cell injury.
TextSentencer_T149 24832-25076 Sentence denotes Cellular inclusions are composed of molecules, such as glycogen, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, hemosiderin, and calcium, that accumulate as metabolic by-products, breakdown products of macromolecular complexes, or as a result of cell injury.
T58408 24832-25076 Sentence denotes Cellular inclusions are composed of molecules, such as glycogen, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, hemosiderin, and calcium, that accumulate as metabolic by-products, breakdown products of macromolecular complexes, or as a result of cell injury.
TextSentencer_T150 25077-25188 Sentence denotes Certain infectious microbes, especially viruses, can also produce intranuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions (see .
TextSentencer_T150 25077-25188 Sentence denotes Certain infectious microbes, especially viruses, can also produce intranuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions (see .
T14382 25077-25188 Sentence denotes Certain infectious microbes, especially viruses, can also produce intranuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions (see .
TextSentencer_T151 25189-25266 Sentence denotes Cellular inclusions are "free" within the cytosol (i.e., not membrane bound).
TextSentencer_T151 25189-25266 Sentence denotes Cellular inclusions are "free" within the cytosol (i.e., not membrane bound).
T61220 25189-25266 Sentence denotes Cellular inclusions are "free" within the cytosol (i.e., not membrane bound).
TextSentencer_T152 25267-25383 Sentence denotes The cell connects and communicates with neighboring cells of the same type via intercellular junctions ( Fig. 1-6 ).
TextSentencer_T152 25267-25383 Sentence denotes The cell connects and communicates with neighboring cells of the same type via intercellular junctions ( Fig. 1-6 ).
T44896 25267-25383 Sentence denotes The cell connects and communicates with neighboring cells of the same type via intercellular junctions ( Fig. 1-6 ).
TextSentencer_T153 25384-25562 Sentence denotes Certain cell types (e.g., basilar epithelial cells) also attach to a basal lamina and its contiguous connective tissue via hemidesmosomes, literally half a desmosome, in the ECM.
TextSentencer_T153 25384-25562 Sentence denotes Certain cell types (e.g., basilar epithelial cells) also attach to a basal lamina and its contiguous connective tissue via hemidesmosomes, literally half a desmosome, in the ECM.
T81236 25384-25562 Sentence denotes Certain cell types (e.g., basilar epithelial cells) also attach to a basal lamina and its contiguous connective tissue via hemidesmosomes, literally half a desmosome, in the ECM.
TextSentencer_T154 25563-25731 Sentence denotes These cell types interact with the ECM via integrin-mediated adhesions between ECM ligands, such as fibronectin or various collagens, and the cell's actin cytoskeleton.
TextSentencer_T154 25563-25731 Sentence denotes These cell types interact with the ECM via integrin-mediated adhesions between ECM ligands, such as fibronectin or various collagens, and the cell's actin cytoskeleton.
T10184 25563-25731 Sentence denotes These cell types interact with the ECM via integrin-mediated adhesions between ECM ligands, such as fibronectin or various collagens, and the cell's actin cytoskeleton.
TextSentencer_T155 25732-25938 Sentence denotes The ECM (see Chapter 3) is produced by fibroblasts and a variety of other supportive mesenchymal cells and includes such components as collagens and proteoglycans of basement membranes and the interstitium.
TextSentencer_T155 25732-25938 Sentence denotes The ECM (see Chapter 3) is produced by fibroblasts and a variety of other supportive mesenchymal cells and includes such components as collagens and proteoglycans of basement membranes and the interstitium.
T87280 25732-25938 Sentence denotes The ECM (see Chapter 3) is produced by fibroblasts and a variety of other supportive mesenchymal cells and includes such components as collagens and proteoglycans of basement membranes and the interstitium.
TextSentencer_T156 25939-26099 Sentence denotes Connections with neighboring cells and with the ECM are essential for normal cellular structure and function, including proliferation, migration, and signaling.
TextSentencer_T156 25939-26099 Sentence denotes Connections with neighboring cells and with the ECM are essential for normal cellular structure and function, including proliferation, migration, and signaling.
T34517 25939-26099 Sentence denotes Connections with neighboring cells and with the ECM are essential for normal cellular structure and function, including proliferation, migration, and signaling.
TextSentencer_T157 26100-26158 Sentence denotes Injury to tissues and organs begins at the cellular level.
TextSentencer_T157 26100-26158 Sentence denotes Injury to tissues and organs begins at the cellular level.
T74201 26100-26158 Sentence denotes Injury to tissues and organs begins at the cellular level.
TextSentencer_T158 26159-26342 Sentence denotes Rudolf Virchow (1821 Virchow ( -1902 , known as the father of cellular pathology, based his study of diseased cells on the observation of structural alterations (morphologic lesions).
TextSentencer_T158 26159-26342 Sentence denotes Rudolf Virchow (1821 Virchow ( -1902 , known as the father of cellular pathology, based his study of diseased cells on the observation of structural alterations (morphologic lesions).
T61130 26159-26342 Sentence denotes Rudolf Virchow (1821 Virchow ( -1902 , known as the father of cellular pathology, based his study of diseased cells on the observation of structural alterations (morphologic lesions).
TextSentencer_T159 26343-26579 Sentence denotes However, Virchow also realized that biochemical changes in the cell, which preceded the appearance of lesions, more completely explained the functional disturbances in diseased cells and, in some cases, were the only detectable changes.
TextSentencer_T159 26343-26579 Sentence denotes However, Virchow also realized that biochemical changes in the cell, which preceded the appearance of lesions, more completely explained the functional disturbances in diseased cells and, in some cases, were the only detectable changes.
T98737 26343-26579 Sentence denotes However, Virchow also realized that biochemical changes in the cell, which preceded the appearance of lesions, more completely explained the functional disturbances in diseased cells and, in some cases, were the only detectable changes.
TextSentencer_T160 26580-26774 Sentence denotes Thus the pathologist must always correlate lesions with their biochemical bases and remember that a cell can be damaged functionally (biochemically) yet have no apparent morphologic alterations.
TextSentencer_T160 26580-26774 Sentence denotes Thus the pathologist must always correlate lesions with their biochemical bases and remember that a cell can be damaged functionally (biochemically) yet have no apparent morphologic alterations.
T28596 26580-26774 Sentence denotes Thus the pathologist must always correlate lesions with their biochemical bases and remember that a cell can be damaged functionally (biochemically) yet have no apparent morphologic alterations.
TextSentencer_T161 26775-26833 Sentence denotes Simplistically, cell injury disrupts cellular homeostasis.
TextSentencer_T161 26775-26833 Sentence denotes Simplistically, cell injury disrupts cellular homeostasis.
T7338 26775-26833 Sentence denotes Simplistically, cell injury disrupts cellular homeostasis.
TextSentencer_T162 26834-27116 Sentence denotes Cells are injured by numerous and diverse causes (etiologic agents) from intrinsic and extrinsic sources; however, all of these causes, and they number in the thousands, activate one or more of four final common biochemical mechanisms leading to cell injury (Essential Concept 1-1).
TextSentencer_T162 26834-27116 Sentence denotes Cells are injured by numerous and diverse causes (etiologic agents) from intrinsic and extrinsic sources; however, all of these causes, and they number in the thousands, activate one or more of four final common biochemical mechanisms leading to cell injury (Essential Concept 1-1).
T1538 26834-27116 Sentence denotes Cells are injured by numerous and diverse causes (etiologic agents) from intrinsic and extrinsic sources; however, all of these causes, and they number in the thousands, activate one or more of four final common biochemical mechanisms leading to cell injury (Essential Concept 1-1).
TextSentencer_T163 27117-27309 Sentence denotes These fundamental underlying biochemical mechanisms of cell injury are (1) ATP depletion, (2) permeabilization of cell membranes, (3) disruption of biochemical pathways, and (4) damage to DNA.
TextSentencer_T163 27117-27309 Sentence denotes These fundamental underlying biochemical mechanisms of cell injury are (1) ATP depletion, (2) permeabilization of cell membranes, (3) disruption of biochemical pathways, and (4) damage to DNA.
T8941 27117-27309 Sentence denotes These fundamental underlying biochemical mechanisms of cell injury are (1) ATP depletion, (2) permeabilization of cell membranes, (3) disruption of biochemical pathways, and (4) damage to DNA.
TextSentencer_T164 27310-27402 Sentence denotes These four mechanisms will be discussed in greater detail in later sections of this chapter.
TextSentencer_T164 27310-27402 Sentence denotes These four mechanisms will be discussed in greater detail in later sections of this chapter.
T47392 27310-27402 Sentence denotes These four mechanisms will be discussed in greater detail in later sections of this chapter.
TextSentencer_T165 27403-27515 Sentence denotes Cells have a limited repertoire of responses to injury, depending on the cell type and the nature of the injury.
TextSentencer_T165 27403-27515 Sentence denotes Cells have a limited repertoire of responses to injury, depending on the cell type and the nature of the injury.
T94323 27403-27515 Sentence denotes Cells have a limited repertoire of responses to injury, depending on the cell type and the nature of the injury.
TextSentencer_T166 27516-27601 Sentence denotes These responses can be categorized as (1) adaptation, (2) degeneration, or (3) death.
TextSentencer_T166 27516-27601 Sentence denotes These responses can be categorized as (1) adaptation, (2) degeneration, or (3) death.
T33158 27516-27601 Sentence denotes These responses can be categorized as (1) adaptation, (2) degeneration, or (3) death.
TextSentencer_T167 27602-27768 Sentence denotes A cell may adapt to a stimulus or sublethal injury positively, with increased efficiency or productivity, or undergo degeneration with diminished functional capacity.
TextSentencer_T167 27602-27768 Sentence denotes A cell may adapt to a stimulus or sublethal injury positively, with increased efficiency or productivity, or undergo degeneration with diminished functional capacity.
T60282 27602-27768 Sentence denotes A cell may adapt to a stimulus or sublethal injury positively, with increased efficiency or productivity, or undergo degeneration with diminished functional capacity.
TextSentencer_T168 27769-27996 Sentence denotes The response to injury can be reversible, with eventual restoration (i.e., healing) of normal or near-normal cellular structure and function, or irreversible with progression from degeneration to death of the cell ( Fig. 1-7) .
TextSentencer_T168 27769-27996 Sentence denotes The response to injury can be reversible, with eventual restoration (i.e., healing) of normal or near-normal cellular structure and function, or irreversible with progression from degeneration to death of the cell ( Fig. 1-7) .
T25191 27769-27996 Sentence denotes The response to injury can be reversible, with eventual restoration (i.e., healing) of normal or near-normal cellular structure and function, or irreversible with progression from degeneration to death of the cell ( Fig. 1-7) .
TextSentencer_T169 27997-28112 Sentence denotes Irreparable DNA damage can result in permanent growth arrest (senescence), cell death, or malignant transformation.
TextSentencer_T169 27997-28112 Sentence denotes Irreparable DNA damage can result in permanent growth arrest (senescence), cell death, or malignant transformation.
T40857 27997-28112 Sentence denotes Irreparable DNA damage can result in permanent growth arrest (senescence), cell death, or malignant transformation.
TextSentencer_T170 28113-28130 Sentence denotes Not surprisingly,
TextSentencer_T170 28113-28130 Sentence denotes Not surprisingly,
T47683 28113-28130 Sentence denotes Not surprisingly,
TextSentencer_T171 28131-28287 Sentence denotes Hypoxia, a reduction in oxygen supply, is one of the most common and most important causes of injury; indeed, it is often the ultimate cause of cell injury.
TextSentencer_T171 28131-28287 Sentence denotes Hypoxia, a reduction in oxygen supply, is one of the most common and most important causes of injury; indeed, it is often the ultimate cause of cell injury.
T52155 28131-28287 Sentence denotes Hypoxia, a reduction in oxygen supply, is one of the most common and most important causes of injury; indeed, it is often the ultimate cause of cell injury.
TextSentencer_T172 28288-28598 Sentence denotes Hypoxia can result from inadequate oxygenation of blood as a result of cardiac or respiratory failure, reduction of vascular perfusion (ischemia), reduced O 2 transport by erythrocytes (as in anemia or carbon monoxide [CO] toxicosis), or inhibition of respiratory enzymes of the cell (e.g., cyanide toxicosis).
TextSentencer_T172 28288-28598 Sentence denotes Hypoxia can result from inadequate oxygenation of blood as a result of cardiac or respiratory failure, reduction of vascular perfusion (ischemia), reduced O 2 transport by erythrocytes (as in anemia or carbon monoxide [CO] toxicosis), or inhibition of respiratory enzymes of the cell (e.g., cyanide toxicosis).
T42118 28288-28598 Sentence denotes Hypoxia can result from inadequate oxygenation of blood as a result of cardiac or respiratory failure, reduction of vascular perfusion (ischemia), reduced O 2 transport by erythrocytes (as in anemia or carbon monoxide [CO] toxicosis), or inhibition of respiratory enzymes of the cell (e.g., cyanide toxicosis).
TextSentencer_T173 28599-28709 Sentence denotes Physical agents of cell injury include mechanical trauma, temperature extremes, radiation, and electric shock.
TextSentencer_T173 28599-28709 Sentence denotes Physical agents of cell injury include mechanical trauma, temperature extremes, radiation, and electric shock.
T76182 28599-28709 Sentence denotes Physical agents of cell injury include mechanical trauma, temperature extremes, radiation, and electric shock.
TextSentencer_T174 28710-28847 Sentence denotes Trauma can damage cells directly (e.g., crushing or tearing), or indirectly by disruption of the blood supply to these cells and tissues.
TextSentencer_T174 28710-28847 Sentence denotes Trauma can damage cells directly (e.g., crushing or tearing), or indirectly by disruption of the blood supply to these cells and tissues.
T4215 28710-28847 Sentence denotes Trauma can damage cells directly (e.g., crushing or tearing), or indirectly by disruption of the blood supply to these cells and tissues.
TextSentencer_T175 28848-28991 Sentence denotes Low-intensity heat can damage blood vessels, accelerate certain cellular reactions, or halt those reactions with temperature-sensitive enzymes.
TextSentencer_T175 28848-28991 Sentence denotes Low-intensity heat can damage blood vessels, accelerate certain cellular reactions, or halt those reactions with temperature-sensitive enzymes.
T6646 28848-28991 Sentence denotes Low-intensity heat can damage blood vessels, accelerate certain cellular reactions, or halt those reactions with temperature-sensitive enzymes.
TextSentencer_T176 28992-29042 Sentence denotes Extreme heat denatures enzymes and other proteins.
TextSentencer_T176 28992-29042 Sentence denotes Extreme heat denatures enzymes and other proteins.
T61521 28992-29042 Sentence denotes Extreme heat denatures enzymes and other proteins.
TextSentencer_T177 29043-29236 Sentence denotes Cold causes vasoconstriction, limiting the blood supply to cells and tissues; extreme cold literally freezes cells with formation of ice crystals within the cytosol that disrupt cell membranes.
TextSentencer_T177 29043-29236 Sentence denotes Cold causes vasoconstriction, limiting the blood supply to cells and tissues; extreme cold literally freezes cells with formation of ice crystals within the cytosol that disrupt cell membranes.
T31163 29043-29236 Sentence denotes Cold causes vasoconstriction, limiting the blood supply to cells and tissues; extreme cold literally freezes cells with formation of ice crystals within the cytosol that disrupt cell membranes.
TextSentencer_T178 29237-29338 Sentence denotes Ionizing and ultraviolet radiation are the most important types of radiation causing cellular injury.
TextSentencer_T178 29237-29338 Sentence denotes Ionizing and ultraviolet radiation are the most important types of radiation causing cellular injury.
T66471 29237-29338 Sentence denotes Ionizing and ultraviolet radiation are the most important types of radiation causing cellular injury.
TextSentencer_T179 29339-29588 Sentence denotes Ionizing radiation, with its frequencies above the ultraviolet range, ionizes atoms or molecules, which then cause direct cell membrane or organelle damage or the production of free radicals that react with other cellular components, especially DNA.
TextSentencer_T179 29339-29588 Sentence denotes Ionizing radiation, with its frequencies above the ultraviolet range, ionizes atoms or molecules, which then cause direct cell membrane or organelle damage or the production of free radicals that react with other cellular components, especially DNA.
T10837 29339-29588 Sentence denotes Ionizing radiation, with its frequencies above the ultraviolet range, ionizes atoms or molecules, which then cause direct cell membrane or organelle damage or the production of free radicals that react with other cellular components, especially DNA.
TextSentencer_T180 29589-29674 Sentence denotes Ionizing radiation injury is a localized side effect of radiation therapy for cancer.
TextSentencer_T180 29589-29674 Sentence denotes Ionizing radiation injury is a localized side effect of radiation therapy for cancer.
T24943 29589-29674 Sentence denotes Ionizing radiation injury is a localized side effect of radiation therapy for cancer.
TextSentencer_T181 29675-29896 Sentence denotes Ultraviolet (frequencies just above that of visible light) radiation injury develops from exposure of sparsely haired and lightly pigmented skin (or other minimally pigmented tissues, such as the conjunctiva) to sunlight.
TextSentencer_T181 29675-29896 Sentence denotes Ultraviolet (frequencies just above that of visible light) radiation injury develops from exposure of sparsely haired and lightly pigmented skin (or other minimally pigmented tissues, such as the conjunctiva) to sunlight.
T95165 29675-29896 Sentence denotes Ultraviolet (frequencies just above that of visible light) radiation injury develops from exposure of sparsely haired and lightly pigmented skin (or other minimally pigmented tissues, such as the conjunctiva) to sunlight.
TextSentencer_T182 29897-29998 Sentence denotes Ultraviolet radiation can disrupt cellular bonds with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
TextSentencer_T182 29897-29998 Sentence denotes Ultraviolet radiation can disrupt cellular bonds with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
T71056 29897-29998 Sentence denotes Ultraviolet radiation can disrupt cellular bonds with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
TextSentencer_T183 29999-30070 Sentence denotes It also damages DNA, mainly through the formation of pyrimidine dimers.
TextSentencer_T183 29999-30070 Sentence denotes It also damages DNA, mainly through the formation of pyrimidine dimers.
T28535 29999-30070 Sentence denotes It also damages DNA, mainly through the formation of pyrimidine dimers.
TextSentencer_T184 30071-30196 Sentence denotes Electrical currents generate heat as they pass through tissues (e.g., skin, with high resistance), which can result in burns.
TextSentencer_T184 30071-30196 Sentence denotes Electrical currents generate heat as they pass through tissues (e.g., skin, with high resistance), which can result in burns.
T21410 30071-30196 Sentence denotes Electrical currents generate heat as they pass through tissues (e.g., skin, with high resistance), which can result in burns.
TextSentencer_T185 30197-30484 Sentence denotes Once the current enters the body, it is conducted through tissues of least resistance, especially the nervous system, where disruption of impulses in brainstem respiratory centers, the cardiac conduction system, or neuromuscular junctions results in indirect injury to cells and tissues.
TextSentencer_T185 30197-30484 Sentence denotes Once the current enters the body, it is conducted through tissues of least resistance, especially the nervous system, where disruption of impulses in brainstem respiratory centers, the cardiac conduction system, or neuromuscular junctions results in indirect injury to cells and tissues.
T33377 30197-30484 Sentence denotes Once the current enters the body, it is conducted through tissues of least resistance, especially the nervous system, where disruption of impulses in brainstem respiratory centers, the cardiac conduction system, or neuromuscular junctions results in indirect injury to cells and tissues.
TextSentencer_T186 30485-30630 Sentence denotes Infectious microbes (see also Chapter 4) differ from other injurious agents in that they can replicate once they gain access to cells or tissues.
TextSentencer_T186 30485-30630 Sentence denotes Infectious microbes (see also Chapter 4) differ from other injurious agents in that they can replicate once they gain access to cells or tissues.
T77145 30485-30630 Sentence denotes Infectious microbes (see also Chapter 4) differ from other injurious agents in that they can replicate once they gain access to cells or tissues.
TextSentencer_T187 30631-30821 Sentence denotes Infectious microbes range from protein molecules without nucleic acids (e.g., prions) through microbes (e.g., viruses and bacteria) to macroscopic parasites and injure cells in diverse ways.
TextSentencer_T187 30631-30821 Sentence denotes Infectious microbes range from protein molecules without nucleic acids (e.g., prions) through microbes (e.g., viruses and bacteria) to macroscopic parasites and injure cells in diverse ways.
T30771 30631-30821 Sentence denotes Infectious microbes range from protein molecules without nucleic acids (e.g., prions) through microbes (e.g., viruses and bacteria) to macroscopic parasites and injure cells in diverse ways.
TextSentencer_T188 30822-30951 Sentence denotes Viruses tend to subvert the host cell's DNA synthesis in the production of their own gene products; many bacteria produce toxins.
TextSentencer_T188 30822-30951 Sentence denotes Viruses tend to subvert the host cell's DNA synthesis in the production of their own gene products; many bacteria produce toxins.
T93246 30822-30951 Sentence denotes Viruses tend to subvert the host cell's DNA synthesis in the production of their own gene products; many bacteria produce toxins.
TextSentencer_T189 30952-31113 Sentence denotes Injury is exacerbated in many infectious diseases by the inflammatory (see Chapters 3 and 4) and immune (see Chapter 5) responses against the infectious microbe.
TextSentencer_T189 30952-31113 Sentence denotes Injury is exacerbated in many infectious diseases by the inflammatory (see Chapters 3 and 4) and immune (see Chapter 5) responses against the infectious microbe.
T66989 30952-31113 Sentence denotes Injury is exacerbated in many infectious diseases by the inflammatory (see Chapters 3 and 4) and immune (see Chapter 5) responses against the infectious microbe.
TextSentencer_T190 31114-31199 Sentence denotes Nutritional deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances all predispose the cell to injury.
TextSentencer_T190 31114-31199 Sentence denotes Nutritional deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances all predispose the cell to injury.
T60047 31114-31199 Sentence denotes Nutritional deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances all predispose the cell to injury.
TextSentencer_T191 31200-31409 Sentence denotes Animals can adapt to short-term dietary deficiencies in protein or calories through glycolysis, lipolysis, and catabolism of muscle protein; however, long-term starvation leads to atrophy of cells and tissues.
TextSentencer_T191 31200-31409 Sentence denotes Animals can adapt to short-term dietary deficiencies in protein or calories through glycolysis, lipolysis, and catabolism of muscle protein; however, long-term starvation leads to atrophy of cells and tissues.
T23287 31200-31409 Sentence denotes Animals can adapt to short-term dietary deficiencies in protein or calories through glycolysis, lipolysis, and catabolism of muscle protein; however, long-term starvation leads to atrophy of cells and tissues.
TextSentencer_T192 31410-31588 Sentence denotes In contrast, caloric excess can overload cells with glycogen and lipids and lead to obesity with metabolic disturbances that predispose the obese animal to a variety of diseases.
TextSentencer_T192 31410-31588 Sentence denotes In contrast, caloric excess can overload cells with glycogen and lipids and lead to obesity with metabolic disturbances that predispose the obese animal to a variety of diseases.
T38829 31410-31588 Sentence denotes In contrast, caloric excess can overload cells with glycogen and lipids and lead to obesity with metabolic disturbances that predispose the obese animal to a variety of diseases.
TextSentencer_T193 31589-31802 Sentence denotes Certain dietary deficiencies or imbalances of essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, or minerals can lead to muscle wasting, decreased stature, increased susceptibility to infection, metabolic disturbances,
TextSentencer_T193 31589-31802 Sentence denotes Certain dietary deficiencies or imbalances of essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, or minerals can lead to muscle wasting, decreased stature, increased susceptibility to infection, metabolic disturbances,
T77439 31589-31802 Sentence denotes Certain dietary deficiencies or imbalances of essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, or minerals can lead to muscle wasting, decreased stature, increased susceptibility to infection, metabolic disturbances,
TextSentencer_T194 31803-31880 Sentence denotes The fundamental pathogenesis of cell injury is a perturbation of homeostasis.
TextSentencer_T194 31803-31880 Sentence denotes The fundamental pathogenesis of cell injury is a perturbation of homeostasis.
T6865 31803-31880 Sentence denotes The fundamental pathogenesis of cell injury is a perturbation of homeostasis.
TextSentencer_T195 31881-32041 Sentence denotes Cell injury is initiated at the molecular level, and, although the specific causes are diverse and numerous, the basic mechanisms can be categorized as follows:
TextSentencer_T195 31881-32041 Sentence denotes Cell injury is initiated at the molecular level, and, although the specific causes are diverse and numerous, the basic mechanisms can be categorized as follows:
T68835 31881-32041 Sentence denotes Cell injury is initiated at the molecular level, and, although the specific causes are diverse and numerous, the basic mechanisms can be categorized as follows:
TextSentencer_T196 32042-32044 Sentence denotes 1.
TextSentencer_T196 32042-32044 Sentence denotes 1.
T2533 32042-32044 Sentence denotes 1.
TextSentencer_T197 32045-32086 Sentence denotes Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion 2.
TextSentencer_T197 32045-32086 Sentence denotes Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion 2.
T25987 32045-32086 Sentence denotes Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion 2.
TextSentencer_T198 32087-32124 Sentence denotes Permeabilization of cell membranes 3.
TextSentencer_T198 32087-32124 Sentence denotes Permeabilization of cell membranes 3.
T30592 32087-32124 Sentence denotes Permeabilization of cell membranes 3.
TextSentencer_T199 32125-32201 Sentence denotes Disruption of biochemical pathways, especially those of protein synthesis 4.
TextSentencer_T199 32125-32201 Sentence denotes Disruption of biochemical pathways, especially those of protein synthesis 4.
T84989 32125-32201 Sentence denotes Disruption of biochemical pathways, especially those of protein synthesis 4.
TextSentencer_T200 32202-32396 Sentence denotes DNA damage Although certain injurious agents can cause ATP depletion, membrane damage, pathway disruption, or DNA damage in isolation, more often there is interplay among these basic mechanisms.
TextSentencer_T200 32202-32396 Sentence denotes DNA damage Although certain injurious agents can cause ATP depletion, membrane damage, pathway disruption, or DNA damage in isolation, more often there is interplay among these basic mechanisms.
T17561 32202-32396 Sentence denotes DNA damage Although certain injurious agents can cause ATP depletion, membrane damage, pathway disruption, or DNA damage in isolation, more often there is interplay among these basic mechanisms.
TextSentencer_T201 32397-32640 Sentence denotes Anything that decreases the supply of oxygen and other nutrients to the cell or that damages mitochondria directly halts oxidative phosphorylation, leading to rapid depletion of ATP, even in those cells that can switch to anaerobic glycolysis.
TextSentencer_T201 32397-32640 Sentence denotes Anything that decreases the supply of oxygen and other nutrients to the cell or that damages mitochondria directly halts oxidative phosphorylation, leading to rapid depletion of ATP, even in those cells that can switch to anaerobic glycolysis.
T36772 32397-32640 Sentence denotes Anything that decreases the supply of oxygen and other nutrients to the cell or that damages mitochondria directly halts oxidative phosphorylation, leading to rapid depletion of ATP, even in those cells that can switch to anaerobic glycolysis.
TextSentencer_T202 32641-32855 Sentence denotes The ATP depletion results in additional cell damage by causing failure of energydependent enzymes, in particular the cell membrane adenosinetriphosphatase ion pumps that control cell volume and electrolyte balance.
TextSentencer_T202 32641-32855 Sentence denotes The ATP depletion results in additional cell damage by causing failure of energydependent enzymes, in particular the cell membrane adenosinetriphosphatase ion pumps that control cell volume and electrolyte balance.
T79623 32641-32855 Sentence denotes The ATP depletion results in additional cell damage by causing failure of energydependent enzymes, in particular the cell membrane adenosinetriphosphatase ion pumps that control cell volume and electrolyte balance.
TextSentencer_T203 32856-32969 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are the major site of ATP generation and are also one of the most vulnerable organelles of the cell.
TextSentencer_T203 32856-32969 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are the major site of ATP generation and are also one of the most vulnerable organelles of the cell.
T23119 32856-32969 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are the major site of ATP generation and are also one of the most vulnerable organelles of the cell.
TextSentencer_T204 32970-33571 Sentence denotes Importantly, mitochondrial injury results not only in ATP depletion but also in increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes with resultant loss of calcium homeostasis and activation of enzymes, such as phospholipases, proteases, and endonucleases, hence inflicting damage on mitochondrial and other cell membranes, structural and enzymatic proteins, and nucleic acids. mitochondria, which are perhaps the organelles most susceptible to injury, are also thought to direct many of the processes of cellular adaptation, degeneration, and death through apoptosis or programmed necrosis ( Fig. 1-8) .
TextSentencer_T204 32970-33571 Sentence denotes Importantly, mitochondrial injury results not only in ATP depletion but also in increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes with resultant loss of calcium homeostasis and activation of enzymes, such as phospholipases, proteases, and endonucleases, hence inflicting damage on mitochondrial and other cell membranes, structural and enzymatic proteins, and nucleic acids. mitochondria, which are perhaps the organelles most susceptible to injury, are also thought to direct many of the processes of cellular adaptation, degeneration, and death through apoptosis or programmed necrosis ( Fig. 1-8) .
T4062 32970-33571 Sentence denotes Importantly, mitochondrial injury results not only in ATP depletion but also in increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes with resultant loss of calcium homeostasis and activation of enzymes, such as phospholipases, proteases, and endonucleases, hence inflicting damage on mitochondrial and other cell membranes, structural and enzymatic proteins, and nucleic acids. mitochondria, which are perhaps the organelles most susceptible to injury, are also thought to direct many of the processes of cellular adaptation, degeneration, and death through apoptosis or programmed necrosis ( Fig. 1-8) .
TextSentencer_T205 33572-33988 Sentence denotes The more common causes (etiologic agents) of cellular injury are grouped, discussed, and illustrated in the following sections. are no longer necessary or that no longer receive the stimulus of physical exercise, innervation, hormones, or growth factors tend to shrink as in the disuse atrophy or denervation atrophy in skeletal muscles or the physiologic atrophy of the mammary gland after weaning of the offspring.
TextSentencer_T205 33572-33988 Sentence denotes The more common causes (etiologic agents) of cellular injury are grouped, discussed, and illustrated in the following sections. are no longer necessary or that no longer receive the stimulus of physical exercise, innervation, hormones, or growth factors tend to shrink as in the disuse atrophy or denervation atrophy in skeletal muscles or the physiologic atrophy of the mammary gland after weaning of the offspring.
T66997 33572-33988 Sentence denotes The more common causes (etiologic agents) of cellular injury are grouped, discussed, and illustrated in the following sections. are no longer necessary or that no longer receive the stimulus of physical exercise, innervation, hormones, or growth factors tend to shrink as in the disuse atrophy or denervation atrophy in skeletal muscles or the physiologic atrophy of the mammary gland after weaning of the offspring.
TextSentencer_T206 33989-34106 Sentence denotes Excessive cells, for example, neurons in the developing brain, are also removed by programmed cell death (apoptosis).
TextSentencer_T206 33989-34106 Sentence denotes Excessive cells, for example, neurons in the developing brain, are also removed by programmed cell death (apoptosis).
T24967 33989-34106 Sentence denotes Excessive cells, for example, neurons in the developing brain, are also removed by programmed cell death (apoptosis).
TextSentencer_T207 34107-34177 Sentence denotes Chemicals, including drugs and toxins, can alter cellular homeostasis.
TextSentencer_T207 34107-34177 Sentence denotes Chemicals, including drugs and toxins, can alter cellular homeostasis.
T89882 34107-34177 Sentence denotes Chemicals, including drugs and toxins, can alter cellular homeostasis.
TextSentencer_T208 34178-34342 Sentence denotes The therapeutic effect of pharmaceutical agents (drugs) is achieved by perturbing the homeostasis of selected populations of cells, ideally within tolerable limits.
TextSentencer_T208 34178-34342 Sentence denotes The therapeutic effect of pharmaceutical agents (drugs) is achieved by perturbing the homeostasis of selected populations of cells, ideally within tolerable limits.
T53064 34178-34342 Sentence denotes The therapeutic effect of pharmaceutical agents (drugs) is achieved by perturbing the homeostasis of selected populations of cells, ideally within tolerable limits.
TextSentencer_T209 34343-34489 Sentence denotes Chemicals are considered toxins if they alter homeostasis in a harmful way (outside of tolerable limits) with no beneficial pharmaceutical effect.
TextSentencer_T209 34343-34489 Sentence denotes Chemicals are considered toxins if they alter homeostasis in a harmful way (outside of tolerable limits) with no beneficial pharmaceutical effect.
T82756 34343-34489 Sentence denotes Chemicals are considered toxins if they alter homeostasis in a harmful way (outside of tolerable limits) with no beneficial pharmaceutical effect.
TextSentencer_T210 34490-34591 Sentence denotes Of course, many chemicals are beneficial or therapeutic at certain doses and harmful at higher doses.
TextSentencer_T210 34490-34591 Sentence denotes Of course, many chemicals are beneficial or therapeutic at certain doses and harmful at higher doses.
T61544 34490-34591 Sentence denotes Of course, many chemicals are beneficial or therapeutic at certain doses and harmful at higher doses.
TextSentencer_T211 34592-34830 Sentence denotes Chemicals affect cells by binding receptors, inhibiting or inducing enzymes or otherwise altering metabolic pathways, producing free radicals, increasing membrane permeability, or damaging chromosomes or structural components of the cell.
TextSentencer_T211 34592-34830 Sentence denotes Chemicals affect cells by binding receptors, inhibiting or inducing enzymes or otherwise altering metabolic pathways, producing free radicals, increasing membrane permeability, or damaging chromosomes or structural components of the cell.
T12247 34592-34830 Sentence denotes Chemicals affect cells by binding receptors, inhibiting or inducing enzymes or otherwise altering metabolic pathways, producing free radicals, increasing membrane permeability, or damaging chromosomes or structural components of the cell.
TextSentencer_T212 34831-34997 Sentence denotes The susceptibility of a cell to chemical injury depends on such factors as its mitotic rate and its ability to bind, take up, concentrate, or metabolize the chemical.
TextSentencer_T212 34831-34997 Sentence denotes The susceptibility of a cell to chemical injury depends on such factors as its mitotic rate and its ability to bind, take up, concentrate, or metabolize the chemical.
T44955 34831-34997 Sentence denotes The susceptibility of a cell to chemical injury depends on such factors as its mitotic rate and its ability to bind, take up, concentrate, or metabolize the chemical.
TextSentencer_T213 34998-35349 Sentence denotes Immunologic dysfunction can result in cell injury either through a failure to respond effectively (immunodeficiency) to infectious microbes (see Chapter 4) or other harmful foreign antigens or through an excessive response (allergic or hypersensitivity reaction) to a foreign antigen or an inappropriate reaction to self-antigens (autoimmune disease).
TextSentencer_T213 34998-35349 Sentence denotes Immunologic dysfunction can result in cell injury either through a failure to respond effectively (immunodeficiency) to infectious microbes (see Chapter 4) or other harmful foreign antigens or through an excessive response (allergic or hypersensitivity reaction) to a foreign antigen or an inappropriate reaction to self-antigens (autoimmune disease).
T63021 34998-35349 Sentence denotes Immunologic dysfunction can result in cell injury either through a failure to respond effectively (immunodeficiency) to infectious microbes (see Chapter 4) or other harmful foreign antigens or through an excessive response (allergic or hypersensitivity reaction) to a foreign antigen or an inappropriate reaction to self-antigens (autoimmune disease).
TextSentencer_T214 35350-35577 Sentence denotes See Chapter 5 for more complete information on immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivity reactions, and autoimmune diseases. and a host of other diseases, depending on which elements are missing from or disproportionate in the diet.
TextSentencer_T214 35350-35577 Sentence denotes See Chapter 5 for more complete information on immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivity reactions, and autoimmune diseases. and a host of other diseases, depending on which elements are missing from or disproportionate in the diet.
T48275 35350-35577 Sentence denotes See Chapter 5 for more complete information on immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivity reactions, and autoimmune diseases. and a host of other diseases, depending on which elements are missing from or disproportionate in the diet.
TextSentencer_T215 35578-36106 Sentence denotes Selective breeding of domestic animals for a particular conformational or dispositional phenotype has resulted in decreased genetic diversity in purebred animals and increased prevalence of inherited diseases (see subsequent section on the Genetic Basis of Disease and pertinent chapters in Section II, Pathology of Organ Systems), as well as a familial predilection for disease conditions with more complex inheritance, such as metabolic abnormalities, neoplasia, autoimmune diseases, and increased susceptibility to infection.
TextSentencer_T215 35578-36106 Sentence denotes Selective breeding of domestic animals for a particular conformational or dispositional phenotype has resulted in decreased genetic diversity in purebred animals and increased prevalence of inherited diseases (see subsequent section on the Genetic Basis of Disease and pertinent chapters in Section II, Pathology of Organ Systems), as well as a familial predilection for disease conditions with more complex inheritance, such as metabolic abnormalities, neoplasia, autoimmune diseases, and increased susceptibility to infection.
T74102 35578-36106 Sentence denotes Selective breeding of domestic animals for a particular conformational or dispositional phenotype has resulted in decreased genetic diversity in purebred animals and increased prevalence of inherited diseases (see subsequent section on the Genetic Basis of Disease and pertinent chapters in Section II, Pathology of Organ Systems), as well as a familial predilection for disease conditions with more complex inheritance, such as metabolic abnormalities, neoplasia, autoimmune diseases, and increased susceptibility to infection.
TextSentencer_T216 36107-36273 Sentence denotes Since the sequencing of the genomes of domestic animals, the genetic basis has been discovered for more and more of these phenotypes and associated familial diseases.
TextSentencer_T216 36107-36273 Sentence denotes Since the sequencing of the genomes of domestic animals, the genetic basis has been discovered for more and more of these phenotypes and associated familial diseases.
T75161 36107-36273 Sentence denotes Since the sequencing of the genomes of domestic animals, the genetic basis has been discovered for more and more of these phenotypes and associated familial diseases.
TextSentencer_T217 36274-36520 Sentence denotes For example, a single insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) haplotype is common to toy and miniature dog breeds, but generally absent in giant breeds; a fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) retrogene is associated with chondrodysplastic conformation.
TextSentencer_T217 36274-36520 Sentence denotes For example, a single insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) haplotype is common to toy and miniature dog breeds, but generally absent in giant breeds; a fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) retrogene is associated with chondrodysplastic conformation.
T87817 36274-36520 Sentence denotes For example, a single insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) haplotype is common to toy and miniature dog breeds, but generally absent in giant breeds; a fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) retrogene is associated with chondrodysplastic conformation.
TextSentencer_T218 36521-36770 Sentence denotes Some conformational phenotypes are strongly linked to pathologic conditions (e.g., a missense mutation in bone morphogenetic protein 3 [BMP3] is linked to the extreme brachycephalic phenotype of Cavalier King Charles spaniels and Brussels griffons).
TextSentencer_T218 36521-36770 Sentence denotes Some conformational phenotypes are strongly linked to pathologic conditions (e.g., a missense mutation in bone morphogenetic protein 3 [BMP3] is linked to the extreme brachycephalic phenotype of Cavalier King Charles spaniels and Brussels griffons).
T50145 36521-36770 Sentence denotes Some conformational phenotypes are strongly linked to pathologic conditions (e.g., a missense mutation in bone morphogenetic protein 3 [BMP3] is linked to the extreme brachycephalic phenotype of Cavalier King Charles spaniels and Brussels griffons).
TextSentencer_T219 36771-37045 Sentence denotes Interestingly, bone morphogenetic protein genes also determine patterning in the developing brain and spinal cord, so the brachycephalic conformation in these breeds is associated with Chiari-like malformation of the cerebellum and syringomyelia of the cervical spinal cord.
TextSentencer_T219 36771-37045 Sentence denotes Interestingly, bone morphogenetic protein genes also determine patterning in the developing brain and spinal cord, so the brachycephalic conformation in these breeds is associated with Chiari-like malformation of the cerebellum and syringomyelia of the cervical spinal cord.
T55726 36771-37045 Sentence denotes Interestingly, bone morphogenetic protein genes also determine patterning in the developing brain and spinal cord, so the brachycephalic conformation in these breeds is associated with Chiari-like malformation of the cerebellum and syringomyelia of the cervical spinal cord.
TextSentencer_T220 37046-37207 Sentence denotes Cells can compensate for increased workload with an increase in size (hypertrophy [e.g., muscle]) or, if capable, in number (hyperplasia [e.g., adrenal cortex]).
TextSentencer_T220 37046-37207 Sentence denotes Cells can compensate for increased workload with an increase in size (hypertrophy [e.g., muscle]) or, if capable, in number (hyperplasia [e.g., adrenal cortex]).
T28849 37046-37207 Sentence denotes Cells can compensate for increased workload with an increase in size (hypertrophy [e.g., muscle]) or, if capable, in number (hyperplasia [e.g., adrenal cortex]).
TextSentencer_T221 37208-37285 Sentence denotes Cells that cannot meet an increased demand may undergo degeneration or death.
TextSentencer_T221 37208-37285 Sentence denotes Cells that cannot meet an increased demand may undergo degeneration or death.
T22563 37208-37285 Sentence denotes Cells that cannot meet an increased demand may undergo degeneration or death.
TextSentencer_T222 37286-37360 Sentence denotes Conversely, cells that prominent in astrocytes, is termed cytotoxic edema.
TextSentencer_T222 37286-37360 Sentence denotes Conversely, cells that prominent in astrocytes, is termed cytotoxic edema.
T83042 37286-37360 Sentence denotes Conversely, cells that prominent in astrocytes, is termed cytotoxic edema.
TextSentencer_T223 37361-37495 Sentence denotes In any tissue, acute cell swelling is a degenerative change in which the cellular enlargement is the result of increased water volume.
TextSentencer_T223 37361-37495 Sentence denotes In any tissue, acute cell swelling is a degenerative change in which the cellular enlargement is the result of increased water volume.
T98678 37361-37495 Sentence denotes In any tissue, acute cell swelling is a degenerative change in which the cellular enlargement is the result of increased water volume.
TextSentencer_T224 37496-37667 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling therefore is quite different from hypertrophy, in which the enlargement of cells is caused by an adaptive increase in number and/or size of organelles.
TextSentencer_T224 37496-37667 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling therefore is quite different from hypertrophy, in which the enlargement of cells is caused by an adaptive increase in number and/or size of organelles.
T19208 37496-37667 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling therefore is quite different from hypertrophy, in which the enlargement of cells is caused by an adaptive increase in number and/or size of organelles.
TextSentencer_T225 37668-37861 Sentence denotes In normal cells, sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatases (Na + / K + -ATPases) function as ionic pumps, specifically, as active transporters of cations across cell membranes (see Fig. 1-9 ).
TextSentencer_T225 37668-37861 Sentence denotes In normal cells, sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatases (Na + / K + -ATPases) function as ionic pumps, specifically, as active transporters of cations across cell membranes (see Fig. 1-9 ).
T80839 37668-37861 Sentence denotes In normal cells, sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatases (Na + / K + -ATPases) function as ionic pumps, specifically, as active transporters of cations across cell membranes (see Fig. 1-9 ).
TextSentencer_T226 37862-38009 Sentence denotes For each ATP molecule hydrolyzed, the ionic pump exports (i.e., outside the cell) three Na + ions and imports (i.e., inside the cell) two K + ions.
TextSentencer_T226 37862-38009 Sentence denotes For each ATP molecule hydrolyzed, the ionic pump exports (i.e., outside the cell) three Na + ions and imports (i.e., inside the cell) two K + ions.
T58113 37862-38009 Sentence denotes For each ATP molecule hydrolyzed, the ionic pump exports (i.e., outside the cell) three Na + ions and imports (i.e., inside the cell) two K + ions.
TextSentencer_T227 38010-38208 Sentence denotes The resultant electrochemical gradient generates energy that is especially important in establishing and maintaining the membrane potential of neurons and of cardiac and skeletal muscle cells and pH
TextSentencer_T227 38010-38208 Sentence denotes The resultant electrochemical gradient generates energy that is especially important in establishing and maintaining the membrane potential of neurons and of cardiac and skeletal muscle cells and pH
T51148 38010-38208 Sentence denotes The resultant electrochemical gradient generates energy that is especially important in establishing and maintaining the membrane potential of neurons and of cardiac and skeletal muscle cells and pH
TextSentencer_T228 38209-38306 Sentence denotes Cells and tissues age because of accumulated damage to their proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
TextSentencer_T228 38209-38306 Sentence denotes Cells and tissues age because of accumulated damage to their proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
T57378 38209-38306 Sentence denotes Cells and tissues age because of accumulated damage to their proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
TextSentencer_T229 38307-38443 Sentence denotes Much of the damage of aging is attributed to ROS, DNA mutations, and cellular senescence (see the subsequent section on Cellular Aging).
TextSentencer_T229 38307-38443 Sentence denotes Much of the damage of aging is attributed to ROS, DNA mutations, and cellular senescence (see the subsequent section on Cellular Aging).
T87182 38307-38443 Sentence denotes Much of the damage of aging is attributed to ROS, DNA mutations, and cellular senescence (see the subsequent section on Cellular Aging).
TextSentencer_T230 38444-38526 Sentence denotes Cumulative damage to DNA predisposes aged animals to the development of neoplasia.
TextSentencer_T230 38444-38526 Sentence denotes Cumulative damage to DNA predisposes aged animals to the development of neoplasia.
T60529 38444-38526 Sentence denotes Cumulative damage to DNA predisposes aged animals to the development of neoplasia.
TextSentencer_T231 38527-38687 Sentence denotes In cells that can replicate, the telomeres at the ends of chromosomes are shortened with each successive division, eventually causing the cell to stop dividing.
TextSentencer_T231 38527-38687 Sentence denotes In cells that can replicate, the telomeres at the ends of chromosomes are shortened with each successive division, eventually causing the cell to stop dividing.
T97845 38527-38687 Sentence denotes In cells that can replicate, the telomeres at the ends of chromosomes are shortened with each successive division, eventually causing the cell to stop dividing.
TextSentencer_T232 38688-38789 Sentence denotes Not surprisingly, many cancer cells have active telomerase to maintain the length of their telomeres.
TextSentencer_T232 38688-38789 Sentence denotes Not surprisingly, many cancer cells have active telomerase to maintain the length of their telomeres.
T2282 38688-38789 Sentence denotes Not surprisingly, many cancer cells have active telomerase to maintain the length of their telomeres.
TextSentencer_T233 38790-39005 Sentence denotes In cells with little regenerative capacity, such as neurons, accumulation of lipofuscin and other metabolic products contributes to their degeneration and loss, leading to cerebrocortical atrophy in the aging brain.
TextSentencer_T233 38790-39005 Sentence denotes In cells with little regenerative capacity, such as neurons, accumulation of lipofuscin and other metabolic products contributes to their degeneration and loss, leading to cerebrocortical atrophy in the aging brain.
T42814 38790-39005 Sentence denotes In cells with little regenerative capacity, such as neurons, accumulation of lipofuscin and other metabolic products contributes to their degeneration and loss, leading to cerebrocortical atrophy in the aging brain.
TextSentencer_T234 39006-39122 Sentence denotes However, many of the common "aging lesions" in geriatric animals (e.g., nodular hyperplasia in the liver [see Fig. 8
TextSentencer_T234 39006-39122 Sentence denotes However, many of the common "aging lesions" in geriatric animals (e.g., nodular hyperplasia in the liver [see Fig. 8
T2427 39006-39122 Sentence denotes However, many of the common "aging lesions" in geriatric animals (e.g., nodular hyperplasia in the liver [see Fig. 8
TextSentencer_T235 39124-39211 Sentence denotes The initial response of the cell to perturbation of homeostasis is acute cell swelling.
TextSentencer_T235 39124-39211 Sentence denotes The initial response of the cell to perturbation of homeostasis is acute cell swelling.
T63493 39124-39211 Sentence denotes The initial response of the cell to perturbation of homeostasis is acute cell swelling.
TextSentencer_T236 39212-39327 Sentence denotes If the injury is not too severe or too prolonged, the cell can recover and return to normal structure and function.
TextSentencer_T236 39212-39327 Sentence denotes If the injury is not too severe or too prolonged, the cell can recover and return to normal structure and function.
T2878 39212-39327 Sentence denotes If the injury is not too severe or too prolonged, the cell can recover and return to normal structure and function.
TextSentencer_T237 39328-39421 Sentence denotes Therefore acute cell swelling is, up to a point, a reversible change (Essential Concept 1-2).
TextSentencer_T237 39328-39421 Sentence denotes Therefore acute cell swelling is, up to a point, a reversible change (Essential Concept 1-2).
T33264 39328-39421 Sentence denotes Therefore acute cell swelling is, up to a point, a reversible change (Essential Concept 1-2).
TextSentencer_T238 39422-39664 Sentence denotes Cell swelling, a fundamental and common expression of cell injury ( Fig. 1-9 ), is also known as hydropic degeneration because it is the influx of water along with sodium ions when the sodium-potassium ion pumps fail that causes the swelling.
TextSentencer_T238 39422-39664 Sentence denotes Cell swelling, a fundamental and common expression of cell injury ( Fig. 1-9 ), is also known as hydropic degeneration because it is the influx of water along with sodium ions when the sodium-potassium ion pumps fail that causes the swelling.
T98449 39422-39664 Sentence denotes Cell swelling, a fundamental and common expression of cell injury ( Fig. 1-9 ), is also known as hydropic degeneration because it is the influx of water along with sodium ions when the sodium-potassium ion pumps fail that causes the swelling.
TextSentencer_T239 39665-39740 Sentence denotes If not stopped, acute cell swelling will cause lysis and death of the cell.
TextSentencer_T239 39665-39740 Sentence denotes If not stopped, acute cell swelling will cause lysis and death of the cell.
T33639 39665-39740 Sentence denotes If not stopped, acute cell swelling will cause lysis and death of the cell.
TextSentencer_T240 39741-39893 Sentence denotes The term hydropic degeneration is commonly used when the change occurs in certain types of cells, such as hepatocytes or renal tubular epithelial cells.
TextSentencer_T240 39741-39893 Sentence denotes The term hydropic degeneration is commonly used when the change occurs in certain types of cells, such as hepatocytes or renal tubular epithelial cells.
T2343 39741-39893 Sentence denotes The term hydropic degeneration is commonly used when the change occurs in certain types of cells, such as hepatocytes or renal tubular epithelial cells.
TextSentencer_T241 39894-40020 Sentence denotes In other tissues (e.g., keratinocytes in the epidermis), cell swelling from influx of water is called ballooning degeneration.
TextSentencer_T241 39894-40020 Sentence denotes In other tissues (e.g., keratinocytes in the epidermis), cell swelling from influx of water is called ballooning degeneration.
T18780 39894-40020 Sentence denotes In other tissues (e.g., keratinocytes in the epidermis), cell swelling from influx of water is called ballooning degeneration.
TextSentencer_T242 40021-40098 Sentence denotes In the central nervous system (CNS), cell swelling of glial cells, especially
TextSentencer_T242 40021-40098 Sentence denotes In the central nervous system (CNS), cell swelling of glial cells, especially
T36989 40021-40098 Sentence denotes In the central nervous system (CNS), cell swelling of glial cells, especially
TextSentencer_T243 40099-40246 Sentence denotes Cell injury is classified as reversible if the injured cell can regain homeostasis and return to a morphologically (and functionally) normal state.
TextSentencer_T243 40099-40246 Sentence denotes Cell injury is classified as reversible if the injured cell can regain homeostasis and return to a morphologically (and functionally) normal state.
T11714 40099-40246 Sentence denotes Cell injury is classified as reversible if the injured cell can regain homeostasis and return to a morphologically (and functionally) normal state.
TextSentencer_T244 40247-40396 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling is the classic morphologic change in reversible injury; however, it is also the typical early change of irreversible cell injury.
TextSentencer_T244 40247-40396 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling is the classic morphologic change in reversible injury; however, it is also the typical early change of irreversible cell injury.
T2907 40247-40396 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling is the classic morphologic change in reversible injury; however, it is also the typical early change of irreversible cell injury.
TextSentencer_T245 40397-40561 Sentence denotes Irrespective of the nature of the initial injury, hypoxia is often the ultimate cause of acute cell swelling because it results in adenosine triphosphate depletion.
TextSentencer_T245 40397-40561 Sentence denotes Irrespective of the nature of the initial injury, hypoxia is often the ultimate cause of acute cell swelling because it results in adenosine triphosphate depletion.
T54067 40397-40561 Sentence denotes Irrespective of the nature of the initial injury, hypoxia is often the ultimate cause of acute cell swelling because it results in adenosine triphosphate depletion.
TextSentencer_T246 40562-40681 Sentence denotes The hypoxic cell then swells because of loss of volume control when membrane adenosine triphosphatase ionic pumps fail.
TextSentencer_T246 40562-40681 Sentence denotes The hypoxic cell then swells because of loss of volume control when membrane adenosine triphosphatase ionic pumps fail.
T23963 40562-40681 Sentence denotes The hypoxic cell then swells because of loss of volume control when membrane adenosine triphosphatase ionic pumps fail.
TextSentencer_T247 40682-40910 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling is also a response to direct cell membrane damage from lipid peroxidation (by reactive oxygen species), binding of certain toxins, damage to ion channels, or insertion of transmembrane pore-forming complexes.
TextSentencer_T247 40682-40910 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling is also a response to direct cell membrane damage from lipid peroxidation (by reactive oxygen species), binding of certain toxins, damage to ion channels, or insertion of transmembrane pore-forming complexes.
T33336 40682-40910 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling is also a response to direct cell membrane damage from lipid peroxidation (by reactive oxygen species), binding of certain toxins, damage to ion channels, or insertion of transmembrane pore-forming complexes.
TextSentencer_T248 40911-41107 Sentence denotes Because acute cell swelling is a common early response to both reversible and irreversible injury, it is well to think of this morphologic change as a marker of potentially reversible cell injury.
TextSentencer_T248 40911-41107 Sentence denotes Because acute cell swelling is a common early response to both reversible and irreversible injury, it is well to think of this morphologic change as a marker of potentially reversible cell injury.
T70592 40911-41107 Sentence denotes Because acute cell swelling is a common early response to both reversible and irreversible injury, it is well to think of this morphologic change as a marker of potentially reversible cell injury.
TextSentencer_T249 41108-41349 Sentence denotes Cells, depending on their reparative or regenerative capacities, may recover from potentially irreversible cell injury; however, if the injury is severe or sustained, acute cell swelling becomes the initial step in the process of cell death.
TextSentencer_T249 41108-41349 Sentence denotes Cells, depending on their reparative or regenerative capacities, may recover from potentially irreversible cell injury; however, if the injury is severe or sustained, acute cell swelling becomes the initial step in the process of cell death.
T27705 41108-41349 Sentence denotes Cells, depending on their reparative or regenerative capacities, may recover from potentially irreversible cell injury; however, if the injury is severe or sustained, acute cell swelling becomes the initial step in the process of cell death.
TextSentencer_T250 41350-41641 Sentence denotes If the injury is not so severe as to be lethal, then the cell may not succumb but (again depending on the nature of the injury and of the cell) is unlikely to recover completely or to return to its "normal" structural and functional state. chemical modifications (see the following section).
TextSentencer_T250 41350-41641 Sentence denotes If the injury is not so severe as to be lethal, then the cell may not succumb but (again depending on the nature of the injury and of the cell) is unlikely to recover completely or to return to its "normal" structural and functional state. chemical modifications (see the following section).
T68741 41350-41641 Sentence denotes If the injury is not so severe as to be lethal, then the cell may not succumb but (again depending on the nature of the injury and of the cell) is unlikely to recover completely or to return to its "normal" structural and functional state. chemical modifications (see the following section).
TextSentencer_T251 41642-41770 Sentence denotes Cell membranes can also be injured directly by defensive molecules of the immune system and by bacterial cytotoxins (see later).
TextSentencer_T251 41642-41770 Sentence denotes Cell membranes can also be injured directly by defensive molecules of the immune system and by bacterial cytotoxins (see later).
T26556 41642-41770 Sentence denotes Cell membranes can also be injured directly by defensive molecules of the immune system and by bacterial cytotoxins (see later).
TextSentencer_T252 41771-41835 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T252 41771-41835 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
T92252 41771-41835 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T253 41836-41843 Sentence denotes Injury.
TextSentencer_T253 41836-41843 Sentence denotes Injury.
T4646 41836-41843 Sentence denotes Injury.
TextSentencer_T254 41844-42052 Sentence denotes Cell membranes can also be injured directly by the membrane attack complex (MAC) of the complement pathway, by bacterial cytolysins, and by molecules from natural killer (NK) cells (see Chapters 3, 4, and 5).
TextSentencer_T254 41844-42052 Sentence denotes Cell membranes can also be injured directly by the membrane attack complex (MAC) of the complement pathway, by bacterial cytolysins, and by molecules from natural killer (NK) cells (see Chapters 3, 4, and 5).
T60548 41844-42052 Sentence denotes Cell membranes can also be injured directly by the membrane attack complex (MAC) of the complement pathway, by bacterial cytolysins, and by molecules from natural killer (NK) cells (see Chapters 3, 4, and 5).
TextSentencer_T255 42053-42209 Sentence denotes The MAC, bacterial cytolysins, and NK cells exert their effect in part by forming a pore or channel that disrupts the lipid bilayers of the plasma membrane.
TextSentencer_T255 42053-42209 Sentence denotes The MAC, bacterial cytolysins, and NK cells exert their effect in part by forming a pore or channel that disrupts the lipid bilayers of the plasma membrane.
T51669 42053-42209 Sentence denotes The MAC, bacterial cytolysins, and NK cells exert their effect in part by forming a pore or channel that disrupts the lipid bilayers of the plasma membrane.
TextSentencer_T256 42210-42311 Sentence denotes The MAC is assembled from terminal components of the complement pathway, which are abundant in blood.
TextSentencer_T256 42210-42311 Sentence denotes The MAC is assembled from terminal components of the complement pathway, which are abundant in blood.
T65237 42210-42311 Sentence denotes The MAC is assembled from terminal components of the complement pathway, which are abundant in blood.
TextSentencer_T257 42312-42428 Sentence denotes Assembly of the MAC begins with enzymatic cleavage of complement fragment 5b (C5b) from complement component 5 (C5).
TextSentencer_T257 42312-42428 Sentence denotes Assembly of the MAC begins with enzymatic cleavage of complement fragment 5b (C5b) from complement component 5 (C5).
T12074 42312-42428 Sentence denotes Assembly of the MAC begins with enzymatic cleavage of complement fragment 5b (C5b) from complement component 5 (C5).
TextSentencer_T258 42429-42517 Sentence denotes Complement component 6 (C6) binds a labile site on C5b to produce a stable intermediate.
TextSentencer_T258 42429-42517 Sentence denotes Complement component 6 (C6) binds a labile site on C5b to produce a stable intermediate.
T91672 42429-42517 Sentence denotes Complement component 6 (C6) binds a labile site on C5b to produce a stable intermediate.
TextSentencer_T259 42518-42605 Sentence denotes Subsequent binding of complement component 7 (C7) renders the MAC precursor lipophilic.
TextSentencer_T259 42518-42605 Sentence denotes Subsequent binding of complement component 7 (C7) renders the MAC precursor lipophilic.
T27265 42518-42605 Sentence denotes Subsequent binding of complement component 7 (C7) renders the MAC precursor lipophilic.
TextSentencer_T260 42606-42745 Sentence denotes With binding of the α, β, and γ subunits of complement component 8 (C8), the MAC precursor penetrates a nearby cell membrane lipid bilayer.
TextSentencer_T260 42606-42745 Sentence denotes With binding of the α, β, and γ subunits of complement component 8 (C8), the MAC precursor penetrates a nearby cell membrane lipid bilayer.
T97195 42606-42745 Sentence denotes With binding of the α, β, and γ subunits of complement component 8 (C8), the MAC precursor penetrates a nearby cell membrane lipid bilayer.
TextSentencer_T261 42746-42924 Sentence denotes Binding and oligomerization of complement component 9 (C9) then completes formation of the MAC, which creates a lytic pore that is part of the innate immune response to bacteria.
TextSentencer_T261 42746-42924 Sentence denotes Binding and oligomerization of complement component 9 (C9) then completes formation of the MAC, which creates a lytic pore that is part of the innate immune response to bacteria.
T70614 42746-42924 Sentence denotes Binding and oligomerization of complement component 9 (C9) then completes formation of the MAC, which creates a lytic pore that is part of the innate immune response to bacteria.
TextSentencer_T262 42925-43263 Sentence denotes Cluster of differentiation 59 (CD59), a glycoprotein receptor on the surface of leukocytes, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells (and overexpressed on some cancer cells), blocks penetration of cell membranes by the C5b-8 precursor and blocks incorporation of C9 into the MAC, thereby protecting host cells against cell membrane injury.
TextSentencer_T262 42925-43263 Sentence denotes Cluster of differentiation 59 (CD59), a glycoprotein receptor on the surface of leukocytes, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells (and overexpressed on some cancer cells), blocks penetration of cell membranes by the C5b-8 precursor and blocks incorporation of C9 into the MAC, thereby protecting host cells against cell membrane injury.
T13323 42925-43263 Sentence denotes Cluster of differentiation 59 (CD59), a glycoprotein receptor on the surface of leukocytes, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells (and overexpressed on some cancer cells), blocks penetration of cell membranes by the C5b-8 precursor and blocks incorporation of C9 into the MAC, thereby protecting host cells against cell membrane injury.
TextSentencer_T263 43264-43328 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T263 43264-43328 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
T16891 43264-43328 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T264 43329-43346 Sentence denotes Gross Appearance.
TextSentencer_T264 43329-43346 Sentence denotes Gross Appearance.
T67188 43329-43346 Sentence denotes Gross Appearance.
TextSentencer_T265 43347-43448 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling increases the volume and weight of parenchymal organs and imparts pallor to them.
TextSentencer_T265 43347-43448 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling increases the volume and weight of parenchymal organs and imparts pallor to them.
T21994 43347-43448 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling increases the volume and weight of parenchymal organs and imparts pallor to them.
TextSentencer_T266 43449-43626 Sentence denotes It is important to distinguish hydropic degeneration from more positive adaptations, such as hypertrophy or hyperplasia, which, if extensive, also increase the size of an organ.
TextSentencer_T266 43449-43626 Sentence denotes It is important to distinguish hydropic degeneration from more positive adaptations, such as hypertrophy or hyperplasia, which, if extensive, also increase the size of an organ.
T70501 43449-43626 Sentence denotes It is important to distinguish hydropic degeneration from more positive adaptations, such as hypertrophy or hyperplasia, which, if extensive, also increase the size of an organ.
TextSentencer_T267 43627-43773 Sentence denotes Liver and kidney (especially the renal cortex) are two organs in which the lesions of acute cell swelling can be striking (see Chapters 8 and 11).
TextSentencer_T267 43627-43773 Sentence denotes Liver and kidney (especially the renal cortex) are two organs in which the lesions of acute cell swelling can be striking (see Chapters 8 and 11).
T31462 43627-43773 Sentence denotes Liver and kidney (especially the renal cortex) are two organs in which the lesions of acute cell swelling can be striking (see Chapters 8 and 11).
TextSentencer_T268 43774-43918 Sentence denotes An affected liver weighs more than normal, appears pale and swollen with rounded edges, and has an accentuated lobular pattern ( Fig. 1-10, A) .
TextSentencer_T268 43774-43918 Sentence denotes An affected liver weighs more than normal, appears pale and swollen with rounded edges, and has an accentuated lobular pattern ( Fig. 1-10, A) .
T68837 43774-43918 Sentence denotes An affected liver weighs more than normal, appears pale and swollen with rounded edges, and has an accentuated lobular pattern ( Fig. 1-10, A) .
TextSentencer_T269 43919-44080 Sentence denotes In the CNS the cell swelling of cytotoxic edema has little effect on the color of neuroparenchyma but does increase the weight and volume of the affected tissue.
TextSentencer_T269 43919-44080 Sentence denotes In the CNS the cell swelling of cytotoxic edema has little effect on the color of neuroparenchyma but does increase the weight and volume of the affected tissue.
T87883 43919-44080 Sentence denotes In the CNS the cell swelling of cytotoxic edema has little effect on the color of neuroparenchyma but does increase the weight and volume of the affected tissue.
TextSentencer_T270 44081-44243 Sentence denotes Even a slight increase in volume of the brain has catastrophic consequences because there is little space in the cranium to accommodate swelling (see Chapter 14).
TextSentencer_T270 44081-44243 Sentence denotes Even a slight increase in volume of the brain has catastrophic consequences because there is little space in the cranium to accommodate swelling (see Chapter 14).
T13958 44081-44243 Sentence denotes Even a slight increase in volume of the brain has catastrophic consequences because there is little space in the cranium to accommodate swelling (see Chapter 14).
TextSentencer_T271 44244-44267 Sentence denotes Microscopic Appearance.
TextSentencer_T271 44244-44267 Sentence denotes Microscopic Appearance.
T96548 44244-44267 Sentence denotes Microscopic Appearance.
TextSentencer_T272 44268-44455 Sentence denotes The influx of water in hydropic degeneration dilutes the cytosol, separates its organelles, and distends the cell, giving affected cells a swollen, pale, and finely vacuolated appearance.
TextSentencer_T272 44268-44455 Sentence denotes The influx of water in hydropic degeneration dilutes the cytosol, separates its organelles, and distends the cell, giving affected cells a swollen, pale, and finely vacuolated appearance.
T1526 44268-44455 Sentence denotes The influx of water in hydropic degeneration dilutes the cytosol, separates its organelles, and distends the cell, giving affected cells a swollen, pale, and finely vacuolated appearance.
TextSentencer_T273 44456-44537 Sentence denotes In renal proximal tubules, swollen epithelial cells impinge on the tubular lumen.
TextSentencer_T273 44456-44537 Sentence denotes In renal proximal tubules, swollen epithelial cells impinge on the tubular lumen.
T54032 44456-44537 Sentence denotes In renal proximal tubules, swollen epithelial cells impinge on the tubular lumen.
TextSentencer_T274 44538-44621 Sentence denotes In the liver, swollen hepatocytes and endothelial cells compress hepatic sinusoids.
TextSentencer_T274 44538-44621 Sentence denotes In the liver, swollen hepatocytes and endothelial cells compress hepatic sinusoids.
T46370 44538-44621 Sentence denotes In the liver, swollen hepatocytes and endothelial cells compress hepatic sinusoids.
TextSentencer_T275 44622-44748 Sentence denotes Hydropic degeneration and cloudy swelling are terms for the microscopic appearance of acute cell swelling (see Fig. 1-10, B) .
TextSentencer_T275 44622-44748 Sentence denotes Hydropic degeneration and cloudy swelling are terms for the microscopic appearance of acute cell swelling (see Fig. 1-10, B) .
T30475 44622-44748 Sentence denotes Hydropic degeneration and cloudy swelling are terms for the microscopic appearance of acute cell swelling (see Fig. 1-10, B) .
TextSentencer_T276 44749-44927 Sentence denotes In addition to endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and renal tubular epithelial cells, other epithelial cells, neurons, and glial cells are particularly prone to acute cell swelling.
TextSentencer_T276 44749-44927 Sentence denotes In addition to endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and renal tubular epithelial cells, other epithelial cells, neurons, and glial cells are particularly prone to acute cell swelling.
T33714 44749-44927 Sentence denotes In addition to endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and renal tubular epithelial cells, other epithelial cells, neurons, and glial cells are particularly prone to acute cell swelling.
TextSentencer_T277 44928-45073 Sentence denotes The clear cytoplasmic vacuoles in affected cells are mainly water-distended mitochondria or cisternae homeostasis within the cytosol of the cell.
TextSentencer_T277 44928-45073 Sentence denotes The clear cytoplasmic vacuoles in affected cells are mainly water-distended mitochondria or cisternae homeostasis within the cytosol of the cell.
T67011 44928-45073 Sentence denotes The clear cytoplasmic vacuoles in affected cells are mainly water-distended mitochondria or cisternae homeostasis within the cytosol of the cell.
TextSentencer_T278 45074-45177 Sentence denotes Because water diffuses passively along the osmotic gradient, the ATPase pump also controls cell volume.
TextSentencer_T278 45074-45177 Sentence denotes Because water diffuses passively along the osmotic gradient, the ATPase pump also controls cell volume.
T56427 45074-45177 Sentence denotes Because water diffuses passively along the osmotic gradient, the ATPase pump also controls cell volume.
TextSentencer_T279 45178-45365 Sentence denotes The best-studied models of acute cell swelling are (1) hypoxia-induced failure of ATP synthesis (and hence the ATPase pumps) and (2) carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced membrane damage.
TextSentencer_T279 45178-45365 Sentence denotes The best-studied models of acute cell swelling are (1) hypoxia-induced failure of ATP synthesis (and hence the ATPase pumps) and (2) carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced membrane damage.
T14656 45178-45365 Sentence denotes The best-studied models of acute cell swelling are (1) hypoxia-induced failure of ATP synthesis (and hence the ATPase pumps) and (2) carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced membrane damage.
TextSentencer_T280 45366-45467 Sentence denotes Notably, the cardiac glycosides, digitalis and ouabain, specifically inhibit Na + /K + -ATPase pumps.
TextSentencer_T280 45366-45467 Sentence denotes Notably, the cardiac glycosides, digitalis and ouabain, specifically inhibit Na + /K + -ATPase pumps.
T97716 45366-45467 Sentence denotes Notably, the cardiac glycosides, digitalis and ouabain, specifically inhibit Na + /K + -ATPase pumps.
TextSentencer_T281 45468-45717 Sentence denotes Hypoxia is the end result of decreased oxygen concentration at any point in its passage from air into the respiratory tract through hemoglobin uptake and transport by the vasculature to cells, where it drives mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T281 45468-45717 Sentence denotes Hypoxia is the end result of decreased oxygen concentration at any point in its passage from air into the respiratory tract through hemoglobin uptake and transport by the vasculature to cells, where it drives mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
T75528 45468-45717 Sentence denotes Hypoxia is the end result of decreased oxygen concentration at any point in its passage from air into the respiratory tract through hemoglobin uptake and transport by the vasculature to cells, where it drives mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T282 45718-45919 Sentence denotes Ischemia is a local decrease in blood supply to tissue with resultant decreased delivery of oxygen (hypoxia), glucose, and other nutrients to the cell, as well as decreased removal of metabolic wastes.
TextSentencer_T282 45718-45919 Sentence denotes Ischemia is a local decrease in blood supply to tissue with resultant decreased delivery of oxygen (hypoxia), glucose, and other nutrients to the cell, as well as decreased removal of metabolic wastes.
T92273 45718-45919 Sentence denotes Ischemia is a local decrease in blood supply to tissue with resultant decreased delivery of oxygen (hypoxia), glucose, and other nutrients to the cell, as well as decreased removal of metabolic wastes.
TextSentencer_T283 45920-46061 Sentence denotes Because any injury to the respiratory or cardiovascular system can lead to hypoxia, it is commonly the ultimate cause of acute cell swelling.
TextSentencer_T283 45920-46061 Sentence denotes Because any injury to the respiratory or cardiovascular system can lead to hypoxia, it is commonly the ultimate cause of acute cell swelling.
T52081 45920-46061 Sentence denotes Because any injury to the respiratory or cardiovascular system can lead to hypoxia, it is commonly the ultimate cause of acute cell swelling.
TextSentencer_T284 46062-46204 Sentence denotes When cellular oxygen is depleted, oxidative phosphorylation stops, and the cell must switch to anaerobic metabolism (i.e., glycolysis) or die.
TextSentencer_T284 46062-46204 Sentence denotes When cellular oxygen is depleted, oxidative phosphorylation stops, and the cell must switch to anaerobic metabolism (i.e., glycolysis) or die.
T64314 46062-46204 Sentence denotes When cellular oxygen is depleted, oxidative phosphorylation stops, and the cell must switch to anaerobic metabolism (i.e., glycolysis) or die.
TextSentencer_T285 46205-46341 Sentence denotes As production of ATP declines, the resultant drop stimulates hexokinases, phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1), and other enzymes of glycolysis.
TextSentencer_T285 46205-46341 Sentence denotes As production of ATP declines, the resultant drop stimulates hexokinases, phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1), and other enzymes of glycolysis.
T84859 46205-46341 Sentence denotes As production of ATP declines, the resultant drop stimulates hexokinases, phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1), and other enzymes of glycolysis.
TextSentencer_T286 46342-46467 Sentence denotes PFK1 catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, another integral step in glycolysis.
TextSentencer_T286 46342-46467 Sentence denotes PFK1 catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, another integral step in glycolysis.
T78789 46342-46467 Sentence denotes PFK1 catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, another integral step in glycolysis.
TextSentencer_T287 46468-46529 Sentence denotes The end products of glycolysis are ATP and pyruvate and heat.
TextSentencer_T287 46468-46529 Sentence denotes The end products of glycolysis are ATP and pyruvate and heat.
T7507 46468-46529 Sentence denotes The end products of glycolysis are ATP and pyruvate and heat.
TextSentencer_T288 46530-46665 Sentence denotes This anaerobic generation of ATP (though less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation) contributes to short-term survival of the cell.
TextSentencer_T288 46530-46665 Sentence denotes This anaerobic generation of ATP (though less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation) contributes to short-term survival of the cell.
T11884 46530-46665 Sentence denotes This anaerobic generation of ATP (though less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation) contributes to short-term survival of the cell.
TextSentencer_T289 46666-46756 Sentence denotes In addition, pyruvate produced by glycolysis can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
TextSentencer_T289 46666-46756 Sentence denotes In addition, pyruvate produced by glycolysis can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
T15587 46666-46756 Sentence denotes In addition, pyruvate produced by glycolysis can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
TextSentencer_T290 46757-46903 Sentence denotes However, certain specialized cells (e.g., neurons) cannot generate ATP anaerobically and therefore need a continuous supply of oxygen and glucose.
TextSentencer_T290 46757-46903 Sentence denotes However, certain specialized cells (e.g., neurons) cannot generate ATP anaerobically and therefore need a continuous supply of oxygen and glucose.
T11201 46757-46903 Sentence denotes However, certain specialized cells (e.g., neurons) cannot generate ATP anaerobically and therefore need a continuous supply of oxygen and glucose.
TextSentencer_T291 46904-47011 Sentence denotes This dependency makes neurons one of the cells that are most susceptible to a deficiency or lack of oxygen.
TextSentencer_T291 46904-47011 Sentence denotes This dependency makes neurons one of the cells that are most susceptible to a deficiency or lack of oxygen.
T43015 46904-47011 Sentence denotes This dependency makes neurons one of the cells that are most susceptible to a deficiency or lack of oxygen.
TextSentencer_T292 47012-47062 Sentence denotes The early events in acute cell swelling (see Figs.
TextSentencer_T292 47012-47062 Sentence denotes The early events in acute cell swelling (see Figs.
T96479 47012-47062 Sentence denotes The early events in acute cell swelling (see Figs.
TextSentencer_T293 47063-47176 Sentence denotes 1-7 and 1-9) caused by hypoxia or ischemia are potentially reversible if the injury is mild or of short duration.
TextSentencer_T293 47063-47176 Sentence denotes 1-7 and 1-9) caused by hypoxia or ischemia are potentially reversible if the injury is mild or of short duration.
T31239 47063-47176 Sentence denotes 1-7 and 1-9) caused by hypoxia or ischemia are potentially reversible if the injury is mild or of short duration.
TextSentencer_T294 47177-47248 Sentence denotes With the depletion of cellular oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation stops.
TextSentencer_T294 47177-47248 Sentence denotes With the depletion of cellular oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation stops.
T63865 47177-47248 Sentence denotes With the depletion of cellular oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation stops.
TextSentencer_T295 47249-47428 Sentence denotes The resultant deficiency of ATP causes failure of the Na + /K + -ATPase pumps with influx of Na + , Ca 2+ , and water into the cytosol, and loss of K + and Mg 2+ from the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T295 47249-47428 Sentence denotes The resultant deficiency of ATP causes failure of the Na + /K + -ATPase pumps with influx of Na + , Ca 2+ , and water into the cytosol, and loss of K + and Mg 2+ from the cytosol.
T72776 47249-47428 Sentence denotes The resultant deficiency of ATP causes failure of the Na + /K + -ATPase pumps with influx of Na + , Ca 2+ , and water into the cytosol, and loss of K + and Mg 2+ from the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T296 47429-47546 Sentence denotes The electrolyte imbalance and influx of water expand the cytosol and swell mitochondria and the cytocavitary network.
TextSentencer_T296 47429-47546 Sentence denotes The electrolyte imbalance and influx of water expand the cytosol and swell mitochondria and the cytocavitary network.
T93592 47429-47546 Sentence denotes The electrolyte imbalance and influx of water expand the cytosol and swell mitochondria and the cytocavitary network.
TextSentencer_T297 47547-47678 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, chromatin is clumped, the cytosol is electron lucent, ribosomes detach from rER, and the ER becomes vesiculated.
TextSentencer_T297 47547-47678 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, chromatin is clumped, the cytosol is electron lucent, ribosomes detach from rER, and the ER becomes vesiculated.
T25281 47547-47678 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, chromatin is clumped, the cytosol is electron lucent, ribosomes detach from rER, and the ER becomes vesiculated.
TextSentencer_T298 47679-47747 Sentence denotes Damaged membranes coil into whorls (also known as "myelin figures").
TextSentencer_T298 47679-47747 Sentence denotes Damaged membranes coil into whorls (also known as "myelin figures").
T26331 47679-47747 Sentence denotes Damaged membranes coil into whorls (also known as "myelin figures").
TextSentencer_T299 47748-47915 Sentence denotes Cytoskeletal damage causes the plasma membrane to lose microvilli or other specialized structures and to undergo blebbing (the formation of multiple irregular bulges).
TextSentencer_T299 47748-47915 Sentence denotes Cytoskeletal damage causes the plasma membrane to lose microvilli or other specialized structures and to undergo blebbing (the formation of multiple irregular bulges).
T86980 47748-47915 Sentence denotes Cytoskeletal damage causes the plasma membrane to lose microvilli or other specialized structures and to undergo blebbing (the formation of multiple irregular bulges).
TextSentencer_T300 47916-48046 Sentence denotes With light microscopy the acutely swollen cell has an expanded and rounded profile with pale eosinophilic or vacuolated cytoplasm.
TextSentencer_T300 47916-48046 Sentence denotes With light microscopy the acutely swollen cell has an expanded and rounded profile with pale eosinophilic or vacuolated cytoplasm.
T39154 47916-48046 Sentence denotes With light microscopy the acutely swollen cell has an expanded and rounded profile with pale eosinophilic or vacuolated cytoplasm.
TextSentencer_T301 48047-48186 Sentence denotes The cytoplasmic pallor and vacuolation is the result of dispersion of organelles and dilution of cytosolic proteins by the influx of water.
TextSentencer_T301 48047-48186 Sentence denotes The cytoplasmic pallor and vacuolation is the result of dispersion of organelles and dilution of cytosolic proteins by the influx of water.
T15431 48047-48186 Sentence denotes The cytoplasmic pallor and vacuolation is the result of dispersion of organelles and dilution of cytosolic proteins by the influx of water.
TextSentencer_T302 48187-48309 Sentence denotes The ATP deficiency also prompts a switch to anaerobic metabolism with production of ATP (and pyruvate) through glycolysis.
TextSentencer_T302 48187-48309 Sentence denotes The ATP deficiency also prompts a switch to anaerobic metabolism with production of ATP (and pyruvate) through glycolysis.
T9488 48187-48309 Sentence denotes The ATP deficiency also prompts a switch to anaerobic metabolism with production of ATP (and pyruvate) through glycolysis.
TextSentencer_T303 48310-48481 Sentence denotes Glycolysis depletes cellular glycogen, leads to an accumulation of lactate with decreased intracellular pH, and produces heat, which if excessive may also injure the cell.
TextSentencer_T303 48310-48481 Sentence denotes Glycolysis depletes cellular glycogen, leads to an accumulation of lactate with decreased intracellular pH, and produces heat, which if excessive may also injure the cell.
T24097 48310-48481 Sentence denotes Glycolysis depletes cellular glycogen, leads to an accumulation of lactate with decreased intracellular pH, and produces heat, which if excessive may also injure the cell.
TextSentencer_T304 48482-48559 Sentence denotes CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
TextSentencer_T304 48482-48559 Sentence denotes CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
T74750 48482-48559 Sentence denotes CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
TextSentencer_T305 48560-48744 Sentence denotes As an example, CCl 4 injures hepatocytes in diverse and complicated ways that have not been fully elucidated, but CCl 4 toxicosis provides a useful model to study cell membrane injury.
TextSentencer_T305 48560-48744 Sentence denotes As an example, CCl 4 injures hepatocytes in diverse and complicated ways that have not been fully elucidated, but CCl 4 toxicosis provides a useful model to study cell membrane injury.
T74281 48560-48744 Sentence denotes As an example, CCl 4 injures hepatocytes in diverse and complicated ways that have not been fully elucidated, but CCl 4 toxicosis provides a useful model to study cell membrane injury.
TextSentencer_T306 48745-48998 Sentence denotes CCl 4 is activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP; mainly CYP2) mixed-function oxidases in hepatocellular sER to form the trichloromethyl radical (CCl 3 • ), which binds cellular macromolecules and disrupts biochemical processes, particularly lipid metabolism.
TextSentencer_T306 48745-48998 Sentence denotes CCl 4 is activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP; mainly CYP2) mixed-function oxidases in hepatocellular sER to form the trichloromethyl radical (CCl 3 • ), which binds cellular macromolecules and disrupts biochemical processes, particularly lipid metabolism.
T74080 48745-48998 Sentence denotes CCl 4 is activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP; mainly CYP2) mixed-function oxidases in hepatocellular sER to form the trichloromethyl radical (CCl 3 • ), which binds cellular macromolecules and disrupts biochemical processes, particularly lipid metabolism.
TextSentencer_T307 48999-49323 Sentence denotes CCl 3 • also interacts with oxygen to form the highly reactive trichloromethylperoxy radical (CCl 3 OO • ), which initiates a lipid peroxidation chain reaction, especially in the phospholipids of cell membranes (not only the plasma membrane, but also those of the ER, mitochondria, and Golgi complex [cytocavitary network]).
TextSentencer_T307 48999-49323 Sentence denotes CCl 3 • also interacts with oxygen to form the highly reactive trichloromethylperoxy radical (CCl 3 OO • ), which initiates a lipid peroxidation chain reaction, especially in the phospholipids of cell membranes (not only the plasma membrane, but also those of the ER, mitochondria, and Golgi complex [cytocavitary network]).
T1450 48999-49323 Sentence denotes CCl 3 • also interacts with oxygen to form the highly reactive trichloromethylperoxy radical (CCl 3 OO • ), which initiates a lipid peroxidation chain reaction, especially in the phospholipids of cell membranes (not only the plasma membrane, but also those of the ER, mitochondria, and Golgi complex [cytocavitary network]).
TextSentencer_T308 49324-49669 Sentence denotes Reactive metabolites of CCl 4 also cause hypomethylation of rRNA and the release of growth factors and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), NO, transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) from Kupffer cells in hepatic sinusoids.
TextSentencer_T308 49324-49669 Sentence denotes Reactive metabolites of CCl 4 also cause hypomethylation of rRNA and the release of growth factors and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), NO, transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) from Kupffer cells in hepatic sinusoids.
T76764 49324-49669 Sentence denotes Reactive metabolites of CCl 4 also cause hypomethylation of rRNA and the release of growth factors and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), NO, transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) from Kupffer cells in hepatic sinusoids.
TextSentencer_T309 49670-49901 Sentence denotes Hepatic stellate cells also respond to growth factors and cytokines by ceasing their lipid storage functions, assuming a myofibroblastic phenotype, and producing type I collagen, thus following hepatic injury with hepatic fibrosis.
TextSentencer_T309 49670-49901 Sentence denotes Hepatic stellate cells also respond to growth factors and cytokines by ceasing their lipid storage functions, assuming a myofibroblastic phenotype, and producing type I collagen, thus following hepatic injury with hepatic fibrosis.
T69713 49670-49901 Sentence denotes Hepatic stellate cells also respond to growth factors and cytokines by ceasing their lipid storage functions, assuming a myofibroblastic phenotype, and producing type I collagen, thus following hepatic injury with hepatic fibrosis.
TextSentencer_T310 49902-50075 Sentence denotes Notably, CCl 4 toxicosis develops along two major pathways; both begin with free radical formation, and both injure the hepatocyte in what is initially a reversible process.
TextSentencer_T310 49902-50075 Sentence denotes Notably, CCl 4 toxicosis develops along two major pathways; both begin with free radical formation, and both injure the hepatocyte in what is initially a reversible process.
T45402 49902-50075 Sentence denotes Notably, CCl 4 toxicosis develops along two major pathways; both begin with free radical formation, and both injure the hepatocyte in what is initially a reversible process.
TextSentencer_T311 50076-50328 Sentence denotes The first process, haloalkylation (covalent binding of CCl 3 • to macromolecules), disrupts biochemical processes, especially triglyceride secretion into plasma, oxidative phosphorylation, and calcium transport, before any structural damage is evident.
TextSentencer_T311 50076-50328 Sentence denotes The first process, haloalkylation (covalent binding of CCl 3 • to macromolecules), disrupts biochemical processes, especially triglyceride secretion into plasma, oxidative phosphorylation, and calcium transport, before any structural damage is evident.
T54761 50076-50328 Sentence denotes The first process, haloalkylation (covalent binding of CCl 3 • to macromolecules), disrupts biochemical processes, especially triglyceride secretion into plasma, oxidative phosphorylation, and calcium transport, before any structural damage is evident.
TextSentencer_T312 50329-50466 Sentence denotes The other pathway, lipid peroxidation induced mainly by CCl 3 OO • , is a secondary (indirect) chain reaction that takes time to develop.
TextSentencer_T312 50329-50466 Sentence denotes The other pathway, lipid peroxidation induced mainly by CCl 3 OO • , is a secondary (indirect) chain reaction that takes time to develop.
T34323 50329-50466 Sentence denotes The other pathway, lipid peroxidation induced mainly by CCl 3 OO • , is a secondary (indirect) chain reaction that takes time to develop.
TextSentencer_T313 50467-50628 Sentence denotes It is mainly responsible for the cell membrane injury of CCl 4 toxicosis, but the effects of both pathways are thought to act in combination to cause cell death.
TextSentencer_T313 50467-50628 Sentence denotes It is mainly responsible for the cell membrane injury of CCl 4 toxicosis, but the effects of both pathways are thought to act in combination to cause cell death.
T68071 50467-50628 Sentence denotes It is mainly responsible for the cell membrane injury of CCl 4 toxicosis, but the effects of both pathways are thought to act in combination to cause cell death.
TextSentencer_T314 50629-50873 Sentence denotes Depending on the dose and duration of exposure and other factors, CCl 4 toxicosis causes a variety of lesions via membrane injury, including steatosis (fatty liver), apoptosis and regeneration of hepatocytes, and hepatic necrosis with fibrosis.
TextSentencer_T314 50629-50873 Sentence denotes Depending on the dose and duration of exposure and other factors, CCl 4 toxicosis causes a variety of lesions via membrane injury, including steatosis (fatty liver), apoptosis and regeneration of hepatocytes, and hepatic necrosis with fibrosis.
T7113 50629-50873 Sentence denotes Depending on the dose and duration of exposure and other factors, CCl 4 toxicosis causes a variety of lesions via membrane injury, including steatosis (fatty liver), apoptosis and regeneration of hepatocytes, and hepatic necrosis with fibrosis.
TextSentencer_T315 50874-51130 Sentence denotes Hepatocellular membrane injury typically commences in centrilobular hepatocytes (see Fig. 8 -15), where mixed-function oxidase activity in the sER is highest, but with higher doses of CCl 4 occurs throughout the lobule, leading to massive hepatic necrosis.
TextSentencer_T315 50874-51130 Sentence denotes Hepatocellular membrane injury typically commences in centrilobular hepatocytes (see Fig. 8 -15), where mixed-function oxidase activity in the sER is highest, but with higher doses of CCl 4 occurs throughout the lobule, leading to massive hepatic necrosis.
T57082 50874-51130 Sentence denotes Hepatocellular membrane injury typically commences in centrilobular hepatocytes (see Fig. 8 -15), where mixed-function oxidase activity in the sER is highest, but with higher doses of CCl 4 occurs throughout the lobule, leading to massive hepatic necrosis.
TextSentencer_T316 51131-51558 Sentence denotes Although the modern pathologist relies on many nonmorphologic techniques (e.g., isolation and identification of infectious agents, quantification of chemical deficiencies or excesses, detection of genetic abnormalities) to determine the cause of disease, pathology is based on morphologic changes, specifically on the gross and microscopic structural abnormalities (lesions) that develop in diseased cells, tissues, and organs.
TextSentencer_T316 51131-51558 Sentence denotes Although the modern pathologist relies on many nonmorphologic techniques (e.g., isolation and identification of infectious agents, quantification of chemical deficiencies or excesses, detection of genetic abnormalities) to determine the cause of disease, pathology is based on morphologic changes, specifically on the gross and microscopic structural abnormalities (lesions) that develop in diseased cells, tissues, and organs.
T72065 51131-51558 Sentence denotes Although the modern pathologist relies on many nonmorphologic techniques (e.g., isolation and identification of infectious agents, quantification of chemical deficiencies or excesses, detection of genetic abnormalities) to determine the cause of disease, pathology is based on morphologic changes, specifically on the gross and microscopic structural abnormalities (lesions) that develop in diseased cells, tissues, and organs.
TextSentencer_T317 51559-51840 Sentence denotes The pathologist discovers a lesion because of its macroscopic or histologic differences from normal cells or tissue, and either recognizes that lesion or, for unfamiliar lesions, categorizes it as a degenerative change, vascular disturbance, inflammation, or disturbance of growth.
TextSentencer_T317 51559-51840 Sentence denotes The pathologist discovers a lesion because of its macroscopic or histologic differences from normal cells or tissue, and either recognizes that lesion or, for unfamiliar lesions, categorizes it as a degenerative change, vascular disturbance, inflammation, or disturbance of growth.
T91975 51559-51840 Sentence denotes The pathologist discovers a lesion because of its macroscopic or histologic differences from normal cells or tissue, and either recognizes that lesion or, for unfamiliar lesions, categorizes it as a degenerative change, vascular disturbance, inflammation, or disturbance of growth.
TextSentencer_T318 51841-52038 Sentence denotes Gross diagnosis, based on recognition of lesions at physical examination, surgery, or autopsy (syn: necropsy), is definitive for some conditions (e.g., bone fractures and other traumatic injuries).
TextSentencer_T318 51841-52038 Sentence denotes Gross diagnosis, based on recognition of lesions at physical examination, surgery, or autopsy (syn: necropsy), is definitive for some conditions (e.g., bone fractures and other traumatic injuries).
T62897 51841-52038 Sentence denotes Gross diagnosis, based on recognition of lesions at physical examination, surgery, or autopsy (syn: necropsy), is definitive for some conditions (e.g., bone fractures and other traumatic injuries).
TextSentencer_T319 52039-52192 Sentence denotes The skilled and experienced pathologist can even diagnose certain infectious, nutritional, or neoplastic diseases with accuracy at the macroscopic level.
TextSentencer_T319 52039-52192 Sentence denotes The skilled and experienced pathologist can even diagnose certain infectious, nutritional, or neoplastic diseases with accuracy at the macroscopic level.
T5618 52039-52192 Sentence denotes The skilled and experienced pathologist can even diagnose certain infectious, nutritional, or neoplastic diseases with accuracy at the macroscopic level.
TextSentencer_T320 52193-52301 Sentence denotes However, most gross examinations are followed by histologic examination for the final morphologic diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T320 52193-52301 Sentence denotes However, most gross examinations are followed by histologic examination for the final morphologic diagnosis.
T94552 52193-52301 Sentence denotes However, most gross examinations are followed by histologic examination for the final morphologic diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T321 52302-52404 Sentence denotes For histologic examination, selected tissues are routinely fixed in a 10% phosphate buffered formalin.
TextSentencer_T321 52302-52404 Sentence denotes For histologic examination, selected tissues are routinely fixed in a 10% phosphate buffered formalin.
T40156 52302-52404 Sentence denotes For histologic examination, selected tissues are routinely fixed in a 10% phosphate buffered formalin.
TextSentencer_T322 52405-52598 Sentence denotes These fixatives include (1) 10% buffered neutral formalin (10% BNF), which in practice has a pH of 6.8 and is not iso-osmolar, or (2) Carson's fixative, which is isoosmolar and has a pH of 7.2.
TextSentencer_T322 52405-52598 Sentence denotes These fixatives include (1) 10% buffered neutral formalin (10% BNF), which in practice has a pH of 6.8 and is not iso-osmolar, or (2) Carson's fixative, which is isoosmolar and has a pH of 7.2.
T97360 52405-52598 Sentence denotes These fixatives include (1) 10% buffered neutral formalin (10% BNF), which in practice has a pH of 6.8 and is not iso-osmolar, or (2) Carson's fixative, which is isoosmolar and has a pH of 7.2.
TextSentencer_T323 52599-52683 Sentence denotes Carson's fixative is also suitable as an emergency fixative for electron microscopy.
TextSentencer_T323 52599-52683 Sentence denotes Carson's fixative is also suitable as an emergency fixative for electron microscopy.
T13546 52599-52683 Sentence denotes Carson's fixative is also suitable as an emergency fixative for electron microscopy.
TextSentencer_T324 52684-52864 Sentence denotes In general, representative specimens from most organ systems should be fixed in formalin at autopsy, even if histologic examination is anticipated for only a few tissues or organs.
TextSentencer_T324 52684-52864 Sentence denotes In general, representative specimens from most organ systems should be fixed in formalin at autopsy, even if histologic examination is anticipated for only a few tissues or organs.
T53866 52684-52864 Sentence denotes In general, representative specimens from most organ systems should be fixed in formalin at autopsy, even if histologic examination is anticipated for only a few tissues or organs.
TextSentencer_T325 52865-53035 Sentence denotes Because formalin penetrates tissue from the cut surface at approximately 1 mm/day, most parenchymal organs are sliced at 4 to 5 mm thick before immersion in the fixative.
TextSentencer_T325 52865-53035 Sentence denotes Because formalin penetrates tissue from the cut surface at approximately 1 mm/day, most parenchymal organs are sliced at 4 to 5 mm thick before immersion in the fixative.
T60781 52865-53035 Sentence denotes Because formalin penetrates tissue from the cut surface at approximately 1 mm/day, most parenchymal organs are sliced at 4 to 5 mm thick before immersion in the fixative.
TextSentencer_T326 53036-53228 Sentence denotes Exceptions are the brain and spinal cord, which are often fixed intact (after opening or removing the dura mater) or in much thicker slices because these tissues are easily damaged by slicing.
TextSentencer_T326 53036-53228 Sentence denotes Exceptions are the brain and spinal cord, which are often fixed intact (after opening or removing the dura mater) or in much thicker slices because these tissues are easily damaged by slicing.
T15458 53036-53228 Sentence denotes Exceptions are the brain and spinal cord, which are often fixed intact (after opening or removing the dura mater) or in much thicker slices because these tissues are easily damaged by slicing.
TextSentencer_T327 53229-53357 Sentence denotes Hollow organs, such as intestine, can be also be fixed in longer segments, provided that the lumen is flushed with the fixative.
TextSentencer_T327 53229-53357 Sentence denotes Hollow organs, such as intestine, can be also be fixed in longer segments, provided that the lumen is flushed with the fixative.
T68484 53229-53357 Sentence denotes Hollow organs, such as intestine, can be also be fixed in longer segments, provided that the lumen is flushed with the fixative.
TextSentencer_T328 53358-53566 Sentence denotes After an appropriate interval for fixation, depending on the nature of the tissue and thickness of the slice among other factors, the fixed specimen is trimmed into tissue cassettes for histologic processing.
TextSentencer_T328 53358-53566 Sentence denotes After an appropriate interval for fixation, depending on the nature of the tissue and thickness of the slice among other factors, the fixed specimen is trimmed into tissue cassettes for histologic processing.
T12717 53358-53566 Sentence denotes After an appropriate interval for fixation, depending on the nature of the tissue and thickness of the slice among other factors, the fixed specimen is trimmed into tissue cassettes for histologic processing.
TextSentencer_T329 53567-53803 Sentence denotes Routine histologic processing, which is automated in most laboratories, entails dehydration through increasing concentrations of ethanol, followed by xylene, which is miscible with the paraffin wax in which the tissues will be embedded.
TextSentencer_T329 53567-53803 Sentence denotes Routine histologic processing, which is automated in most laboratories, entails dehydration through increasing concentrations of ethanol, followed by xylene, which is miscible with the paraffin wax in which the tissues will be embedded.
T39515 53567-53803 Sentence denotes Routine histologic processing, which is automated in most laboratories, entails dehydration through increasing concentrations of ethanol, followed by xylene, which is miscible with the paraffin wax in which the tissues will be embedded.
TextSentencer_T330 53804-53968 Sentence denotes Tissues are often processed as early as 24 hours after immersion in formalin to expedite diagnosis, though ideal fixation periods tend to vary between 2 and 7 days.
TextSentencer_T330 53804-53968 Sentence denotes Tissues are often processed as early as 24 hours after immersion in formalin to expedite diagnosis, though ideal fixation periods tend to vary between 2 and 7 days.
T63178 53804-53968 Sentence denotes Tissues are often processed as early as 24 hours after immersion in formalin to expedite diagnosis, though ideal fixation periods tend to vary between 2 and 7 days.
TextSentencer_T331 53969-54183 Sentence denotes Tissues should seldom be held in formalin longer than a couple of weeks because the cross-linking of aldehydes-formalin is a formaldehyde solution-can interfere with histochemical or immunohistochemical techniques.
TextSentencer_T331 53969-54183 Sentence denotes Tissues should seldom be held in formalin longer than a couple of weeks because the cross-linking of aldehydes-formalin is a formaldehyde solution-can interfere with histochemical or immunohistochemical techniques.
T6764 53969-54183 Sentence denotes Tissues should seldom be held in formalin longer than a couple of weeks because the cross-linking of aldehydes-formalin is a formaldehyde solution-can interfere with histochemical or immunohistochemical techniques.
TextSentencer_T332 54184-54326 Sentence denotes However, once the tissue is embedded, the paraffin blocks can be stored for decades with little or no apparent effect on immunohistochemistry.
TextSentencer_T332 54184-54326 Sentence denotes However, once the tissue is embedded, the paraffin blocks can be stored for decades with little or no apparent effect on immunohistochemistry.
T66972 54184-54326 Sentence denotes However, once the tissue is embedded, the paraffin blocks can be stored for decades with little or no apparent effect on immunohistochemistry.
TextSentencer_T333 54327-54526 Sentence denotes For routine histologic examination, paraffin sections are cut at approximately 5 µm thickness and stained with H&E to achieve differential staining of nuclei, cytoplasm, and extracellular structures.
TextSentencer_T333 54327-54526 Sentence denotes For routine histologic examination, paraffin sections are cut at approximately 5 µm thickness and stained with H&E to achieve differential staining of nuclei, cytoplasm, and extracellular structures.
T48934 54327-54526 Sentence denotes For routine histologic examination, paraffin sections are cut at approximately 5 µm thickness and stained with H&E to achieve differential staining of nuclei, cytoplasm, and extracellular structures.
TextSentencer_T334 54527-54735 Sentence denotes Simplistically, hematoxylin stains nuclei and certain cytoplasmic structures, such as ribosomes, that contain nucleic acids, whereas eosin stains proteins, both cytoplasmic and extracellular (e.g., collagen).
TextSentencer_T334 54527-54735 Sentence denotes Simplistically, hematoxylin stains nuclei and certain cytoplasmic structures, such as ribosomes, that contain nucleic acids, whereas eosin stains proteins, both cytoplasmic and extracellular (e.g., collagen).
T86987 54527-54735 Sentence denotes Simplistically, hematoxylin stains nuclei and certain cytoplasmic structures, such as ribosomes, that contain nucleic acids, whereas eosin stains proteins, both cytoplasmic and extracellular (e.g., collagen).
TextSentencer_T335 54736-54910 Sentence denotes Other histochemical techniques are used to identify substances (e.g., mucins, glycogen, amyloid) that are either not differentially stained by H&E or are stained only weakly.
TextSentencer_T335 54736-54910 Sentence denotes Other histochemical techniques are used to identify substances (e.g., mucins, glycogen, amyloid) that are either not differentially stained by H&E or are stained only weakly.
T88214 54736-54910 Sentence denotes Other histochemical techniques are used to identify substances (e.g., mucins, glycogen, amyloid) that are either not differentially stained by H&E or are stained only weakly.
TextSentencer_T336 54911-55166 Sentence denotes In immunohistochemistry, an immune reaction (binding of antibody to an antigen) is combined with histochemistry for more specific identification of microbes in the case of infectious disease or of cellular antigens in neoplastic or noninfectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T336 54911-55166 Sentence denotes In immunohistochemistry, an immune reaction (binding of antibody to an antigen) is combined with histochemistry for more specific identification of microbes in the case of infectious disease or of cellular antigens in neoplastic or noninfectious diseases.
T90143 54911-55166 Sentence denotes In immunohistochemistry, an immune reaction (binding of antibody to an antigen) is combined with histochemistry for more specific identification of microbes in the case of infectious disease or of cellular antigens in neoplastic or noninfectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T337 55167-55371 Sentence denotes Immunohistochemistry has the added value (over many immunologic or molecular techniques) of colocalizing the antigen of interest with a particular cell type or even with a particular cellular compartment.
TextSentencer_T337 55167-55371 Sentence denotes Immunohistochemistry has the added value (over many immunologic or molecular techniques) of colocalizing the antigen of interest with a particular cell type or even with a particular cellular compartment.
T82470 55167-55371 Sentence denotes Immunohistochemistry has the added value (over many immunologic or molecular techniques) of colocalizing the antigen of interest with a particular cell type or even with a particular cellular compartment.
TextSentencer_T338 55372-55587 Sentence denotes However, molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can be adapted to histologic sections with in situ hybridization. membranes is generally accompanied by disruption of other cellular processes.
TextSentencer_T338 55372-55587 Sentence denotes However, molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can be adapted to histologic sections with in situ hybridization. membranes is generally accompanied by disruption of other cellular processes.
T69073 55372-55587 Sentence denotes However, molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can be adapted to histologic sections with in situ hybridization. membranes is generally accompanied by disruption of other cellular processes.
TextSentencer_T339 55588-55795 Sentence denotes The ultimate effect on the animal depends on the number of cells affected, reparative and regenerative abilities of the cell, and the importance of the disrupted biochemical processes, such as ATP synthesis.
TextSentencer_T339 55588-55795 Sentence denotes The ultimate effect on the animal depends on the number of cells affected, reparative and regenerative abilities of the cell, and the importance of the disrupted biochemical processes, such as ATP synthesis.
T43783 55588-55795 Sentence denotes The ultimate effect on the animal depends on the number of cells affected, reparative and regenerative abilities of the cell, and the importance of the disrupted biochemical processes, such as ATP synthesis.
TextSentencer_T340 55796-55960 Sentence denotes With severe, lengthy, or repetitive injury, acute cell swelling can progress beyond the "point of no return" and become an early stage in the process of cell death.
TextSentencer_T340 55796-55960 Sentence denotes With severe, lengthy, or repetitive injury, acute cell swelling can progress beyond the "point of no return" and become an early stage in the process of cell death.
T98090 55796-55960 Sentence denotes With severe, lengthy, or repetitive injury, acute cell swelling can progress beyond the "point of no return" and become an early stage in the process of cell death.
TextSentencer_T341 55961-56077 Sentence denotes In summary, the acute cell swelling of hydropic degeneration reflects potentially reversible, sublethal cell injury.
TextSentencer_T341 55961-56077 Sentence denotes In summary, the acute cell swelling of hydropic degeneration reflects potentially reversible, sublethal cell injury.
T34575 55961-56077 Sentence denotes In summary, the acute cell swelling of hydropic degeneration reflects potentially reversible, sublethal cell injury.
TextSentencer_T342 56078-56335 Sentence denotes However, unless the injury to essential cells in vital organs (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver, or kidney) is stopped quickly, it can progress to cell and tissue death, loss of essential physiologic functions, and possibly death of the animal ( Fig. 1-12 ).
TextSentencer_T342 56078-56335 Sentence denotes However, unless the injury to essential cells in vital organs (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver, or kidney) is stopped quickly, it can progress to cell and tissue death, loss of essential physiologic functions, and possibly death of the animal ( Fig. 1-12 ).
T94456 56078-56335 Sentence denotes However, unless the injury to essential cells in vital organs (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver, or kidney) is stopped quickly, it can progress to cell and tissue death, loss of essential physiologic functions, and possibly death of the animal ( Fig. 1-12 ).
TextSentencer_T343 56336-56619 Sentence denotes Major mechanisms of acute cell swelling, as discussed and illustrated earlier, are (1) hypoxia, (including ischemia) and (2) membrane injury caused by lipid peroxidation or the formation of lytic pores through insertion of a MAC via the complement pathway or by bacterial cytolysins.
TextSentencer_T343 56336-56619 Sentence denotes Major mechanisms of acute cell swelling, as discussed and illustrated earlier, are (1) hypoxia, (including ischemia) and (2) membrane injury caused by lipid peroxidation or the formation of lytic pores through insertion of a MAC via the complement pathway or by bacterial cytolysins.
T37760 56336-56619 Sentence denotes Major mechanisms of acute cell swelling, as discussed and illustrated earlier, are (1) hypoxia, (including ischemia) and (2) membrane injury caused by lipid peroxidation or the formation of lytic pores through insertion of a MAC via the complement pathway or by bacterial cytolysins.
TextSentencer_T344 56620-56828 Sentence denotes The cellular response to injury depends on (1) the type of cell injured and its susceptibility and/or resistance to hypoxia and direct membrane injury and (2) the nature, severity, and duration of the injury.
TextSentencer_T344 56620-56828 Sentence denotes The cellular response to injury depends on (1) the type of cell injured and its susceptibility and/or resistance to hypoxia and direct membrane injury and (2) the nature, severity, and duration of the injury.
T70555 56620-56828 Sentence denotes The cellular response to injury depends on (1) the type of cell injured and its susceptibility and/or resistance to hypoxia and direct membrane injury and (2) the nature, severity, and duration of the injury.
TextSentencer_T345 56829-57080 Sentence denotes As examples, neurons, cardiac myocytes, endothelium, and epithelium of the proximal tubule of the kidney are cells that are extremely susceptible to hypoxia, whereas fibroblasts, adipocytes, and other mesenchymal structural cells are less susceptible.
TextSentencer_T345 56829-57080 Sentence denotes As examples, neurons, cardiac myocytes, endothelium, and epithelium of the proximal tubule of the kidney are cells that are extremely susceptible to hypoxia, whereas fibroblasts, adipocytes, and other mesenchymal structural cells are less susceptible.
T70793 56829-57080 Sentence denotes As examples, neurons, cardiac myocytes, endothelium, and epithelium of the proximal tubule of the kidney are cells that are extremely susceptible to hypoxia, whereas fibroblasts, adipocytes, and other mesenchymal structural cells are less susceptible.
TextSentencer_T346 57081-57357 Sentence denotes The response to injury can be degenerative, adaptive, or completely reversible with restoration of normal structure and function for the affected cell; however, with more severe or persistent injury, acute cell swelling can progress to irreversible cell injury and cell death.
TextSentencer_T346 57081-57357 Sentence denotes The response to injury can be degenerative, adaptive, or completely reversible with restoration of normal structure and function for the affected cell; however, with more severe or persistent injury, acute cell swelling can progress to irreversible cell injury and cell death.
T65243 57081-57357 Sentence denotes The response to injury can be degenerative, adaptive, or completely reversible with restoration of normal structure and function for the affected cell; however, with more severe or persistent injury, acute cell swelling can progress to irreversible cell injury and cell death.
TextSentencer_T347 57358-57499 Sentence denotes The cellular alterations that differentiate reversible cell injury from irreversible cell injury have been and are being studied extensively.
TextSentencer_T347 57358-57499 Sentence denotes The cellular alterations that differentiate reversible cell injury from irreversible cell injury have been and are being studied extensively.
T51990 57358-57499 Sentence denotes The cellular alterations that differentiate reversible cell injury from irreversible cell injury have been and are being studied extensively.
TextSentencer_T348 57500-57668 Sentence denotes The death of cells is an essential "value-added" part of embryonic development and maturation of the fetus and of homeostasis within populations of adult somatic cells.
TextSentencer_T348 57500-57668 Sentence denotes The death of cells is an essential "value-added" part of embryonic development and maturation of the fetus and of homeostasis within populations of adult somatic cells.
T91018 57500-57668 Sentence denotes The death of cells is an essential "value-added" part of embryonic development and maturation of the fetus and of homeostasis within populations of adult somatic cells.
TextSentencer_T349 57669-57871 Sentence denotes In these physiologic examples of of the Golgi complex or ER; therefore these vacuoles are not labeled by histochemical techniques to detect fat or glycogen (two other causes of cytoplasmic vacuolation).
TextSentencer_T349 57669-57871 Sentence denotes In these physiologic examples of of the Golgi complex or ER; therefore these vacuoles are not labeled by histochemical techniques to detect fat or glycogen (two other causes of cytoplasmic vacuolation).
T45823 57669-57871 Sentence denotes In these physiologic examples of of the Golgi complex or ER; therefore these vacuoles are not labeled by histochemical techniques to detect fat or glycogen (two other causes of cytoplasmic vacuolation).
TextSentencer_T350 57872-58029 Sentence denotes Ballooning degeneration is an extreme variant of hydropic degeneration that is typically seen in keratinocytes of stratified squamous epithelium of the skin.
TextSentencer_T350 57872-58029 Sentence denotes Ballooning degeneration is an extreme variant of hydropic degeneration that is typically seen in keratinocytes of stratified squamous epithelium of the skin.
T77118 57872-58029 Sentence denotes Ballooning degeneration is an extreme variant of hydropic degeneration that is typically seen in keratinocytes of stratified squamous epithelium of the skin.
TextSentencer_T351 58030-58192 Sentence denotes Poxviruses are a classic cause of ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes of epidermal or mucosal (e.g., esophagus) stratified squamous epithelium ( Fig. 1-11 ).
TextSentencer_T351 58030-58192 Sentence denotes Poxviruses are a classic cause of ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes of epidermal or mucosal (e.g., esophagus) stratified squamous epithelium ( Fig. 1-11 ).
T16859 58030-58192 Sentence denotes Poxviruses are a classic cause of ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes of epidermal or mucosal (e.g., esophagus) stratified squamous epithelium ( Fig. 1-11 ).
TextSentencer_T352 58193-58220 Sentence denotes Ultrastructural Appearance.
TextSentencer_T352 58193-58220 Sentence denotes Ultrastructural Appearance.
T44321 58193-58220 Sentence denotes Ultrastructural Appearance.
TextSentencer_T353 58221-58397 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, the acutely swollen epithelial cell loses plasma membrane structures, such as cilia and microvilli, and develops cytoplasmic "blebs" at apical cell surfaces.
TextSentencer_T353 58221-58397 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, the acutely swollen epithelial cell loses plasma membrane structures, such as cilia and microvilli, and develops cytoplasmic "blebs" at apical cell surfaces.
T52803 58221-58397 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, the acutely swollen epithelial cell loses plasma membrane structures, such as cilia and microvilli, and develops cytoplasmic "blebs" at apical cell surfaces.
TextSentencer_T354 58398-58510 Sentence denotes The cytosol is electron lucent, mitochondria are swollen, and cisternae of the ER and Golgi complex are dilated.
TextSentencer_T354 58398-58510 Sentence denotes The cytosol is electron lucent, mitochondria are swollen, and cisternae of the ER and Golgi complex are dilated.
T52410 58398-58510 Sentence denotes The cytosol is electron lucent, mitochondria are swollen, and cisternae of the ER and Golgi complex are dilated.
TextSentencer_T355 58511-58560 Sentence denotes The cytocavitary network fragments into vesicles.
TextSentencer_T355 58511-58560 Sentence denotes The cytocavitary network fragments into vesicles.
T42423 58511-58560 Sentence denotes The cytocavitary network fragments into vesicles.
TextSentencer_T356 58561-58650 Sentence denotes Proteins and Ca 2+ precipitate in the cytosol and in organelles, especially mitochondria.
TextSentencer_T356 58561-58650 Sentence denotes Proteins and Ca 2+ precipitate in the cytosol and in organelles, especially mitochondria.
T32102 58561-58650 Sentence denotes Proteins and Ca 2+ precipitate in the cytosol and in organelles, especially mitochondria.
TextSentencer_T357 58651-58730 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling in the CNS has other distinctive features (see Chapter 14).
TextSentencer_T357 58651-58730 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling in the CNS has other distinctive features (see Chapter 14).
T18745 58651-58730 Sentence denotes Acute cell swelling in the CNS has other distinctive features (see Chapter 14).
TextSentencer_T358 58731-58843 Sentence denotes If the injury is brief and mild, many cells can recover and regain normal or near-normal structure and function.
TextSentencer_T358 58731-58843 Sentence denotes If the injury is brief and mild, many cells can recover and regain normal or near-normal structure and function.
T96698 58731-58843 Sentence denotes If the injury is brief and mild, many cells can recover and regain normal or near-normal structure and function.
TextSentencer_T359 58844-59015 Sentence denotes Recovered cells can phagocytize their own damaged organelles (autophagy); these autophagosomes may ultimately appear as lipofuscin granules, indicative of previous injury.
TextSentencer_T359 58844-59015 Sentence denotes Recovered cells can phagocytize their own damaged organelles (autophagy); these autophagosomes may ultimately appear as lipofuscin granules, indicative of previous injury.
T97404 58844-59015 Sentence denotes Recovered cells can phagocytize their own damaged organelles (autophagy); these autophagosomes may ultimately appear as lipofuscin granules, indicative of previous injury.
TextSentencer_T360 59016-59118 Sentence denotes However, even with reversible injury, impaired regulation of water and electrolyte balance across cell
TextSentencer_T360 59016-59118 Sentence denotes However, even with reversible injury, impaired regulation of water and electrolyte balance across cell
T14756 59016-59118 Sentence denotes However, even with reversible injury, impaired regulation of water and electrolyte balance across cell
TextSentencer_T361 59120-59287 Sentence denotes Oncotic cell death results from irreversible cell injury that, for example, is caused by hypoxia, ischemia, or direct damage to cell membranes (Essential Concept 1-3).
TextSentencer_T361 59120-59287 Sentence denotes Oncotic cell death results from irreversible cell injury that, for example, is caused by hypoxia, ischemia, or direct damage to cell membranes (Essential Concept 1-3).
T81126 59120-59287 Sentence denotes Oncotic cell death results from irreversible cell injury that, for example, is caused by hypoxia, ischemia, or direct damage to cell membranes (Essential Concept 1-3).
TextSentencer_T362 59288-59525 Sentence denotes Ischemia causes particularly extensive cell injury because the decreased perfusion results in not only an oxygen deficit (hypoxia) but also a deficiency of glucose and other nutrients, plus an accumulation of toxic metabolic by-products.
TextSentencer_T362 59288-59525 Sentence denotes Ischemia causes particularly extensive cell injury because the decreased perfusion results in not only an oxygen deficit (hypoxia) but also a deficiency of glucose and other nutrients, plus an accumulation of toxic metabolic by-products.
T46043 59288-59525 Sentence denotes Ischemia causes particularly extensive cell injury because the decreased perfusion results in not only an oxygen deficit (hypoxia) but also a deficiency of glucose and other nutrients, plus an accumulation of toxic metabolic by-products.
TextSentencer_T363 59526-59677 Sentence denotes Cell swelling, resulting from loss of volume control (see later), is the fundamental mechanism of oncotic necrosis and distinguishes it from apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T363 59526-59677 Sentence denotes Cell swelling, resulting from loss of volume control (see later), is the fundamental mechanism of oncotic necrosis and distinguishes it from apoptosis.
T81372 59526-59677 Sentence denotes Cell swelling, resulting from loss of volume control (see later), is the fundamental mechanism of oncotic necrosis and distinguishes it from apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T364 59678-59947 Sentence denotes Just as in reversible acute cell swelling, the initial O 2 deficit in irreversible acute cell swelling causes an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and a switch to anaerobic glycolysis with accumulation of lactic acid and a resulting decrease in pH of the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T364 59678-59947 Sentence denotes Just as in reversible acute cell swelling, the initial O 2 deficit in irreversible acute cell swelling causes an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and a switch to anaerobic glycolysis with accumulation of lactic acid and a resulting decrease in pH of the cytosol.
T65537 59678-59947 Sentence denotes Just as in reversible acute cell swelling, the initial O 2 deficit in irreversible acute cell swelling causes an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and a switch to anaerobic glycolysis with accumulation of lactic acid and a resulting decrease in pH of the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T365 59948-60017 Sentence denotes The Na + /H + exchanger exports the excess H + in exchange for Na + .
TextSentencer_T365 59948-60017 Sentence denotes The Na + /H + exchanger exports the excess H + in exchange for Na + .
T68193 59948-60017 Sentence denotes The Na + /H + exchanger exports the excess H + in exchange for Na + .
TextSentencer_T366 60018-60297 Sentence denotes However, because glycolysis is less efficient in ATP production than oxidative phosphorylation, the decreased ATP concentration leads to failure of ionic ATPase pumps and a loss of volume control (i.e., failure of Na + /K + -ATPase pumps with influx of Na + , Ca 2+ , and water).
TextSentencer_T366 60018-60297 Sentence denotes However, because glycolysis is less efficient in ATP production than oxidative phosphorylation, the decreased ATP concentration leads to failure of ionic ATPase pumps and a loss of volume control (i.e., failure of Na + /K + -ATPase pumps with influx of Na + , Ca 2+ , and water).
T91786 60018-60297 Sentence denotes However, because glycolysis is less efficient in ATP production than oxidative phosphorylation, the decreased ATP concentration leads to failure of ionic ATPase pumps and a loss of volume control (i.e., failure of Na + /K + -ATPase pumps with influx of Na + , Ca 2+ , and water).
TextSentencer_T367 60298-60472 Sentence denotes In addition, the normal function of enzymes, contractile proteins, membrane pumps, and other protein-based mechanisms in the cell occurs in a very narrow pH range around 7.0.
TextSentencer_T367 60298-60472 Sentence denotes In addition, the normal function of enzymes, contractile proteins, membrane pumps, and other protein-based mechanisms in the cell occurs in a very narrow pH range around 7.0.
T72626 60298-60472 Sentence denotes In addition, the normal function of enzymes, contractile proteins, membrane pumps, and other protein-based mechanisms in the cell occurs in a very narrow pH range around 7.0.
TextSentencer_T368 60473-60598 Sentence denotes With glycolysis the cytosol becomes acidic, thus limiting or blocking these mechanisms and exacerbating cellular dysfunction.
TextSentencer_T368 60473-60598 Sentence denotes With glycolysis the cytosol becomes acidic, thus limiting or blocking these mechanisms and exacerbating cellular dysfunction.
T31694 60473-60598 Sentence denotes With glycolysis the cytosol becomes acidic, thus limiting or blocking these mechanisms and exacerbating cellular dysfunction.
TextSentencer_T369 60599-60780 Sentence denotes Disruption of the intracellular calcium ion balance ( Fig. 1-14) is integral to the transition from potentially reversible acute cell swelling to irreversible injury and cell death.
TextSentencer_T369 60599-60780 Sentence denotes Disruption of the intracellular calcium ion balance ( Fig. 1-14) is integral to the transition from potentially reversible acute cell swelling to irreversible injury and cell death.
T56838 60599-60780 Sentence denotes Disruption of the intracellular calcium ion balance ( Fig. 1-14) is integral to the transition from potentially reversible acute cell swelling to irreversible injury and cell death.
TextSentencer_T370 60781-60878 Sentence denotes The intracellular concentration of calcium is generally one-fourth that of extracellular calcium.
TextSentencer_T370 60781-60878 Sentence denotes The intracellular concentration of calcium is generally one-fourth that of extracellular calcium.
T26413 60781-60878 Sentence denotes The intracellular concentration of calcium is generally one-fourth that of extracellular calcium.
TextSentencer_T371 60879-61022 Sentence denotes Reversible injury is characterized by generalized swelling of the cell, its organelles (especially mitochondria), and the cytocavitary network.
TextSentencer_T371 60879-61022 Sentence denotes Reversible injury is characterized by generalized swelling of the cell, its organelles (especially mitochondria), and the cytocavitary network.
T36565 60879-61022 Sentence denotes Reversible injury is characterized by generalized swelling of the cell, its organelles (especially mitochondria), and the cytocavitary network.
TextSentencer_T372 61023-61145 Sentence denotes Other changes include blebbing of the plasma membrane, detachment of ribosomes from ER, and clumping of nuclear chromatin.
TextSentencer_T372 61023-61145 Sentence denotes Other changes include blebbing of the plasma membrane, detachment of ribosomes from ER, and clumping of nuclear chromatin.
T5859 61023-61145 Sentence denotes Other changes include blebbing of the plasma membrane, detachment of ribosomes from ER, and clumping of nuclear chromatin.
TextSentencer_T373 61146-61362 Sentence denotes Irreversible injury is characterized by increased cell swelling, disruption of lysosomes, formation of amorphous densities in mitochondria, membrane disruption in the cytocavitary network, and severe nuclear changes.
TextSentencer_T373 61146-61362 Sentence denotes Irreversible injury is characterized by increased cell swelling, disruption of lysosomes, formation of amorphous densities in mitochondria, membrane disruption in the cytocavitary network, and severe nuclear changes.
T39479 61146-61362 Sentence denotes Irreversible injury is characterized by increased cell swelling, disruption of lysosomes, formation of amorphous densities in mitochondria, membrane disruption in the cytocavitary network, and severe nuclear changes.
TextSentencer_T374 61363-61531 Sentence denotes Irreversible nuclear changes include pyknosis (severe condensation of chromatin), followed by karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation) and karyolysis (nuclear dissolution).
TextSentencer_T374 61363-61531 Sentence denotes Irreversible nuclear changes include pyknosis (severe condensation of chromatin), followed by karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation) and karyolysis (nuclear dissolution).
T65617 61363-61531 Sentence denotes Irreversible nuclear changes include pyknosis (severe condensation of chromatin), followed by karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation) and karyolysis (nuclear dissolution).
TextSentencer_T375 61532-61700 Sentence denotes Laminated structures (myelin figures) derived from injured cell membranes can appear during reversible injury, but become more pronounced in irreversibly injured cells.
TextSentencer_T375 61532-61700 Sentence denotes Laminated structures (myelin figures) derived from injured cell membranes can appear during reversible injury, but become more pronounced in irreversibly injured cells.
T44723 61532-61700 Sentence denotes Laminated structures (myelin figures) derived from injured cell membranes can appear during reversible injury, but become more pronounced in irreversibly injured cells.
TextSentencer_T376 61701-61712 Sentence denotes Normal cell
TextSentencer_T376 61701-61712 Sentence denotes Normal cell
T53636 61701-61712 Sentence denotes Normal cell
TextSentencer_T377 61713-61723 Sentence denotes Cell death
TextSentencer_T377 61713-61723 Sentence denotes Cell death
T36982 61713-61723 Sentence denotes Cell death
TextSentencer_T378 61724-61842 Sentence denotes Necrosis Recovery cell death, cells that are no longer needed are removed during development or remodeling of tissues.
TextSentencer_T378 61724-61842 Sentence denotes Necrosis Recovery cell death, cells that are no longer needed are removed during development or remodeling of tissues.
T56345 61724-61842 Sentence denotes Necrosis Recovery cell death, cells that are no longer needed are removed during development or remodeling of tissues.
TextSentencer_T379 61843-61998 Sentence denotes However, cell death is also a point-of-no-return response to severe injury, and it is this pathologic form of cell death that is the topic of this section.
TextSentencer_T379 61843-61998 Sentence denotes However, cell death is also a point-of-no-return response to severe injury, and it is this pathologic form of cell death that is the topic of this section.
T79298 61843-61998 Sentence denotes However, cell death is also a point-of-no-return response to severe injury, and it is this pathologic form of cell death that is the topic of this section.
TextSentencer_T380 61999-62094 Sentence denotes Cell death typically assumes one of two morphologic forms ( Fig. 1-13 ): necrosis or apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T380 61999-62094 Sentence denotes Cell death typically assumes one of two morphologic forms ( Fig. 1-13 ): necrosis or apoptosis.
T58829 61999-62094 Sentence denotes Cell death typically assumes one of two morphologic forms ( Fig. 1-13 ): necrosis or apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T381 62095-62213 Sentence denotes The term necrosis has evolved to mean death by swelling of the cell (oncosis) with eventual rupture of cell membranes.
TextSentencer_T381 62095-62213 Sentence denotes The term necrosis has evolved to mean death by swelling of the cell (oncosis) with eventual rupture of cell membranes.
T11903 62095-62213 Sentence denotes The term necrosis has evolved to mean death by swelling of the cell (oncosis) with eventual rupture of cell membranes.
TextSentencer_T382 62214-62368 Sentence denotes Necrotic cell death typically involves groups or zones of cells and elicits an inflammatory reaction because of the release of cell contents into the ECM.
TextSentencer_T382 62214-62368 Sentence denotes Necrotic cell death typically involves groups or zones of cells and elicits an inflammatory reaction because of the release of cell contents into the ECM.
T18942 62214-62368 Sentence denotes Necrotic cell death typically involves groups or zones of cells and elicits an inflammatory reaction because of the release of cell contents into the ECM.
TextSentencer_T383 62369-62475 Sentence denotes Apoptosis, in contrast, is directed by cellular signaling cascades and typically affects individual cells.
TextSentencer_T383 62369-62475 Sentence denotes Apoptosis, in contrast, is directed by cellular signaling cascades and typically affects individual cells.
T31384 62369-62475 Sentence denotes Apoptosis, in contrast, is directed by cellular signaling cascades and typically affects individual cells.
TextSentencer_T384 62476-62600 Sentence denotes Apoptosis is a process of condensation and shrinkage of the cell and its organelles with eventual fragmentation of the cell.
TextSentencer_T384 62476-62600 Sentence denotes Apoptosis is a process of condensation and shrinkage of the cell and its organelles with eventual fragmentation of the cell.
T90281 62476-62600 Sentence denotes Apoptosis is a process of condensation and shrinkage of the cell and its organelles with eventual fragmentation of the cell.
TextSentencer_T385 62601-62734 Sentence denotes Importantly, apoptotic cell fragments remain membrane bound; thus no cellular components that could induce inflammation are released.
TextSentencer_T385 62601-62734 Sentence denotes Importantly, apoptotic cell fragments remain membrane bound; thus no cellular components that could induce inflammation are released.
T92781 62601-62734 Sentence denotes Importantly, apoptotic cell fragments remain membrane bound; thus no cellular components that could induce inflammation are released.
TextSentencer_T386 62735-63204 Sentence denotes Autophagy is a third possible mechanism of cell death, but it is more commonly a means of cell survival. (See subsequent section on Autophagy under Chronic Cell Injury and Cell Adaptation.) Whereas apoptosis has long been recognized as a regulated or programmed process, not only responsible for physiologic removal of surplus cells but also occurring as a reaction to certain injuries, necrosis was once considered an entirely accidental and random response to injury.
TextSentencer_T386 62735-63204 Sentence denotes Autophagy is a third possible mechanism of cell death, but it is more commonly a means of cell survival. (See subsequent section on Autophagy under Chronic Cell Injury and Cell Adaptation.) Whereas apoptosis has long been recognized as a regulated or programmed process, not only responsible for physiologic removal of surplus cells but also occurring as a reaction to certain injuries, necrosis was once considered an entirely accidental and random response to injury.
T73270 62735-63204 Sentence denotes Autophagy is a third possible mechanism of cell death, but it is more commonly a means of cell survival. (See subsequent section on Autophagy under Chronic Cell Injury and Cell Adaptation.) Whereas apoptosis has long been recognized as a regulated or programmed process, not only responsible for physiologic removal of surplus cells but also occurring as a reaction to certain injuries, necrosis was once considered an entirely accidental and random response to injury.
TextSentencer_T387 63205-63454 Sentence denotes However, with the discovery that inhibition of apoptosis could shift cells from apoptotic death to a regulated process of oncotic death, the idea arose that necrosis could, at least in certain situations, be regulated by cellular signaling pathways.
TextSentencer_T387 63205-63454 Sentence denotes However, with the discovery that inhibition of apoptosis could shift cells from apoptotic death to a regulated process of oncotic death, the idea arose that necrosis could, at least in certain situations, be regulated by cellular signaling pathways.
T87417 63205-63454 Sentence denotes However, with the discovery that inhibition of apoptosis could shift cells from apoptotic death to a regulated process of oncotic death, the idea arose that necrosis could, at least in certain situations, be regulated by cellular signaling pathways.
TextSentencer_T388 63455-63649 Sentence denotes Severe or persistent injury can overwhelm the cell's capacity to restore homeostasis, in which case potentially reversible acute cell swelling can become irreversible and progress to cell death.
TextSentencer_T388 63455-63649 Sentence denotes Severe or persistent injury can overwhelm the cell's capacity to restore homeostasis, in which case potentially reversible acute cell swelling can become irreversible and progress to cell death.
T26692 63455-63649 Sentence denotes Severe or persistent injury can overwhelm the cell's capacity to restore homeostasis, in which case potentially reversible acute cell swelling can become irreversible and progress to cell death.
TextSentencer_T389 63650-63822 Sentence denotes The morphologic features of cell death change with the passage of time and depend on the manner of death (oncotic necrosis versus apoptosis) and the type of cell or tissue.
TextSentencer_T389 63650-63822 Sentence denotes The morphologic features of cell death change with the passage of time and depend on the manner of death (oncotic necrosis versus apoptosis) and the type of cell or tissue.
T4159 63650-63822 Sentence denotes The morphologic features of cell death change with the passage of time and depend on the manner of death (oncotic necrosis versus apoptosis) and the type of cell or tissue.
TextSentencer_T390 63823-63980 Sentence denotes Oncotic necrosis is a process of cell swelling and thereby distinct from cell death by apoptosis, which is a process of cellular shrinkage and fragmentation.
TextSentencer_T390 63823-63980 Sentence denotes Oncotic necrosis is a process of cell swelling and thereby distinct from cell death by apoptosis, which is a process of cellular shrinkage and fragmentation.
T53791 63823-63980 Sentence denotes Oncotic necrosis is a process of cell swelling and thereby distinct from cell death by apoptosis, which is a process of cellular shrinkage and fragmentation.
TextSentencer_T391 63981-64168 Sentence denotes If an acutely swollen cell fails to correct the electrolyte imbalance and loss of volume control, then potentially reversible cell injury can become the initial stage of oncotic necrosis.
TextSentencer_T391 63981-64168 Sentence denotes If an acutely swollen cell fails to correct the electrolyte imbalance and loss of volume control, then potentially reversible cell injury can become the initial stage of oncotic necrosis.
T48534 63981-64168 Sentence denotes If an acutely swollen cell fails to correct the electrolyte imbalance and loss of volume control, then potentially reversible cell injury can become the initial stage of oncotic necrosis.
TextSentencer_T392 64169-64284 Sentence denotes Once thought always to be unregulated, oncotic necrosis, like apoptosis, can be a programmed process (necroptosis).
TextSentencer_T392 64169-64284 Sentence denotes Once thought always to be unregulated, oncotic necrosis, like apoptosis, can be a programmed process (necroptosis).
T65060 64169-64284 Sentence denotes Once thought always to be unregulated, oncotic necrosis, like apoptosis, can be a programmed process (necroptosis).
TextSentencer_T393 64285-64424 Sentence denotes Programmed cell death, whether by necroptosis or apoptosis, has many extrinsic and intrinsic (acting mainly through mitochondria) triggers.
TextSentencer_T393 64285-64424 Sentence denotes Programmed cell death, whether by necroptosis or apoptosis, has many extrinsic and intrinsic (acting mainly through mitochondria) triggers.
T9046 64285-64424 Sentence denotes Programmed cell death, whether by necroptosis or apoptosis, has many extrinsic and intrinsic (acting mainly through mitochondria) triggers.
TextSentencer_T394 64425-64542 Sentence denotes Programmed cell death is a complex and varied process that includes stages of initiation, propagation, and execution.
TextSentencer_T394 64425-64542 Sentence denotes Programmed cell death is a complex and varied process that includes stages of initiation, propagation, and execution.
T16052 64425-64542 Sentence denotes Programmed cell death is a complex and varied process that includes stages of initiation, propagation, and execution.
TextSentencer_T395 64543-64655 Sentence denotes Cells that die by oncotic necrosis tend to do so in groups, whereas apoptosis commonly affects individual cells.
TextSentencer_T395 64543-64655 Sentence denotes Cells that die by oncotic necrosis tend to do so in groups, whereas apoptosis commonly affects individual cells.
T37991 64543-64655 Sentence denotes Cells that die by oncotic necrosis tend to do so in groups, whereas apoptosis commonly affects individual cells.
TextSentencer_T396 64656-64814 Sentence denotes Furthermore, oncotic necrosis results in rupture of cell membranes and release of cytoplasmic content into the extracellular matrix with ensuing inflammation.
TextSentencer_T396 64656-64814 Sentence denotes Furthermore, oncotic necrosis results in rupture of cell membranes and release of cytoplasmic content into the extracellular matrix with ensuing inflammation.
T33617 64656-64814 Sentence denotes Furthermore, oncotic necrosis results in rupture of cell membranes and release of cytoplasmic content into the extracellular matrix with ensuing inflammation.
TextSentencer_T397 64815-65018 Sentence denotes In contrast, the cell that dies by apoptosis shrinks and fragments, but the fragments remain membrane bound and therefore do not elicit an inflammatory response although they are marked for phagocytosis.
TextSentencer_T397 64815-65018 Sentence denotes In contrast, the cell that dies by apoptosis shrinks and fragments, but the fragments remain membrane bound and therefore do not elicit an inflammatory response although they are marked for phagocytosis.
T55312 64815-65018 Sentence denotes In contrast, the cell that dies by apoptosis shrinks and fragments, but the fragments remain membrane bound and therefore do not elicit an inflammatory response although they are marked for phagocytosis.
TextSentencer_T398 65019-65045 Sentence denotes to TNF-α-induced necrosis.
TextSentencer_T398 65019-65045 Sentence denotes to TNF-α-induced necrosis.
T41926 65019-65045 Sentence denotes to TNF-α-induced necrosis.
TextSentencer_T399 65046-65158 Sentence denotes ROS, along with Ca 2+ dysregulation and depletion of NAD + and ATP, propagates the signal in regulated necrosis.
TextSentencer_T399 65046-65158 Sentence denotes ROS, along with Ca 2+ dysregulation and depletion of NAD + and ATP, propagates the signal in regulated necrosis.
T92228 65046-65158 Sentence denotes ROS, along with Ca 2+ dysregulation and depletion of NAD + and ATP, propagates the signal in regulated necrosis.
TextSentencer_T400 65159-65369 Sentence denotes Finally, the execution phase, with its catastrophic ATP depletion, cell swelling, lipid peroxidation, and lysosomal membrane permeability with release of cathepsins, leads to irreversible cell injury and death.
TextSentencer_T400 65159-65369 Sentence denotes Finally, the execution phase, with its catastrophic ATP depletion, cell swelling, lipid peroxidation, and lysosomal membrane permeability with release of cathepsins, leads to irreversible cell injury and death.
T17726 65159-65369 Sentence denotes Finally, the execution phase, with its catastrophic ATP depletion, cell swelling, lipid peroxidation, and lysosomal membrane permeability with release of cathepsins, leads to irreversible cell injury and death.
TextSentencer_T401 65370-65413 Sentence denotes Cell Membrane Injury Leading to Cell Death.
TextSentencer_T401 65370-65413 Sentence denotes Cell Membrane Injury Leading to Cell Death.
T64310 65370-65413 Sentence denotes Cell Membrane Injury Leading to Cell Death.
TextSentencer_T402 65414-65544 Sentence denotes The failure to restore mitochondrial function and repair cell membrane damage is a critical component of irreversible cell injury.
TextSentencer_T402 65414-65544 Sentence denotes The failure to restore mitochondrial function and repair cell membrane damage is a critical component of irreversible cell injury.
T69280 65414-65544 Sentence denotes The failure to restore mitochondrial function and repair cell membrane damage is a critical component of irreversible cell injury.
TextSentencer_T403 65545-65692 Sentence denotes In particular, uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation and impaired mitochondrial calcium sequestration significantly increase the risk for cell death.
TextSentencer_T403 65545-65692 Sentence denotes In particular, uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation and impaired mitochondrial calcium sequestration significantly increase the risk for cell death.
T14578 65545-65692 Sentence denotes In particular, uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation and impaired mitochondrial calcium sequestration significantly increase the risk for cell death.
TextSentencer_T404 65693-65823 Sentence denotes Injured cell membranes have increased permeability, so when membrane ATPase ion pumps fail, extracellular calcium enters the cell.
TextSentencer_T404 65693-65823 Sentence denotes Injured cell membranes have increased permeability, so when membrane ATPase ion pumps fail, extracellular calcium enters the cell.
T92286 65693-65823 Sentence denotes Injured cell membranes have increased permeability, so when membrane ATPase ion pumps fail, extracellular calcium enters the cell.
TextSentencer_T405 65824-65968 Sentence denotes The calcium imbalance exacerbates the damage to mitochondria and to the cytoskeleton and activates endonucleases, proteases, and phospholipases.
TextSentencer_T405 65824-65968 Sentence denotes The calcium imbalance exacerbates the damage to mitochondria and to the cytoskeleton and activates endonucleases, proteases, and phospholipases.
T64927 65824-65968 Sentence denotes The calcium imbalance exacerbates the damage to mitochondria and to the cytoskeleton and activates endonucleases, proteases, and phospholipases.
TextSentencer_T406 65969-66159 Sentence denotes Phospholipase A catalytically hydrolyzes the phospholipids of the cell membranes, further exacerbating cell and mitochondrial membrane damage and the progression to irreversible cell injury.
TextSentencer_T406 65969-66159 Sentence denotes Phospholipase A catalytically hydrolyzes the phospholipids of the cell membranes, further exacerbating cell and mitochondrial membrane damage and the progression to irreversible cell injury.
T95359 65969-66159 Sentence denotes Phospholipase A catalytically hydrolyzes the phospholipids of the cell membranes, further exacerbating cell and mitochondrial membrane damage and the progression to irreversible cell injury.
TextSentencer_T407 66160-66180 Sentence denotes Free Radical Injury.
TextSentencer_T407 66160-66180 Sentence denotes Free Radical Injury.
T29119 66160-66180 Sentence denotes Free Radical Injury.
TextSentencer_T408 66181-66386 Sentence denotes Free radicals contribute to mitochondrial injury and to cell death by oncotic necrosis, especially when ischemia is followed by reperfusion (see earlier section that discusses ischemia-reperfusion injury).
TextSentencer_T408 66181-66386 Sentence denotes Free radicals contribute to mitochondrial injury and to cell death by oncotic necrosis, especially when ischemia is followed by reperfusion (see earlier section that discusses ischemia-reperfusion injury).
T25279 66181-66386 Sentence denotes Free radicals contribute to mitochondrial injury and to cell death by oncotic necrosis, especially when ischemia is followed by reperfusion (see earlier section that discusses ischemia-reperfusion injury).
TextSentencer_T409 66387-66512 Sentence denotes Free radicals damage cell lipids (especially the phospholipids of cell membranes), proteins, and nucleic acids ( Fig. 1-15) .
TextSentencer_T409 66387-66512 Sentence denotes Free radicals damage cell lipids (especially the phospholipids of cell membranes), proteins, and nucleic acids ( Fig. 1-15) .
T29576 66387-66512 Sentence denotes Free radicals damage cell lipids (especially the phospholipids of cell membranes), proteins, and nucleic acids ( Fig. 1-15) .
TextSentencer_T410 66513-66570 Sentence denotes A free radical is any molecule with an unpaired electron.
TextSentencer_T410 66513-66570 Sentence denotes A free radical is any molecule with an unpaired electron.
T22201 66513-66570 Sentence denotes A free radical is any molecule with an unpaired electron.
TextSentencer_T411 66571-66678 Sentence denotes Free radicals include ROS (e.g., the superoxide radical [O 2 . ]) and reactive nitrogen species (e.g., NO).
TextSentencer_T411 66571-66678 Sentence denotes Free radicals include ROS (e.g., the superoxide radical [O 2 . ]) and reactive nitrogen species (e.g., NO).
T80796 66571-66678 Sentence denotes Free radicals include ROS (e.g., the superoxide radical [O 2 . ]) and reactive nitrogen species (e.g., NO).
TextSentencer_T412 66679-66820 Sentence denotes Such molecules are highly reactive, short-lived products of oxidative metabolism and occur in membranes of mitochondria and other organelles.
TextSentencer_T412 66679-66820 Sentence denotes Such molecules are highly reactive, short-lived products of oxidative metabolism and occur in membranes of mitochondria and other organelles.
T17800 66679-66820 Sentence denotes Such molecules are highly reactive, short-lived products of oxidative metabolism and occur in membranes of mitochondria and other organelles.
TextSentencer_T413 66821-66996 Sentence denotes NADPH oxidase, an enzyme complex found in membranes of a variety of cell types, especially phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, functions in the production of ROS.
TextSentencer_T413 66821-66996 Sentence denotes NADPH oxidase, an enzyme complex found in membranes of a variety of cell types, especially phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, functions in the production of ROS.
T54097 66821-66996 Sentence denotes NADPH oxidase, an enzyme complex found in membranes of a variety of cell types, especially phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, functions in the production of ROS.
TextSentencer_T414 66997-67228 Sentence denotes Endogenous free radicals, such as reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, serve physiologic functions in cell signaling and in defense against microbes but also can harm cells, especially in the setting of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
TextSentencer_T414 66997-67228 Sentence denotes Endogenous free radicals, such as reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, serve physiologic functions in cell signaling and in defense against microbes but also can harm cells, especially in the setting of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
T10040 66997-67228 Sentence denotes Endogenous free radicals, such as reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, serve physiologic functions in cell signaling and in defense against microbes but also can harm cells, especially in the setting of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
TextSentencer_T415 67229-67356 Sentence denotes Free radicals, with their unpaired electron, are prone to extract a H + from the polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes.
TextSentencer_T415 67229-67356 Sentence denotes Free radicals, with their unpaired electron, are prone to extract a H + from the polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes.
T15642 67229-67356 Sentence denotes Free radicals, with their unpaired electron, are prone to extract a H + from the polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes.
TextSentencer_T416 67357-67604 Sentence denotes The fatty acid that loses a H + becomes, itself, a free radical that can then be oxidized to an even more reactive radical that will extract a H + from the neighboring fatty acid, propagating a chain reaction that leads to membrane disintegration.
TextSentencer_T416 67357-67604 Sentence denotes The fatty acid that loses a H + becomes, itself, a free radical that can then be oxidized to an even more reactive radical that will extract a H + from the neighboring fatty acid, propagating a chain reaction that leads to membrane disintegration.
T11968 67357-67604 Sentence denotes The fatty acid that loses a H + becomes, itself, a free radical that can then be oxidized to an even more reactive radical that will extract a H + from the neighboring fatty acid, propagating a chain reaction that leads to membrane disintegration.
TextSentencer_T417 67605-67821 Sentence denotes Antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and vitamins A, C, and E, are protective because they scavenge free radicals and can break the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation.
TextSentencer_T417 67605-67821 Sentence denotes Antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and vitamins A, C, and E, are protective because they scavenge free radicals and can break the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation.
T72618 67605-67821 Sentence denotes Antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and vitamins A, C, and E, are protective because they scavenge free radicals and can break the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation.
TextSentencer_T418 67822-67841 Sentence denotes (Oncotic Necrosis).
TextSentencer_T418 67822-67841 Sentence denotes (Oncotic Necrosis).
T2122 67822-67841 Sentence denotes (Oncotic Necrosis).
TextSentencer_T419 67842-67998 Sentence denotes The appearance of necrotic cells depends on the type of necrosis (see the next section), the tissue involved, the cause of cell death, and the time elapsed.
TextSentencer_T419 67842-67998 Sentence denotes The appearance of necrotic cells depends on the type of necrosis (see the next section), the tissue involved, the cause of cell death, and the time elapsed.
T6723 67842-67998 Sentence denotes The appearance of necrotic cells depends on the type of necrosis (see the next section), the tissue involved, the cause of cell death, and the time elapsed.
TextSentencer_T420 67999-68076 Sentence denotes In this chapter, necrosis (or necrotic) generally implies oncotic cell death.
TextSentencer_T420 67999-68076 Sentence denotes In this chapter, necrosis (or necrotic) generally implies oncotic cell death.
T10832 67999-68076 Sentence denotes In this chapter, necrosis (or necrotic) generally implies oncotic cell death.
TextSentencer_T421 68077-68113 Sentence denotes Gross Appearance of Necrotic Tissue.
TextSentencer_T421 68077-68113 Sentence denotes Gross Appearance of Necrotic Tissue.
T26215 68077-68113 Sentence denotes Gross Appearance of Necrotic Tissue.
TextSentencer_T422 68114-68279 Sentence denotes Soon after death of the cell, necrotic tissue may have the same macroscopic features (gross appearance) as those of acute cell swelling, namely, swelling and pallor.
TextSentencer_T422 68114-68279 Sentence denotes Soon after death of the cell, necrotic tissue may have the same macroscopic features (gross appearance) as those of acute cell swelling, namely, swelling and pallor.
T58933 68114-68279 Sentence denotes Soon after death of the cell, necrotic tissue may have the same macroscopic features (gross appearance) as those of acute cell swelling, namely, swelling and pallor.
TextSentencer_T423 68280-68398 Sentence denotes With time, necrosis becomes more obvious with a loss of structural detail and demarcation from adjacent viable tissue.
TextSentencer_T423 68280-68398 Sentence denotes With time, necrosis becomes more obvious with a loss of structural detail and demarcation from adjacent viable tissue.
T84094 68280-68398 Sentence denotes With time, necrosis becomes more obvious with a loss of structural detail and demarcation from adjacent viable tissue.
TextSentencer_T424 68399-68643 Sentence denotes Zonal necrosis, such as centrilobular hepatic necrosis (see Fig. 8 -15) or renal proximal tubular necrosis (see , particularly if diffuse rather than segmental or focal, can be indistinguishable in its early stages from reversible degeneration.
TextSentencer_T424 68399-68643 Sentence denotes Zonal necrosis, such as centrilobular hepatic necrosis (see Fig. 8 -15) or renal proximal tubular necrosis (see , particularly if diffuse rather than segmental or focal, can be indistinguishable in its early stages from reversible degeneration.
T84157 68399-68643 Sentence denotes Zonal necrosis, such as centrilobular hepatic necrosis (see Fig. 8 -15) or renal proximal tubular necrosis (see , particularly if diffuse rather than segmental or focal, can be indistinguishable in its early stages from reversible degeneration.
TextSentencer_T425 68644-68911 Sentence denotes In contrast, unifocal or multifocal (randomly distributed) necrosis or segmental In a normally functioning cell, calcium is sequestered into three major compartments: the cytosol (low concentration), ER (midrange concentration), and mitochondria (high concentration).
TextSentencer_T425 68644-68911 Sentence denotes In contrast, unifocal or multifocal (randomly distributed) necrosis or segmental In a normally functioning cell, calcium is sequestered into three major compartments: the cytosol (low concentration), ER (midrange concentration), and mitochondria (high concentration).
T32025 68644-68911 Sentence denotes In contrast, unifocal or multifocal (randomly distributed) necrosis or segmental In a normally functioning cell, calcium is sequestered into three major compartments: the cytosol (low concentration), ER (midrange concentration), and mitochondria (high concentration).
TextSentencer_T426 68912-68963 Sentence denotes Each compartment has its own ATPase membrane pumps.
TextSentencer_T426 68912-68963 Sentence denotes Each compartment has its own ATPase membrane pumps.
T97420 68912-68963 Sentence denotes Each compartment has its own ATPase membrane pumps.
TextSentencer_T427 68964-69193 Sentence denotes Ischemia opens plasma membrane calcium channels, leading to increased intracellular calcium concentration in the cytosol, which activates protein kinase C, endonucleases, phospholipases, and various proteases, including calpains.
TextSentencer_T427 68964-69193 Sentence denotes Ischemia opens plasma membrane calcium channels, leading to increased intracellular calcium concentration in the cytosol, which activates protein kinase C, endonucleases, phospholipases, and various proteases, including calpains.
T19424 68964-69193 Sentence denotes Ischemia opens plasma membrane calcium channels, leading to increased intracellular calcium concentration in the cytosol, which activates protein kinase C, endonucleases, phospholipases, and various proteases, including calpains.
TextSentencer_T428 69194-69451 Sentence denotes Calpains abolish protein kinase C activity and cleave Na + /Ca 2+ exchangers in mitochondrial and plasma membranes, leading to decreased calcium efflux and reuptake by the ER with ensuing calcium overload in the cytosol and, even worse, in the mitochondria.
TextSentencer_T428 69194-69451 Sentence denotes Calpains abolish protein kinase C activity and cleave Na + /Ca 2+ exchangers in mitochondrial and plasma membranes, leading to decreased calcium efflux and reuptake by the ER with ensuing calcium overload in the cytosol and, even worse, in the mitochondria.
T31237 69194-69451 Sentence denotes Calpains abolish protein kinase C activity and cleave Na + /Ca 2+ exchangers in mitochondrial and plasma membranes, leading to decreased calcium efflux and reuptake by the ER with ensuing calcium overload in the cytosol and, even worse, in the mitochondria.
TextSentencer_T429 69452-69632 Sentence denotes Although the timing of the point of no return remains elusive, if the cell fails to restore mitochondrial function, acute cell swelling becomes irreversible, leading to cell death.
TextSentencer_T429 69452-69632 Sentence denotes Although the timing of the point of no return remains elusive, if the cell fails to restore mitochondrial function, acute cell swelling becomes irreversible, leading to cell death.
T83317 69452-69632 Sentence denotes Although the timing of the point of no return remains elusive, if the cell fails to restore mitochondrial function, acute cell swelling becomes irreversible, leading to cell death.
TextSentencer_T430 69633-69728 Sentence denotes Paradoxically, restoration of blood flow and oxygen supply can exacerbate ischemic cell injury.
TextSentencer_T430 69633-69728 Sentence denotes Paradoxically, restoration of blood flow and oxygen supply can exacerbate ischemic cell injury.
T87469 69633-69728 Sentence denotes Paradoxically, restoration of blood flow and oxygen supply can exacerbate ischemic cell injury.
TextSentencer_T431 69729-69838 Sentence denotes This phenomenon is called ischemiareperfusion injury, and it can continue for several days after reperfusion.
TextSentencer_T431 69729-69838 Sentence denotes This phenomenon is called ischemiareperfusion injury, and it can continue for several days after reperfusion.
T91894 69729-69838 Sentence denotes This phenomenon is called ischemiareperfusion injury, and it can continue for several days after reperfusion.
TextSentencer_T432 69839-70084 Sentence denotes It is attributed to "oxidative stress," which involves the formation of ROS, calcium imbalance, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore, endothelial damage, thrombogenesis, and arrival of leukocytes in the damaged tissue.
TextSentencer_T432 69839-70084 Sentence denotes It is attributed to "oxidative stress," which involves the formation of ROS, calcium imbalance, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore, endothelial damage, thrombogenesis, and arrival of leukocytes in the damaged tissue.
T50407 69839-70084 Sentence denotes It is attributed to "oxidative stress," which involves the formation of ROS, calcium imbalance, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore, endothelial damage, thrombogenesis, and arrival of leukocytes in the damaged tissue.
TextSentencer_T433 70085-70241 Sentence denotes Reperfusion injury correlates with the duration of ischemia, but the susceptibility of organs (brain > heart > kidney > intestine > skeletal muscle) varies.
TextSentencer_T433 70085-70241 Sentence denotes Reperfusion injury correlates with the duration of ischemia, but the susceptibility of organs (brain > heart > kidney > intestine > skeletal muscle) varies.
T9582 70085-70241 Sentence denotes Reperfusion injury correlates with the duration of ischemia, but the susceptibility of organs (brain > heart > kidney > intestine > skeletal muscle) varies.
TextSentencer_T434 70242-70458 Sentence denotes The brain is exquisitely sensitive to ischemia because of its high metabolic activity, absolute requirement for glucose, high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and release of excitatory neurotransmitters.
TextSentencer_T434 70242-70458 Sentence denotes The brain is exquisitely sensitive to ischemia because of its high metabolic activity, absolute requirement for glucose, high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and release of excitatory neurotransmitters.
T90938 70242-70458 Sentence denotes The brain is exquisitely sensitive to ischemia because of its high metabolic activity, absolute requirement for glucose, high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and release of excitatory neurotransmitters.
TextSentencer_T435 70459-70717 Sentence denotes A less susceptible tissue (e.g., adipose tissue, fibrous tissue) can, to an extent, undergo atrophy or enter a quiescent state in response to decreased perfusion, using autophagy and apoptosis as means to remove effete organelles or dead cells, respectively.
TextSentencer_T435 70459-70717 Sentence denotes A less susceptible tissue (e.g., adipose tissue, fibrous tissue) can, to an extent, undergo atrophy or enter a quiescent state in response to decreased perfusion, using autophagy and apoptosis as means to remove effete organelles or dead cells, respectively.
T47614 70459-70717 Sentence denotes A less susceptible tissue (e.g., adipose tissue, fibrous tissue) can, to an extent, undergo atrophy or enter a quiescent state in response to decreased perfusion, using autophagy and apoptosis as means to remove effete organelles or dead cells, respectively.
TextSentencer_T436 70718-70839 Sentence denotes Once considered an unregulated process, necrosis can, at least in some circumstances, be regulated by signaling pathways.
TextSentencer_T436 70718-70839 Sentence denotes Once considered an unregulated process, necrosis can, at least in some circumstances, be regulated by signaling pathways.
T86288 70718-70839 Sentence denotes Once considered an unregulated process, necrosis can, at least in some circumstances, be regulated by signaling pathways.
TextSentencer_T437 70840-70918 Sentence denotes In fact, regulated necrosis may be the predominant form of oncotic cell death.
TextSentencer_T437 70840-70918 Sentence denotes In fact, regulated necrosis may be the predominant form of oncotic cell death.
T19189 70840-70918 Sentence denotes In fact, regulated necrosis may be the predominant form of oncotic cell death.
TextSentencer_T438 70919-71170 Sentence denotes A regulated process of necrotic cell death begins with a trigger (e.g., binding of TNF or Fas ligand [FasL] to a death receptor [DR; i.e., transmembrane protein of the plasma membrane]), followed sequentially by initiation, propagation, and execution.
TextSentencer_T438 70919-71170 Sentence denotes A regulated process of necrotic cell death begins with a trigger (e.g., binding of TNF or Fas ligand [FasL] to a death receptor [DR; i.e., transmembrane protein of the plasma membrane]), followed sequentially by initiation, propagation, and execution.
T43604 70919-71170 Sentence denotes A regulated process of necrotic cell death begins with a trigger (e.g., binding of TNF or Fas ligand [FasL] to a death receptor [DR; i.e., transmembrane protein of the plasma membrane]), followed sequentially by initiation, propagation, and execution.
TextSentencer_T439 71171-71350 Sentence denotes A cell can respond to binding of TNF to its receptor in at least three different ways: (1) survival through activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB), (2) apoptosis, or (3) necrosis.
TextSentencer_T439 71171-71350 Sentence denotes A cell can respond to binding of TNF to its receptor in at least three different ways: (1) survival through activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB), (2) apoptosis, or (3) necrosis.
T72090 71171-71350 Sentence denotes A cell can respond to binding of TNF to its receptor in at least three different ways: (1) survival through activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB), (2) apoptosis, or (3) necrosis.
TextSentencer_T440 71351-71385 Sentence denotes Apoptosis is directed by caspases.
TextSentencer_T440 71351-71385 Sentence denotes Apoptosis is directed by caspases.
T66855 71351-71385 Sentence denotes Apoptosis is directed by caspases.
TextSentencer_T441 71386-71551 Sentence denotes Interestingly, it was the discovery that inhibition of caspases, rather than protecting the cell from death, could redirect it from apoptosis to necrotic cell death.
TextSentencer_T441 71386-71551 Sentence denotes Interestingly, it was the discovery that inhibition of caspases, rather than protecting the cell from death, could redirect it from apoptosis to necrotic cell death.
T64724 71386-71551 Sentence denotes Interestingly, it was the discovery that inhibition of caspases, rather than protecting the cell from death, could redirect it from apoptosis to necrotic cell death.
TextSentencer_T442 71552-71752 Sentence denotes The myriad triggers of regulated necrosis include TNF, FasL, DNA damage, cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) via the T lymphocyte receptor, lipopolysaccharide via Toll-like receptors, and interferon γ.
TextSentencer_T442 71552-71752 Sentence denotes The myriad triggers of regulated necrosis include TNF, FasL, DNA damage, cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) via the T lymphocyte receptor, lipopolysaccharide via Toll-like receptors, and interferon γ.
T94320 71552-71752 Sentence denotes The myriad triggers of regulated necrosis include TNF, FasL, DNA damage, cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) via the T lymphocyte receptor, lipopolysaccharide via Toll-like receptors, and interferon γ.
TextSentencer_T443 71753-71947 Sentence denotes The term necroptosis refers to the regulated necrotic cell death that begins with TNF receptor activation by TNF and is initiated by receptor-interacting proteinserine/threonine kinase (RIPK) 1.
TextSentencer_T443 71753-71947 Sentence denotes The term necroptosis refers to the regulated necrotic cell death that begins with TNF receptor activation by TNF and is initiated by receptor-interacting proteinserine/threonine kinase (RIPK) 1.
T34912 71753-71947 Sentence denotes The term necroptosis refers to the regulated necrotic cell death that begins with TNF receptor activation by TNF and is initiated by receptor-interacting proteinserine/threonine kinase (RIPK) 1.
TextSentencer_T444 71948-72065 Sentence denotes The ubiquitination status of RIPK1 determines whether it directs the cell toward survival, apoptosis, or necroptosis.
TextSentencer_T444 71948-72065 Sentence denotes The ubiquitination status of RIPK1 determines whether it directs the cell toward survival, apoptosis, or necroptosis.
T25556 71948-72065 Sentence denotes The ubiquitination status of RIPK1 determines whether it directs the cell toward survival, apoptosis, or necroptosis.
TextSentencer_T445 72066-72289 Sentence denotes Inhibition of caspase-8, in particular, is important in redirecting the cell from apoptosis toward necroptosis with assembly of the so-called necrosome, composed of RIPK1, RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL).
TextSentencer_T445 72066-72289 Sentence denotes Inhibition of caspase-8, in particular, is important in redirecting the cell from apoptosis toward necroptosis with assembly of the so-called necrosome, composed of RIPK1, RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL).
T16654 72066-72289 Sentence denotes Inhibition of caspase-8, in particular, is important in redirecting the cell from apoptosis toward necroptosis with assembly of the so-called necrosome, composed of RIPK1, RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL).
TextSentencer_T446 72290-72419 Sentence denotes Though much remains to be learned about the necroptosis pathway, MLKL has been proposed as the main mediator downstream of RIPK3.
TextSentencer_T446 72290-72419 Sentence denotes Though much remains to be learned about the necroptosis pathway, MLKL has been proposed as the main mediator downstream of RIPK3.
T71249 72290-72419 Sentence denotes Though much remains to be learned about the necroptosis pathway, MLKL has been proposed as the main mediator downstream of RIPK3.
TextSentencer_T447 72420-72706 Sentence denotes Another pathway of regulated necrosis is initiated by opening of the MPT pore, which entails an increase in permeability of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and leads to mitochondrial swelling, production of ROS, and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) depletion.
TextSentencer_T447 72420-72706 Sentence denotes Another pathway of regulated necrosis is initiated by opening of the MPT pore, which entails an increase in permeability of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and leads to mitochondrial swelling, production of ROS, and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) depletion.
T23326 72420-72706 Sentence denotes Another pathway of regulated necrosis is initiated by opening of the MPT pore, which entails an increase in permeability of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and leads to mitochondrial swelling, production of ROS, and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) depletion.
TextSentencer_T448 72707-72899 Sentence denotes Mitochondrial production of ROS, mainly through reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, is considered requisite network swell and fragment into vesicles.
TextSentencer_T448 72707-72899 Sentence denotes Mitochondrial production of ROS, mainly through reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, is considered requisite network swell and fragment into vesicles.
T20797 72707-72899 Sentence denotes Mitochondrial production of ROS, mainly through reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, is considered requisite network swell and fragment into vesicles.
TextSentencer_T449 72900-73035 Sentence denotes Ultimately, cell swelling disrupts membranes, including the plasma membrane, at which point the cell literally explodes then collapses.
TextSentencer_T449 72900-73035 Sentence denotes Ultimately, cell swelling disrupts membranes, including the plasma membrane, at which point the cell literally explodes then collapses.
T20547 72900-73035 Sentence denotes Ultimately, cell swelling disrupts membranes, including the plasma membrane, at which point the cell literally explodes then collapses.
TextSentencer_T450 73036-73062 Sentence denotes Types of Oncotic Necrosis.
TextSentencer_T450 73036-73062 Sentence denotes Types of Oncotic Necrosis.
T5756 73036-73062 Sentence denotes Types of Oncotic Necrosis.
TextSentencer_T451 73063-73191 Sentence denotes It can be diagnostically useful, though somewhat arbitrary, to classify necrosis by its morphologic features in tissue sections.
TextSentencer_T451 73063-73191 Sentence denotes It can be diagnostically useful, though somewhat arbitrary, to classify necrosis by its morphologic features in tissue sections.
T34226 73063-73191 Sentence denotes It can be diagnostically useful, though somewhat arbitrary, to classify necrosis by its morphologic features in tissue sections.
TextSentencer_T452 73192-73317 Sentence denotes This classification depends on the tissue involved, the nature of the injurious agent, and the time elapsed after cell death.
TextSentencer_T452 73192-73317 Sentence denotes This classification depends on the tissue involved, the nature of the injurious agent, and the time elapsed after cell death.
T34853 73192-73317 Sentence denotes This classification depends on the tissue involved, the nature of the injurious agent, and the time elapsed after cell death.
TextSentencer_T453 73318-73424 Sentence denotes Necrosis has been classified traditionally as coagulative, caseous, liquefactive or lytic, and gangrenous.
TextSentencer_T453 73318-73424 Sentence denotes Necrosis has been classified traditionally as coagulative, caseous, liquefactive or lytic, and gangrenous.
T92955 73318-73424 Sentence denotes Necrosis has been classified traditionally as coagulative, caseous, liquefactive or lytic, and gangrenous.
TextSentencer_T454 73425-73533 Sentence denotes The student should remember that the morphologic appearance of necrotic cells and tissues changes with time.
TextSentencer_T454 73425-73533 Sentence denotes The student should remember that the morphologic appearance of necrotic cells and tissues changes with time.
T50631 73425-73533 Sentence denotes The student should remember that the morphologic appearance of necrotic cells and tissues changes with time.
TextSentencer_T455 73534-73713 Sentence denotes For example, the morphologic features of coagulative necrosis can progress to those of lytic necrosis with liquefaction, particularly in certain tissues or when leukocytes arrive.
TextSentencer_T455 73534-73713 Sentence denotes For example, the morphologic features of coagulative necrosis can progress to those of lytic necrosis with liquefaction, particularly in certain tissues or when leukocytes arrive.
T57243 73534-73713 Sentence denotes For example, the morphologic features of coagulative necrosis can progress to those of lytic necrosis with liquefaction, particularly in certain tissues or when leukocytes arrive.
TextSentencer_T456 73714-73735 Sentence denotes Coagulative Necrosis.
TextSentencer_T456 73714-73735 Sentence denotes Coagulative Necrosis.
T38553 73714-73735 Sentence denotes Coagulative Necrosis.
TextSentencer_T457 73736-73921 Sentence denotes The term coagulative necrosis refers to the denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins, which at the histologic level imparts an opaque and intense cytoplasmic eosinophilia to necrotic cells.
TextSentencer_T457 73736-73921 Sentence denotes The term coagulative necrosis refers to the denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins, which at the histologic level imparts an opaque and intense cytoplasmic eosinophilia to necrotic cells.
T26073 73736-73921 Sentence denotes The term coagulative necrosis refers to the denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins, which at the histologic level imparts an opaque and intense cytoplasmic eosinophilia to necrotic cells.
TextSentencer_T458 73922-74009 Sentence denotes Coagulative necrosis is a typical early response to hypoxia, ischemia, or toxic injury.
TextSentencer_T458 73922-74009 Sentence denotes Coagulative necrosis is a typical early response to hypoxia, ischemia, or toxic injury.
T49884 73922-74009 Sentence denotes Coagulative necrosis is a typical early response to hypoxia, ischemia, or toxic injury.
TextSentencer_T459 74010-74169 Sentence denotes It appears that the initial injury or the subsequent cellular acidosis denatures not only structural proteins, but also lysosomal enzymes in the affected cell.
TextSentencer_T459 74010-74169 Sentence denotes It appears that the initial injury or the subsequent cellular acidosis denatures not only structural proteins, but also lysosomal enzymes in the affected cell.
T4416 74010-74169 Sentence denotes It appears that the initial injury or the subsequent cellular acidosis denatures not only structural proteins, but also lysosomal enzymes in the affected cell.
TextSentencer_T460 74170-74345 Sentence denotes Normally, lysosomal enzymes would cause proteolytic disintegration of the entire cell, but as a result of this denaturation, proteolytic disintegration of the cell is delayed.
TextSentencer_T460 74170-74345 Sentence denotes Normally, lysosomal enzymes would cause proteolytic disintegration of the entire cell, but as a result of this denaturation, proteolytic disintegration of the cell is delayed.
T77951 74170-74345 Sentence denotes Normally, lysosomal enzymes would cause proteolytic disintegration of the entire cell, but as a result of this denaturation, proteolytic disintegration of the cell is delayed.
TextSentencer_T461 74346-74404 Sentence denotes However, the degradation of nucleic acids is not hindered.
TextSentencer_T461 74346-74404 Sentence denotes However, the degradation of nucleic acids is not hindered.
T94305 74346-74404 Sentence denotes However, the degradation of nucleic acids is not hindered.
TextSentencer_T462 74405-74635 Sentence denotes Thus a cell that has undergone coagulative necrosis has the expected nuclear features of cell death by oncosis (i.e., pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis), but the cell outlines are still visible histologically (see Fig. 1-16 ).
TextSentencer_T462 74405-74635 Sentence denotes Thus a cell that has undergone coagulative necrosis has the expected nuclear features of cell death by oncosis (i.e., pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis), but the cell outlines are still visible histologically (see Fig. 1-16 ).
T30322 74405-74635 Sentence denotes Thus a cell that has undergone coagulative necrosis has the expected nuclear features of cell death by oncosis (i.e., pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis), but the cell outlines are still visible histologically (see Fig. 1-16 ).
TextSentencer_T463 74636-74843 Sentence denotes Coagulative necrosis is most easily recognized in the liver, kidney, myocardium, or skeletal zonal necrosis is more easily recognized macroscopically precisely because it differs from adjacent viable tissue.
TextSentencer_T463 74636-74843 Sentence denotes Coagulative necrosis is most easily recognized in the liver, kidney, myocardium, or skeletal zonal necrosis is more easily recognized macroscopically precisely because it differs from adjacent viable tissue.
T47184 74636-74843 Sentence denotes Coagulative necrosis is most easily recognized in the liver, kidney, myocardium, or skeletal zonal necrosis is more easily recognized macroscopically precisely because it differs from adjacent viable tissue.
TextSentencer_T464 74844-75034 Sentence denotes Multifocal hepatic necrosis, for example, is recognizable in part because the necrotic foci differ from surrounding viable tissue and every hepatic lobule is not affected in the same manner.
TextSentencer_T464 74844-75034 Sentence denotes Multifocal hepatic necrosis, for example, is recognizable in part because the necrotic foci differ from surrounding viable tissue and every hepatic lobule is not affected in the same manner.
T86509 74844-75034 Sentence denotes Multifocal hepatic necrosis, for example, is recognizable in part because the necrotic foci differ from surrounding viable tissue and every hepatic lobule is not affected in the same manner.
TextSentencer_T465 75035-75197 Sentence denotes Likewise, segmental laminar cerebrocortical necrosis is recognized because only segments of the cerebral cortex are discolored or changed in texture or structure.
TextSentencer_T465 75035-75197 Sentence denotes Likewise, segmental laminar cerebrocortical necrosis is recognized because only segments of the cerebral cortex are discolored or changed in texture or structure.
T84220 75035-75197 Sentence denotes Likewise, segmental laminar cerebrocortical necrosis is recognized because only segments of the cerebral cortex are discolored or changed in texture or structure.
TextSentencer_T466 75198-75524 Sentence denotes An infarct, which is necrosis due to regional loss of blood supply, is recognized because it assumes the shape of the vascular fieldrhomboidal in many tissues (e.g., lung or skin) or conical (wedge shaped in two dimensions) with its base at the edge of the spleen (see Fig. 13 -64) or cortical surface of the kidney (see Figs.
TextSentencer_T466 75198-75524 Sentence denotes An infarct, which is necrosis due to regional loss of blood supply, is recognized because it assumes the shape of the vascular fieldrhomboidal in many tissues (e.g., lung or skin) or conical (wedge shaped in two dimensions) with its base at the edge of the spleen (see Fig. 13 -64) or cortical surface of the kidney (see Figs.
T75075 75198-75524 Sentence denotes An infarct, which is necrosis due to regional loss of blood supply, is recognized because it assumes the shape of the vascular fieldrhomboidal in many tissues (e.g., lung or skin) or conical (wedge shaped in two dimensions) with its base at the edge of the spleen (see Fig. 13 -64) or cortical surface of the kidney (see Figs.
TextSentencer_T467 75525-75540 Sentence denotes 2-37 and 2-38).
TextSentencer_T467 75525-75540 Sentence denotes 2-37 and 2-38).
T95952 75525-75540 Sentence denotes 2-37 and 2-38).
TextSentencer_T468 75541-75591 Sentence denotes Histologic Changes in Necrosis (Oncotic Necrosis).
TextSentencer_T468 75541-75591 Sentence denotes Histologic Changes in Necrosis (Oncotic Necrosis).
T62012 75541-75591 Sentence denotes Histologic Changes in Necrosis (Oncotic Necrosis).
TextSentencer_T469 75592-75706 Sentence denotes The light microscopic changes of necrosis ( Fig. 1-16) were described in the nineteenth century by Rudolf Virchow.
TextSentencer_T469 75592-75706 Sentence denotes The light microscopic changes of necrosis ( Fig. 1-16) were described in the nineteenth century by Rudolf Virchow.
T50164 75592-75706 Sentence denotes The light microscopic changes of necrosis ( Fig. 1-16) were described in the nineteenth century by Rudolf Virchow.
TextSentencer_T470 75707-75878 Sentence denotes The hallmarks are pyknosis (nuclear condensation with shrinkage and intense basophilia), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation), or karyolysis (nuclear dissolution or loss).
TextSentencer_T470 75707-75878 Sentence denotes The hallmarks are pyknosis (nuclear condensation with shrinkage and intense basophilia), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation), or karyolysis (nuclear dissolution or loss).
T32900 75707-75878 Sentence denotes The hallmarks are pyknosis (nuclear condensation with shrinkage and intense basophilia), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation), or karyolysis (nuclear dissolution or loss).
TextSentencer_T471 75879-76022 Sentence denotes Dead cells also tend to have intense cytoplasmic eosinophilia because of the denatured protein and loss of ribosomes, hence loss of basophilia.
TextSentencer_T471 75879-76022 Sentence denotes Dead cells also tend to have intense cytoplasmic eosinophilia because of the denatured protein and loss of ribosomes, hence loss of basophilia.
T95645 75879-76022 Sentence denotes Dead cells also tend to have intense cytoplasmic eosinophilia because of the denatured protein and loss of ribosomes, hence loss of basophilia.
TextSentencer_T472 76023-76166 Sentence denotes Later the dead cell may have cytoplasmic pallor and become swollen, rounded, and detached from the basement membrane or from neighboring cells.
TextSentencer_T472 76023-76166 Sentence denotes Later the dead cell may have cytoplasmic pallor and become swollen, rounded, and detached from the basement membrane or from neighboring cells.
T28299 76023-76166 Sentence denotes Later the dead cell may have cytoplasmic pallor and become swollen, rounded, and detached from the basement membrane or from neighboring cells.
TextSentencer_T473 76167-76219 Sentence denotes Ultrastructure of Necrotic Cells (Oncotic Necrosis).
TextSentencer_T473 76167-76219 Sentence denotes Ultrastructure of Necrotic Cells (Oncotic Necrosis).
T26070 76167-76219 Sentence denotes Ultrastructure of Necrotic Cells (Oncotic Necrosis).
TextSentencer_T474 76220-76406 Sentence denotes Initially the necrotic cell is swollen, rounded, and detached from adjacent cells and from the basal lamina, in the case of epithelium, or from the ECM, in the case of mesenchymal cells.
TextSentencer_T474 76220-76406 Sentence denotes Initially the necrotic cell is swollen, rounded, and detached from adjacent cells and from the basal lamina, in the case of epithelium, or from the ECM, in the case of mesenchymal cells.
T77379 76220-76406 Sentence denotes Initially the necrotic cell is swollen, rounded, and detached from adjacent cells and from the basal lamina, in the case of epithelium, or from the ECM, in the case of mesenchymal cells.
TextSentencer_T475 76407-76428 Sentence denotes Chromatin is clumped.
TextSentencer_T475 76407-76428 Sentence denotes Chromatin is clumped.
T21103 76407-76428 Sentence denotes Chromatin is clumped.
TextSentencer_T476 76429-76460 Sentence denotes The cytosol is electron lucent.
TextSentencer_T476 76429-76460 Sentence denotes The cytosol is electron lucent.
T60186 76429-76460 Sentence denotes The cytosol is electron lucent.
TextSentencer_T477 76461-76519 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are swollen and develop flocculent densities.
TextSentencer_T477 76461-76519 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are swollen and develop flocculent densities.
T92875 76461-76519 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are swollen and develop flocculent densities.
TextSentencer_T478 76520-76577 Sentence denotes The ER and the rest of the cytocavitary Caseous Necrosis.
TextSentencer_T478 76520-76577 Sentence denotes The ER and the rest of the cytocavitary Caseous Necrosis.
T7324 76520-76577 Sentence denotes The ER and the rest of the cytocavitary Caseous Necrosis.
TextSentencer_T479 76578-76697 Sentence denotes Caseous, from the Latin word for cheese, refers to the curdled or cheeselike gross appearance of this form of necrosis.
TextSentencer_T479 76578-76697 Sentence denotes Caseous, from the Latin word for cheese, refers to the curdled or cheeselike gross appearance of this form of necrosis.
T87434 76578-76697 Sentence denotes Caseous, from the Latin word for cheese, refers to the curdled or cheeselike gross appearance of this form of necrosis.
TextSentencer_T480 76698-76841 Sentence denotes In comparison to coagulative necrosis, caseous necrosis is an older lesion with complete loss of cellular or tissue architecture ( Fig. 1-18 ).
TextSentencer_T480 76698-76841 Sentence denotes In comparison to coagulative necrosis, caseous necrosis is an older lesion with complete loss of cellular or tissue architecture ( Fig. 1-18 ).
T69201 76698-76841 Sentence denotes In comparison to coagulative necrosis, caseous necrosis is an older lesion with complete loss of cellular or tissue architecture ( Fig. 1-18 ).
TextSentencer_T481 76842-76987 Sentence denotes Macroscopically, caseation may appear as crumbled, granular, or laminated yellow-white exudate in the center of a granuloma or a chronic abscess.
TextSentencer_T481 76842-76987 Sentence denotes Macroscopically, caseation may appear as crumbled, granular, or laminated yellow-white exudate in the center of a granuloma or a chronic abscess.
T26207 76842-76987 Sentence denotes Macroscopically, caseation may appear as crumbled, granular, or laminated yellow-white exudate in the center of a granuloma or a chronic abscess.
TextSentencer_T482 76988-77192 Sentence denotes Histologically, the lysis of leukocytes and parenchymal cells converts the necrotic tissue into a granular to amorphous-cell outlines are not visible-eosinophilic substance with basophilic nuclear debris.
TextSentencer_T482 76988-77192 Sentence denotes Histologically, the lysis of leukocytes and parenchymal cells converts the necrotic tissue into a granular to amorphous-cell outlines are not visible-eosinophilic substance with basophilic nuclear debris.
T90878 76988-77192 Sentence denotes Histologically, the lysis of leukocytes and parenchymal cells converts the necrotic tissue into a granular to amorphous-cell outlines are not visible-eosinophilic substance with basophilic nuclear debris.
TextSentencer_T483 77193-77283 Sentence denotes Calcification of the necrotic tissue can contribute to the basophilic granular appearance.
TextSentencer_T483 77193-77283 Sentence denotes Calcification of the necrotic tissue can contribute to the basophilic granular appearance.
T61950 77193-77283 Sentence denotes Calcification of the necrotic tissue can contribute to the basophilic granular appearance.
TextSentencer_T484 77284-77386 Sentence denotes Caseous necrosis is prominent in the granulomas of bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis.
TextSentencer_T484 77284-77386 Sentence denotes Caseous necrosis is prominent in the granulomas of bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis.
T68743 77284-77386 Sentence denotes Caseous necrosis is prominent in the granulomas of bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis.
TextSentencer_T485 77387-77719 Sentence denotes M. bovis replicates within macrophages, protected by components of its cell wall from destruction by lysosomal enzymes until, with the development of cellmediated (type IV) hypersensitivity, cytotoxic T lymphocytes destroy the infected macrophages, as well as parenchymal cells of the infected organ (see also Chapters 3, 4, and 5).
TextSentencer_T485 77387-77719 Sentence denotes M. bovis replicates within macrophages, protected by components of its cell wall from destruction by lysosomal enzymes until, with the development of cellmediated (type IV) hypersensitivity, cytotoxic T lymphocytes destroy the infected macrophages, as well as parenchymal cells of the infected organ (see also Chapters 3, 4, and 5).
T77152 77387-77719 Sentence denotes M. bovis replicates within macrophages, protected by components of its cell wall from destruction by lysosomal enzymes until, with the development of cellmediated (type IV) hypersensitivity, cytotoxic T lymphocytes destroy the infected macrophages, as well as parenchymal cells of the infected organ (see also Chapters 3, 4, and 5).
TextSentencer_T486 77720-78016 Sentence denotes Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the cause of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and muscle, in which the temporary preservation of cell outlines also preserves tissue architecture so that the outlines of hepatic plates, renal tubules, or muscle bundles are visible at the light microscopic level.
TextSentencer_T486 77720-78016 Sentence denotes Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the cause of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and muscle, in which the temporary preservation of cell outlines also preserves tissue architecture so that the outlines of hepatic plates, renal tubules, or muscle bundles are visible at the light microscopic level.
T97754 77720-78016 Sentence denotes Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the cause of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and muscle, in which the temporary preservation of cell outlines also preserves tissue architecture so that the outlines of hepatic plates, renal tubules, or muscle bundles are visible at the light microscopic level.
TextSentencer_T487 78017-78097 Sentence denotes Neurons also undergo coagulative necrosis before disappearing by lytic necrosis.
TextSentencer_T487 78017-78097 Sentence denotes Neurons also undergo coagulative necrosis before disappearing by lytic necrosis.
T50936 78017-78097 Sentence denotes Neurons also undergo coagulative necrosis before disappearing by lytic necrosis.
TextSentencer_T488 78098-78333 Sentence denotes Grossly, coagulative necrosis appears pale tan to pale gray, often sharply demarcated from the normal color of adjacent viable tissue, and solid (without apparent crumbling, sloughing, liquefaction, or other obvious loss of structure).
TextSentencer_T488 78098-78333 Sentence denotes Grossly, coagulative necrosis appears pale tan to pale gray, often sharply demarcated from the normal color of adjacent viable tissue, and solid (without apparent crumbling, sloughing, liquefaction, or other obvious loss of structure).
T1259 78098-78333 Sentence denotes Grossly, coagulative necrosis appears pale tan to pale gray, often sharply demarcated from the normal color of adjacent viable tissue, and solid (without apparent crumbling, sloughing, liquefaction, or other obvious loss of structure).
TextSentencer_T489 78334-78573 Sentence denotes Infarction typically begins as coagulative necrosis, especially in tissues such as kidney ( Fig. 1-17 ; E- Fig. 1 -2), where scaffolding provided by tubular basement membranes and interstitial fibrous tissue maintains the tissue structure.
TextSentencer_T489 78334-78573 Sentence denotes Infarction typically begins as coagulative necrosis, especially in tissues such as kidney ( Fig. 1-17 ; E- Fig. 1 -2), where scaffolding provided by tubular basement membranes and interstitial fibrous tissue maintains the tissue structure.
T69833 78334-78573 Sentence denotes Infarction typically begins as coagulative necrosis, especially in tissues such as kidney ( Fig. 1-17 ; E- Fig. 1 -2), where scaffolding provided by tubular basement membranes and interstitial fibrous tissue maintains the tissue structure.
TextSentencer_T490 78574-78974 Sentence denotes Initially the tissue with loss of its blood supply is blanched, but within minutes blood enters the infarcted tissue because blood flow either was restored in the obstructed vessel or arrives from collateral circulation (therefore infarcts in organs with a dual blood supply, such as the lung, are typically hemorrhagic) or leaks from veins in unaffected tissue in and adjacent to the damaged tissue.
TextSentencer_T490 78574-78974 Sentence denotes Initially the tissue with loss of its blood supply is blanched, but within minutes blood enters the infarcted tissue because blood flow either was restored in the obstructed vessel or arrives from collateral circulation (therefore infarcts in organs with a dual blood supply, such as the lung, are typically hemorrhagic) or leaks from veins in unaffected tissue in and adjacent to the damaged tissue.
T8896 78574-78974 Sentence denotes Initially the tissue with loss of its blood supply is blanched, but within minutes blood enters the infarcted tissue because blood flow either was restored in the obstructed vessel or arrives from collateral circulation (therefore infarcts in organs with a dual blood supply, such as the lung, are typically hemorrhagic) or leaks from veins in unaffected tissue in and adjacent to the damaged tissue.
TextSentencer_T491 78975-79226 Sentence denotes In an end-artery organ, such as the kidney, macrophages remove the blood from acute hemorrhagic infarcts over the course of a few days, and the infarct becomes pale and sharply demarcated by a red rim, attributable to hyperemia, Liquefactive Necrosis.
TextSentencer_T491 78975-79226 Sentence denotes In an end-artery organ, such as the kidney, macrophages remove the blood from acute hemorrhagic infarcts over the course of a few days, and the infarct becomes pale and sharply demarcated by a red rim, attributable to hyperemia, Liquefactive Necrosis.
T64193 78975-79226 Sentence denotes In an end-artery organ, such as the kidney, macrophages remove the blood from acute hemorrhagic infarcts over the course of a few days, and the infarct becomes pale and sharply demarcated by a red rim, attributable to hyperemia, Liquefactive Necrosis.
TextSentencer_T492 79227-79324 Sentence denotes In liquefactive necrosis, cells are lysed, and the necrotic tissue is converted to a fluid phase.
TextSentencer_T492 79227-79324 Sentence denotes In liquefactive necrosis, cells are lysed, and the necrotic tissue is converted to a fluid phase.
T48069 79227-79324 Sentence denotes In liquefactive necrosis, cells are lysed, and the necrotic tissue is converted to a fluid phase.
TextSentencer_T493 79325-79608 Sentence denotes This manifestation is typically the final stage of necrosis in parenchyma of the brain ( Fig. 1-19 ; see also Chapter 14) or spinal cord because of the lack of a fibrous interstitium to uphold tissue structure and because cells of the CNS tend to be rich in lipids and lytic enzymes.
TextSentencer_T493 79325-79608 Sentence denotes This manifestation is typically the final stage of necrosis in parenchyma of the brain ( Fig. 1-19 ; see also Chapter 14) or spinal cord because of the lack of a fibrous interstitium to uphold tissue structure and because cells of the CNS tend to be rich in lipids and lytic enzymes.
T92716 79325-79608 Sentence denotes This manifestation is typically the final stage of necrosis in parenchyma of the brain ( Fig. 1-19 ; see also Chapter 14) or spinal cord because of the lack of a fibrous interstitium to uphold tissue structure and because cells of the CNS tend to be rich in lipids and lytic enzymes.
TextSentencer_T494 79609-79709 Sentence denotes The term for the macroscopic (gross) appearance of necrosis in the brain and spinal cord is malacia.
TextSentencer_T494 79609-79709 Sentence denotes The term for the macroscopic (gross) appearance of necrosis in the brain and spinal cord is malacia.
T64932 79609-79709 Sentence denotes The term for the macroscopic (gross) appearance of necrosis in the brain and spinal cord is malacia.
TextSentencer_T495 79710-79907 Sentence denotes Neurons are generally the cells most susceptible to necrosis, especially from hypoxia or ischemia, and develop (early in the process of cell death) the morphologic features of coagulative necrosis.
TextSentencer_T495 79710-79907 Sentence denotes Neurons are generally the cells most susceptible to necrosis, especially from hypoxia or ischemia, and develop (early in the process of cell death) the morphologic features of coagulative necrosis.
T37710 79710-79907 Sentence denotes Neurons are generally the cells most susceptible to necrosis, especially from hypoxia or ischemia, and develop (early in the process of cell death) the morphologic features of coagulative necrosis.
TextSentencer_T496 79908-80006 Sentence denotes With time, however, the glial cells also undergo necrosis and liquefaction of the neuropil begins.
TextSentencer_T496 79908-80006 Sentence denotes With time, however, the glial cells also undergo necrosis and liquefaction of the neuropil begins.
T70027 79908-80006 Sentence denotes With time, however, the glial cells also undergo necrosis and liquefaction of the neuropil begins.
TextSentencer_T497 80007-80163 Sentence denotes Initially malacia may merely result in a translucency of affected tissue, but within a few days necrotic tissue undergoes yellowing, softening, or swelling.
TextSentencer_T497 80007-80163 Sentence denotes Initially malacia may merely result in a translucency of affected tissue, but within a few days necrotic tissue undergoes yellowing, softening, or swelling.
T58932 80007-80163 Sentence denotes Initially malacia may merely result in a translucency of affected tissue, but within a few days necrotic tissue undergoes yellowing, softening, or swelling.
TextSentencer_T498 80164-80308 Sentence denotes Liquefaction progresses with arrival of macrophages (gitter cells) to phagocytize the myelin debris and other components of the necrotic tissue.
TextSentencer_T498 80164-80308 Sentence denotes Liquefaction progresses with arrival of macrophages (gitter cells) to phagocytize the myelin debris and other components of the necrotic tissue.
T37511 80164-80308 Sentence denotes Liquefaction progresses with arrival of macrophages (gitter cells) to phagocytize the myelin debris and other components of the necrotic tissue.
TextSentencer_T499 80309-80511 Sentence denotes Eventually the parenchymal cells are completely lysed or phagocytized, and all that remains is the vasculature with intervening spaces that are partially filled with lipid-and debris-laden gitter cells.
TextSentencer_T499 80309-80511 Sentence denotes Eventually the parenchymal cells are completely lysed or phagocytized, and all that remains is the vasculature with intervening spaces that are partially filled with lipid-and debris-laden gitter cells.
T94465 80309-80511 Sentence denotes Eventually the parenchymal cells are completely lysed or phagocytized, and all that remains is the vasculature with intervening spaces that are partially filled with lipid-and debris-laden gitter cells.
TextSentencer_T500 80512-80804 Sentence denotes In organs or tissues outside the CNS, liquefactive necrosis is most commonly encountered as part of pyogenic (pus-forming) bacterial infection with suppurative (neutrophil-rich) inflammation (see also Chapter 3) and is observed at the centers of abscesses or other collections of neutrophils.
TextSentencer_T500 80512-80804 Sentence denotes In organs or tissues outside the CNS, liquefactive necrosis is most commonly encountered as part of pyogenic (pus-forming) bacterial infection with suppurative (neutrophil-rich) inflammation (see also Chapter 3) and is observed at the centers of abscesses or other collections of neutrophils.
T84589 80512-80804 Sentence denotes In organs or tissues outside the CNS, liquefactive necrosis is most commonly encountered as part of pyogenic (pus-forming) bacterial infection with suppurative (neutrophil-rich) inflammation (see also Chapter 3) and is observed at the centers of abscesses or other collections of neutrophils.
TextSentencer_T501 80805-80825 Sentence denotes Gangrenous Necrosis.
TextSentencer_T501 80805-80825 Sentence denotes Gangrenous Necrosis.
T32406 80805-80825 Sentence denotes Gangrenous Necrosis.
TextSentencer_T502 80826-81034 Sentence denotes Gangrene denotes a type of necrosis that tends to develop at the distal aspect of extremities, such as the limbs, tail, or pinnae, or in dependent portions of organs, such as the mammary glands or lung lobes.
TextSentencer_T502 80826-81034 Sentence denotes Gangrene denotes a type of necrosis that tends to develop at the distal aspect of extremities, such as the limbs, tail, or pinnae, or in dependent portions of organs, such as the mammary glands or lung lobes.
T34950 80826-81034 Sentence denotes Gangrene denotes a type of necrosis that tends to develop at the distal aspect of extremities, such as the limbs, tail, or pinnae, or in dependent portions of organs, such as the mammary glands or lung lobes.
TextSentencer_T503 81035-81103 Sentence denotes Gangrene can be designated as wet or dry; these forms are unrelated.
TextSentencer_T503 81035-81103 Sentence denotes Gangrene can be designated as wet or dry; these forms are unrelated.
T36469 81035-81103 Sentence denotes Gangrene can be designated as wet or dry; these forms are unrelated.
TextSentencer_T504 81104-81190 Sentence denotes If the dependent necrotic tissue is infected by certain bacteria, wet gangrene ensues.
TextSentencer_T504 81104-81190 Sentence denotes If the dependent necrotic tissue is infected by certain bacteria, wet gangrene ensues.
T67469 81104-81190 Sentence denotes If the dependent necrotic tissue is infected by certain bacteria, wet gangrene ensues.
TextSentencer_T505 81191-81290 Sentence denotes If those bacteria are gas forming (e.g., Clostridium spp.), then wet gangrene becomes gas gangrene.
TextSentencer_T505 81191-81290 Sentence denotes If those bacteria are gas forming (e.g., Clostridium spp.), then wet gangrene becomes gas gangrene.
T21561 81191-81290 Sentence denotes If those bacteria are gas forming (e.g., Clostridium spp.), then wet gangrene becomes gas gangrene.
TextSentencer_T506 81291-81381 Sentence denotes In the lung, wet gangrene is often a sequel to the lytic necrosis of aspiration pneumonia.
TextSentencer_T506 81291-81381 Sentence denotes In the lung, wet gangrene is often a sequel to the lytic necrosis of aspiration pneumonia.
T37320 81291-81381 Sentence denotes In the lung, wet gangrene is often a sequel to the lytic necrosis of aspiration pneumonia.
TextSentencer_T507 81382-81517 Sentence denotes The aspirated material could be foreign material (food or medicament) or gastric content (a mixture of ingesta and gastric secretions).
TextSentencer_T507 81382-81517 Sentence denotes The aspirated material could be foreign material (food or medicament) or gastric content (a mixture of ingesta and gastric secretions).
T3859 81382-81517 Sentence denotes The aspirated material could be foreign material (food or medicament) or gastric content (a mixture of ingesta and gastric secretions).
TextSentencer_T508 81518-81656 Sentence denotes Such materials can be caustic in their own right and are also likely to deliver bacteria from the environment or oropharynx into the lung.
TextSentencer_T508 81518-81656 Sentence denotes Such materials can be caustic in their own right and are also likely to deliver bacteria from the environment or oropharynx into the lung.
T87010 81518-81656 Sentence denotes Such materials can be caustic in their own right and are also likely to deliver bacteria from the environment or oropharynx into the lung.
TextSentencer_T509 81657-81800 Sentence denotes Staphylococcal infection of the ruminant mammary gland can result in gangrenous mastitis ( Fig. 1-20, A; E-Fig. 1-3) , a form of wet gangrene.
TextSentencer_T509 81657-81800 Sentence denotes Staphylococcal infection of the ruminant mammary gland can result in gangrenous mastitis ( Fig. 1-20, A; E-Fig. 1-3) , a form of wet gangrene.
T55234 81657-81800 Sentence denotes Staphylococcal infection of the ruminant mammary gland can result in gangrenous mastitis ( Fig. 1-20, A; E-Fig. 1-3) , a form of wet gangrene.
TextSentencer_T510 81801-81858 Sentence denotes Grossly, tissues with wet gangrene are red-black and wet.
TextSentencer_T510 81801-81858 Sentence denotes Grossly, tissues with wet gangrene are red-black and wet.
T88094 81801-81858 Sentence denotes Grossly, tissues with wet gangrene are red-black and wet.
TextSentencer_T511 81859-82021 Sentence denotes Histologically, the lesion of wet gangrene resembles that of liquefactive necrosis but is usually accompanied by more numerous leukocytes, especially neutrophils.
TextSentencer_T511 81859-82021 Sentence denotes Histologically, the lesion of wet gangrene resembles that of liquefactive necrosis but is usually accompanied by more numerous leukocytes, especially neutrophils.
T75721 81859-82021 Sentence denotes Histologically, the lesion of wet gangrene resembles that of liquefactive necrosis but is usually accompanied by more numerous leukocytes, especially neutrophils.
TextSentencer_T512 82022-82143 Sentence denotes goats, is another bacterium that can replicate in phagosomes of macrophages without being destroyed by lysosomal enzymes.
TextSentencer_T512 82022-82143 Sentence denotes goats, is another bacterium that can replicate in phagosomes of macrophages without being destroyed by lysosomal enzymes.
T74729 82022-82143 Sentence denotes goats, is another bacterium that can replicate in phagosomes of macrophages without being destroyed by lysosomal enzymes.
TextSentencer_T513 82144-82295 Sentence denotes The chronic stage of infection results in caseous abscesses in peripheral or internal lymph nodes (caseous lymphadenitis, see also Chapter 13 and Figs.
TextSentencer_T513 82144-82295 Sentence denotes The chronic stage of infection results in caseous abscesses in peripheral or internal lymph nodes (caseous lymphadenitis, see also Chapter 13 and Figs.
T33182 82144-82295 Sentence denotes The chronic stage of infection results in caseous abscesses in peripheral or internal lymph nodes (caseous lymphadenitis, see also Chapter 13 and Figs.
TextSentencer_T514 82296-82348 Sentence denotes 13-79 and 13-80) or other organs, such as the lungs.
TextSentencer_T514 82296-82348 Sentence denotes 13-79 and 13-80) or other organs, such as the lungs.
T7474 82296-82348 Sentence denotes 13-79 and 13-80) or other organs, such as the lungs.
TextSentencer_T515 82349-82436 Sentence denotes Dry gangrene is the result of decreased vascular perfusion and/or loss of blood supply.
TextSentencer_T515 82349-82436 Sentence denotes Dry gangrene is the result of decreased vascular perfusion and/or loss of blood supply.
T61624 82349-82436 Sentence denotes Dry gangrene is the result of decreased vascular perfusion and/or loss of blood supply.
TextSentencer_T516 82437-82615 Sentence denotes It is a form of infarction resulting in coagulative necrosis that imparts a dry, leathery texture to the necrotic tissue, providing that it remains free of putrefactive bacteria.
TextSentencer_T516 82437-82615 Sentence denotes It is a form of infarction resulting in coagulative necrosis that imparts a dry, leathery texture to the necrotic tissue, providing that it remains free of putrefactive bacteria.
T96085 82437-82615 Sentence denotes It is a form of infarction resulting in coagulative necrosis that imparts a dry, leathery texture to the necrotic tissue, providing that it remains free of putrefactive bacteria.
TextSentencer_T517 82616-82774 Sentence denotes Arterial thrombosis (e.g., "saddle thrombus" formation at the iliac bifurcation of the aorta in cats) and frostbite are causes of dry gangrene of extremities.
TextSentencer_T517 82616-82774 Sentence denotes Arterial thrombosis (e.g., "saddle thrombus" formation at the iliac bifurcation of the aorta in cats) and frostbite are causes of dry gangrene of extremities.
T19699 82616-82774 Sentence denotes Arterial thrombosis (e.g., "saddle thrombus" formation at the iliac bifurcation of the aorta in cats) and frostbite are causes of dry gangrene of extremities.
TextSentencer_T518 82775-82960 Sentence denotes Dry gangrene is also the lesion of "fescue foot" in cattle (see Fig. 1-20, B) , caused by the vasoconstrictive effect of the ergot alkaloids produced by endophyte-infected fescue grass.
TextSentencer_T518 82775-82960 Sentence denotes Dry gangrene is also the lesion of "fescue foot" in cattle (see Fig. 1-20, B) , caused by the vasoconstrictive effect of the ergot alkaloids produced by endophyte-infected fescue grass.
T78757 82775-82960 Sentence denotes Dry gangrene is also the lesion of "fescue foot" in cattle (see Fig. 1-20, B) , caused by the vasoconstrictive effect of the ergot alkaloids produced by endophyte-infected fescue grass.
TextSentencer_T519 82961-82984 Sentence denotes Necrosis of Epithelium.
TextSentencer_T519 82961-82984 Sentence denotes Necrosis of Epithelium.
T77738 82961-82984 Sentence denotes Necrosis of Epithelium.
TextSentencer_T520 82985-83309 Sentence denotes Necrosis that develops in epithelial surfaces (e.g., epidermis or corneal epithelium) or epithelial linings (e.g., mucosal epithelium of the respiratory, digestive, or reproductive tracts) causes exfoliation or sloughing of dead cells, resulting in erosion of the epithelium, or, with full-thickness necrosis, in ulceration.
TextSentencer_T520 82985-83309 Sentence denotes Necrosis that develops in epithelial surfaces (e.g., epidermis or corneal epithelium) or epithelial linings (e.g., mucosal epithelium of the respiratory, digestive, or reproductive tracts) causes exfoliation or sloughing of dead cells, resulting in erosion of the epithelium, or, with full-thickness necrosis, in ulceration.
T27090 82985-83309 Sentence denotes Necrosis that develops in epithelial surfaces (e.g., epidermis or corneal epithelium) or epithelial linings (e.g., mucosal epithelium of the respiratory, digestive, or reproductive tracts) causes exfoliation or sloughing of dead cells, resulting in erosion of the epithelium, or, with full-thickness necrosis, in ulceration.
TextSentencer_T521 83310-83432 Sentence denotes Trauma, certain microbes (e.g., herpesviruses), and loss of blood supply are among the many causes of epithelial necrosis.
TextSentencer_T521 83310-83432 Sentence denotes Trauma, certain microbes (e.g., herpesviruses), and loss of blood supply are among the many causes of epithelial necrosis.
T92839 83310-83432 Sentence denotes Trauma, certain microbes (e.g., herpesviruses), and loss of blood supply are among the many causes of epithelial necrosis.
TextSentencer_T522 83433-83475 Sentence denotes Necrosis of Adipose Tissue (Fat Necrosis).
TextSentencer_T522 83433-83475 Sentence denotes Necrosis of Adipose Tissue (Fat Necrosis).
T54021 83433-83475 Sentence denotes Necrosis of Adipose Tissue (Fat Necrosis).
TextSentencer_T523 83476-83595 Sentence denotes Fat necrosis can be classified etiologically as nutritional, enzymatic, traumatic, and idiopathic (see also Chapter 7).
TextSentencer_T523 83476-83595 Sentence denotes Fat necrosis can be classified etiologically as nutritional, enzymatic, traumatic, and idiopathic (see also Chapter 7).
T26045 83476-83595 Sentence denotes Fat necrosis can be classified etiologically as nutritional, enzymatic, traumatic, and idiopathic (see also Chapter 7).
TextSentencer_T524 83596-83845 Sentence denotes Nutritional fat necrosis, also known as steatitis or yellow fat disease, is usually the result of feeding a diet high in unsaturated fatty acids and low in vitamin E or other antioxidants, setting the stage for ROS production and lipid peroxidation.
TextSentencer_T524 83596-83845 Sentence denotes Nutritional fat necrosis, also known as steatitis or yellow fat disease, is usually the result of feeding a diet high in unsaturated fatty acids and low in vitamin E or other antioxidants, setting the stage for ROS production and lipid peroxidation.
T77160 83596-83845 Sentence denotes Nutritional fat necrosis, also known as steatitis or yellow fat disease, is usually the result of feeding a diet high in unsaturated fatty acids and low in vitamin E or other antioxidants, setting the stage for ROS production and lipid peroxidation.
TextSentencer_T525 83846-83937 Sentence denotes Yellow fat disease is often seen in carnivores, such as cats or mink, on a fish-based diet.
TextSentencer_T525 83846-83937 Sentence denotes Yellow fat disease is often seen in carnivores, such as cats or mink, on a fish-based diet.
T69463 83846-83937 Sentence denotes Yellow fat disease is often seen in carnivores, such as cats or mink, on a fish-based diet.
TextSentencer_T526 83938-83997 Sentence denotes Affected adipose tissue is firm, nodular, and yellow-brown.
TextSentencer_T526 83938-83997 Sentence denotes Affected adipose tissue is firm, nodular, and yellow-brown.
T56406 83938-83997 Sentence denotes Affected adipose tissue is firm, nodular, and yellow-brown.
TextSentencer_T527 83998-84179 Sentence denotes Enzymatic necrosis of fat is seen mainly in peripancreatic adipose tissue, where it is attributed to release of lipases from necrotic pancreatic acinar cells ( Fig. 1-21 ; see Figs.
TextSentencer_T527 83998-84179 Sentence denotes Enzymatic necrosis of fat is seen mainly in peripancreatic adipose tissue, where it is attributed to release of lipases from necrotic pancreatic acinar cells ( Fig. 1-21 ; see Figs.
T18186 83998-84179 Sentence denotes Enzymatic necrosis of fat is seen mainly in peripancreatic adipose tissue, where it is attributed to release of lipases from necrotic pancreatic acinar cells ( Fig. 1-21 ; see Figs.
TextSentencer_T528 84180-84195 Sentence denotes 8-88 and 8-89).
TextSentencer_T528 84180-84195 Sentence denotes 8-88 and 8-89).
T32833 84180-84195 Sentence denotes 8-88 and 8-89).
TextSentencer_T529 84196-84332 Sentence denotes Grossly, necrotic adipose tissue becomes firm and nodular with off-white chalky deposits, the result of saponification (soap formation).
TextSentencer_T529 84196-84332 Sentence denotes Grossly, necrotic adipose tissue becomes firm and nodular with off-white chalky deposits, the result of saponification (soap formation).
T37196 84196-84332 Sentence denotes Grossly, necrotic adipose tissue becomes firm and nodular with off-white chalky deposits, the result of saponification (soap formation).
TextSentencer_T530 84333-84467 Sentence denotes Microscopically, fat necrosis elicits inflammation that consists mainly of lipid-laden macrophages and variable number of neutrophils.
TextSentencer_T530 84333-84467 Sentence denotes Microscopically, fat necrosis elicits inflammation that consists mainly of lipid-laden macrophages and variable number of neutrophils.
T90616 84333-84467 Sentence denotes Microscopically, fat necrosis elicits inflammation that consists mainly of lipid-laden macrophages and variable number of neutrophils.
TextSentencer_T531 84468-84717 Sentence denotes Lipids are removed by solvents during histologic processing, so the cytoplasm of normal adipocytes is not stained, whereas necrotic adipocytes tend to have pale eosinophilic to amphophilic cytoplasm with scattered intensely basophilic soap deposits.
TextSentencer_T531 84468-84717 Sentence denotes Lipids are removed by solvents during histologic processing, so the cytoplasm of normal adipocytes is not stained, whereas necrotic adipocytes tend to have pale eosinophilic to amphophilic cytoplasm with scattered intensely basophilic soap deposits.
T66640 84468-84717 Sentence denotes Lipids are removed by solvents during histologic processing, so the cytoplasm of normal adipocytes is not stained, whereas necrotic adipocytes tend to have pale eosinophilic to amphophilic cytoplasm with scattered intensely basophilic soap deposits.
TextSentencer_T532 84718-84936 Sentence denotes Traumatic fat necrosis is typically the result of blunt trauma or chronic pressure on adipose tissue against bony prominences, such as the subcutaneous adipose tissue compressed against the sternum in recumbent cattle.
TextSentencer_T532 84718-84936 Sentence denotes Traumatic fat necrosis is typically the result of blunt trauma or chronic pressure on adipose tissue against bony prominences, such as the subcutaneous adipose tissue compressed against the sternum in recumbent cattle.
T97043 84718-84936 Sentence denotes Traumatic fat necrosis is typically the result of blunt trauma or chronic pressure on adipose tissue against bony prominences, such as the subcutaneous adipose tissue compressed against the sternum in recumbent cattle.
TextSentencer_T533 84937-84990 Sentence denotes Ischemia is thought to contribute to the cell injury.
TextSentencer_T533 84937-84990 Sentence denotes Ischemia is thought to contribute to the cell injury.
T32247 84937-84990 Sentence denotes Ischemia is thought to contribute to the cell injury.
TextSentencer_T534 84991-85070 Sentence denotes Inflammation and saponification are inconspicuous in this form of fat necrosis.
TextSentencer_T534 84991-85070 Sentence denotes Inflammation and saponification are inconspicuous in this form of fat necrosis.
T19566 84991-85070 Sentence denotes Inflammation and saponification are inconspicuous in this form of fat necrosis.
TextSentencer_T535 85071-85148 Sentence denotes Necrosis of abdominal fat in cattle is an example of idiopathic fat necrosis.
TextSentencer_T535 85071-85148 Sentence denotes Necrosis of abdominal fat in cattle is an example of idiopathic fat necrosis.
T2909 85071-85148 Sentence denotes Necrosis of abdominal fat in cattle is an example of idiopathic fat necrosis.
TextSentencer_T536 85149-85277 Sentence denotes This lesion tends to develop in the abundant adipose tissue of the mesentery and retroperitoneal tissue of overconditioned cows.
TextSentencer_T536 85149-85277 Sentence denotes This lesion tends to develop in the abundant adipose tissue of the mesentery and retroperitoneal tissue of overconditioned cows.
T59453 85149-85277 Sentence denotes This lesion tends to develop in the abundant adipose tissue of the mesentery and retroperitoneal tissue of overconditioned cows.
TextSentencer_T537 85278-85408 Sentence denotes Some have attributed retroperitoneal fat necrosis to ischemia associated with consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue grass.
TextSentencer_T537 85278-85408 Sentence denotes Some have attributed retroperitoneal fat necrosis to ischemia associated with consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue grass.
T38571 85278-85408 Sentence denotes Some have attributed retroperitoneal fat necrosis to ischemia associated with consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue grass.
TextSentencer_T538 85409-85526 Sentence denotes Idiopathic fat necrosis is also encountered in the ventral parietal peritoneum of horses and ponies (see Fig. 7-15 ).
TextSentencer_T538 85409-85526 Sentence denotes Idiopathic fat necrosis is also encountered in the ventral parietal peritoneum of horses and ponies (see Fig. 7-15 ).
T6260 85409-85526 Sentence denotes Idiopathic fat necrosis is also encountered in the ventral parietal peritoneum of horses and ponies (see Fig. 7-15 ).
TextSentencer_T539 85527-85556 Sentence denotes Sequelae to Oncotic Necrosis.
TextSentencer_T539 85527-85556 Sentence denotes Sequelae to Oncotic Necrosis.
T56038 85527-85556 Sentence denotes Sequelae to Oncotic Necrosis.
TextSentencer_T540 85557-85623 Sentence denotes Oncotic necrosis elicits an inflammatory reaction in most tissues.
TextSentencer_T540 85557-85623 Sentence denotes Oncotic necrosis elicits an inflammatory reaction in most tissues.
T43479 85557-85623 Sentence denotes Oncotic necrosis elicits an inflammatory reaction in most tissues.
TextSentencer_T541 85624-85753 Sentence denotes In the CNS the inflammatory reaction is slow to develop and consists mainly of an influx of macrophages that become gitter cells.
TextSentencer_T541 85624-85753 Sentence denotes In the CNS the inflammatory reaction is slow to develop and consists mainly of an influx of macrophages that become gitter cells.
T52458 85624-85753 Sentence denotes In the CNS the inflammatory reaction is slow to develop and consists mainly of an influx of macrophages that become gitter cells.
TextSentencer_T542 85754-85896 Sentence denotes In most other tissues a band of hyperemia (hemorrhage and acute inflammation) encircles the necrotic tissue and brings leukocytes to the site.
TextSentencer_T542 85754-85896 Sentence denotes In most other tissues a band of hyperemia (hemorrhage and acute inflammation) encircles the necrotic tissue and brings leukocytes to the site.
T51289 85754-85896 Sentence denotes In most other tissues a band of hyperemia (hemorrhage and acute inflammation) encircles the necrotic tissue and brings leukocytes to the site.
TextSentencer_T543 85897-86079 Sentence denotes The neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize and lyse the necrotic tissue, converting coagulative to liquefactive necrosis and hastening (in many cases) the removal of damaged tissue.
TextSentencer_T543 85897-86079 Sentence denotes The neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize and lyse the necrotic tissue, converting coagulative to liquefactive necrosis and hastening (in many cases) the removal of damaged tissue.
T61041 85897-86079 Sentence denotes The neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize and lyse the necrotic tissue, converting coagulative to liquefactive necrosis and hastening (in many cases) the removal of damaged tissue.
TextSentencer_T544 86080-86170 Sentence denotes In other cases, foreign material or bone fragments resist digestion and form a sequestrum.
TextSentencer_T544 86080-86170 Sentence denotes In other cases, foreign material or bone fragments resist digestion and form a sequestrum.
T26260 86080-86170 Sentence denotes In other cases, foreign material or bone fragments resist digestion and form a sequestrum.
TextSentencer_T545 86171-86310 Sentence denotes Smaller cavitations left by liquefactive necrosis may heal without scarring, depending on the regenerative capacity of the affected tissue.
TextSentencer_T545 86171-86310 Sentence denotes Smaller cavitations left by liquefactive necrosis may heal without scarring, depending on the regenerative capacity of the affected tissue.
T59048 86171-86310 Sentence denotes Smaller cavitations left by liquefactive necrosis may heal without scarring, depending on the regenerative capacity of the affected tissue.
TextSentencer_T546 86311-86431 Sentence denotes The liver is an organ with high regenerative capacity and, because of its dual blood supply, is not prone to infarction.
TextSentencer_T546 86311-86431 Sentence denotes The liver is an organ with high regenerative capacity and, because of its dual blood supply, is not prone to infarction.
T66319 86311-86431 Sentence denotes The liver is an organ with high regenerative capacity and, because of its dual blood supply, is not prone to infarction.
TextSentencer_T547 86432-86633 Sentence denotes In contrast, in renal A B or injury from toxins or ROS, nutrient deprivation or withdrawal of growth factors or hormones, DNA damage, or immune-mediated injury from cytotoxic T lymphocytes or NK cells.
TextSentencer_T547 86432-86633 Sentence denotes In contrast, in renal A B or injury from toxins or ROS, nutrient deprivation or withdrawal of growth factors or hormones, DNA damage, or immune-mediated injury from cytotoxic T lymphocytes or NK cells.
T55951 86432-86633 Sentence denotes In contrast, in renal A B or injury from toxins or ROS, nutrient deprivation or withdrawal of growth factors or hormones, DNA damage, or immune-mediated injury from cytotoxic T lymphocytes or NK cells.
TextSentencer_T548 86634-86893 Sentence denotes Apoptosis ( Fig. 1-22 ) proceeds through an extrinsic pathway (initiated by the binding of a ligand to its DR) or an intrinsic pathway (initiated in mitochondria in response to various stresses or DNA damage) and almost always entails activation of caspases.
TextSentencer_T548 86634-86893 Sentence denotes Apoptosis ( Fig. 1-22 ) proceeds through an extrinsic pathway (initiated by the binding of a ligand to its DR) or an intrinsic pathway (initiated in mitochondria in response to various stresses or DNA damage) and almost always entails activation of caspases.
T10740 86634-86893 Sentence denotes Apoptosis ( Fig. 1-22 ) proceeds through an extrinsic pathway (initiated by the binding of a ligand to its DR) or an intrinsic pathway (initiated in mitochondria in response to various stresses or DNA damage) and almost always entails activation of caspases.
TextSentencer_T549 86894-86972 Sentence denotes Caspases are cysteine proteases that cleave peptides after aspartate residues.
TextSentencer_T549 86894-86972 Sentence denotes Caspases are cysteine proteases that cleave peptides after aspartate residues.
T75054 86894-86972 Sentence denotes Caspases are cysteine proteases that cleave peptides after aspartate residues.
TextSentencer_T550 86973-87257 Sentence denotes The initiator caspases that start the process of apoptosis include caspase-8 (activated by the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) of the extrinsic pathway), caspase-9 (activated with the apoptosome in the intrinsic pathway), and caspase-2 (activated by p53 following DNA damage).
TextSentencer_T550 86973-87257 Sentence denotes The initiator caspases that start the process of apoptosis include caspase-8 (activated by the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) of the extrinsic pathway), caspase-9 (activated with the apoptosome in the intrinsic pathway), and caspase-2 (activated by p53 following DNA damage).
T48646 86973-87257 Sentence denotes The initiator caspases that start the process of apoptosis include caspase-8 (activated by the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) of the extrinsic pathway), caspase-9 (activated with the apoptosome in the intrinsic pathway), and caspase-2 (activated by p53 following DNA damage).
TextSentencer_T551 87258-87365 Sentence denotes The initiator caspases activate effector caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-7, which then execute apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T551 87258-87365 Sentence denotes The initiator caspases activate effector caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-7, which then execute apoptosis.
T76201 87258-87365 Sentence denotes The initiator caspases activate effector caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-7, which then execute apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T552 87366-87415 Sentence denotes The Extrinsic (Death Receptor-Initiated) Pathway.
TextSentencer_T552 87366-87415 Sentence denotes The Extrinsic (Death Receptor-Initiated) Pathway.
T32904 87366-87415 Sentence denotes The Extrinsic (Death Receptor-Initiated) Pathway.
TextSentencer_T553 87416-87515 Sentence denotes Extrinsic apoptosis (see Fig. 1 -22) begins with ligand-induced trimerization of a cell surface DR.
TextSentencer_T553 87416-87515 Sentence denotes Extrinsic apoptosis (see Fig. 1 -22) begins with ligand-induced trimerization of a cell surface DR.
T44427 87416-87515 Sentence denotes Extrinsic apoptosis (see Fig. 1 -22) begins with ligand-induced trimerization of a cell surface DR.
TextSentencer_T554 87516-87638 Sentence denotes The DRs include Fas, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 1, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor (TRAILR).
TextSentencer_T554 87516-87638 Sentence denotes The DRs include Fas, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 1, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor (TRAILR).
T51132 87516-87638 Sentence denotes The DRs include Fas, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 1, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor (TRAILR).
TextSentencer_T555 87639-87850 Sentence denotes The next step is internalization and recruitment of the intermediate membrane proteins TNF receptorassociated death domain (TRADD), Fas-associated death domain (FADD), and caspase-8 to form the cytoplasmic DISC.
TextSentencer_T555 87639-87850 Sentence denotes The next step is internalization and recruitment of the intermediate membrane proteins TNF receptorassociated death domain (TRADD), Fas-associated death domain (FADD), and caspase-8 to form the cytoplasmic DISC.
T21835 87639-87850 Sentence denotes The next step is internalization and recruitment of the intermediate membrane proteins TNF receptorassociated death domain (TRADD), Fas-associated death domain (FADD), and caspase-8 to form the cytoplasmic DISC.
TextSentencer_T556 87851-88192 Sentence denotes Remember that RIPK1, depending on its ubiquitination status, can associate with the trimerized DR and direct the cell toward regulated necrosis (if caspases are inhibited) or toward survival via activation of NFκB, and has an N-terminal death domain (DD) that links it to the apoptotic pathway through adaptor proteins such as TRADD or FADD.
TextSentencer_T556 87851-88192 Sentence denotes Remember that RIPK1, depending on its ubiquitination status, can associate with the trimerized DR and direct the cell toward regulated necrosis (if caspases are inhibited) or toward survival via activation of NFκB, and has an N-terminal death domain (DD) that links it to the apoptotic pathway through adaptor proteins such as TRADD or FADD.
T52944 87851-88192 Sentence denotes Remember that RIPK1, depending on its ubiquitination status, can associate with the trimerized DR and direct the cell toward regulated necrosis (if caspases are inhibited) or toward survival via activation of NFκB, and has an N-terminal death domain (DD) that links it to the apoptotic pathway through adaptor proteins such as TRADD or FADD.
TextSentencer_T557 88193-88257 Sentence denotes TRADD interacts with FADD, which in turn activates procaspase-8.
TextSentencer_T557 88193-88257 Sentence denotes TRADD interacts with FADD, which in turn activates procaspase-8.
T13502 88193-88257 Sentence denotes TRADD interacts with FADD, which in turn activates procaspase-8.
TextSentencer_T558 88258-88369 Sentence denotes Sufficient active caspase-8 then activates effector (executioner) caspase-3 and caspase-7 to execute apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T558 88258-88369 Sentence denotes Sufficient active caspase-8 then activates effector (executioner) caspase-3 and caspase-7 to execute apoptosis.
T84245 88258-88369 Sentence denotes Sufficient active caspase-8 then activates effector (executioner) caspase-3 and caspase-7 to execute apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T559 88370-88522 Sentence denotes Caspase-8 can also truncate Bid, a proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, which translocates to mitochondria to trigger intrinsic apoptosis (see the next section).
TextSentencer_T559 88370-88522 Sentence denotes Caspase-8 can also truncate Bid, a proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, which translocates to mitochondria to trigger intrinsic apoptosis (see the next section).
T43991 88370-88522 Sentence denotes Caspase-8 can also truncate Bid, a proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, which translocates to mitochondria to trigger intrinsic apoptosis (see the next section).
TextSentencer_T560 88523-88628 Sentence denotes Importantly, the protein FLIP blocks the extrinsic pathway by binding procaspase-8 without activating it.
TextSentencer_T560 88523-88628 Sentence denotes Importantly, the protein FLIP blocks the extrinsic pathway by binding procaspase-8 without activating it.
T99906 88523-88628 Sentence denotes Importantly, the protein FLIP blocks the extrinsic pathway by binding procaspase-8 without activating it.
TextSentencer_T561 88629-88854 Sentence denotes If caspase-8 activity is insufficient, DR-mediated apoptosis can be augmented by mitochondria, almost always through Bcl-2 proteins, such as the proapoptotic Bak (Bcl-2 antagonist/killer) and Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein).
TextSentencer_T561 88629-88854 Sentence denotes If caspase-8 activity is insufficient, DR-mediated apoptosis can be augmented by mitochondria, almost always through Bcl-2 proteins, such as the proapoptotic Bak (Bcl-2 antagonist/killer) and Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein).
T14009 88629-88854 Sentence denotes If caspase-8 activity is insufficient, DR-mediated apoptosis can be augmented by mitochondria, almost always through Bcl-2 proteins, such as the proapoptotic Bak (Bcl-2 antagonist/killer) and Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein).
TextSentencer_T562 88855-89020 Sentence denotes Even cells that cannot initiate or propagate apoptotic signaling can still die, but do so via caspase-independent pathways of cell death, such as regulated necrosis.
TextSentencer_T562 88855-89020 Sentence denotes Even cells that cannot initiate or propagate apoptotic signaling can still die, but do so via caspase-independent pathways of cell death, such as regulated necrosis.
T57132 88855-89020 Sentence denotes Even cells that cannot initiate or propagate apoptotic signaling can still die, but do so via caspase-independent pathways of cell death, such as regulated necrosis.
TextSentencer_T563 89021-89059 Sentence denotes The Intrinsic (Mitochondrial) Pathway.
TextSentencer_T563 89021-89059 Sentence denotes The Intrinsic (Mitochondrial) Pathway.
T10080 89021-89059 Sentence denotes The Intrinsic (Mitochondrial) Pathway.
TextSentencer_T564 89060-89318 Sentence denotes The intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis (see Fig. 1 -22) does not require ligation of a cell surface DR and can be triggered by a variety of cell stressors or by DNA damage that leads to activation of p53upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA).
TextSentencer_T564 89060-89318 Sentence denotes The intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis (see Fig. 1 -22) does not require ligation of a cell surface DR and can be triggered by a variety of cell stressors or by DNA damage that leads to activation of p53upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA).
T40994 89060-89318 Sentence denotes The intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis (see Fig. 1 -22) does not require ligation of a cell surface DR and can be triggered by a variety of cell stressors or by DNA damage that leads to activation of p53upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA).
TextSentencer_T565 89319-89412 Sentence denotes The key event of intrinsic apoptosis is mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP).
TextSentencer_T565 89319-89412 Sentence denotes The key event of intrinsic apoptosis is mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP).
T67470 89319-89412 Sentence denotes The key event of intrinsic apoptosis is mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP).
TextSentencer_T566 89413-89554 Sentence denotes MOMP can be triggered by activation, posttranslational modification, and upregulation of proapoptotic BH3-only proteins (e.g., PUMA protein).
TextSentencer_T566 89413-89554 Sentence denotes MOMP can be triggered by activation, posttranslational modification, and upregulation of proapoptotic BH3-only proteins (e.g., PUMA protein).
T28546 89413-89554 Sentence denotes MOMP can be triggered by activation, posttranslational modification, and upregulation of proapoptotic BH3-only proteins (e.g., PUMA protein).
TextSentencer_T567 89555-89685 Sentence denotes The BH3-only proteins usually induce MOMP via oligomerization of Bax and Bak to form channels in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
TextSentencer_T567 89555-89685 Sentence denotes The BH3-only proteins usually induce MOMP via oligomerization of Bax and Bak to form channels in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
T72962 89555-89685 Sentence denotes The BH3-only proteins usually induce MOMP via oligomerization of Bax and Bak to form channels in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
TextSentencer_T568 89686-89812 Sentence denotes This permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane releases cytochrome c from the intermembrane space into the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T568 89686-89812 Sentence denotes This permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane releases cytochrome c from the intermembrane space into the cytosol.
T327 89686-89812 Sentence denotes This permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane releases cytochrome c from the intermembrane space into the cytosol.
TextSentencer_T569 89813-89978 Sentence denotes Cytochrome c promotes the assembly of the caspase-activating complex or apoptosome, which consists of caspase-9 plus apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf-1).
TextSentencer_T569 89813-89978 Sentence denotes Cytochrome c promotes the assembly of the caspase-activating complex or apoptosome, which consists of caspase-9 plus apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf-1).
T70473 89813-89978 Sentence denotes Cytochrome c promotes the assembly of the caspase-activating complex or apoptosome, which consists of caspase-9 plus apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf-1).
TextSentencer_T570 89979-90141 Sentence denotes MOMP also releases the second mitochondrial activator of caspases (SMAC), as well as the catabolic hydrolases, apoptosisinducing factor (AIF), and endonuclease G.
TextSentencer_T570 89979-90141 Sentence denotes MOMP also releases the second mitochondrial activator of caspases (SMAC), as well as the catabolic hydrolases, apoptosisinducing factor (AIF), and endonuclease G.
T42319 89979-90141 Sentence denotes MOMP also releases the second mitochondrial activator of caspases (SMAC), as well as the catabolic hydrolases, apoptosisinducing factor (AIF), and endonuclease G.
TextSentencer_T571 90142-90325 Sentence denotes Recall from the section on regulated necrosis that opening of the MPT pore is a key event in cell death because it dissipates the proton gradient needed for oxidative phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T571 90142-90325 Sentence denotes Recall from the section on regulated necrosis that opening of the MPT pore is a key event in cell death because it dissipates the proton gradient needed for oxidative phosphorylation.
T78539 90142-90325 Sentence denotes Recall from the section on regulated necrosis that opening of the MPT pore is a key event in cell death because it dissipates the proton gradient needed for oxidative phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T572 90326-90511 Sentence denotes At low concentrations, opening of the MPT pore can induce protective autophagy to infarcts the lost nephrons are seldom successfully repaired and are usually replaced by a fibrous scar.
TextSentencer_T572 90326-90511 Sentence denotes At low concentrations, opening of the MPT pore can induce protective autophagy to infarcts the lost nephrons are seldom successfully repaired and are usually replaced by a fibrous scar.
T99964 90326-90511 Sentence denotes At low concentrations, opening of the MPT pore can induce protective autophagy to infarcts the lost nephrons are seldom successfully repaired and are usually replaced by a fibrous scar.
TextSentencer_T573 90512-90832 Sentence denotes Focal epithelial necrosis that results in ulceration can be repaired by hyperplasia of adjacent normal epithelial cells without scarring if the defect is small or shallow and if basal or other progenitor cells remain nearby to fill the gap (i.e., healing in coronavirus or parvovirus infections of the small intestine ).
TextSentencer_T573 90512-90832 Sentence denotes Focal epithelial necrosis that results in ulceration can be repaired by hyperplasia of adjacent normal epithelial cells without scarring if the defect is small or shallow and if basal or other progenitor cells remain nearby to fill the gap (i.e., healing in coronavirus or parvovirus infections of the small intestine ).
T66699 90512-90832 Sentence denotes Focal epithelial necrosis that results in ulceration can be repaired by hyperplasia of adjacent normal epithelial cells without scarring if the defect is small or shallow and if basal or other progenitor cells remain nearby to fill the gap (i.e., healing in coronavirus or parvovirus infections of the small intestine ).
TextSentencer_T574 90833-90965 Sentence denotes Adipose tissue, in contrast, is ill equipped to replace necrotic fat lobules because of the low regenerative capacity of adipocytes.
TextSentencer_T574 90833-90965 Sentence denotes Adipose tissue, in contrast, is ill equipped to replace necrotic fat lobules because of the low regenerative capacity of adipocytes.
T27697 90833-90965 Sentence denotes Adipose tissue, in contrast, is ill equipped to replace necrotic fat lobules because of the low regenerative capacity of adipocytes.
TextSentencer_T575 90966-91030 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T575 90966-91030 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
T94521 90966-91030 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T576 91031-91186 Sentence denotes In contrast to oncotic necrosis, in which the dying cell swells until it literally bursts, apoptotic cell death is a process of condensation and shrinkage.
TextSentencer_T576 91031-91186 Sentence denotes In contrast to oncotic necrosis, in which the dying cell swells until it literally bursts, apoptotic cell death is a process of condensation and shrinkage.
T7784 91031-91186 Sentence denotes In contrast to oncotic necrosis, in which the dying cell swells until it literally bursts, apoptotic cell death is a process of condensation and shrinkage.
TextSentencer_T577 91187-91378 Sentence denotes Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is important in embryologic development, homeostasis, and involution of organs or tissues deprived of hormonal stimulation or growth factors.
TextSentencer_T577 91187-91378 Sentence denotes Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is important in embryologic development, homeostasis, and involution of organs or tissues deprived of hormonal stimulation or growth factors.
T94020 91187-91378 Sentence denotes Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is important in embryologic development, homeostasis, and involution of organs or tissues deprived of hormonal stimulation or growth factors.
TextSentencer_T578 91379-91499 Sentence denotes It is also a regulated form of cell death that is directed by signaling pathways in response to certain types of injury.
TextSentencer_T578 91379-91499 Sentence denotes It is also a regulated form of cell death that is directed by signaling pathways in response to certain types of injury.
T115 91379-91499 Sentence denotes It is also a regulated form of cell death that is directed by signaling pathways in response to certain types of injury.
TextSentencer_T579 91500-91522 Sentence denotes Triggers of Apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T579 91500-91522 Sentence denotes Triggers of Apoptosis.
T79601 91500-91522 Sentence denotes Triggers of Apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T580 91523-91709 Sentence denotes The triggers of apoptosis include binding of ligands such as TNF to cell surface DRs, various stresses 21.e1 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
TextSentencer_T580 91523-91709 Sentence denotes The triggers of apoptosis include binding of ligands such as TNF to cell surface DRs, various stresses 21.e1 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
T78246 91523-91709 Sentence denotes The triggers of apoptosis include binding of ligands such as TNF to cell surface DRs, various stresses 21.e1 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
TextSentencer_T581 91710-91850 Sentence denotes Postmortem changes are the result of autolysis (postmortem decomposition) rather than of some pathologic process; thus they are not lesions.
TextSentencer_T581 91710-91850 Sentence denotes Postmortem changes are the result of autolysis (postmortem decomposition) rather than of some pathologic process; thus they are not lesions.
T29730 91710-91850 Sentence denotes Postmortem changes are the result of autolysis (postmortem decomposition) rather than of some pathologic process; thus they are not lesions.
TextSentencer_T582 91851-92126 Sentence denotes Although all cells in histologic sections are technically dead, the pathologist must distinguish between those that were viable and those that had already died before the tissue specimen was collected at biopsy or before the animal died in the case of postmortem examination.
TextSentencer_T582 91851-92126 Sentence denotes Although all cells in histologic sections are technically dead, the pathologist must distinguish between those that were viable and those that had already died before the tissue specimen was collected at biopsy or before the animal died in the case of postmortem examination.
T79946 91851-92126 Sentence denotes Although all cells in histologic sections are technically dead, the pathologist must distinguish between those that were viable and those that had already died before the tissue specimen was collected at biopsy or before the animal died in the case of postmortem examination.
TextSentencer_T583 92127-92284 Sentence denotes Antemortem cell death is recognized by the morphologic changes that follow the biochemical events of cell death and takes time (minutes to hours) to develop.
TextSentencer_T583 92127-92284 Sentence denotes Antemortem cell death is recognized by the morphologic changes that follow the biochemical events of cell death and takes time (minutes to hours) to develop.
T48342 92127-92284 Sentence denotes Antemortem cell death is recognized by the morphologic changes that follow the biochemical events of cell death and takes time (minutes to hours) to develop.
TextSentencer_T584 92285-92462 Sentence denotes Autolysis, in contrast, is the decomposition of cells that takes place after somatic death (i.e., death of the body) or after collection of a biopsy sample from a living animal.
TextSentencer_T584 92285-92462 Sentence denotes Autolysis, in contrast, is the decomposition of cells that takes place after somatic death (i.e., death of the body) or after collection of a biopsy sample from a living animal.
T19504 92285-92462 Sentence denotes Autolysis, in contrast, is the decomposition of cells that takes place after somatic death (i.e., death of the body) or after collection of a biopsy sample from a living animal.
TextSentencer_T585 92463-92611 Sentence denotes Autolysis results in morphologic changes in cells and tissues, and it is these changes that the pathologist must distinguish from those of necrosis.
TextSentencer_T585 92463-92611 Sentence denotes Autolysis results in morphologic changes in cells and tissues, and it is these changes that the pathologist must distinguish from those of necrosis.
T91920 92463-92611 Sentence denotes Autolysis results in morphologic changes in cells and tissues, and it is these changes that the pathologist must distinguish from those of necrosis.
TextSentencer_T586 92612-92793 Sentence denotes Ideally, autolysis is minimized by collecting tissues before (biopsy) or as close to the time of somatic death as possible and fixing them for histologic processing upon collection.
TextSentencer_T586 92612-92793 Sentence denotes Ideally, autolysis is minimized by collecting tissues before (biopsy) or as close to the time of somatic death as possible and fixing them for histologic processing upon collection.
T9383 92612-92793 Sentence denotes Ideally, autolysis is minimized by collecting tissues before (biopsy) or as close to the time of somatic death as possible and fixing them for histologic processing upon collection.
TextSentencer_T587 92794-92995 Sentence denotes This is especially important in tissues such as the intestine, in which autolysis develops within minutes because the mucosal epithelium is exposed to bacteria and digestive enzymes from the gut lumen.
TextSentencer_T587 92794-92995 Sentence denotes This is especially important in tissues such as the intestine, in which autolysis develops within minutes because the mucosal epithelium is exposed to bacteria and digestive enzymes from the gut lumen.
T35659 92794-92995 Sentence denotes This is especially important in tissues such as the intestine, in which autolysis develops within minutes because the mucosal epithelium is exposed to bacteria and digestive enzymes from the gut lumen.
TextSentencer_T588 92996-93202 Sentence denotes Autolyzed enterocytes have microscopic changes that can be mistaken for degenerative lesions, such as loss of the microvillous brush border, rounding, attenuation, and detachment from the basement membrane.
TextSentencer_T588 92996-93202 Sentence denotes Autolyzed enterocytes have microscopic changes that can be mistaken for degenerative lesions, such as loss of the microvillous brush border, rounding, attenuation, and detachment from the basement membrane.
T28727 92996-93202 Sentence denotes Autolyzed enterocytes have microscopic changes that can be mistaken for degenerative lesions, such as loss of the microvillous brush border, rounding, attenuation, and detachment from the basement membrane.
TextSentencer_T589 93203-93352 Sentence denotes The so-called cadaver bacilli invade other tissues, especially the liver with its portal blood supply, but can reach nearly every tissue in the body.
TextSentencer_T589 93203-93352 Sentence denotes The so-called cadaver bacilli invade other tissues, especially the liver with its portal blood supply, but can reach nearly every tissue in the body.
T62352 93203-93352 Sentence denotes The so-called cadaver bacilli invade other tissues, especially the liver with its portal blood supply, but can reach nearly every tissue in the body.
TextSentencer_T590 93353-93505 Sentence denotes Postmortem decomposition proceeds at various rates depending on the tissue, the cause of death, body and environmental temperature, and microbial flora.
TextSentencer_T590 93353-93505 Sentence denotes Postmortem decomposition proceeds at various rates depending on the tissue, the cause of death, body and environmental temperature, and microbial flora.
T75654 93353-93505 Sentence denotes Postmortem decomposition proceeds at various rates depending on the tissue, the cause of death, body and environmental temperature, and microbial flora.
TextSentencer_T591 93506-93550 Sentence denotes Brain and spinal cord are quick to autolyze.
TextSentencer_T591 93506-93550 Sentence denotes Brain and spinal cord are quick to autolyze.
T72788 93506-93550 Sentence denotes Brain and spinal cord are quick to autolyze.
TextSentencer_T592 93551-93675 Sentence denotes The brain is also subject to another postmortem change, known as dark neurons, from handling in the early postmortem period.
TextSentencer_T592 93551-93675 Sentence denotes The brain is also subject to another postmortem change, known as dark neurons, from handling in the early postmortem period.
T90735 93551-93675 Sentence denotes The brain is also subject to another postmortem change, known as dark neurons, from handling in the early postmortem period.
TextSentencer_T593 93676-93783 Sentence denotes Dark neurons must be distinguished from neurons that died from ischemia or excitotoxicity (see Chapter 14).
TextSentencer_T593 93676-93783 Sentence denotes Dark neurons must be distinguished from neurons that died from ischemia or excitotoxicity (see Chapter 14).
T23763 93676-93783 Sentence denotes Dark neurons must be distinguished from neurons that died from ischemia or excitotoxicity (see Chapter 14).
TextSentencer_T594 93784-94043 Sentence denotes Skeletal muscle is not so quick to autolyze but retains the ability to contract after somatic death, especially when immersed in formalin, so muscle biopsy specimens must be clamped in a slightly stretched state before fixation to avoid contraction artifacts.
TextSentencer_T594 93784-94043 Sentence denotes Skeletal muscle is not so quick to autolyze but retains the ability to contract after somatic death, especially when immersed in formalin, so muscle biopsy specimens must be clamped in a slightly stretched state before fixation to avoid contraction artifacts.
T1228 93784-94043 Sentence denotes Skeletal muscle is not so quick to autolyze but retains the ability to contract after somatic death, especially when immersed in formalin, so muscle biopsy specimens must be clamped in a slightly stretched state before fixation to avoid contraction artifacts.
TextSentencer_T595 94044-94177 Sentence denotes Rigor mortis is a generalized contraction of skeletal muscle that commences 1 to 6 hours after death and can persist for 1 to 2 days.
TextSentencer_T595 94044-94177 Sentence denotes Rigor mortis is a generalized contraction of skeletal muscle that commences 1 to 6 hours after death and can persist for 1 to 2 days.
T72411 94044-94177 Sentence denotes Rigor mortis is a generalized contraction of skeletal muscle that commences 1 to 6 hours after death and can persist for 1 to 2 days.
TextSentencer_T596 94178-94333 Sentence denotes Muscle contraction and relaxation require ATP and glycogen, so once the stores are depleted, postmortem muscle contraction is reversible only by autolysis.
TextSentencer_T596 94178-94333 Sentence denotes Muscle contraction and relaxation require ATP and glycogen, so once the stores are depleted, postmortem muscle contraction is reversible only by autolysis.
T23089 94178-94333 Sentence denotes Muscle contraction and relaxation require ATP and glycogen, so once the stores are depleted, postmortem muscle contraction is reversible only by autolysis.
TextSentencer_T597 94334-94616 Sentence denotes Rapid cooling of the carcass (by refrigeration, not freezing, which induces ice crystal formation) helps considerably to delay autolysis but is of limited value for adult herbivores, in which the rumen or equine cecum generates heat from fermentation long after death of the animal.
TextSentencer_T597 94334-94616 Sentence denotes Rapid cooling of the carcass (by refrigeration, not freezing, which induces ice crystal formation) helps considerably to delay autolysis but is of limited value for adult herbivores, in which the rumen or equine cecum generates heat from fermentation long after death of the animal.
T34112 94334-94616 Sentence denotes Rapid cooling of the carcass (by refrigeration, not freezing, which induces ice crystal formation) helps considerably to delay autolysis but is of limited value for adult herbivores, in which the rumen or equine cecum generates heat from fermentation long after death of the animal.
TextSentencer_T598 94617-94699 Sentence denotes Abundant adipose tissue or a heavy coat also impedes rapid cooling of the carcass.
TextSentencer_T598 94617-94699 Sentence denotes Abundant adipose tissue or a heavy coat also impedes rapid cooling of the carcass.
T61987 94617-94699 Sentence denotes Abundant adipose tissue or a heavy coat also impedes rapid cooling of the carcass.
TextSentencer_T599 94700-94845 Sentence denotes Autolysis progresses so rapidly in the rumen that its stratified squamous mucosal epithelium sloughs in broad sheets within a few hours of death.
TextSentencer_T599 94700-94845 Sentence denotes Autolysis progresses so rapidly in the rumen that its stratified squamous mucosal epithelium sloughs in broad sheets within a few hours of death.
T95641 94700-94845 Sentence denotes Autolysis progresses so rapidly in the rumen that its stratified squamous mucosal epithelium sloughs in broad sheets within a few hours of death.
TextSentencer_T600 94846-94953 Sentence denotes Autolysis is rapid throughout the gastrointestinal tract in all species, but especially that of herbivores.
TextSentencer_T600 94846-94953 Sentence denotes Autolysis is rapid throughout the gastrointestinal tract in all species, but especially that of herbivores.
T25446 94846-94953 Sentence denotes Autolysis is rapid throughout the gastrointestinal tract in all species, but especially that of herbivores.
TextSentencer_T601 94954-95126 Sentence denotes Gas production by enteric bacteria continues unabated in the postmortem period, distending the entire gastrointestinal tract, but especially the rumen and the equine cecum.
TextSentencer_T601 94954-95126 Sentence denotes Gas production by enteric bacteria continues unabated in the postmortem period, distending the entire gastrointestinal tract, but especially the rumen and the equine cecum.
T84472 94954-95126 Sentence denotes Gas production by enteric bacteria continues unabated in the postmortem period, distending the entire gastrointestinal tract, but especially the rumen and the equine cecum.
TextSentencer_T602 95127-95312 Sentence denotes Gaseous distension of the gastrointestinal tract can result in rupture, displacement of abdominal viscera, eversion of rectal mucosa through the anus, and even rupture of the diaphragm.
TextSentencer_T602 95127-95312 Sentence denotes Gaseous distension of the gastrointestinal tract can result in rupture, displacement of abdominal viscera, eversion of rectal mucosa through the anus, and even rupture of the diaphragm.
T35704 95127-95312 Sentence denotes Gaseous distension of the gastrointestinal tract can result in rupture, displacement of abdominal viscera, eversion of rectal mucosa through the anus, and even rupture of the diaphragm.
TextSentencer_T603 95313-95407 Sentence denotes In severely autolyzed carcasses, gas bubbles (postmortem emphysema) are found in most tissues.
TextSentencer_T603 95313-95407 Sentence denotes In severely autolyzed carcasses, gas bubbles (postmortem emphysema) are found in most tissues.
T30436 95313-95407 Sentence denotes In severely autolyzed carcasses, gas bubbles (postmortem emphysema) are found in most tissues.
TextSentencer_T604 95408-95530 Sentence denotes Livor mortis, or hypostatic congestion, is the gravitational pooling of blood on the dependent (down) side of the carcass.
TextSentencer_T604 95408-95530 Sentence denotes Livor mortis, or hypostatic congestion, is the gravitational pooling of blood on the dependent (down) side of the carcass.
T74397 95408-95530 Sentence denotes Livor mortis, or hypostatic congestion, is the gravitational pooling of blood on the dependent (down) side of the carcass.
TextSentencer_T605 95531-95709 Sentence denotes This results in reddening of tissues that can be observed externally in pale-skinned, sparsely haired animals (E- Fig. 1-4) and internally in organs and tissues of the down side.
TextSentencer_T605 95531-95709 Sentence denotes This results in reddening of tissues that can be observed externally in pale-skinned, sparsely haired animals (E- Fig. 1-4) and internally in organs and tissues of the down side.
T44305 95531-95709 Sentence denotes This results in reddening of tissues that can be observed externally in pale-skinned, sparsely haired animals (E- Fig. 1-4) and internally in organs and tissues of the down side.
TextSentencer_T606 95710-95834 Sentence denotes Postmortem hypostatic congestion becomes permanent once the blood clots, so if an animal is E- Figure 1-4 Livor Mortis, Pig.
TextSentencer_T606 95710-95834 Sentence denotes Postmortem hypostatic congestion becomes permanent once the blood clots, so if an animal is E- Figure 1-4 Livor Mortis, Pig.
T99087 95710-95834 Sentence denotes Postmortem hypostatic congestion becomes permanent once the blood clots, so if an animal is E- Figure 1-4 Livor Mortis, Pig.
TextSentencer_T607 95835-95944 Sentence denotes Note red to purple discoloration of skin on the right side, the side on which the pig was lying when it died.
TextSentencer_T607 95835-95944 Sentence denotes Note red to purple discoloration of skin on the right side, the side on which the pig was lying when it died.
T56824 95835-95944 Sentence denotes Note red to purple discoloration of skin on the right side, the side on which the pig was lying when it died.
TextSentencer_T608 95945-96011 Sentence denotes This color change is termed livor mortis or hypostatic congestion.
TextSentencer_T608 95945-96011 Sentence denotes This color change is termed livor mortis or hypostatic congestion.
T38906 95945-96011 Sentence denotes This color change is termed livor mortis or hypostatic congestion.
TextSentencer_T609 96012-96108 Sentence denotes The pale areas are pressure points on the down side into which blood could not flow after death.
TextSentencer_T609 96012-96108 Sentence denotes The pale areas are pressure points on the down side into which blood could not flow after death.
T62548 96012-96108 Sentence denotes The pale areas are pressure points on the down side into which blood could not flow after death.
TextSentencer_T610 96109-96297 Sentence denotes A postmortem clot (E- Fig. 1 -5) can be distinguished from an antemortem thrombus by its smooth shiny surface and lack of lamination or attachment to the endothelial surface of the vessel.
TextSentencer_T610 96109-96297 Sentence denotes A postmortem clot (E- Fig. 1 -5) can be distinguished from an antemortem thrombus by its smooth shiny surface and lack of lamination or attachment to the endothelial surface of the vessel.
T78613 96109-96297 Sentence denotes A postmortem clot (E- Fig. 1 -5) can be distinguished from an antemortem thrombus by its smooth shiny surface and lack of lamination or attachment to the endothelial surface of the vessel.
TextSentencer_T611 96298-96531 Sentence denotes However, depending on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a postmortem clot can organize within a vessel just as within a test tube, with erythrocytes at the bottom separated by a "buffy coat" of leukocytes from the serum at the top.
TextSentencer_T611 96298-96531 Sentence denotes However, depending on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a postmortem clot can organize within a vessel just as within a test tube, with erythrocytes at the bottom separated by a "buffy coat" of leukocytes from the serum at the top.
T61809 96298-96531 Sentence denotes However, depending on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a postmortem clot can organize within a vessel just as within a test tube, with erythrocytes at the bottom separated by a "buffy coat" of leukocytes from the serum at the top.
TextSentencer_T612 96532-96740 Sentence denotes The resemblance of clotted serum to avian adipose tissue has garnered the name of "chicken fat clot" for this postmortem clot that is often seen in horses because of their high erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
TextSentencer_T612 96532-96740 Sentence denotes The resemblance of clotted serum to avian adipose tissue has garnered the name of "chicken fat clot" for this postmortem clot that is often seen in horses because of their high erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
T24993 96532-96740 Sentence denotes The resemblance of clotted serum to avian adipose tissue has garnered the name of "chicken fat clot" for this postmortem clot that is often seen in horses because of their high erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
TextSentencer_T613 96741-96792 Sentence denotes Inflammation can accelerate the sedimentation rate.
TextSentencer_T613 96741-96792 Sentence denotes Inflammation can accelerate the sedimentation rate.
T35072 96741-96792 Sentence denotes Inflammation can accelerate the sedimentation rate.
TextSentencer_T614 96793-97003 Sentence denotes Anticoagulants or hereditary coagulopathies can delay or prevent postmortem clotting of blood. moved subsequently, the pooled blood will remain on the original down side, a useful finding in forensic pathology.
TextSentencer_T614 96793-97003 Sentence denotes Anticoagulants or hereditary coagulopathies can delay or prevent postmortem clotting of blood. moved subsequently, the pooled blood will remain on the original down side, a useful finding in forensic pathology.
T10814 96793-97003 Sentence denotes Anticoagulants or hereditary coagulopathies can delay or prevent postmortem clotting of blood. moved subsequently, the pooled blood will remain on the original down side, a useful finding in forensic pathology.
TextSentencer_T615 97004-97078 Sentence denotes Color changes in the autolyzed carcass must be distinguished from lesions.
TextSentencer_T615 97004-97078 Sentence denotes Color changes in the autolyzed carcass must be distinguished from lesions.
T89261 97004-97078 Sentence denotes Color changes in the autolyzed carcass must be distinguished from lesions.
TextSentencer_T616 97079-97178 Sentence denotes Hemoglobin imbibition is the reddish discoloration of tissue by hemoglobin from lysed erythrocytes.
TextSentencer_T616 97079-97178 Sentence denotes Hemoglobin imbibition is the reddish discoloration of tissue by hemoglobin from lysed erythrocytes.
T87107 97079-97178 Sentence denotes Hemoglobin imbibition is the reddish discoloration of tissue by hemoglobin from lysed erythrocytes.
TextSentencer_T617 97179-97300 Sentence denotes It is first noted in endocardium and intima of large vessels but eventually discolors surrounding tissues (E- Fig. 1-6) .
TextSentencer_T617 97179-97300 Sentence denotes It is first noted in endocardium and intima of large vessels but eventually discolors surrounding tissues (E- Fig. 1-6) .
T79381 97179-97300 Sentence denotes It is first noted in endocardium and intima of large vessels but eventually discolors surrounding tissues (E- Fig. 1-6) .
TextSentencer_T618 97301-97417 Sentence denotes In dead fetuses that are retained in utero, hemoglobin imbibition imparts a pink-brown discoloration to all tissues.
TextSentencer_T618 97301-97417 Sentence denotes In dead fetuses that are retained in utero, hemoglobin imbibition imparts a pink-brown discoloration to all tissues.
T567 97301-97417 Sentence denotes In dead fetuses that are retained in utero, hemoglobin imbibition imparts a pink-brown discoloration to all tissues.
TextSentencer_T619 97418-97548 Sentence denotes Bile imbibition is a greenish discoloration from leakage of bile through the wall of the gallbladder or bile ducts (E- Fig. 1-7) .
TextSentencer_T619 97418-97548 Sentence denotes Bile imbibition is a greenish discoloration from leakage of bile through the wall of the gallbladder or bile ducts (E- Fig. 1-7) .
T18116 97418-97548 Sentence denotes Bile imbibition is a greenish discoloration from leakage of bile through the wall of the gallbladder or bile ducts (E- Fig. 1-7) .
TextSentencer_T620 97549-97847 Sentence denotes Pseudomelanosis is a blue-green to black discoloration of tissues, especially along the digestive tract, by iron sulfide deposits-there is no melanin in pseudomelanosis-that are formed by the reaction E- Figure 1-6 Imbibition of Hemoglobin, Viscera, Pig That Was Dead Several Hours Before Necropsy.
TextSentencer_T620 97549-97847 Sentence denotes Pseudomelanosis is a blue-green to black discoloration of tissues, especially along the digestive tract, by iron sulfide deposits-there is no melanin in pseudomelanosis-that are formed by the reaction E- Figure 1-6 Imbibition of Hemoglobin, Viscera, Pig That Was Dead Several Hours Before Necropsy.
T20621 97549-97847 Sentence denotes Pseudomelanosis is a blue-green to black discoloration of tissues, especially along the digestive tract, by iron sulfide deposits-there is no melanin in pseudomelanosis-that are formed by the reaction E- Figure 1-6 Imbibition of Hemoglobin, Viscera, Pig That Was Dead Several Hours Before Necropsy.
TextSentencer_T621 97848-97932 Sentence denotes Note dark pink discoloration of serosal surfaces of the stomach and small intestine.
TextSentencer_T621 97848-97932 Sentence denotes Note dark pink discoloration of serosal surfaces of the stomach and small intestine.
T87897 97848-97932 Sentence denotes Note dark pink discoloration of serosal surfaces of the stomach and small intestine.
TextSentencer_T622 97933-98155 Sentence denotes This is termed hemoglobin imbibition and is due to staining by hemoglobin that has seeped out of autolyzed erythrocytes. ( of hydrogen sulfide from putrefactive bacteria with the iron in hemoglobin from lysed erythrocytes.
TextSentencer_T622 97933-98155 Sentence denotes This is termed hemoglobin imbibition and is due to staining by hemoglobin that has seeped out of autolyzed erythrocytes. ( of hydrogen sulfide from putrefactive bacteria with the iron in hemoglobin from lysed erythrocytes.
T25310 97933-98155 Sentence denotes This is termed hemoglobin imbibition and is due to staining by hemoglobin that has seeped out of autolyzed erythrocytes. ( of hydrogen sulfide from putrefactive bacteria with the iron in hemoglobin from lysed erythrocytes.
TextSentencer_T623 98156-98349 Sentence denotes Postmortem proliferation of gasforming bacteria results in distension of the gastrointestinal tract, formation of gas bubbles (emphysema) in tissues, and bloating of the carcass (E- Fig. 1-8) .
TextSentencer_T623 98156-98349 Sentence denotes Postmortem proliferation of gasforming bacteria results in distension of the gastrointestinal tract, formation of gas bubbles (emphysema) in tissues, and bloating of the carcass (E- Fig. 1-8) .
T33440 98156-98349 Sentence denotes Postmortem proliferation of gasforming bacteria results in distension of the gastrointestinal tract, formation of gas bubbles (emphysema) in tissues, and bloating of the carcass (E- Fig. 1-8) .
TextSentencer_T624 98350-98466 Sentence denotes Localized postmortem bacterial proliferation in the liver can result in spots of pallor that resemble necrotic foci.
TextSentencer_T624 98350-98466 Sentence denotes Localized postmortem bacterial proliferation in the liver can result in spots of pallor that resemble necrotic foci.
T18565 98350-98466 Sentence denotes Localized postmortem bacterial proliferation in the liver can result in spots of pallor that resemble necrotic foci.
TextSentencer_T625 98467-98610 Sentence denotes Postmortem pressure on organs, such as the lung or liver, forces the blood out of underlying tissue, producing pale "imprints" (E- Fig. 1-9) .
TextSentencer_T625 98467-98610 Sentence denotes Postmortem pressure on organs, such as the lung or liver, forces the blood out of underlying tissue, producing pale "imprints" (E- Fig. 1-9) .
T33554 98467-98610 Sentence denotes Postmortem pressure on organs, such as the lung or liver, forces the blood out of underlying tissue, producing pale "imprints" (E- Fig. 1-9) .
TextSentencer_T626 98611-98706 Sentence denotes Chilling or partial freezing of the carcass can make the lens opaque and white (E- Fig. 1-10 ).
TextSentencer_T626 98611-98706 Sentence denotes Chilling or partial freezing of the carcass can make the lens opaque and white (E- Fig. 1-10 ).
T51372 98611-98706 Sentence denotes Chilling or partial freezing of the carcass can make the lens opaque and white (E- Fig. 1-10 ).
TextSentencer_T627 98707-98799 Sentence denotes This can be confused with cataracts, but the lens reverts to normal transparency on warming.
TextSentencer_T627 98707-98799 Sentence denotes This can be confused with cataracts, but the lens reverts to normal transparency on warming.
T303 98707-98799 Sentence denotes This can be confused with cataracts, but the lens reverts to normal transparency on warming.
TextSentencer_T628 98800-99095 Sentence denotes CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death of the nucleus (pyknosis and karyorrhexis) with blebbing of the plasma membrane to form membrane-bound apoptotic bodies that contain nuclear fragments, organelles, and condensed cytosol ( Fig. 1-23 ; see Fig. 1-22) .
TextSentencer_T628 98800-99095 Sentence denotes CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death of the nucleus (pyknosis and karyorrhexis) with blebbing of the plasma membrane to form membrane-bound apoptotic bodies that contain nuclear fragments, organelles, and condensed cytosol ( Fig. 1-23 ; see Fig. 1-22) .
T82357 98800-99095 Sentence denotes CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death of the nucleus (pyknosis and karyorrhexis) with blebbing of the plasma membrane to form membrane-bound apoptotic bodies that contain nuclear fragments, organelles, and condensed cytosol ( Fig. 1-23 ; see Fig. 1-22) .
TextSentencer_T629 99096-99282 Sentence denotes The plasma membrane that surrounds apoptotic bodies prevents the inflammation occurring with necrotic cell death but does express factors to attract phagocytes and stimulate heterophagy.
TextSentencer_T629 99096-99282 Sentence denotes The plasma membrane that surrounds apoptotic bodies prevents the inflammation occurring with necrotic cell death but does express factors to attract phagocytes and stimulate heterophagy.
T2029 99096-99282 Sentence denotes The plasma membrane that surrounds apoptotic bodies prevents the inflammation occurring with necrotic cell death but does express factors to attract phagocytes and stimulate heterophagy.
TextSentencer_T630 99283-99382 Sentence denotes Not surprisingly, apoptotic and necrotic cell death can coexist in the same tissue (E- Fig. 1-11 ).
TextSentencer_T630 99283-99382 Sentence denotes Not surprisingly, apoptotic and necrotic cell death can coexist in the same tissue (E- Fig. 1-11 ).
T82061 99283-99382 Sentence denotes Not surprisingly, apoptotic and necrotic cell death can coexist in the same tissue (E- Fig. 1-11 ).
TextSentencer_T631 99383-99504 Sentence denotes In the previous section we considered reversible injury with acute cell swelling and irreversible injury with cell death.
TextSentencer_T631 99383-99504 Sentence denotes In the previous section we considered reversible injury with acute cell swelling and irreversible injury with cell death.
T61508 99383-99504 Sentence denotes In the previous section we considered reversible injury with acute cell swelling and irreversible injury with cell death.
TextSentencer_T632 99505-99555 Sentence denotes In this section remove dysfunctional mitochondria.
TextSentencer_T632 99505-99555 Sentence denotes In this section remove dysfunctional mitochondria.
T61843 99505-99555 Sentence denotes In this section remove dysfunctional mitochondria.
TextSentencer_T633 99556-99634 Sentence denotes However, MOMP is a lethal permeabilization that initiates intrinsic apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T633 99556-99634 Sentence denotes However, MOMP is a lethal permeabilization that initiates intrinsic apoptosis.
T17112 99556-99634 Sentence denotes However, MOMP is a lethal permeabilization that initiates intrinsic apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T634 99635-99668 Sentence denotes The Execution Phase of Apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T634 99635-99668 Sentence denotes The Execution Phase of Apoptosis.
T92634 99635-99668 Sentence denotes The Execution Phase of Apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T635 99669-99861 Sentence denotes Initiator caspases (2, 8, 9, or 10) cleave the downstream effector (executioner) caspases (mainly 3, 6, and 7), which then execute apoptosis by cleaving cell proteins after aspartate residues.
TextSentencer_T635 99669-99861 Sentence denotes Initiator caspases (2, 8, 9, or 10) cleave the downstream effector (executioner) caspases (mainly 3, 6, and 7), which then execute apoptosis by cleaving cell proteins after aspartate residues.
T20034 99669-99861 Sentence denotes Initiator caspases (2, 8, 9, or 10) cleave the downstream effector (executioner) caspases (mainly 3, 6, and 7), which then execute apoptosis by cleaving cell proteins after aspartate residues.
TextSentencer_T636 99862-99980 Sentence denotes Granzyme B from cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells can also trigger apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and caspase-7.
TextSentencer_T636 99862-99980 Sentence denotes Granzyme B from cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells can also trigger apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and caspase-7.
T76170 99862-99980 Sentence denotes Granzyme B from cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells can also trigger apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and caspase-7.
TextSentencer_T637 99981-100116 Sentence denotes Effector caspases cleave nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, leading to disintegration of the nucleus and disruption of the cytoskeleton.
TextSentencer_T637 99981-100116 Sentence denotes Effector caspases cleave nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, leading to disintegration of the nucleus and disruption of the cytoskeleton.
T94968 99981-100116 Sentence denotes Effector caspases cleave nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, leading to disintegration of the nucleus and disruption of the cytoskeleton.
TextSentencer_T638 100117-100153 Sentence denotes Morphologic Appearance of Apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T638 100117-100153 Sentence denotes Morphologic Appearance of Apoptosis.
T29077 100117-100153 Sentence denotes Morphologic Appearance of Apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T639 100154-100481 Sentence denotes Morphologically, apoptotic cell death is a process of condensation and fragmentation In the extrinsic pathway (left), apoptosis is triggered by binding of a ligand to a cell surface death receptor with subsequent formation of a cytoplasmic death-inducing signaling complex that activates an initiator caspase (e.g., caspase-8).
TextSentencer_T639 100154-100481 Sentence denotes Morphologically, apoptotic cell death is a process of condensation and fragmentation In the extrinsic pathway (left), apoptosis is triggered by binding of a ligand to a cell surface death receptor with subsequent formation of a cytoplasmic death-inducing signaling complex that activates an initiator caspase (e.g., caspase-8).
T96660 100154-100481 Sentence denotes Morphologically, apoptotic cell death is a process of condensation and fragmentation In the extrinsic pathway (left), apoptosis is triggered by binding of a ligand to a cell surface death receptor with subsequent formation of a cytoplasmic death-inducing signaling complex that activates an initiator caspase (e.g., caspase-8).
TextSentencer_T640 100482-100736 Sentence denotes The intrinsic pathway (right) of apoptosis is triggered by DNA damage or various cell stressors, especially those that result in permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane, and leads to formation of the caspase-activating complex or apoptosome.
TextSentencer_T640 100482-100736 Sentence denotes The intrinsic pathway (right) of apoptosis is triggered by DNA damage or various cell stressors, especially those that result in permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane, and leads to formation of the caspase-activating complex or apoptosome.
T52549 100482-100736 Sentence denotes The intrinsic pathway (right) of apoptosis is triggered by DNA damage or various cell stressors, especially those that result in permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane, and leads to formation of the caspase-activating complex or apoptosome.
TextSentencer_T641 100737-100805 Sentence denotes The initiator caspase in the intrinsic pathway is usually caspase-9.
TextSentencer_T641 100737-100805 Sentence denotes The initiator caspase in the intrinsic pathway is usually caspase-9.
T8490 100737-100805 Sentence denotes The initiator caspase in the intrinsic pathway is usually caspase-9.
TextSentencer_T642 100806-101103 Sentence denotes In both the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathways, initiator caspases activate effector (executioner) caspases, resulting in cell death with the characteristic morphologic features of apoptosis (shown at bottom). (a kinase-interacting protein), and autophagy-related gene products (ATG) 13 and 101.
TextSentencer_T642 100806-101103 Sentence denotes In both the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathways, initiator caspases activate effector (executioner) caspases, resulting in cell death with the characteristic morphologic features of apoptosis (shown at bottom). (a kinase-interacting protein), and autophagy-related gene products (ATG) 13 and 101.
T41164 100806-101103 Sentence denotes In both the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathways, initiator caspases activate effector (executioner) caspases, resulting in cell death with the characteristic morphologic features of apoptosis (shown at bottom). (a kinase-interacting protein), and autophagy-related gene products (ATG) 13 and 101.
TextSentencer_T643 101104-101278 Sentence denotes The ULK1 complex drives the formation of the isolation membrane; mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a protein-serine/threonine kinase, complex 1 inhibits the ULK1 complex.
TextSentencer_T643 101104-101278 Sentence denotes The ULK1 complex drives the formation of the isolation membrane; mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a protein-serine/threonine kinase, complex 1 inhibits the ULK1 complex.
T94815 101104-101278 Sentence denotes The ULK1 complex drives the formation of the isolation membrane; mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a protein-serine/threonine kinase, complex 1 inhibits the ULK1 complex.
TextSentencer_T644 101279-101532 Sentence denotes The Beclin 1-VPS34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34, a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase) complex drives nucleation of the isolation membrane or phagophore, usually at the point of contact between mitochondria and ER, though other cell membranes may contribute.
TextSentencer_T644 101279-101532 Sentence denotes The Beclin 1-VPS34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34, a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase) complex drives nucleation of the isolation membrane or phagophore, usually at the point of contact between mitochondria and ER, though other cell membranes may contribute.
T21972 101279-101532 Sentence denotes The Beclin 1-VPS34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34, a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase) complex drives nucleation of the isolation membrane or phagophore, usually at the point of contact between mitochondria and ER, though other cell membranes may contribute.
TextSentencer_T645 101533-101632 Sentence denotes Transmembrane ATG9 and VMP1 (vacuolar membrane protein 1) recruit lipids to the isolation membrane.
TextSentencer_T645 101533-101632 Sentence denotes Transmembrane ATG9 and VMP1 (vacuolar membrane protein 1) recruit lipids to the isolation membrane.
T73181 101533-101632 Sentence denotes Transmembrane ATG9 and VMP1 (vacuolar membrane protein 1) recruit lipids to the isolation membrane.
TextSentencer_T646 101633-101720 Sentence denotes The doublelayered isolation membrane wraps around a portion of cytosol with organelles.
TextSentencer_T646 101633-101720 Sentence denotes The doublelayered isolation membrane wraps around a portion of cytosol with organelles.
T34422 101633-101720 Sentence denotes The doublelayered isolation membrane wraps around a portion of cytosol with organelles.
TextSentencer_T647 101721-101896 Sentence denotes Two ubiquitin-like (UBL) protein conjugation systemsthe ATG12-UBL system and the protein light chain (LC) 3-UBL system-cleave LC3 and catalyze the conjugation of ATG proteins.
TextSentencer_T647 101721-101896 Sentence denotes Two ubiquitin-like (UBL) protein conjugation systemsthe ATG12-UBL system and the protein light chain (LC) 3-UBL system-cleave LC3 and catalyze the conjugation of ATG proteins.
T4903 101721-101896 Sentence denotes Two ubiquitin-like (UBL) protein conjugation systemsthe ATG12-UBL system and the protein light chain (LC) 3-UBL system-cleave LC3 and catalyze the conjugation of ATG proteins.
TextSentencer_T648 101897-102084 Sentence denotes Finally, soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein) attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-like proteins are involved in docking and fusion of the lysosome to the autophagosome.
TextSentencer_T648 101897-102084 Sentence denotes Finally, soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein) attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-like proteins are involved in docking and fusion of the lysosome to the autophagosome.
T70939 101897-102084 Sentence denotes Finally, soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein) attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-like proteins are involved in docking and fusion of the lysosome to the autophagosome.
TextSentencer_T649 102085-102214 Sentence denotes The end result is a single membrane-bound autophagolysosome that contains a portion of the cytosol with dysfunctional organelles.
TextSentencer_T649 102085-102214 Sentence denotes The end result is a single membrane-bound autophagolysosome that contains a portion of the cytosol with dysfunctional organelles.
T42318 102085-102214 Sentence denotes The end result is a single membrane-bound autophagolysosome that contains a portion of the cytosol with dysfunctional organelles.
TextSentencer_T650 102215-102320 Sentence denotes See the later section on Intracellular Accumulations for the histologic appearance of autophagolysosomes.
TextSentencer_T650 102215-102320 Sentence denotes See the later section on Intracellular Accumulations for the histologic appearance of autophagolysosomes.
T73631 102215-102320 Sentence denotes See the later section on Intracellular Accumulations for the histologic appearance of autophagolysosomes.
TextSentencer_T651 102321-102505 Sentence denotes In general, autophagy provides an escape from cell death by facilitating the removal of effete organelles and unnecessary cell proteins and by providing nutrients to the deprived cell.
TextSentencer_T651 102321-102505 Sentence denotes In general, autophagy provides an escape from cell death by facilitating the removal of effete organelles and unnecessary cell proteins and by providing nutrients to the deprived cell.
T38295 102321-102505 Sentence denotes In general, autophagy provides an escape from cell death by facilitating the removal of effete organelles and unnecessary cell proteins and by providing nutrients to the deprived cell.
TextSentencer_T652 102506-102845 Sentence denotes However, even when the autophagic cell dies (from apoptosis, oncotic necrosis, or uncontrolled autophagy), autophagy protects tissues from unnecessary inflammation by promoting the secretion of lysophosphatidylcholine, a chemotactic factor for phagocytes, and surface expression of phosphatidylserine, which marks the cell for heterophagy.
TextSentencer_T652 102506-102845 Sentence denotes However, even when the autophagic cell dies (from apoptosis, oncotic necrosis, or uncontrolled autophagy), autophagy protects tissues from unnecessary inflammation by promoting the secretion of lysophosphatidylcholine, a chemotactic factor for phagocytes, and surface expression of phosphatidylserine, which marks the cell for heterophagy.
T65418 102506-102845 Sentence denotes However, even when the autophagic cell dies (from apoptosis, oncotic necrosis, or uncontrolled autophagy), autophagy protects tissues from unnecessary inflammation by promoting the secretion of lysophosphatidylcholine, a chemotactic factor for phagocytes, and surface expression of phosphatidylserine, which marks the cell for heterophagy.
TextSentencer_T653 102846-102991 Sentence denotes Tissues adapt to chronic injury in positive or negative ways, depending on the nature of the injury and the type of cell (Essential Concept 1-4).
TextSentencer_T653 102846-102991 Sentence denotes Tissues adapt to chronic injury in positive or negative ways, depending on the nature of the injury and the type of cell (Essential Concept 1-4).
T97138 102846-102991 Sentence denotes Tissues adapt to chronic injury in positive or negative ways, depending on the nature of the injury and the type of cell (Essential Concept 1-4).
TextSentencer_T654 102992-103187 Sentence denotes Some changes, such as an increase in cell size (hypertrophy) or number (hyperplasia) can increase the function of the organ or tissue at least temporarily and are considered positive adaptations.
TextSentencer_T654 102992-103187 Sentence denotes Some changes, such as an increase in cell size (hypertrophy) or number (hyperplasia) can increase the function of the organ or tissue at least temporarily and are considered positive adaptations.
T16505 102992-103187 Sentence denotes Some changes, such as an increase in cell size (hypertrophy) or number (hyperplasia) can increase the function of the organ or tissue at least temporarily and are considered positive adaptations.
TextSentencer_T655 103188-103369 Sentence denotes In other cases, cells shrink (atrophy) and the organ or tissue has diminished function, but this seemingly negative adaptation can have the beneficial effect of avoiding cell death.
TextSentencer_T655 103188-103369 Sentence denotes In other cases, cells shrink (atrophy) and the organ or tissue has diminished function, but this seemingly negative adaptation can have the beneficial effect of avoiding cell death.
T37225 103188-103369 Sentence denotes In other cases, cells shrink (atrophy) and the organ or tissue has diminished function, but this seemingly negative adaptation can have the beneficial effect of avoiding cell death.
TextSentencer_T656 103370-103501 Sentence denotes A change in cell type (metaplasia) generally decreases normal cell function but can offer greater protection to underlying tissues.
TextSentencer_T656 103370-103501 Sentence denotes A change in cell type (metaplasia) generally decreases normal cell function but can offer greater protection to underlying tissues.
T90239 103370-103501 Sentence denotes A change in cell type (metaplasia) generally decreases normal cell function but can offer greater protection to underlying tissues.
TextSentencer_T657 103502-103644 Sentence denotes Dysplastic changes (dysplasia) in cell appearance, on the other hand, have little or no protective effect and can be a precursor to neoplasia.
TextSentencer_T657 103502-103644 Sentence denotes Dysplastic changes (dysplasia) in cell appearance, on the other hand, have little or no protective effect and can be a precursor to neoplasia.
T94424 103502-103644 Sentence denotes Dysplastic changes (dysplasia) in cell appearance, on the other hand, have little or no protective effect and can be a precursor to neoplasia.
TextSentencer_T658 103645-103691 Sentence denotes These changes are illustrated in Figure 1 -25.
TextSentencer_T658 103645-103691 Sentence denotes These changes are illustrated in Figure 1 -25.
T40973 103645-103691 Sentence denotes These changes are illustrated in Figure 1 -25.
TextSentencer_T659 103692-103851 Sentence denotes Atrophy is the decrease in the mass of a tissue or organ due to decreased size and/or number of cells after it has reached its normal size (see Fig. 1-25, B) .
TextSentencer_T659 103692-103851 Sentence denotes Atrophy is the decrease in the mass of a tissue or organ due to decreased size and/or number of cells after it has reached its normal size (see Fig. 1-25, B) .
T32159 103692-103851 Sentence denotes Atrophy is the decrease in the mass of a tissue or organ due to decreased size and/or number of cells after it has reached its normal size (see Fig. 1-25, B) .
TextSentencer_T660 103852-104006 Sentence denotes Atrophy must be distinguished from hypoplasia, the term applied to tissues or organs that are smaller than normal because they never developed completely.
TextSentencer_T660 103852-104006 Sentence denotes Atrophy must be distinguished from hypoplasia, the term applied to tissues or organs that are smaller than normal because they never developed completely.
T41284 103852-104006 Sentence denotes Atrophy must be distinguished from hypoplasia, the term applied to tissues or organs that are smaller than normal because they never developed completely.
TextSentencer_T661 104007-104100 Sentence denotes The shrinkage of atrophied tissue is caused by decreased size or loss of its principal cells.
TextSentencer_T661 104007-104100 Sentence denotes The shrinkage of atrophied tissue is caused by decreased size or loss of its principal cells.
T33337 104007-104100 Sentence denotes The shrinkage of atrophied tissue is caused by decreased size or loss of its principal cells.
TextSentencer_T662 104101-104375 Sentence denotes The causes of cellular or tissue atrophy include nutrient deprivation or loss of hormonal stimulation, decreased workload (disuse atrophy), denervation (especially in skeletal muscles), and compression (e.g., adjacent to neoplasms, other masses, or distended body cavities).
TextSentencer_T662 104101-104375 Sentence denotes The causes of cellular or tissue atrophy include nutrient deprivation or loss of hormonal stimulation, decreased workload (disuse atrophy), denervation (especially in skeletal muscles), and compression (e.g., adjacent to neoplasms, other masses, or distended body cavities).
T48133 104101-104375 Sentence denotes The causes of cellular or tissue atrophy include nutrient deprivation or loss of hormonal stimulation, decreased workload (disuse atrophy), denervation (especially in skeletal muscles), and compression (e.g., adjacent to neoplasms, other masses, or distended body cavities).
TextSentencer_T663 104376-104497 Sentence denotes Autophagy and apoptotic cell death can contribute to the shrinkage or loss of cells, respectively, in an atrophied organ.
TextSentencer_T663 104376-104497 Sentence denotes Autophagy and apoptotic cell death can contribute to the shrinkage or loss of cells, respectively, in an atrophied organ.
T69660 104376-104497 Sentence denotes Autophagy and apoptotic cell death can contribute to the shrinkage or loss of cells, respectively, in an atrophied organ.
TextSentencer_T664 104498-104593 Sentence denotes Histologically, the principal cells of the tissue are small with little to no mitotic activity.
TextSentencer_T664 104498-104593 Sentence denotes Histologically, the principal cells of the tissue are small with little to no mitotic activity.
T83970 104498-104593 Sentence denotes Histologically, the principal cells of the tissue are small with little to no mitotic activity.
TextSentencer_T665 104594-104671 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, atrophied cells have few mitochondria or other organelles.
TextSentencer_T665 104594-104671 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, atrophied cells have few mitochondria or other organelles.
T13444 104594-104671 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, atrophied cells have few mitochondria or other organelles.
TextSentencer_T666 104672-105012 Sentence denotes we examine chronic sublethal injury to which the cell may adapt by undergoing hypertrophy (increased cell size because of increase in the number and size of organelles), hyperplasia (increased number of cells due to proliferation of cells capable of mitosis), metaplasia (change in cell type), or dysplasia (development of cellular atypia).
TextSentencer_T666 104672-105012 Sentence denotes we examine chronic sublethal injury to which the cell may adapt by undergoing hypertrophy (increased cell size because of increase in the number and size of organelles), hyperplasia (increased number of cells due to proliferation of cells capable of mitosis), metaplasia (change in cell type), or dysplasia (development of cellular atypia).
T35208 104672-105012 Sentence denotes we examine chronic sublethal injury to which the cell may adapt by undergoing hypertrophy (increased cell size because of increase in the number and size of organelles), hyperplasia (increased number of cells due to proliferation of cells capable of mitosis), metaplasia (change in cell type), or dysplasia (development of cellular atypia).
TextSentencer_T667 105013-105216 Sentence denotes Alternatively, cells may undergo degenerative changes such as atrophy (diminished number and size of organelles with decreased cell size and tissue mass) or accumulation of normal or abnormal substances.
TextSentencer_T667 105013-105216 Sentence denotes Alternatively, cells may undergo degenerative changes such as atrophy (diminished number and size of organelles with decreased cell size and tissue mass) or accumulation of normal or abnormal substances.
T13478 105013-105216 Sentence denotes Alternatively, cells may undergo degenerative changes such as atrophy (diminished number and size of organelles with decreased cell size and tissue mass) or accumulation of normal or abnormal substances.
TextSentencer_T668 105217-105352 Sentence denotes Autophagy evolved as a cell survival mechanism during ischemia or involution in response to loss of growth factors or hormonal stimuli.
TextSentencer_T668 105217-105352 Sentence denotes Autophagy evolved as a cell survival mechanism during ischemia or involution in response to loss of growth factors or hormonal stimuli.
T47943 105217-105352 Sentence denotes Autophagy evolved as a cell survival mechanism during ischemia or involution in response to loss of growth factors or hormonal stimuli.
TextSentencer_T669 105353-105506 Sentence denotes In autophagy, cells consume their own damaged organelles, as a housekeeping function, and cytosolic proteins and carbohydrates, as a source of nutrients.
TextSentencer_T669 105353-105506 Sentence denotes In autophagy, cells consume their own damaged organelles, as a housekeeping function, and cytosolic proteins and carbohydrates, as a source of nutrients.
T59165 105353-105506 Sentence denotes In autophagy, cells consume their own damaged organelles, as a housekeeping function, and cytosolic proteins and carbohydrates, as a source of nutrients.
TextSentencer_T670 105507-105627 Sentence denotes Thus autophagy is distinct from heterophagy ( Fig. 1-24) , in which one cell phagocytizes another cell or parts thereof.
TextSentencer_T670 105507-105627 Sentence denotes Thus autophagy is distinct from heterophagy ( Fig. 1-24) , in which one cell phagocytizes another cell or parts thereof.
T56915 105507-105627 Sentence denotes Thus autophagy is distinct from heterophagy ( Fig. 1-24) , in which one cell phagocytizes another cell or parts thereof.
TextSentencer_T671 105628-105720 Sentence denotes Autophagy usually inhibits apoptosis; however, if uncontrolled, it can result in cell death.
TextSentencer_T671 105628-105720 Sentence denotes Autophagy usually inhibits apoptosis; however, if uncontrolled, it can result in cell death.
T14655 105628-105720 Sentence denotes Autophagy usually inhibits apoptosis; however, if uncontrolled, it can result in cell death.
TextSentencer_T672 105721-105856 Sentence denotes Autophagy can be categorized as macroautophagy, microautophagy (direct phagocytosis by the lysosome), and chaperone-assisted autophagy.
TextSentencer_T672 105721-105856 Sentence denotes Autophagy can be categorized as macroautophagy, microautophagy (direct phagocytosis by the lysosome), and chaperone-assisted autophagy.
T15196 105721-105856 Sentence denotes Autophagy can be categorized as macroautophagy, microautophagy (direct phagocytosis by the lysosome), and chaperone-assisted autophagy.
TextSentencer_T673 105857-106057 Sentence denotes In macroautophagy, portions of cytosol and organelles are enveloped in a doublemembrane-bound autophagosome, which subsequently fuses with a lysosome to form a single-membrane-bound autophagolysosome.
TextSentencer_T673 105857-106057 Sentence denotes In macroautophagy, portions of cytosol and organelles are enveloped in a doublemembrane-bound autophagosome, which subsequently fuses with a lysosome to form a single-membrane-bound autophagolysosome.
T40735 105857-106057 Sentence denotes In macroautophagy, portions of cytosol and organelles are enveloped in a doublemembrane-bound autophagosome, which subsequently fuses with a lysosome to form a single-membrane-bound autophagolysosome.
TextSentencer_T674 106058-106179 Sentence denotes The autophagy signaling pathway begins with formation of the ULK1 complex, composed of ULK1 (UNC-51-like kinase), FIP 200
TextSentencer_T674 106058-106179 Sentence denotes The autophagy signaling pathway begins with formation of the ULK1 complex, composed of ULK1 (UNC-51-like kinase), FIP 200
T55873 106058-106179 Sentence denotes The autophagy signaling pathway begins with formation of the ULK1 complex, composed of ULK1 (UNC-51-like kinase), FIP 200
TextSentencer_T675 106181-106291 Sentence denotes Atrophy occurs in most organ systems of the animal body (see Pathology of Organ Systems chapters for details).
TextSentencer_T675 106181-106291 Sentence denotes Atrophy occurs in most organ systems of the animal body (see Pathology of Organ Systems chapters for details).
T65963 106181-106291 Sentence denotes Atrophy occurs in most organ systems of the animal body (see Pathology of Organ Systems chapters for details).
TextSentencer_T676 106292-106416 Sentence denotes Thyroid atrophy ( Fig. 1-26) can be idiopathic or the result of autoimmune destruction of follicular cells (see Chapter 12).
TextSentencer_T676 106292-106416 Sentence denotes Thyroid atrophy ( Fig. 1-26) can be idiopathic or the result of autoimmune destruction of follicular cells (see Chapter 12).
T85059 106292-106416 Sentence denotes Thyroid atrophy ( Fig. 1-26) can be idiopathic or the result of autoimmune destruction of follicular cells (see Chapter 12).
TextSentencer_T677 106417-106586 Sentence denotes Because the portal vein provides most of the blood supply to the liver, a portosystemic shunt results in hepatic atrophy (E- Fig. 1-12 ; see also Chapter 8, Fig. 8-38 ).
TextSentencer_T677 106417-106586 Sentence denotes Because the portal vein provides most of the blood supply to the liver, a portosystemic shunt results in hepatic atrophy (E- Fig. 1-12 ; see also Chapter 8, Fig. 8-38 ).
T67404 106417-106586 Sentence denotes Because the portal vein provides most of the blood supply to the liver, a portosystemic shunt results in hepatic atrophy (E- Fig. 1-12 ; see also Chapter 8, Fig. 8-38 ).
TextSentencer_T678 106587-106715 Sentence denotes Atrophy can be particularly striking in the thymus, causing a rapid and drastic loss of tissue through apoptosis of lymphocytes.
TextSentencer_T678 106587-106715 Sentence denotes Atrophy can be particularly striking in the thymus, causing a rapid and drastic loss of tissue through apoptosis of lymphocytes.
T69850 106587-106715 Sentence denotes Atrophy can be particularly striking in the thymus, causing a rapid and drastic loss of tissue through apoptosis of lymphocytes.
TextSentencer_T679 106716-107008 Sentence denotes Thymic atrophy is so consistent and often severe in certain viral infections (e.g., canine distemper or canine and feline parvovirus infections) with a predilection for rapidly dividing cells that it serves as a diagnostically useful, but easily overlooked gross lesion (see also Chapter 13).
TextSentencer_T679 106716-107008 Sentence denotes Thymic atrophy is so consistent and often severe in certain viral infections (e.g., canine distemper or canine and feline parvovirus infections) with a predilection for rapidly dividing cells that it serves as a diagnostically useful, but easily overlooked gross lesion (see also Chapter 13).
T60709 106716-107008 Sentence denotes Thymic atrophy is so consistent and often severe in certain viral infections (e.g., canine distemper or canine and feline parvovirus infections) with a predilection for rapidly dividing cells that it serves as a diagnostically useful, but easily overlooked gross lesion (see also Chapter 13).
TextSentencer_T680 107009-107277 Sentence denotes The serous atrophy of fat in starving animals results in diminished volume and a translucent, semifluid to gelatinous appearance to adipose tissue throughout the body, but especially in the coronary groove of the heart (see Fig. 10 -59) or in the marrow of long bones.
TextSentencer_T680 107009-107277 Sentence denotes The serous atrophy of fat in starving animals results in diminished volume and a translucent, semifluid to gelatinous appearance to adipose tissue throughout the body, but especially in the coronary groove of the heart (see Fig. 10 -59) or in the marrow of long bones.
T40118 107009-107277 Sentence denotes The serous atrophy of fat in starving animals results in diminished volume and a translucent, semifluid to gelatinous appearance to adipose tissue throughout the body, but especially in the coronary groove of the heart (see Fig. 10 -59) or in the marrow of long bones.
TextSentencer_T681 107278-107444 Sentence denotes Hypertrophy, from the Greek word for increased growth, refers to an increase in size and volume of a tissue or organ due to increase in cell size (see Fig. 1-25, A) .
TextSentencer_T681 107278-107444 Sentence denotes Hypertrophy, from the Greek word for increased growth, refers to an increase in size and volume of a tissue or organ due to increase in cell size (see Fig. 1-25, A) .
T12238 107278-107444 Sentence denotes Hypertrophy, from the Greek word for increased growth, refers to an increase in size and volume of a tissue or organ due to increase in cell size (see Fig. 1-25, A) .
TextSentencer_T682 107445-107574 Sentence denotes Importantly, the increased tissue mass is due to increased size of the parenchymal cells rather than stromal cells or leukocytes.
TextSentencer_T682 107445-107574 Sentence denotes Importantly, the increased tissue mass is due to increased size of the parenchymal cells rather than stromal cells or leukocytes.
T29081 107445-107574 Sentence denotes Importantly, the increased tissue mass is due to increased size of the parenchymal cells rather than stromal cells or leukocytes.
TextSentencer_T683 107575-107908 Sentence denotes Hypertrophy often accompanies an increase in cell number (hyperplasia) due to cellular proliferation but as a standalone phenomenon is observed mainly in organs or tissues such as the heart (E- Fig. 1-13 ; see Chapter 10) or skeletal muscle (see Chapter 15), in which the principal cells are postmitotic and incapable of replication.
TextSentencer_T683 107575-107908 Sentence denotes Hypertrophy often accompanies an increase in cell number (hyperplasia) due to cellular proliferation but as a standalone phenomenon is observed mainly in organs or tissues such as the heart (E- Fig. 1-13 ; see Chapter 10) or skeletal muscle (see Chapter 15), in which the principal cells are postmitotic and incapable of replication.
T71909 107575-107908 Sentence denotes Hypertrophy often accompanies an increase in cell number (hyperplasia) due to cellular proliferation but as a standalone phenomenon is observed mainly in organs or tissues such as the heart (E- Fig. 1-13 ; see Chapter 10) or skeletal muscle (see Chapter 15), in which the principal cells are postmitotic and incapable of replication.
TextSentencer_T684 107909-108133 Sentence denotes When the term hypertrophy is applied at the In the case of repetitive or continuous injury that is not inherently or immediately lethal, cells of many different types can survive, even without complete recovery, by adapting.
TextSentencer_T684 107909-108133 Sentence denotes When the term hypertrophy is applied at the In the case of repetitive or continuous injury that is not inherently or immediately lethal, cells of many different types can survive, even without complete recovery, by adapting.
T2558 107909-108133 Sentence denotes When the term hypertrophy is applied at the In the case of repetitive or continuous injury that is not inherently or immediately lethal, cells of many different types can survive, even without complete recovery, by adapting.
TextSentencer_T685 108134-108273 Sentence denotes Depending on the cell type-not all cells are capable of all possible responsescellular adaptations to chronic injury include the following:
TextSentencer_T685 108134-108273 Sentence denotes Depending on the cell type-not all cells are capable of all possible responsescellular adaptations to chronic injury include the following:
T95793 108134-108273 Sentence denotes Depending on the cell type-not all cells are capable of all possible responsescellular adaptations to chronic injury include the following:
TextSentencer_T686 108274-108276 Sentence denotes 1.
TextSentencer_T686 108274-108276 Sentence denotes 1.
T76853 108274-108276 Sentence denotes 1.
TextSentencer_T687 108277-108375 Sentence denotes Hypertrophy, an increase in cell size by virtue of an increase in number and size of organelles 2.
TextSentencer_T687 108277-108375 Sentence denotes Hypertrophy, an increase in cell size by virtue of an increase in number and size of organelles 2.
T40015 108277-108375 Sentence denotes Hypertrophy, an increase in cell size by virtue of an increase in number and size of organelles 2.
TextSentencer_T688 108376-108471 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia, an increase in cell number that only those cells capable of mitosis can undergo 3.
TextSentencer_T688 108376-108471 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia, an increase in cell number that only those cells capable of mitosis can undergo 3.
T66932 108376-108471 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia, an increase in cell number that only those cells capable of mitosis can undergo 3.
TextSentencer_T689 108472-108655 Sentence denotes Metaplasia, a change from one differentiated cell type to another of the same germ layer (e.g., from ciliated epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract) 4.
TextSentencer_T689 108472-108655 Sentence denotes Metaplasia, a change from one differentiated cell type to another of the same germ layer (e.g., from ciliated epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract) 4.
T23576 108472-108655 Sentence denotes Metaplasia, a change from one differentiated cell type to another of the same germ layer (e.g., from ciliated epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract) 4.
TextSentencer_T690 108656-108727 Sentence denotes Dysplasia, abnormal differentiation with features of cellular atypia 5.
TextSentencer_T690 108656-108727 Sentence denotes Dysplasia, abnormal differentiation with features of cellular atypia 5.
T4642 108656-108727 Sentence denotes Dysplasia, abnormal differentiation with features of cellular atypia 5.
TextSentencer_T691 108728-108820 Sentence denotes Atrophy, a decrease in cell size by virtue of a decrease in number and size of organelles 6.
TextSentencer_T691 108728-108820 Sentence denotes Atrophy, a decrease in cell size by virtue of a decrease in number and size of organelles 6.
T9233 108728-108820 Sentence denotes Atrophy, a decrease in cell size by virtue of a decrease in number and size of organelles 6.
TextSentencer_T692 108821-109358 Sentence denotes Intracellular accumulations of endogenous or exogenous substances Certain adaptations (e.g., myocardial hypertrophy) can increase the functional capacity of cells or tissues, at least temporarily, but more often cellular adaptations to chronic injury serve as means of protection (for example, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium offers more protection to underlying tissue than does pseudostratified ciliated epithelium) or survival (an alternative to cell death) and result in altered or diminished function of cells or tissues.
TextSentencer_T692 108821-109358 Sentence denotes Intracellular accumulations of endogenous or exogenous substances Certain adaptations (e.g., myocardial hypertrophy) can increase the functional capacity of cells or tissues, at least temporarily, but more often cellular adaptations to chronic injury serve as means of protection (for example, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium offers more protection to underlying tissue than does pseudostratified ciliated epithelium) or survival (an alternative to cell death) and result in altered or diminished function of cells or tissues.
T68791 108821-109358 Sentence denotes Intracellular accumulations of endogenous or exogenous substances Certain adaptations (e.g., myocardial hypertrophy) can increase the functional capacity of cells or tissues, at least temporarily, but more often cellular adaptations to chronic injury serve as means of protection (for example, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium offers more protection to underlying tissue than does pseudostratified ciliated epithelium) or survival (an alternative to cell death) and result in altered or diminished function of cells or tissues.
TextSentencer_T693 109359-109426 Sentence denotes Dysplasia is an adaptation without apparent advantages to the host.
TextSentencer_T693 109359-109426 Sentence denotes Dysplasia is an adaptation without apparent advantages to the host.
T14328 109359-109426 Sentence denotes Dysplasia is an adaptation without apparent advantages to the host.
TextSentencer_T694 109427-109496 Sentence denotes Indeed, dysplasia can be a precursor to malignant neoplasia (cancer).
TextSentencer_T694 109427-109496 Sentence denotes Indeed, dysplasia can be a precursor to malignant neoplasia (cancer).
T80154 109427-109496 Sentence denotes Indeed, dysplasia can be a precursor to malignant neoplasia (cancer).
TextSentencer_T695 109497-109762 Sentence denotes A B cellular level, it denotes an increase in cell size because of an increase in size or number of organelles as distinguished from increased cell size from hydropic cell swelling (loss of volume control) or from accumulation of endogenous or exogenous substances.
TextSentencer_T695 109497-109762 Sentence denotes A B cellular level, it denotes an increase in cell size because of an increase in size or number of organelles as distinguished from increased cell size from hydropic cell swelling (loss of volume control) or from accumulation of endogenous or exogenous substances.
T11032 109497-109762 Sentence denotes A B cellular level, it denotes an increase in cell size because of an increase in size or number of organelles as distinguished from increased cell size from hydropic cell swelling (loss of volume control) or from accumulation of endogenous or exogenous substances.
TextSentencer_T696 109763-109910 Sentence denotes Cellular hypertrophy is the process by which postmitotic cells, such as cardiomyocytes or skeletal myocytes, can grow as the juvenile animal grows.
TextSentencer_T696 109763-109910 Sentence denotes Cellular hypertrophy is the process by which postmitotic cells, such as cardiomyocytes or skeletal myocytes, can grow as the juvenile animal grows.
T57558 109763-109910 Sentence denotes Cellular hypertrophy is the process by which postmitotic cells, such as cardiomyocytes or skeletal myocytes, can grow as the juvenile animal grows.
TextSentencer_T697 109911-110030 Sentence denotes It is also the physiologic response of striated muscle to increased workload such as occurs in training of race horses.
TextSentencer_T697 109911-110030 Sentence denotes It is also the physiologic response of striated muscle to increased workload such as occurs in training of race horses.
T36651 109911-110030 Sentence denotes It is also the physiologic response of striated muscle to increased workload such as occurs in training of race horses.
TextSentencer_T698 110031-110150 Sentence denotes Smooth muscle cells (e.g., in the tunica media of arteries) also undergo hypertrophy in response to increased workload.
TextSentencer_T698 110031-110150 Sentence denotes Smooth muscle cells (e.g., in the tunica media of arteries) also undergo hypertrophy in response to increased workload.
T48782 110031-110150 Sentence denotes Smooth muscle cells (e.g., in the tunica media of arteries) also undergo hypertrophy in response to increased workload.
TextSentencer_T699 110151-110395 Sentence denotes Although muscular hypertrophy increases functional capacity in the short term, accompanying changes, such as increased fibrous stroma or decreased vascular perfusion, in myocardium, for example, can lead to decompensation of the affected organ.
TextSentencer_T699 110151-110395 Sentence denotes Although muscular hypertrophy increases functional capacity in the short term, accompanying changes, such as increased fibrous stroma or decreased vascular perfusion, in myocardium, for example, can lead to decompensation of the affected organ.
T66490 110151-110395 Sentence denotes Although muscular hypertrophy increases functional capacity in the short term, accompanying changes, such as increased fibrous stroma or decreased vascular perfusion, in myocardium, for example, can lead to decompensation of the affected organ.
TextSentencer_T700 110396-110502 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia implies an increase in number of the principal cells of a tissue or organ (see Fig. 1-25, A) .
TextSentencer_T700 110396-110502 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia implies an increase in number of the principal cells of a tissue or organ (see Fig. 1-25, A) .
T29811 110396-110502 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia implies an increase in number of the principal cells of a tissue or organ (see Fig. 1-25, A) .
TextSentencer_T701 110503-110623 Sentence denotes This response can occur only in a cell population that is capable of mitosis (see subsequent section on the Cell Cycle).
TextSentencer_T701 110503-110623 Sentence denotes This response can occur only in a cell population that is capable of mitosis (see subsequent section on the Cell Cycle).
T32471 110503-110623 Sentence denotes This response can occur only in a cell population that is capable of mitosis (see subsequent section on the Cell Cycle).
TextSentencer_T702 110624-110823 Sentence denotes Many epithelial cells (e.g., hepatocytes and epithelia of the epidermis and intestinal mucosae) are quick to undergo hyperplasia in response to hormonal stimulation, inflammation, or physical trauma.
TextSentencer_T702 110624-110823 Sentence denotes Many epithelial cells (e.g., hepatocytes and epithelia of the epidermis and intestinal mucosae) are quick to undergo hyperplasia in response to hormonal stimulation, inflammation, or physical trauma.
T13125 110624-110823 Sentence denotes Many epithelial cells (e.g., hepatocytes and epithelia of the epidermis and intestinal mucosae) are quick to undergo hyperplasia in response to hormonal stimulation, inflammation, or physical trauma.
TextSentencer_T703 110824-110988 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia of glandular epithelium (e.g., thyroid follicular epithelium) can be marked, resulting in striking gross enlargement of the thyroid gland ( Fig. 1-27) .
TextSentencer_T703 110824-110988 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia of glandular epithelium (e.g., thyroid follicular epithelium) can be marked, resulting in striking gross enlargement of the thyroid gland ( Fig. 1-27) .
T57456 110824-110988 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia of glandular epithelium (e.g., thyroid follicular epithelium) can be marked, resulting in striking gross enlargement of the thyroid gland ( Fig. 1-27) .
TextSentencer_T704 110989-111118 Sentence denotes Importantly, hyperplasia differs from neoplastic cellular proliferation in that it generally subsides if the stimulus is removed.
TextSentencer_T704 110989-111118 Sentence denotes Importantly, hyperplasia differs from neoplastic cellular proliferation in that it generally subsides if the stimulus is removed.
T49656 110989-111118 Sentence denotes Importantly, hyperplasia differs from neoplastic cellular proliferation in that it generally subsides if the stimulus is removed.
TextSentencer_T705 111119-111244 Sentence denotes Striated muscle and nervous system tissues have negligible capacity to proliferate and in general do not undergo hyperplasia.
TextSentencer_T705 111119-111244 Sentence denotes Striated muscle and nervous system tissues have negligible capacity to proliferate and in general do not undergo hyperplasia.
T56094 111119-111244 Sentence denotes Striated muscle and nervous system tissues have negligible capacity to proliferate and in general do not undergo hyperplasia.
TextSentencer_T706 111245-111353 Sentence denotes Other tissues, such as smooth muscle, bone, and cartilage, are intermediate in their ability to proliferate.
TextSentencer_T706 111245-111353 Sentence denotes Other tissues, such as smooth muscle, bone, and cartilage, are intermediate in their ability to proliferate.
T97167 111245-111353 Sentence denotes Other tissues, such as smooth muscle, bone, and cartilage, are intermediate in their ability to proliferate.
TextSentencer_T707 111354-111531 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia is considered physiologic when it is a response to cyclic hormonal stimulation as in the endometrial or mammary development of pregnancy and lactation, respectively.
TextSentencer_T707 111354-111531 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia is considered physiologic when it is a response to cyclic hormonal stimulation as in the endometrial or mammary development of pregnancy and lactation, respectively.
T1956 111354-111531 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia is considered physiologic when it is a response to cyclic hormonal stimulation as in the endometrial or mammary development of pregnancy and lactation, respectively.
TextSentencer_T708 111532-111696 Sentence denotes The hyperplasia of wound healing is not a normal event, but it is an appropriate and compensatory response of fibroblasts and endothelial cells to traumatic injury.
TextSentencer_T708 111532-111696 Sentence denotes The hyperplasia of wound healing is not a normal event, but it is an appropriate and compensatory response of fibroblasts and endothelial cells to traumatic injury.
T8269 111532-111696 Sentence denotes The hyperplasia of wound healing is not a normal event, but it is an appropriate and compensatory response of fibroblasts and endothelial cells to traumatic injury.
TextSentencer_T709 111697-111902 Sentence denotes Likewise, hyperplastic goiter is not a normal change in the thyroid gland (see Fig. 1 -27; see also Chapter 12) but is an appropriate response to generate thyroid hormones in the face of iodine deficiency.
TextSentencer_T709 111697-111902 Sentence denotes Likewise, hyperplastic goiter is not a normal change in the thyroid gland (see Fig. 1 -27; see also Chapter 12) but is an appropriate response to generate thyroid hormones in the face of iodine deficiency.
T86073 111697-111902 Sentence denotes Likewise, hyperplastic goiter is not a normal change in the thyroid gland (see Fig. 1 -27; see also Chapter 12) but is an appropriate response to generate thyroid hormones in the face of iodine deficiency.
TextSentencer_T710 111903-112105 Sentence denotes Idiopathic (of unknown cause) nodular hyperplasia is encountered rather commonly in certain organs (e.g., liver, pancreas, or spleen), especially in older dogs, and often is of no clinical significance.
TextSentencer_T710 111903-112105 Sentence denotes Idiopathic (of unknown cause) nodular hyperplasia is encountered rather commonly in certain organs (e.g., liver, pancreas, or spleen), especially in older dogs, and often is of no clinical significance.
T69626 111903-112105 Sentence denotes Idiopathic (of unknown cause) nodular hyperplasia is encountered rather commonly in certain organs (e.g., liver, pancreas, or spleen), especially in older dogs, and often is of no clinical significance.
TextSentencer_T711 112106-112285 Sentence denotes In contrast, inappropriate elevation of trophic hormones or growth factors can lead to persistent hyperplasia that can be a precursor to neoplastic transformation (see Chapter 6).
TextSentencer_T711 112106-112285 Sentence denotes In contrast, inappropriate elevation of trophic hormones or growth factors can lead to persistent hyperplasia that can be a precursor to neoplastic transformation (see Chapter 6).
T17542 112106-112285 Sentence denotes In contrast, inappropriate elevation of trophic hormones or growth factors can lead to persistent hyperplasia that can be a precursor to neoplastic transformation (see Chapter 6).
TextSentencer_T712 112286-112428 Sentence denotes Metaplasia (see Fig. 1-25, B) is a change from one differentiated (mature) cell type to another differentiated cell type of the same germline.
TextSentencer_T712 112286-112428 Sentence denotes Metaplasia (see Fig. 1-25, B) is a change from one differentiated (mature) cell type to another differentiated cell type of the same germline.
T30517 112286-112428 Sentence denotes Metaplasia (see Fig. 1-25, B) is a change from one differentiated (mature) cell type to another differentiated cell type of the same germline.
TextSentencer_T713 112429-112711 Sentence denotes Typically, squamous metaplasia is a reparative response to chronic inflammation (e.g., in mammary ducts in chronic mastitis), hormonal imbalance (e.g., estrogen-induced squamous metaplasia in the prostate gland; see Fig. 19 -26, C), vitamin A deficiency (E- Fig. 1-14) , or trauma.
TextSentencer_T713 112429-112711 Sentence denotes Typically, squamous metaplasia is a reparative response to chronic inflammation (e.g., in mammary ducts in chronic mastitis), hormonal imbalance (e.g., estrogen-induced squamous metaplasia in the prostate gland; see Fig. 19 -26, C), vitamin A deficiency (E- Fig. 1-14) , or trauma.
T48209 112429-112711 Sentence denotes Typically, squamous metaplasia is a reparative response to chronic inflammation (e.g., in mammary ducts in chronic mastitis), hormonal imbalance (e.g., estrogen-induced squamous metaplasia in the prostate gland; see Fig. 19 -26, C), vitamin A deficiency (E- Fig. 1-14) , or trauma.
TextSentencer_T714 112712-112857 Sentence denotes Although stratified squamous epithelium creates a protective barrier between the irritant and underlying tissue, there are negative consequences.
TextSentencer_T714 112712-112857 Sentence denotes Although stratified squamous epithelium creates a protective barrier between the irritant and underlying tissue, there are negative consequences.
T62539 112712-112857 Sentence denotes Although stratified squamous epithelium creates a protective barrier between the irritant and underlying tissue, there are negative consequences.
TextSentencer_T715 112858-113077 Sentence denotes For example, squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium in the trachea or bronchi entails a loss of ciliated cells and goblet cells, which are important for mucociliary clearance and resistance to pneumonic diseases.
TextSentencer_T715 112858-113077 Sentence denotes For example, squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium in the trachea or bronchi entails a loss of ciliated cells and goblet cells, which are important for mucociliary clearance and resistance to pneumonic diseases.
T49835 112858-113077 Sentence denotes For example, squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium in the trachea or bronchi entails a loss of ciliated cells and goblet cells, which are important for mucociliary clearance and resistance to pneumonic diseases.
TextSentencer_T716 113078-113155 Sentence denotes Dysplasia (see Fig. 1-25, B) implies an abnormality in formation of a tissue.
TextSentencer_T716 113078-113155 Sentence denotes Dysplasia (see Fig. 1-25, B) implies an abnormality in formation of a tissue.
T9515 113078-113155 Sentence denotes Dysplasia (see Fig. 1-25, B) implies an abnormality in formation of a tissue.
TextSentencer_T717 113156-113325 Sentence denotes For example, renal dysplasia (see Chapter 11) is the abnormal formation of the kidney; hip dysplasia (see Chapter 16) is the abnormal formation of the coxofemoral joint.
TextSentencer_T717 113156-113325 Sentence denotes For example, renal dysplasia (see Chapter 11) is the abnormal formation of the kidney; hip dysplasia (see Chapter 16) is the abnormal formation of the coxofemoral joint.
T86609 113156-113325 Sentence denotes For example, renal dysplasia (see Chapter 11) is the abnormal formation of the kidney; hip dysplasia (see Chapter 16) is the abnormal formation of the coxofemoral joint.
TextSentencer_T718 113326-113493 Sentence denotes When applied to epithelium, dysplasia implies an increase in the number of poorly differentiated or immature cells and can be a precursor to neoplasia (see Chapter 6).
TextSentencer_T718 113326-113493 Sentence denotes When applied to epithelium, dysplasia implies an increase in the number of poorly differentiated or immature cells and can be a precursor to neoplasia (see Chapter 6).
T89262 113326-113493 Sentence denotes When applied to epithelium, dysplasia implies an increase in the number of poorly differentiated or immature cells and can be a precursor to neoplasia (see Chapter 6).
TextSentencer_T719 113494-113742 Sentence denotes Microscopically, dysplastic epithelial cells have atypical features, such as abnormal variation in size (anisocytosis) and shape (poikilocytosis), hyperchromatic nuclei, increased nuclear size (karyomegaly), and increased number of mitotic figures.
TextSentencer_T719 113494-113742 Sentence denotes Microscopically, dysplastic epithelial cells have atypical features, such as abnormal variation in size (anisocytosis) and shape (poikilocytosis), hyperchromatic nuclei, increased nuclear size (karyomegaly), and increased number of mitotic figures.
T96048 113494-113742 Sentence denotes Microscopically, dysplastic epithelial cells have atypical features, such as abnormal variation in size (anisocytosis) and shape (poikilocytosis), hyperchromatic nuclei, increased nuclear size (karyomegaly), and increased number of mitotic figures.
TextSentencer_T720 113743-113926 Sentence denotes Injured cells can accumulate endogenous by-products and exogenous substances because of metabolic abnormalities, genetic mutations, or exposure to an indigestible exogenous substance.
TextSentencer_T720 113743-113926 Sentence denotes Injured cells can accumulate endogenous by-products and exogenous substances because of metabolic abnormalities, genetic mutations, or exposure to an indigestible exogenous substance.
T52100 113743-113926 Sentence denotes Injured cells can accumulate endogenous by-products and exogenous substances because of metabolic abnormalities, genetic mutations, or exposure to an indigestible exogenous substance.
TextSentencer_T721 113927-114051 Sentence denotes Some of these accumulations are relatively harmless; others promote cellular degeneration and can lead to death of the cell.
TextSentencer_T721 113927-114051 Sentence denotes Some of these accumulations are relatively harmless; others promote cellular degeneration and can lead to death of the cell.
T88621 113927-114051 Sentence denotes Some of these accumulations are relatively harmless; others promote cellular degeneration and can lead to death of the cell.
TextSentencer_T722 114052-114129 Sentence denotes Lipidosis (steatosis) is the accumulation of lipids within parenchymal cells.
TextSentencer_T722 114052-114129 Sentence denotes Lipidosis (steatosis) is the accumulation of lipids within parenchymal cells.
T43855 114052-114129 Sentence denotes Lipidosis (steatosis) is the accumulation of lipids within parenchymal cells.
TextSentencer_T723 114130-114319 Sentence denotes Intracellular lipid accumulation can develop in many organs and tissues, but because the liver is so important in lipid metabolism, hepatic lipidosis is particularly common (see Chapter 8).
TextSentencer_T723 114130-114319 Sentence denotes Intracellular lipid accumulation can develop in many organs and tissues, but because the liver is so important in lipid metabolism, hepatic lipidosis is particularly common (see Chapter 8).
T81657 114130-114319 Sentence denotes Intracellular lipid accumulation can develop in many organs and tissues, but because the liver is so important in lipid metabolism, hepatic lipidosis is particularly common (see Chapter 8).
TextSentencer_T724 114320-114540 Sentence denotes The causes of hepatic lipidosis ( Fig. 1-28 ) include increased mobilization of free fatty acids, abnormal hepatocellular metabolism (of fatty acids, triglycerides, and apoproteins), and impaired release of lipoproteins.
TextSentencer_T724 114320-114540 Sentence denotes The causes of hepatic lipidosis ( Fig. 1-28 ) include increased mobilization of free fatty acids, abnormal hepatocellular metabolism (of fatty acids, triglycerides, and apoproteins), and impaired release of lipoproteins.
T33616 114320-114540 Sentence denotes The causes of hepatic lipidosis ( Fig. 1-28 ) include increased mobilization of free fatty acids, abnormal hepatocellular metabolism (of fatty acids, triglycerides, and apoproteins), and impaired release of lipoproteins.
TextSentencer_T725 114541-114645 Sentence denotes Grossly, hepatic lipidosis results in a swollen, yellowed liver, with a greasy texture ( Fig. 1-29, A) .
TextSentencer_T725 114541-114645 Sentence denotes Grossly, hepatic lipidosis results in a swollen, yellowed liver, with a greasy texture ( Fig. 1-29, A) .
T48489 114541-114645 Sentence denotes Grossly, hepatic lipidosis results in a swollen, yellowed liver, with a greasy texture ( Fig. 1-29, A) .
TextSentencer_T726 114646-114779 Sentence denotes Severe lipidosis can alter the specific gravity of hepatic parenchyma to the point that slices of liver float in formalin (or water).
TextSentencer_T726 114646-114779 Sentence denotes Severe lipidosis can alter the specific gravity of hepatic parenchyma to the point that slices of liver float in formalin (or water).
T86191 114646-114779 Sentence denotes Severe lipidosis can alter the specific gravity of hepatic parenchyma to the point that slices of liver float in formalin (or water).
TextSentencer_T727 114780-115024 Sentence denotes Histologically, lipid vacuoles (sharply defined and unstained because the lipid is leached by the solvents of histologic processing) distend the hepatocellular cytoplasm and displace the nucleus to the periphery of the cell (see Fig. 1-29, B) .
TextSentencer_T727 114780-115024 Sentence denotes Histologically, lipid vacuoles (sharply defined and unstained because the lipid is leached by the solvents of histologic processing) distend the hepatocellular cytoplasm and displace the nucleus to the periphery of the cell (see Fig. 1-29, B) .
T63825 114780-115024 Sentence denotes Histologically, lipid vacuoles (sharply defined and unstained because the lipid is leached by the solvents of histologic processing) distend the hepatocellular cytoplasm and displace the nucleus to the periphery of the cell (see Fig. 1-29, B) .
TextSentencer_T728 115025-115177 Sentence denotes In homeostasis, glycogen is stored mainly in hepatocytes and in skeletal muscle cells, though the stores are often depleted in starving or sick animals.
TextSentencer_T728 115025-115177 Sentence denotes In homeostasis, glycogen is stored mainly in hepatocytes and in skeletal muscle cells, though the stores are often depleted in starving or sick animals.
T22810 115025-115177 Sentence denotes In homeostasis, glycogen is stored mainly in hepatocytes and in skeletal muscle cells, though the stores are often depleted in starving or sick animals.
TextSentencer_T729 115178-115456 Sentence denotes In contrast, glycogen accumulation can be excessive in certain metabolic abnormalities in skeletal muscle (see Chapter 15), in various organs or tissues in the rare glycogen storage diseases, and in the liver in diabetes mellitus or canine hyperadrenocorticism (see Chapter 12).
TextSentencer_T729 115178-115456 Sentence denotes In contrast, glycogen accumulation can be excessive in certain metabolic abnormalities in skeletal muscle (see Chapter 15), in various organs or tissues in the rare glycogen storage diseases, and in the liver in diabetes mellitus or canine hyperadrenocorticism (see Chapter 12).
T80483 115178-115456 Sentence denotes In contrast, glycogen accumulation can be excessive in certain metabolic abnormalities in skeletal muscle (see Chapter 15), in various organs or tissues in the rare glycogen storage diseases, and in the liver in diabetes mellitus or canine hyperadrenocorticism (see Chapter 12).
TextSentencer_T730 115457-115609 Sentence denotes The hepatic response to hyperadrenocorticism, called glucocorticoid hepatopathy, imparts a swollen, pale brown, and mottled appearance ( Fig. 1-30, A) .
TextSentencer_T730 115457-115609 Sentence denotes The hepatic response to hyperadrenocorticism, called glucocorticoid hepatopathy, imparts a swollen, pale brown, and mottled appearance ( Fig. 1-30, A) .
T4852 115457-115609 Sentence denotes The hepatic response to hyperadrenocorticism, called glucocorticoid hepatopathy, imparts a swollen, pale brown, and mottled appearance ( Fig. 1-30, A) .
TextSentencer_T731 115610-115773 Sentence denotes Histologically, hepatocellular vacuoles of glycogen (see Fig. 1-30, B) are less sharply defined and more irregularly shaped than the vacuoles of hepatic lipidosis.
TextSentencer_T731 115610-115773 Sentence denotes Histologically, hepatocellular vacuoles of glycogen (see Fig. 1-30, B) are less sharply defined and more irregularly shaped than the vacuoles of hepatic lipidosis.
T96453 115610-115773 Sentence denotes Histologically, hepatocellular vacuoles of glycogen (see Fig. 1-30, B) are less sharply defined and more irregularly shaped than the vacuoles of hepatic lipidosis.
TextSentencer_T732 115774-116011 Sentence denotes The amount of glycogen that can be demonstrated in hepatocytes microscopically is a function of its original concentration, the delay between death and fixation (during which time the glycogen is metabolized), and the fixation procedure.
TextSentencer_T732 115774-116011 Sentence denotes The amount of glycogen that can be demonstrated in hepatocytes microscopically is a function of its original concentration, the delay between death and fixation (during which time the glycogen is metabolized), and the fixation procedure.
T12954 115774-116011 Sentence denotes The amount of glycogen that can be demonstrated in hepatocytes microscopically is a function of its original concentration, the delay between death and fixation (during which time the glycogen is metabolized), and the fixation procedure.
TextSentencer_T733 116012-116319 Sentence denotes Although alcoholic fixatives have been recommended to preserve glycogen, fixation in 10% neutral buffered formalin at 4° C retains most of the glycogen without the excessive shrinkage and distortion of tissue seen with alcoholic fixatives, and it avoids polarization of the glycogen to one side of the cell.
TextSentencer_T733 116012-116319 Sentence denotes Although alcoholic fixatives have been recommended to preserve glycogen, fixation in 10% neutral buffered formalin at 4° C retains most of the glycogen without the excessive shrinkage and distortion of tissue seen with alcoholic fixatives, and it avoids polarization of the glycogen to one side of the cell.
T77969 116012-116319 Sentence denotes Although alcoholic fixatives have been recommended to preserve glycogen, fixation in 10% neutral buffered formalin at 4° C retains most of the glycogen without the excessive shrinkage and distortion of tissue seen with alcoholic fixatives, and it avoids polarization of the glycogen to one side of the cell.
TextSentencer_T734 116320-116440 Sentence denotes The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) histochemistry technique can be used to demonstrate glycogen ( Fig. 1-31; E-Fig. 1-15 ).
TextSentencer_T734 116320-116440 Sentence denotes The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) histochemistry technique can be used to demonstrate glycogen ( Fig. 1-31; E-Fig. 1-15 ).
T97703 116320-116440 Sentence denotes The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) histochemistry technique can be used to demonstrate glycogen ( Fig. 1-31; E-Fig. 1-15 ).
TextSentencer_T735 116441-116548 Sentence denotes The PAS reaction breaks 1,2-glycol linkages to form aldehydes, which are then revealed by Schiff's reagent.
TextSentencer_T735 116441-116548 Sentence denotes The PAS reaction breaks 1,2-glycol linkages to form aldehydes, which are then revealed by Schiff's reagent.
T5873 116441-116548 Sentence denotes The PAS reaction breaks 1,2-glycol linkages to form aldehydes, which are then revealed by Schiff's reagent.
TextSentencer_T736 116549-116684 Sentence denotes The glycol linkages occur in substances other than glycogen, so the PAS technique is often used with and without diastase pretreatment.
TextSentencer_T736 116549-116684 Sentence denotes The glycol linkages occur in substances other than glycogen, so the PAS technique is often used with and without diastase pretreatment.
T41944 116549-116684 Sentence denotes The glycol linkages occur in substances other than glycogen, so the PAS technique is often used with and without diastase pretreatment.
TextSentencer_T737 116685-116754 Sentence denotes Diastase digests glycogen and removes it from the histologic section.
TextSentencer_T737 116685-116754 Sentence denotes Diastase digests glycogen and removes it from the histologic section.
T61413 116685-116754 Sentence denotes Diastase digests glycogen and removes it from the histologic section.
TextSentencer_T738 116755-116878 Sentence denotes Thus, if glycogen is the PAS-positive material, pretreatment with diastase will remove it and render the PAS test negative.
TextSentencer_T738 116755-116878 Sentence denotes Thus, if glycogen is the PAS-positive material, pretreatment with diastase will remove it and render the PAS test negative.
T93718 116755-116878 Sentence denotes Thus, if glycogen is the PAS-positive material, pretreatment with diastase will remove it and render the PAS test negative.
TextSentencer_T739 116880-117099 Sentence denotes Histologically, proteins are eosinophilic; thus, depending on their biochemical nature (i.e., levels of structural organization [primary through quaternary]), proteins are pink to orange to red in an H&Estained section.
TextSentencer_T739 116880-117099 Sentence denotes Histologically, proteins are eosinophilic; thus, depending on their biochemical nature (i.e., levels of structural organization [primary through quaternary]), proteins are pink to orange to red in an H&Estained section.
T2850 116880-117099 Sentence denotes Histologically, proteins are eosinophilic; thus, depending on their biochemical nature (i.e., levels of structural organization [primary through quaternary]), proteins are pink to orange to red in an H&Estained section.
TextSentencer_T740 117100-117190 Sentence denotes 2 In some diseases, proteins account for the "hyaline" appearance observed with H&E stain.
TextSentencer_T740 117100-117190 Sentence denotes 2 In some diseases, proteins account for the "hyaline" appearance observed with H&E stain.
T82186 117100-117190 Sentence denotes 2 In some diseases, proteins account for the "hyaline" appearance observed with H&E stain.
TextSentencer_T741 117191-117330 Sentence denotes The adjective hyaline is used to indicate a homogeneous, eosinophilic, and translucent appearance to a cellular or extracellular substance.
TextSentencer_T741 117191-117330 Sentence denotes The adjective hyaline is used to indicate a homogeneous, eosinophilic, and translucent appearance to a cellular or extracellular substance.
T75577 117191-117330 Sentence denotes The adjective hyaline is used to indicate a homogeneous, eosinophilic, and translucent appearance to a cellular or extracellular substance.
TextSentencer_T742 117331-117414 Sentence denotes Abnormal accumulations of intracellular hyaline proteins occur in various diseases.
TextSentencer_T742 117331-117414 Sentence denotes Abnormal accumulations of intracellular hyaline proteins occur in various diseases.
T50292 117331-117414 Sentence denotes Abnormal accumulations of intracellular hyaline proteins occur in various diseases.
TextSentencer_T743 117415-117605 Sentence denotes The protein resorption vesicles in the apical cytoplasm of proximal renal tubular epithelial cells in protein-losing nephropathy (see Chapter 11) appear as hyaline droplets ( Fig. 1-32, A) .
TextSentencer_T743 117415-117605 Sentence denotes The protein resorption vesicles in the apical cytoplasm of proximal renal tubular epithelial cells in protein-losing nephropathy (see Chapter 11) appear as hyaline droplets ( Fig. 1-32, A) .
T18078 117415-117605 Sentence denotes The protein resorption vesicles in the apical cytoplasm of proximal renal tubular epithelial cells in protein-losing nephropathy (see Chapter 11) appear as hyaline droplets ( Fig. 1-32, A) .
TextSentencer_T744 117606-117789 Sentence denotes Hyaline accumulations may also be a normal finding in specific types of cells (e.g., the globular Russell bodies [immunoglobulin-containing protein in distended rER] of plasma cells).
TextSentencer_T744 117606-117789 Sentence denotes Hyaline accumulations may also be a normal finding in specific types of cells (e.g., the globular Russell bodies [immunoglobulin-containing protein in distended rER] of plasma cells).
T43151 117606-117789 Sentence denotes Hyaline accumulations may also be a normal finding in specific types of cells (e.g., the globular Russell bodies [immunoglobulin-containing protein in distended rER] of plasma cells).
TextSentencer_T745 117790-117817 Sentence denotes Defects in Protein Folding.
TextSentencer_T745 117790-117817 Sentence denotes Defects in Protein Folding.
T13282 117790-117817 Sentence denotes Defects in Protein Folding.
TextSentencer_T746 117818-118005 Sentence denotes After ribosomal synthesis, emerging proteins are moved into the ER lumen for folding and addition of disulfide bonds before translocation and packaging by the Golgi complex for secretion.
TextSentencer_T746 117818-118005 Sentence denotes After ribosomal synthesis, emerging proteins are moved into the ER lumen for folding and addition of disulfide bonds before translocation and packaging by the Golgi complex for secretion.
T50827 117818-118005 Sentence denotes After ribosomal synthesis, emerging proteins are moved into the ER lumen for folding and addition of disulfide bonds before translocation and packaging by the Golgi complex for secretion.
TextSentencer_T747 118006-118149 Sentence denotes Thus the ER is well developed in cells, such as hepatocytes, plasma cells, and pancreatic β cells that synthesize proteins for systemic export.
TextSentencer_T747 118006-118149 Sentence denotes Thus the ER is well developed in cells, such as hepatocytes, plasma cells, and pancreatic β cells that synthesize proteins for systemic export.
T47741 118006-118149 Sentence denotes Thus the ER is well developed in cells, such as hepatocytes, plasma cells, and pancreatic β cells that synthesize proteins for systemic export.
TextSentencer_T748 118150-118438 Sentence denotes Proteins can be folded into globular CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death Healing after mastitis (low columnar → squamous) ( Figure 1 -25, cont'd (e.g., myoglobin) conformation or exist in a relatively unfolded or disordered state ( Fig. 1-33) .
TextSentencer_T748 118150-118438 Sentence denotes Proteins can be folded into globular CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death Healing after mastitis (low columnar → squamous) ( Figure 1 -25, cont'd (e.g., myoglobin) conformation or exist in a relatively unfolded or disordered state ( Fig. 1-33) .
T38613 118150-118438 Sentence denotes Proteins can be folded into globular CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death Healing after mastitis (low columnar → squamous) ( Figure 1 -25, cont'd (e.g., myoglobin) conformation or exist in a relatively unfolded or disordered state ( Fig. 1-33) .
TextSentencer_T749 118439-118577 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, normal protein function requires correct three-dimensional conformation (i.e., correct folding in the ER and Golgi complex).
TextSentencer_T749 118439-118577 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, normal protein function requires correct three-dimensional conformation (i.e., correct folding in the ER and Golgi complex).
T32100 118439-118577 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, normal protein function requires correct three-dimensional conformation (i.e., correct folding in the ER and Golgi complex).
TextSentencer_T750 118578-118874 Sentence denotes Protein homeostasis is aided by molecular chaperones that foster the soluble and functional state of proteins, escort proteins to their site of action, assist in protein folding, target misfolded peptides for refolding or degradation, and generally protect against pathologic protein aggregation.
TextSentencer_T750 118578-118874 Sentence denotes Protein homeostasis is aided by molecular chaperones that foster the soluble and functional state of proteins, escort proteins to their site of action, assist in protein folding, target misfolded peptides for refolding or degradation, and generally protect against pathologic protein aggregation.
T73015 118578-118874 Sentence denotes Protein homeostasis is aided by molecular chaperones that foster the soluble and functional state of proteins, escort proteins to their site of action, assist in protein folding, target misfolded peptides for refolding or degradation, and generally protect against pathologic protein aggregation.
TextSentencer_T751 118875-119046 Sentence denotes Hepatocytes, plasma cells, pancreatic islet cells, and other "professional" secretory cells have a sophisticated system that responds to the presence of unfolded proteins.
TextSentencer_T751 118875-119046 Sentence denotes Hepatocytes, plasma cells, pancreatic islet cells, and other "professional" secretory cells have a sophisticated system that responds to the presence of unfolded proteins.
T39794 118875-119046 Sentence denotes Hepatocytes, plasma cells, pancreatic islet cells, and other "professional" secretory cells have a sophisticated system that responds to the presence of unfolded proteins.
TextSentencer_T752 119047-119153 Sentence denotes Protein folding disorders develop when an ineffective response to unfolded proteins occurs in these cells.
TextSentencer_T752 119047-119153 Sentence denotes Protein folding disorders develop when an ineffective response to unfolded proteins occurs in these cells.
T2669 119047-119153 Sentence denotes Protein folding disorders develop when an ineffective response to unfolded proteins occurs in these cells.
TextSentencer_T753 119154-119303 Sentence denotes Unfolded proteins can result in "loss-offunction disorders" 3 and are usually managed and resolved by ubiquitination and degradation in a proteasome.
TextSentencer_T753 119154-119303 Sentence denotes Unfolded proteins can result in "loss-offunction disorders" 3 and are usually managed and resolved by ubiquitination and degradation in a proteasome.
T85754 119154-119303 Sentence denotes Unfolded proteins can result in "loss-offunction disorders" 3 and are usually managed and resolved by ubiquitination and degradation in a proteasome.
TextSentencer_T754 119304-119323 Sentence denotes In these "resolved"
TextSentencer_T754 119304-119323 Sentence denotes In these "resolved"
T45368 119304-119323 Sentence denotes In these "resolved"
TextSentencer_T755 119325-119373 Sentence denotes situations, there is no accumulation of protein.
TextSentencer_T755 119325-119373 Sentence denotes situations, there is no accumulation of protein.
T50796 119325-119373 Sentence denotes situations, there is no accumulation of protein.
TextSentencer_T756 119374-119650 Sentence denotes However, certain protein-folding disorders result in intracellular accumulation or extracellular deposition (see the later section on Extracellular Accumulations) of relatively insoluble proteins, some of which, such as amyloid, are toxic to cells or tissues (see Fig. 1-33) .
TextSentencer_T756 119374-119650 Sentence denotes However, certain protein-folding disorders result in intracellular accumulation or extracellular deposition (see the later section on Extracellular Accumulations) of relatively insoluble proteins, some of which, such as amyloid, are toxic to cells or tissues (see Fig. 1-33) .
T60479 119374-119650 Sentence denotes However, certain protein-folding disorders result in intracellular accumulation or extracellular deposition (see the later section on Extracellular Accumulations) of relatively insoluble proteins, some of which, such as amyloid, are toxic to cells or tissues (see Fig. 1-33) .
TextSentencer_T757 119651-119671 Sentence denotes Autophagic Vacuoles.
TextSentencer_T757 119651-119671 Sentence denotes Autophagic Vacuoles.
T5837 119651-119671 Sentence denotes Autophagic Vacuoles.
TextSentencer_T758 119672-119826 Sentence denotes Autophagy is a common response to sublethal cellular injury in which cell membranes are wrapped around portions of the cytoplasm to form an autophagosome.
TextSentencer_T758 119672-119826 Sentence denotes Autophagy is a common response to sublethal cellular injury in which cell membranes are wrapped around portions of the cytoplasm to form an autophagosome.
T92085 119672-119826 Sentence denotes Autophagy is a common response to sublethal cellular injury in which cell membranes are wrapped around portions of the cytoplasm to form an autophagosome.
TextSentencer_T759 119827-119988 Sentence denotes At the ultrastructural level, an autophagosome appears as a doublemembrane-bound vesicle with a portion of cytosol and an organelle (e.g., mitochondrion) inside.
TextSentencer_T759 119827-119988 Sentence denotes At the ultrastructural level, an autophagosome appears as a doublemembrane-bound vesicle with a portion of cytosol and an organelle (e.g., mitochondrion) inside.
T37959 119827-119988 Sentence denotes At the ultrastructural level, an autophagosome appears as a doublemembrane-bound vesicle with a portion of cytosol and an organelle (e.g., mitochondrion) inside.
TextSentencer_T760 119989-120080 Sentence denotes At the light microscopic level, the autophagosome is an eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion.
TextSentencer_T760 119989-120080 Sentence denotes At the light microscopic level, the autophagosome is an eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion.
T69171 119989-120080 Sentence denotes At the light microscopic level, the autophagosome is an eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion.
TextSentencer_T761 120081-120176 Sentence denotes Subsequent fusion with a lysosome leads to at least partial digestion of the autophagolysosome.
TextSentencer_T761 120081-120176 Sentence denotes Subsequent fusion with a lysosome leads to at least partial digestion of the autophagolysosome.
T7505 120081-120176 Sentence denotes Subsequent fusion with a lysosome leads to at least partial digestion of the autophagolysosome.
TextSentencer_T762 120177-120284 Sentence denotes Residual material may be extruded from the cell or remain as lipofuscin (see later discussion of pigments).
TextSentencer_T762 120177-120284 Sentence denotes Residual material may be extruded from the cell or remain as lipofuscin (see later discussion of pigments).
T54287 120177-120284 Sentence denotes Residual material may be extruded from the cell or remain as lipofuscin (see later discussion of pigments).
TextSentencer_T763 120285-120316 Sentence denotes Crystalline Protein Inclusions.
TextSentencer_T763 120285-120316 Sentence denotes Crystalline Protein Inclusions.
T87838 120285-120316 Sentence denotes Crystalline Protein Inclusions.
TextSentencer_T764 120317-120411 Sentence denotes Rhomboidal crystalline protein inclusions, also known as crystalloids (see Fig. 1-32, B) , are
TextSentencer_T764 120317-120411 Sentence denotes Rhomboidal crystalline protein inclusions, also known as crystalloids (see Fig. 1-32, B) , are
T18526 120317-120411 Sentence denotes Rhomboidal crystalline protein inclusions, also known as crystalloids (see Fig. 1-32, B) , are
TextSentencer_T765 120413-120484 Sentence denotes common in hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells of older dogs.
TextSentencer_T765 120413-120484 Sentence denotes common in hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells of older dogs.
T88352 120413-120484 Sentence denotes common in hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells of older dogs.
TextSentencer_T766 120485-120549 Sentence denotes Their significance, other than as a marker of aging, is unknown.
TextSentencer_T766 120485-120549 Sentence denotes Their significance, other than as a marker of aging, is unknown.
T20161 120485-120549 Sentence denotes Their significance, other than as a marker of aging, is unknown.
TextSentencer_T767 120550-120573 Sentence denotes Viral Inclusion Bodies.
TextSentencer_T767 120550-120573 Sentence denotes Viral Inclusion Bodies.
T50192 120550-120573 Sentence denotes Viral Inclusion Bodies.
TextSentencer_T768 120574-120664 Sentence denotes Some types of viruses produce characteristic intranuclear or cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
TextSentencer_T768 120574-120664 Sentence denotes Some types of viruses produce characteristic intranuclear or cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
T67478 120574-120664 Sentence denotes Some types of viruses produce characteristic intranuclear or cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
TextSentencer_T769 120665-120862 Sentence denotes Certain DNA viruses (e.g., herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and parvoviruses) exclusively produce intranuclear inclusions that are round to oval and vary from eosinophilic to basophilic or amphophilic.
TextSentencer_T769 120665-120862 Sentence denotes Certain DNA viruses (e.g., herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and parvoviruses) exclusively produce intranuclear inclusions that are round to oval and vary from eosinophilic to basophilic or amphophilic.
T16687 120665-120862 Sentence denotes Certain DNA viruses (e.g., herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and parvoviruses) exclusively produce intranuclear inclusions that are round to oval and vary from eosinophilic to basophilic or amphophilic.
TextSentencer_T770 120863-120956 Sentence denotes Other DNA viruses (e.g., poxviruses) produce large eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
TextSentencer_T770 120863-120956 Sentence denotes Other DNA viruses (e.g., poxviruses) produce large eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
T58502 120863-120956 Sentence denotes Other DNA viruses (e.g., poxviruses) produce large eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
TextSentencer_T771 120957-121074 Sentence denotes The inclusion bodies of RNA viruses (e.g., rabies virus and canine distemper virus) are eosinophilic and cytoplasmic.
TextSentencer_T771 120957-121074 Sentence denotes The inclusion bodies of RNA viruses (e.g., rabies virus and canine distemper virus) are eosinophilic and cytoplasmic.
T43077 120957-121074 Sentence denotes The inclusion bodies of RNA viruses (e.g., rabies virus and canine distemper virus) are eosinophilic and cytoplasmic.
TextSentencer_T772 121075-121166 Sentence denotes The viral inclusions of rabies, called Negri bodies, are in the cytoplasm of neuronal soma.
TextSentencer_T772 121075-121166 Sentence denotes The viral inclusions of rabies, called Negri bodies, are in the cytoplasm of neuronal soma.
T90906 121075-121166 Sentence denotes The viral inclusions of rabies, called Negri bodies, are in the cytoplasm of neuronal soma.
TextSentencer_T773 121167-121264 Sentence denotes Canine distemper virus produces both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions (see Fig. 1-32, C) .
TextSentencer_T773 121167-121264 Sentence denotes Canine distemper virus produces both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions (see Fig. 1-32, C) .
T88927 121167-121264 Sentence denotes Canine distemper virus produces both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions (see Fig. 1-32, C) .
TextSentencer_T774 121265-121376 Sentence denotes The intranuclear location of inclusions in this RNA viral infection has been attributed to heat shock proteins.
TextSentencer_T774 121265-121376 Sentence denotes The intranuclear location of inclusions in this RNA viral infection has been attributed to heat shock proteins.
T59990 121265-121376 Sentence denotes The intranuclear location of inclusions in this RNA viral infection has been attributed to heat shock proteins.
TextSentencer_T775 121377-121393 Sentence denotes Lead Inclusions.
TextSentencer_T775 121377-121393 Sentence denotes Lead Inclusions.
T82974 121377-121393 Sentence denotes Lead Inclusions.
TextSentencer_T776 121394-121493 Sentence denotes In some cases of lead poisoning, intranuclear inclusions develop in renal tubular epithelial cells.
TextSentencer_T776 121394-121493 Sentence denotes In some cases of lead poisoning, intranuclear inclusions develop in renal tubular epithelial cells.
T39400 121394-121493 Sentence denotes In some cases of lead poisoning, intranuclear inclusions develop in renal tubular epithelial cells.
TextSentencer_T777 121494-121571 Sentence denotes The inclusions are a mixture of lead and protein and are more easily Amyloid.
TextSentencer_T777 121494-121571 Sentence denotes The inclusions are a mixture of lead and protein and are more easily Amyloid.
T35945 121494-121571 Sentence denotes The inclusions are a mixture of lead and protein and are more easily Amyloid.
TextSentencer_T778 121572-121759 Sentence denotes Increasingly diseases are recognized to be the result of misfolding of soluble and functional peptides or proteins, converting them into relatively insoluble and nonfunctional aggregates.
TextSentencer_T778 121572-121759 Sentence denotes Increasingly diseases are recognized to be the result of misfolding of soluble and functional peptides or proteins, converting them into relatively insoluble and nonfunctional aggregates.
T48405 121572-121759 Sentence denotes Increasingly diseases are recognized to be the result of misfolding of soluble and functional peptides or proteins, converting them into relatively insoluble and nonfunctional aggregates.
TextSentencer_T779 121760-121828 Sentence denotes Amyloidosis is one of the best-studied protein-misfolding disorders.
TextSentencer_T779 121760-121828 Sentence denotes Amyloidosis is one of the best-studied protein-misfolding disorders.
T56718 121760-121828 Sentence denotes Amyloidosis is one of the best-studied protein-misfolding disorders.
TextSentencer_T780 121829-122072 Sentence denotes Aggregated proteins can be rather amorphous ultrastructurally; however, in the case of amyloidosis, the misfolded and aggregated proteins have a characteristic highly organized fibrillar structure, even though their amino acid sequence varies.
TextSentencer_T780 121829-122072 Sentence denotes Aggregated proteins can be rather amorphous ultrastructurally; however, in the case of amyloidosis, the misfolded and aggregated proteins have a characteristic highly organized fibrillar structure, even though their amino acid sequence varies.
T94290 121829-122072 Sentence denotes Aggregated proteins can be rather amorphous ultrastructurally; however, in the case of amyloidosis, the misfolded and aggregated proteins have a characteristic highly organized fibrillar structure, even though their amino acid sequence varies.
TextSentencer_T781 122073-122224 Sentence denotes Thus amyloidosis is a biochemically diverse group of disorders that have a common pathogenesis (protein misfolding) and generic morphologic appearance.
TextSentencer_T781 122073-122224 Sentence denotes Thus amyloidosis is a biochemically diverse group of disorders that have a common pathogenesis (protein misfolding) and generic morphologic appearance.
T59588 122073-122224 Sentence denotes Thus amyloidosis is a biochemically diverse group of disorders that have a common pathogenesis (protein misfolding) and generic morphologic appearance.
TextSentencer_T782 122225-122368 Sentence denotes Not only is the biologic function of the misfolded protein generally lost, but the tissue in which amyloid is deposited may be damaged as well.
TextSentencer_T782 122225-122368 Sentence denotes Not only is the biologic function of the misfolded protein generally lost, but the tissue in which amyloid is deposited may be damaged as well.
T95682 122225-122368 Sentence denotes Not only is the biologic function of the misfolded protein generally lost, but the tissue in which amyloid is deposited may be damaged as well.
TextSentencer_T783 122369-122919 Sentence denotes The mechanisms of amyloidosis (see Fig. 1-33) include (1) propagation of misfolded proteins that serve as a template for selfreplication (e.g., prion diseases), (2) accumulation of misfolded precursor proteins due to failure to degrade them, (3) genetic mutations that promote misfolding of precursor proteins, (4) protein overproduction because of an abnormality or proliferation in the synthesizing cell (e.g., plasma cell dyscrasia or neoplasia), and (5) loss of chaperoning molecules or other essential components of the protein assembly process.
TextSentencer_T783 122369-122919 Sentence denotes The mechanisms of amyloidosis (see Fig. 1-33) include (1) propagation of misfolded proteins that serve as a template for selfreplication (e.g., prion diseases), (2) accumulation of misfolded precursor proteins due to failure to degrade them, (3) genetic mutations that promote misfolding of precursor proteins, (4) protein overproduction because of an abnormality or proliferation in the synthesizing cell (e.g., plasma cell dyscrasia or neoplasia), and (5) loss of chaperoning molecules or other essential components of the protein assembly process.
T94129 122369-122919 Sentence denotes The mechanisms of amyloidosis (see Fig. 1-33) include (1) propagation of misfolded proteins that serve as a template for selfreplication (e.g., prion diseases), (2) accumulation of misfolded precursor proteins due to failure to degrade them, (3) genetic mutations that promote misfolding of precursor proteins, (4) protein overproduction because of an abnormality or proliferation in the synthesizing cell (e.g., plasma cell dyscrasia or neoplasia), and (5) loss of chaperoning molecules or other essential components of the protein assembly process.
TextSentencer_T784 122920-123271 Sentence denotes Amyloid is typically formed from unfolded or partially unfolded proteins or peptide fragments and has a highly ordered, generic (independent of amino acid sequence) structure of fibrillar polypeptide chains that are rich in cross β-sheets (arranged perpendicular to the axis of the fibrils) and can self-replicate by virtue of this template formation.
TextSentencer_T784 122920-123271 Sentence denotes Amyloid is typically formed from unfolded or partially unfolded proteins or peptide fragments and has a highly ordered, generic (independent of amino acid sequence) structure of fibrillar polypeptide chains that are rich in cross β-sheets (arranged perpendicular to the axis of the fibrils) and can self-replicate by virtue of this template formation.
T6430 122920-123271 Sentence denotes Amyloid is typically formed from unfolded or partially unfolded proteins or peptide fragments and has a highly ordered, generic (independent of amino acid sequence) structure of fibrillar polypeptide chains that are rich in cross β-sheets (arranged perpendicular to the axis of the fibrils) and can self-replicate by virtue of this template formation.
TextSentencer_T785 123272-123432 Sentence denotes Amyloidosis was recognized as a disease by Virchow, who dubbed the offending material amyloid (starchlike) because the tissue deposits were stained with iodine.
TextSentencer_T785 123272-123432 Sentence denotes Amyloidosis was recognized as a disease by Virchow, who dubbed the offending material amyloid (starchlike) because the tissue deposits were stained with iodine.
T3335 123272-123432 Sentence denotes Amyloidosis was recognized as a disease by Virchow, who dubbed the offending material amyloid (starchlike) because the tissue deposits were stained with iodine.
TextSentencer_T786 123433-123653 Sentence denotes Iodine is still used on occasion as a gross technique to stain amyloid (see Fig. 11 -40), even though amyloid deposits consist mainly of protein (typically associated with other molecules, such as carbohydrate moieties).
TextSentencer_T786 123433-123653 Sentence denotes Iodine is still used on occasion as a gross technique to stain amyloid (see Fig. 11 -40), even though amyloid deposits consist mainly of protein (typically associated with other molecules, such as carbohydrate moieties).
T38548 123433-123653 Sentence denotes Iodine is still used on occasion as a gross technique to stain amyloid (see Fig. 11 -40), even though amyloid deposits consist mainly of protein (typically associated with other molecules, such as carbohydrate moieties).
TextSentencer_T787 123654-123770 Sentence denotes If visible macroscopically, amyloid appears as yellow, waxy, coalescing nodular or amorphous deposits ( Fig. 1-34 ).
TextSentencer_T787 123654-123770 Sentence denotes If visible macroscopically, amyloid appears as yellow, waxy, coalescing nodular or amorphous deposits ( Fig. 1-34 ).
T97818 123654-123770 Sentence denotes If visible macroscopically, amyloid appears as yellow, waxy, coalescing nodular or amorphous deposits ( Fig. 1-34 ).
TextSentencer_T788 123771-123892 Sentence denotes At the light microscopic level, amyloid is homogeneous to indistinctly fibrillar, and pale eosinophilic ( Fig. 1-35, A) .
TextSentencer_T788 123771-123892 Sentence denotes At the light microscopic level, amyloid is homogeneous to indistinctly fibrillar, and pale eosinophilic ( Fig. 1-35, A) .
T530 123771-123892 Sentence denotes At the light microscopic level, amyloid is homogeneous to indistinctly fibrillar, and pale eosinophilic ( Fig. 1-35, A) .
TextSentencer_T789 123893-123995 Sentence denotes With the Congo red stain, amyloid takes a more orange-red hue (i.e., congophilia) (see Fig. 1-35, B) .
TextSentencer_T789 123893-123995 Sentence denotes With the Congo red stain, amyloid takes a more orange-red hue (i.e., congophilia) (see Fig. 1-35, B) .
T34966 123893-123995 Sentence denotes With the Congo red stain, amyloid takes a more orange-red hue (i.e., congophilia) (see Fig. 1-35, B) .
TextSentencer_T790 123996-124057 Sentence denotes Because of its molecular periodicity, amyloid is anisotropic.
TextSentencer_T790 123996-124057 Sentence denotes Because of its molecular periodicity, amyloid is anisotropic.
T84319 123996-124057 Sentence denotes Because of its molecular periodicity, amyloid is anisotropic.
TextSentencer_T791 124058-124189 Sentence denotes Anisotropic substances are birefringent (i.e., they can refract polarized light into two rays that vibrate in perpendicular waves).
TextSentencer_T791 124058-124189 Sentence denotes Anisotropic substances are birefringent (i.e., they can refract polarized light into two rays that vibrate in perpendicular waves).
T62011 124058-124189 Sentence denotes Anisotropic substances are birefringent (i.e., they can refract polarized light into two rays that vibrate in perpendicular waves).
TextSentencer_T792 124190-124693 Sentence denotes Thus, when histologic sections are viewed through the microscope with polarized light (achieved by inserting a polarizing filter between the light source and the histologic section), amyloid deposits or other anisotropic substances (e.g., crystals, collagen) can rotate the plane of light so that it passes through the analyzer (a second polarizing filter between the histologic section and the oculars), whereas negligible light is passed through isotropic substances (most of the rest of the section).
TextSentencer_T792 124190-124693 Sentence denotes Thus, when histologic sections are viewed through the microscope with polarized light (achieved by inserting a polarizing filter between the light source and the histologic section), amyloid deposits or other anisotropic substances (e.g., crystals, collagen) can rotate the plane of light so that it passes through the analyzer (a second polarizing filter between the histologic section and the oculars), whereas negligible light is passed through isotropic substances (most of the rest of the section).
T3127 124190-124693 Sentence denotes Thus, when histologic sections are viewed through the microscope with polarized light (achieved by inserting a polarizing filter between the light source and the histologic section), amyloid deposits or other anisotropic substances (e.g., crystals, collagen) can rotate the plane of light so that it passes through the analyzer (a second polarizing filter between the histologic section and the oculars), whereas negligible light is passed through isotropic substances (most of the rest of the section).
TextSentencer_T793 124694-124823 Sentence denotes Amyloid has characteristic apple-green birefringence in polarized light, especially with the Congo red stain (see Fig. 1-35, C) .
TextSentencer_T793 124694-124823 Sentence denotes Amyloid has characteristic apple-green birefringence in polarized light, especially with the Congo red stain (see Fig. 1-35, C) .
T16692 124694-124823 Sentence denotes Amyloid has characteristic apple-green birefringence in polarized light, especially with the Congo red stain (see Fig. 1-35, C) .
TextSentencer_T794 124824-124941 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally amyloid appears as extracellular bundles of nonbranching filaments that are 7 to 10 nm in diameter.
TextSentencer_T794 124824-124941 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally amyloid appears as extracellular bundles of nonbranching filaments that are 7 to 10 nm in diameter.
T32297 124824-124941 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally amyloid appears as extracellular bundles of nonbranching filaments that are 7 to 10 nm in diameter.
TextSentencer_T795 124942-124989 Sentence denotes Classification and Localization of Amyloidosis.
TextSentencer_T795 124942-124989 Sentence denotes Classification and Localization of Amyloidosis.
T23072 124942-124989 Sentence denotes Classification and Localization of Amyloidosis.
TextSentencer_T796 124990-125080 Sentence denotes Amyloid can be classified by the biochemical identity of its precursor peptide or protein.
TextSentencer_T796 124990-125080 Sentence denotes Amyloid can be classified by the biochemical identity of its precursor peptide or protein.
T48139 124990-125080 Sentence denotes Amyloid can be classified by the biochemical identity of its precursor peptide or protein.
TextSentencer_T797 125081-125158 Sentence denotes AL amyloid consists of immunoglobulin light chains derived from plasma cells.
TextSentencer_T797 125081-125158 Sentence denotes AL amyloid consists of immunoglobulin light chains derived from plasma cells.
T27434 125081-125158 Sentence denotes AL amyloid consists of immunoglobulin light chains derived from plasma cells.
TextSentencer_T798 125159-125331 Sentence denotes In light chain (AL) amyloidosis, abnormal plasma cells secrete the light chain fragments into the circulation, and the amyloid can be deposited almost anywhere in the body.
TextSentencer_T798 125159-125331 Sentence denotes In light chain (AL) amyloidosis, abnormal plasma cells secrete the light chain fragments into the circulation, and the amyloid can be deposited almost anywhere in the body.
T82462 125159-125331 Sentence denotes In light chain (AL) amyloidosis, abnormal plasma cells secrete the light chain fragments into the circulation, and the amyloid can be deposited almost anywhere in the body.
TextSentencer_T799 125332-125478 Sentence denotes Amyloidosis is considered primary when dyscrasias or neoplastic proliferations of plasma cells (see also Chapter 5) are the source of the amyloid.
TextSentencer_T799 125332-125478 Sentence denotes Amyloidosis is considered primary when dyscrasias or neoplastic proliferations of plasma cells (see also Chapter 5) are the source of the amyloid.
T71981 125332-125478 Sentence denotes Amyloidosis is considered primary when dyscrasias or neoplastic proliferations of plasma cells (see also Chapter 5) are the source of the amyloid.
TextSentencer_T800 125479-125631 Sentence denotes AL amyloidosis can be systemic, but in some extramedullary (e.g., cutaneous) plasmacytomas, amyloid deposition is limited to the stroma of the neoplasm.
TextSentencer_T800 125479-125631 Sentence denotes AL amyloidosis can be systemic, but in some extramedullary (e.g., cutaneous) plasmacytomas, amyloid deposition is limited to the stroma of the neoplasm.
T97508 125479-125631 Sentence denotes AL amyloidosis can be systemic, but in some extramedullary (e.g., cutaneous) plasmacytomas, amyloid deposition is limited to the stroma of the neoplasm.
TextSentencer_T801 125632-125759 Sentence denotes The localized deposits in nasal amyloidosis of observed with acid-fast stains than in H&E-stained sections (see Fig. 1-32, D) .
TextSentencer_T801 125632-125759 Sentence denotes The localized deposits in nasal amyloidosis of observed with acid-fast stains than in H&E-stained sections (see Fig. 1-32, D) .
T14071 125632-125759 Sentence denotes The localized deposits in nasal amyloidosis of observed with acid-fast stains than in H&E-stained sections (see Fig. 1-32, D) .
TextSentencer_T802 125760-125830 Sentence denotes Proteins account for the "hyaline" appearance in H&E-stained sections.
TextSentencer_T802 125760-125830 Sentence denotes Proteins account for the "hyaline" appearance in H&E-stained sections.
T43939 125760-125830 Sentence denotes Proteins account for the "hyaline" appearance in H&E-stained sections.
TextSentencer_T803 125831-125914 Sentence denotes Proteins are eosinophilic (i.e., have affinity for the eosin dye of the H&E stain).
TextSentencer_T803 125831-125914 Sentence denotes Proteins are eosinophilic (i.e., have affinity for the eosin dye of the H&E stain).
T38588 125831-125914 Sentence denotes Proteins are eosinophilic (i.e., have affinity for the eosin dye of the H&E stain).
TextSentencer_T804 125915-126060 Sentence denotes The word hyaline is used for intracellular (see previous section) or extracellular proteinaceous substances that take up eosin dye homogeneously.
TextSentencer_T804 125915-126060 Sentence denotes The word hyaline is used for intracellular (see previous section) or extracellular proteinaceous substances that take up eosin dye homogeneously.
T99510 125915-126060 Sentence denotes The word hyaline is used for intracellular (see previous section) or extracellular proteinaceous substances that take up eosin dye homogeneously.
TextSentencer_T805 126061-126165 Sentence denotes A variety of extracellular proteinaceous accumulations have a hyaline appearance in histologic sections.
TextSentencer_T805 126061-126165 Sentence denotes A variety of extracellular proteinaceous accumulations have a hyaline appearance in histologic sections.
T71894 126061-126165 Sentence denotes A variety of extracellular proteinaceous accumulations have a hyaline appearance in histologic sections.
TextSentencer_T806 126166-126699 Sentence denotes Examples include protein casts (albumin, hemoglobin, or myoglobin) in the lumen of renal tubules; serum or plasma in blood vessels; plasma proteins in vessel walls; collagen fibers in some scars or collagen fibers encrusted with proteins from degranulated eosinophils; thickened basement membranes; the "hyaline membranes" of diffuse alveolar damage in acute respiratory distress syndrome (see Chapter 9); fibrin thrombi in the microvasculature in disseminated intravascular coagulation (see Chapter 2); and amyloid (described next).
TextSentencer_T806 126166-126699 Sentence denotes Examples include protein casts (albumin, hemoglobin, or myoglobin) in the lumen of renal tubules; serum or plasma in blood vessels; plasma proteins in vessel walls; collagen fibers in some scars or collagen fibers encrusted with proteins from degranulated eosinophils; thickened basement membranes; the "hyaline membranes" of diffuse alveolar damage in acute respiratory distress syndrome (see Chapter 9); fibrin thrombi in the microvasculature in disseminated intravascular coagulation (see Chapter 2); and amyloid (described next).
T8308 126166-126699 Sentence denotes Examples include protein casts (albumin, hemoglobin, or myoglobin) in the lumen of renal tubules; serum or plasma in blood vessels; plasma proteins in vessel walls; collagen fibers in some scars or collagen fibers encrusted with proteins from degranulated eosinophils; thickened basement membranes; the "hyaline membranes" of diffuse alveolar damage in acute respiratory distress syndrome (see Chapter 9); fibrin thrombi in the microvasculature in disseminated intravascular coagulation (see Chapter 2); and amyloid (described next).
TextSentencer_T807 126700-126851 Sentence denotes In contrast to systemic amyloidosis, the severity of disease in localized amyloidosis may depend more on the biochemical nature of the amyloid fibrils.
TextSentencer_T807 126700-126851 Sentence denotes In contrast to systemic amyloidosis, the severity of disease in localized amyloidosis may depend more on the biochemical nature of the amyloid fibrils.
T27869 126700-126851 Sentence denotes In contrast to systemic amyloidosis, the severity of disease in localized amyloidosis may depend more on the biochemical nature of the amyloid fibrils.
TextSentencer_T808 126852-127037 Sentence denotes In fact, the precursor peptides or intermediate oligomers, rather than the mature amyloid fibrils, are thought to be the injurious agent at least in some forms of localized amyloidosis.
TextSentencer_T808 126852-127037 Sentence denotes In fact, the precursor peptides or intermediate oligomers, rather than the mature amyloid fibrils, are thought to be the injurious agent at least in some forms of localized amyloidosis.
T93239 126852-127037 Sentence denotes In fact, the precursor peptides or intermediate oligomers, rather than the mature amyloid fibrils, are thought to be the injurious agent at least in some forms of localized amyloidosis.
TextSentencer_T809 127038-127175 Sentence denotes The amyloid deposited in pancreatic islets of cats and human beings is derived from islet amyloid peptide and is secreted by the β cells.
TextSentencer_T809 127038-127175 Sentence denotes The amyloid deposited in pancreatic islets of cats and human beings is derived from islet amyloid peptide and is secreted by the β cells.
T26452 127038-127175 Sentence denotes The amyloid deposited in pancreatic islets of cats and human beings is derived from islet amyloid peptide and is secreted by the β cells.
TextSentencer_T810 127176-127345 Sentence denotes It can be associated with insulin-resistant (type 2) diabetes mellitus, but islet amyloidosis is also encountered in cats with normal glucose tolerance (see Chapter 12).
TextSentencer_T810 127176-127345 Sentence denotes It can be associated with insulin-resistant (type 2) diabetes mellitus, but islet amyloidosis is also encountered in cats with normal glucose tolerance (see Chapter 12).
T50621 127176-127345 Sentence denotes It can be associated with insulin-resistant (type 2) diabetes mellitus, but islet amyloidosis is also encountered in cats with normal glucose tolerance (see Chapter 12).
TextSentencer_T811 127346-127537 Sentence denotes Another example of localized amyloidosis is the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the cerebral cortex of aged dogs with canine cognitive disorder and in human beings with Alzheimer's disease.
TextSentencer_T811 127346-127537 Sentence denotes Another example of localized amyloidosis is the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the cerebral cortex of aged dogs with canine cognitive disorder and in human beings with Alzheimer's disease.
T18352 127346-127537 Sentence denotes Another example of localized amyloidosis is the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the cerebral cortex of aged dogs with canine cognitive disorder and in human beings with Alzheimer's disease.
TextSentencer_T812 127538-127555 Sentence denotes Fibrinoid Change.
TextSentencer_T812 127538-127555 Sentence denotes Fibrinoid Change.
T33199 127538-127555 Sentence denotes Fibrinoid Change.
TextSentencer_T813 127556-127697 Sentence denotes Fibrinoid change is the result of leakage of plasma proteins, such as immunoglobulin, complement, or fibrin, into the wall of a blood vessel.
TextSentencer_T813 127556-127697 Sentence denotes Fibrinoid change is the result of leakage of plasma proteins, such as immunoglobulin, complement, or fibrin, into the wall of a blood vessel.
T28555 127556-127697 Sentence denotes Fibrinoid change is the result of leakage of plasma proteins, such as immunoglobulin, complement, or fibrin, into the wall of a blood vessel.
TextSentencer_T814 127698-127762 Sentence denotes This lesion is observed in septic or immune-mediated vasculitis.
TextSentencer_T814 127698-127762 Sentence denotes This lesion is observed in septic or immune-mediated vasculitis.
T57465 127698-127762 Sentence denotes This lesion is observed in septic or immune-mediated vasculitis.
TextSentencer_T815 127763-127912 Sentence denotes Injury, such as that caused by viruses or endotoxin, to endothelial cells, basement membrane, or smooth horses (see Fig. 1-35) consist of AL amyloid.
TextSentencer_T815 127763-127912 Sentence denotes Injury, such as that caused by viruses or endotoxin, to endothelial cells, basement membrane, or smooth horses (see Fig. 1-35) consist of AL amyloid.
T66076 127763-127912 Sentence denotes Injury, such as that caused by viruses or endotoxin, to endothelial cells, basement membrane, or smooth horses (see Fig. 1-35) consist of AL amyloid.
TextSentencer_T816 127913-128014 Sentence denotes The conjunctiva (see Fig. 1 -34) and skin are also affected in some horses with nasal AL amyloidosis.
TextSentencer_T816 127913-128014 Sentence denotes The conjunctiva (see Fig. 1 -34) and skin are also affected in some horses with nasal AL amyloidosis.
T25592 127913-128014 Sentence denotes The conjunctiva (see Fig. 1 -34) and skin are also affected in some horses with nasal AL amyloidosis.
TextSentencer_T817 128015-128127 Sentence denotes AL amyloid retains its congophilia and apple-green birefringence after pretreatment with potassium permanganate.
TextSentencer_T817 128015-128127 Sentence denotes AL amyloid retains its congophilia and apple-green birefringence after pretreatment with potassium permanganate.
T16170 128015-128127 Sentence denotes AL amyloid retains its congophilia and apple-green birefringence after pretreatment with potassium permanganate.
TextSentencer_T818 128128-128559 Sentence denotes In systemic amyloidosis associated with chronic inflammation, and therefore classified as secondary, serum amyloid A (AA) protein (produced mainly by hepatocytes) is cleaved into fragments that are deposited as amyloid fibrils in various tissues, particularly the kidney (especially renal glomeruli; E- Fig. 1-16 ; see , liver (especially the space of Disse; see Chapter 8 and Fig. 8-44) , and splenic white pulp (see Fig. 13-61) .
TextSentencer_T818 128128-128559 Sentence denotes In systemic amyloidosis associated with chronic inflammation, and therefore classified as secondary, serum amyloid A (AA) protein (produced mainly by hepatocytes) is cleaved into fragments that are deposited as amyloid fibrils in various tissues, particularly the kidney (especially renal glomeruli; E- Fig. 1-16 ; see , liver (especially the space of Disse; see Chapter 8 and Fig. 8-44) , and splenic white pulp (see Fig. 13-61) .
T23846 128128-128559 Sentence denotes In systemic amyloidosis associated with chronic inflammation, and therefore classified as secondary, serum amyloid A (AA) protein (produced mainly by hepatocytes) is cleaved into fragments that are deposited as amyloid fibrils in various tissues, particularly the kidney (especially renal glomeruli; E- Fig. 1-16 ; see , liver (especially the space of Disse; see Chapter 8 and Fig. 8-44) , and splenic white pulp (see Fig. 13-61) .
TextSentencer_T819 128560-128627 Sentence denotes Hereditary or familial forms of AA amyloidosis are also recognized.
TextSentencer_T819 128560-128627 Sentence denotes Hereditary or familial forms of AA amyloidosis are also recognized.
T93533 128560-128627 Sentence denotes Hereditary or familial forms of AA amyloidosis are also recognized.
TextSentencer_T820 128628-128782 Sentence denotes In Shar-Pei dogs and Abyssinian cats, AA amyloid deposits are typically most abundant in the renal medullary interstitium, rather than in renal glomeruli.
TextSentencer_T820 128628-128782 Sentence denotes In Shar-Pei dogs and Abyssinian cats, AA amyloid deposits are typically most abundant in the renal medullary interstitium, rather than in renal glomeruli.
T15982 128628-128782 Sentence denotes In Shar-Pei dogs and Abyssinian cats, AA amyloid deposits are typically most abundant in the renal medullary interstitium, rather than in renal glomeruli.
TextSentencer_T821 128783-128947 Sentence denotes Amyloid A is sensitive to potassium permanganate (i.e., congophilia and apple-green birefringence are lost or diminished after potassium permanganate pretreatment).
TextSentencer_T821 128783-128947 Sentence denotes Amyloid A is sensitive to potassium permanganate (i.e., congophilia and apple-green birefringence are lost or diminished after potassium permanganate pretreatment).
T85939 128783-128947 Sentence denotes Amyloid A is sensitive to potassium permanganate (i.e., congophilia and apple-green birefringence are lost or diminished after potassium permanganate pretreatment).
TextSentencer_T822 128948-129193 Sentence denotes Amyloid deposits can be systemic (extracellular deposits in multiple organs or tissues, independent of the site of synthesis of the precursor protein) or localized (restricted to tissues in which the precursor protein or peptide is synthesized).
TextSentencer_T822 128948-129193 Sentence denotes Amyloid deposits can be systemic (extracellular deposits in multiple organs or tissues, independent of the site of synthesis of the precursor protein) or localized (restricted to tissues in which the precursor protein or peptide is synthesized).
T8021 128948-129193 Sentence denotes Amyloid deposits can be systemic (extracellular deposits in multiple organs or tissues, independent of the site of synthesis of the precursor protein) or localized (restricted to tissues in which the precursor protein or peptide is synthesized).
TextSentencer_T823 129194-129536 Sentence denotes Systemic amyloidosis is more likely to be life threatening, depending on the organs or tissues 31.e1 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death muscle cells of the tunica media can activate the acute phase inflammatory response leading to circumferential deposition of plasma proteins in blood vessel walls.
TextSentencer_T823 129194-129536 Sentence denotes Systemic amyloidosis is more likely to be life threatening, depending on the organs or tissues 31.e1 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death muscle cells of the tunica media can activate the acute phase inflammatory response leading to circumferential deposition of plasma proteins in blood vessel walls.
T83561 129194-129536 Sentence denotes Systemic amyloidosis is more likely to be life threatening, depending on the organs or tissues 31.e1 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death muscle cells of the tunica media can activate the acute phase inflammatory response leading to circumferential deposition of plasma proteins in blood vessel walls.
TextSentencer_T824 129537-129683 Sentence denotes These proteins, especially fibrin, are intensely eosinophilic and can be accompanied by leukocytic infiltration ( Fig. 1-36 ; see also Chapter 3).
TextSentencer_T824 129537-129683 Sentence denotes These proteins, especially fibrin, are intensely eosinophilic and can be accompanied by leukocytic infiltration ( Fig. 1-36 ; see also Chapter 3).
T79798 129537-129683 Sentence denotes These proteins, especially fibrin, are intensely eosinophilic and can be accompanied by leukocytic infiltration ( Fig. 1-36 ; see also Chapter 3).
TextSentencer_T825 129684-129806 Sentence denotes Fibrosis is an excess in fibrous collagen, predominantly type I collagen fibers, in the interstitium of organs or tissues.
TextSentencer_T825 129684-129806 Sentence denotes Fibrosis is an excess in fibrous collagen, predominantly type I collagen fibers, in the interstitium of organs or tissues.
T76918 129684-129806 Sentence denotes Fibrosis is an excess in fibrous collagen, predominantly type I collagen fibers, in the interstitium of organs or tissues.
TextSentencer_T826 129807-129969 Sentence denotes Necrosis, especially necrosis that destroys epithelial basement membranes, but also necrosis of mesenchymal tissues, tends to induce proliferation of fibroblasts.
TextSentencer_T826 129807-129969 Sentence denotes Necrosis, especially necrosis that destroys epithelial basement membranes, but also necrosis of mesenchymal tissues, tends to induce proliferation of fibroblasts.
T84586 129807-129969 Sentence denotes Necrosis, especially necrosis that destroys epithelial basement membranes, but also necrosis of mesenchymal tissues, tends to induce proliferation of fibroblasts.
TextSentencer_T827 129970-130209 Sentence denotes In many injured tissues, especially beneath ulcers or in wound healing, fibroblastic proliferation is accompanied by endothelial proliferation with formation of granulation tissue (fibrosis plus neovascularization [see Chapters 3 and 17]).
TextSentencer_T827 129970-130209 Sentence denotes In many injured tissues, especially beneath ulcers or in wound healing, fibroblastic proliferation is accompanied by endothelial proliferation with formation of granulation tissue (fibrosis plus neovascularization [see Chapters 3 and 17]).
T15886 129970-130209 Sentence denotes In many injured tissues, especially beneath ulcers or in wound healing, fibroblastic proliferation is accompanied by endothelial proliferation with formation of granulation tissue (fibrosis plus neovascularization [see Chapters 3 and 17]).
TextSentencer_T828 130210-130362 Sentence denotes As granulation tissue matures, the neovascularization subsides, fibroblasts become quiescent, collagen fibers remain, and scar tissue is the end result.
TextSentencer_T828 130210-130362 Sentence denotes As granulation tissue matures, the neovascularization subsides, fibroblasts become quiescent, collagen fibers remain, and scar tissue is the end result.
T80632 130210-130362 Sentence denotes As granulation tissue matures, the neovascularization subsides, fibroblasts become quiescent, collagen fibers remain, and scar tissue is the end result.
TextSentencer_T829 130363-130451 Sentence denotes In the liver (see Chapter 8), stellate cells are the source of the collagen in fibrosis.
TextSentencer_T829 130363-130451 Sentence denotes In the liver (see Chapter 8), stellate cells are the source of the collagen in fibrosis.
T88177 130363-130451 Sentence denotes In the liver (see Chapter 8), stellate cells are the source of the collagen in fibrosis.
TextSentencer_T830 130452-130624 Sentence denotes Macrophages (i.e., Kupffer cells in the liver, histiocytes, or other tissue macrophages) direct fibrosis by release of cytokines and growth factors such as TNF-α and TGF-β.
TextSentencer_T830 130452-130624 Sentence denotes Macrophages (i.e., Kupffer cells in the liver, histiocytes, or other tissue macrophages) direct fibrosis by release of cytokines and growth factors such as TNF-α and TGF-β.
T29961 130452-130624 Sentence denotes Macrophages (i.e., Kupffer cells in the liver, histiocytes, or other tissue macrophages) direct fibrosis by release of cytokines and growth factors such as TNF-α and TGF-β.
TextSentencer_T831 130625-130644 Sentence denotes Fatty Infiltration.
TextSentencer_T831 130625-130644 Sentence denotes Fatty Infiltration.
T17325 130625-130644 Sentence denotes Fatty Infiltration.
TextSentencer_T832 130645-130763 Sentence denotes Fatty infiltration is an increase in the number and/or volume of adipocytes in the interstitium of an organ or tissue.
TextSentencer_T832 130645-130763 Sentence denotes Fatty infiltration is an increase in the number and/or volume of adipocytes in the interstitium of an organ or tissue.
T53545 130645-130763 Sentence denotes Fatty infiltration is an increase in the number and/or volume of adipocytes in the interstitium of an organ or tissue.
TextSentencer_T833 130764-130853 Sentence denotes Thus it is distinct from the intracellular accumulations known as lipidosis or steatosis.
TextSentencer_T833 130764-130853 Sentence denotes Thus it is distinct from the intracellular accumulations known as lipidosis or steatosis.
T94988 130764-130853 Sentence denotes Thus it is distinct from the intracellular accumulations known as lipidosis or steatosis.
TextSentencer_T834 130854-130998 Sentence denotes Normally adipocytes are present in small numbers in the myocardial interstitium, especially near the epicardium, and in skeletal muscle bundles.
TextSentencer_T834 130854-130998 Sentence denotes Normally adipocytes are present in small numbers in the myocardial interstitium, especially near the epicardium, and in skeletal muscle bundles.
T86386 130854-130998 Sentence denotes Normally adipocytes are present in small numbers in the myocardial interstitium, especially near the epicardium, and in skeletal muscle bundles.
TextSentencer_T835 130999-131161 Sentence denotes The adipocytes can increase in size and number in obesity and in certain cardiomyopathies (see Chapter 10) or skeletal myopathies (see Chapter 15 and Fig. 15-9) .
TextSentencer_T835 130999-131161 Sentence denotes The adipocytes can increase in size and number in obesity and in certain cardiomyopathies (see Chapter 10) or skeletal myopathies (see Chapter 15 and Fig. 15-9) .
T37134 130999-131161 Sentence denotes The adipocytes can increase in size and number in obesity and in certain cardiomyopathies (see Chapter 10) or skeletal myopathies (see Chapter 15 and Fig. 15-9) .
TextSentencer_T836 131162-131523 Sentence denotes Adipocytes also accumulate in atrophied tissues, such as skeletal Cholesterol crystals typically elicit granulomatous inflammation ( Fig. 1-37 ) and are common in the cholesterol granulomas ("cholesteatomas") in the choroid plexus of old horses; these can become large enough to obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid but more often are an incidental finding.
TextSentencer_T836 131162-131523 Sentence denotes Adipocytes also accumulate in atrophied tissues, such as skeletal Cholesterol crystals typically elicit granulomatous inflammation ( Fig. 1-37 ) and are common in the cholesterol granulomas ("cholesteatomas") in the choroid plexus of old horses; these can become large enough to obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid but more often are an incidental finding.
T4562 131162-131523 Sentence denotes Adipocytes also accumulate in atrophied tissues, such as skeletal Cholesterol crystals typically elicit granulomatous inflammation ( Fig. 1-37 ) and are common in the cholesterol granulomas ("cholesteatomas") in the choroid plexus of old horses; these can become large enough to obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid but more often are an incidental finding.
TextSentencer_T837 131524-131689 Sentence denotes Grossly, the cholesterol granuloma appears as friable pale yellow nodules in the choroid plexus of the lateral or fourth ventricles (see Chapter 14 and Fig. 14-87 ).
TextSentencer_T837 131524-131689 Sentence denotes Grossly, the cholesterol granuloma appears as friable pale yellow nodules in the choroid plexus of the lateral or fourth ventricles (see Chapter 14 and Fig. 14-87 ).
T44976 131524-131689 Sentence denotes Grossly, the cholesterol granuloma appears as friable pale yellow nodules in the choroid plexus of the lateral or fourth ventricles (see Chapter 14 and Fig. 14-87 ).
TextSentencer_T838 131690-131876 Sentence denotes Pathologic calcification refers to the deposition of calcium salts, typically as phosphates or carbonates, in soft tissues (i.e., tissues that would not be calcified in a healthy state).
TextSentencer_T838 131690-131876 Sentence denotes Pathologic calcification refers to the deposition of calcium salts, typically as phosphates or carbonates, in soft tissues (i.e., tissues that would not be calcified in a healthy state).
T30385 131690-131876 Sentence denotes Pathologic calcification refers to the deposition of calcium salts, typically as phosphates or carbonates, in soft tissues (i.e., tissues that would not be calcified in a healthy state).
TextSentencer_T839 131877-132104 Sentence denotes Soft tissue calcification as the result of elevated serum calcium concentration is termed metastatic calcification, whereas the calcification of dead tissue as part of the process of necrosis is called dystrophic calcification.
TextSentencer_T839 131877-132104 Sentence denotes Soft tissue calcification as the result of elevated serum calcium concentration is termed metastatic calcification, whereas the calcification of dead tissue as part of the process of necrosis is called dystrophic calcification.
T98260 131877-132104 Sentence denotes Soft tissue calcification as the result of elevated serum calcium concentration is termed metastatic calcification, whereas the calcification of dead tissue as part of the process of necrosis is called dystrophic calcification.
TextSentencer_T840 132105-132226 Sentence denotes If calcification is extensive, it appears grossly as chalky white deposits ( Fig. 1-38) with a brittle or gritty texture.
TextSentencer_T840 132105-132226 Sentence denotes If calcification is extensive, it appears grossly as chalky white deposits ( Fig. 1-38) with a brittle or gritty texture.
T80645 132105-132226 Sentence denotes If calcification is extensive, it appears grossly as chalky white deposits ( Fig. 1-38) with a brittle or gritty texture.
TextSentencer_T841 132227-132366 Sentence denotes Calcium deposits that also contain hemosiderin or other blood pigments (see subsequent section on Pigments) may be discolored yellow-brown.
TextSentencer_T841 132227-132366 Sentence denotes Calcium deposits that also contain hemosiderin or other blood pigments (see subsequent section on Pigments) may be discolored yellow-brown.
T93485 132227-132366 Sentence denotes Calcium deposits that also contain hemosiderin or other blood pigments (see subsequent section on Pigments) may be discolored yellow-brown.
TextSentencer_T842 132367-132450 Sentence denotes A review of the biochemical events in cell death explains dystrophic calcification.
TextSentencer_T842 132367-132450 Sentence denotes A review of the biochemical events in cell death explains dystrophic calcification.
T8014 132367-132450 Sentence denotes A review of the biochemical events in cell death explains dystrophic calcification.
TextSentencer_T843 132451-132690 Sentence denotes Recall that loss of the ability to regulate cellular Ca 2+ balance is a critical turning point that converts reversible to muscle (particularly when the result of denervation; see Chapter 15), thymus, and thyroid gland (see Fig. 1-26, B) .
TextSentencer_T843 132451-132690 Sentence denotes Recall that loss of the ability to regulate cellular Ca 2+ balance is a critical turning point that converts reversible to muscle (particularly when the result of denervation; see Chapter 15), thymus, and thyroid gland (see Fig. 1-26, B) .
T3157 132451-132690 Sentence denotes Recall that loss of the ability to regulate cellular Ca 2+ balance is a critical turning point that converts reversible to muscle (particularly when the result of denervation; see Chapter 15), thymus, and thyroid gland (see Fig. 1-26, B) .
TextSentencer_T844 132691-132782 Sentence denotes Gout has not been reported in domestic mammals but occurs in primates, birds, and reptiles.
TextSentencer_T844 132691-132782 Sentence denotes Gout has not been reported in domestic mammals but occurs in primates, birds, and reptiles.
T83259 132691-132782 Sentence denotes Gout has not been reported in domestic mammals but occurs in primates, birds, and reptiles.
TextSentencer_T845 132783-132847 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T845 132783-132847 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
T1297 132783-132847 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T846 132848-132900 Sentence denotes Pseudogout has been reported in the dog but is rare.
TextSentencer_T846 132848-132900 Sentence denotes Pseudogout has been reported in the dog but is rare.
T66351 132848-132900 Sentence denotes Pseudogout has been reported in the dog but is rare.
TextSentencer_T847 132901-132965 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T847 132901-132965 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
T97372 132901-132965 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T848 132966-132978 Sentence denotes Cholesterol.
TextSentencer_T848 132966-132978 Sentence denotes Cholesterol.
T10841 132966-132978 Sentence denotes Cholesterol.
TextSentencer_T849 132979-133149 Sentence denotes Cholesterol crystals are dissolved out of the tissue specimen during histologic processing, leaving characteristic acicular (needle-shaped) clefts in histologic sections.
TextSentencer_T849 132979-133149 Sentence denotes Cholesterol crystals are dissolved out of the tissue specimen during histologic processing, leaving characteristic acicular (needle-shaped) clefts in histologic sections.
T95612 132979-133149 Sentence denotes Cholesterol crystals are dissolved out of the tissue specimen during histologic processing, leaving characteristic acicular (needle-shaped) clefts in histologic sections.
TextSentencer_T850 133150-133232 Sentence denotes In three dimensions the crystals are thin rhomboidal plates with a notched corner.
TextSentencer_T850 133150-133232 Sentence denotes In three dimensions the crystals are thin rhomboidal plates with a notched corner.
T50901 133150-133232 Sentence denotes In three dimensions the crystals are thin rhomboidal plates with a notched corner.
TextSentencer_T851 133233-133310 Sentence denotes Cholesterol crystals often form in tissue at sites of hemorrhage or necrosis.
TextSentencer_T851 133233-133310 Sentence denotes Cholesterol crystals often form in tissue at sites of hemorrhage or necrosis.
T1310 133233-133310 Sentence denotes Cholesterol crystals often form in tissue at sites of hemorrhage or necrosis.
TextSentencer_T852 133311-133498 Sentence denotes They are present in atheromas (degenerated arterial intima plaques in atherosclerosis); however, with the exception of hypothyroid dogs, atherosclerosis is not common in domestic mammals.
TextSentencer_T852 133311-133498 Sentence denotes They are present in atheromas (degenerated arterial intima plaques in atherosclerosis); however, with the exception of hypothyroid dogs, atherosclerosis is not common in domestic mammals.
T71044 133311-133498 Sentence denotes They are present in atheromas (degenerated arterial intima plaques in atherosclerosis); however, with the exception of hypothyroid dogs, atherosclerosis is not common in domestic mammals.
TextSentencer_T853 133499-133567 Sentence denotes Gout is the deposition of sodium urate crystals or urates in tissue.
TextSentencer_T853 133499-133567 Sentence denotes Gout is the deposition of sodium urate crystals or urates in tissue.
T79010 133499-133567 Sentence denotes Gout is the deposition of sodium urate crystals or urates in tissue.
TextSentencer_T854 133568-133657 Sentence denotes It occurs in primates, birds, and reptiles but has not been reported in domestic mammals.
TextSentencer_T854 133568-133657 Sentence denotes It occurs in primates, birds, and reptiles but has not been reported in domestic mammals.
T17774 133568-133657 Sentence denotes It occurs in primates, birds, and reptiles but has not been reported in domestic mammals.
TextSentencer_T855 133658-133910 Sentence denotes In the most common human form, urate crystals are deposited in the articular and periarticular tissues and elicit an acute inflammatory response characterized by the presence of neutrophils and macrophages and aggregates of urate crystals called tophi.
TextSentencer_T855 133658-133910 Sentence denotes In the most common human form, urate crystals are deposited in the articular and periarticular tissues and elicit an acute inflammatory response characterized by the presence of neutrophils and macrophages and aggregates of urate crystals called tophi.
T53465 133658-133910 Sentence denotes In the most common human form, urate crystals are deposited in the articular and periarticular tissues and elicit an acute inflammatory response characterized by the presence of neutrophils and macrophages and aggregates of urate crystals called tophi.
TextSentencer_T856 133911-133971 Sentence denotes Tophi may be visible grossly and are pathognomonic for gout.
TextSentencer_T856 133911-133971 Sentence denotes Tophi may be visible grossly and are pathognomonic for gout.
T57770 133911-133971 Sentence denotes Tophi may be visible grossly and are pathognomonic for gout.
TextSentencer_T857 133972-134092 Sentence denotes Later in the course of the disease, the inflammation becomes chronic, and a foreign body reaction to the tophi develops.
TextSentencer_T857 133972-134092 Sentence denotes Later in the course of the disease, the inflammation becomes chronic, and a foreign body reaction to the tophi develops.
T98050 133972-134092 Sentence denotes Later in the course of the disease, the inflammation becomes chronic, and a foreign body reaction to the tophi develops.
TextSentencer_T858 134093-134318 Sentence denotes Microscopically, urate crystals are acicular, and they, or (more accurately) the spaces left after they have been dissolved by histologic processing, are surrounded by neutrophils, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells.
TextSentencer_T858 134093-134318 Sentence denotes Microscopically, urate crystals are acicular, and they, or (more accurately) the spaces left after they have been dissolved by histologic processing, are surrounded by neutrophils, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells.
T42947 134093-134318 Sentence denotes Microscopically, urate crystals are acicular, and they, or (more accurately) the spaces left after they have been dissolved by histologic processing, are surrounded by neutrophils, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells.
TextSentencer_T859 134319-134434 Sentence denotes Birds and reptiles suffer two forms of gout, namely (1) the articular type, which is rare, and (2) a visceral type.
TextSentencer_T859 134319-134434 Sentence denotes Birds and reptiles suffer two forms of gout, namely (1) the articular type, which is rare, and (2) a visceral type.
T36186 134319-134434 Sentence denotes Birds and reptiles suffer two forms of gout, namely (1) the articular type, which is rare, and (2) a visceral type.
TextSentencer_T860 134435-134595 Sentence denotes The latter characteristically affects the visceral serosae, particularly the parietal Pseudogout is characterized by deposits of calcium pyrophosphate crystals.
TextSentencer_T860 134435-134595 Sentence denotes The latter characteristically affects the visceral serosae, particularly the parietal Pseudogout is characterized by deposits of calcium pyrophosphate crystals.
T41848 134435-134595 Sentence denotes The latter characteristically affects the visceral serosae, particularly the parietal Pseudogout is characterized by deposits of calcium pyrophosphate crystals.
TextSentencer_T861 134596-134679 Sentence denotes It is well recognized in human beings and has been reported but is rare in the dog.
TextSentencer_T861 134596-134679 Sentence denotes It is well recognized in human beings and has been reported but is rare in the dog.
T51141 134596-134679 Sentence denotes It is well recognized in human beings and has been reported but is rare in the dog.
TextSentencer_T862 134680-134805 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of the canine disease is unknown, but in human beings, one form is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
TextSentencer_T862 134680-134805 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of the canine disease is unknown, but in human beings, one form is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
T3316 134680-134805 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of the canine disease is unknown, but in human beings, one form is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
TextSentencer_T863 134806-134942 Sentence denotes Grossly, there are chalky white deposits of the crystalline material in the joints, with a chronic reaction of macrophages and fibrosis.
TextSentencer_T863 134806-134942 Sentence denotes Grossly, there are chalky white deposits of the crystalline material in the joints, with a chronic reaction of macrophages and fibrosis.
T9284 134806-134942 Sentence denotes Grossly, there are chalky white deposits of the crystalline material in the joints, with a chronic reaction of macrophages and fibrosis.
TextSentencer_T864 134943-135066 Sentence denotes The disease can be differentiated from gout by chemical analysis of the crystalline deposits. pericardium, and the kidneys.
TextSentencer_T864 134943-135066 Sentence denotes The disease can be differentiated from gout by chemical analysis of the crystalline deposits. pericardium, and the kidneys.
T19447 134943-135066 Sentence denotes The disease can be differentiated from gout by chemical analysis of the crystalline deposits. pericardium, and the kidneys.
TextSentencer_T865 135067-135164 Sentence denotes The serosa is covered with a thin layer of gray granules, and the gross appearance is diagnostic.
TextSentencer_T865 135067-135164 Sentence denotes The serosa is covered with a thin layer of gray granules, and the gross appearance is diagnostic.
T42462 135067-135164 Sentence denotes The serosa is covered with a thin layer of gray granules, and the gross appearance is diagnostic.
TextSentencer_T866 135165-135240 Sentence denotes In the renal form, urate deposits are visible in renal tubules and ureters.
TextSentencer_T866 135165-135240 Sentence denotes In the renal form, urate deposits are visible in renal tubules and ureters.
T24769 135165-135240 Sentence denotes In the renal form, urate deposits are visible in renal tubules and ureters.
TextSentencer_T867 135241-135381 Sentence denotes Uric acid and urates are the end products of purine metabolism, and in birds and reptiles these products are eliminated as semisolid urates.
TextSentencer_T867 135241-135381 Sentence denotes Uric acid and urates are the end products of purine metabolism, and in birds and reptiles these products are eliminated as semisolid urates.
T68696 135241-135381 Sentence denotes Uric acid and urates are the end products of purine metabolism, and in birds and reptiles these products are eliminated as semisolid urates.
TextSentencer_T868 135382-135529 Sentence denotes Visceral gout is usually diagnosed at autopsy and is seen sporadically as the result of vitamin A deficiency, high-protein diets, and renal injury.
TextSentencer_T868 135382-135529 Sentence denotes Visceral gout is usually diagnosed at autopsy and is seen sporadically as the result of vitamin A deficiency, high-protein diets, and renal injury.
T29948 135382-135529 Sentence denotes Visceral gout is usually diagnosed at autopsy and is seen sporadically as the result of vitamin A deficiency, high-protein diets, and renal injury.
TextSentencer_T869 135530-135678 Sentence denotes (e.g., in the caseous necrosis of tuberculoid granulomas), in parasitic granulomas, and in necrotic fat or lipomas (benign neoplasms of adipocytes).
TextSentencer_T869 135530-135678 Sentence denotes (e.g., in the caseous necrosis of tuberculoid granulomas), in parasitic granulomas, and in necrotic fat or lipomas (benign neoplasms of adipocytes).
T63419 135530-135678 Sentence denotes (e.g., in the caseous necrosis of tuberculoid granulomas), in parasitic granulomas, and in necrotic fat or lipomas (benign neoplasms of adipocytes).
TextSentencer_T870 135679-135910 Sentence denotes Calcification of the skin (see Chapter 17) is categorized as (1) calcinosis cutis, a poorly understood form of epithelial and collagenous calcification seen mainly in canine hyperglucocorticoidism, and (2) calcinosis circumscripta.
TextSentencer_T870 135679-135910 Sentence denotes Calcification of the skin (see Chapter 17) is categorized as (1) calcinosis cutis, a poorly understood form of epithelial and collagenous calcification seen mainly in canine hyperglucocorticoidism, and (2) calcinosis circumscripta.
T83374 135679-135910 Sentence denotes Calcification of the skin (see Chapter 17) is categorized as (1) calcinosis cutis, a poorly understood form of epithelial and collagenous calcification seen mainly in canine hyperglucocorticoidism, and (2) calcinosis circumscripta.
TextSentencer_T871 135911-136057 Sentence denotes Calcinosis circumscripta is a localized deposit of calcium salts in the dermis or subcutis, and less often in other soft tissues or in the tongue.
TextSentencer_T871 135911-136057 Sentence denotes Calcinosis circumscripta is a localized deposit of calcium salts in the dermis or subcutis, and less often in other soft tissues or in the tongue.
T50663 135911-136057 Sentence denotes Calcinosis circumscripta is a localized deposit of calcium salts in the dermis or subcutis, and less often in other soft tissues or in the tongue.
TextSentencer_T872 136058-136204 Sentence denotes It is common over bony prominences of distal aspects of the limbs in young dogs of the large breeds but can occur in other species (e.g., horses).
TextSentencer_T872 136058-136204 Sentence denotes It is common over bony prominences of distal aspects of the limbs in young dogs of the large breeds but can occur in other species (e.g., horses).
T57743 136058-136204 Sentence denotes It is common over bony prominences of distal aspects of the limbs in young dogs of the large breeds but can occur in other species (e.g., horses).
TextSentencer_T873 136205-136299 Sentence denotes It is probably a form of dystrophic calcification and usually attributed to repetitive trauma.
TextSentencer_T873 136205-136299 Sentence denotes It is probably a form of dystrophic calcification and usually attributed to repetitive trauma.
T49043 136205-136299 Sentence denotes It is probably a form of dystrophic calcification and usually attributed to repetitive trauma.
TextSentencer_T874 136300-136446 Sentence denotes Metastatic calcification targets the intima and tunica media of vessels, especially those in the lungs, pleura, endocardium, kidneys, and stomach.
TextSentencer_T874 136300-136446 Sentence denotes Metastatic calcification targets the intima and tunica media of vessels, especially those in the lungs, pleura, endocardium, kidneys, and stomach.
T9917 136300-136446 Sentence denotes Metastatic calcification targets the intima and tunica media of vessels, especially those in the lungs, pleura, endocardium, kidneys, and stomach.
TextSentencer_T875 136447-136535 Sentence denotes The primary defect is an imbalance in calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood.
TextSentencer_T875 136447-136535 Sentence denotes The primary defect is an imbalance in calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood.
T93099 136447-136535 Sentence denotes The primary defect is an imbalance in calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood.
TextSentencer_T876 136536-136648 Sentence denotes In chronic kidney disease, phosphate retention is the cause of the calcium-phosphate imbalance (see Chapter 11).
TextSentencer_T876 136536-136648 Sentence denotes In chronic kidney disease, phosphate retention is the cause of the calcium-phosphate imbalance (see Chapter 11).
T55149 136536-136648 Sentence denotes In chronic kidney disease, phosphate retention is the cause of the calcium-phosphate imbalance (see Chapter 11).
TextSentencer_T877 136649-136797 Sentence denotes In "uremic gastropathy" the damage to gastric arteries and arterioles results in ischemic injury and metastatic calcification in the gastric mucosa.
TextSentencer_T877 136649-136797 Sentence denotes In "uremic gastropathy" the damage to gastric arteries and arterioles results in ischemic injury and metastatic calcification in the gastric mucosa.
T95833 136649-136797 Sentence denotes In "uremic gastropathy" the damage to gastric arteries and arterioles results in ischemic injury and metastatic calcification in the gastric mucosa.
TextSentencer_T878 136798-136900 Sentence denotes The metastatic calcification of renal failure is also prominent in the lungs, pleura, and endocardium.
TextSentencer_T878 136798-136900 Sentence denotes The metastatic calcification of renal failure is also prominent in the lungs, pleura, and endocardium.
T68596 136798-136900 Sentence denotes The metastatic calcification of renal failure is also prominent in the lungs, pleura, and endocardium.
TextSentencer_T879 136901-137008 Sentence denotes In an H&E-stained section, metastatic calcification imparts a subtle basophilic stippling ( Fig. 1-39, A) .
TextSentencer_T879 136901-137008 Sentence denotes In an H&E-stained section, metastatic calcification imparts a subtle basophilic stippling ( Fig. 1-39, A) .
T7684 136901-137008 Sentence denotes In an H&E-stained section, metastatic calcification imparts a subtle basophilic stippling ( Fig. 1-39, A) .
TextSentencer_T880 137009-137125 Sentence denotes The von Kossa histochemical technique blackens the calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate salts (see Fig. 1-39, B) .
TextSentencer_T880 137009-137125 Sentence denotes The von Kossa histochemical technique blackens the calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate salts (see Fig. 1-39, B) .
T50863 137009-137125 Sentence denotes The von Kossa histochemical technique blackens the calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate salts (see Fig. 1-39, B) .
TextSentencer_T881 137126-137221 Sentence denotes Toxicosis with vitamin D or its analogues is also characterized by calcium-phosphate imbalance.
TextSentencer_T881 137126-137221 Sentence denotes Toxicosis with vitamin D or its analogues is also characterized by calcium-phosphate imbalance.
T20887 137126-137221 Sentence denotes Toxicosis with vitamin D or its analogues is also characterized by calcium-phosphate imbalance.
TextSentencer_T882 137222-137606 Sentence denotes Cestrum diurnum, a plant introduced from the West Indies to the Gulf Coast of the United States, is poisonous to herbivores because it contains glycosides of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 ) that cause elevated serum calcium concentration and often severe metastatic calcification of the lungs, kidney, and heart, especially the atrial endocardium and ascending aorta.
TextSentencer_T882 137222-137606 Sentence denotes Cestrum diurnum, a plant introduced from the West Indies to the Gulf Coast of the United States, is poisonous to herbivores because it contains glycosides of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 ) that cause elevated serum calcium concentration and often severe metastatic calcification of the lungs, kidney, and heart, especially the atrial endocardium and ascending aorta.
T9508 137222-137606 Sentence denotes Cestrum diurnum, a plant introduced from the West Indies to the Gulf Coast of the United States, is poisonous to herbivores because it contains glycosides of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 ) that cause elevated serum calcium concentration and often severe metastatic calcification of the lungs, kidney, and heart, especially the atrial endocardium and ascending aorta.
TextSentencer_T883 137607-137695 Sentence denotes Dogs and cats can be poisoned by consumption of rodenticides containing cholecalciferol.
TextSentencer_T883 137607-137695 Sentence denotes Dogs and cats can be poisoned by consumption of rodenticides containing cholecalciferol.
T57654 137607-137695 Sentence denotes Dogs and cats can be poisoned by consumption of rodenticides containing cholecalciferol.
TextSentencer_T884 137696-137872 Sentence denotes Inappropriately elevated concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or secretion of PTH-related peptide cause hypercalcemia and metastatic calcification (see also Chapter 12).
TextSentencer_T884 137696-137872 Sentence denotes Inappropriately elevated concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or secretion of PTH-related peptide cause hypercalcemia and metastatic calcification (see also Chapter 12).
T1970 137696-137872 Sentence denotes Inappropriately elevated concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or secretion of PTH-related peptide cause hypercalcemia and metastatic calcification (see also Chapter 12).
TextSentencer_T885 137873-137973 Sentence denotes Primary hyperparathyroidism, usually the result of neoplasia of the parathyroid glands, is uncommon.
TextSentencer_T885 137873-137973 Sentence denotes Primary hyperparathyroidism, usually the result of neoplasia of the parathyroid glands, is uncommon.
T36556 137873-137973 Sentence denotes Primary hyperparathyroidism, usually the result of neoplasia of the parathyroid glands, is uncommon.
TextSentencer_T886 137974-138097 Sentence denotes Certain nonparathyroid neoplasms are associated with the so-called humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy irreversible injury.
TextSentencer_T886 137974-138097 Sentence denotes Certain nonparathyroid neoplasms are associated with the so-called humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy irreversible injury.
T75233 137974-138097 Sentence denotes Certain nonparathyroid neoplasms are associated with the so-called humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy irreversible injury.
TextSentencer_T887 138098-138313 Sentence denotes Ischemia opens membrane calcium channels, leading to increased intracellular calcium concentration, which is normally sequestered in the cytosol, ER, and mitochondria, each with its own Ca 2+ -ATPase membrane pumps.
TextSentencer_T887 138098-138313 Sentence denotes Ischemia opens membrane calcium channels, leading to increased intracellular calcium concentration, which is normally sequestered in the cytosol, ER, and mitochondria, each with its own Ca 2+ -ATPase membrane pumps.
T59731 138098-138313 Sentence denotes Ischemia opens membrane calcium channels, leading to increased intracellular calcium concentration, which is normally sequestered in the cytosol, ER, and mitochondria, each with its own Ca 2+ -ATPase membrane pumps.
TextSentencer_T888 138314-138543 Sentence denotes The increased intracellular calcium concentration activates calpains, which cleave Na + / Ca 2+ exchangers in mitochondrial and other cell membranes, leading to decreased efflux of Ca 2+ and decreased reuptake of Ca 2+ by the ER.
TextSentencer_T888 138314-138543 Sentence denotes The increased intracellular calcium concentration activates calpains, which cleave Na + / Ca 2+ exchangers in mitochondrial and other cell membranes, leading to decreased efflux of Ca 2+ and decreased reuptake of Ca 2+ by the ER.
T4638 138314-138543 Sentence denotes The increased intracellular calcium concentration activates calpains, which cleave Na + / Ca 2+ exchangers in mitochondrial and other cell membranes, leading to decreased efflux of Ca 2+ and decreased reuptake of Ca 2+ by the ER.
TextSentencer_T889 138544-138602 Sentence denotes Thus calcium overload is an expected sequel to cell death.
TextSentencer_T889 138544-138602 Sentence denotes Thus calcium overload is an expected sequel to cell death.
T36322 138544-138602 Sentence denotes Thus calcium overload is an expected sequel to cell death.
TextSentencer_T890 138603-138741 Sentence denotes Dystrophic calcification is most prominent in mitochondria and is first evident histologically as a basophilic stippling of the dead cell.
TextSentencer_T890 138603-138741 Sentence denotes Dystrophic calcification is most prominent in mitochondria and is first evident histologically as a basophilic stippling of the dead cell.
T88564 138603-138741 Sentence denotes Dystrophic calcification is most prominent in mitochondria and is first evident histologically as a basophilic stippling of the dead cell.
TextSentencer_T891 138742-138903 Sentence denotes With increasing deposition of calcium salts, the entire cell and even extracellular tissue can be calcified, resulting in more intense and widespread basophilia.
TextSentencer_T891 138742-138903 Sentence denotes With increasing deposition of calcium salts, the entire cell and even extracellular tissue can be calcified, resulting in more intense and widespread basophilia.
T62434 138742-138903 Sentence denotes With increasing deposition of calcium salts, the entire cell and even extracellular tissue can be calcified, resulting in more intense and widespread basophilia.
TextSentencer_T892 138904-139090 Sentence denotes Calcification is the gross lesion for which the myocardial and skeletal muscle necrosis of vitamin E or selenium deficiency in ruminants was named white muscle disease (see Fig. 1-38) .
TextSentencer_T892 138904-139090 Sentence denotes Calcification is the gross lesion for which the myocardial and skeletal muscle necrosis of vitamin E or selenium deficiency in ruminants was named white muscle disease (see Fig. 1-38) .
T48915 138904-139090 Sentence denotes Calcification is the gross lesion for which the myocardial and skeletal muscle necrosis of vitamin E or selenium deficiency in ruminants was named white muscle disease (see Fig. 1-38) .
TextSentencer_T893 139091-139149 Sentence denotes Calcification is also prominent in other forms of necrosis
TextSentencer_T893 139091-139149 Sentence denotes Calcification is also prominent in other forms of necrosis
T97777 139091-139149 Sentence denotes Calcification is also prominent in other forms of necrosis
TextSentencer_T894 139151-139279 Sentence denotes talline material in macrophages in extracellular tissues adjacent to intrapulmonary airways and vasculature (see Fig. 1-41, B) .
TextSentencer_T894 139151-139279 Sentence denotes talline material in macrophages in extracellular tissues adjacent to intrapulmonary airways and vasculature (see Fig. 1-41, B) .
T46862 139151-139279 Sentence denotes talline material in macrophages in extracellular tissues adjacent to intrapulmonary airways and vasculature (see Fig. 1-41, B) .
TextSentencer_T895 139280-139501 Sentence denotes This finding is usually incidental in older animals, but coal dust and other mineral dusts, especially silica, 4 can elicit an inflammatory response with release of TNF-α and interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6).
TextSentencer_T895 139280-139501 Sentence denotes This finding is usually incidental in older animals, but coal dust and other mineral dusts, especially silica, 4 can elicit an inflammatory response with release of TNF-α and interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6).
T19672 139280-139501 Sentence denotes This finding is usually incidental in older animals, but coal dust and other mineral dusts, especially silica, 4 can elicit an inflammatory response with release of TNF-α and interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6).
TextSentencer_T896 139502-139551 Sentence denotes These cytokines can promote progressive fibrosis.
TextSentencer_T896 139502-139551 Sentence denotes These cytokines can promote progressive fibrosis.
T31586 139502-139551 Sentence denotes These cytokines can promote progressive fibrosis.
TextSentencer_T897 139552-139682 Sentence denotes Macrophages laden with carbon particles are also thought to have diminished capacity to phagocytize and destroy infectious agents.
TextSentencer_T897 139552-139682 Sentence denotes Macrophages laden with carbon particles are also thought to have diminished capacity to phagocytize and destroy infectious agents.
T8204 139552-139682 Sentence denotes Macrophages laden with carbon particles are also thought to have diminished capacity to phagocytize and destroy infectious agents.
TextSentencer_T898 139683-139703 Sentence denotes Carotenoid Pigments.
TextSentencer_T898 139683-139703 Sentence denotes Carotenoid Pigments.
T87811 139683-139703 Sentence denotes Carotenoid Pigments.
TextSentencer_T899 139704-139866 Sentence denotes Carotenoid pigments, such as β-carotene, are abundant in leafy green plants and impart a yellow coloration to plasma, adipose tissue, and other lipid-laden cells.
TextSentencer_T899 139704-139866 Sentence denotes Carotenoid pigments, such as β-carotene, are abundant in leafy green plants and impart a yellow coloration to plasma, adipose tissue, and other lipid-laden cells.
T92325 139704-139866 Sentence denotes Carotenoid pigments, such as β-carotene, are abundant in leafy green plants and impart a yellow coloration to plasma, adipose tissue, and other lipid-laden cells.
TextSentencer_T900 139867-140065 Sentence denotes The deep yellow color of adipose tissue in herbivores on lush green pasture can be striking, especially in horses and dairy cattle of high milk-fat breeds, such as Jersey dairy cattle ( Fig. 1-42) .
TextSentencer_T900 139867-140065 Sentence denotes The deep yellow color of adipose tissue in herbivores on lush green pasture can be striking, especially in horses and dairy cattle of high milk-fat breeds, such as Jersey dairy cattle ( Fig. 1-42) .
T9635 139867-140065 Sentence denotes The deep yellow color of adipose tissue in herbivores on lush green pasture can be striking, especially in horses and dairy cattle of high milk-fat breeds, such as Jersey dairy cattle ( Fig. 1-42) .
TextSentencer_T901 140066-140130 Sentence denotes This discoloration is not a lesion but just a dietary indicator.
TextSentencer_T901 140066-140130 Sentence denotes This discoloration is not a lesion but just a dietary indicator.
T32127 140066-140130 Sentence denotes This discoloration is not a lesion but just a dietary indicator.
TextSentencer_T902 140131-140198 Sentence denotes Indeed, the carotenoids stored in fat are a source of antioxidants.
TextSentencer_T902 140131-140198 Sentence denotes Indeed, the carotenoids stored in fat are a source of antioxidants.
T36698 140131-140198 Sentence denotes Indeed, the carotenoids stored in fat are a source of antioxidants.
TextSentencer_T903 140199-140313 Sentence denotes Because carotenoids are fat soluble, they are removed from histologic sections by the solvents used in processing.
TextSentencer_T903 140199-140313 Sentence denotes Because carotenoids are fat soluble, they are removed from histologic sections by the solvents used in processing.
T47403 140199-140313 Sentence denotes Because carotenoids are fat soluble, they are removed from histologic sections by the solvents used in processing.
TextSentencer_T904 140314-140327 Sentence denotes Tetracycline.
TextSentencer_T904 140314-140327 Sentence denotes Tetracycline.
T43846 140314-140327 Sentence denotes Tetracycline.
TextSentencer_T905 140328-140402 Sentence denotes The antibiotic tetracycline binds to calcium phosphate in teeth and bones.
TextSentencer_T905 140328-140402 Sentence denotes The antibiotic tetracycline binds to calcium phosphate in teeth and bones.
T86168 140328-140402 Sentence denotes The antibiotic tetracycline binds to calcium phosphate in teeth and bones.
TextSentencer_T906 140403-140526 Sentence denotes If administered to animals during the time of mineralization of the teeth, tetracycline results in permanent discoloration.
TextSentencer_T906 140403-140526 Sentence denotes If administered to animals during the time of mineralization of the teeth, tetracycline results in permanent discoloration.
T73647 140403-140526 Sentence denotes If administered to animals during the time of mineralization of the teeth, tetracycline results in permanent discoloration.
TextSentencer_T907 140527-140661 Sentence denotes Initially the staining is yellow, but after tooth eruption and exposure to light, oxidation changes the color to brown ( Fig. 1-43) .
TextSentencer_T907 140527-140661 Sentence denotes Initially the staining is yellow, but after tooth eruption and exposure to light, oxidation changes the color to brown ( Fig. 1-43) .
T89211 140527-140661 Sentence denotes Initially the staining is yellow, but after tooth eruption and exposure to light, oxidation changes the color to brown ( Fig. 1-43) .
TextSentencer_T908 140662-140769 Sentence denotes Yellowish discoloration (with bright yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light) is also observed in bone.
TextSentencer_T908 140662-140769 Sentence denotes Yellowish discoloration (with bright yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light) is also observed in bone.
T49252 140662-140769 Sentence denotes Yellowish discoloration (with bright yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light) is also observed in bone.
TextSentencer_T909 140770-140914 Sentence denotes (aka pseudohyperparathyroidism), either because the neoplastic cells secrete PTH-related peptide or because the neoplasm invades and lyses bone.
TextSentencer_T909 140770-140914 Sentence denotes (aka pseudohyperparathyroidism), either because the neoplastic cells secrete PTH-related peptide or because the neoplasm invades and lyses bone.
T9720 140770-140914 Sentence denotes (aka pseudohyperparathyroidism), either because the neoplastic cells secrete PTH-related peptide or because the neoplasm invades and lyses bone.
TextSentencer_T910 140915-141029 Sentence denotes Canine lymphoma and apocrine carcinoma of the anal sac glands are two tumors that can secrete PTH-related peptide.
TextSentencer_T910 140915-141029 Sentence denotes Canine lymphoma and apocrine carcinoma of the anal sac glands are two tumors that can secrete PTH-related peptide.
T27889 140915-141029 Sentence denotes Canine lymphoma and apocrine carcinoma of the anal sac glands are two tumors that can secrete PTH-related peptide.
TextSentencer_T911 141030-141112 Sentence denotes Heterotopic ossification is the formation of bony tissue at an extraskeletal site.
TextSentencer_T911 141030-141112 Sentence denotes Heterotopic ossification is the formation of bony tissue at an extraskeletal site.
T52840 141030-141112 Sentence denotes Heterotopic ossification is the formation of bony tissue at an extraskeletal site.
TextSentencer_T912 141113-141220 Sentence denotes It entails osteoid (bone matrix) deposition by osteoblasts with remodeling and mineralization to form bone.
TextSentencer_T912 141113-141220 Sentence denotes It entails osteoid (bone matrix) deposition by osteoblasts with remodeling and mineralization to form bone.
T64938 141113-141220 Sentence denotes It entails osteoid (bone matrix) deposition by osteoblasts with remodeling and mineralization to form bone.
TextSentencer_T913 141221-141490 Sentence denotes Although calcification is part of the process of ossification, whether skeletal or extraskeletal, and heterotopic ossification can develop in chronic lesions of soft tissue calcification, pathologic calcification of soft tissue does not necessarily entail ossification.
TextSentencer_T913 141221-141490 Sentence denotes Although calcification is part of the process of ossification, whether skeletal or extraskeletal, and heterotopic ossification can develop in chronic lesions of soft tissue calcification, pathologic calcification of soft tissue does not necessarily entail ossification.
T80403 141221-141490 Sentence denotes Although calcification is part of the process of ossification, whether skeletal or extraskeletal, and heterotopic ossification can develop in chronic lesions of soft tissue calcification, pathologic calcification of soft tissue does not necessarily entail ossification.
TextSentencer_T914 141491-141560 Sentence denotes Heterotopic ossification appears grossly as hard spicules or nodules.
TextSentencer_T914 141491-141560 Sentence denotes Heterotopic ossification appears grossly as hard spicules or nodules.
T45318 141491-141560 Sentence denotes Heterotopic ossification appears grossly as hard spicules or nodules.
TextSentencer_T915 141561-141685 Sentence denotes Small bony spicules are commonly encountered as incidental findings in the pulmonary interstitium ( Fig. 1-40 ) of old dogs.
TextSentencer_T915 141561-141685 Sentence denotes Small bony spicules are commonly encountered as incidental findings in the pulmonary interstitium ( Fig. 1-40 ) of old dogs.
T13556 141561-141685 Sentence denotes Small bony spicules are commonly encountered as incidental findings in the pulmonary interstitium ( Fig. 1-40 ) of old dogs.
TextSentencer_T916 141686-141882 Sentence denotes Nodular deposits of cartilage and bone may form the bulk of a canine mixed mammary tumor (see Chapter 18) in which the myoepithelial cells are thought to give rise to chondrocytes and osteoblasts.
TextSentencer_T916 141686-141882 Sentence denotes Nodular deposits of cartilage and bone may form the bulk of a canine mixed mammary tumor (see Chapter 18) in which the myoepithelial cells are thought to give rise to chondrocytes and osteoblasts.
T21324 141686-141882 Sentence denotes Nodular deposits of cartilage and bone may form the bulk of a canine mixed mammary tumor (see Chapter 18) in which the myoepithelial cells are thought to give rise to chondrocytes and osteoblasts.
TextSentencer_T917 141883-141958 Sentence denotes Various exogenous and endogenous substances can alter the color of tissues.
TextSentencer_T917 141883-141958 Sentence denotes Various exogenous and endogenous substances can alter the color of tissues.
T131 141883-141958 Sentence denotes Various exogenous and endogenous substances can alter the color of tissues.
TextSentencer_T918 141959-142077 Sentence denotes These color changes may be evident clinically or at least macroscopically at autopsy and can be diagnostically useful.
TextSentencer_T918 141959-142077 Sentence denotes These color changes may be evident clinically or at least macroscopically at autopsy and can be diagnostically useful.
T15410 141959-142077 Sentence denotes These color changes may be evident clinically or at least macroscopically at autopsy and can be diagnostically useful.
TextSentencer_T919 142078-142204 Sentence denotes Though some pigmented substances disappear from histologic sections, others remain and must be interpreted by the pathologist.
TextSentencer_T919 142078-142204 Sentence denotes Though some pigmented substances disappear from histologic sections, others remain and must be interpreted by the pathologist.
T63843 142078-142204 Sentence denotes Though some pigmented substances disappear from histologic sections, others remain and must be interpreted by the pathologist.
TextSentencer_T920 142205-142228 Sentence denotes Carbon and Other Dusts.
TextSentencer_T920 142205-142228 Sentence denotes Carbon and Other Dusts.
T54715 142205-142228 Sentence denotes Carbon and Other Dusts.
TextSentencer_T921 142229-142387 Sentence denotes Coal mine dust lung disease, also known as black lung, is the best-studied example of pneumoconiosis (lung disease due to inhalation of dusts; see Chapter 9).
TextSentencer_T921 142229-142387 Sentence denotes Coal mine dust lung disease, also known as black lung, is the best-studied example of pneumoconiosis (lung disease due to inhalation of dusts; see Chapter 9).
T69109 142229-142387 Sentence denotes Coal mine dust lung disease, also known as black lung, is the best-studied example of pneumoconiosis (lung disease due to inhalation of dusts; see Chapter 9).
TextSentencer_T922 142388-142496 Sentence denotes The major dust inhaled by coal mine workers is carbon, so this form of pneumoconiosis is called anthracosis.
TextSentencer_T922 142388-142496 Sentence denotes The major dust inhaled by coal mine workers is carbon, so this form of pneumoconiosis is called anthracosis.
T4791 142388-142496 Sentence denotes The major dust inhaled by coal mine workers is carbon, so this form of pneumoconiosis is called anthracosis.
TextSentencer_T923 142497-142577 Sentence denotes Carbon particles in the lung account for the black discoloration in anthracosis.
TextSentencer_T923 142497-142577 Sentence denotes Carbon particles in the lung account for the black discoloration in anthracosis.
T42088 142497-142577 Sentence denotes Carbon particles in the lung account for the black discoloration in anthracosis.
TextSentencer_T924 142578-142898 Sentence denotes Many cases, especially with the lower exposure in urban-dwelling people or animals that breathe polluted air, are not associated with clinical disease but impart a fine gray-black stippling to the lung ( Fig. 1-41, A) , visible through the visceral pleura, plus a dark gray discoloration of tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
TextSentencer_T924 142578-142898 Sentence denotes Many cases, especially with the lower exposure in urban-dwelling people or animals that breathe polluted air, are not associated with clinical disease but impart a fine gray-black stippling to the lung ( Fig. 1-41, A) , visible through the visceral pleura, plus a dark gray discoloration of tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
T50799 142578-142898 Sentence denotes Many cases, especially with the lower exposure in urban-dwelling people or animals that breathe polluted air, are not associated with clinical disease but impart a fine gray-black stippling to the lung ( Fig. 1-41, A) , visible through the visceral pleura, plus a dark gray discoloration of tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
TextSentencer_T925 142899-143076 Sentence denotes Carbon particles deposited in alveolar spaces are phagocytized by macrophages and then transported to bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and on to tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
TextSentencer_T925 142899-143076 Sentence denotes Carbon particles deposited in alveolar spaces are phagocytized by macrophages and then transported to bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and on to tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
T14076 142899-143076 Sentence denotes Carbon particles deposited in alveolar spaces are phagocytized by macrophages and then transported to bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and on to tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
TextSentencer_T926 143077-143236 Sentence denotes Histologically, the indigestible carbon particles and other inhaled dusts appear as fine black granular material and crys- processes to adjacent keratinocytes.
TextSentencer_T926 143077-143236 Sentence denotes Histologically, the indigestible carbon particles and other inhaled dusts appear as fine black granular material and crys- processes to adjacent keratinocytes.
T23732 143077-143236 Sentence denotes Histologically, the indigestible carbon particles and other inhaled dusts appear as fine black granular material and crys- processes to adjacent keratinocytes.
TextSentencer_T927 143237-143368 Sentence denotes In the keratinocyte, melanin granules are mainly in the apical cytoplasm, where they may shield the nucleus from ultraviolet light.
TextSentencer_T927 143237-143368 Sentence denotes In the keratinocyte, melanin granules are mainly in the apical cytoplasm, where they may shield the nucleus from ultraviolet light.
T5396 143237-143368 Sentence denotes In the keratinocyte, melanin granules are mainly in the apical cytoplasm, where they may shield the nucleus from ultraviolet light.
TextSentencer_T928 143369-143475 Sentence denotes Histologically, melanin granules are small (usually less than 1 µm in diameter), brown, and nonrefractile.
TextSentencer_T928 143369-143475 Sentence denotes Histologically, melanin granules are small (usually less than 1 µm in diameter), brown, and nonrefractile.
T69667 143369-143475 Sentence denotes Histologically, melanin granules are small (usually less than 1 µm in diameter), brown, and nonrefractile.
TextSentencer_T929 143476-143534 Sentence denotes Melanin pigment can be diminished or excessive in disease.
TextSentencer_T929 143476-143534 Sentence denotes Melanin pigment can be diminished or excessive in disease.
T17902 143476-143534 Sentence denotes Melanin pigment can be diminished or excessive in disease.
TextSentencer_T930 143535-143689 Sentence denotes The first step in melanin synthesis is the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), catalyzed by the copper-containing enzyme, tyrosinase.
TextSentencer_T930 143535-143689 Sentence denotes The first step in melanin synthesis is the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), catalyzed by the copper-containing enzyme, tyrosinase.
T44987 143535-143689 Sentence denotes The first step in melanin synthesis is the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), catalyzed by the copper-containing enzyme, tyrosinase.
TextSentencer_T931 143690-143863 Sentence denotes Thus a lack of tyrosinase results in albinism (lack of melanin pigmentation), and sheep and cattle with copper deficiency have defective tyrosinase and fading of coat color.
TextSentencer_T931 143690-143863 Sentence denotes Thus a lack of tyrosinase results in albinism (lack of melanin pigmentation), and sheep and cattle with copper deficiency have defective tyrosinase and fading of coat color.
T15712 143690-143863 Sentence denotes Thus a lack of tyrosinase results in albinism (lack of melanin pigmentation), and sheep and cattle with copper deficiency have defective tyrosinase and fading of coat color.
TextSentencer_T932 143864-143997 Sentence denotes Partial albinism in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) (recognized in people, mink, Persian cats, mice, and other species) is caused by a
TextSentencer_T932 143864-143997 Sentence denotes Partial albinism in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) (recognized in people, mink, Persian cats, mice, and other species) is caused by a
T38874 143864-143997 Sentence denotes Partial albinism in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) (recognized in people, mink, Persian cats, mice, and other species) is caused by a
TextSentencer_T933 143998-144006 Sentence denotes Melanin.
TextSentencer_T933 143998-144006 Sentence denotes Melanin.
T97647 143998-144006 Sentence denotes Melanin.
TextSentencer_T934 144007-144084 Sentence denotes Melanin is the pigment responsible for the color of the hair, skin, and iris.
TextSentencer_T934 144007-144084 Sentence denotes Melanin is the pigment responsible for the color of the hair, skin, and iris.
T53452 144007-144084 Sentence denotes Melanin is the pigment responsible for the color of the hair, skin, and iris.
TextSentencer_T935 144085-144227 Sentence denotes It also colors the leptomeninges in blackfaced sheep (Fig. 1-44) and cattle and may be present multifocally in oral mucosa in various species.
TextSentencer_T935 144085-144227 Sentence denotes It also colors the leptomeninges in blackfaced sheep (Fig. 1-44) and cattle and may be present multifocally in oral mucosa in various species.
T99893 144085-144227 Sentence denotes It also colors the leptomeninges in blackfaced sheep (Fig. 1-44) and cattle and may be present multifocally in oral mucosa in various species.
TextSentencer_T936 144228-144387 Sentence denotes Localized deposits of melanin (melanosis) are common in the aortic intima in ruminants with pigmented coats and in the lungs (Fig. 1-45 ) of red or black pigs.
TextSentencer_T936 144228-144387 Sentence denotes Localized deposits of melanin (melanosis) are common in the aortic intima in ruminants with pigmented coats and in the lungs (Fig. 1-45 ) of red or black pigs.
T96084 144228-144387 Sentence denotes Localized deposits of melanin (melanosis) are common in the aortic intima in ruminants with pigmented coats and in the lungs (Fig. 1-45 ) of red or black pigs.
TextSentencer_T937 144388-144557 Sentence denotes The localized deposits in congenital melanosis are merely a color change and not a lesion because they are not a response to injury and have no ill effect on the animal.
TextSentencer_T937 144388-144557 Sentence denotes The localized deposits in congenital melanosis are merely a color change and not a lesion because they are not a response to injury and have no ill effect on the animal.
T3999 144388-144557 Sentence denotes The localized deposits in congenital melanosis are merely a color change and not a lesion because they are not a response to injury and have no ill effect on the animal.
TextSentencer_T938 144558-144736 Sentence denotes The melanocytes that synthesize and secrete melanin are derived from the neural crest and migrate to the site of pigment production during embryonic development of the structure.
TextSentencer_T938 144558-144736 Sentence denotes The melanocytes that synthesize and secrete melanin are derived from the neural crest and migrate to the site of pigment production during embryonic development of the structure.
T3561 144558-144736 Sentence denotes The melanocytes that synthesize and secrete melanin are derived from the neural crest and migrate to the site of pigment production during embryonic development of the structure.
TextSentencer_T939 144737-144834 Sentence denotes In the skin, melanocytes reside in the stratum basale of the epidermis and follicular epithelium.
TextSentencer_T939 144737-144834 Sentence denotes In the skin, melanocytes reside in the stratum basale of the epidermis and follicular epithelium.
T32931 144737-144834 Sentence denotes In the skin, melanocytes reside in the stratum basale of the epidermis and follicular epithelium.
TextSentencer_T940 144835-145088 Sentence denotes Melanin is formed in organelles called melanosomes, then transferred through dendritic cell protein content of lipofuscin is heterogeneous, subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase is the predominant component of ceroid in neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.
TextSentencer_T940 144835-145088 Sentence denotes Melanin is formed in organelles called melanosomes, then transferred through dendritic cell protein content of lipofuscin is heterogeneous, subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase is the predominant component of ceroid in neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.
T65058 144835-145088 Sentence denotes Melanin is formed in organelles called melanosomes, then transferred through dendritic cell protein content of lipofuscin is heterogeneous, subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase is the predominant component of ceroid in neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.
TextSentencer_T941 145089-145190 Sentence denotes Lectin histochemistry is useful to distinguish neuronal ceroid from lipofuscin by its sugar moieties.
TextSentencer_T941 145089-145190 Sentence denotes Lectin histochemistry is useful to distinguish neuronal ceroid from lipofuscin by its sugar moieties.
T59747 145089-145190 Sentence denotes Lectin histochemistry is useful to distinguish neuronal ceroid from lipofuscin by its sugar moieties.
TextSentencer_T942 145191-145243 Sentence denotes Hematogenous pigments are derived from erythrocytes.
TextSentencer_T942 145191-145243 Sentence denotes Hematogenous pigments are derived from erythrocytes.
T43193 145191-145243 Sentence denotes Hematogenous pigments are derived from erythrocytes.
TextSentencer_T943 145244-145342 Sentence denotes They include hemoglobin, hematins, hemosiderin, hematoidin, bilirubin, biliverdin, and porphyrins.
TextSentencer_T943 145244-145342 Sentence denotes They include hemoglobin, hematins, hemosiderin, hematoidin, bilirubin, biliverdin, and porphyrins.
T83438 145244-145342 Sentence denotes They include hemoglobin, hematins, hemosiderin, hematoidin, bilirubin, biliverdin, and porphyrins.
TextSentencer_T944 145343-145354 Sentence denotes Hemoglobin.
TextSentencer_T944 145343-145354 Sentence denotes Hemoglobin.
T27 145343-145354 Sentence denotes Hemoglobin.
TextSentencer_T945 145355-145519 Sentence denotes The hemoglobin molecule consists of four globular protein subunits, each folded around and tightly associated with a central nonprotein, iron-containing heme group.
TextSentencer_T945 145355-145519 Sentence denotes The hemoglobin molecule consists of four globular protein subunits, each folded around and tightly associated with a central nonprotein, iron-containing heme group.
T18453 145355-145519 Sentence denotes The hemoglobin molecule consists of four globular protein subunits, each folded around and tightly associated with a central nonprotein, iron-containing heme group.
TextSentencer_T946 145520-145696 Sentence denotes Oxyhemoglobin, formed when oxygen binds to the heme group, gives oxygenated (arterial) blood its red color and imparts a pink tinge to wellperfused and well-oxygenated tissues.
TextSentencer_T946 145520-145696 Sentence denotes Oxyhemoglobin, formed when oxygen binds to the heme group, gives oxygenated (arterial) blood its red color and imparts a pink tinge to wellperfused and well-oxygenated tissues.
T66151 145520-145696 Sentence denotes Oxyhemoglobin, formed when oxygen binds to the heme group, gives oxygenated (arterial) blood its red color and imparts a pink tinge to wellperfused and well-oxygenated tissues.
TextSentencer_T947 145697-145863 Sentence denotes Deoxygenated hemoglobin explains the blue cast to venous blood and accounts for the blue to purple discoloration, known as cyanosis ( Fig. 1-48) , of hypoxic tissues.
TextSentencer_T947 145697-145863 Sentence denotes Deoxygenated hemoglobin explains the blue cast to venous blood and accounts for the blue to purple discoloration, known as cyanosis ( Fig. 1-48) , of hypoxic tissues.
T20866 145697-145863 Sentence denotes Deoxygenated hemoglobin explains the blue cast to venous blood and accounts for the blue to purple discoloration, known as cyanosis ( Fig. 1-48) , of hypoxic tissues.
TextSentencer_T948 145864-145922 Sentence denotes The word cyanosis comes from the Greek word for dark blue.
TextSentencer_T948 145864-145922 Sentence denotes The word cyanosis comes from the Greek word for dark blue.
T35029 145864-145922 Sentence denotes The word cyanosis comes from the Greek word for dark blue.
TextSentencer_T949 145923-145931 Sentence denotes Cyanide.
TextSentencer_T949 145923-145931 Sentence denotes Cyanide.
T40657 145923-145931 Sentence denotes Cyanide.
TextSentencer_T950 145932-146124 Sentence denotes Cyanide (CN − ) is a toxic compound that, when ingested, blocks oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by mutation of the LYST gene that codes for a lysosomal trafficking regulator protein.
TextSentencer_T950 145932-146124 Sentence denotes Cyanide (CN − ) is a toxic compound that, when ingested, blocks oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by mutation of the LYST gene that codes for a lysosomal trafficking regulator protein.
T71398 145932-146124 Sentence denotes Cyanide (CN − ) is a toxic compound that, when ingested, blocks oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by mutation of the LYST gene that codes for a lysosomal trafficking regulator protein.
TextSentencer_T951 146125-146220 Sentence denotes The mutation causes abnormal lysosomal structure and function in leukocytes and in melanocytes.
TextSentencer_T951 146125-146220 Sentence denotes The mutation causes abnormal lysosomal structure and function in leukocytes and in melanocytes.
T38954 146125-146220 Sentence denotes The mutation causes abnormal lysosomal structure and function in leukocytes and in melanocytes.
TextSentencer_T952 146221-146417 Sentence denotes The melanocytes of animals with CHS have enlarged melanosomes, but the melanin pigment is not transferred effectively to keratinocytes, so coat color is a pastel shade of what it should have been.
TextSentencer_T952 146221-146417 Sentence denotes The melanocytes of animals with CHS have enlarged melanosomes, but the melanin pigment is not transferred effectively to keratinocytes, so coat color is a pastel shade of what it should have been.
T43100 146221-146417 Sentence denotes The melanocytes of animals with CHS have enlarged melanosomes, but the melanin pigment is not transferred effectively to keratinocytes, so coat color is a pastel shade of what it should have been.
TextSentencer_T953 146418-146584 Sentence denotes Normally pigmented skin and hair can also become depigmented because of an immune-mediated attack on melanocytes (vitiligo) or basilar keratinocytes (see Chapter 17).
TextSentencer_T953 146418-146584 Sentence denotes Normally pigmented skin and hair can also become depigmented because of an immune-mediated attack on melanocytes (vitiligo) or basilar keratinocytes (see Chapter 17).
T73947 146418-146584 Sentence denotes Normally pigmented skin and hair can also become depigmented because of an immune-mediated attack on melanocytes (vitiligo) or basilar keratinocytes (see Chapter 17).
TextSentencer_T954 146585-146749 Sentence denotes The dead keratinocytes spill their melanin into adjacent dermis in a process called pigmentary incontinence, where it is phagocytized by macrophages (melanophages).
TextSentencer_T954 146585-146749 Sentence denotes The dead keratinocytes spill their melanin into adjacent dermis in a process called pigmentary incontinence, where it is phagocytized by macrophages (melanophages).
T15166 146585-146749 Sentence denotes The dead keratinocytes spill their melanin into adjacent dermis in a process called pigmentary incontinence, where it is phagocytized by macrophages (melanophages).
TextSentencer_T955 146750-146803 Sentence denotes The term hyperpigmentation implies excessive melanin.
TextSentencer_T955 146750-146803 Sentence denotes The term hyperpigmentation implies excessive melanin.
T7852 146750-146803 Sentence denotes The term hyperpigmentation implies excessive melanin.
TextSentencer_T956 146804-146899 Sentence denotes This finding can be a common epidermal response to chronic injury and appears as darkened skin.
TextSentencer_T956 146804-146899 Sentence denotes This finding can be a common epidermal response to chronic injury and appears as darkened skin.
T94885 146804-146899 Sentence denotes This finding can be a common epidermal response to chronic injury and appears as darkened skin.
TextSentencer_T957 146900-147000 Sentence denotes Endocrine skin disease, especially hyperadrenocorticism, is often associated with hyperpigmentation.
TextSentencer_T957 146900-147000 Sentence denotes Endocrine skin disease, especially hyperadrenocorticism, is often associated with hyperpigmentation.
T90003 146900-147000 Sentence denotes Endocrine skin disease, especially hyperadrenocorticism, is often associated with hyperpigmentation.
TextSentencer_T958 147001-147148 Sentence denotes Histologically, melanin granules are numerous, not only in the basilar keratinocytes, but in all layers of the epidermis, even the stratum corneum.
TextSentencer_T958 147001-147148 Sentence denotes Histologically, melanin granules are numerous, not only in the basilar keratinocytes, but in all layers of the epidermis, even the stratum corneum.
T78577 147001-147148 Sentence denotes Histologically, melanin granules are numerous, not only in the basilar keratinocytes, but in all layers of the epidermis, even the stratum corneum.
TextSentencer_T959 147149-147259 Sentence denotes Neoplasms of melanocytes can be darkly pigmented or not pigmented at all (amelanotic) (see Chapters 6 and 17).
TextSentencer_T959 147149-147259 Sentence denotes Neoplasms of melanocytes can be darkly pigmented or not pigmented at all (amelanotic) (see Chapters 6 and 17).
T84986 147149-147259 Sentence denotes Neoplasms of melanocytes can be darkly pigmented or not pigmented at all (amelanotic) (see Chapters 6 and 17).
TextSentencer_T960 147260-147488 Sentence denotes Lipofuscin is a yellow-brown lipoprotein that accumulates as residual bodies in secondary lysosomes, especially in long-lived postmitotic cells, such as neurons and cardiac myocytes ( Fig. 1-46) , and especially in aged animals.
TextSentencer_T960 147260-147488 Sentence denotes Lipofuscin is a yellow-brown lipoprotein that accumulates as residual bodies in secondary lysosomes, especially in long-lived postmitotic cells, such as neurons and cardiac myocytes ( Fig. 1-46) , and especially in aged animals.
T18091 147260-147488 Sentence denotes Lipofuscin is a yellow-brown lipoprotein that accumulates as residual bodies in secondary lysosomes, especially in long-lived postmitotic cells, such as neurons and cardiac myocytes ( Fig. 1-46) , and especially in aged animals.
TextSentencer_T961 147489-147703 Sentence denotes It is known as a "wear and tear" pigment of aging-its accumulation in canine myocardium has a linear correlation with the age of the dog-and is generally thought to have little or no deleterious effect on the cell.
TextSentencer_T961 147489-147703 Sentence denotes It is known as a "wear and tear" pigment of aging-its accumulation in canine myocardium has a linear correlation with the age of the dog-and is generally thought to have little or no deleterious effect on the cell.
T66167 147489-147703 Sentence denotes It is known as a "wear and tear" pigment of aging-its accumulation in canine myocardium has a linear correlation with the age of the dog-and is generally thought to have little or no deleterious effect on the cell.
TextSentencer_T962 147704-147834 Sentence denotes Lipofuscin is autofluorescent with an excitation wavelength between 320 and 480 nm and emission wavelength between 460 and 630 nm.
TextSentencer_T962 147704-147834 Sentence denotes Lipofuscin is autofluorescent with an excitation wavelength between 320 and 480 nm and emission wavelength between 460 and 630 nm.
T16417 147704-147834 Sentence denotes Lipofuscin is autofluorescent with an excitation wavelength between 320 and 480 nm and emission wavelength between 460 and 630 nm.
TextSentencer_T963 147835-147981 Sentence denotes It is approximately two-thirds heterogeneous protein and one-third lipid (mainly triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids).
TextSentencer_T963 147835-147981 Sentence denotes It is approximately two-thirds heterogeneous protein and one-third lipid (mainly triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids).
T32814 147835-147981 Sentence denotes It is approximately two-thirds heterogeneous protein and one-third lipid (mainly triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids).
TextSentencer_T964 147982-148134 Sentence denotes Because of its lipid content, lipofuscin reacts with fat stains such as Sudan black B or Oil Red O; its carbohydrate moieties make it also PAS positive.
TextSentencer_T964 147982-148134 Sentence denotes Because of its lipid content, lipofuscin reacts with fat stains such as Sudan black B or Oil Red O; its carbohydrate moieties make it also PAS positive.
T97370 147982-148134 Sentence denotes Because of its lipid content, lipofuscin reacts with fat stains such as Sudan black B or Oil Red O; its carbohydrate moieties make it also PAS positive.
TextSentencer_T965 148135-148392 Sentence denotes Ceroid is a lipofuscin-like (i.e., same morphologic appearance) pigment that accumulates in disease states, such as neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (a group of hereditary lysosomal storage diseases), cachexia, vitamin E deficiency, or other oxidative stress.
TextSentencer_T965 148135-148392 Sentence denotes Ceroid is a lipofuscin-like (i.e., same morphologic appearance) pigment that accumulates in disease states, such as neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (a group of hereditary lysosomal storage diseases), cachexia, vitamin E deficiency, or other oxidative stress.
T58138 148135-148392 Sentence denotes Ceroid is a lipofuscin-like (i.e., same morphologic appearance) pigment that accumulates in disease states, such as neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (a group of hereditary lysosomal storage diseases), cachexia, vitamin E deficiency, or other oxidative stress.
TextSentencer_T966 148393-148594 Sentence denotes Ceroid can be grossly evident in the tunica muscularis of the small intestine of dogs with vitamin E deficiency (leiomyometaplasia [brown dog gut]; see or dogs with ceroid-lipofuscinosis ( Fig. 1-47) .
TextSentencer_T966 148393-148594 Sentence denotes Ceroid can be grossly evident in the tunica muscularis of the small intestine of dogs with vitamin E deficiency (leiomyometaplasia [brown dog gut]; see or dogs with ceroid-lipofuscinosis ( Fig. 1-47) .
T10358 148393-148594 Sentence denotes Ceroid can be grossly evident in the tunica muscularis of the small intestine of dogs with vitamin E deficiency (leiomyometaplasia [brown dog gut]; see or dogs with ceroid-lipofuscinosis ( Fig. 1-47) .
TextSentencer_T967 148595-148702 Sentence denotes Lipofuscin and ceroid have strikingly similar histologic and biochemical characteristics, yet are distinct.
TextSentencer_T967 148595-148702 Sentence denotes Lipofuscin and ceroid have strikingly similar histologic and biochemical characteristics, yet are distinct.
T80261 148595-148702 Sentence denotes Lipofuscin and ceroid have strikingly similar histologic and biochemical characteristics, yet are distinct.
TextSentencer_T968 148703-148780 Sentence denotes Both are autofluorescent lipoproteins with similar but not identical spectra.
TextSentencer_T968 148703-148780 Sentence denotes Both are autofluorescent lipoproteins with similar but not identical spectra.
T51678 148703-148780 Sentence denotes Both are autofluorescent lipoproteins with similar but not identical spectra.
TextSentencer_T969 148781-148923 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, lipofuscin has a granular appearance, whereas ceroid is more likely to form membranous stacks or whorls ("myelin figures").
TextSentencer_T969 148781-148923 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, lipofuscin has a granular appearance, whereas ceroid is more likely to form membranous stacks or whorls ("myelin figures").
T75277 148781-148923 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, lipofuscin has a granular appearance, whereas ceroid is more likely to form membranous stacks or whorls ("myelin figures").
TextSentencer_T970 148924-149051 Sentence denotes Although both compounds are composed of proteins, lipids, dolichols, carbohydrates, and metals, their exact composition varies.
TextSentencer_T970 148924-149051 Sentence denotes Although both compounds are composed of proteins, lipids, dolichols, carbohydrates, and metals, their exact composition varies.
T32914 148924-149051 Sentence denotes Although both compounds are composed of proteins, lipids, dolichols, carbohydrates, and metals, their exact composition varies.
TextSentencer_T971 149052-149082 Sentence denotes Whereas the Parasitic Hematin.
TextSentencer_T971 149052-149082 Sentence denotes Whereas the Parasitic Hematin.
T58120 149052-149082 Sentence denotes Whereas the Parasitic Hematin.
TextSentencer_T972 149083-149233 Sentence denotes Parasites that infect (e.g., Plasmodium spp.) or consume (e.g., Haemonchus contortus) erythrocytes liberate heme during the proteolysis of hemoglobin.
TextSentencer_T972 149083-149233 Sentence denotes Parasites that infect (e.g., Plasmodium spp.) or consume (e.g., Haemonchus contortus) erythrocytes liberate heme during the proteolysis of hemoglobin.
T68467 149083-149233 Sentence denotes Parasites that infect (e.g., Plasmodium spp.) or consume (e.g., Haemonchus contortus) erythrocytes liberate heme during the proteolysis of hemoglobin.
TextSentencer_T973 149234-149347 Sentence denotes Free heme is toxic, but the parasites have evolved to aggregate it into heme dimers called hemozoin or β-hematin.
TextSentencer_T973 149234-149347 Sentence denotes Free heme is toxic, but the parasites have evolved to aggregate it into heme dimers called hemozoin or β-hematin.
T82248 149234-149347 Sentence denotes Free heme is toxic, but the parasites have evolved to aggregate it into heme dimers called hemozoin or β-hematin.
TextSentencer_T974 149348-149495 Sentence denotes Hematin accounts for the blackening of the migration tracts of juvenile liver flukes (Fascioloides magna) in ruminants ( Fig. 1-52 ; see also Figs.
TextSentencer_T974 149348-149495 Sentence denotes Hematin accounts for the blackening of the migration tracts of juvenile liver flukes (Fascioloides magna) in ruminants ( Fig. 1-52 ; see also Figs.
T79786 149348-149495 Sentence denotes Hematin accounts for the blackening of the migration tracts of juvenile liver flukes (Fascioloides magna) in ruminants ( Fig. 1-52 ; see also Figs.
TextSentencer_T975 149496-149615 Sentence denotes 8-60 and 8-61) and for the black speckling of the lungs in macaques infested with the lung mite, Pneumonyssus simicola.
TextSentencer_T975 149496-149615 Sentence denotes 8-60 and 8-61) and for the black speckling of the lungs in macaques infested with the lung mite, Pneumonyssus simicola.
T70368 149496-149615 Sentence denotes 8-60 and 8-61) and for the black speckling of the lungs in macaques infested with the lung mite, Pneumonyssus simicola.
TextSentencer_T976 149616-149628 Sentence denotes Hemosiderin.
TextSentencer_T976 149616-149628 Sentence denotes Hemosiderin.
T8472 149616-149628 Sentence denotes Hemosiderin.
TextSentencer_T977 149629-149723 Sentence denotes Free iron is toxic to cells because it catalyzes the formation of ROS via the Fenton reaction.
TextSentencer_T977 149629-149723 Sentence denotes Free iron is toxic to cells because it catalyzes the formation of ROS via the Fenton reaction.
T16004 149629-149723 Sentence denotes Free iron is toxic to cells because it catalyzes the formation of ROS via the Fenton reaction.
TextSentencer_T978 149724-149933 Sentence denotes However, ferritin, a globular iron storage protein present in all tissues and particularly in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, binds free iron and stores it in a nontoxic form available for use by the cell.
TextSentencer_T978 149724-149933 Sentence denotes However, ferritin, a globular iron storage protein present in all tissues and particularly in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, binds free iron and stores it in a nontoxic form available for use by the cell.
T90579 149724-149933 Sentence denotes However, ferritin, a globular iron storage protein present in all tissues and particularly in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, binds free iron and stores it in a nontoxic form available for use by the cell.
TextSentencer_T979 149934-150031 Sentence denotes Ferritin is mainly an intracellular protein, but serum concentrations correlate with iron stores.
TextSentencer_T979 149934-150031 Sentence denotes Ferritin is mainly an intracellular protein, but serum concentrations correlate with iron stores.
T78784 149934-150031 Sentence denotes Ferritin is mainly an intracellular protein, but serum concentrations correlate with iron stores.
TextSentencer_T980 150032-150169 Sentence denotes Accumulations of ferritin bound with iron, mainly in macrophages, are converted to golden brown granules of hemosiderin ( Fig. 1-53, A) .
TextSentencer_T980 150032-150169 Sentence denotes Accumulations of ferritin bound with iron, mainly in macrophages, are converted to golden brown granules of hemosiderin ( Fig. 1-53, A) .
T90142 150032-150169 Sentence denotes Accumulations of ferritin bound with iron, mainly in macrophages, are converted to golden brown granules of hemosiderin ( Fig. 1-53, A) .
TextSentencer_T981 150170-150278 Sentence denotes The Prussian blue reaction detects the iron in hemosiderin (see Fig. 1-53, B) in histologic tissue sections.
TextSentencer_T981 150170-150278 Sentence denotes The Prussian blue reaction detects the iron in hemosiderin (see Fig. 1-53, B) in histologic tissue sections.
T59850 150170-150278 Sentence denotes The Prussian blue reaction detects the iron in hemosiderin (see Fig. 1-53, B) in histologic tissue sections.
TextSentencer_T982 150279-150430 Sentence denotes Hemosiderin is an intracellular iron storage complex, especially common in macrophages and less so in hepatocytes and renal binding cytochrome oxidase.
TextSentencer_T982 150279-150430 Sentence denotes Hemosiderin is an intracellular iron storage complex, especially common in macrophages and less so in hepatocytes and renal binding cytochrome oxidase.
T99727 150279-150430 Sentence denotes Hemosiderin is an intracellular iron storage complex, especially common in macrophages and less so in hepatocytes and renal binding cytochrome oxidase.
TextSentencer_T983 150431-150570 Sentence denotes As a result, cells cannot use the oxygen in hemoglobin, so venous blood in cases of cyanide poisoning tends to be as red as arterial blood.
TextSentencer_T983 150431-150570 Sentence denotes As a result, cells cannot use the oxygen in hemoglobin, so venous blood in cases of cyanide poisoning tends to be as red as arterial blood.
T74400 150431-150570 Sentence denotes As a result, cells cannot use the oxygen in hemoglobin, so venous blood in cases of cyanide poisoning tends to be as red as arterial blood.
TextSentencer_T984 150571-150685 Sentence denotes Cyanide poisoning in herbivores is usually the result of consumption of plants that contain cyanogenic glycosides.
TextSentencer_T984 150571-150685 Sentence denotes Cyanide poisoning in herbivores is usually the result of consumption of plants that contain cyanogenic glycosides.
T54876 150571-150685 Sentence denotes Cyanide poisoning in herbivores is usually the result of consumption of plants that contain cyanogenic glycosides.
TextSentencer_T985 150686-150702 Sentence denotes Carbon Monoxide.
TextSentencer_T985 150686-150702 Sentence denotes Carbon Monoxide.
T28461 150686-150702 Sentence denotes Carbon Monoxide.
TextSentencer_T986 150703-150828 Sentence denotes Hemoglobin has a much higher affinity for CO than for oxygen, so even a small amount of CO reduces oxygen transport capacity.
TextSentencer_T986 150703-150828 Sentence denotes Hemoglobin has a much higher affinity for CO than for oxygen, so even a small amount of CO reduces oxygen transport capacity.
T73726 150703-150828 Sentence denotes Hemoglobin has a much higher affinity for CO than for oxygen, so even a small amount of CO reduces oxygen transport capacity.
TextSentencer_T987 150829-151023 Sentence denotes When hemoglobin binds CO, it forms carboxyhemoglobin, which colors the blood bright cherry red and imparts a bright pink color to the tissues even in fatal cases of CO poisoning (E- Fig. 1-17) .
TextSentencer_T987 150829-151023 Sentence denotes When hemoglobin binds CO, it forms carboxyhemoglobin, which colors the blood bright cherry red and imparts a bright pink color to the tissues even in fatal cases of CO poisoning (E- Fig. 1-17) .
T66001 150829-151023 Sentence denotes When hemoglobin binds CO, it forms carboxyhemoglobin, which colors the blood bright cherry red and imparts a bright pink color to the tissues even in fatal cases of CO poisoning (E- Fig. 1-17) .
TextSentencer_T988 151024-151042 Sentence denotes Nitrite Poisoning.
TextSentencer_T988 151024-151042 Sentence denotes Nitrite Poisoning.
T54973 151024-151042 Sentence denotes Nitrite Poisoning.
TextSentencer_T989 151043-151239 Sentence denotes Nitrite poisoning can be associated with consumption of nitrate-accumulating plants by livestock, usually ruminants, or from a water source contaminated with nitrate runoff from fertilized fields.
TextSentencer_T989 151043-151239 Sentence denotes Nitrite poisoning can be associated with consumption of nitrate-accumulating plants by livestock, usually ruminants, or from a water source contaminated with nitrate runoff from fertilized fields.
T46808 151043-151239 Sentence denotes Nitrite poisoning can be associated with consumption of nitrate-accumulating plants by livestock, usually ruminants, or from a water source contaminated with nitrate runoff from fertilized fields.
TextSentencer_T990 151240-151461 Sentence denotes Nitrate is converted in the rumen to nitrite, which can oxidize the iron in the heme group of the hemoglobin molecule to the Fe +3 (ferric) state, converting hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which has low affinity for oxygen.
TextSentencer_T990 151240-151461 Sentence denotes Nitrate is converted in the rumen to nitrite, which can oxidize the iron in the heme group of the hemoglobin molecule to the Fe +3 (ferric) state, converting hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which has low affinity for oxygen.
T54039 151240-151461 Sentence denotes Nitrate is converted in the rumen to nitrite, which can oxidize the iron in the heme group of the hemoglobin molecule to the Fe +3 (ferric) state, converting hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which has low affinity for oxygen.
TextSentencer_T991 151462-151536 Sentence denotes Methemoglobin turns the color of blood to a chocolate brown ( Fig. 1-49) .
TextSentencer_T991 151462-151536 Sentence denotes Methemoglobin turns the color of blood to a chocolate brown ( Fig. 1-49) .
T31390 151462-151536 Sentence denotes Methemoglobin turns the color of blood to a chocolate brown ( Fig. 1-49) .
TextSentencer_T992 151537-151578 Sentence denotes Intravascular Hemolysis (Hemoglobinuria).
TextSentencer_T992 151537-151578 Sentence denotes Intravascular Hemolysis (Hemoglobinuria).
T89380 151537-151578 Sentence denotes Intravascular Hemolysis (Hemoglobinuria).
TextSentencer_T993 151579-151727 Sentence denotes If erythrocytes are lysed within vessels (intravascular hemolysis), the released hemoglobin imparts a transparent pink tinge to the plasma or serum.
TextSentencer_T993 151579-151727 Sentence denotes If erythrocytes are lysed within vessels (intravascular hemolysis), the released hemoglobin imparts a transparent pink tinge to the plasma or serum.
T69953 151579-151727 Sentence denotes If erythrocytes are lysed within vessels (intravascular hemolysis), the released hemoglobin imparts a transparent pink tinge to the plasma or serum.
TextSentencer_T994 151728-151930 Sentence denotes In the kidneys, intravascular hemoglobin passes through glomerular capillaries into the urinary filtrate with the formation of hemoglobin "casts" in renal tubules and reddish discoloration of the urine.
TextSentencer_T994 151728-151930 Sentence denotes In the kidneys, intravascular hemoglobin passes through glomerular capillaries into the urinary filtrate with the formation of hemoglobin "casts" in renal tubules and reddish discoloration of the urine.
T62131 151728-151930 Sentence denotes In the kidneys, intravascular hemoglobin passes through glomerular capillaries into the urinary filtrate with the formation of hemoglobin "casts" in renal tubules and reddish discoloration of the urine.
TextSentencer_T995 151931-152050 Sentence denotes Hemoglobinuria turns the color of renal parenchyma a dark red to gunmetal blue ( Fig. 1-50 ; see Fig. 11-39, A and B) .
TextSentencer_T995 151931-152050 Sentence denotes Hemoglobinuria turns the color of renal parenchyma a dark red to gunmetal blue ( Fig. 1-50 ; see Fig. 11-39, A and B) .
T52364 151931-152050 Sentence denotes Hemoglobinuria turns the color of renal parenchyma a dark red to gunmetal blue ( Fig. 1-50 ; see Fig. 11-39, A and B) .
TextSentencer_T996 152051-152194 Sentence denotes A similar or browner discoloration of kidney and urine occurs with myoglobinuria; the myoglobin is derived from injured skeletal muscle fibers.
TextSentencer_T996 152051-152194 Sentence denotes A similar or browner discoloration of kidney and urine occurs with myoglobinuria; the myoglobin is derived from injured skeletal muscle fibers.
T56257 152051-152194 Sentence denotes A similar or browner discoloration of kidney and urine occurs with myoglobinuria; the myoglobin is derived from injured skeletal muscle fibers.
TextSentencer_T997 152195-152203 Sentence denotes Hematin.
TextSentencer_T997 152195-152203 Sentence denotes Hematin.
T94441 152195-152203 Sentence denotes Hematin.
TextSentencer_T998 152204-152294 Sentence denotes Hematin is a brown-black, Fe +3 -containing pigment formed by the oxidation of hemoglobin.
TextSentencer_T998 152204-152294 Sentence denotes Hematin is a brown-black, Fe +3 -containing pigment formed by the oxidation of hemoglobin.
T52668 152204-152294 Sentence denotes Hematin is a brown-black, Fe +3 -containing pigment formed by the oxidation of hemoglobin.
TextSentencer_T999 152295-152327 Sentence denotes Acid Hematin (Formalin Pigment).
TextSentencer_T999 152295-152327 Sentence denotes Acid Hematin (Formalin Pigment).
T55264 152295-152327 Sentence denotes Acid Hematin (Formalin Pigment).
TextSentencer_T1000 152328-152620 Sentence denotes The "acid" hematin that forms in tissues fixed in unbuffered, and therefore acidic (pH < 6), formalin appears as dark brown to nearly black, granular or crystalline material mainly in vessels or other areas of the tissue section where erythrocytes (and hemoglobin) are numerous ( Fig. 1-51) .
TextSentencer_T1000 152328-152620 Sentence denotes The "acid" hematin that forms in tissues fixed in unbuffered, and therefore acidic (pH < 6), formalin appears as dark brown to nearly black, granular or crystalline material mainly in vessels or other areas of the tissue section where erythrocytes (and hemoglobin) are numerous ( Fig. 1-51) .
T32305 152328-152620 Sentence denotes The "acid" hematin that forms in tissues fixed in unbuffered, and therefore acidic (pH < 6), formalin appears as dark brown to nearly black, granular or crystalline material mainly in vessels or other areas of the tissue section where erythrocytes (and hemoglobin) are numerous ( Fig. 1-51) .
TextSentencer_T1001 152621-152778 Sentence denotes The presence of acid hematin is a postmortem change and therefore not a lesion, but rather an indicator that the formalin solution was not properly buffered.
TextSentencer_T1001 152621-152778 Sentence denotes The presence of acid hematin is a postmortem change and therefore not a lesion, but rather an indicator that the formalin solution was not properly buffered.
T49204 152621-152778 Sentence denotes The presence of acid hematin is a postmortem change and therefore not a lesion, but rather an indicator that the formalin solution was not properly buffered.
TextSentencer_T1002 152779-152854 Sentence denotes Correctly prepared phosphate-buffered 10% formalin should have a pH of 6.8.
TextSentencer_T1002 152779-152854 Sentence denotes Correctly prepared phosphate-buffered 10% formalin should have a pH of 6.8.
T20289 152779-152854 Sentence denotes Correctly prepared phosphate-buffered 10% formalin should have a pH of 6.8.
TextSentencer_T1003 152855-152946 Sentence denotes Acid hematin can be so abundant in congested tissues that it hinders histologic evaluation.
TextSentencer_T1003 152855-152946 Sentence denotes Acid hematin can be so abundant in congested tissues that it hinders histologic evaluation.
T86593 152855-152946 Sentence denotes Acid hematin can be so abundant in congested tissues that it hinders histologic evaluation.
TextSentencer_T1004 152947-153180 Sentence denotes In these cases, hematin can be removed by soaking the dewaxed tissue If the elevation in serum or plasma bilirubin level (hyperbilirubinemia) is sufficient, it will result in the yellow staining of tissues called icterus or jaundice.
TextSentencer_T1004 152947-153180 Sentence denotes In these cases, hematin can be removed by soaking the dewaxed tissue If the elevation in serum or plasma bilirubin level (hyperbilirubinemia) is sufficient, it will result in the yellow staining of tissues called icterus or jaundice.
T27501 152947-153180 Sentence denotes In these cases, hematin can be removed by soaking the dewaxed tissue If the elevation in serum or plasma bilirubin level (hyperbilirubinemia) is sufficient, it will result in the yellow staining of tissues called icterus or jaundice.
TextSentencer_T1005 153181-153281 Sentence denotes Icterus is often classified pathogenetically as prehepatic, hepatic, or posthepatic (see Chapter 8).
TextSentencer_T1005 153181-153281 Sentence denotes Icterus is often classified pathogenetically as prehepatic, hepatic, or posthepatic (see Chapter 8).
T12989 153181-153281 Sentence denotes Icterus is often classified pathogenetically as prehepatic, hepatic, or posthepatic (see Chapter 8).
TextSentencer_T1006 153282-153461 Sentence denotes Prehepatic icterus is caused by hemolysis or any process that increases the turnover of erythrocytes and delivers more unconjugated bilirubin to the liver than it can accommodate.
TextSentencer_T1006 153282-153461 Sentence denotes Prehepatic icterus is caused by hemolysis or any process that increases the turnover of erythrocytes and delivers more unconjugated bilirubin to the liver than it can accommodate.
T79009 153282-153461 Sentence denotes Prehepatic icterus is caused by hemolysis or any process that increases the turnover of erythrocytes and delivers more unconjugated bilirubin to the liver than it can accommodate.
TextSentencer_T1007 153462-153583 Sentence denotes Hepatic icterus is the result of hepatocellular injury that decreases the uptake, conjugation, or secretion of bilirubin.
TextSentencer_T1007 153462-153583 Sentence denotes Hepatic icterus is the result of hepatocellular injury that decreases the uptake, conjugation, or secretion of bilirubin.
T64290 153462-153583 Sentence denotes Hepatic icterus is the result of hepatocellular injury that decreases the uptake, conjugation, or secretion of bilirubin.
TextSentencer_T1008 153584-153725 Sentence denotes In posthepatic icterus, it is the outflow of bile from the liver into the intestine via the biliary system that is reduced by an obstruction.
TextSentencer_T1008 153584-153725 Sentence denotes In posthepatic icterus, it is the outflow of bile from the liver into the intestine via the biliary system that is reduced by an obstruction.
T14356 153584-153725 Sentence denotes In posthepatic icterus, it is the outflow of bile from the liver into the intestine via the biliary system that is reduced by an obstruction.
TextSentencer_T1009 153726-153940 Sentence denotes Mutant Corriedale (Fig. 1-56) and Southdown sheep develop conjugated hyperbilirubinemia that is attributed to a defective ATPdependent transport system for various organic anions, including bilirubin diglucuronide.
TextSentencer_T1009 153726-153940 Sentence denotes Mutant Corriedale (Fig. 1-56) and Southdown sheep develop conjugated hyperbilirubinemia that is attributed to a defective ATPdependent transport system for various organic anions, including bilirubin diglucuronide.
T98188 153726-153940 Sentence denotes Mutant Corriedale (Fig. 1-56) and Southdown sheep develop conjugated hyperbilirubinemia that is attributed to a defective ATPdependent transport system for various organic anions, including bilirubin diglucuronide.
TextSentencer_T1010 153941-154093 Sentence denotes Affected animals have a disease similar to the human Dubin-Johnson syndrome and can conjugate bilirubin but cannot secrete it into the bile efficiently.
TextSentencer_T1010 153941-154093 Sentence denotes Affected animals have a disease similar to the human Dubin-Johnson syndrome and can conjugate bilirubin but cannot secrete it into the bile efficiently.
T93238 153941-154093 Sentence denotes Affected animals have a disease similar to the human Dubin-Johnson syndrome and can conjugate bilirubin but cannot secrete it into the bile efficiently.
TextSentencer_T1011 154094-154338 Sentence denotes Grossly, the yellow discoloration of icterus is easiest to see in pale or colorless tissues, such as plasma, the sclera, intima of the great vessels, adipose tissue (unless it is already yellowed by carotenoids), and even in a pale liver (Figs.
TextSentencer_T1011 154094-154338 Sentence denotes Grossly, the yellow discoloration of icterus is easiest to see in pale or colorless tissues, such as plasma, the sclera, intima of the great vessels, adipose tissue (unless it is already yellowed by carotenoids), and even in a pale liver (Figs.
T59096 154094-154338 Sentence denotes Grossly, the yellow discoloration of icterus is easiest to see in pale or colorless tissues, such as plasma, the sclera, intima of the great vessels, adipose tissue (unless it is already yellowed by carotenoids), and even in a pale liver (Figs.
TextSentencer_T1012 154339-154358 Sentence denotes 1-57 and 1-58, A) .
TextSentencer_T1012 154339-154358 Sentence denotes 1-57 and 1-58, A) .
T99477 154339-154358 Sentence denotes 1-57 and 1-58, A) .
TextSentencer_T1013 154359-154469 Sentence denotes Icterus is not observed histologically but is often associated with cholestasis, the tubular epithelial cells.
TextSentencer_T1013 154359-154469 Sentence denotes Icterus is not observed histologically but is often associated with cholestasis, the tubular epithelial cells.
T13433 154359-154469 Sentence denotes Icterus is not observed histologically but is often associated with cholestasis, the tubular epithelial cells.
TextSentencer_T1014 154470-154614 Sentence denotes Iron stores are most conspicuous in the spleen and are excessive (hemosiderosis) when there is an increased rate of destruction of erythrocytes.
TextSentencer_T1014 154470-154614 Sentence denotes Iron stores are most conspicuous in the spleen and are excessive (hemosiderosis) when there is an increased rate of destruction of erythrocytes.
T42007 154470-154614 Sentence denotes Iron stores are most conspicuous in the spleen and are excessive (hemosiderosis) when there is an increased rate of destruction of erythrocytes.
TextSentencer_T1015 154615-154750 Sentence denotes Rarely, excess iron can be derived from the diet (e.g., hemochromatosis, a more severe iron storage disease) or other external sources.
TextSentencer_T1015 154615-154750 Sentence denotes Rarely, excess iron can be derived from the diet (e.g., hemochromatosis, a more severe iron storage disease) or other external sources.
T8950 154615-154750 Sentence denotes Rarely, excess iron can be derived from the diet (e.g., hemochromatosis, a more severe iron storage disease) or other external sources.
TextSentencer_T1016 154751-154868 Sentence denotes The presence of hemosiderinladen macrophages can also be an indicator of chronic passive congestion ( Fig. 1-54, A) .
TextSentencer_T1016 154751-154868 Sentence denotes The presence of hemosiderinladen macrophages can also be an indicator of chronic passive congestion ( Fig. 1-54, A) .
T77323 154751-154868 Sentence denotes The presence of hemosiderinladen macrophages can also be an indicator of chronic passive congestion ( Fig. 1-54, A) .
TextSentencer_T1017 154869-154979 Sentence denotes If abundant, hemosiderin imparts a brownish discoloration to tissues that should be pink (see Fig. 1-54, B) .
TextSentencer_T1017 154869-154979 Sentence denotes If abundant, hemosiderin imparts a brownish discoloration to tissues that should be pink (see Fig. 1-54, B) .
T19514 154869-154979 Sentence denotes If abundant, hemosiderin imparts a brownish discoloration to tissues that should be pink (see Fig. 1-54, B) .
TextSentencer_T1018 154980-155057 Sentence denotes Hemosiderin is also one of the pigments that typifies a bruise ( Fig. 1-55 ).
TextSentencer_T1018 154980-155057 Sentence denotes Hemosiderin is also one of the pigments that typifies a bruise ( Fig. 1-55 ).
T96581 154980-155057 Sentence denotes Hemosiderin is also one of the pigments that typifies a bruise ( Fig. 1-55 ).
TextSentencer_T1019 155058-155069 Sentence denotes Hematoidin.
TextSentencer_T1019 155058-155069 Sentence denotes Hematoidin.
T84687 155058-155069 Sentence denotes Hematoidin.
TextSentencer_T1020 155070-155205 Sentence denotes Hematoidin is a bright-yellow crystalline pigment that is derived from hemosiderin, presumably within macrophages, but is free of iron.
TextSentencer_T1020 155070-155205 Sentence denotes Hematoidin is a bright-yellow crystalline pigment that is derived from hemosiderin, presumably within macrophages, but is free of iron.
T33290 155070-155205 Sentence denotes Hematoidin is a bright-yellow crystalline pigment that is derived from hemosiderin, presumably within macrophages, but is free of iron.
TextSentencer_T1021 155206-155313 Sentence denotes It is similar or identical to bilirubin, biochemically, and is deposited in tissues at sites of hemorrhage.
TextSentencer_T1021 155206-155313 Sentence denotes It is similar or identical to bilirubin, biochemically, and is deposited in tissues at sites of hemorrhage.
T28184 155206-155313 Sentence denotes It is similar or identical to bilirubin, biochemically, and is deposited in tissues at sites of hemorrhage.
TextSentencer_T1022 155314-155324 Sentence denotes Bilirubin.
TextSentencer_T1022 155314-155324 Sentence denotes Bilirubin.
T17282 155314-155324 Sentence denotes Bilirubin.
TextSentencer_T1023 155325-155447 Sentence denotes Bilirubin is normally present in low amounts in the plasma as a breakdown product of erythrocytes (see Chapters 8 and 13).
TextSentencer_T1023 155325-155447 Sentence denotes Bilirubin is normally present in low amounts in the plasma as a breakdown product of erythrocytes (see Chapters 8 and 13).
T63253 155325-155447 Sentence denotes Bilirubin is normally present in low amounts in the plasma as a breakdown product of erythrocytes (see Chapters 8 and 13).
TextSentencer_T1024 155448-155510 Sentence denotes Effete erythrocytes are phagocytized and lysed by macrophages.
TextSentencer_T1024 155448-155510 Sentence denotes Effete erythrocytes are phagocytized and lysed by macrophages.
T5377 155448-155510 Sentence denotes Effete erythrocytes are phagocytized and lysed by macrophages.
TextSentencer_T1025 155511-155590 Sentence denotes The globular protein components of hemoglobin are broken down into amino acids.
TextSentencer_T1025 155511-155590 Sentence denotes The globular protein components of hemoglobin are broken down into amino acids.
T24290 155511-155590 Sentence denotes The globular protein components of hemoglobin are broken down into amino acids.
TextSentencer_T1026 155591-155723 Sentence denotes After removal of iron, the rest of the heme is converted by heme oxygenase to biliverdin, then by biliverdin reductase to bilirubin.
TextSentencer_T1026 155591-155723 Sentence denotes After removal of iron, the rest of the heme is converted by heme oxygenase to biliverdin, then by biliverdin reductase to bilirubin.
T45473 155591-155723 Sentence denotes After removal of iron, the rest of the heme is converted by heme oxygenase to biliverdin, then by biliverdin reductase to bilirubin.
TextSentencer_T1027 155724-155915 Sentence denotes The unconjugated bilirubin is released into the blood to be carried as an albumin-bilirubin complex to the liver distension of canaliculi by yellow-brown "casts" of bile (see Fig. 1-58, B) .
TextSentencer_T1027 155724-155915 Sentence denotes The unconjugated bilirubin is released into the blood to be carried as an albumin-bilirubin complex to the liver distension of canaliculi by yellow-brown "casts" of bile (see Fig. 1-58, B) .
T57809 155724-155915 Sentence denotes The unconjugated bilirubin is released into the blood to be carried as an albumin-bilirubin complex to the liver distension of canaliculi by yellow-brown "casts" of bile (see Fig. 1-58, B) .
TextSentencer_T1028 155916-155926 Sentence denotes Porphyria.
TextSentencer_T1028 155916-155926 Sentence denotes Porphyria.
T56643 155916-155926 Sentence denotes Porphyria.
TextSentencer_T1029 155927-156026 Sentence denotes Porphyrias are heme synthesis disorders that result in deposition of porphyrin pigments in tissues.
TextSentencer_T1029 155927-156026 Sentence denotes Porphyrias are heme synthesis disorders that result in deposition of porphyrin pigments in tissues.
T46679 155927-156026 Sentence denotes Porphyrias are heme synthesis disorders that result in deposition of porphyrin pigments in tissues.
TextSentencer_T1030 156027-156154 Sentence denotes The porphyrin ring in the hemoglobin molecule is composed of four pyrrole moieties linked together around the central iron ion.
TextSentencer_T1030 156027-156154 Sentence denotes The porphyrin ring in the hemoglobin molecule is composed of four pyrrole moieties linked together around the central iron ion.
T1472 156027-156154 Sentence denotes The porphyrin ring in the hemoglobin molecule is composed of four pyrrole moieties linked together around the central iron ion.
TextSentencer_T1031 156155-156308 Sentence denotes Congenital erythropoietic porphyrias of calves, cats, and pigs are the result of genetic defects caused by a deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III synthase.
TextSentencer_T1031 156155-156308 Sentence denotes Congenital erythropoietic porphyrias of calves, cats, and pigs are the result of genetic defects caused by a deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III synthase.
T84378 156155-156308 Sentence denotes Congenital erythropoietic porphyrias of calves, cats, and pigs are the result of genetic defects caused by a deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III synthase.
TextSentencer_T1032 156309-156419 Sentence denotes The disease name pink tooth comes from the discoloration of dentin and bone ( Fig. 1-59 ; see also Chapter 7).
TextSentencer_T1032 156309-156419 Sentence denotes The disease name pink tooth comes from the discoloration of dentin and bone ( Fig. 1-59 ; see also Chapter 7).
T12362 156309-156419 Sentence denotes The disease name pink tooth comes from the discoloration of dentin and bone ( Fig. 1-59 ; see also Chapter 7).
TextSentencer_T1033 156420-156519 Sentence denotes Teeth, bone, and urine of affected animals are red-brown and fluoresce red under ultraviolet light.
TextSentencer_T1033 156420-156519 Sentence denotes Teeth, bone, and urine of affected animals are red-brown and fluoresce red under ultraviolet light.
T54539 156420-156519 Sentence denotes Teeth, bone, and urine of affected animals are red-brown and fluoresce red under ultraviolet light.
TextSentencer_T1034 156520-156619 Sentence denotes The feline disease has been mapped to two missense gene mutations in uroporphyrinogen III synthase.
TextSentencer_T1034 156520-156619 Sentence denotes The feline disease has been mapped to two missense gene mutations in uroporphyrinogen III synthase.
T98375 156520-156619 Sentence denotes The feline disease has been mapped to two missense gene mutations in uroporphyrinogen III synthase.
TextSentencer_T1035 156620-156973 Sentence denotes Study of the cell cycle is fundamental to understanding development, homeostasis, and cellular proliferation in response to physiologic or pathologic stimuli, genetic disease, and the effects of cellular aging that include both the uncontrolled cellular proliferation of neoplasia and the permanent cessation of cellular replication known as senescence.
TextSentencer_T1035 156620-156973 Sentence denotes Study of the cell cycle is fundamental to understanding development, homeostasis, and cellular proliferation in response to physiologic or pathologic stimuli, genetic disease, and the effects of cellular aging that include both the uncontrolled cellular proliferation of neoplasia and the permanent cessation of cellular replication known as senescence.
T18093 156620-156973 Sentence denotes Study of the cell cycle is fundamental to understanding development, homeostasis, and cellular proliferation in response to physiologic or pathologic stimuli, genetic disease, and the effects of cellular aging that include both the uncontrolled cellular proliferation of neoplasia and the permanent cessation of cellular replication known as senescence.
TextSentencer_T1036 156974-157063 Sentence denotes The cell cycle (E- Fig. 1-18) consists of interphase (G 1 , S, and G 2 ) and mitosis (M).
TextSentencer_T1036 156974-157063 Sentence denotes The cell cycle (E- Fig. 1-18) consists of interphase (G 1 , S, and G 2 ) and mitosis (M).
T17002 156974-157063 Sentence denotes The cell cycle (E- Fig. 1-18) consists of interphase (G 1 , S, and G 2 ) and mitosis (M).
TextSentencer_T1037 157064-157212 Sentence denotes Interphase, depending on the cell type, usually lasts at least 12 to 24 hours; in contrast, mitosis can be completed in as little as an hour or two.
TextSentencer_T1037 157064-157212 Sentence denotes Interphase, depending on the cell type, usually lasts at least 12 to 24 hours; in contrast, mitosis can be completed in as little as an hour or two.
T49555 157064-157212 Sentence denotes Interphase, depending on the cell type, usually lasts at least 12 to 24 hours; in contrast, mitosis can be completed in as little as an hour or two.
TextSentencer_T1038 157213-157570 Sentence denotes Cells enter the cell cycle in Gap 1 (G 1 ) in which they grow and produce protein, followed sequentially by the synthesis (S) phase in which DNA is replicated, a second (premitotic) gap (G 2 ) for continued growth and protein production, and finally the M phase for mitosis and cytokinesis, with partitioning of cellular contents between two daughter cells.
TextSentencer_T1038 157213-157570 Sentence denotes Cells enter the cell cycle in Gap 1 (G 1 ) in which they grow and produce protein, followed sequentially by the synthesis (S) phase in which DNA is replicated, a second (premitotic) gap (G 2 ) for continued growth and protein production, and finally the M phase for mitosis and cytokinesis, with partitioning of cellular contents between two daughter cells.
T64813 157213-157570 Sentence denotes Cells enter the cell cycle in Gap 1 (G 1 ) in which they grow and produce protein, followed sequentially by the synthesis (S) phase in which DNA is replicated, a second (premitotic) gap (G 2 ) for continued growth and protein production, and finally the M phase for mitosis and cytokinesis, with partitioning of cellular contents between two daughter cells.
TextSentencer_T1039 157571-157705 Sentence denotes Because uncontrolled cellular replication perpetuates DNA damage and can lead to neoplasia, regulation of the cell cycle is essential.
TextSentencer_T1039 157571-157705 Sentence denotes Because uncontrolled cellular replication perpetuates DNA damage and can lead to neoplasia, regulation of the cell cycle is essential.
T59600 157571-157705 Sentence denotes Because uncontrolled cellular replication perpetuates DNA damage and can lead to neoplasia, regulation of the cell cycle is essential.
TextSentencer_T1040 157706-157812 Sentence denotes The cell cycle is controlled by a family of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that are activated by cyclins.
TextSentencer_T1040 157706-157812 Sentence denotes The cell cycle is controlled by a family of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that are activated by cyclins.
T62496 157706-157812 Sentence denotes The cell cycle is controlled by a family of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that are activated by cyclins.
TextSentencer_T1041 157813-157963 Sentence denotes Cells enter G 1 in response to growth factors that also cause the sequential accumulation of cyclins whose roles are to modulate the progress of G 1 .
TextSentencer_T1041 157813-157963 Sentence denotes Cells enter G 1 in response to growth factors that also cause the sequential accumulation of cyclins whose roles are to modulate the progress of G 1 .
T6804 157813-157963 Sentence denotes Cells enter G 1 in response to growth factors that also cause the sequential accumulation of cyclins whose roles are to modulate the progress of G 1 .
TextSentencer_T1042 157964-158251 Sentence denotes Cyclin D activation of CDK4/6 results in phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (RB) protein, which in turn releases the transcription factor E2F and enables the cell to pass through the so-called restriction point in G 1 , after which the cell is independent of extracellular growth signals.
TextSentencer_T1042 157964-158251 Sentence denotes Cyclin D activation of CDK4/6 results in phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (RB) protein, which in turn releases the transcription factor E2F and enables the cell to pass through the so-called restriction point in G 1 , after which the cell is independent of extracellular growth signals.
T62771 157964-158251 Sentence denotes Cyclin D activation of CDK4/6 results in phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (RB) protein, which in turn releases the transcription factor E2F and enables the cell to pass through the so-called restriction point in G 1 , after which the cell is independent of extracellular growth signals.
TextSentencer_T1043 158252-158408 Sentence denotes This restriction point is near the G 1 checkpoint, in which detection of damaged DNA results in growth arrest before S phase (i.e., before DNA replication).
TextSentencer_T1043 158252-158408 Sentence denotes This restriction point is near the G 1 checkpoint, in which detection of damaged DNA results in growth arrest before S phase (i.e., before DNA replication).
T99822 158252-158408 Sentence denotes This restriction point is near the G 1 checkpoint, in which detection of damaged DNA results in growth arrest before S phase (i.e., before DNA replication).
TextSentencer_T1044 158409-158600 Sentence denotes Other major checkpoints to interrupt the cell cycle occur in G 2 and M phases, if DNA is incorrectly replicated in the S phase or if the mitotic spindle is not properly formed in the M phase.
TextSentencer_T1044 158409-158600 Sentence denotes Other major checkpoints to interrupt the cell cycle occur in G 2 and M phases, if DNA is incorrectly replicated in the S phase or if the mitotic spindle is not properly formed in the M phase.
T32866 158409-158600 Sentence denotes Other major checkpoints to interrupt the cell cycle occur in G 2 and M phases, if DNA is incorrectly replicated in the S phase or if the mitotic spindle is not properly formed in the M phase.
TextSentencer_T1045 158601-158716 Sentence denotes Growth arrest during the cell cycle is directed by many factors operating at checkpoints, but p53 plays a key role.
TextSentencer_T1045 158601-158716 Sentence denotes Growth arrest during the cell cycle is directed by many factors operating at checkpoints, but p53 plays a key role.
T99798 158601-158716 Sentence denotes Growth arrest during the cell cycle is directed by many factors operating at checkpoints, but p53 plays a key role.
TextSentencer_T1046 158717-158811 Sentence denotes Growth arrest can be a pause for the cell to repair damaged DNA and then resume cell division.
TextSentencer_T1046 158717-158811 Sentence denotes Growth arrest can be a pause for the cell to repair damaged DNA and then resume cell division.
T22784 158717-158811 Sentence denotes Growth arrest can be a pause for the cell to repair damaged DNA and then resume cell division.
TextSentencer_T1047 158812-158995 Sentence denotes Alternatively, if DNA is irreparably damaged, the cell dies, usually by apoptosis, or enters senescence, which is a permanent growth arrest (see subsequent section on Cellular Aging).
TextSentencer_T1047 158812-158995 Sentence denotes Alternatively, if DNA is irreparably damaged, the cell dies, usually by apoptosis, or enters senescence, which is a permanent growth arrest (see subsequent section on Cellular Aging).
T92350 158812-158995 Sentence denotes Alternatively, if DNA is irreparably damaged, the cell dies, usually by apoptosis, or enters senescence, which is a permanent growth arrest (see subsequent section on Cellular Aging).
TextSentencer_T1048 158996-159159 Sentence denotes Importantly, mutations in p53 are a common event in cancer (see also Chapter 6) and partly explain the uncontrolled proliferation that is the essence of neoplasia.
TextSentencer_T1048 158996-159159 Sentence denotes Importantly, mutations in p53 are a common event in cancer (see also Chapter 6) and partly explain the uncontrolled proliferation that is the essence of neoplasia.
T29520 158996-159159 Sentence denotes Importantly, mutations in p53 are a common event in cancer (see also Chapter 6) and partly explain the uncontrolled proliferation that is the essence of neoplasia.
TextSentencer_T1049 159160-159325 Sentence denotes In health, most mature tissues are a mixture of continuously dividing (labile) cells, quiescent cells, terminally differentiated (postmitotic) cells, and stem cells.
TextSentencer_T1049 159160-159325 Sentence denotes In health, most mature tissues are a mixture of continuously dividing (labile) cells, quiescent cells, terminally differentiated (postmitotic) cells, and stem cells.
T36443 159160-159325 Sentence denotes In health, most mature tissues are a mixture of continuously dividing (labile) cells, quiescent cells, terminally differentiated (postmitotic) cells, and stem cells.
TextSentencer_T1050 159326-159475 Sentence denotes Homeostasis is a balance among cellular replication (of stem cells, labile cells, and quiescent cells), cellular differentiation, and cellular death.
TextSentencer_T1050 159326-159475 Sentence denotes Homeostasis is a balance among cellular replication (of stem cells, labile cells, and quiescent cells), cellular differentiation, and cellular death.
T15061 159326-159475 Sentence denotes Homeostasis is a balance among cellular replication (of stem cells, labile cells, and quiescent cells), cellular differentiation, and cellular death.
TextSentencer_T1051 159476-159635 Sentence denotes Labile tissues, such as epidermis, mucosal epithelium, and hematopoietic tissue, have germinal cells that cycle continuously throughout the life of the animal.
TextSentencer_T1051 159476-159635 Sentence denotes Labile tissues, such as epidermis, mucosal epithelium, and hematopoietic tissue, have germinal cells that cycle continuously throughout the life of the animal.
T46894 159476-159635 Sentence denotes Labile tissues, such as epidermis, mucosal epithelium, and hematopoietic tissue, have germinal cells that cycle continuously throughout the life of the animal.
TextSentencer_T1052 159636-159779 Sentence denotes These labile tissues are therefore quick to respond to physiologic or pathologic stimuli with an increased rate of cell division (hyperplasia).
TextSentencer_T1052 159636-159779 Sentence denotes These labile tissues are therefore quick to respond to physiologic or pathologic stimuli with an increased rate of cell division (hyperplasia).
T143 159636-159779 Sentence denotes These labile tissues are therefore quick to respond to physiologic or pathologic stimuli with an increased rate of cell division (hyperplasia).
TextSentencer_T1053 159780-160013 Sentence denotes Quiescent or stable tissues consist mainly of cells (e.g., the parenchymal cells of many organs, mesenchymal cells, or resting lymphocytes) that do not divide continuously and are said to reside in G 0 (i.e., outside the cell cycle).
TextSentencer_T1053 159780-160013 Sentence denotes Quiescent or stable tissues consist mainly of cells (e.g., the parenchymal cells of many organs, mesenchymal cells, or resting lymphocytes) that do not divide continuously and are said to reside in G 0 (i.e., outside the cell cycle).
T57290 159780-160013 Sentence denotes Quiescent or stable tissues consist mainly of cells (e.g., the parenchymal cells of many organs, mesenchymal cells, or resting lymphocytes) that do not divide continuously and are said to reside in G 0 (i.e., outside the cell cycle).
TextSentencer_T1054 160014-160355 Sentence denotes However, quiescent cells can reenter the cell cycle in response to hormonal stimuli or growth factors and are capable of striking proliferation in certain physiologic states (e.g., the pregnant uterus or the lactating mammary gland), as well as replacement of damaged tissue in disease (e.g., regeneration of hepatic tissue after lobectomy).
TextSentencer_T1054 160014-160355 Sentence denotes However, quiescent cells can reenter the cell cycle in response to hormonal stimuli or growth factors and are capable of striking proliferation in certain physiologic states (e.g., the pregnant uterus or the lactating mammary gland), as well as replacement of damaged tissue in disease (e.g., regeneration of hepatic tissue after lobectomy).
T79519 160014-160355 Sentence denotes However, quiescent cells can reenter the cell cycle in response to hormonal stimuli or growth factors and are capable of striking proliferation in certain physiologic states (e.g., the pregnant uterus or the lactating mammary gland), as well as replacement of damaged tissue in disease (e.g., regeneration of hepatic tissue after lobectomy).
TextSentencer_T1055 160356-160595 Sentence denotes The recruitment of quiescent cells into the cell cycle, a major mechanism to increase cellular replication, requires physiologic or pathologic signals to overcome barriers to proliferation. telomerase replenishes telomeres (E- Fig. 1-19) .
TextSentencer_T1055 160356-160595 Sentence denotes The recruitment of quiescent cells into the cell cycle, a major mechanism to increase cellular replication, requires physiologic or pathologic signals to overcome barriers to proliferation. telomerase replenishes telomeres (E- Fig. 1-19) .
T58633 160356-160595 Sentence denotes The recruitment of quiescent cells into the cell cycle, a major mechanism to increase cellular replication, requires physiologic or pathologic signals to overcome barriers to proliferation. telomerase replenishes telomeres (E- Fig. 1-19) .
TextSentencer_T1056 160596-160727 Sentence denotes Telomerase consists of an RNA subunit template component (TERC) and a catalytic component (TERT), which is a reverse transcriptase.
TextSentencer_T1056 160596-160727 Sentence denotes Telomerase consists of an RNA subunit template component (TERC) and a catalytic component (TERT), which is a reverse transcriptase.
T31620 160596-160727 Sentence denotes Telomerase consists of an RNA subunit template component (TERC) and a catalytic component (TERT), which is a reverse transcriptase.
TextSentencer_T1057 160728-160820 Sentence denotes Mutations of either component have been associated with aging syndromes and other disorders.
TextSentencer_T1057 160728-160820 Sentence denotes Mutations of either component have been associated with aging syndromes and other disorders.
T32016 160728-160820 Sentence denotes Mutations of either component have been associated with aging syndromes and other disorders.
TextSentencer_T1058 160821-160912 Sentence denotes Dysfunctional telomeres signal the DDR with activation of p53 and arrest of the cell cycle.
TextSentencer_T1058 160821-160912 Sentence denotes Dysfunctional telomeres signal the DDR with activation of p53 and arrest of the cell cycle.
T86108 160821-160912 Sentence denotes Dysfunctional telomeres signal the DDR with activation of p53 and arrest of the cell cycle.
TextSentencer_T1059 160913-161075 Sentence denotes Arrest of the cell cycle can be a temporary pause for DNA repair or can progress to senescence (an irreversible growth arrest) or to cell death through apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T1059 160913-161075 Sentence denotes Arrest of the cell cycle can be a temporary pause for DNA repair or can progress to senescence (an irreversible growth arrest) or to cell death through apoptosis.
T38072 160913-161075 Sentence denotes Arrest of the cell cycle can be a temporary pause for DNA repair or can progress to senescence (an irreversible growth arrest) or to cell death through apoptosis.
TextSentencer_T1060 161076-161265 Sentence denotes DNA repair pathways that are triggered by dysfunctional telomeres tend to result in abnormal repair (e.g., chromosomal fusions) that exacerbates the DNA damage and elicits a persistent DDR.
TextSentencer_T1060 161076-161265 Sentence denotes DNA repair pathways that are triggered by dysfunctional telomeres tend to result in abnormal repair (e.g., chromosomal fusions) that exacerbates the DNA damage and elicits a persistent DDR.
T21213 161076-161265 Sentence denotes DNA repair pathways that are triggered by dysfunctional telomeres tend to result in abnormal repair (e.g., chromosomal fusions) that exacerbates the DNA damage and elicits a persistent DDR.
TextSentencer_T1061 161266-161473 Sentence denotes A purely telomeric theory of aging does not explain the aging in tissues or organs composed mainly of quiescent postmitotic cells (e.g., neurons and muscle cells), in which telomeres would be less important.
TextSentencer_T1061 161266-161473 Sentence denotes A purely telomeric theory of aging does not explain the aging in tissues or organs composed mainly of quiescent postmitotic cells (e.g., neurons and muscle cells), in which telomeres would be less important.
T26085 161266-161473 Sentence denotes A purely telomeric theory of aging does not explain the aging in tissues or organs composed mainly of quiescent postmitotic cells (e.g., neurons and muscle cells), in which telomeres would be less important.
TextSentencer_T1062 161474-161918 Sentence denotes A broader theory combines DNA damage and metabolic abnormalities (E- Fig. 1-20) and proposes that endogenous and exogenous factors contribute to telomere dysfunction, impaired DDR, or increased ROS, each of which can independently activate p53, which in turn compromises mitochondrial function through repression of coactivators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a nuclear receptor that regulates many metabolic pathways.
TextSentencer_T1062 161474-161918 Sentence denotes A broader theory combines DNA damage and metabolic abnormalities (E- Fig. 1-20) and proposes that endogenous and exogenous factors contribute to telomere dysfunction, impaired DDR, or increased ROS, each of which can independently activate p53, which in turn compromises mitochondrial function through repression of coactivators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a nuclear receptor that regulates many metabolic pathways.
T88722 161474-161918 Sentence denotes A broader theory combines DNA damage and metabolic abnormalities (E- Fig. 1-20) and proposes that endogenous and exogenous factors contribute to telomere dysfunction, impaired DDR, or increased ROS, each of which can independently activate p53, which in turn compromises mitochondrial function through repression of coactivators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a nuclear receptor that regulates many metabolic pathways.
TextSentencer_T1063 161919-162029 Sentence denotes The interplay between the DDR and metabolism is complex; however, induction of a persistent DDR activates p53.
TextSentencer_T1063 161919-162029 Sentence denotes The interplay between the DDR and metabolism is complex; however, induction of a persistent DDR activates p53.
T59486 161919-162029 Sentence denotes The interplay between the DDR and metabolism is complex; however, induction of a persistent DDR activates p53.
TextSentencer_T1064 162030-162131 Sentence denotes Repression of PPARγ coactivators by p53 exacerbates oxidative injury and decreases energy production.
TextSentencer_T1064 162030-162131 Sentence denotes Repression of PPARγ coactivators by p53 exacerbates oxidative injury and decreases energy production.
T31174 162030-162131 Sentence denotes Repression of PPARγ coactivators by p53 exacerbates oxidative injury and decreases energy production.
TextSentencer_T1065 162132-162438 Sentence denotes Although p53 also represses the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and mTOR 6 pathways, this repression can protect cells by activating forkhead box protein O (FOXO) transcription factors and PPARγ coactivators that promote oxidative phosphorylation, antioxidant production, and p53 inactivation.
TextSentencer_T1065 162132-162438 Sentence denotes Although p53 also represses the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and mTOR 6 pathways, this repression can protect cells by activating forkhead box protein O (FOXO) transcription factors and PPARγ coactivators that promote oxidative phosphorylation, antioxidant production, and p53 inactivation.
T78876 162132-162438 Sentence denotes Although p53 also represses the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and mTOR 6 pathways, this repression can protect cells by activating forkhead box protein O (FOXO) transcription factors and PPARγ coactivators that promote oxidative phosphorylation, antioxidant production, and p53 inactivation.
TextSentencer_T1066 162439-162647 Sentence denotes The gradual decline in function in aging animals is associated with both degenerative and proliferative changes that are intricately linked to the stress response known as cellular senescence (E- Fig. 1-21) .
TextSentencer_T1066 162439-162647 Sentence denotes The gradual decline in function in aging animals is associated with both degenerative and proliferative changes that are intricately linked to the stress response known as cellular senescence (E- Fig. 1-21) .
T70379 162439-162647 Sentence denotes The gradual decline in function in aging animals is associated with both degenerative and proliferative changes that are intricately linked to the stress response known as cellular senescence (E- Fig. 1-21) .
TextSentencer_T1067 162648-162908 Sentence denotes Genetically, senescence seems to be a situation of antagonistic pleiotropy, in which a group of genes are beneficial in early life, promoting survival during the reproductive years, yet the same genes contribute to debility and other diseases in aging animals.
TextSentencer_T1067 162648-162908 Sentence denotes Genetically, senescence seems to be a situation of antagonistic pleiotropy, in which a group of genes are beneficial in early life, promoting survival during the reproductive years, yet the same genes contribute to debility and other diseases in aging animals.
T94382 162648-162908 Sentence denotes Genetically, senescence seems to be a situation of antagonistic pleiotropy, in which a group of genes are beneficial in early life, promoting survival during the reproductive years, yet the same genes contribute to debility and other diseases in aging animals.
TextSentencer_T1068 162909-163118 Sentence denotes The stresses that typically cause senescence include DNA damage (especially shortening of telomeres), epigenomic damage, oncogenes and other mitogenic stimuli, and activation of certain tumor suppressor genes.
TextSentencer_T1068 162909-163118 Sentence denotes The stresses that typically cause senescence include DNA damage (especially shortening of telomeres), epigenomic damage, oncogenes and other mitogenic stimuli, and activation of certain tumor suppressor genes.
T84605 162909-163118 Sentence denotes The stresses that typically cause senescence include DNA damage (especially shortening of telomeres), epigenomic damage, oncogenes and other mitogenic stimuli, and activation of certain tumor suppressor genes.
TextSentencer_T1069 163119-163239 Sentence denotes Notably, oxidative stress can indirectly cause double-stranded DNA breaks, especially in the guanine-rich telomeric DNA.
TextSentencer_T1069 163119-163239 Sentence denotes Notably, oxidative stress can indirectly cause double-stranded DNA breaks, especially in the guanine-rich telomeric DNA.
T78858 163119-163239 Sentence denotes Notably, oxidative stress can indirectly cause double-stranded DNA breaks, especially in the guanine-rich telomeric DNA.
TextSentencer_T1070 163240-163387 Sentence denotes Cellular senescence is an essentially irreversible arrest of the cell cycle, regulated by two tumor suppressor pathways: p53-p21 and p16 INK4a -RB.
TextSentencer_T1070 163240-163387 Sentence denotes Cellular senescence is an essentially irreversible arrest of the cell cycle, regulated by two tumor suppressor pathways: p53-p21 and p16 INK4a -RB.
T92248 163240-163387 Sentence denotes Cellular senescence is an essentially irreversible arrest of the cell cycle, regulated by two tumor suppressor pathways: p53-p21 and p16 INK4a -RB.
TextSentencer_T1071 163388-163483 Sentence denotes When the DDR becomes persistent, p53 causes growth arrest through the cell cycle inhibitor p21.
TextSentencer_T1071 163388-163483 Sentence denotes When the DDR becomes persistent, p53 causes growth arrest through the cell cycle inhibitor p21.
T41444 163388-163483 Sentence denotes When the DDR becomes persistent, p53 causes growth arrest through the cell cycle inhibitor p21.
TextSentencer_T1072 163484-163688 Sentence denotes A persistent DDR also, through p38 MAPK (a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway component), protein kinase C, and ROS, activates p16 INK4a , which in turn activates RB protein, halting the cell cycle.
TextSentencer_T1072 163484-163688 Sentence denotes A persistent DDR also, through p38 MAPK (a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway component), protein kinase C, and ROS, activates p16 INK4a , which in turn activates RB protein, halting the cell cycle.
T24064 163484-163688 Sentence denotes A persistent DDR also, through p38 MAPK (a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway component), protein kinase C, and ROS, activates p16 INK4a , which in turn activates RB protein, halting the cell cycle.
TextSentencer_T1073 163689-163821 Sentence denotes The benefits of cellular senescence are that it can prevent the formation of neoplasms and promote wound healing with less scarring.
TextSentencer_T1073 163689-163821 Sentence denotes The benefits of cellular senescence are that it can prevent the formation of neoplasms and promote wound healing with less scarring.
T58759 163689-163821 Sentence denotes The benefits of cellular senescence are that it can prevent the formation of neoplasms and promote wound healing with less scarring.
TextSentencer_T1074 163822-163991 Sentence denotes However, cellular senescence can also promote the degenerative diseases of old age and, ironically, can contribute to tumor progression in aging animals (see Chapter 6).
TextSentencer_T1074 163822-163991 Sentence denotes However, cellular senescence can also promote the degenerative diseases of old age and, ironically, can contribute to tumor progression in aging animals (see Chapter 6).
T48323 163822-163991 Sentence denotes However, cellular senescence can also promote the degenerative diseases of old age and, ironically, can contribute to tumor progression in aging animals (see Chapter 6).
TextSentencer_T1075 163992-164193 Sentence denotes Other adult tissues (e.g., the CNS, skeletal muscle, and myocardium) are composed mainly of terminally differentiated cells (e.g., neurons, skeletal myocytes, and cardiomyocytes) that no longer divide.
TextSentencer_T1075 163992-164193 Sentence denotes Other adult tissues (e.g., the CNS, skeletal muscle, and myocardium) are composed mainly of terminally differentiated cells (e.g., neurons, skeletal myocytes, and cardiomyocytes) that no longer divide.
T27818 163992-164193 Sentence denotes Other adult tissues (e.g., the CNS, skeletal muscle, and myocardium) are composed mainly of terminally differentiated cells (e.g., neurons, skeletal myocytes, and cardiomyocytes) that no longer divide.
TextSentencer_T1076 164194-164382 Sentence denotes Obviously, such cells must have a longer life span than the terminally differentiated cells of labile tissues, but if destroyed, they generally cannot be replaced by the same type of cell.
TextSentencer_T1076 164194-164382 Sentence denotes Obviously, such cells must have a longer life span than the terminally differentiated cells of labile tissues, but if destroyed, they generally cannot be replaced by the same type of cell.
T67192 164194-164382 Sentence denotes Obviously, such cells must have a longer life span than the terminally differentiated cells of labile tissues, but if destroyed, they generally cannot be replaced by the same type of cell.
TextSentencer_T1077 164383-164477 Sentence denotes That said, even relatively permanent tissues, such as those of the CNS, have stem cell niches.
TextSentencer_T1077 164383-164477 Sentence denotes That said, even relatively permanent tissues, such as those of the CNS, have stem cell niches.
T60391 164383-164477 Sentence denotes That said, even relatively permanent tissues, such as those of the CNS, have stem cell niches.
TextSentencer_T1078 164478-164653 Sentence denotes The stem cells in adult tissues have an unlimited capacity to proliferate, although their rate of cell division is generally much lower than that of more differentiated cells.
TextSentencer_T1078 164478-164653 Sentence denotes The stem cells in adult tissues have an unlimited capacity to proliferate, although their rate of cell division is generally much lower than that of more differentiated cells.
T8886 164478-164653 Sentence denotes The stem cells in adult tissues have an unlimited capacity to proliferate, although their rate of cell division is generally much lower than that of more differentiated cells.
TextSentencer_T1079 164654-164840 Sentence denotes Importantly, stem cell division is asymmetric, producing one daughter cell that can differentiate into a variety of mature cell types and another daughter cell with stem cell properties.
TextSentencer_T1079 164654-164840 Sentence denotes Importantly, stem cell division is asymmetric, producing one daughter cell that can differentiate into a variety of mature cell types and another daughter cell with stem cell properties.
T96630 164654-164840 Sentence denotes Importantly, stem cell division is asymmetric, producing one daughter cell that can differentiate into a variety of mature cell types and another daughter cell with stem cell properties.
TextSentencer_T1080 164841-164950 Sentence denotes The degree of cellular differentiation affects the size of a cell population and its proliferative potential.
TextSentencer_T1080 164841-164950 Sentence denotes The degree of cellular differentiation affects the size of a cell population and its proliferative potential.
T17479 164841-164950 Sentence denotes The degree of cellular differentiation affects the size of a cell population and its proliferative potential.
TextSentencer_T1081 164951-165209 Sentence denotes In labile tissues, such as bone marrow, epidermis, or mucosal epithelium, the mature cells are terminally differentiated, incapable of replication, and short-lived but are replaced by new cells arising from the germinal population, which cycles continuously.
TextSentencer_T1081 164951-165209 Sentence denotes In labile tissues, such as bone marrow, epidermis, or mucosal epithelium, the mature cells are terminally differentiated, incapable of replication, and short-lived but are replaced by new cells arising from the germinal population, which cycles continuously.
T9927 164951-165209 Sentence denotes In labile tissues, such as bone marrow, epidermis, or mucosal epithelium, the mature cells are terminally differentiated, incapable of replication, and short-lived but are replaced by new cells arising from the germinal population, which cycles continuously.
TextSentencer_T1082 165210-165336 Sentence denotes Most cells in stable tissues, such as hepatic or renal parenchyma, are in G 0 but retain the ability to proliferate on demand.
TextSentencer_T1082 165210-165336 Sentence denotes Most cells in stable tissues, such as hepatic or renal parenchyma, are in G 0 but retain the ability to proliferate on demand.
T11439 165210-165336 Sentence denotes Most cells in stable tissues, such as hepatic or renal parenchyma, are in G 0 but retain the ability to proliferate on demand.
TextSentencer_T1083 165337-165533 Sentence denotes In contrast, relatively permanent tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord, myocardium, or skeletal muscle, are composed mainly of terminally differentiated cells that are incapable of replicating.
TextSentencer_T1083 165337-165533 Sentence denotes In contrast, relatively permanent tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord, myocardium, or skeletal muscle, are composed mainly of terminally differentiated cells that are incapable of replicating.
T15078 165337-165533 Sentence denotes In contrast, relatively permanent tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord, myocardium, or skeletal muscle, are composed mainly of terminally differentiated cells that are incapable of replicating.
TextSentencer_T1084 165534-165640 Sentence denotes With advanced age the function of cells and tissues diminishes from the molecular to the organismal level.
TextSentencer_T1084 165534-165640 Sentence denotes With advanced age the function of cells and tissues diminishes from the molecular to the organismal level.
T20183 165534-165640 Sentence denotes With advanced age the function of cells and tissues diminishes from the molecular to the organismal level.
TextSentencer_T1085 165641-165804 Sentence denotes DNA, especially telomeric DNA (see the following section), and metabolic pathway components affect the life span of cells in tissue culture and in laboratory mice.
TextSentencer_T1085 165641-165804 Sentence denotes DNA, especially telomeric DNA (see the following section), and metabolic pathway components affect the life span of cells in tissue culture and in laboratory mice.
T69753 165641-165804 Sentence denotes DNA, especially telomeric DNA (see the following section), and metabolic pathway components affect the life span of cells in tissue culture and in laboratory mice.
TextSentencer_T1086 165805-166016 Sentence denotes The stem cell theory of aging postulates that critical shortening of telomeres results in a DNA damage response (DDR) that activates p53 and leads to growth arrest, senescence, or apoptosis of the affected cell.
TextSentencer_T1086 165805-166016 Sentence denotes The stem cell theory of aging postulates that critical shortening of telomeres results in a DNA damage response (DDR) that activates p53 and leads to growth arrest, senescence, or apoptosis of the affected cell.
T32507 165805-166016 Sentence denotes The stem cell theory of aging postulates that critical shortening of telomeres results in a DNA damage response (DDR) that activates p53 and leads to growth arrest, senescence, or apoptosis of the affected cell.
TextSentencer_T1087 166017-166294 Sentence denotes A theory that combines genetic and metabolic pathways postulates that even indirect DNA damage through epigenetic changes, oxidative injury, or other cellular stresses can initiate the DDR, and that persistent DDR causes mitochondrial injury that generates a feed-forward loop.
TextSentencer_T1087 166017-166294 Sentence denotes A theory that combines genetic and metabolic pathways postulates that even indirect DNA damage through epigenetic changes, oxidative injury, or other cellular stresses can initiate the DDR, and that persistent DDR causes mitochondrial injury that generates a feed-forward loop.
T8202 166017-166294 Sentence denotes A theory that combines genetic and metabolic pathways postulates that even indirect DNA damage through epigenetic changes, oxidative injury, or other cellular stresses can initiate the DDR, and that persistent DDR causes mitochondrial injury that generates a feed-forward loop.
TextSentencer_T1088 166295-166296 Sentence denotes 5
TextSentencer_T1088 166295-166296 Sentence denotes 5
T96612 166295-166296 Sentence denotes 5
TextSentencer_T1089 166297-166483 Sentence denotes Since the discovery that functional telomeres were the limiting factor for replication of fibroblasts in cell culture, telomeres have been at the forefront of research on cellular aging.
TextSentencer_T1089 166297-166483 Sentence denotes Since the discovery that functional telomeres were the limiting factor for replication of fibroblasts in cell culture, telomeres have been at the forefront of research on cellular aging.
T58153 166297-166483 Sentence denotes Since the discovery that functional telomeres were the limiting factor for replication of fibroblasts in cell culture, telomeres have been at the forefront of research on cellular aging.
TextSentencer_T1090 166484-166607 Sentence denotes Most somatic cells have a finite number of cell divisions that, at least in part, is determined by the length of telomeres.
TextSentencer_T1090 166484-166607 Sentence denotes Most somatic cells have a finite number of cell divisions that, at least in part, is determined by the length of telomeres.
T50857 166484-166607 Sentence denotes Most somatic cells have a finite number of cell divisions that, at least in part, is determined by the length of telomeres.
TextSentencer_T1091 166608-166866 Sentence denotes Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide (TTA-GGG) sequences that cap the ends of linear chromosomes, providing a template for complete replication of the chromosomal DNA and preventing the chromosomal ends from being misinterpreted as double-stranded DNA breaks.
TextSentencer_T1091 166608-166866 Sentence denotes Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide (TTA-GGG) sequences that cap the ends of linear chromosomes, providing a template for complete replication of the chromosomal DNA and preventing the chromosomal ends from being misinterpreted as double-stranded DNA breaks.
T43316 166608-166866 Sentence denotes Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide (TTA-GGG) sequences that cap the ends of linear chromosomes, providing a template for complete replication of the chromosomal DNA and preventing the chromosomal ends from being misinterpreted as double-stranded DNA breaks.
TextSentencer_T1092 166867-166975 Sentence denotes Telomeric DNA is protected from inappropriate repair by associated proteins that form the shelterin complex.
TextSentencer_T1092 166867-166975 Sentence denotes Telomeric DNA is protected from inappropriate repair by associated proteins that form the shelterin complex.
T84950 166867-166975 Sentence denotes Telomeric DNA is protected from inappropriate repair by associated proteins that form the shelterin complex.
TextSentencer_T1093 166976-167156 Sentence denotes Telomeres are truncated (shortened) with each cell division because the DNA polymerases require a leading primer and so cannot replicate all the way to the end of the DNA molecule.
TextSentencer_T1093 166976-167156 Sentence denotes Telomeres are truncated (shortened) with each cell division because the DNA polymerases require a leading primer and so cannot replicate all the way to the end of the DNA molecule.
T58558 166976-167156 Sentence denotes Telomeres are truncated (shortened) with each cell division because the DNA polymerases require a leading primer and so cannot replicate all the way to the end of the DNA molecule.
TextSentencer_T1094 167157-167371 Sentence denotes In "immortal" cells, such as germ cells or certain stem cells, leukocytes (e.g., activated T lymphocytes), or cancer cells, active 42.e1 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
TextSentencer_T1094 167157-167371 Sentence denotes In "immortal" cells, such as germ cells or certain stem cells, leukocytes (e.g., activated T lymphocytes), or cancer cells, active 42.e1 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
T58390 167157-167371 Sentence denotes In "immortal" cells, such as germ cells or certain stem cells, leukocytes (e.g., activated T lymphocytes), or cancer cells, active 42.e1 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
TextSentencer_T1095 167373-167426 Sentence denotes Telomeric RNA 3' end elongated by one repetitive unit
TextSentencer_T1095 167373-167426 Sentence denotes Telomeric RNA 3' end elongated by one repetitive unit
T89677 167373-167426 Sentence denotes Telomeric RNA 3' end elongated by one repetitive unit
TextSentencer_T1096 167427-167566 Sentence denotes E- Figure 1- The interaction of microbial genes with host genes in determining resistance to infectious diseases is discussed in Chapter 4.
TextSentencer_T1096 167427-167566 Sentence denotes E- Figure 1- The interaction of microbial genes with host genes in determining resistance to infectious diseases is discussed in Chapter 4.
T27329 167427-167566 Sentence denotes E- Figure 1- The interaction of microbial genes with host genes in determining resistance to infectious diseases is discussed in Chapter 4.
TextSentencer_T1097 167567-167694 Sentence denotes The role of genes in controlling immune responses and neoplastic transformation is discussed in Chapters 5 and 6, respectively.
TextSentencer_T1097 167567-167694 Sentence denotes The role of genes in controlling immune responses and neoplastic transformation is discussed in Chapters 5 and 6, respectively.
T55763 167567-167694 Sentence denotes The role of genes in controlling immune responses and neoplastic transformation is discussed in Chapters 5 and 6, respectively.
TextSentencer_T1098 167695-167858 Sentence denotes Examples of known or suspected genetic disorders in domestic animals are listed in E-Box 1-1 and are discussed in the chapters covering pathology of organ systems.
TextSentencer_T1098 167695-167858 Sentence denotes Examples of known or suspected genetic disorders in domestic animals are listed in E-Box 1-1 and are discussed in the chapters covering pathology of organ systems.
T13813 167695-167858 Sentence denotes Examples of known or suspected genetic disorders in domestic animals are listed in E-Box 1-1 and are discussed in the chapters covering pathology of organ systems.
TextSentencer_T1099 167859-167923 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T1099 167859-167923 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
T5738 167859-167923 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T1100 167924-168177 Sentence denotes Anatomic and clinical pathologists endeavor to develop clear and concise morphologic diagnoses that describe lesions observed in "wet" tissues (postmortem examination-gross lesions) and in tissue sections and cytologic impressions (microscopic lesions).
TextSentencer_T1100 167924-168177 Sentence denotes Anatomic and clinical pathologists endeavor to develop clear and concise morphologic diagnoses that describe lesions observed in "wet" tissues (postmortem examination-gross lesions) and in tissue sections and cytologic impressions (microscopic lesions).
T20472 167924-168177 Sentence denotes Anatomic and clinical pathologists endeavor to develop clear and concise morphologic diagnoses that describe lesions observed in "wet" tissues (postmortem examination-gross lesions) and in tissue sections and cytologic impressions (microscopic lesions).
TextSentencer_T1101 168178-168442 Sentence denotes The nomenclature of a morphologic diagnosis attempts to describe and categorize lesions based on established patterns that most commonly characterize the following observations of the injury: degree, duration, distribution, exudate, modifiers, and tissue (DDDEMT).
TextSentencer_T1101 168178-168442 Sentence denotes The nomenclature of a morphologic diagnosis attempts to describe and categorize lesions based on established patterns that most commonly characterize the following observations of the injury: degree, duration, distribution, exudate, modifiers, and tissue (DDDEMT).
T311 168178-168442 Sentence denotes The nomenclature of a morphologic diagnosis attempts to describe and categorize lesions based on established patterns that most commonly characterize the following observations of the injury: degree, duration, distribution, exudate, modifiers, and tissue (DDDEMT).
TextSentencer_T1102 168443-168560 Sentence denotes The nomenclature of each of these DDDEMT injury observations is described in more detail in Table 3 -6 and Chapter 3.
TextSentencer_T1102 168443-168560 Sentence denotes The nomenclature of each of these DDDEMT injury observations is described in more detail in Table 3 -6 and Chapter 3.
T44055 168443-168560 Sentence denotes The nomenclature of each of these DDDEMT injury observations is described in more detail in Table 3 -6 and Chapter 3.
TextSentencer_T1103 168561-168625 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T1103 168561-168625 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
T97250 168561-168625 Sentence denotes Information on this topic is available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T1104 168626-168953 Sentence denotes This chapter is focused on the response to injury at the cellular level, but the student must remember that an injured cell is affected not only by its direct injury but also by neighboring and distant cells, stroma, and vasculature, and that the injured cell in turn affects cells and tissues around it (and at distant sites).
TextSentencer_T1104 168626-168953 Sentence denotes This chapter is focused on the response to injury at the cellular level, but the student must remember that an injured cell is affected not only by its direct injury but also by neighboring and distant cells, stroma, and vasculature, and that the injured cell in turn affects cells and tissues around it (and at distant sites).
T96557 168626-168953 Sentence denotes This chapter is focused on the response to injury at the cellular level, but the student must remember that an injured cell is affected not only by its direct injury but also by neighboring and distant cells, stroma, and vasculature, and that the injured cell in turn affects cells and tissues around it (and at distant sites).
TextSentencer_T1105 168954-169167 Sentence denotes In subsequent chapters we will see how blood flow, the inflammatory response, the immune response, and other factors come into play and realize that the whole body, not just one or a few cells, responds to injury.
TextSentencer_T1105 168954-169167 Sentence denotes In subsequent chapters we will see how blood flow, the inflammatory response, the immune response, and other factors come into play and realize that the whole body, not just one or a few cells, responds to injury.
T12590 168954-169167 Sentence denotes In subsequent chapters we will see how blood flow, the inflammatory response, the immune response, and other factors come into play and realize that the whole body, not just one or a few cells, responds to injury.
TextSentencer_T1106 169168-169226 Sentence denotes Suggested Readings are available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T1106 169168-169226 Sentence denotes Suggested Readings are available at www.expertconsult.com.
T58413 169168-169226 Sentence denotes Suggested Readings are available at www.expertconsult.com.
TextSentencer_T1107 169227-169353 Sentence denotes In long-lived postmitotic cells, such as neurons and striated muscle cells, lipofuscin tends to accumulate with advancing age.
TextSentencer_T1107 169227-169353 Sentence denotes In long-lived postmitotic cells, such as neurons and striated muscle cells, lipofuscin tends to accumulate with advancing age.
T92364 169227-169353 Sentence denotes In long-lived postmitotic cells, such as neurons and striated muscle cells, lipofuscin tends to accumulate with advancing age.
TextSentencer_T1108 169354-169629 Sentence denotes Senescent cells (i.e., cells that were mitotic but have ceased to divide because of accumulated DNA damage or other factors) have cytologically detectable heterochromatin foci, increased volume, and a flattened profile if adherent to a basement membrane or other scaffolding.
TextSentencer_T1108 169354-169629 Sentence denotes Senescent cells (i.e., cells that were mitotic but have ceased to divide because of accumulated DNA damage or other factors) have cytologically detectable heterochromatin foci, increased volume, and a flattened profile if adherent to a basement membrane or other scaffolding.
T86807 169354-169629 Sentence denotes Senescent cells (i.e., cells that were mitotic but have ceased to divide because of accumulated DNA damage or other factors) have cytologically detectable heterochromatin foci, increased volume, and a flattened profile if adherent to a basement membrane or other scaffolding.
TextSentencer_T1109 169630-169737 Sentence denotes Biochemically, senescent cells are recognized in part by their lack of expression of proliferation markers.
TextSentencer_T1109 169630-169737 Sentence denotes Biochemically, senescent cells are recognized in part by their lack of expression of proliferation markers.
T7357 169630-169737 Sentence denotes Biochemically, senescent cells are recognized in part by their lack of expression of proliferation markers.
TextSentencer_T1110 169738-169830 Sentence denotes Senescent cells take on what is known as a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).
TextSentencer_T1110 169738-169830 Sentence denotes Senescent cells take on what is known as a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).
T62034 169738-169830 Sentence denotes Senescent cells take on what is known as a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).
TextSentencer_T1111 169831-169892 Sentence denotes They overexpress the acidic lysosomal enzyme β-galactosidase.
TextSentencer_T1111 169831-169892 Sentence denotes They overexpress the acidic lysosomal enzyme β-galactosidase.
T92307 169831-169892 Sentence denotes They overexpress the acidic lysosomal enzyme β-galactosidase.
TextSentencer_T1112 169893-169950 Sentence denotes Another commonly used marker of senescence is p16 INK4a .
TextSentencer_T1112 169893-169950 Sentence denotes Another commonly used marker of senescence is p16 INK4a .
T24997 169893-169950 Sentence denotes Another commonly used marker of senescence is p16 INK4a .
TextSentencer_T1113 169951-170278 Sentence denotes The SASP is associated with secretion of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, as well as chemokines, growth factors, and proteases, including, as examples, growth-regulated oncogenes, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), secreted frizzled related protein 1 that modulates Wnt, IL-6 and IL-8, and matrix metalloproteinases.
TextSentencer_T1113 169951-170278 Sentence denotes The SASP is associated with secretion of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, as well as chemokines, growth factors, and proteases, including, as examples, growth-regulated oncogenes, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), secreted frizzled related protein 1 that modulates Wnt, IL-6 and IL-8, and matrix metalloproteinases.
T11535 169951-170278 Sentence denotes The SASP is associated with secretion of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, as well as chemokines, growth factors, and proteases, including, as examples, growth-regulated oncogenes, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), secreted frizzled related protein 1 that modulates Wnt, IL-6 and IL-8, and matrix metalloproteinases.
TextSentencer_T1114 170279-170355 Sentence denotes Some SASP factors promote or inhibit proliferation depending on the setting.
TextSentencer_T1114 170279-170355 Sentence denotes Some SASP factors promote or inhibit proliferation depending on the setting.
T88929 170279-170355 Sentence denotes Some SASP factors promote or inhibit proliferation depending on the setting.
TextSentencer_T1115 170356-170503 Sentence denotes Other SASP factors can elicit inflammation or induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which can be part of the progression to invasive cancer.
TextSentencer_T1115 170356-170503 Sentence denotes Other SASP factors can elicit inflammation or induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which can be part of the progression to invasive cancer.
T51776 170356-170503 Sentence denotes Other SASP factors can elicit inflammation or induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which can be part of the progression to invasive cancer.
TextSentencer_T1116 170504-170622 Sentence denotes Importantly, not all senescent cells assume a SASP; it is mainly a response to DNA damage or epigenomic perturbations.
TextSentencer_T1116 170504-170622 Sentence denotes Importantly, not all senescent cells assume a SASP; it is mainly a response to DNA damage or epigenomic perturbations.
T95789 170504-170622 Sentence denotes Importantly, not all senescent cells assume a SASP; it is mainly a response to DNA damage or epigenomic perturbations.
TextSentencer_T1117 170623-170694 Sentence denotes NFκB has a positive effect on the SASP; p53, in contrast, restrains it.
TextSentencer_T1117 170623-170694 Sentence denotes NFκB has a positive effect on the SASP; p53, in contrast, restrains it.
T85333 170623-170694 Sentence denotes NFκB has a positive effect on the SASP; p53, in contrast, restrains it.
TextSentencer_T1118 170695-170840 Sentence denotes Genetic diseases are caused by alterations in the number, structure, and/or function of chromosomes and their genes and gene products (proteins).
TextSentencer_T1118 170695-170840 Sentence denotes Genetic diseases are caused by alterations in the number, structure, and/or function of chromosomes and their genes and gene products (proteins).
T25284 170695-170840 Sentence denotes Genetic diseases are caused by alterations in the number, structure, and/or function of chromosomes and their genes and gene products (proteins).
TextSentencer_T1119 170841-171006 Sentence denotes Genes determine the differentiation, development, maturation, and aging of the 200 to 210 cell types in an animal's body and the tissues and organ systems they form.
TextSentencer_T1119 170841-171006 Sentence denotes Genes determine the differentiation, development, maturation, and aging of the 200 to 210 cell types in an animal's body and the tissues and organ systems they form.
T59749 170841-171006 Sentence denotes Genes determine the differentiation, development, maturation, and aging of the 200 to 210 cell types in an animal's body and the tissues and organ systems they form.
TextSentencer_T1120 171007-171341 Sentence denotes Additionally, they establish (1) the structural and functional roles each of these cell types plays in forming barrier systems and defense mechanisms against noninfectious and infectious diseases and (2) how each of these cell types and their organelles respond in homeostasis and to cellular adaptation, injury, aging, and neoplasia.
TextSentencer_T1120 171007-171341 Sentence denotes Additionally, they establish (1) the structural and functional roles each of these cell types plays in forming barrier systems and defense mechanisms against noninfectious and infectious diseases and (2) how each of these cell types and their organelles respond in homeostasis and to cellular adaptation, injury, aging, and neoplasia.
T12483 171007-171341 Sentence denotes Additionally, they establish (1) the structural and functional roles each of these cell types plays in forming barrier systems and defense mechanisms against noninfectious and infectious diseases and (2) how each of these cell types and their organelles respond in homeostasis and to cellular adaptation, injury, aging, and neoplasia.
TextSentencer_T1121 171342-171594 Sentence denotes Alterations in the structure and/or function of genes and gene products can have serious outcomes on cells, tissues, and organ systems that are reflected in patterns of lesions unique to affected cells and thus clinical signs reflective of the disease.
TextSentencer_T1121 171342-171594 Sentence denotes Alterations in the structure and/or function of genes and gene products can have serious outcomes on cells, tissues, and organ systems that are reflected in patterns of lesions unique to affected cells and thus clinical signs reflective of the disease.
T1190 171342-171594 Sentence denotes Alterations in the structure and/or function of genes and gene products can have serious outcomes on cells, tissues, and organ systems that are reflected in patterns of lesions unique to affected cells and thus clinical signs reflective of the disease.
TextSentencer_T1122 171595-171866 Sentence denotes Specific diseases with genetic bases are discussed in more detail in the Pathology of Organ Systems chapters; this section provides an "E-content" overview of (1) the structure and function of chromosomes and genes, (2) some basic mechanisms of genetic disorders, and (3)
TextSentencer_T1122 171595-171866 Sentence denotes Specific diseases with genetic bases are discussed in more detail in the Pathology of Organ Systems chapters; this section provides an "E-content" overview of (1) the structure and function of chromosomes and genes, (2) some basic mechanisms of genetic disorders, and (3)
T87657 171595-171866 Sentence denotes Specific diseases with genetic bases are discussed in more detail in the Pathology of Organ Systems chapters; this section provides an "E-content" overview of (1) the structure and function of chromosomes and genes, (2) some basic mechanisms of genetic disorders, and (3)
TextSentencer_T1123 171868-172050 Sentence denotes Every species of animal has a unique chromosomal (genetic) representation called a karyotype (i.e., the number and morphology of the chromosomes that make up its genome) (E-Box 1-2).
TextSentencer_T1123 171868-172050 Sentence denotes Every species of animal has a unique chromosomal (genetic) representation called a karyotype (i.e., the number and morphology of the chromosomes that make up its genome) (E-Box 1-2).
T66610 171868-172050 Sentence denotes Every species of animal has a unique chromosomal (genetic) representation called a karyotype (i.e., the number and morphology of the chromosomes that make up its genome) (E-Box 1-2).
TextSentencer_T1124 172051-172209 Sentence denotes With the exception of cells that develop into ova and spermatozoa (i.e., germline cells), all cells in the body are called somatic cells (from soma for body).
TextSentencer_T1124 172051-172209 Sentence denotes With the exception of cells that develop into ova and spermatozoa (i.e., germline cells), all cells in the body are called somatic cells (from soma for body).
T95451 172051-172209 Sentence denotes With the exception of cells that develop into ova and spermatozoa (i.e., germline cells), all cells in the body are called somatic cells (from soma for body).
TextSentencer_T1125 172210-172295 Sentence denotes The genome in the nucleus of somatic cells consists of chromosomes arranged in pairs.
TextSentencer_T1125 172210-172295 Sentence denotes The genome in the nucleus of somatic cells consists of chromosomes arranged in pairs.
T31145 172210-172295 Sentence denotes The genome in the nucleus of somatic cells consists of chromosomes arranged in pairs.
TextSentencer_T1126 172296-172386 Sentence denotes One member of each pair of chromosomes is inherited from the sire, the other from the dam.
TextSentencer_T1126 172296-172386 Sentence denotes One member of each pair of chromosomes is inherited from the sire, the other from the dam.
T97417 172296-172386 Sentence denotes One member of each pair of chromosomes is inherited from the sire, the other from the dam.
TextSentencer_T1127 172387-172472 Sentence denotes All pairs, except for one, are similar in males and females and are called autosomes.
TextSentencer_T1127 172387-172472 Sentence denotes All pairs, except for one, are similar in males and females and are called autosomes.
T13002 172387-172472 Sentence denotes All pairs, except for one, are similar in males and females and are called autosomes.
TextSentencer_T1128 172473-172594 Sentence denotes The remaining pair is the sex chromosomes: two X chromosomes in females, and an X chromosome and a Y chromosome in males.
TextSentencer_T1128 172473-172594 Sentence denotes The remaining pair is the sex chromosomes: two X chromosomes in females, and an X chromosome and a Y chromosome in males.
T93378 172473-172594 Sentence denotes The remaining pair is the sex chromosomes: two X chromosomes in females, and an X chromosome and a Y chromosome in males.
TextSentencer_T1129 172595-172640 Sentence denotes Chromosomes are not naked DNA double helices.
TextSentencer_T1129 172595-172640 Sentence denotes Chromosomes are not naked DNA double helices.
T49032 172595-172640 Sentence denotes Chromosomes are not naked DNA double helices.
TextSentencer_T1130 172641-172775 Sentence denotes The genome is packaged as chromatin, in which DNA is complexed with one or more of five types of chromosomal proteins called histones.
TextSentencer_T1130 172641-172775 Sentence denotes The genome is packaged as chromatin, in which DNA is complexed with one or more of five types of chromosomal proteins called histones.
T62444 172641-172775 Sentence denotes The genome is packaged as chromatin, in which DNA is complexed with one or more of five types of chromosomal proteins called histones.
TextSentencer_T1131 172776-172872 Sentence denotes Histones have large quantities of arginine and lysine, which are positively charged amino acids.
TextSentencer_T1131 172776-172872 Sentence denotes Histones have large quantities of arginine and lysine, which are positively charged amino acids.
T1073 172776-172872 Sentence denotes Histones have large quantities of arginine and lysine, which are positively charged amino acids.
TextSentencer_T1132 172873-173025 Sentence denotes This charge allows histones to bind tightly to negatively charged DNA, forming complexes called nucleosomes that are further condensed into chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1132 172873-173025 Sentence denotes This charge allows histones to bind tightly to negatively charged DNA, forming complexes called nucleosomes that are further condensed into chromosomes.
T73463 172873-173025 Sentence denotes This charge allows histones to bind tightly to negatively charged DNA, forming complexes called nucleosomes that are further condensed into chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1133 173026-173105 Sentence denotes This arrangement allows long strands of DNA to be condensed into molecules that
TextSentencer_T1133 173026-173105 Sentence denotes This arrangement allows long strands of DNA to be condensed into molecules that
T60470 173026-173105 Sentence denotes This arrangement allows long strands of DNA to be condensed into molecules that
TextSentencer_T1134 173107-173151 Sentence denotes easily fit into the nucleus (E- Fig. 1-22) .
TextSentencer_T1134 173107-173151 Sentence denotes easily fit into the nucleus (E- Fig. 1-22) .
T17270 173107-173151 Sentence denotes easily fit into the nucleus (E- Fig. 1-22) .
TextSentencer_T1135 173152-173266 Sentence denotes However, for a gene to be active, the condensed DNA must revert to long strands of DNA for transcription into RNA.
TextSentencer_T1135 173152-173266 Sentence denotes However, for a gene to be active, the condensed DNA must revert to long strands of DNA for transcription into RNA.
T56944 173152-173266 Sentence denotes However, for a gene to be active, the condensed DNA must revert to long strands of DNA for transcription into RNA.
TextSentencer_T1136 173267-173331 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are the cellular site of aerobic energy production.
TextSentencer_T1136 173267-173331 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are the cellular site of aerobic energy production.
T43363 173267-173331 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are the cellular site of aerobic energy production.
TextSentencer_T1137 173332-173484 Sentence denotes In highly active cells, such as type I skeletal muscle cells of equine athletes, up to 10,000 mitochondria may be present in the cytoplasm of a myocyte.
TextSentencer_T1137 173332-173484 Sentence denotes In highly active cells, such as type I skeletal muscle cells of equine athletes, up to 10,000 mitochondria may be present in the cytoplasm of a myocyte.
T18022 173332-173484 Sentence denotes In highly active cells, such as type I skeletal muscle cells of equine athletes, up to 10,000 mitochondria may be present in the cytoplasm of a myocyte.
TextSentencer_T1138 173485-173606 Sentence denotes Each mitochondrion contains a single chromosome formed by circular double-stranded DNA, called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
TextSentencer_T1138 173485-173606 Sentence denotes Each mitochondrion contains a single chromosome formed by circular double-stranded DNA, called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
T443 173485-173606 Sentence denotes Each mitochondrion contains a single chromosome formed by circular double-stranded DNA, called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
TextSentencer_T1139 173607-173857 Sentence denotes The genome of a mitochondrial chromosome encodes for 37 genes, including those for mRNAs, rRNAs, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and 13 protein subunits for enzymes, such as cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase, which are involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T1139 173607-173857 Sentence denotes The genome of a mitochondrial chromosome encodes for 37 genes, including those for mRNAs, rRNAs, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and 13 protein subunits for enzymes, such as cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase, which are involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
T29559 173607-173857 Sentence denotes The genome of a mitochondrial chromosome encodes for 37 genes, including those for mRNAs, rRNAs, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and 13 protein subunits for enzymes, such as cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase, which are involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T1140 173858-173965 Sentence denotes The mitochondrial genome also has distinct transcription and protein-synthesis (i.e., translation) systems.
TextSentencer_T1140 173858-173965 Sentence denotes The mitochondrial genome also has distinct transcription and protein-synthesis (i.e., translation) systems.
T94347 173858-173965 Sentence denotes The mitochondrial genome also has distinct transcription and protein-synthesis (i.e., translation) systems.
TextSentencer_T1141 173966-174274 Sentence denotes A specialized RNA polymerase, encoded in the nuclear genome, is used to transcribe the mitochondrial genome, and then the mitochondrial 43.e5 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death transcripts are processed to generate the various mitochondrial mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs.
TextSentencer_T1141 173966-174274 Sentence denotes A specialized RNA polymerase, encoded in the nuclear genome, is used to transcribe the mitochondrial genome, and then the mitochondrial 43.e5 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death transcripts are processed to generate the various mitochondrial mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs.
T57313 173966-174274 Sentence denotes A specialized RNA polymerase, encoded in the nuclear genome, is used to transcribe the mitochondrial genome, and then the mitochondrial 43.e5 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death transcripts are processed to generate the various mitochondrial mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs.
TextSentencer_T1142 174275-174307 Sentence denotes Figure 1-22 Organization of DNA.
TextSentencer_T1142 174275-174307 Sentence denotes Figure 1-22 Organization of DNA.
T70716 174275-174307 Sentence denotes Figure 1-22 Organization of DNA.
TextSentencer_T1143 174308-174445 Sentence denotes DNA has an antiparallel configuration with one strand arranged 5′ to 3′ in one direction, and the other strand in the opposite direction.
TextSentencer_T1143 174308-174445 Sentence denotes DNA has an antiparallel configuration with one strand arranged 5′ to 3′ in one direction, and the other strand in the opposite direction.
T94304 174308-174445 Sentence denotes DNA has an antiparallel configuration with one strand arranged 5′ to 3′ in one direction, and the other strand in the opposite direction.
TextSentencer_T1144 174446-174498 Sentence denotes A purine is bound to a pyrimidine by hydrogen bonds:
TextSentencer_T1144 174446-174498 Sentence denotes A purine is bound to a pyrimidine by hydrogen bonds:
T11236 174446-174498 Sentence denotes A purine is bound to a pyrimidine by hydrogen bonds:
TextSentencer_T1145 174499-174502 Sentence denotes A :
TextSentencer_T1145 174499-174502 Sentence denotes A :
T20820 174499-174502 Sentence denotes A :
TextSentencer_T1146 174503-174515 Sentence denotes T and G : C.
TextSentencer_T1146 174503-174515 Sentence denotes T and G : C.
T19126 174503-174515 Sentence denotes T and G : C.
TextSentencer_T1147 174516-174582 Sentence denotes The double helix is the result of bonds in the phosphate backbone.
TextSentencer_T1147 174516-174582 Sentence denotes The double helix is the result of bonds in the phosphate backbone.
T93302 174516-174582 Sentence denotes The double helix is the result of bonds in the phosphate backbone.
TextSentencer_T1148 174583-174769 Sentence denotes DNA is organized around histone proteins into nucleosomes, which are compacted and progressively coiled into relaxed chromosomes, coiled chromosomes, and finally supercoiled chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1148 174583-174769 Sentence denotes DNA is organized around histone proteins into nucleosomes, which are compacted and progressively coiled into relaxed chromosomes, coiled chromosomes, and finally supercoiled chromosomes.
T11427 174583-174769 Sentence denotes DNA is organized around histone proteins into nucleosomes, which are compacted and progressively coiled into relaxed chromosomes, coiled chromosomes, and finally supercoiled chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1149 174770-174861 Sentence denotes DNA is inactive in this coiled form and must be uncoiled for transcription and translation.
TextSentencer_T1149 174770-174861 Sentence denotes DNA is inactive in this coiled form and must be uncoiled for transcription and translation.
T27596 174770-174861 Sentence denotes DNA is inactive in this coiled form and must be uncoiled for transcription and translation.
TextSentencer_T1150 174863-175116 Sentence denotes Normally the genes at each locus on each chromosome of a pair of homologous chromosomes are identical; however, in some instances a different form of a gene, called an allele, occurs at one or both loci, which can alter the gene product (i.e., protein).
TextSentencer_T1150 174863-175116 Sentence denotes Normally the genes at each locus on each chromosome of a pair of homologous chromosomes are identical; however, in some instances a different form of a gene, called an allele, occurs at one or both loci, which can alter the gene product (i.e., protein).
T69040 174863-175116 Sentence denotes Normally the genes at each locus on each chromosome of a pair of homologous chromosomes are identical; however, in some instances a different form of a gene, called an allele, occurs at one or both loci, which can alter the gene product (i.e., protein).
TextSentencer_T1151 175117-175240 Sentence denotes Alleles can also occur in groups of genes and affect the proteins and processes regulated by these genes and their alleles.
TextSentencer_T1151 175117-175240 Sentence denotes Alleles can also occur in groups of genes and affect the proteins and processes regulated by these genes and their alleles.
T14440 175117-175240 Sentence denotes Alleles can also occur in groups of genes and affect the proteins and processes regulated by these genes and their alleles.
TextSentencer_T1152 175241-175376 Sentence denotes Alleles result from mechanisms that create mutations in the DNA and will be discussed and illustrated in the remainder of this chapter.
TextSentencer_T1152 175241-175376 Sentence denotes Alleles result from mechanisms that create mutations in the DNA and will be discussed and illustrated in the remainder of this chapter.
T67036 175241-175376 Sentence denotes Alleles result from mechanisms that create mutations in the DNA and will be discussed and illustrated in the remainder of this chapter.
TextSentencer_T1153 175377-175683 Sentence denotes Alterations expressed by some alleles may not affect the function of the protein regulated by the gene pair; in other cases the expression of the allele (or a combination of alleles) may cause structural or cellular dysfunction and lesions in affected tissues and thus clinical signs and "genetic" disease.
TextSentencer_T1153 175377-175683 Sentence denotes Alterations expressed by some alleles may not affect the function of the protein regulated by the gene pair; in other cases the expression of the allele (or a combination of alleles) may cause structural or cellular dysfunction and lesions in affected tissues and thus clinical signs and "genetic" disease.
T13014 175377-175683 Sentence denotes Alterations expressed by some alleles may not affect the function of the protein regulated by the gene pair; in other cases the expression of the allele (or a combination of alleles) may cause structural or cellular dysfunction and lesions in affected tissues and thus clinical signs and "genetic" disease.
TextSentencer_T1154 175684-175811 Sentence denotes On average, there are approximately 20,000 genes in the nucleus of an individual cell of the different domestic animal species.
TextSentencer_T1154 175684-175811 Sentence denotes On average, there are approximately 20,000 genes in the nucleus of an individual cell of the different domestic animal species.
T66180 175684-175811 Sentence denotes On average, there are approximately 20,000 genes in the nucleus of an individual cell of the different domestic animal species.
TextSentencer_T1155 175812-176064 Sentence denotes Genes, the heredity units of the genetic code, determine the structural and functional (i.e., enzymes) biologic traits (i.e., expression of genes) necessary to create and maintain cells, tissues, and organs and to pass the genetic code on to offspring.
TextSentencer_T1155 175812-176064 Sentence denotes Genes, the heredity units of the genetic code, determine the structural and functional (i.e., enzymes) biologic traits (i.e., expression of genes) necessary to create and maintain cells, tissues, and organs and to pass the genetic code on to offspring.
T28124 175812-176064 Sentence denotes Genes, the heredity units of the genetic code, determine the structural and functional (i.e., enzymes) biologic traits (i.e., expression of genes) necessary to create and maintain cells, tissues, and organs and to pass the genetic code on to offspring.
TextSentencer_T1156 176065-176268 Sentence denotes Additionally, genes, especially those of the major histocompatibility complex (see Chapter 5), play important roles in establishing the resistance (or susceptibility) of an animal to infectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T1156 176065-176268 Sentence denotes Additionally, genes, especially those of the major histocompatibility complex (see Chapter 5), play important roles in establishing the resistance (or susceptibility) of an animal to infectious diseases.
T25126 176065-176268 Sentence denotes Additionally, genes, especially those of the major histocompatibility complex (see Chapter 5), play important roles in establishing the resistance (or susceptibility) of an animal to infectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T1157 176269-176330 Sentence denotes Many biologic traits have a mendelian pattern of inheritance.
TextSentencer_T1157 176269-176330 Sentence denotes Many biologic traits have a mendelian pattern of inheritance.
T32032 176269-176330 Sentence denotes Many biologic traits have a mendelian pattern of inheritance.
TextSentencer_T1158 176331-176433 Sentence denotes Gene expression, however, depends on cell structure and function and the responses of cells to injury.
TextSentencer_T1158 176331-176433 Sentence denotes Gene expression, however, depends on cell structure and function and the responses of cells to injury.
T79477 176331-176433 Sentence denotes Gene expression, however, depends on cell structure and function and the responses of cells to injury.
TextSentencer_T1159 176434-176557 Sentence denotes Constitutively expressed genes, including those for tRNAs, rRNAs, cell membranes, and enzymes, are transcribed continually.
TextSentencer_T1159 176434-176557 Sentence denotes Constitutively expressed genes, including those for tRNAs, rRNAs, cell membranes, and enzymes, are transcribed continually.
T1112 176434-176557 Sentence denotes Constitutively expressed genes, including those for tRNAs, rRNAs, cell membranes, and enzymes, are transcribed continually.
TextSentencer_T1160 176558-176799 Sentence denotes In contrast, facultative or differentially expressed genes are transcribed only when prompted (e.g., in response to receptor binding by a hormone or growth factor) or to cellular perturbations as in neoplastic transformation (see Chapter 6).
TextSentencer_T1160 176558-176799 Sentence denotes In contrast, facultative or differentially expressed genes are transcribed only when prompted (e.g., in response to receptor binding by a hormone or growth factor) or to cellular perturbations as in neoplastic transformation (see Chapter 6).
T4030 176558-176799 Sentence denotes In contrast, facultative or differentially expressed genes are transcribed only when prompted (e.g., in response to receptor binding by a hormone or growth factor) or to cellular perturbations as in neoplastic transformation (see Chapter 6).
TextSentencer_T1161 176800-177008 Sentence denotes Tissue-specific genes are expressed only in a particular tissue such as the gene for galactocerebrosidase in myelinating cells of the nervous system (see section on Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy in Chapter 14).
TextSentencer_T1161 176800-177008 Sentence denotes Tissue-specific genes are expressed only in a particular tissue such as the gene for galactocerebrosidase in myelinating cells of the nervous system (see section on Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy in Chapter 14).
T3602 176800-177008 Sentence denotes Tissue-specific genes are expressed only in a particular tissue such as the gene for galactocerebrosidase in myelinating cells of the nervous system (see section on Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy in Chapter 14).
TextSentencer_T1162 177009-177088 Sentence denotes Tissue-specific genes may be either constitutively or differentially expressed.
TextSentencer_T1162 177009-177088 Sentence denotes Tissue-specific genes may be either constitutively or differentially expressed.
T23724 177009-177088 Sentence denotes Tissue-specific genes may be either constitutively or differentially expressed.
TextSentencer_T1163 177089-177243 Sentence denotes In its simplest form a gene is a segment of a DNA molecule that contains the nucleotide code for the amino acid sequence of a protein (see E- Fig. 1-22) .
TextSentencer_T1163 177089-177243 Sentence denotes In its simplest form a gene is a segment of a DNA molecule that contains the nucleotide code for the amino acid sequence of a protein (see E- Fig. 1-22) .
T39435 177089-177243 Sentence denotes In its simplest form a gene is a segment of a DNA molecule that contains the nucleotide code for the amino acid sequence of a protein (see E- Fig. 1-22) .
TextSentencer_T1164 177244-177348 Sentence denotes Genes are arranged in a linear order along each chromosome, each gene having a precise position (locus).
TextSentencer_T1164 177244-177348 Sentence denotes Genes are arranged in a linear order along each chromosome, each gene having a precise position (locus).
T66184 177244-177348 Sentence denotes Genes are arranged in a linear order along each chromosome, each gene having a precise position (locus).
TextSentencer_T1165 177349-177411 Sentence denotes The composition of genes is determined by the chromosomal DNA.
TextSentencer_T1165 177349-177411 Sentence denotes The composition of genes is determined by the chromosomal DNA.
T49143 177349-177411 Sentence denotes The composition of genes is determined by the chromosomal DNA.
TextSentencer_T1166 177412-177778 Sentence denotes In nuclear DNA each chromosome consists of a DNA double helix; in other words, each chromosome is a long, linear double-stranded DNA molecule, and the genome (and genes) consists therefore of DNA molecules totaling billions of nucleotides (pyrimidines: cytosine [C], thymine [T], uracil [U, found in RNA in place of T in DNA]; purines: adenine [A] and guanine [G] ).
TextSentencer_T1166 177412-177778 Sentence denotes In nuclear DNA each chromosome consists of a DNA double helix; in other words, each chromosome is a long, linear double-stranded DNA molecule, and the genome (and genes) consists therefore of DNA molecules totaling billions of nucleotides (pyrimidines: cytosine [C], thymine [T], uracil [U, found in RNA in place of T in DNA]; purines: adenine [A] and guanine [G] ).
T58508 177412-177778 Sentence denotes In nuclear DNA each chromosome consists of a DNA double helix; in other words, each chromosome is a long, linear double-stranded DNA molecule, and the genome (and genes) consists therefore of DNA molecules totaling billions of nucleotides (pyrimidines: cytosine [C], thymine [T], uracil [U, found in RNA in place of T in DNA]; purines: adenine [A] and guanine [G] ).
TextSentencer_T1167 177779-177841 Sentence denotes Within a gene, nucleotides are arranged in triplets or codons.
TextSentencer_T1167 177779-177841 Sentence denotes Within a gene, nucleotides are arranged in triplets or codons.
T56103 177779-177841 Sentence denotes Within a gene, nucleotides are arranged in triplets or codons.
TextSentencer_T1168 177842-178010 Sentence denotes Each codon represents the code for a specific amino acid, and the linear sequence of many codons determines the amino acid sequence of the gene product (i.e., protein).
TextSentencer_T1168 177842-178010 Sentence denotes Each codon represents the code for a specific amino acid, and the linear sequence of many codons determines the amino acid sequence of the gene product (i.e., protein).
T50601 177842-178010 Sentence denotes Each codon represents the code for a specific amino acid, and the linear sequence of many codons determines the amino acid sequence of the gene product (i.e., protein).
TextSentencer_T1169 178011-178181 Sentence denotes Thus, with a codon of three nucleotides, there are 64 possible triplet combinations that constitute the genetic code and the basis for synthesis and assembly of proteins.
TextSentencer_T1169 178011-178181 Sentence denotes Thus, with a codon of three nucleotides, there are 64 possible triplet combinations that constitute the genetic code and the basis for synthesis and assembly of proteins.
T41596 178011-178181 Sentence denotes Thus, with a codon of three nucleotides, there are 64 possible triplet combinations that constitute the genetic code and the basis for synthesis and assembly of proteins.
TextSentencer_T1170 178182-178376 Sentence denotes Certain genes may be active (i.e., differentially expressed) only during specific embryologic or fetal stages because specific proteins are required for development, differentiation, and growth.
TextSentencer_T1170 178182-178376 Sentence denotes Certain genes may be active (i.e., differentially expressed) only during specific embryologic or fetal stages because specific proteins are required for development, differentiation, and growth.
T64049 178182-178376 Sentence denotes Certain genes may be active (i.e., differentially expressed) only during specific embryologic or fetal stages because specific proteins are required for development, differentiation, and growth.
TextSentencer_T1171 178377-178503 Sentence denotes Other genes are expressed constitutively or facultatively postpartum and are involved in growth, homeostasis, or reproduction.
TextSentencer_T1171 178377-178503 Sentence denotes Other genes are expressed constitutively or facultatively postpartum and are involved in growth, homeostasis, or reproduction.
T62062 178377-178503 Sentence denotes Other genes are expressed constitutively or facultatively postpartum and are involved in growth, homeostasis, or reproduction.
TextSentencer_T1172 178504-178613 Sentence denotes Thus an important consideration in genetic diseases is the period during which a normal gene would be active.
TextSentencer_T1172 178504-178613 Sentence denotes Thus an important consideration in genetic diseases is the period during which a normal gene would be active.
T60218 178504-178613 Sentence denotes Thus an important consideration in genetic diseases is the period during which a normal gene would be active.
TextSentencer_T1173 178614-178722 Sentence denotes If a mutated gene is expressed during the active period for the normal gene, the outcome may be detrimental.
TextSentencer_T1173 178614-178722 Sentence denotes If a mutated gene is expressed during the active period for the normal gene, the outcome may be detrimental.
T44418 178614-178722 Sentence denotes If a mutated gene is expressed during the active period for the normal gene, the outcome may be detrimental.
TextSentencer_T1174 178723-178932 Sentence denotes Mutations in genes that are important for embryogenesis or organogenesis have earlier and generally more severe consequences than genetic mutations that are not expressed until sexual maturation or thereafter.
TextSentencer_T1174 178723-178932 Sentence denotes Mutations in genes that are important for embryogenesis or organogenesis have earlier and generally more severe consequences than genetic mutations that are not expressed until sexual maturation or thereafter.
T41270 178723-178932 Sentence denotes Mutations in genes that are important for embryogenesis or organogenesis have earlier and generally more severe consequences than genetic mutations that are not expressed until sexual maturation or thereafter.
TextSentencer_T1175 178933-179129 Sentence denotes Genetic mutations can result in congenital malformations (e.g., palatoschisis or cheiloschisis [see Chapter 7]) or metabolic dysfunction (e.g., multisystem neuronal degeneration [see Chapter 14]).
TextSentencer_T1175 178933-179129 Sentence denotes Genetic mutations can result in congenital malformations (e.g., palatoschisis or cheiloschisis [see Chapter 7]) or metabolic dysfunction (e.g., multisystem neuronal degeneration [see Chapter 14]).
T89892 178933-179129 Sentence denotes Genetic mutations can result in congenital malformations (e.g., palatoschisis or cheiloschisis [see Chapter 7]) or metabolic dysfunction (e.g., multisystem neuronal degeneration [see Chapter 14]).
TextSentencer_T1176 179130-179260 Sentence denotes The process of synthesizing proteins from genes involves two steps, transcription in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.
TextSentencer_T1176 179130-179260 Sentence denotes The process of synthesizing proteins from genes involves two steps, transcription in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.
T47979 179130-179260 Sentence denotes The process of synthesizing proteins from genes involves two steps, transcription in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.
TextSentencer_T1177 179261-179358 Sentence denotes In addition to codons, genes contain nucleotide sequences that determine when the gene is active.
TextSentencer_T1177 179261-179358 Sentence denotes In addition to codons, genes contain nucleotide sequences that determine when the gene is active.
T28698 179261-179358 Sentence denotes In addition to codons, genes contain nucleotide sequences that determine when the gene is active.
TextSentencer_T1178 179359-179474 Sentence denotes In active genes, RNA is synthesized from the DNA template through a process known as transcription (E- Fig. 1-23) .
TextSentencer_T1178 179359-179474 Sentence denotes In active genes, RNA is synthesized from the DNA template through a process known as transcription (E- Fig. 1-23) .
T69177 179359-179474 Sentence denotes In active genes, RNA is synthesized from the DNA template through a process known as transcription (E- Fig. 1-23) .
TextSentencer_T1179 179475-179697 Sentence denotes The RNA carrying the coded information, called mRNA, is then transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where the RNA sequence is decoded, or translated, to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein gene product.
TextSentencer_T1179 179475-179697 Sentence denotes The RNA carrying the coded information, called mRNA, is then transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where the RNA sequence is decoded, or translated, to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein gene product.
T34314 179475-179697 Sentence denotes The RNA carrying the coded information, called mRNA, is then transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where the RNA sequence is decoded, or translated, to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein gene product.
TextSentencer_T1180 179698-179763 Sentence denotes The key to translation is the nucleotide sequence along the mRNA.
TextSentencer_T1180 179698-179763 Sentence denotes The key to translation is the nucleotide sequence along the mRNA.
T90574 179698-179763 Sentence denotes The key to translation is the nucleotide sequence along the mRNA.
TextSentencer_T1181 179764-179933 Sentence denotes Each set of three nucleotide bases (the triplet codon) in the mRNA encodes a particular amino acid that is inserted into the forming protein molecule during translation.
TextSentencer_T1181 179764-179933 Sentence denotes Each set of three nucleotide bases (the triplet codon) in the mRNA encodes a particular amino acid that is inserted into the forming protein molecule during translation.
T77808 179764-179933 Sentence denotes Each set of three nucleotide bases (the triplet codon) in the mRNA encodes a particular amino acid that is inserted into the forming protein molecule during translation.
TextSentencer_T1182 179934-180047 Sentence denotes In theory, an almost infinite variation in the arrangement of the bases along a polynucleotide chain is possible.
TextSentencer_T1182 179934-180047 Sentence denotes In theory, an almost infinite variation in the arrangement of the bases along a polynucleotide chain is possible.
T29674 179934-180047 Sentence denotes In theory, an almost infinite variation in the arrangement of the bases along a polynucleotide chain is possible.
TextSentencer_T1183 180048-180134 Sentence denotes The process of translation occurs on ribosomes, both free in the cytoplasm and on rER.
TextSentencer_T1183 180048-180134 Sentence denotes The process of translation occurs on ribosomes, both free in the cytoplasm and on rER.
T36887 180048-180134 Sentence denotes The process of translation occurs on ribosomes, both free in the cytoplasm and on rER.
TextSentencer_T1184 180135-180313 Sentence denotes Ribosomes consist of many different structural proteins in association with rRNA and have binding sites for all the interacting molecules of translation, including mRNA and tRNA.
TextSentencer_T1184 180135-180313 Sentence denotes Ribosomes consist of many different structural proteins in association with rRNA and have binding sites for all the interacting molecules of translation, including mRNA and tRNA.
T69712 180135-180313 Sentence denotes Ribosomes consist of many different structural proteins in association with rRNA and have binding sites for all the interacting molecules of translation, including mRNA and tRNA.
TextSentencer_T1185 180314-180461 Sentence denotes The function of tRNA is to transfer the appropriate amino acid from the cytosol to the codon in the base sequence of each mRNA bound to a ribosome.
TextSentencer_T1185 180314-180461 Sentence denotes The function of tRNA is to transfer the appropriate amino acid from the cytosol to the codon in the base sequence of each mRNA bound to a ribosome.
T49787 180314-180461 Sentence denotes The function of tRNA is to transfer the appropriate amino acid from the cytosol to the codon in the base sequence of each mRNA bound to a ribosome.
TextSentencer_T1186 180462-180620 Sentence denotes Protein gene products are responsible for the development (e.g., formation of structural proteins) and function (e.g., enzymes) of cells, tissues, and organs.
TextSentencer_T1186 180462-180620 Sentence denotes Protein gene products are responsible for the development (e.g., formation of structural proteins) and function (e.g., enzymes) of cells, tissues, and organs.
T4113 180462-180620 Sentence denotes Protein gene products are responsible for the development (e.g., formation of structural proteins) and function (e.g., enzymes) of cells, tissues, and organs.
TextSentencer_T1187 180621-180765 Sentence denotes Many genes belong to gene families, which share closely related DNA sequences and encode polypeptides with closely related amino acid sequences.
TextSentencer_T1187 180621-180765 Sentence denotes Many genes belong to gene families, which share closely related DNA sequences and encode polypeptides with closely related amino acid sequences.
T5866 180621-180765 Sentence denotes Many genes belong to gene families, which share closely related DNA sequences and encode polypeptides with closely related amino acid sequences.
TextSentencer_T1188 180766-180961 Sentence denotes However, if there were a simple one-to-one correspondence between genes and proteins, then the approximately 20,000 genes in an animal should give rise to approximately 20,000 different proteins.
TextSentencer_T1188 180766-180961 Sentence denotes However, if there were a simple one-to-one correspondence between genes and proteins, then the approximately 20,000 genes in an animal should give rise to approximately 20,000 different proteins.
T34655 180766-180961 Sentence denotes However, if there were a simple one-to-one correspondence between genes and proteins, then the approximately 20,000 genes in an animal should give rise to approximately 20,000 different proteins.
TextSentencer_T1189 180962-181025 Sentence denotes This number seems insufficient for cell structure and function.
TextSentencer_T1189 180962-181025 Sentence denotes This number seems insufficient for cell structure and function.
T49817 180962-181025 Sentence denotes This number seems insufficient for cell structure and function.
TextSentencer_T1190 181026-181089 Sentence denotes The answer to this conundrum is found in two features of genes.
TextSentencer_T1190 181026-181089 Sentence denotes The answer to this conundrum is found in two features of genes.
T64288 181026-181089 Sentence denotes The answer to this conundrum is found in two features of genes.
TextSentencer_T1191 181090-181158 Sentence denotes First, genes can generate multiple different proteins, not just one.
TextSentencer_T1191 181090-181158 Sentence denotes First, genes can generate multiple different proteins, not just one.
T45546 181090-181158 Sentence denotes First, genes can generate multiple different proteins, not just one.
TextSentencer_T1192 181159-181310 Sentence denotes Second, many proteins undergo posttranslational modifications, which can include chemical changes (e.g., hydroxylation, methylation) of amino acid side
TextSentencer_T1192 181159-181310 Sentence denotes Second, many proteins undergo posttranslational modifications, which can include chemical changes (e.g., hydroxylation, methylation) of amino acid side
T8483 181159-181310 Sentence denotes Second, many proteins undergo posttranslational modifications, which can include chemical changes (e.g., hydroxylation, methylation) of amino acid side
TextSentencer_T1193 181311-181678 Sentence denotes The effects of the estimated 20,000 genes in an animal's genome involve complex interrelationships among the factors controlling gene expression (by mechanisms of chromosome replication and segregation), gene structure, and finally, transcription, RNA splicing, mRNA stability, translation, protein processing, posttranslational modification, and protein degradation.
TextSentencer_T1193 181311-181678 Sentence denotes The effects of the estimated 20,000 genes in an animal's genome involve complex interrelationships among the factors controlling gene expression (by mechanisms of chromosome replication and segregation), gene structure, and finally, transcription, RNA splicing, mRNA stability, translation, protein processing, posttranslational modification, and protein degradation.
T99029 181311-181678 Sentence denotes The effects of the estimated 20,000 genes in an animal's genome involve complex interrelationships among the factors controlling gene expression (by mechanisms of chromosome replication and segregation), gene structure, and finally, transcription, RNA splicing, mRNA stability, translation, protein processing, posttranslational modification, and protein degradation.
TextSentencer_T1194 181679-181896 Sentence denotes For some genes, fluctuations in the concentration of a gene product, whether from an inherited structural variation in the gene or from nongenetic factors in the diet or environment, are of little clinical importance.
TextSentencer_T1194 181679-181896 Sentence denotes For some genes, fluctuations in the concentration of a gene product, whether from an inherited structural variation in the gene or from nongenetic factors in the diet or environment, are of little clinical importance.
T5545 181679-181896 Sentence denotes For some genes, fluctuations in the concentration of a gene product, whether from an inherited structural variation in the gene or from nongenetic factors in the diet or environment, are of little clinical importance.
TextSentencer_T1195 181897-182078 Sentence denotes However, for other genes, changes in the concentration of expression have dire clinical consequences, reflecting the importance of those gene products in specific biologic pathways.
TextSentencer_T1195 181897-182078 Sentence denotes However, for other genes, changes in the concentration of expression have dire clinical consequences, reflecting the importance of those gene products in specific biologic pathways.
T2241 181897-182078 Sentence denotes However, for other genes, changes in the concentration of expression have dire clinical consequences, reflecting the importance of those gene products in specific biologic pathways.
TextSentencer_T1196 182079-182295 Sentence denotes The nature of inherited variation in the structure and function of chromosomes and genes and the influence of this variation on the expression of specific biologic traits underlie the mechanisms of genetic disorders.
TextSentencer_T1196 182079-182295 Sentence denotes The nature of inherited variation in the structure and function of chromosomes and genes and the influence of this variation on the expression of specific biologic traits underlie the mechanisms of genetic disorders.
T15246 182079-182295 Sentence denotes The nature of inherited variation in the structure and function of chromosomes and genes and the influence of this variation on the expression of specific biologic traits underlie the mechanisms of genetic disorders.
TextSentencer_T1197 182296-182513 Sentence denotes Genetic disorders can involve somatic cells (i.e., cells forming the structure of an animal) or germline cells (i.e., cells that give rise to gametes) and can be broadly classified into the following three categories:
TextSentencer_T1197 182296-182513 Sentence denotes Genetic disorders can involve somatic cells (i.e., cells forming the structure of an animal) or germline cells (i.e., cells that give rise to gametes) and can be broadly classified into the following three categories:
T42071 182296-182513 Sentence denotes Genetic disorders can involve somatic cells (i.e., cells forming the structure of an animal) or germline cells (i.e., cells that give rise to gametes) and can be broadly classified into the following three categories:
TextSentencer_T1198 182514-182516 Sentence denotes 1.
TextSentencer_T1198 182514-182516 Sentence denotes 1.
T18330 182514-182516 Sentence denotes 1.
TextSentencer_T1199 182517-182647 Sentence denotes Single-gene disorders caused by mutations in DNA of a single gene such as point, frameshift, and trinucleotide-repeat mutations 2.
TextSentencer_T1199 182517-182647 Sentence denotes Single-gene disorders caused by mutations in DNA of a single gene such as point, frameshift, and trinucleotide-repeat mutations 2.
T3993 182517-182647 Sentence denotes Single-gene disorders caused by mutations in DNA of a single gene such as point, frameshift, and trinucleotide-repeat mutations 2.
TextSentencer_T1200 182648-182763 Sentence denotes Chromosomal disorders caused by alterations in the number and/ or structure of chromosomes (i.e., the karyotype) 3.
TextSentencer_T1200 182648-182763 Sentence denotes Chromosomal disorders caused by alterations in the number and/ or structure of chromosomes (i.e., the karyotype) 3.
T98382 182648-182763 Sentence denotes Chromosomal disorders caused by alterations in the number and/ or structure of chromosomes (i.e., the karyotype) 3.
TextSentencer_T1201 182764-182792 Sentence denotes Complex multigenic disorders
TextSentencer_T1201 182764-182792 Sentence denotes Complex multigenic disorders
T95338 182764-182792 Sentence denotes Complex multigenic disorders
TextSentencer_T1202 182793-182960 Sentence denotes Somatic cells are mitotic cells, and disorders involving mitotic cells are not heritable but are important in the genesis of cancers and some congenital malformations.
TextSentencer_T1202 182793-182960 Sentence denotes Somatic cells are mitotic cells, and disorders involving mitotic cells are not heritable but are important in the genesis of cancers and some congenital malformations.
T95783 182793-182960 Sentence denotes Somatic cells are mitotic cells, and disorders involving mitotic cells are not heritable but are important in the genesis of cancers and some congenital malformations.
TextSentencer_T1203 182961-183046 Sentence denotes Most germline cells are meiotic cells, and disorders involving them can be inherited.
TextSentencer_T1203 182961-183046 Sentence denotes Most germline cells are meiotic cells, and disorders involving them can be inherited.
T22523 182961-183046 Sentence denotes Most germline cells are meiotic cells, and disorders involving them can be inherited.
TextSentencer_T1204 183047-183417 Sentence denotes Single-gene disorders can affect either somatic cells or germline cells and usually result from mutations in DNA from (1) environmental causes such as excessive exposure to ultraviolet light, radiation, or certain chemicals (i.e., mutagens) or (2) errors in cell division when somatic or germline cells copy their DNA in preparation for mitosis or meiosis, respectively.
TextSentencer_T1204 183047-183417 Sentence denotes Single-gene disorders can affect either somatic cells or germline cells and usually result from mutations in DNA from (1) environmental causes such as excessive exposure to ultraviolet light, radiation, or certain chemicals (i.e., mutagens) or (2) errors in cell division when somatic or germline cells copy their DNA in preparation for mitosis or meiosis, respectively.
T78561 183047-183417 Sentence denotes Single-gene disorders can affect either somatic cells or germline cells and usually result from mutations in DNA from (1) environmental causes such as excessive exposure to ultraviolet light, radiation, or certain chemicals (i.e., mutagens) or (2) errors in cell division when somatic or germline cells copy their DNA in preparation for mitosis or meiosis, respectively.
TextSentencer_T1205 183418-183670 Sentence denotes Most mutations are not perpetuated because cells have reparative mechanisms (i.e., base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair) and DNA repair proteins that correct mistakes caused by mutagens or other factors (E- Fig. 1-24 ).
TextSentencer_T1205 183418-183670 Sentence denotes Most mutations are not perpetuated because cells have reparative mechanisms (i.e., base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair) and DNA repair proteins that correct mistakes caused by mutagens or other factors (E- Fig. 1-24 ).
T35803 183418-183670 Sentence denotes Most mutations are not perpetuated because cells have reparative mechanisms (i.e., base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair) and DNA repair proteins that correct mistakes caused by mutagens or other factors (E- Fig. 1-24 ).
TextSentencer_T1206 183671-183962 Sentence denotes These repair mechanisms and proteins determine which nucleotide bases are paired incorrectly and then replace the incorrect base with chains, the addition of carbohydrate moieties (e.g., glycosylation), or proteolytic cleavage of polypeptides (e.g., the conversion of proinsulin to insulin).
TextSentencer_T1206 183671-183962 Sentence denotes These repair mechanisms and proteins determine which nucleotide bases are paired incorrectly and then replace the incorrect base with chains, the addition of carbohydrate moieties (e.g., glycosylation), or proteolytic cleavage of polypeptides (e.g., the conversion of proinsulin to insulin).
T29528 183671-183962 Sentence denotes These repair mechanisms and proteins determine which nucleotide bases are paired incorrectly and then replace the incorrect base with chains, the addition of carbohydrate moieties (e.g., glycosylation), or proteolytic cleavage of polypeptides (e.g., the conversion of proinsulin to insulin).
TextSentencer_T1207 183963-184132 Sentence denotes The polypeptide chain that is the primary translation product is also folded and bonded into a specific threedimensional structure determined by its amino acid sequence.
TextSentencer_T1207 183963-184132 Sentence denotes The polypeptide chain that is the primary translation product is also folded and bonded into a specific threedimensional structure determined by its amino acid sequence.
T84239 183963-184132 Sentence denotes The polypeptide chain that is the primary translation product is also folded and bonded into a specific threedimensional structure determined by its amino acid sequence.
TextSentencer_T1208 184133-184244 Sentence denotes Two or more polypeptide chains, products of the same or different genes, may combine to form a protein complex.
TextSentencer_T1208 184133-184244 Sentence denotes Two or more polypeptide chains, products of the same or different genes, may combine to form a protein complex.
T45966 184133-184244 Sentence denotes Two or more polypeptide chains, products of the same or different genes, may combine to form a protein complex.
TextSentencer_T1209 184245-184341 Sentence denotes Thus it has been estimated that 20,000 genes can encode as many as a million different proteins.
TextSentencer_T1209 184245-184341 Sentence denotes Thus it has been estimated that 20,000 genes can encode as many as a million different proteins.
T69765 184245-184341 Sentence denotes Thus it has been estimated that 20,000 genes can encode as many as a million different proteins.
TextSentencer_T1210 184342-184450 Sentence denotes The proteome includes all the proteins of a cell (cellular proteome), tissue, or animal (complete proteome).
TextSentencer_T1210 184342-184450 Sentence denotes The proteome includes all the proteins of a cell (cellular proteome), tissue, or animal (complete proteome).
T29153 184342-184450 Sentence denotes The proteome includes all the proteins of a cell (cellular proteome), tissue, or animal (complete proteome).
TextSentencer_T1211 184451-184514 Sentence denotes Individual proteins in a proteome do not function in isolation.
TextSentencer_T1211 184451-184514 Sentence denotes Individual proteins in a proteome do not function in isolation.
T95958 184451-184514 Sentence denotes Individual proteins in a proteome do not function in isolation.
TextSentencer_T1212 184515-184780 Sentence denotes They form elaborate networks, involving many different proteins and respond in a coordinated fashion to many different genetic, developmental, or environmental signals such as those that occur in homeostasis and in cellular adaptation, injury, aging, and neoplasia.
TextSentencer_T1212 184515-184780 Sentence denotes They form elaborate networks, involving many different proteins and respond in a coordinated fashion to many different genetic, developmental, or environmental signals such as those that occur in homeostasis and in cellular adaptation, injury, aging, and neoplasia.
T82302 184515-184780 Sentence denotes They form elaborate networks, involving many different proteins and respond in a coordinated fashion to many different genetic, developmental, or environmental signals such as those that occur in homeostasis and in cellular adaptation, injury, aging, and neoplasia.
TextSentencer_T1213 184781-184877 Sentence denotes Combinations of such protein networks result in an even greater diversity of cellular functions.
TextSentencer_T1213 184781-184877 Sentence denotes Combinations of such protein networks result in an even greater diversity of cellular functions.
T27318 184781-184877 Sentence denotes Combinations of such protein networks result in an even greater diversity of cellular functions.
TextSentencer_T1214 184878-184955 Sentence denotes CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
TextSentencer_T1214 184878-184955 Sentence denotes CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
T93548 184878-184955 Sentence denotes CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
TextSentencer_T1215 184957-184981 Sentence denotes Synthesis of polypeptide
TextSentencer_T1215 184957-184981 Sentence denotes Synthesis of polypeptide
T82369 184957-184981 Sentence denotes Synthesis of polypeptide
TextSentencer_T1216 184982-185008 Sentence denotes Translation E- Figure 1- )
TextSentencer_T1216 184982-185008 Sentence denotes Translation E- Figure 1- )
T36648 184982-185008 Sentence denotes Translation E- Figure 1- )
TextSentencer_T1217 185010-185062 Sentence denotes Normal amino acid chain and normal resulting protein
TextSentencer_T1217 185010-185062 Sentence denotes Normal amino acid chain and normal resulting protein
T73186 185010-185062 Sentence denotes Normal amino acid chain and normal resulting protein
TextSentencer_T1218 185063-185065 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1218 185063-185065 Sentence denotes 3'
T56268 185063-185065 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1219 185066-185068 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1219 185066-185068 Sentence denotes 3'
T81325 185066-185068 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1220 185069-185091 Sentence denotes Base-pair substitution
TextSentencer_T1220 185069-185091 Sentence denotes Base-pair substitution
T98596 185069-185091 Sentence denotes Base-pair substitution
TextSentencer_T1221 185092-185167 Sentence denotes Normal amino acid chain and normal resulting protein Base-pair substitution
TextSentencer_T1221 185092-185167 Sentence denotes Normal amino acid chain and normal resulting protein Base-pair substitution
T99421 185092-185167 Sentence denotes Normal amino acid chain and normal resulting protein Base-pair substitution
TextSentencer_T1222 185168-185170 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1222 185168-185170 Sentence denotes 3'
T80420 185168-185170 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1223 185171-185173 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1223 185171-185173 Sentence denotes 3'
T39962 185171-185173 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1224 185174-185253 Sentence denotes Abnormal amino acid chain and abnormal resulting protein Base-pair substitution
TextSentencer_T1224 185174-185253 Sentence denotes Abnormal amino acid chain and abnormal resulting protein Base-pair substitution
T6256 185174-185253 Sentence denotes Abnormal amino acid chain and abnormal resulting protein Base-pair substitution
TextSentencer_T1225 185254-185256 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1225 185254-185256 Sentence denotes 3'
T51099 185254-185256 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1226 185257-185259 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1226 185257-185259 Sentence denotes 3'
T82479 185257-185259 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1227 185260-185277 Sentence denotes Nonsense mutation
TextSentencer_T1227 185260-185277 Sentence denotes Nonsense mutation
T25525 185260-185277 Sentence denotes Nonsense mutation
TextSentencer_T1228 185278-185365 Sentence denotes Abnormal amino acid chain and abnormal and shortened resulting protein Original frame 4
TextSentencer_T1228 185278-185365 Sentence denotes Abnormal amino acid chain and abnormal and shortened resulting protein Original frame 4
T7740 185278-185365 Sentence denotes Abnormal amino acid chain and abnormal and shortened resulting protein Original frame 4
TextSentencer_T1229 185366-185368 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1229 185366-185368 Sentence denotes 3'
T68603 185366-185368 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1230 185369-185386 Sentence denotes A T C T A G U A G
TextSentencer_T1230 185369-185386 Sentence denotes A T C T A G U A G
T63236 185369-185386 Sentence denotes A T C T A G U A G
TextSentencer_T1231 185387-185439 Sentence denotes Normal amino acid chain and normal resulting protein
TextSentencer_T1231 185387-185439 Sentence denotes Normal amino acid chain and normal resulting protein
T66095 185387-185439 Sentence denotes Normal amino acid chain and normal resulting protein
TextSentencer_T1232 185440-185442 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1232 185440-185442 Sentence denotes 3'
T67432 185440-185442 Sentence denotes 3'
TextSentencer_T1233 185443-185741 Sentence denotes A T C T A G U A G STOP U C C A G G T C C A G G U C G C C C A A A G G G T T T 3' 5' C C C A A A G G G U U U G T A C T A G A U C A U 3' 5' A C T G U G U C C A G G T C C A G G U C G Frame shift 2 Frame shift 3 Frame shift 4 C C C A A A G G G T T T 3' 5' C C C A A A G G G U U U G T A C T A G A U C A U
TextSentencer_T1233 185443-185741 Sentence denotes A T C T A G U A G STOP U C C A G G T C C A G G U C G C C C A A A G G G T T T 3' 5' C C C A A A G G G U U U G T A C T A G A U C A U 3' 5' A C T G U G U C C A G G T C C A G G U C G Frame shift 2 Frame shift 3 Frame shift 4 C C C A A A G G G T T T 3' 5' C C C A A A G G G U U U G T A C T A G A U C A U
T51867 185443-185741 Sentence denotes A T C T A G U A G STOP U C C A G G T C C A G G U C G C C C A A A G G G T T T 3' 5' C C C A A A G G G U U U G T A C T A G A U C A U 3' 5' A C T G U G U C C A G G T C C A G G U C G Frame shift 2 Frame shift 3 Frame shift 4 C C C A A A G G G T T T 3' 5' C C C A A A G G G U U U G T A C T A G A U C A U
TextSentencer_T1234 185742-185899 Sentence denotes 3' susceptible to repeated occurrences of necrosis and regeneration, potentially leading to cardiac fibrosis and progressive cardiomyopathy (see Chapter 10).
TextSentencer_T1234 185742-185899 Sentence denotes 3' susceptible to repeated occurrences of necrosis and regeneration, potentially leading to cardiac fibrosis and progressive cardiomyopathy (see Chapter 10).
T94787 185742-185899 Sentence denotes 3' susceptible to repeated occurrences of necrosis and regeneration, potentially leading to cardiac fibrosis and progressive cardiomyopathy (see Chapter 10).
TextSentencer_T1235 185900-186123 Sentence denotes Collagen dysplasia (hyperelastosis cutis, dermatosparaxis, and cutaneous asthenia) occurs in most domestic animals and is caused by defects in genes for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis or processing (see Chapter 17).
TextSentencer_T1235 185900-186123 Sentence denotes Collagen dysplasia (hyperelastosis cutis, dermatosparaxis, and cutaneous asthenia) occurs in most domestic animals and is caused by defects in genes for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis or processing (see Chapter 17).
T25486 185900-186123 Sentence denotes Collagen dysplasia (hyperelastosis cutis, dermatosparaxis, and cutaneous asthenia) occurs in most domestic animals and is caused by defects in genes for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis or processing (see Chapter 17).
TextSentencer_T1236 186124-186226 Sentence denotes Skin tears easily, or is hyperextensible, but the severity and nature of lesions varies among species.
TextSentencer_T1236 186124-186226 Sentence denotes Skin tears easily, or is hyperextensible, but the severity and nature of lesions varies among species.
T97797 186124-186226 Sentence denotes Skin tears easily, or is hyperextensible, but the severity and nature of lesions varies among species.
TextSentencer_T1237 186227-186481 Sentence denotes Mutation of the multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1), a homozygous dominant trait in collies and other canine breeds, causes a defect in a membrane P-glycoprotein that facilitates the transport of drugs, such as ivermectin and loperamide, out of the brain.
TextSentencer_T1237 186227-186481 Sentence denotes Mutation of the multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1), a homozygous dominant trait in collies and other canine breeds, causes a defect in a membrane P-glycoprotein that facilitates the transport of drugs, such as ivermectin and loperamide, out of the brain.
T1460 186227-186481 Sentence denotes Mutation of the multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1), a homozygous dominant trait in collies and other canine breeds, causes a defect in a membrane P-glycoprotein that facilitates the transport of drugs, such as ivermectin and loperamide, out of the brain.
TextSentencer_T1238 186482-186570 Sentence denotes These drugs accumulate in the brain and may result in neurologic injury and dysfunction.
TextSentencer_T1238 186482-186570 Sentence denotes These drugs accumulate in the brain and may result in neurologic injury and dysfunction.
T13762 186482-186570 Sentence denotes These drugs accumulate in the brain and may result in neurologic injury and dysfunction.
TextSentencer_T1239 186571-186777 Sentence denotes The consequences of other mutations of genes for membrane receptors, transport systems, or nonenzyme proteins or mutations resulting in unusual drug reactions have not been adequately documented in animals.
TextSentencer_T1239 186571-186777 Sentence denotes The consequences of other mutations of genes for membrane receptors, transport systems, or nonenzyme proteins or mutations resulting in unusual drug reactions have not been adequately documented in animals.
T83689 186571-186777 Sentence denotes The consequences of other mutations of genes for membrane receptors, transport systems, or nonenzyme proteins or mutations resulting in unusual drug reactions have not been adequately documented in animals.
TextSentencer_T1240 186778-186817 Sentence denotes Single-Gene Disorders of Somatic Cells.
TextSentencer_T1240 186778-186817 Sentence denotes Single-Gene Disorders of Somatic Cells.
T22814 186778-186817 Sentence denotes Single-Gene Disorders of Somatic Cells.
TextSentencer_T1241 186818-186987 Sentence denotes Mutations that arise in somatic cells are not heritable but are important in the genesis of tumors (E- Fig. 1-29 ; see also Chapter 6) and some congenital malformations.
TextSentencer_T1241 186818-186987 Sentence denotes Mutations that arise in somatic cells are not heritable but are important in the genesis of tumors (E- Fig. 1-29 ; see also Chapter 6) and some congenital malformations.
T95131 186818-186987 Sentence denotes Mutations that arise in somatic cells are not heritable but are important in the genesis of tumors (E- Fig. 1-29 ; see also Chapter 6) and some congenital malformations.
TextSentencer_T1242 186988-187072 Sentence denotes Tumor-specific acquired single-gene mutations are expressed in some types of tumors.
TextSentencer_T1242 186988-187072 Sentence denotes Tumor-specific acquired single-gene mutations are expressed in some types of tumors.
T93321 186988-187072 Sentence denotes Tumor-specific acquired single-gene mutations are expressed in some types of tumors.
TextSentencer_T1243 187073-187219 Sentence denotes During the clinical management of cancer, such mutations can serve as a means to detect the growth of a tumor and monitor its response to therapy.
TextSentencer_T1243 187073-187219 Sentence denotes During the clinical management of cancer, such mutations can serve as a means to detect the growth of a tumor and monitor its response to therapy.
T5305 187073-187219 Sentence denotes During the clinical management of cancer, such mutations can serve as a means to detect the growth of a tumor and monitor its response to therapy.
TextSentencer_T1244 187220-187269 Sentence denotes Figure 1 -29 Sequence of Events in Tumorigenesis.
TextSentencer_T1244 187220-187269 Sentence denotes Figure 1 -29 Sequence of Events in Tumorigenesis.
T83369 187220-187269 Sentence denotes Figure 1 -29 Sequence of Events in Tumorigenesis.
TextSentencer_T1245 187270-187341 Sentence denotes There are approximately 220 types of somatic cells in an animal's body.
TextSentencer_T1245 187270-187341 Sentence denotes There are approximately 220 types of somatic cells in an animal's body.
T36891 187270-187341 Sentence denotes There are approximately 220 types of somatic cells in an animal's body.
TextSentencer_T1246 187342-187411 Sentence denotes During their lifespan, somatic cells can divide up to 50 to 60 times.
TextSentencer_T1246 187342-187411 Sentence denotes During their lifespan, somatic cells can divide up to 50 to 60 times.
T58043 187342-187411 Sentence denotes During their lifespan, somatic cells can divide up to 50 to 60 times.
TextSentencer_T1247 187412-187491 Sentence denotes If they do not express telomerase, their telomeres are significantly shortened.
TextSentencer_T1247 187412-187491 Sentence denotes If they do not express telomerase, their telomeres are significantly shortened.
T41306 187412-187491 Sentence denotes If they do not express telomerase, their telomeres are significantly shortened.
TextSentencer_T1248 187492-187655 Sentence denotes A telomere is a region at the end of each chromatid that protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration and/or from fusion with adjacent "aged" chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1248 187492-187655 Sentence denotes A telomere is a region at the end of each chromatid that protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration and/or from fusion with adjacent "aged" chromosomes.
T41744 187492-187655 Sentence denotes A telomere is a region at the end of each chromatid that protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration and/or from fusion with adjacent "aged" chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1249 187656-187718 Sentence denotes In the presence of active checkpoints, cells become senescent.
TextSentencer_T1249 187656-187718 Sentence denotes In the presence of active checkpoints, cells become senescent.
T22763 187656-187718 Sentence denotes In the presence of active checkpoints, cells become senescent.
TextSentencer_T1250 187719-187849 Sentence denotes If these checkpoints fail, DNA-repair pathways are inappropriately activated and result in the formation of dicentric chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1250 187719-187849 Sentence denotes If these checkpoints fail, DNA-repair pathways are inappropriately activated and result in the formation of dicentric chromosomes.
T7890 187719-187849 Sentence denotes If these checkpoints fail, DNA-repair pathways are inappropriately activated and result in the formation of dicentric chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1251 187850-187970 Sentence denotes During mitosis, dicentric chromosomes are pulled apart, leading to random double-stranded breaks in affected chromatids.
TextSentencer_T1251 187850-187970 Sentence denotes During mitosis, dicentric chromosomes are pulled apart, leading to random double-stranded breaks in affected chromatids.
T96643 187850-187970 Sentence denotes During mitosis, dicentric chromosomes are pulled apart, leading to random double-stranded breaks in affected chromatids.
TextSentencer_T1252 187971-188088 Sentence denotes In response, DNA-repair pathways are again activated, resulting in the formation of additional dicentric chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1252 187971-188088 Sentence denotes In response, DNA-repair pathways are again activated, resulting in the formation of additional dicentric chromosomes.
T64122 187971-188088 Sentence denotes In response, DNA-repair pathways are again activated, resulting in the formation of additional dicentric chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1253 188089-188235 Sentence denotes Cells that go through repetitive sequences of this "bridge-fusion-breakage" cycle have substantial chromosomal instability and numerous mutations.
TextSentencer_T1253 188089-188235 Sentence denotes Cells that go through repetitive sequences of this "bridge-fusion-breakage" cycle have substantial chromosomal instability and numerous mutations.
T69725 188089-188235 Sentence denotes Cells that go through repetitive sequences of this "bridge-fusion-breakage" cycle have substantial chromosomal instability and numerous mutations.
TextSentencer_T1254 188236-188316 Sentence denotes Subsequently, if affected cells fail to express telomerase, they eventually die.
TextSentencer_T1254 188236-188316 Sentence denotes Subsequently, if affected cells fail to express telomerase, they eventually die.
T45820 188236-188316 Sentence denotes Subsequently, if affected cells fail to express telomerase, they eventually die.
TextSentencer_T1255 188317-188401 Sentence denotes If they express telomerase, the cells can escape the "bridge-fusion-breakage" cycle.
TextSentencer_T1255 188317-188401 Sentence denotes If they express telomerase, the cells can escape the "bridge-fusion-breakage" cycle.
T75832 188317-188401 Sentence denotes If they express telomerase, the cells can escape the "bridge-fusion-breakage" cycle.
TextSentencer_T1256 188402-188546 Sentence denotes However, their survival enhances tumorigenesis because of chromosomal instability and numerous mutations. ( Single-Gene Disorders of Germ Cells.
TextSentencer_T1256 188402-188546 Sentence denotes However, their survival enhances tumorigenesis because of chromosomal instability and numerous mutations. ( Single-Gene Disorders of Germ Cells.
T84540 188402-188546 Sentence denotes However, their survival enhances tumorigenesis because of chromosomal instability and numerous mutations. ( Single-Gene Disorders of Germ Cells.
TextSentencer_T1257 188547-188716 Sentence denotes Mutations that affect germ cells are transmitted to the progeny and can give rise to inherited diseases that usually follow the classic mendelian pattern of inheritance.
TextSentencer_T1257 188547-188716 Sentence denotes Mutations that affect germ cells are transmitted to the progeny and can give rise to inherited diseases that usually follow the classic mendelian pattern of inheritance.
T79116 188547-188716 Sentence denotes Mutations that affect germ cells are transmitted to the progeny and can give rise to inherited diseases that usually follow the classic mendelian pattern of inheritance.
TextSentencer_T1258 188717-188853 Sentence denotes Inherited mutations involving single genes typically follow one of three patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked.
TextSentencer_T1258 188717-188853 Sentence denotes Inherited mutations involving single genes typically follow one of three patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked.
T18071 188717-188853 Sentence denotes Inherited mutations involving single genes typically follow one of three patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked.
TextSentencer_T1259 188854-188883 Sentence denotes Autosomal Dominant Disorders.
TextSentencer_T1259 188854-188883 Sentence denotes Autosomal Dominant Disorders.
T21581 188854-188883 Sentence denotes Autosomal Dominant Disorders.
TextSentencer_T1260 188884-188976 Sentence denotes In autosomal dominant disorders, only one allele of a mutated gene is necessary for disease.
TextSentencer_T1260 188884-188976 Sentence denotes In autosomal dominant disorders, only one allele of a mutated gene is necessary for disease.
T83755 188884-188976 Sentence denotes In autosomal dominant disorders, only one allele of a mutated gene is necessary for disease.
TextSentencer_T1261 188977-189156 Sentence denotes This allele may come from the sire or from the dam; thus, if one parent carries even one mutated allele (heterozygous), each offspring has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation.
TextSentencer_T1261 188977-189156 Sentence denotes This allele may come from the sire or from the dam; thus, if one parent carries even one mutated allele (heterozygous), each offspring has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation.
T21463 188977-189156 Sentence denotes This allele may come from the sire or from the dam; thus, if one parent carries even one mutated allele (heterozygous), each offspring has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation.
TextSentencer_T1262 189157-189346 Sentence denotes Examples of autosomal dominant disorders in animals include polycystic kidney disease (see Fig. 11 -26, F), osteogenesis imperfecta (see Chapter 16), and chondrodysplasia (see Fig. 16-39) .
TextSentencer_T1262 189157-189346 Sentence denotes Examples of autosomal dominant disorders in animals include polycystic kidney disease (see Fig. 11 -26, F), osteogenesis imperfecta (see Chapter 16), and chondrodysplasia (see Fig. 16-39) .
T56140 189157-189346 Sentence denotes Examples of autosomal dominant disorders in animals include polycystic kidney disease (see Fig. 11 -26, F), osteogenesis imperfecta (see Chapter 16), and chondrodysplasia (see Fig. 16-39) .
TextSentencer_T1263 189347-189471 Sentence denotes In autosomal dominant disorders, most mutations lead to reduced production of a protein or give rise to an inactive protein.
TextSentencer_T1263 189347-189471 Sentence denotes In autosomal dominant disorders, most mutations lead to reduced production of a protein or give rise to an inactive protein.
T21563 189347-189471 Sentence denotes In autosomal dominant disorders, most mutations lead to reduced production of a protein or give rise to an inactive protein.
TextSentencer_T1264 189472-189576 Sentence denotes The clinical effect of these loss-of-function mutations depends on the activity of the protein affected.
TextSentencer_T1264 189472-189576 Sentence denotes The clinical effect of these loss-of-function mutations depends on the activity of the protein affected.
T55422 189472-189576 Sentence denotes The clinical effect of these loss-of-function mutations depends on the activity of the protein affected.
TextSentencer_T1265 189577-189737 Sentence denotes If such mutations involve an enzyme, heterozygotes may be clinically normal because the normal allele can compensate for up to a 50% loss of enzymatic activity.
TextSentencer_T1265 189577-189737 Sentence denotes If such mutations involve an enzyme, heterozygotes may be clinically normal because the normal allele can compensate for up to a 50% loss of enzymatic activity.
T18065 189577-189737 Sentence denotes If such mutations involve an enzyme, heterozygotes may be clinically normal because the normal allele can compensate for up to a 50% loss of enzymatic activity.
TextSentencer_T1266 189738-189900 Sentence denotes In contrast, autosomal dominant disorders have serious effects on structural proteins, such as collagen or spectrin, even in heterozygotes with one normal allele.
TextSentencer_T1266 189738-189900 Sentence denotes In contrast, autosomal dominant disorders have serious effects on structural proteins, such as collagen or spectrin, even in heterozygotes with one normal allele.
T68903 189738-189900 Sentence denotes In contrast, autosomal dominant disorders have serious effects on structural proteins, such as collagen or spectrin, even in heterozygotes with one normal allele.
TextSentencer_T1267 189901-190125 Sentence denotes A 50% reduction in the amount of such proteins results in abnormal structure and assembly of collagen, and a spectrin deficiency causes osmotic fragility of erythrocytes and hereditary spherocytosis in golden retriever dogs.
TextSentencer_T1267 189901-190125 Sentence denotes A 50% reduction in the amount of such proteins results in abnormal structure and assembly of collagen, and a spectrin deficiency causes osmotic fragility of erythrocytes and hereditary spherocytosis in golden retriever dogs.
T80304 189901-190125 Sentence denotes A 50% reduction in the amount of such proteins results in abnormal structure and assembly of collagen, and a spectrin deficiency causes osmotic fragility of erythrocytes and hereditary spherocytosis in golden retriever dogs.
TextSentencer_T1268 190126-190200 Sentence denotes Less common than loss-of-function mutations are gain-offunction mutations.
TextSentencer_T1268 190126-190200 Sentence denotes Less common than loss-of-function mutations are gain-offunction mutations.
T6283 190126-190200 Sentence denotes Less common than loss-of-function mutations are gain-offunction mutations.
TextSentencer_T1269 190201-190329 Sentence denotes In this type of mutation, the gene product acquires new biologic activities not usually associated with the normal-type protein.
TextSentencer_T1269 190201-190329 Sentence denotes In this type of mutation, the gene product acquires new biologic activities not usually associated with the normal-type protein.
T22834 190201-190329 Sentence denotes In this type of mutation, the gene product acquires new biologic activities not usually associated with the normal-type protein.
TextSentencer_T1270 190330-190360 Sentence denotes Autosomal Recessive Disorders.
TextSentencer_T1270 190330-190360 Sentence denotes Autosomal Recessive Disorders.
T55921 190330-190360 Sentence denotes Autosomal Recessive Disorders.
TextSentencer_T1271 190361-190491 Sentence denotes In autosomal recessive disorders, both alleles at a given gene locus must be mutated for an animal to be affected by the disorder.
TextSentencer_T1271 190361-190491 Sentence denotes In autosomal recessive disorders, both alleles at a given gene locus must be mutated for an animal to be affected by the disorder.
T10023 190361-190491 Sentence denotes In autosomal recessive disorders, both alleles at a given gene locus must be mutated for an animal to be affected by the disorder.
TextSentencer_T1272 190492-190560 Sentence denotes One mutated allele is provided by the sire and the other by the dam.
TextSentencer_T1272 190492-190560 Sentence denotes One mutated allele is provided by the sire and the other by the dam.
T64999 190492-190560 Sentence denotes One mutated allele is provided by the sire and the other by the dam.
TextSentencer_T1273 190561-190668 Sentence denotes Thus there is a 25% chance that each offspring from heterozygous parents will inherit both mutated alleles.
TextSentencer_T1273 190561-190668 Sentence denotes Thus there is a 25% chance that each offspring from heterozygous parents will inherit both mutated alleles.
T7126 190561-190668 Sentence denotes Thus there is a 25% chance that each offspring from heterozygous parents will inherit both mutated alleles.
TextSentencer_T1274 190669-190758 Sentence denotes Heterozygotes, with only one mutated allele, are clinically normal carriers of the trait.
TextSentencer_T1274 190669-190758 Sentence denotes Heterozygotes, with only one mutated allele, are clinically normal carriers of the trait.
T93392 190669-190758 Sentence denotes Heterozygotes, with only one mutated allele, are clinically normal carriers of the trait.
TextSentencer_T1275 190759-190848 Sentence denotes Homozygous animals usually have clinical disease, and the onset is usually early in life.
TextSentencer_T1275 190759-190848 Sentence denotes Homozygous animals usually have clinical disease, and the onset is usually early in life.
T95275 190759-190848 Sentence denotes Homozygous animals usually have clinical disease, and the onset is usually early in life.
TextSentencer_T1276 190849-190890 Sentence denotes Many of the mutated genes encode enzymes.
TextSentencer_T1276 190849-190890 Sentence denotes Many of the mutated genes encode enzymes.
T94096 190849-190890 Sentence denotes Many of the mutated genes encode enzymes.
TextSentencer_T1277 190891-191164 Sentence denotes Examples of autosomal recessive disorders in animals include lysosomal storage diseases (see , glycogen storage diseases (see Fig. 14-63) and mucopolysaccharidoses, and aminoacidopathies that affect organs such as the brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney.
TextSentencer_T1277 190891-191164 Sentence denotes Examples of autosomal recessive disorders in animals include lysosomal storage diseases (see , glycogen storage diseases (see Fig. 14-63) and mucopolysaccharidoses, and aminoacidopathies that affect organs such as the brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney.
T26016 190891-191164 Sentence denotes Examples of autosomal recessive disorders in animals include lysosomal storage diseases (see , glycogen storage diseases (see Fig. 14-63) and mucopolysaccharidoses, and aminoacidopathies that affect organs such as the brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney.
TextSentencer_T1278 191165-191184 Sentence denotes X-Linked Disorders.
TextSentencer_T1278 191165-191184 Sentence denotes X-Linked Disorders.
T89346 191165-191184 Sentence denotes X-Linked Disorders.
TextSentencer_T1279 191185-191306 Sentence denotes All sex-linked disorders are X-linked, and almost all are recessive and caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome.
TextSentencer_T1279 191185-191306 Sentence denotes All sex-linked disorders are X-linked, and almost all are recessive and caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome.
T82697 191185-191306 Sentence denotes All sex-linked disorders are X-linked, and almost all are recessive and caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome.
TextSentencer_T1280 191307-191423 Sentence denotes Male animals are more likely to be affected by X-linked recessive disorders because they have only one X chromosome.
TextSentencer_T1280 191307-191423 Sentence denotes Male animals are more likely to be affected by X-linked recessive disorders because they have only one X chromosome.
T62555 191307-191423 Sentence denotes Male animals are more likely to be affected by X-linked recessive disorders because they have only one X chromosome.
TextSentencer_T1281 191424-191545 Sentence denotes Females, unless they inherit the mutation from both parents, are typically clinically normal carriers of X-linked traits.
TextSentencer_T1281 191424-191545 Sentence denotes Females, unless they inherit the mutation from both parents, are typically clinically normal carriers of X-linked traits.
T27579 191424-191545 Sentence denotes Females, unless they inherit the mutation from both parents, are typically clinically normal carriers of X-linked traits.
TextSentencer_T1282 191546-191713 Sentence denotes Examples of X-linked recessive disorders in animals include Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (see Chapter 15) and agammaglobulinemia of the immune system (see Chapter 5).
TextSentencer_T1282 191546-191713 Sentence denotes Examples of X-linked recessive disorders in animals include Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (see Chapter 15) and agammaglobulinemia of the immune system (see Chapter 5).
T59971 191546-191713 Sentence denotes Examples of X-linked recessive disorders in animals include Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (see Chapter 15) and agammaglobulinemia of the immune system (see Chapter 5).
TextSentencer_T1283 191714-191752 Sentence denotes Single-Gene Disorders of Mitochondria.
TextSentencer_T1283 191714-191752 Sentence denotes Single-Gene Disorders of Mitochondria.
T68810 191714-191752 Sentence denotes Single-Gene Disorders of Mitochondria.
TextSentencer_T1284 191753-192003 Sentence denotes Some single-gene disorders have a nonmendelian pattern of inheritance and include disorders arising from mutations in mtDNA and those in which the transmission is influenced by trinucleotide-repeat mutations, genomic imprinting, or gonadal mosaicism.
TextSentencer_T1284 191753-192003 Sentence denotes Some single-gene disorders have a nonmendelian pattern of inheritance and include disorders arising from mutations in mtDNA and those in which the transmission is influenced by trinucleotide-repeat mutations, genomic imprinting, or gonadal mosaicism.
T12519 191753-192003 Sentence denotes Some single-gene disorders have a nonmendelian pattern of inheritance and include disorders arising from mutations in mtDNA and those in which the transmission is influenced by trinucleotide-repeat mutations, genomic imprinting, or gonadal mosaicism.
TextSentencer_T1285 192004-192092 Sentence denotes In such cases, mitochondrial mutations occur in mtDNA rather than in the nuclear genome.
TextSentencer_T1285 192004-192092 Sentence denotes In such cases, mitochondrial mutations occur in mtDNA rather than in the nuclear genome.
T18390 192004-192092 Sentence denotes In such cases, mitochondrial mutations occur in mtDNA rather than in the nuclear genome.
TextSentencer_T1286 192093-192257 Sentence denotes Diseases resulting from mitochondrial inheritance are rare, and many affect the nervous (e.g., mitochondrial encephalopathies; see Chapter 14) and muscular systems.
TextSentencer_T1286 192093-192257 Sentence denotes Diseases resulting from mitochondrial inheritance are rare, and many affect the nervous (e.g., mitochondrial encephalopathies; see Chapter 14) and muscular systems.
T75162 192093-192257 Sentence denotes Diseases resulting from mitochondrial inheritance are rare, and many affect the nervous (e.g., mitochondrial encephalopathies; see Chapter 14) and muscular systems.
TextSentencer_T1287 192258-192351 Sentence denotes There are only 37 mitochondrial genes, and a feature unique to mtDNA is maternal inheritance.
TextSentencer_T1287 192258-192351 Sentence denotes There are only 37 mitochondrial genes, and a feature unique to mtDNA is maternal inheritance.
T15927 192258-192351 Sentence denotes There are only 37 mitochondrial genes, and a feature unique to mtDNA is maternal inheritance.
TextSentencer_T1288 192352-192427 Sentence denotes Dams and only dams transmit mtDNA to their offspring, both male and female.
TextSentencer_T1288 192352-192427 Sentence denotes Dams and only dams transmit mtDNA to their offspring, both male and female.
T60681 192352-192427 Sentence denotes Dams and only dams transmit mtDNA to their offspring, both male and female.
TextSentencer_T1289 192428-192477 Sentence denotes Sires make no contribution of mtDNA to offspring.
TextSentencer_T1289 192428-192477 Sentence denotes Sires make no contribution of mtDNA to offspring.
T2940 192428-192477 Sentence denotes Sires make no contribution of mtDNA to offspring.
TextSentencer_T1290 192478-192608 Sentence denotes This peculiarity exists because ova contain numerous mitochondria within their cytoplasm, whereas spermatozoa contain few, if any.
TextSentencer_T1290 192478-192608 Sentence denotes This peculiarity exists because ova contain numerous mitochondria within their cytoplasm, whereas spermatozoa contain few, if any.
T16101 192478-192608 Sentence denotes This peculiarity exists because ova contain numerous mitochondria within their cytoplasm, whereas spermatozoa contain few, if any.
TextSentencer_T1291 192609-192692 Sentence denotes Thus the mtDNA complement of the fertilized ovum is derived entirely from the ovum.
TextSentencer_T1291 192609-192692 Sentence denotes Thus the mtDNA complement of the fertilized ovum is derived entirely from the ovum.
T97715 192609-192692 Sentence denotes Thus the mtDNA complement of the fertilized ovum is derived entirely from the ovum.
TextSentencer_T1292 192693-192801 Sentence denotes Each of the 200 to 210 cell types of an animal's body requires a specific amount of ATP for normal function.
TextSentencer_T1292 192693-192801 Sentence denotes Each of the 200 to 210 cell types of an animal's body requires a specific amount of ATP for normal function.
T47656 192693-192801 Sentence denotes Each of the 200 to 210 cell types of an animal's body requires a specific amount of ATP for normal function.
TextSentencer_T1293 192802-192988 Sentence denotes Although, within individual cell types, some variation in ATP concentrations may be tolerated, there is typically a threshold concentration below which cells begin to degenerate and die.
TextSentencer_T1293 192802-192988 Sentence denotes Although, within individual cell types, some variation in ATP concentrations may be tolerated, there is typically a threshold concentration below which cells begin to degenerate and die.
T31591 192802-192988 Sentence denotes Although, within individual cell types, some variation in ATP concentrations may be tolerated, there is typically a threshold concentration below which cells begin to degenerate and die.
TextSentencer_T1294 192989-193098 Sentence denotes Thus cells with large ATP requirements tend to be the ones most seriously affected by mitochondrial diseases.
TextSentencer_T1294 192989-193098 Sentence denotes Thus cells with large ATP requirements tend to be the ones most seriously affected by mitochondrial diseases.
T62348 192989-193098 Sentence denotes Thus cells with large ATP requirements tend to be the ones most seriously affected by mitochondrial diseases.
TextSentencer_T1295 193099-193389 Sentence denotes Because mtDNA encodes enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, mutations affecting these genes exert their deleterious effects primarily on the organs most dependent on oxidative phosphorylation such as the CNS, skeletal muscle (type II myofibers), cardiac muscle, liver, and kidneys.
TextSentencer_T1295 193099-193389 Sentence denotes Because mtDNA encodes enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, mutations affecting these genes exert their deleterious effects primarily on the organs most dependent on oxidative phosphorylation such as the CNS, skeletal muscle (type II myofibers), cardiac muscle, liver, and kidneys.
T52029 193099-193389 Sentence denotes Because mtDNA encodes enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, mutations affecting these genes exert their deleterious effects primarily on the organs most dependent on oxidative phosphorylation such as the CNS, skeletal muscle (type II myofibers), cardiac muscle, liver, and kidneys.
TextSentencer_T1296 193390-193518 Sentence denotes For example, the CNS produces approximately 20% of the body's total ATP and therefore is most often affected by mtDNA mutations.
TextSentencer_T1296 193390-193518 Sentence denotes For example, the CNS produces approximately 20% of the body's total ATP and therefore is most often affected by mtDNA mutations.
T4049 193390-193518 Sentence denotes For example, the CNS produces approximately 20% of the body's total ATP and therefore is most often affected by mtDNA mutations.
TextSentencer_T1297 193519-193592 Sentence denotes The mutation rate of mtDNA is approximately 10 times that of nuclear DNA.
TextSentencer_T1297 193519-193592 Sentence denotes The mutation rate of mtDNA is approximately 10 times that of nuclear DNA.
T23670 193519-193592 Sentence denotes The mutation rate of mtDNA is approximately 10 times that of nuclear DNA.
TextSentencer_T1298 193593-193737 Sentence denotes This difference is caused by a relative lack of DNA repair mechanisms in mtDNA and by damage from ROS released during oxidative phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T1298 193593-193737 Sentence denotes This difference is caused by a relative lack of DNA repair mechanisms in mtDNA and by damage from ROS released during oxidative phosphorylation.
T81593 193593-193737 Sentence denotes This difference is caused by a relative lack of DNA repair mechanisms in mtDNA and by damage from ROS released during oxidative phosphorylation.
TextSentencer_T1299 193738-193762 Sentence denotes Errors in Cell Division.
TextSentencer_T1299 193738-193762 Sentence denotes Errors in Cell Division.
T92923 193738-193762 Sentence denotes Errors in Cell Division.
TextSentencer_T1300 193763-193895 Sentence denotes Most chromosomal disorders are caused by errors in cell division, which transfers the disorder within somatic and/or germline cells.
TextSentencer_T1300 193763-193895 Sentence denotes Most chromosomal disorders are caused by errors in cell division, which transfers the disorder within somatic and/or germline cells.
T98867 193763-193895 Sentence denotes Most chromosomal disorders are caused by errors in cell division, which transfers the disorder within somatic and/or germline cells.
TextSentencer_T1301 193896-194039 Sentence denotes Abnormalities of chromosome number and/ or structure can arise in autosomes (chromosomes in somatic cells) or sex chromosomes (germline cells).
TextSentencer_T1301 193896-194039 Sentence denotes Abnormalities of chromosome number and/ or structure can arise in autosomes (chromosomes in somatic cells) or sex chromosomes (germline cells).
T7230 193896-194039 Sentence denotes Abnormalities of chromosome number and/ or structure can arise in autosomes (chromosomes in somatic cells) or sex chromosomes (germline cells).
TextSentencer_T1302 194040-194114 Sentence denotes There are two kinds of cell division, mitosis and meiosis (E- Fig. 1-30) .
TextSentencer_T1302 194040-194114 Sentence denotes There are two kinds of cell division, mitosis and meiosis (E- Fig. 1-30) .
T72130 194040-194114 Sentence denotes There are two kinds of cell division, mitosis and meiosis (E- Fig. 1-30) .
TextSentencer_T1303 194115-194214 Sentence denotes Mitosis is somatic cell division by which the body grows and differentiates and tissues regenerate.
TextSentencer_T1303 194115-194214 Sentence denotes Mitosis is somatic cell division by which the body grows and differentiates and tissues regenerate.
T8086 194115-194214 Sentence denotes Mitosis is somatic cell division by which the body grows and differentiates and tissues regenerate.
TextSentencer_T1304 194215-194333 Sentence denotes Mitotic division results in two daughter cells, each with chromosomes and genes identical to those of the parent cell.
TextSentencer_T1304 194215-194333 Sentence denotes Mitotic division results in two daughter cells, each with chromosomes and genes identical to those of the parent cell.
T39712 194215-194333 Sentence denotes Mitotic division results in two daughter cells, each with chromosomes and genes identical to those of the parent cell.
TextSentencer_T1305 194334-194591 Sentence denotes In contrast, meiosis occurs only in cells of the germline and results in the formation of ova or spermatozoa, with, under normal conditions, each cell type having half of the normal karyotype (one of each kind of autosome and either an X or a Y chromosome).
TextSentencer_T1305 194334-194591 Sentence denotes In contrast, meiosis occurs only in cells of the germline and results in the formation of ova or spermatozoa, with, under normal conditions, each cell type having half of the normal karyotype (one of each kind of autosome and either an X or a Y chromosome).
T18907 194334-194591 Sentence denotes In contrast, meiosis occurs only in cells of the germline and results in the formation of ova or spermatozoa, with, under normal conditions, each cell type having half of the normal karyotype (one of each kind of autosome and either an X or a Y chromosome).
TextSentencer_T1306 194592-194759 Sentence denotes After fertilization a single-cell zygote gives rise to all cells of the body (estimated at 1 × 10 14 cells), which are derived from dozens or even hundreds of mitoses.
TextSentencer_T1306 194592-194759 Sentence denotes After fertilization a single-cell zygote gives rise to all cells of the body (estimated at 1 × 10 14 cells), which are derived from dozens or even hundreds of mitoses.
T57098 194592-194759 Sentence denotes After fertilization a single-cell zygote gives rise to all cells of the body (estimated at 1 × 10 14 cells), which are derived from dozens or even hundreds of mitoses.
TextSentencer_T1307 194760-194963 Sentence denotes The biologic significance of meiosis and mitosis lies in ensuring the constancy of chromosome number and thus the integrity of the genome from one cell to its progeny and from one generation to the next.
TextSentencer_T1307 194760-194963 Sentence denotes The biologic significance of meiosis and mitosis lies in ensuring the constancy of chromosome number and thus the integrity of the genome from one cell to its progeny and from one generation to the next.
T78227 194760-194963 Sentence denotes The biologic significance of meiosis and mitosis lies in ensuring the constancy of chromosome number and thus the integrity of the genome from one cell to its progeny and from one generation to the next.
TextSentencer_T1308 194964-195205 Sentence denotes The medical significance of these processes involves errors of cell division, which lead to the formation of an individual cell or of a cell lineage with an abnormal number of chromosomes and thus an inappropriate amount of genomic material.
TextSentencer_T1308 194964-195205 Sentence denotes The medical significance of these processes involves errors of cell division, which lead to the formation of an individual cell or of a cell lineage with an abnormal number of chromosomes and thus an inappropriate amount of genomic material.
T97435 194964-195205 Sentence denotes The medical significance of these processes involves errors of cell division, which lead to the formation of an individual cell or of a cell lineage with an abnormal number of chromosomes and thus an inappropriate amount of genomic material.
TextSentencer_T1309 195206-195403 Sentence denotes Such errors are called nondisjunctions and represent a failure of chromosome pairs to disjoin (separate) during cell division, and as a result both chromosomes go to one cell and none to the other.
TextSentencer_T1309 195206-195403 Sentence denotes Such errors are called nondisjunctions and represent a failure of chromosome pairs to disjoin (separate) during cell division, and as a result both chromosomes go to one cell and none to the other.
T41821 195206-195403 Sentence denotes Such errors are called nondisjunctions and represent a failure of chromosome pairs to disjoin (separate) during cell division, and as a result both chromosomes go to one cell and none to the other.
TextSentencer_T1310 195404-195536 Sentence denotes Meiotic nondisjunction, particularly in oogenesis, is a common mutational mechanism, responsible for chromosomally abnormal fetuses.
TextSentencer_T1310 195404-195536 Sentence denotes Meiotic nondisjunction, particularly in oogenesis, is a common mutational mechanism, responsible for chromosomally abnormal fetuses.
T66469 195404-195536 Sentence denotes Meiotic nondisjunction, particularly in oogenesis, is a common mutational mechanism, responsible for chromosomally abnormal fetuses.
TextSentencer_T1311 195537-195677 Sentence denotes In those fetuses that survive to term, chromosome abnormalities cause developmental defects, failure to thrive, and reduced mental function.
TextSentencer_T1311 195537-195677 Sentence denotes In those fetuses that survive to term, chromosome abnormalities cause developmental defects, failure to thrive, and reduced mental function.
T12030 195537-195677 Sentence denotes In those fetuses that survive to term, chromosome abnormalities cause developmental defects, failure to thrive, and reduced mental function.
TextSentencer_T1312 195678-195724 Sentence denotes Mitotic nondisjunctions can also be inherited.
TextSentencer_T1312 195678-195724 Sentence denotes Mitotic nondisjunctions can also be inherited.
T63343 195678-195724 Sentence denotes Mitotic nondisjunctions can also be inherited.
TextSentencer_T1313 195725-195926 Sentence denotes Nondisjunction soon after fertilization, either in the developing embryo or in extraembryonic tissues like the placenta, leads to chromosomal mosaicism that can be the basis for some genetic disorders.
TextSentencer_T1313 195725-195926 Sentence denotes Nondisjunction soon after fertilization, either in the developing embryo or in extraembryonic tissues like the placenta, leads to chromosomal mosaicism that can be the basis for some genetic disorders.
T67967 195725-195926 Sentence denotes Nondisjunction soon after fertilization, either in the developing embryo or in extraembryonic tissues like the placenta, leads to chromosomal mosaicism that can be the basis for some genetic disorders.
TextSentencer_T1314 195927-196044 Sentence denotes Additionally, abnormal chromosome segregation in rapidly dividing tissues can be a step in the development of tumors.
TextSentencer_T1314 195927-196044 Sentence denotes Additionally, abnormal chromosome segregation in rapidly dividing tissues can be a step in the development of tumors.
T54276 195927-196044 Sentence denotes Additionally, abnormal chromosome segregation in rapidly dividing tissues can be a step in the development of tumors.
TextSentencer_T1315 196045-196065 Sentence denotes Numeric Alterations.
TextSentencer_T1315 196045-196065 Sentence denotes Numeric Alterations.
T15552 196045-196065 Sentence denotes Numeric Alterations.
TextSentencer_T1316 196066-196180 Sentence denotes Cells with normal chromosome numbers have euploid karyotypes (i.e., normal number of chromosomes for the species).
TextSentencer_T1316 196066-196180 Sentence denotes Cells with normal chromosome numbers have euploid karyotypes (i.e., normal number of chromosomes for the species).
T37620 196066-196180 Sentence denotes Cells with normal chromosome numbers have euploid karyotypes (i.e., normal number of chromosomes for the species).
TextSentencer_T1317 196181-196422 Sentence denotes If an error occurs in meiosis or mitosis and a cell 43.e15 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death acquires a lesser or greater number of chromosomes, the abnormal karyotype is referred to as aneuploidy.
TextSentencer_T1317 196181-196422 Sentence denotes If an error occurs in meiosis or mitosis and a cell 43.e15 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death acquires a lesser or greater number of chromosomes, the abnormal karyotype is referred to as aneuploidy.
T50530 196181-196422 Sentence denotes If an error occurs in meiosis or mitosis and a cell 43.e15 CHAPTER 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death acquires a lesser or greater number of chromosomes, the abnormal karyotype is referred to as aneuploidy.
TextSentencer_T1318 196423-196622 Sentence denotes One cause of aneuploidy is nondisjunction during meiosis (E- Fig. 1-31) , resulting in either extra chromosomes (e.g., trisomy, tetrasomy) or one less chromosome (i.e., monosomy) (see E- Fig. 1-31) .
TextSentencer_T1318 196423-196622 Sentence denotes One cause of aneuploidy is nondisjunction during meiosis (E- Fig. 1-31) , resulting in either extra chromosomes (e.g., trisomy, tetrasomy) or one less chromosome (i.e., monosomy) (see E- Fig. 1-31) .
T26500 196423-196622 Sentence denotes One cause of aneuploidy is nondisjunction during meiosis (E- Fig. 1-31) , resulting in either extra chromosomes (e.g., trisomy, tetrasomy) or one less chromosome (i.e., monosomy) (see E- Fig. 1-31) .
TextSentencer_T1319 196623-196742 Sentence denotes Fertilization of such ova by normal spermatozoa results in two types of zygotes, trisomic (or tetrasomic) or monosomic.
TextSentencer_T1319 196623-196742 Sentence denotes Fertilization of such ova by normal spermatozoa results in two types of zygotes, trisomic (or tetrasomic) or monosomic.
T44934 196623-196742 Sentence denotes Fertilization of such ova by normal spermatozoa results in two types of zygotes, trisomic (or tetrasomic) or monosomic.
TextSentencer_T1320 196743-196994 Sentence denotes Trisomic or tetrasomic offspring are extremely rare in domestic animals, but an autosomal trisomy has been reported in an Italian Friesian calf with malformed limbs, congenital opisthotonus, brachygnathia, blindness, and absence of external genitalia.
TextSentencer_T1320 196743-196994 Sentence denotes Trisomic or tetrasomic offspring are extremely rare in domestic animals, but an autosomal trisomy has been reported in an Italian Friesian calf with malformed limbs, congenital opisthotonus, brachygnathia, blindness, and absence of external genitalia.
T54833 196743-196994 Sentence denotes Trisomic or tetrasomic offspring are extremely rare in domestic animals, but an autosomal trisomy has been reported in an Italian Friesian calf with malformed limbs, congenital opisthotonus, brachygnathia, blindness, and absence of external genitalia.
TextSentencer_T1321 196995-197160 Sentence denotes Monosomic offspring are more common in domestic animals, in which an X chromosome monosomy (Turnerlike syndrome) has been reported mainly in horses (see Chapter 18).
TextSentencer_T1321 196995-197160 Sentence denotes Monosomic offspring are more common in domestic animals, in which an X chromosome monosomy (Turnerlike syndrome) has been reported mainly in horses (see Chapter 18).
T59186 196995-197160 Sentence denotes Monosomic offspring are more common in domestic animals, in which an X chromosome monosomy (Turnerlike syndrome) has been reported mainly in horses (see Chapter 18).
TextSentencer_T1322 197161-197279 Sentence denotes The vulva, uterus, and ovaries in affected mares are smaller than normal; most fail to cycle or show estrous behavior.
TextSentencer_T1322 197161-197279 Sentence denotes The vulva, uterus, and ovaries in affected mares are smaller than normal; most fail to cycle or show estrous behavior.
T5712 197161-197279 Sentence denotes The vulva, uterus, and ovaries in affected mares are smaller than normal; most fail to cycle or show estrous behavior.
TextSentencer_T1323 197280-197471 Sentence denotes Occasionally, mitotic errors in early development give rise to two or more populations of cells with different chromosomal karyotypes in the same animal, a condition referred to as mosaicism.
TextSentencer_T1323 197280-197471 Sentence denotes Occasionally, mitotic errors in early development give rise to two or more populations of cells with different chromosomal karyotypes in the same animal, a condition referred to as mosaicism.
T9409 197280-197471 Sentence denotes Occasionally, mitotic errors in early development give rise to two or more populations of cells with different chromosomal karyotypes in the same animal, a condition referred to as mosaicism.
TextSentencer_T1324 197472-197576 Sentence denotes Mosaicism can result from mitotic errors during the division of the fertilized ovum or in somatic cells.
TextSentencer_T1324 197472-197576 Sentence denotes Mosaicism can result from mitotic errors during the division of the fertilized ovum or in somatic cells.
T60005 197472-197576 Sentence denotes Mosaicism can result from mitotic errors during the division of the fertilized ovum or in somatic cells.
TextSentencer_T1325 197577-197638 Sentence denotes Mosaicism affecting the sex chromosomes is relatively common.
TextSentencer_T1325 197577-197638 Sentence denotes Mosaicism affecting the sex chromosomes is relatively common.
T48762 197577-197638 Sentence denotes Mosaicism affecting the sex chromosomes is relatively common.
TextSentencer_T1326 197639-197845 Sentence denotes In the division of the fertilized ovum, an error may lead to one of the daughter cells receiving three sex chromosomes, whereas the other receives only one, yielding, for example, an n-1, X/n+1, XXX mosaic.
TextSentencer_T1326 197639-197845 Sentence denotes In the division of the fertilized ovum, an error may lead to one of the daughter cells receiving three sex chromosomes, whereas the other receives only one, yielding, for example, an n-1, X/n+1, XXX mosaic.
T46451 197639-197845 Sentence denotes In the division of the fertilized ovum, an error may lead to one of the daughter cells receiving three sex chromosomes, whereas the other receives only one, yielding, for example, an n-1, X/n+1, XXX mosaic.
TextSentencer_T1327 197846-197927 Sentence denotes All cells derived from each of these cells will have the same abnormal karyotype.
TextSentencer_T1327 197846-197927 Sentence denotes All cells derived from each of these cells will have the same abnormal karyotype.
T14134 197846-197927 Sentence denotes All cells derived from each of these cells will have the same abnormal karyotype.
TextSentencer_T1328 197928-198024 Sentence denotes An example of X (sex) chromosome mosaicism occurs in tortoiseshell and calico (tricolored) cats.
TextSentencer_T1328 197928-198024 Sentence denotes An example of X (sex) chromosome mosaicism occurs in tortoiseshell and calico (tricolored) cats.
T37740 197928-198024 Sentence denotes An example of X (sex) chromosome mosaicism occurs in tortoiseshell and calico (tricolored) cats.
TextSentencer_T1329 198025-198162 Sentence denotes In all female mammalian cells, the function of one X chromosome is inactivated through a random process called X chromosome inactivation.
TextSentencer_T1329 198025-198162 Sentence denotes In all female mammalian cells, the function of one X chromosome is inactivated through a random process called X chromosome inactivation.
T58661 198025-198162 Sentence denotes In all female mammalian cells, the function of one X chromosome is inactivated through a random process called X chromosome inactivation.
TextSentencer_T1330 198163-198308 Sentence denotes Approximately 50% of the cells of tricolored cats have inactivated paternal X chromosomes; the other 50% have inactivated maternal X chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1330 198163-198308 Sentence denotes Approximately 50% of the cells of tricolored cats have inactivated paternal X chromosomes; the other 50% have inactivated maternal X chromosomes.
T83451 198163-198308 Sentence denotes Approximately 50% of the cells of tricolored cats have inactivated paternal X chromosomes; the other 50% have inactivated maternal X chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1331 198309-198523 Sentence denotes Thus female tricolored cats have roughly equal populations of two genetically different cell types and are therefore a type of mosaic that is expressed in the patterns of hair coloration (orange, black, and white).
TextSentencer_T1331 198309-198523 Sentence denotes Thus female tricolored cats have roughly equal populations of two genetically different cell types and are therefore a type of mosaic that is expressed in the patterns of hair coloration (orange, black, and white).
T92254 198309-198523 Sentence denotes Thus female tricolored cats have roughly equal populations of two genetically different cell types and are therefore a type of mosaic that is expressed in the patterns of hair coloration (orange, black, and white).
TextSentencer_T1332 198524-198613 Sentence denotes Autosomal mosaicism seems to be much less common than that involving the sex chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1332 198524-198613 Sentence denotes Autosomal mosaicism seems to be much less common than that involving the sex chromosomes.
T19045 198524-198613 Sentence denotes Autosomal mosaicism seems to be much less common than that involving the sex chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1333 198614-198718 Sentence denotes An error in an early mitotic division affecting the autosomes usually leads to a nonviable mosaic fetus.
TextSentencer_T1333 198614-198718 Sentence denotes An error in an early mitotic division affecting the autosomes usually leads to a nonviable mosaic fetus.
T6999 198614-198718 Sentence denotes An error in an early mitotic division affecting the autosomes usually leads to a nonviable mosaic fetus.
TextSentencer_T1334 198719-198742 Sentence denotes Structural Alterations.
TextSentencer_T1334 198719-198742 Sentence denotes Structural Alterations.
T13413 198719-198742 Sentence denotes Structural Alterations.
TextSentencer_T1335 198743-198931 Sentence denotes Changes in the structure of chromosomes are caused by deletion, inversion, duplication, or translocation of a portion of a sex or autosomal chromosome during cell division (E- Fig. 1-32 ).
TextSentencer_T1335 198743-198931 Sentence denotes Changes in the structure of chromosomes are caused by deletion, inversion, duplication, or translocation of a portion of a sex or autosomal chromosome during cell division (E- Fig. 1-32 ).
T24033 198743-198931 Sentence denotes Changes in the structure of chromosomes are caused by deletion, inversion, duplication, or translocation of a portion of a sex or autosomal chromosome during cell division (E- Fig. 1-32 ).
TextSentencer_T1336 198932-199112 Sentence denotes During embryogenesis, structural alterations of sex chromosomes are more common than those of autosomes and can result in some cells having XX and others having XY sex chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1336 198932-199112 Sentence denotes During embryogenesis, structural alterations of sex chromosomes are more common than those of autosomes and can result in some cells having XX and others having XY sex chromosomes.
T90986 198932-199112 Sentence denotes During embryogenesis, structural alterations of sex chromosomes are more common than those of autosomes and can result in some cells having XX and others having XY sex chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1337 199113-199260 Sentence denotes These cells coexist, so both male and female reproductive structures develop to varying degrees dependent on the expression of the sex chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1337 199113-199260 Sentence denotes These cells coexist, so both male and female reproductive structures develop to varying degrees dependent on the expression of the sex chromosomes.
T5322 199113-199260 Sentence denotes These cells coexist, so both male and female reproductive structures develop to varying degrees dependent on the expression of the sex chromosomes.
TextSentencer_T1338 199261-199406 Sentence denotes As a result, these diseases are characterized by sexual ambiguity and include hermaphroditism and pseudohermaphroditism (see Chapters 18 and 19).
TextSentencer_T1338 199261-199406 Sentence denotes As a result, these diseases are characterized by sexual ambiguity and include hermaphroditism and pseudohermaphroditism (see Chapters 18 and 19).
T17221 199261-199406 Sentence denotes As a result, these diseases are characterized by sexual ambiguity and include hermaphroditism and pseudohermaphroditism (see Chapters 18 and 19).
TextSentencer_T1339 199407-199549 Sentence denotes Structural alterations also likely involve autosomes in animals, but their occurrence and significance have not been adequately characterized.
TextSentencer_T1339 199407-199549 Sentence denotes Structural alterations also likely involve autosomes in animals, but their occurrence and significance have not been adequately characterized.
T82239 199407-199549 Sentence denotes Structural alterations also likely involve autosomes in animals, but their occurrence and significance have not been adequately characterized.
TextSentencer_T1340 199550-199685 Sentence denotes Complex multigenic disorders are caused by interactions between variant forms of genes (e.g., polymorphisms) and environmental factors.
TextSentencer_T1340 199550-199685 Sentence denotes Complex multigenic disorders are caused by interactions between variant forms of genes (e.g., polymorphisms) and environmental factors.
T44627 199550-199685 Sentence denotes Complex multigenic disorders are caused by interactions between variant forms of genes (e.g., polymorphisms) and environmental factors.
TextSentencer_T1341 199686-199811 Sentence denotes Each variant gene confers a small increase in disease risk, but no single gene is necessary or able alone to produce disease.
TextSentencer_T1341 199686-199811 Sentence denotes Each variant gene confers a small increase in disease risk, but no single gene is necessary or able alone to produce disease.
T27392 199686-199811 Sentence denotes Each variant gene confers a small increase in disease risk, but no single gene is necessary or able alone to produce disease.
TextSentencer_T1342 199812-199936 Sentence denotes It is only when several polymorphisms are present in an animal that disease occurs, hence the terms multigenic or polygenic.
TextSentencer_T1342 199812-199936 Sentence denotes It is only when several polymorphisms are present in an animal that disease occurs, hence the terms multigenic or polygenic.
T26191 199812-199936 Sentence denotes It is only when several polymorphisms are present in an animal that disease occurs, hence the terms multigenic or polygenic.
TextSentencer_T1343 199937-200166 Sentence denotes Thus, unlike the single-mutant gene disorders (discussed previously) that commonly cause disease and give rise to mendelian-inherited disorders, each individual polymorphism has a small effect and rarely causes disease by itself.
TextSentencer_T1343 199937-200166 Sentence denotes Thus, unlike the single-mutant gene disorders (discussed previously) that commonly cause disease and give rise to mendelian-inherited disorders, each individual polymorphism has a small effect and rarely causes disease by itself.
T58473 199937-200166 Sentence denotes Thus, unlike the single-mutant gene disorders (discussed previously) that commonly cause disease and give rise to mendelian-inherited disorders, each individual polymorphism has a small effect and rarely causes disease by itself.
TextSentencer_T1344 200167-200427 Sentence denotes Because environmental interactions are important in the pathogenesis of these diseases and the complex traits do not follow a mendelian pattern of inheritance, the genes and polymorphisms that contribute to these diseases have been very difficult to determine.
TextSentencer_T1344 200167-200427 Sentence denotes Because environmental interactions are important in the pathogenesis of these diseases and the complex traits do not follow a mendelian pattern of inheritance, the genes and polymorphisms that contribute to these diseases have been very difficult to determine.
T75364 200167-200427 Sentence denotes Because environmental interactions are important in the pathogenesis of these diseases and the complex traits do not follow a mendelian pattern of inheritance, the genes and polymorphisms that contribute to these diseases have been very difficult to determine.
TextSentencer_T1345 200428-200502 Sentence denotes Assigning a disease to this mode of inheritance must be done with caution.
TextSentencer_T1345 200428-200502 Sentence denotes Assigning a disease to this mode of inheritance must be done with caution.
T49659 200428-200502 Sentence denotes Assigning a disease to this mode of inheritance must be done with caution.
TextSentencer_T1346 200503-200749 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of diseases that are considered complex multigenic disorders such as type 1 diabetes (a known human complex multigenic disorder) depends on many factors and the exclusion of mendelian (single-gene) and chromosomal modes of transmission.
TextSentencer_T1346 200503-200749 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of diseases that are considered complex multigenic disorders such as type 1 diabetes (a known human complex multigenic disorder) depends on many factors and the exclusion of mendelian (single-gene) and chromosomal modes of transmission.
T11609 200503-200749 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of diseases that are considered complex multigenic disorders such as type 1 diabetes (a known human complex multigenic disorder) depends on many factors and the exclusion of mendelian (single-gene) and chromosomal modes of transmission.
TextSentencer_T1347 200750-200951 Sentence denotes The occurrence of complex multigenic disorders in animals has not been demonstrated except in laboratory animal models of human disease, but their existence in domestic animal species is highly likely.
TextSentencer_T1347 200750-200951 Sentence denotes The occurrence of complex multigenic disorders in animals has not been demonstrated except in laboratory animal models of human disease, but their existence in domestic animal species is highly likely.
T44900 200750-200951 Sentence denotes The occurrence of complex multigenic disorders in animals has not been demonstrated except in laboratory animal models of human disease, but their existence in domestic animal species is highly likely.
TextSentencer_T1348 200952-201019 Sentence denotes Diagnosis is a common goal in veterinary medicine and in pathology.
TextSentencer_T1348 200952-201019 Sentence denotes Diagnosis is a common goal in veterinary medicine and in pathology.
T88274 200952-201019 Sentence denotes Diagnosis is a common goal in veterinary medicine and in pathology.
TextSentencer_T1349 201020-201117 Sentence denotes Clinical diagnosis is based mainly on the signalment, history, and physical examination findings.
TextSentencer_T1349 201020-201117 Sentence denotes Clinical diagnosis is based mainly on the signalment, history, and physical examination findings.
T33681 201020-201117 Sentence denotes Clinical diagnosis is based mainly on the signalment, history, and physical examination findings.
TextSentencer_T1350 201118-201235 Sentence denotes Even with clinical pathology data or diagnostic imaging, the clinical diagnosis may be only tentative or presumptive.
TextSentencer_T1350 201118-201235 Sentence denotes Even with clinical pathology data or diagnostic imaging, the clinical diagnosis may be only tentative or presumptive.
T55338 201118-201235 Sentence denotes Even with clinical pathology data or diagnostic imaging, the clinical diagnosis may be only tentative or presumptive.
TextSentencer_T1351 201236-201425 Sentence denotes Pathologists, especially anatomic pathologists, as the term implies, are particularly interested in morphologic diagnosis, which is based on the structural features of the observed lesions.
TextSentencer_T1351 201236-201425 Sentence denotes Pathologists, especially anatomic pathologists, as the term implies, are particularly interested in morphologic diagnosis, which is based on the structural features of the observed lesions.
T80758 201236-201425 Sentence denotes Pathologists, especially anatomic pathologists, as the term implies, are particularly interested in morphologic diagnosis, which is based on the structural features of the observed lesions.
TextSentencer_T1352 201426-201616 Sentence denotes A morphologic diagnosis should categorize the lesion-as degeneration or necrosis, a disturbance of growth, vascular disturbance, or inflammation-and indicate the affected organ(s) or tissue.
TextSentencer_T1352 201426-201616 Sentence denotes A morphologic diagnosis should categorize the lesion-as degeneration or necrosis, a disturbance of growth, vascular disturbance, or inflammation-and indicate the affected organ(s) or tissue.
T15332 201426-201616 Sentence denotes A morphologic diagnosis should categorize the lesion-as degeneration or necrosis, a disturbance of growth, vascular disturbance, or inflammation-and indicate the affected organ(s) or tissue.
TextSentencer_T1353 201617-201813 Sentence denotes The just-introduced word necrosis could be the part of a morphologic diagnosis that categorizes the lesion and then needs just one more word (e.g., hepatic) to indicate the location of the lesion.
TextSentencer_T1353 201617-201813 Sentence denotes The just-introduced word necrosis could be the part of a morphologic diagnosis that categorizes the lesion and then needs just one more word (e.g., hepatic) to indicate the location of the lesion.
T51766 201617-201813 Sentence denotes The just-introduced word necrosis could be the part of a morphologic diagnosis that categorizes the lesion and then needs just one more word (e.g., hepatic) to indicate the location of the lesion.
TextSentencer_T1354 201814-201937 Sentence denotes Thus hepatic necrosis is a complete morphologic diagnosis, though it may need an adjective or two for descriptive purposes.
TextSentencer_T1354 201814-201937 Sentence denotes Thus hepatic necrosis is a complete morphologic diagnosis, though it may need an adjective or two for descriptive purposes.
T61327 201814-201937 Sentence denotes Thus hepatic necrosis is a complete morphologic diagnosis, though it may need an adjective or two for descriptive purposes.
TextSentencer_T1355 201938-202214 Sentence denotes For example, multifocal (randomly distributed) hepatic necrosis implicates an infection, whereas a lobular pattern of hepatic necrosis is usually the result of ischemic, metabolic, or toxic injury (see also the section on Morphologic Appearance of Necrotic Cells and Tissues).
TextSentencer_T1355 201938-202214 Sentence denotes For example, multifocal (randomly distributed) hepatic necrosis implicates an infection, whereas a lobular pattern of hepatic necrosis is usually the result of ischemic, metabolic, or toxic injury (see also the section on Morphologic Appearance of Necrotic Cells and Tissues).
T90875 201938-202214 Sentence denotes For example, multifocal (randomly distributed) hepatic necrosis implicates an infection, whereas a lobular pattern of hepatic necrosis is usually the result of ischemic, metabolic, or toxic injury (see also the section on Morphologic Appearance of Necrotic Cells and Tissues).
TextSentencer_T1356 202215-202336 Sentence denotes A morphologic diagnosis can be based on gross (visible to the naked eye) or histologic (visible microscopically) lesions.
TextSentencer_T1356 202215-202336 Sentence denotes A morphologic diagnosis can be based on gross (visible to the naked eye) or histologic (visible microscopically) lesions.
T56509 202215-202336 Sentence denotes A morphologic diagnosis can be based on gross (visible to the naked eye) or histologic (visible microscopically) lesions.
TextSentencer_T1357 202337-202459 Sentence denotes A differential diagnosis is a list of diseases or conditions that would explain the clinical findings or observed lesions.
TextSentencer_T1357 202337-202459 Sentence denotes A differential diagnosis is a list of diseases or conditions that would explain the clinical findings or observed lesions.
T91843 202337-202459 Sentence denotes A differential diagnosis is a list of diseases or conditions that would explain the clinical findings or observed lesions.
TextSentencer_T1358 202460-202520 Sentence denotes In some settings the morphologic diagnosis is the end point.
TextSentencer_T1358 202460-202520 Sentence denotes In some settings the morphologic diagnosis is the end point.
T14722 202460-202520 Sentence denotes In some settings the morphologic diagnosis is the end point.
TextSentencer_T1359 202521-202594 Sentence denotes More often it is the basis for formulation of the differential diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T1359 202521-202594 Sentence denotes More often it is the basis for formulation of the differential diagnosis.
T81444 202521-202594 Sentence denotes More often it is the basis for formulation of the differential diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T1360 202595-202805 Sentence denotes A differential diagnosis should not be an exhaustive list but rather should contain those diseases that are most likely to have caused the observed changes in an animal with the recorded signalment and history.
TextSentencer_T1360 202595-202805 Sentence denotes A differential diagnosis should not be an exhaustive list but rather should contain those diseases that are most likely to have caused the observed changes in an animal with the recorded signalment and history.
T86118 202595-202805 Sentence denotes A differential diagnosis should not be an exhaustive list but rather should contain those diseases that are most likely to have caused the observed changes in an animal with the recorded signalment and history.
TextSentencer_T1361 202806-203001 Sentence denotes Generally, a differential diagnosis is refined (shortened) as the diagnostician progresses from the clinical findings to postmortem or surgical biopsy pathology and supporting laboratory results.
TextSentencer_T1361 202806-203001 Sentence denotes Generally, a differential diagnosis is refined (shortened) as the diagnostician progresses from the clinical findings to postmortem or surgical biopsy pathology and supporting laboratory results.
T56471 202806-203001 Sentence denotes Generally, a differential diagnosis is refined (shortened) as the diagnostician progresses from the clinical findings to postmortem or surgical biopsy pathology and supporting laboratory results.
TextSentencer_T1362 203002-203048 Sentence denotes The ultimate goal is the definitive diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T1362 203002-203048 Sentence denotes The ultimate goal is the definitive diagnosis.
T16758 203002-203048 Sentence denotes The ultimate goal is the definitive diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T1363 203049-203119 Sentence denotes The definitive diagnosis identifies the specific disease or condition.
TextSentencer_T1363 203049-203119 Sentence denotes The definitive diagnosis identifies the specific disease or condition.
T36288 203049-203119 Sentence denotes The definitive diagnosis identifies the specific disease or condition.
TextSentencer_T1364 203120-203225 Sentence denotes In some settings (e.g., in the naming of a neoplasm) a morphologic diagnosis is the definitive diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T1364 203120-203225 Sentence denotes In some settings (e.g., in the naming of a neoplasm) a morphologic diagnosis is the definitive diagnosis.
T36911 203120-203225 Sentence denotes In some settings (e.g., in the naming of a neoplasm) a morphologic diagnosis is the definitive diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T1365 203226-203260 Sentence denotes More often it is a starting point.
TextSentencer_T1365 203226-203260 Sentence denotes More often it is a starting point.
T13264 203226-203260 Sentence denotes More often it is a starting point.
TextSentencer_T1366 203261-203483 Sentence denotes For example, if a morphologic diagnosis of multifocal hepatic necrosis implicates an infectious disease, then the identification of the particular disease or the etiologic agent of that disease is the diagnostic end point.
TextSentencer_T1366 203261-203483 Sentence denotes For example, if a morphologic diagnosis of multifocal hepatic necrosis implicates an infectious disease, then the identification of the particular disease or the etiologic agent of that disease is the diagnostic end point.
T79476 203261-203483 Sentence denotes For example, if a morphologic diagnosis of multifocal hepatic necrosis implicates an infectious disease, then the identification of the particular disease or the etiologic agent of that disease is the diagnostic end point.
TextSentencer_T1367 203484-203653 Sentence denotes Ancillary tests, such as immunohistochemistry, chemical analyses, and microbiology, are paramount in refining a differential diagnosis to reach the definitive diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T1367 203484-203653 Sentence denotes Ancillary tests, such as immunohistochemistry, chemical analyses, and microbiology, are paramount in refining a differential diagnosis to reach the definitive diagnosis.
T37390 203484-203653 Sentence denotes Ancillary tests, such as immunohistochemistry, chemical analyses, and microbiology, are paramount in refining a differential diagnosis to reach the definitive diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T1368 203654-203718 Sentence denotes Ancillary tests are selected based on the nature of the disease.
TextSentencer_T1368 203654-203718 Sentence denotes Ancillary tests are selected based on the nature of the disease.
T94620 203654-203718 Sentence denotes Ancillary tests are selected based on the nature of the disease.
TextSentencer_T1369 203719-204000 Sentence denotes For example, a poorly differentiated mast cell tumor might necessitate histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, or perhaps even molecular diagnostics, such as PCR amplification of nucleic acids, whereas the H&E histologic section may suffice for a well-differentiated mast cell tumor.
TextSentencer_T1369 203719-204000 Sentence denotes For example, a poorly differentiated mast cell tumor might necessitate histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, or perhaps even molecular diagnostics, such as PCR amplification of nucleic acids, whereas the H&E histologic section may suffice for a well-differentiated mast cell tumor.
T90537 203719-204000 Sentence denotes For example, a poorly differentiated mast cell tumor might necessitate histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, or perhaps even molecular diagnostics, such as PCR amplification of nucleic acids, whereas the H&E histologic section may suffice for a well-differentiated mast cell tumor.
TextSentencer_T1370 204001-204115 Sentence denotes Neoplastic disease is one of the few situations in which a morphologic diagnosis is also the definitive diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T1370 204001-204115 Sentence denotes Neoplastic disease is one of the few situations in which a morphologic diagnosis is also the definitive diagnosis.
T28933 204001-204115 Sentence denotes Neoplastic disease is one of the few situations in which a morphologic diagnosis is also the definitive diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T1371 204116-204242 Sentence denotes Lesions caused by trauma (e.g., fractures, hemorrhages) are additional examples in which morphologic diagnoses are definitive.
TextSentencer_T1371 204116-204242 Sentence denotes Lesions caused by trauma (e.g., fractures, hemorrhages) are additional examples in which morphologic diagnoses are definitive.
T5499 204116-204242 Sentence denotes Lesions caused by trauma (e.g., fractures, hemorrhages) are additional examples in which morphologic diagnoses are definitive.
TextSentencer_T1372 204243-204405 Sentence denotes Lesions of nutritional deficiencies or toxic diseases are seldom so specific and generally implicate chemical injury without incriminating a particular substance.
TextSentencer_T1372 204243-204405 Sentence denotes Lesions of nutritional deficiencies or toxic diseases are seldom so specific and generally implicate chemical injury without incriminating a particular substance.
T44818 204243-204405 Sentence denotes Lesions of nutritional deficiencies or toxic diseases are seldom so specific and generally implicate chemical injury without incriminating a particular substance.
TextSentencer_T1373 204406-204691 Sentence denotes Infectious diseases, unless the lesions are highly specific, likewise engender a list of probable causes; microbiologic (bacteriologic, mycologic, virologic, or parasitologic) assays are then required for identification of a particular cause (genus and species of the etiologic agent).
TextSentencer_T1373 204406-204691 Sentence denotes Infectious diseases, unless the lesions are highly specific, likewise engender a list of probable causes; microbiologic (bacteriologic, mycologic, virologic, or parasitologic) assays are then required for identification of a particular cause (genus and species of the etiologic agent).
T34369 204406-204691 Sentence denotes Infectious diseases, unless the lesions are highly specific, likewise engender a list of probable causes; microbiologic (bacteriologic, mycologic, virologic, or parasitologic) assays are then required for identification of a particular cause (genus and species of the etiologic agent).
TextSentencer_T1374 204692-204788 Sentence denotes An etiologic diagnosis highlights the cause (rather than the morphologic features) of a disease.
TextSentencer_T1374 204692-204788 Sentence denotes An etiologic diagnosis highlights the cause (rather than the morphologic features) of a disease.
T17906 204692-204788 Sentence denotes An etiologic diagnosis highlights the cause (rather than the morphologic features) of a disease.
TextSentencer_T1375 204789-205037 Sentence denotes For example, in a foal with Tyzzer's disease, a morphologic diagnosis of multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, once the cause (Clostridium piliforme) is identified, could be replaced or supplemented with an etiologic diagnosis of clostridial hepatitis.
TextSentencer_T1375 204789-205037 Sentence denotes For example, in a foal with Tyzzer's disease, a morphologic diagnosis of multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, once the cause (Clostridium piliforme) is identified, could be replaced or supplemented with an etiologic diagnosis of clostridial hepatitis.
T37438 204789-205037 Sentence denotes For example, in a foal with Tyzzer's disease, a morphologic diagnosis of multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, once the cause (Clostridium piliforme) is identified, could be replaced or supplemented with an etiologic diagnosis of clostridial hepatitis.
TextSentencer_T1376 205038-205251 Sentence denotes Importantly, an etiologic diagnosis of clostridial hepatitis does not implicate a particular species of Clostridium and so is less useful than the definitive diagnosis of Tyzzer's disease (C. piliforme infection).
TextSentencer_T1376 205038-205251 Sentence denotes Importantly, an etiologic diagnosis of clostridial hepatitis does not implicate a particular species of Clostridium and so is less useful than the definitive diagnosis of Tyzzer's disease (C. piliforme infection).
T22706 205038-205251 Sentence denotes Importantly, an etiologic diagnosis of clostridial hepatitis does not implicate a particular species of Clostridium and so is less useful than the definitive diagnosis of Tyzzer's disease (C. piliforme infection).