CORD-19:07ad0ecdf3197ceeb5c2999424e3e379ca8699ac JSONTXT 9 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-51 Sentence denotes Biosecurity practices in Belgian veal calf farming:
TextSentencer_T1 0-51 Sentence denotes Biosecurity practices in Belgian veal calf farming:
TextSentencer_T2 52-125 Sentence denotes Level of implementation, attitudes, strengths, weaknesses and constraints
TextSentencer_T2 52-125 Sentence denotes Level of implementation, attitudes, strengths, weaknesses and constraints
TextSentencer_T3 127-135 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 127-135 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T4 138-299 Sentence denotes The impact of infectious animal diseases and the measures to control them are of great importance for animal health, public health, food safety, and the economy.
TextSentencer_T4 138-299 Sentence denotes The impact of infectious animal diseases and the measures to control them are of great importance for animal health, public health, food safety, and the economy.
TextSentencer_T5 300-483 Sentence denotes In order to implement the European biosecurity in cattle farms have found that the overall application of biosecurity measures was low (Sarrazin et al., 2014; Renault et al., 2018a) .
TextSentencer_T5 300-483 Sentence denotes In order to implement the European biosecurity in cattle farms have found that the overall application of biosecurity measures was low (Sarrazin et al., 2014; Renault et al., 2018a) .
TextSentencer_T6 484-598 Sentence denotes As far as we are aware, no studies regarding biosecurity in intensive veal-rearing systems have yet been executed.
TextSentencer_T6 484-598 Sentence denotes As far as we are aware, no studies regarding biosecurity in intensive veal-rearing systems have yet been executed.
TextSentencer_T7 599-872 Sentence denotes Biosecurity is defined as all measures that aim to prevent pathogens from entering or leaving a herd, referred to as external biosecurity, and all measures aiming to reduce the spread of pathogens within a herd, referred to as internal biosecurity (Damiaans et al., 2018) .
TextSentencer_T7 599-872 Sentence denotes Biosecurity is defined as all measures that aim to prevent pathogens from entering or leaving a herd, referred to as external biosecurity, and all measures aiming to reduce the spread of pathogens within a herd, referred to as internal biosecurity (Damiaans et al., 2018) .
TextSentencer_T8 873-986 Sentence denotes External biosecurity contains measures concerning animal movements, e.g., purchase and transport of live animals.
TextSentencer_T8 873-986 Sentence denotes External biosecurity contains measures concerning animal movements, e.g., purchase and transport of live animals.
TextSentencer_T9 987-1139 Sentence denotes Biosecurity also includes the entrance of visitors, such as the herd veterinarian, and possible contact with other animals of the same or other species.
TextSentencer_T9 987-1139 Sentence denotes Biosecurity also includes the entrance of visitors, such as the herd veterinarian, and possible contact with other animals of the same or other species.
TextSentencer_T10 1140-1300 Sentence denotes Internal biosecurity contains measures concerning the health management of the animals, compartmentation of different age groups, and cleaning and disinfection.
TextSentencer_T10 1140-1300 Sentence denotes Internal biosecurity contains measures concerning the health management of the animals, compartmentation of different age groups, and cleaning and disinfection.
TextSentencer_T11 1301-1474 Sentence denotes In Europe and North America, a high number of excess dairy and, to a lesser degree, beef calves are reared in the highly integrated veal industry (Brown and Claxton, 2011) .
TextSentencer_T11 1301-1474 Sentence denotes In Europe and North America, a high number of excess dairy and, to a lesser degree, beef calves are reared in the highly integrated veal industry (Brown and Claxton, 2011) .
TextSentencer_T12 1475-1628 Sentence denotes The veal sector is strongly integrated and industrialized and is therefore substantially different from conventional cattle farms (Pardon et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T12 1475-1628 Sentence denotes The veal sector is strongly integrated and industrialized and is therefore substantially different from conventional cattle farms (Pardon et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T13 1629-1782 Sentence denotes Therefore, it cannot be assumed that biosecurity measures and levels of implementation on veal farms are comparable to conventional dairy and beef farms.
TextSentencer_T13 1629-1782 Sentence denotes Therefore, it cannot be assumed that biosecurity measures and levels of implementation on veal farms are comparable to conventional dairy and beef farms.
TextSentencer_T14 1783-1964 Sentence denotes The veal-rearing system is highly similar throughout the majority of the main veal-producing countries, often with veal companies working across borders (Sans and Fontguyon, 2009 ).
TextSentencer_T14 1783-1964 Sentence denotes The veal-rearing system is highly similar throughout the majority of the main veal-producing countries, often with veal companies working across borders (Sans and Fontguyon, 2009 ).
TextSentencer_T15 1965-2095 Sentence denotes Therefore, biosecurity in Belgian veal farms could, to a certain extent, be considered representative of European veal production.
TextSentencer_T15 1965-2095 Sentence denotes Therefore, biosecurity in Belgian veal farms could, to a certain extent, be considered representative of European veal production.
TextSentencer_T16 2096-2234 Sentence denotes In Europe, before entering the veal sector, calves from dairy or beef farms are collected by salesmen and transported to a sorting center.
TextSentencer_T16 2096-2234 Sentence denotes In Europe, before entering the veal sector, calves from dairy or beef farms are collected by salesmen and transported to a sorting center.
TextSentencer_T17 2235-2301 Sentence denotes The age when leaving the farm of origin differs between countries.
TextSentencer_T17 2235-2301 Sentence denotes The age when leaving the farm of origin differs between countries.
TextSentencer_T18 2302-2460 Sentence denotes In the sorting center, calves are sorted by breed, bodyweight, and conformation, and are thereafter transported to the veal farms (Schoonmaker et al., 2002) .
TextSentencer_T18 2302-2460 Sentence denotes In the sorting center, calves are sorted by breed, bodyweight, and conformation, and are thereafter transported to the veal farms (Schoonmaker et al., 2002) .
TextSentencer_T19 2461-2524 Sentence denotes White veal calves are slaughtered at a maximum age of 8 months.
TextSentencer_T19 2461-2524 Sentence denotes White veal calves are slaughtered at a maximum age of 8 months.
TextSentencer_T20 2525-2607 Sentence denotes Most veal calf farms in Belgium are part of a veal company (Pardon et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T20 2525-2607 Sentence denotes Most veal calf farms in Belgium are part of a veal company (Pardon et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T21 2608-2744 Sentence denotes Veal companies organize the veal farming process from the top down, with their own sorting centers, feed factories, and slaughterhouses.
TextSentencer_T21 2608-2744 Sentence denotes Veal companies organize the veal farming process from the top down, with their own sorting centers, feed factories, and slaughterhouses.
TextSentencer_T22 2745-2919 Sentence denotes The companies generally own the calves, distribute feed to the farms, and impose some management requirements, while the farmer gets paid for each calf he raises on his farm.
TextSentencer_T22 2745-2919 Sentence denotes The companies generally own the calves, distribute feed to the farms, and impose some management requirements, while the farmer gets paid for each calf he raises on his farm.
TextSentencer_T23 2920-3125 Sentence denotes The veal sector might benefit from improved biosecurity since several researchers have suggested that improved disease prevention is possible through increased biosecurity on the farm (Roca et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T23 2920-3125 Sentence denotes The veal sector might benefit from improved biosecurity since several researchers have suggested that improved disease prevention is possible through increased biosecurity on the farm (Roca et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T24 3126-3341 Sentence denotes Due to the high degree of commingling calves from different farms of origin, infected calves can lead to a rapid spread of disease on the veal calf farm, causing severe health and welfare issues and economic losses.
TextSentencer_T24 3126-3341 Sentence denotes Due to the high degree of commingling calves from different farms of origin, infected calves can lead to a rapid spread of disease on the veal calf farm, causing severe health and welfare issues and economic losses.
TextSentencer_T25 3342-3477 Sentence denotes As biosecurity may (partially) prevent these losses, it is considered a cost-effective method of prevention (Van Schaik et al., 2001) .
TextSentencer_T25 3342-3477 Sentence denotes As biosecurity may (partially) prevent these losses, it is considered a cost-effective method of prevention (Van Schaik et al., 2001) .
TextSentencer_T26 3478-3733 Sentence denotes The high level of antimicrobial use in veal-rearing is causing considerable concerns (Pardon et al., 2012) as it facilitates development of antimicrobial resistance (McEwen and Fedorka-Cray, 2002) as has previously been demonstrated (Catry et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T26 3478-3733 Sentence denotes The high level of antimicrobial use in veal-rearing is causing considerable concerns (Pardon et al., 2012) as it facilitates development of antimicrobial resistance (McEwen and Fedorka-Cray, 2002) as has previously been demonstrated (Catry et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T27 3734-3950 Sentence denotes As shown in other animal species, a possible way to reduce the level of antimicrobial use and its subsequent resistance selection is to improve the level of biosecurity (Postma et al., 2016; Collineau et al., 2017) .
TextSentencer_T27 3734-3950 Sentence denotes As shown in other animal species, a possible way to reduce the level of antimicrobial use and its subsequent resistance selection is to improve the level of biosecurity (Postma et al., 2016; Collineau et al., 2017) .
TextSentencer_T28 3951-4098 Sentence denotes Biosecurity practices are often neglected by cattle farmers who assume that the risk of infection in their animals is low (Nöremark et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T28 3951-4098 Sentence denotes Biosecurity practices are often neglected by cattle farmers who assume that the risk of infection in their animals is low (Nöremark et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T29 4099-4247 Sentence denotes This assumption is likely not the case for veal farmers since the risk of infection is known to be high (Pardon et al., 2011; Knight et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T29 4099-4247 Sentence denotes This assumption is likely not the case for veal farmers since the risk of infection is known to be high (Pardon et al., 2011; Knight et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T30 4248-4379 Sentence denotes Moreover, cattle farmers have indicated a lack of information regarding biosecurity (Damiaans et al., 2018; Higgins et al., 2018) .
TextSentencer_T30 4248-4379 Sentence denotes Moreover, cattle farmers have indicated a lack of information regarding biosecurity (Damiaans et al., 2018; Higgins et al., 2018) .
TextSentencer_T31 4380-4496 Sentence denotes This lack can be presumed to be similar among veal farmers because comparable channels of information are available.
TextSentencer_T31 4380-4496 Sentence denotes This lack can be presumed to be similar among veal farmers because comparable channels of information are available.
TextSentencer_T32 4497-4620 Sentence denotes Thus, in order to improve biosecurity on veal farms, its strengths, weaknesses, and constraints should first be identified.
TextSentencer_T32 4497-4620 Sentence denotes Thus, in order to improve biosecurity on veal farms, its strengths, weaknesses, and constraints should first be identified.
TextSentencer_T33 4621-4815 Sentence denotes Therefore this study aimed to determine the main biosecurity measures in veal production and the application level of these measures in Belgian veal farms as reported or observed during a visit.
TextSentencer_T33 4621-4815 Sentence denotes Therefore this study aimed to determine the main biosecurity measures in veal production and the application level of these measures in Belgian veal farms as reported or observed during a visit.
TextSentencer_T34 4816-5003 Sentence denotes First, a list of cattle diseases that are either endemic in Belgium or at risk of (re)emergence was developed according to the methodology previously described by Renault et al. (2018b) .
TextSentencer_T34 4816-5003 Sentence denotes First, a list of cattle diseases that are either endemic in Belgium or at risk of (re)emergence was developed according to the methodology previously described by Renault et al. (2018b) .
TextSentencer_T35 5004-5103 Sentence denotes An initial list of diseases was based on a literature review after a search of the PubMed database.
TextSentencer_T35 5004-5103 Sentence denotes An initial list of diseases was based on a literature review after a search of the PubMed database.
TextSentencer_T36 5104-5221 Sentence denotes In the list, both calf diseases and diseases of high importance in cattle, or with zoonotic potential, were included.
TextSentencer_T36 5104-5221 Sentence denotes In the list, both calf diseases and diseases of high importance in cattle, or with zoonotic potential, were included.
TextSentencer_T37 5222-5351 Sentence denotes Diseases not occurring in, or not at risk of emergence in Belgium (never reported in Europe), were removed from the initial list.
TextSentencer_T37 5222-5351 Sentence denotes Diseases not occurring in, or not at risk of emergence in Belgium (never reported in Europe), were removed from the initial list.
TextSentencer_T38 5352-5456 Sentence denotes Second, three different data sources were accessed to select the most important diseases from this list:
TextSentencer_T38 5352-5456 Sentence denotes Second, three different data sources were accessed to select the most important diseases from this list:
TextSentencer_T39 5457-5882 Sentence denotes 1) a combination of recently described prioritization methods applied to the literature search, including all notifiable diseases (ANSES, 2010; Havelaar et al., 2010; Humblet et al., 2012; McIntyre et al., 2014; Ciliberti et al., 2015) ; 2) data on disease occurrences in the last three years, provided by regional animal health centers; and 3) an online survey among bovine veterinary practitioners (Renault et al., 2018a) .
TextSentencer_T39 5457-5882 Sentence denotes 1) a combination of recently described prioritization methods applied to the literature search, including all notifiable diseases (ANSES, 2010; Havelaar et al., 2010; Humblet et al., 2012; McIntyre et al., 2014; Ciliberti et al., 2015) ; 2) data on disease occurrences in the last three years, provided by regional animal health centers; and 3) an online survey among bovine veterinary practitioners (Renault et al., 2018a) .
TextSentencer_T40 5883-6045 Sentence denotes Based on the final list of diseases (Table 1) , a review of the literature on risk factors and biosecurity measures related to each of the diseases was performed.
TextSentencer_T40 5883-6045 Sentence denotes Based on the final list of diseases (Table 1) , a review of the literature on risk factors and biosecurity measures related to each of the diseases was performed.
TextSentencer_T41 6046-6288 Sentence denotes This review was kept as broad as possible to have a complete overview of all factors concerning biosecurity, and then crossreferenced with previous biosecurity questionnaires and a biosecurity reference work (Dewulf and Van Immerseel, 2018) .
TextSentencer_T41 6046-6288 Sentence denotes This review was kept as broad as possible to have a complete overview of all factors concerning biosecurity, and then crossreferenced with previous biosecurity questionnaires and a biosecurity reference work (Dewulf and Van Immerseel, 2018) .
TextSentencer_T42 6289-6726 Sentence denotes For this reason, a search of the PubMed database was performed with this combination of terms: "name of disease and/or pathogen," or "cattle," "risk factors" or "epidemiology" or "prevalence" or "biosecurity measures" or "control measures." The list of risk factors and biosecurity measures for each disease was integrated into an exhaustive list with all known (published) risk factors and biosecurity measures relevant for veal calves.
TextSentencer_T42 6289-6726 Sentence denotes For this reason, a search of the PubMed database was performed with this combination of terms: "name of disease and/or pathogen," or "cattle," "risk factors" or "epidemiology" or "prevalence" or "biosecurity measures" or "control measures." The list of risk factors and biosecurity measures for each disease was integrated into an exhaustive list with all known (published) risk factors and biosecurity measures relevant for veal calves.
TextSentencer_T43 6727-6812 Sentence denotes If possible, a corresponding biosecurity measure was identified for each risk factor.
TextSentencer_T43 6727-6812 Sentence denotes If possible, a corresponding biosecurity measure was identified for each risk factor.
TextSentencer_T44 6813-7075 Sentence denotes Risk factors that cannot be controlled, or for which no biosecurity measure is available (e.g., birth weight, weather), as well as risk factors related to parturition or shortly thereafter (e.g., hygiene at parturition and provision of colostrum) were discarded.
TextSentencer_T44 6813-7075 Sentence denotes Risk factors that cannot be controlled, or for which no biosecurity measure is available (e.g., birth weight, weather), as well as risk factors related to parturition or shortly thereafter (e.g., hygiene at parturition and provision of colostrum) were discarded.
TextSentencer_T45 7076-7236 Sentence denotes Though this last category is considered important, these risk factors are outside the control of the veal farmer because the animals arrive at two weeks of age.
TextSentencer_T45 7076-7236 Sentence denotes Though this last category is considered important, these risk factors are outside the control of the veal farmer because the animals arrive at two weeks of age.
TextSentencer_T46 7237-7299 Sentence denotes The total list of biosecurity measures is provided in Annex 1.
TextSentencer_T46 7237-7299 Sentence denotes The total list of biosecurity measures is provided in Annex 1.
TextSentencer_T47 7300-7444 Sentence denotes This table also provides the number of risk factors each measure addresses, and the number of diseases for which it was cited in the literature.
TextSentencer_T47 7300-7444 Sentence denotes This table also provides the number of risk factors each measure addresses, and the number of diseases for which it was cited in the literature.
TextSentencer_T48 7445-7587 Sentence denotes In Table 2 , an overview of the 12 most important biosecurity measures, and their relation to the 34 most important calf diseases is provided.
TextSentencer_T48 7445-7587 Sentence denotes In Table 2 , an overview of the 12 most important biosecurity measures, and their relation to the 34 most important calf diseases is provided.
TextSentencer_T49 7588-7868 Sentence denotes Based on the list of biosecurity measures and complemented with content and experience from previous questionnaires concerning biosecurity in pig and broiler production (www.biocheck.ugent.be), a questionnaire assessing the implementation of biosecurity on veal farms was created.
TextSentencer_T49 7588-7868 Sentence denotes Based on the list of biosecurity measures and complemented with content and experience from previous questionnaires concerning biosecurity in pig and broiler production (www.biocheck.ugent.be), a questionnaire assessing the implementation of biosecurity on veal farms was created.
TextSentencer_T50 7869-8117 Sentence denotes In addition to questions about the implementation of biosecurity, questions about motivators or hurdles when implementing biosecurity measures were also asked, as well as general attitudes and knowledge regarding disease prevention and biosecurity.
TextSentencer_T50 7869-8117 Sentence denotes In addition to questions about the implementation of biosecurity, questions about motivators or hurdles when implementing biosecurity measures were also asked, as well as general attitudes and knowledge regarding disease prevention and biosecurity.
TextSentencer_T51 8118-8169 Sentence denotes A draft questionnaire was tested on two veal farms.
TextSentencer_T51 8118-8169 Sentence denotes A draft questionnaire was tested on two veal farms.
TextSentencer_T52 8170-8329 Sentence denotes The final questionnaire consisted of 40 open-ended questions and a maximum of 114 multiple choice questions (Annex 2) and is available upon request by readers.
TextSentencer_T52 8170-8329 Sentence denotes The final questionnaire consisted of 40 open-ended questions and a maximum of 114 multiple choice questions (Annex 2) and is available upon request by readers.
TextSentencer_T53 8330-8440 Sentence denotes Part of the multiple choice questions, 57 in total, were arranged into 3 tables to facilitate data collection.
TextSentencer_T53 8330-8440 Sentence denotes Part of the multiple choice questions, 57 in total, were arranged into 3 tables to facilitate data collection.
TextSentencer_T54 8441-8602 Sentence denotes A random sample of 60 farms from all Belgian veal farms (241 farms in 2016) was obtained from the Flemish Animal Health Service (Diergezondheidszorg Vlaanderen).
TextSentencer_T54 8441-8602 Sentence denotes A random sample of 60 farms from all Belgian veal farms (241 farms in 2016) was obtained from the Flemish Animal Health Service (Diergezondheidszorg Vlaanderen).
TextSentencer_T55 8603-8741 Sentence denotes A computer-generated random number (Excel®, Microsoft) was assigned to each of the 60 farms, and the numbers were sorted from low to high.
TextSentencer_T55 8603-8741 Sentence denotes A computer-generated random number (Excel®, Microsoft) was assigned to each of the 60 farms, and the numbers were sorted from low to high.
TextSentencer_T56 8742-8902 Sentence denotes Selected farmers were contacted, starting with the farm assigned to number 1, and were asked to collaborate until 20 farmers willing to cooperate were selected.
TextSentencer_T56 8742-8902 Sentence denotes Selected farmers were contacted, starting with the farm assigned to number 1, and were asked to collaborate until 20 farmers willing to cooperate were selected.
TextSentencer_T57 8903-9084 Sentence denotes The sample size was limited to 20 farms due to limited time and resources, as it was part of a research project to study and quantify biosecurity on different types of cattle farms.
TextSentencer_T57 8903-9084 Sentence denotes The sample size was limited to 20 farms due to limited time and resources, as it was part of a research project to study and quantify biosecurity on different types of cattle farms.
TextSentencer_T58 9085-9160 Sentence denotes A total of 28 farmers were contacted to obtain a sample from 20 veal farms.
TextSentencer_T58 9085-9160 Sentence denotes A total of 28 farmers were contacted to obtain a sample from 20 veal farms.
TextSentencer_T59 9161-9344 Sentence denotes Of the 8 farmers not willing to participate, 1 was no longer active, 3 cited a lack of time, 3 wished to receive no visitors to keep a closed farm, and 1 farmer did not give a reason.
TextSentencer_T59 9161-9344 Sentence denotes Of the 8 farmers not willing to participate, 1 was no longer active, 3 cited a lack of time, 3 wished to receive no visitors to keep a closed farm, and 1 farmer did not give a reason.
TextSentencer_T60 9345-9538 Sentence denotes The study farms were visited between November 2016 and February 2017, and face-to-face interviews were conducted by the first author in Dutch, the native tongue of both farmers and interviewer.
TextSentencer_T60 9345-9538 Sentence denotes The study farms were visited between November 2016 and February 2017, and face-to-face interviews were conducted by the first author in Dutch, the native tongue of both farmers and interviewer.
TextSentencer_T61 9539-9606 Sentence denotes The visit consisted of a tour of the farm and the interview itself.
TextSentencer_T61 9539-9606 Sentence denotes The visit consisted of a tour of the farm and the interview itself.
TextSentencer_T62 9607-9662 Sentence denotes Participants were informed beforehand of the procedure.
TextSentencer_T62 9607-9662 Sentence denotes Participants were informed beforehand of the procedure.
TextSentencer_T63 9663-9732 Sentence denotes Written informed consent was obtained from the participating farmers.
TextSentencer_T63 9663-9732 Sentence denotes Written informed consent was obtained from the participating farmers.
TextSentencer_T64 9733-9862 Sentence denotes After the survey, all data was entered into a Limesurvey-form and exported to the statistical package IBM® SPSS® Statistics 25.0.
TextSentencer_T64 9733-9862 Sentence denotes After the survey, all data was entered into a Limesurvey-form and exported to the statistical package IBM® SPSS® Statistics 25.0.
TextSentencer_T65 9863-9922 Sentence denotes The results were analyzed using basic descriptive analysis.
TextSentencer_T65 9863-9922 Sentence denotes The results were analyzed using basic descriptive analysis.
TextSentencer_T66 9923-10063 Sentence denotes The frequency of each answer and, when possible, the mean, median, standard deviation (SD), quartiles, minimum, and maximum were calculated.
TextSentencer_T66 9923-10063 Sentence denotes The frequency of each answer and, when possible, the mean, median, standard deviation (SD), quartiles, minimum, and maximum were calculated.
TextSentencer_T67 10064-10212 Sentence denotes A biosecurity scoring system was created with binary variables, where 1 indicated the presence of a biosecurity measure and 0 indicated the absence.
TextSentencer_T67 10064-10212 Sentence denotes A biosecurity scoring system was created with binary variables, where 1 indicated the presence of a biosecurity measure and 0 indicated the absence.
TextSentencer_T68 10213-10518 Sentence denotes These scores were added up to generate a score on a scale of 0 to 10 for each biosecurity category, with a total of seven categories describing measures concerning animal movements, visitors, contact with other animals, disease management, compartmentation, cleaning and disinfection, and calf management.
TextSentencer_T68 10213-10518 Sentence denotes These scores were added up to generate a score on a scale of 0 to 10 for each biosecurity category, with a total of seven categories describing measures concerning animal movements, visitors, contact with other animals, disease management, compartmentation, cleaning and disinfection, and calf management.
TextSentencer_T69 10519-10778 Sentence denotes Next, a categorical principal components analysis (CATPCA; SPSS 25.0) and clustering analysis, as previously described by Van Steenwinkel et al. (2011) and Sarrazin et al. (2014) , were performed to combine the information originating from multiple variables.
TextSentencer_T69 10519-10778 Sentence denotes Next, a categorical principal components analysis (CATPCA; SPSS 25.0) and clustering analysis, as previously described by Van Steenwinkel et al. (2011) and Sarrazin et al. (2014) , were performed to combine the information originating from multiple variables.
TextSentencer_T70 10779-10888 Sentence denotes Based on this information, the researchers assessed whether the veal companies influenced biosecurity levels.
TextSentencer_T70 10779-10888 Sentence denotes Based on this information, the researchers assessed whether the veal companies influenced biosecurity levels.
TextSentencer_T71 10889-10980 Sentence denotes To this end, the categories were given an ordinal measurement scale in the CATPCA analysis.
TextSentencer_T71 10889-10980 Sentence denotes To this end, the categories were given an ordinal measurement scale in the CATPCA analysis.
TextSentencer_T72 10981-11111 Sentence denotes The veal companies were included as a supplementary nominal measurement to explore their relationship with the biosecurity levels.
TextSentencer_T72 10981-11111 Sentence denotes The veal companies were included as a supplementary nominal measurement to explore their relationship with the biosecurity levels.
TextSentencer_T73 11112-11258 Sentence denotes For the analysis, 3 major and a group of minor veal companies, as described in Pardon et al. (2014) , were randomly assigned a number from 1 to 4.
TextSentencer_T73 11112-11258 Sentence denotes For the analysis, 3 major and a group of minor veal companies, as described in Pardon et al. (2014) , were randomly assigned a number from 1 to 4.
TextSentencer_T74 11259-11645 Sentence denotes The object scores, following the CATPCA analysis, were included in a k-means cluster analysis (KMCA; SPSS 25.0) to compare the clusters to the veal companies. "2" means the measure was mentioned as such in literature for the disease, "1" means the relevance of the measure could be deduced from context, while "0" means that the risk factor was not found in literature for that disease.
TextSentencer_T74 11259-11645 Sentence denotes The object scores, following the CATPCA analysis, were included in a k-means cluster analysis (KMCA; SPSS 25.0) to compare the clusters to the veal companies. "2" means the measure was mentioned as such in literature for the disease, "1" means the relevance of the measure could be deduced from context, while "0" means that the risk factor was not found in literature for that disease.
TextSentencer_T75 11646-11713 Sentence denotes The numbered references in the last column are provided in Annex 3.
TextSentencer_T75 11646-11713 Sentence denotes The numbered references in the last column are provided in Annex 3.
TextSentencer_T76 11714-11716 Sentence denotes B.
TextSentencer_T76 11714-11716 Sentence denotes B.
TextSentencer_T77 11717-11733 Sentence denotes Damiaans, et al.
TextSentencer_T77 11717-11733 Sentence denotes Damiaans, et al.
TextSentencer_T78 11734-11920 Sentence denotes Preventive Veterinary Medicine 172 (2019) 104768 of 385 articles related to these diseases were reviewed to list all risk factors and biosecurity measures as input for the questionnaire.
TextSentencer_T78 11734-11920 Sentence denotes Preventive Veterinary Medicine 172 (2019) 104768 of 385 articles related to these diseases were reviewed to list all risk factors and biosecurity measures as input for the questionnaire.
TextSentencer_T79 11921-11983 Sentence denotes The full list of biosecurity measures can be found in Annex 1.
TextSentencer_T79 11921-11983 Sentence denotes The full list of biosecurity measures can be found in Annex 1.
TextSentencer_T80 11984-12054 Sentence denotes One of the most frequently mentioned risk factors was animal movement.
TextSentencer_T80 11984-12054 Sentence denotes One of the most frequently mentioned risk factors was animal movement.
TextSentencer_T81 12055-12378 Sentence denotes Animal movement includes the purchase of animals and all associated biosecurity measures, such as ensuring that the farm of origin is free from infection, limiting the number of source farms, and collecting information on animal and farm of origin as well as testing the animals after purchase and quarantining new animals.
TextSentencer_T81 12055-12378 Sentence denotes Animal movement includes the purchase of animals and all associated biosecurity measures, such as ensuring that the farm of origin is free from infection, limiting the number of source farms, and collecting information on animal and farm of origin as well as testing the animals after purchase and quarantining new animals.
TextSentencer_T82 12379-12565 Sentence denotes These measures were described as risk factors for multiple diseases and were considered important for the questionnaire, especially since the veal sector has its own system for purchase.
TextSentencer_T82 12379-12565 Sentence denotes These measures were described as risk factors for multiple diseases and were considered important for the questionnaire, especially since the veal sector has its own system for purchase.
TextSentencer_T83 12566-12636 Sentence denotes Another frequently mentioned group of measures is related to visitors.
TextSentencer_T83 12566-12636 Sentence denotes Another frequently mentioned group of measures is related to visitors.
TextSentencer_T84 12637-12846 Sentence denotes The use of farm-specific clothing and footwear before entering the stables is often mentioned as well as the use of a disinfection footbath and hand-washing facilities before and between the animals' lodgings.
TextSentencer_T84 12637-12846 Sentence denotes The use of farm-specific clothing and footwear before entering the stables is often mentioned as well as the use of a disinfection footbath and hand-washing facilities before and between the animals' lodgings.
TextSentencer_T85 12847-13039 Sentence denotes Measures concerning management of diseased animals, such as quick recognition, good assessment and correct treatment of disease, and elimination of disease carriers were also frequently cited.
TextSentencer_T85 12847-13039 Sentence denotes Measures concerning management of diseased animals, such as quick recognition, good assessment and correct treatment of disease, and elimination of disease carriers were also frequently cited.
TextSentencer_T86 13040-13194 Sentence denotes Finally, all measures related to cleaning and disinfection of housing and equipment after each use were considered important, according to the literature.
TextSentencer_T86 13040-13194 Sentence denotes Finally, all measures related to cleaning and disinfection of housing and equipment after each use were considered important, according to the literature.
TextSentencer_T87 13195-13372 Sentence denotes The majority of the participating farms ( Fig. 1) were located in the province Antwerp (n = 13), which corresponds to the area with the highest density of veal farms in Belgium.
TextSentencer_T87 13195-13372 Sentence denotes The majority of the participating farms ( Fig. 1) were located in the province Antwerp (n = 13), which corresponds to the area with the highest density of veal farms in Belgium.
TextSentencer_T88 13373-13477 Sentence denotes The other participants were located in West-Flanders (n = 4), Limburg (n = 2) and East-Flanders (n = 1).
TextSentencer_T88 13373-13477 Sentence denotes The other participants were located in West-Flanders (n = 4), Limburg (n = 2) and East-Flanders (n = 1).
TextSentencer_T89 13478-13558 Sentence denotes The maximum number of calves present on the farm ranged from 212 to 1700 calves.
TextSentencer_T89 13478-13558 Sentence denotes The maximum number of calves present on the farm ranged from 212 to 1700 calves.
TextSentencer_T90 13559-13610 Sentence denotes Other farm characteristics can be found in Annex 4.
TextSentencer_T90 13559-13610 Sentence denotes Other farm characteristics can be found in Annex 4.
TextSentencer_T91 13611-13729 Sentence denotes Sixteen farms were part of three veal companies coordinating the highest number of Belgian veal farms (veal company 1:
TextSentencer_T91 13611-13729 Sentence denotes Sixteen farms were part of three veal companies coordinating the highest number of Belgian veal farms (veal company 1:
TextSentencer_T92 13730-13754 Sentence denotes 6 farms; veal company 2:
TextSentencer_T92 13730-13754 Sentence denotes 6 farms; veal company 2:
TextSentencer_T93 13755-13779 Sentence denotes 6 farms; veal company 3:
TextSentencer_T93 13755-13779 Sentence denotes 6 farms; veal company 3:
TextSentencer_T94 13780-13846 Sentence denotes 4 farms), and four farms belonged to three smaller veal companies.
TextSentencer_T94 13780-13846 Sentence denotes 4 farms), and four farms belonged to three smaller veal companies.
TextSentencer_T95 13847-13963 Sentence denotes Of 20 farmers, only 4 (20%) could give a partial definition of biosecurity, mainly focusing on external biosecurity.
TextSentencer_T95 13847-13963 Sentence denotes Of 20 farmers, only 4 (20%) could give a partial definition of biosecurity, mainly focusing on external biosecurity.
TextSentencer_T96 13964-14148 Sentence denotes Other farmers had no idea (n = 4), defined it vaguely as the reduction of antimicrobial usage (n = 6; 30%), improvement of food safety (n = 3; 15%), or organic production (n = 3; 15%).
TextSentencer_T96 13964-14148 Sentence denotes Other farmers had no idea (n = 4), defined it vaguely as the reduction of antimicrobial usage (n = 6; 30%), improvement of food safety (n = 3; 15%), or organic production (n = 3; 15%).
TextSentencer_T97 14149-14232 Sentence denotes After explaining the term, 19 farmers (95%) considered biosecurity to be important.
TextSentencer_T97 14149-14232 Sentence denotes After explaining the term, 19 farmers (95%) considered biosecurity to be important.
TextSentencer_T98 14233-14304 Sentence denotes All of them considered disease prevention to be cheaper than treatment.
TextSentencer_T98 14233-14304 Sentence denotes All of them considered disease prevention to be cheaper than treatment.
TextSentencer_T99 14305-14549 Sentence denotes Only slightly more than half (11/20; 55%) of the farmers could list five or more biosecurity measures they implemented on their farm, and 19 participants (95%) considered the measures as implemented sufficiently to prevent disease transmission.
TextSentencer_T99 14305-14549 Sentence denotes Only slightly more than half (11/20; 55%) of the farmers could list five or more biosecurity measures they implemented on their farm, and 19 participants (95%) considered the measures as implemented sufficiently to prevent disease transmission.
TextSentencer_T100 14550-14669 Sentence denotes Seven farmers (35%) preferred that the veterinarian provide them with information on biosecurity or disease prevention.
TextSentencer_T100 14550-14669 Sentence denotes Seven farmers (35%) preferred that the veterinarian provide them with information on biosecurity or disease prevention.
TextSentencer_T101 14670-14847 Sentence denotes Six farmers (30%) considered professional organizations, such as the animal healthcare association or the veal calf producers association, their preferred source of information.
TextSentencer_T101 14670-14847 Sentence denotes Six farmers (30%) considered professional organizations, such as the animal healthcare association or the veal calf producers association, their preferred source of information.
TextSentencer_T102 14848-14963 Sentence denotes Nine farmers (45%) did not consult any information sources because they believed no such information was available.
TextSentencer_T102 14848-14963 Sentence denotes Nine farmers (45%) did not consult any information sources because they believed no such information was available.
TextSentencer_T103 14964-15021 Sentence denotes Two farmers (10%) mentioned the role of the veal company.
TextSentencer_T103 14964-15021 Sentence denotes Two farmers (10%) mentioned the role of the veal company.
TextSentencer_T104 15022-15127 Sentence denotes No farmers seemed to gain information from the internet or from magazines for agricultural professionals.
TextSentencer_T104 15022-15127 Sentence denotes No farmers seemed to gain information from the internet or from magazines for agricultural professionals.
TextSentencer_T105 15128-15228 Sentence denotes Inherent to the production system in the veal sector, all farms bought calves every 7.5 to 8 months.
TextSentencer_T105 15128-15228 Sentence denotes Inherent to the production system in the veal sector, all farms bought calves every 7.5 to 8 months.
TextSentencer_T106 15229-15340 Sentence denotes There was a large difference in the time required to fill the stables for one cycle, ranging from 2 to 52 days.
TextSentencer_T106 15229-15340 Sentence denotes There was a large difference in the time required to fill the stables for one cycle, ranging from 2 to 52 days.
TextSentencer_T107 15341-15390 Sentence denotes On average, a stable was filled in 11.4 days (SD:
TextSentencer_T107 15341-15390 Sentence denotes On average, a stable was filled in 11.4 days (SD:
TextSentencer_T108 15391-15396 Sentence denotes 9.6).
TextSentencer_T108 15391-15396 Sentence denotes 9.6).
TextSentencer_T109 15397-15496 Sentence denotes During the filling of the stable, all farms received animals on three fixed delivery days per week.
TextSentencer_T109 15397-15496 Sentence denotes During the filling of the stable, all farms received animals on three fixed delivery days per week.
TextSentencer_T110 15497-15626 Sentence denotes On three farms, the age difference between calves was larger than two weeks due to a large spread of calves entering the stables.
TextSentencer_T110 15497-15626 Sentence denotes On three farms, the age difference between calves was larger than two weeks due to a large spread of calves entering the stables.
TextSentencer_T111 15627-15790 Sentence denotes All calves were collected by cattle salesmen at the farm of origin, moved to a sorting center, and delivered by the veal company to the veal calf farms (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T111 15627-15790 Sentence denotes All calves were collected by cattle salesmen at the farm of origin, moved to a sorting center, and delivered by the veal company to the veal calf farms (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T112 15791-15963 Sentence denotes Six farmers indicated that they paid attention to sanitary status and health management, which refers to the presence of specific diseases on the farm of origin (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T112 15791-15963 Sentence denotes Six farmers indicated that they paid attention to sanitary status and health management, which refers to the presence of specific diseases on the farm of origin (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T113 15964-16076 Sentence denotes This procedure was based on previous experiences with the farm of origin, in consultation with the veal company.
TextSentencer_T113 15964-16076 Sentence denotes This procedure was based on previous experiences with the farm of origin, in consultation with the veal company.
TextSentencer_T114 16077-16247 Sentence denotes The remaining participants argued that the veal company decides which calves are sent to them, and four farmers emphasized their trust in the company to cover this issue.
TextSentencer_T114 16077-16247 Sentence denotes The remaining participants argued that the veal company decides which calves are sent to them, and four farmers emphasized their trust in the company to cover this issue.
TextSentencer_T115 16248-16329 Sentence denotes One farmer believed reviewing the health status of all new calves was unfeasible.
TextSentencer_T115 16248-16329 Sentence denotes One farmer believed reviewing the health status of all new calves was unfeasible.
TextSentencer_T116 16330-16472 Sentence denotes A shared opinion was that it is virtually impossible to check all farms of origin, since their number is almost equal to the number of calves.
TextSentencer_T116 16330-16472 Sentence denotes A shared opinion was that it is virtually impossible to check all farms of origin, since their number is almost equal to the number of calves.
TextSentencer_T117 16473-16658 Sentence denotes This number is confirmed, since the average degree of commingling for the 20 farms was calculated to be 1.24 (SD = 0.16), meaning that, on average, 124 calves originated from 100 farms.
TextSentencer_T117 16473-16658 Sentence denotes This number is confirmed, since the average degree of commingling for the 20 farms was calculated to be 1.24 (SD = 0.16), meaning that, on average, 124 calves originated from 100 farms.
TextSentencer_T118 16659-16743 Sentence denotes As such, a farm with 500 calves will harbor animals from over 400 different origins.
TextSentencer_T118 16659-16743 Sentence denotes As such, a farm with 500 calves will harbor animals from over 400 different origins.
TextSentencer_T119 16744-16865 Sentence denotes Upon arrival, calves were divided into high and low risk groups based on visual appraisals by 12 of the 20 farmers (60%).
TextSentencer_T119 16744-16865 Sentence denotes Upon arrival, calves were divided into high and low risk groups based on visual appraisals by 12 of the 20 farmers (60%).
TextSentencer_T120 16866-16945 Sentence denotes On these farms, weaker calves were housed together and received more attention.
TextSentencer_T120 16866-16945 Sentence denotes On these farms, weaker calves were housed together and received more attention.
TextSentencer_T121 16946-17079 Sentence denotes Half of the farmers (50%) felt that taking blood samples from all the animals to test for disease is neither feasible nor affordable.
TextSentencer_T121 16946-17079 Sentence denotes Half of the farmers (50%) felt that taking blood samples from all the animals to test for disease is neither feasible nor affordable.
TextSentencer_T122 17080-17296 Sentence denotes Other reasons for not testing upon arrival included that there is no obligation to the government (n = 3; 15%) or to the veal company (n = 3; 15%), or that it would provide little additional information (n = 4; 20%).
TextSentencer_T122 17080-17296 Sentence denotes Other reasons for not testing upon arrival included that there is no obligation to the government (n = 3; 15%) or to the veal company (n = 3; 15%), or that it would provide little additional information (n = 4; 20%).
TextSentencer_T123 17297-17426 Sentence denotes As the stables are filled in a short period, the farmers mostly felt quarantine was neither feasible nor necessary (n = 19; 95%).
TextSentencer_T123 17297-17426 Sentence denotes As the stables are filled in a short period, the farmers mostly felt quarantine was neither feasible nor necessary (n = 19; 95%).
TextSentencer_T124 17427-17640 Sentence denotes Before animals are transported to slaughter, transport vehicles are generally empty, cleaned and disinfected prior to picking up animals ready for slaughter, according to the majority of the farmers (n = 15; 75%).
TextSentencer_T124 17427-17640 Sentence denotes Before animals are transported to slaughter, transport vehicles are generally empty, cleaned and disinfected prior to picking up animals ready for slaughter, according to the majority of the farmers (n = 15; 75%).
TextSentencer_T125 17641-17814 Sentence denotes However, upon delivery of animals to the farm, on 11 farms (55%), not all animals were unloaded, indicating that trucks were not empty and so were not cleaned between farms.
TextSentencer_T125 17641-17814 Sentence denotes However, upon delivery of animals to the farm, on 11 farms (55%), not all animals were unloaded, indicating that trucks were not empty and so were not cleaned between farms.
TextSentencer_T126 17815-17958 Sentence denotes In 13 farms (65%), access to the stables was controlled by a closed gate and a requirement for visitors to announce themselves before entering.
TextSentencer_T126 17815-17958 Sentence denotes In 13 farms (65%), access to the stables was controlled by a closed gate and a requirement for visitors to announce themselves before entering.
TextSentencer_T127 17959-18020 Sentence denotes The remaining 7 farmers (35%) believed this was not feasible.
TextSentencer_T127 17959-18020 Sentence denotes The remaining 7 farmers (35%) believed this was not feasible.
TextSentencer_T128 18021-18223 Sentence denotes The same farmers did not require visitors to register, either because it was not considered important (n = 3; 43%), regularly forgotten (n = 2; 29%), unknown (n = 1; 14%), or not mandatory (n = 1; 14%).
TextSentencer_T128 18021-18223 Sentence denotes The same farmers did not require visitors to register, either because it was not considered important (n = 3; 43%), regularly forgotten (n = 2; 29%), unknown (n = 1; 14%), or not mandatory (n = 1; 14%).
TextSentencer_T129 18224-18425 Sentence denotes Measures regarding farm-specific clothing and boots were not well implemented by most visitors (Table 4) , despite farm-specific clothing and boots being available in a high number of farms (Table 5) .
TextSentencer_T129 18224-18425 Sentence denotes Measures regarding farm-specific clothing and boots were not well implemented by most visitors (Table 4) , despite farm-specific clothing and boots being available in a high number of farms (Table 5) .
TextSentencer_T130 18426-18478 Sentence denotes Other measures for visitors were rarely implemented.
TextSentencer_T130 18426-18478 Sentence denotes Other measures for visitors were rarely implemented.
TextSentencer_T131 18479-18566 Sentence denotes Disinfection footbaths were generally present but were either dirty, empty, or ignored.
TextSentencer_T131 18479-18566 Sentence denotes Disinfection footbaths were generally present but were either dirty, empty, or ignored.
TextSentencer_T132 18567-18686 Sentence denotes Footbaths were not used by most farmers and staff, mainly because they believed it was not important on their own farm.
TextSentencer_T132 18567-18686 Sentence denotes Footbaths were not used by most farmers and staff, mainly because they believed it was not important on their own farm.
TextSentencer_T133 18687-18778 Sentence denotes Very few participants always washed their hands or wore gloves before entering the stables.
TextSentencer_T133 18687-18778 Sentence denotes Very few participants always washed their hands or wore gloves before entering the stables.
TextSentencer_T134 18779-18838 Sentence denotes Those not washing their hands assumed it was not important.
TextSentencer_T134 18779-18838 Sentence denotes Those not washing their hands assumed it was not important.
TextSentencer_T135 18839-19042 Sentence denotes On the few farms where a hygiene lock (a room to change into farm-specific boots and clothing before a visitor can enter the stables) was present, it was consistently used by farm personnel and visitors.
TextSentencer_T135 18839-19042 Sentence denotes On the few farms where a hygiene lock (a room to change into farm-specific boots and clothing before a visitor can enter the stables) was present, it was consistently used by farm personnel and visitors.
TextSentencer_T136 19043-19144 Sentence denotes For one-third of the farmers (n = 6; 35%) that did not have a hygiene lock, the practice was unknown.
TextSentencer_T136 19043-19144 Sentence denotes For one-third of the farmers (n = 6; 35%) that did not have a hygiene lock, the practice was unknown.
TextSentencer_T137 19145-19235 Sentence denotes A standard rodent control program usually consisted of the implementation of rodenticides.
TextSentencer_T137 19145-19235 Sentence denotes A standard rodent control program usually consisted of the implementation of rodenticides.
TextSentencer_T138 19236-19356 Sentence denotes Farmers without a rodent control program deemed it not important or only took measures when visibly infested (Table 3 ).
TextSentencer_T138 19236-19356 Sentence denotes Farmers without a rodent control program deemed it not important or only took measures when visibly infested (Table 3 ).
TextSentencer_T139 19357-19508 Sentence denotes All farmers that implemented measures for insect control (n = 14; 70%) treated the environment, sometimes combined with additional measures (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T139 19357-19508 Sentence denotes All farmers that implemented measures for insect control (n = 14; 70%) treated the environment, sometimes combined with additional measures (Table 3) .
TextSentencer_T140 19509-19586 Sentence denotes These measures were mostly intended to control fly populations during summer.
TextSentencer_T140 19509-19586 Sentence denotes These measures were mostly intended to control fly populations during summer.
TextSentencer_T141 19587-19758 Sentence denotes The use of a well-equipped carcass storage space was often implemented (85%; n = 17), although few (25%; n = 5) regularly cleaned and disinfected the carcass storage area.
TextSentencer_T141 19587-19758 Sentence denotes The use of a well-equipped carcass storage space was often implemented (85%; n = 17), although few (25%; n = 5) regularly cleaned and disinfected the carcass storage area.
TextSentencer_T142 19759-19916 Sentence denotes Removal of carcasses by the rendering company without entering the premises was considered very important, although this was only possible on 11 farms (55%).
TextSentencer_T142 19759-19916 Sentence denotes Removal of carcasses by the rendering company without entering the premises was considered very important, although this was only possible on 11 farms (55%).
TextSentencer_T143 19917-20148 Sentence denotes More than half of the farmers (n = 13; 65%) believed vaccination was not important or too expensive because of the short duration of a production cycle and because most vaccines can only be administered at a certain age (Table 5 ).
TextSentencer_T143 19917-20148 Sentence denotes More than half of the farmers (n = 13; 65%) believed vaccination was not important or too expensive because of the short duration of a production cycle and because most vaccines can only be administered at a certain age (Table 5 ).
TextSentencer_T144 20149-20312 Sentence denotes According to these farmers, most disease outbreaks are observed during the first weeks after introduction, a moment when vaccines are considered not yet effective.
TextSentencer_T144 20149-20312 Sentence denotes According to these farmers, most disease outbreaks are observed during the first weeks after introduction, a moment when vaccines are considered not yet effective.
TextSentencer_T145 20313-20436 Sentence denotes Some farmers also mentioned that since the veal companies own the calves, the companies should decide whether to vaccinate.
TextSentencer_T145 20313-20436 Sentence denotes Some farmers also mentioned that since the veal companies own the calves, the companies should decide whether to vaccinate.
TextSentencer_T146 20437-20537 Sentence denotes Measures for ectoparasites consisted of preventive treatments, mainly to avoid outbreaks of scabies.
TextSentencer_T146 20437-20537 Sentence denotes Measures for ectoparasites consisted of preventive treatments, mainly to avoid outbreaks of scabies.
TextSentencer_T147 20538-20608 Sentence denotes Specific treatment for endoparasites was administered only curatively.
TextSentencer_T147 20538-20608 Sentence denotes Specific treatment for endoparasites was administered only curatively.
TextSentencer_T148 20609-20838 Sentence denotes Seven of twenty (35%) farmers thought it was not feasible to isolate sick animals and five (25%) farmers applied partial isolation, where the animals were not separated from the other animals (direct contact possible) (Table 5) .
TextSentencer_T148 20609-20838 Sentence denotes Seven of twenty (35%) farmers thought it was not feasible to isolate sick animals and five (25%) farmers applied partial isolation, where the animals were not separated from the other animals (direct contact possible) (Table 5) .
TextSentencer_T149 20839-21071 Sentence denotes Although a hospital pen was present on seven farms (35%), only three farmers (43%) indicated that they sometimes isolated sick animals when they were lame or unable to function in the group (e.g., unable to eat, drink, or stand up).
TextSentencer_T149 20839-21071 Sentence denotes Although a hospital pen was present on seven farms (35%), only three farmers (43%) indicated that they sometimes isolated sick animals when they were lame or unable to function in the group (e.g., unable to eat, drink, or stand up).
TextSentencer_T150 21072-21235 Sentence denotes Only two out of seven hospital pens were cleaned, disinfected and dried before new animals entered, and an "all-in, all-out" system was used in four hospital pens.
TextSentencer_T150 21072-21235 Sentence denotes Only two out of seven hospital pens were cleaned, disinfected and dried before new animals entered, and an "all-in, all-out" system was used in four hospital pens.
TextSentencer_T151 21236-21334 Sentence denotes Only one farmer implemented all these measures and had a fully, physically separated hospital pen.
TextSentencer_T151 21236-21334 Sentence denotes Only one farmer implemented all these measures and had a fully, physically separated hospital pen.
TextSentencer_T152 21335-21508 Sentence denotes The farmers that did not take these measures declared them infeasible because their hospital pen was located inside the regular stables, making thorough cleaning unfeasible.
TextSentencer_T152 21335-21508 Sentence denotes The farmers that did not take these measures declared them infeasible because their hospital pen was located inside the regular stables, making thorough cleaning unfeasible.
TextSentencer_T153 21509-21644 Sentence denotes For five participants (25%), elimination or segregation of a carrier of infection depended on the age or clinical status of the animal.
TextSentencer_T153 21509-21644 Sentence denotes For five participants (25%), elimination or segregation of a carrier of infection depended on the age or clinical status of the animal.
TextSentencer_T154 21645-21730 Sentence denotes An older animal would often go to slaughter while younger animals would be separated.
TextSentencer_T154 21645-21730 Sentence denotes An older animal would often go to slaughter while younger animals would be separated.
TextSentencer_T155 21731-21865 Sentence denotes On the nine farms with multiple age groups, eight farmers performed work from old to young, contrary to established wisdom (Table 5) .
TextSentencer_T155 21731-21865 Sentence denotes On the nine farms with multiple age groups, eight farmers performed work from old to young, contrary to established wisdom (Table 5) .
TextSentencer_T156 21866-22021 Sentence denotes On 16 farms (80%), equipment, such as wheelbarrows and feeding utensils, were moved between compartments (same age group) without cleaning or disinfection.
TextSentencer_T156 21866-22021 Sentence denotes On 16 farms (80%), equipment, such as wheelbarrows and feeding utensils, were moved between compartments (same age group) without cleaning or disinfection.
TextSentencer_T157 22022-22175 Sentence denotes None of the farms used compartmentspecific measures, such as changing clothes and footwear or washing hands between different compartments or age groups.
TextSentencer_T157 22022-22175 Sentence denotes None of the farms used compartmentspecific measures, such as changing clothes and footwear or washing hands between different compartments or age groups.
TextSentencer_T158 22176-22342 Sentence denotes Within the compartment, calves were sorted by drinking speed for economic reasons, since the difference between the animals would impair the growth of slower animals.
TextSentencer_T158 22176-22342 Sentence denotes Within the compartment, calves were sorted by drinking speed for economic reasons, since the difference between the animals would impair the growth of slower animals.
TextSentencer_T159 22343-22424 Sentence denotes Between compartments, animals were only moved to segregate carriers of infection.
TextSentencer_T159 22343-22424 Sentence denotes Between compartments, animals were only moved to segregate carriers of infection.
TextSentencer_T160 22425-22535 Sentence denotes Only one farm (5%) could not prevent direct contact with another age group due to the structure of the stable.
TextSentencer_T160 22425-22535 Sentence denotes Only one farm (5%) could not prevent direct contact with another age group due to the structure of the stable.
TextSentencer_T161 22536-22747 Sentence denotes In two farms, the "all-in, all-out" system was not always well applied, i.e., young calves entered the stables while (some) older animals were still present, resulting in possible contact between the age groups.
TextSentencer_T161 22536-22747 Sentence denotes In two farms, the "all-in, all-out" system was not always well applied, i.e., young calves entered the stables while (some) older animals were still present, resulting in possible contact between the age groups.
TextSentencer_T162 22748-22832 Sentence denotes The calf stables were empty after each production cycle on the other 17 farms (85%).
TextSentencer_T162 22748-22832 Sentence denotes The calf stables were empty after each production cycle on the other 17 farms (85%).
TextSentencer_T163 22833-23024 Sentence denotes The duration of the sanitary vacancy, often also referred to as downtime, a period between production cycles where the stable is not used, was on average 9.8 days (SD = 4.1; range 3-15 days).
TextSentencer_T163 22833-23024 Sentence denotes The duration of the sanitary vacancy, often also referred to as downtime, a period between production cycles where the stable is not used, was on average 9.8 days (SD = 4.1; range 3-15 days).
TextSentencer_T164 23025-23136 Sentence denotes All farmers who always applied a sanitary vacancy (n = 17; 85%), also cleaned their stables during the vacancy.
TextSentencer_T164 23025-23136 Sentence denotes All farmers who always applied a sanitary vacancy (n = 17; 85%), also cleaned their stables during the vacancy.
TextSentencer_T165 23137-23194 Sentence denotes However, only 11 out of 17 farmers also disinfected them.
TextSentencer_T165 23137-23194 Sentence denotes However, only 11 out of 17 farmers also disinfected them.
TextSentencer_T166 23195-23253 Sentence denotes Pipelines used for milk were cleaned once or twice a week.
TextSentencer_T166 23195-23253 Sentence denotes Pipelines used for milk were cleaned once or twice a week.
TextSentencer_T167 23254-23418 Sentence denotes Water and feed troughs were rinsed with water on a daily (n = 5; 25%), weekly (n = 4; 20%), or monthly (n = 1; 5%) basis, or once per production cycle (n = 8; 40%).
TextSentencer_T167 23254-23418 Sentence denotes Water and feed troughs were rinsed with water on a daily (n = 5; 25%), weekly (n = 4; 20%), or monthly (n = 1; 5%) basis, or once per production cycle (n = 8; 40%).
TextSentencer_T168 23419-23468 Sentence denotes Two farmers (10%) never cleaned the feed troughs.
TextSentencer_T168 23419-23468 Sentence denotes Two farmers (10%) never cleaned the feed troughs.
TextSentencer_T169 23469-23525 Sentence denotes All farmers used reusable needles to inject the animals.
TextSentencer_T169 23469-23525 Sentence denotes All farmers used reusable needles to inject the animals.
TextSentencer_T170 23526-23642 Sentence denotes In general, calves were housed in individual boxes with both visual and physical contact during the first six weeks.
TextSentencer_T170 23526-23642 Sentence denotes In general, calves were housed in individual boxes with both visual and physical contact during the first six weeks.
TextSentencer_T171 23643-23708 Sentence denotes Calves were then sorted by drinking speed within the compartment.
TextSentencer_T171 23643-23708 Sentence denotes Calves were then sorted by drinking speed within the compartment.
TextSentencer_T172 23709-23786 Sentence denotes Poorly growing calves were isolated in one compartment with a different diet.
TextSentencer_T172 23709-23786 Sentence denotes Poorly growing calves were isolated in one compartment with a different diet.
TextSentencer_T173 23787-23977 Sentence denotes As one compartment only contained animals of the same age group, air flow within the compartment was considered irrelevant concerning disease spread from younger to older animals (Table 5) .
TextSentencer_T173 23787-23977 Sentence denotes As one compartment only contained animals of the same age group, air flow within the compartment was considered irrelevant concerning disease spread from younger to older animals (Table 5) .
TextSentencer_T174 23978-24034 Sentence denotes Table 3 Implementation of external biosecurity measures.
TextSentencer_T174 23978-24034 Sentence denotes Table 3 Implementation of external biosecurity measures.
TextSentencer_T175 24035-24237 Sentence denotes Column one contains the biosecurity measure, the second column contains the maximum number of farms that can adhere to the measure, while the third to fifth columns contain the adherence to the measure.
TextSentencer_T175 24035-24237 Sentence denotes Column one contains the biosecurity measure, the second column contains the maximum number of farms that can adhere to the measure, while the third to fifth columns contain the adherence to the measure.
TextSentencer_T176 24239-24376 Sentence denotes The two-dimensional solution of the CATPCA explained 69.7% of the variance of the seven biosecurity categories in the 20 herds (Fig. 2) .
TextSentencer_T176 24239-24376 Sentence denotes The two-dimensional solution of the CATPCA explained 69.7% of the variance of the seven biosecurity categories in the 20 herds (Fig. 2) .
TextSentencer_T177 24377-24476 Sentence denotes The percentage accounted for was 41.7% for the first dimension, and 28.0% for the second dimension.
TextSentencer_T177 24377-24476 Sentence denotes The percentage accounted for was 41.7% for the first dimension, and 28.0% for the second dimension.
TextSentencer_T178 24477-24692 Sentence denotes The vectorial component loadings represent the contributions of each category to the dimensions, while the different categories of the nominal variable "veal companies" are represented by their centroid coordinates.
TextSentencer_T178 24477-24692 Sentence denotes The vectorial component loadings represent the contributions of each category to the dimensions, while the different categories of the nominal variable "veal companies" are represented by their centroid coordinates.
TextSentencer_T179 24693-24750 Sentence denotes The vectors appear in the upper and lower right quadrant.
TextSentencer_T179 24693-24750 Sentence denotes The vectors appear in the upper and lower right quadrant.
TextSentencer_T180 24751-24926 Sentence denotes The projection of the vector for contact with other animals has the largest contribution to the first dimension (x-axis), followed by the vector for cleaning and disinfection.
TextSentencer_T180 24751-24926 Sentence denotes The projection of the vector for contact with other animals has the largest contribution to the first dimension (x-axis), followed by the vector for cleaning and disinfection.
TextSentencer_T181 24927-25072 Sentence denotes The vector for compartmentation, which has the lowest contribution for dimension 1, has the largest contribution to the second dimension (yaxis).
TextSentencer_T181 24927-25072 Sentence denotes The vector for compartmentation, which has the lowest contribution for dimension 1, has the largest contribution to the second dimension (yaxis).
TextSentencer_T182 25073-25208 Sentence denotes Veal companies 3 and 4, whose centroids are located in the directions of the vectors, have, on average, the highest biosecurity scores.
TextSentencer_T182 25073-25208 Sentence denotes Veal companies 3 and 4, whose centroids are located in the directions of the vectors, have, on average, the highest biosecurity scores.
TextSentencer_T183 25209-25407 Sentence denotes For veal company 3, this result is mainly related to a higher score for compartmentation and measures for visitors, while these farms score lower on disease management and cleaning and disinfection.
TextSentencer_T183 25209-25407 Sentence denotes For veal company 3, this result is mainly related to a higher score for compartmentation and measures for visitors, while these farms score lower on disease management and cleaning and disinfection.
TextSentencer_T184 25408-25461 Sentence denotes In the farms of veal company 4, the opposite applies.
TextSentencer_T184 25408-25461 Sentence denotes In the farms of veal company 4, the opposite applies.
TextSentencer_T185 25462-25536 Sentence denotes On average, the farms of veal company 2 have the lowest biosecurity score.
TextSentencer_T185 25462-25536 Sentence denotes On average, the farms of veal company 2 have the lowest biosecurity score.
TextSentencer_T186 25537-25652 Sentence denotes However, the overall differences in biosecurity between veal companies are limited (centroids close to the center).
TextSentencer_T186 25537-25652 Sentence denotes However, the overall differences in biosecurity between veal companies are limited (centroids close to the center).
TextSentencer_T187 25653-25712 Sentence denotes Based on the KMCA, four clusters were identified (Fig. 2) .
TextSentencer_T187 25653-25712 Sentence denotes Based on the KMCA, four clusters were identified (Fig. 2) .
TextSentencer_T188 25713-25816 Sentence denotes The first cluster contains the highest number of farms (13) that scored lowest for biosecurity overall.
TextSentencer_T188 25713-25816 Sentence denotes The first cluster contains the highest number of farms (13) that scored lowest for biosecurity overall.
TextSentencer_T189 25817-25862 Sentence denotes Clusters 2 and 3 scored high for biosecurity.
TextSentencer_T189 25817-25862 Sentence denotes Clusters 2 and 3 scored high for biosecurity.
TextSentencer_T190 25863-26039 Sentence denotes The farms in cluster 2 scored, on average, higher for disease management and cleaning and disinfection, while farms in cluster 3 score higher for compartmentation and visitors.
TextSentencer_T190 25863-26039 Sentence denotes The farms in cluster 2 scored, on average, higher for disease management and cleaning and disinfection, while farms in cluster 3 score higher for compartmentation and visitors.
TextSentencer_T191 26040-26165 Sentence denotes Though this seems similar to the results of veal companies 3 and 4, the clusters consist of farms of multiple veal companies.
TextSentencer_T191 26040-26165 Sentence denotes Though this seems similar to the results of veal companies 3 and 4, the clusters consist of farms of multiple veal companies.
TextSentencer_T192 26166-26232 Sentence denotes Overall no clear veal company effect was observed in the clusters.
TextSentencer_T192 26166-26232 Sentence denotes Overall no clear veal company effect was observed in the clusters.
TextSentencer_T193 26233-26346 Sentence denotes To our knowledge, this paper is the first to describe biosecurity on farms with an intensive veal-rearing system.
TextSentencer_T193 26233-26346 Sentence denotes To our knowledge, this paper is the first to describe biosecurity on farms with an intensive veal-rearing system.
TextSentencer_T194 26347-26558 Sentence denotes Because of the strong integration and industrialization in the veal sector, it could be theorized that the implementation of biosecurity on veal farms would differ from that of conventional dairy and beef farms.
TextSentencer_T194 26347-26558 Sentence denotes Because of the strong integration and industrialization in the veal sector, it could be theorized that the implementation of biosecurity on veal farms would differ from that of conventional dairy and beef farms.
TextSentencer_T195 26559-26746 Sentence denotes This study was designed to describe the biosecurity level on veal farms as the first step of a larger research project to develop a risk-based biosecurity scoring system for cattle farms.
TextSentencer_T195 26559-26746 Sentence denotes This study was designed to describe the biosecurity level on veal farms as the first step of a larger research project to develop a risk-based biosecurity scoring system for cattle farms.
TextSentencer_T196 26747-27031 Sentence denotes Though no comparison was made with conventional farms, based on the results of this study, a difference in biosecurity level can be expected due to differences in the purchase policy, contact with other animals, compartmentation and cleaning and disinfection (Renault et al., 2018a) .
TextSentencer_T196 26747-27031 Sentence denotes Though no comparison was made with conventional farms, based on the results of this study, a difference in biosecurity level can be expected due to differences in the purchase policy, contact with other animals, compartmentation and cleaning and disinfection (Renault et al., 2018a) .
TextSentencer_T197 27032-27217 Sentence denotes The random sample of 20 veal farms in this study may be considered small, yet it represented about 8.3% of all Belgian veal farms since the sector consists of a limited number of farms.
TextSentencer_T197 27032-27217 Sentence denotes The random sample of 20 veal farms in this study may be considered small, yet it represented about 8.3% of all Belgian veal farms since the sector consists of a limited number of farms.
TextSentencer_T198 27218-27311 Sentence denotes The selected farms were distributed among veal companies corresponding to their market share.
TextSentencer_T198 27218-27311 Sentence denotes The selected farms were distributed among veal companies corresponding to their market share.
TextSentencer_T199 27312-27498 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the size of the selected farms was representative (average veal farms house 200-1200 veal calves) for the population, and different veterinary practices advised the farmers.
TextSentencer_T199 27312-27498 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the size of the selected farms was representative (average veal farms house 200-1200 veal calves) for the population, and different veterinary practices advised the farmers.
TextSentencer_T200 27499-27592 Sentence denotes Therefore, the selected farms were considered to be representative of the veal calf industry.
TextSentencer_T200 27499-27592 Sentence denotes Therefore, the selected farms were considered to be representative of the veal calf industry.
TextSentencer_T201 27593-27727 Sentence denotes To a certain extent, selection bias cannot be excluded, due to the possibility that better farms might be more willing to participate.
TextSentencer_T201 27593-27727 Sentence denotes To a certain extent, selection bias cannot be excluded, due to the possibility that better farms might be more willing to participate.
TextSentencer_T202 27728-28007 Sentence denotes The face-to-face interviews, in combination with a herd visit, allowed the investigator to observe the majority of the practices and measures, which limited the amount of interview bias due to the socially desired response rather than the true situation (Sarrazin et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T202 27728-28007 Sentence denotes The face-to-face interviews, in combination with a herd visit, allowed the investigator to observe the majority of the practices and measures, which limited the amount of interview bias due to the socially desired response rather than the true situation (Sarrazin et al., 2014) .
TextSentencer_T203 28008-28126 Sentence denotes However, only a single visit to the farm was made, so the actual compliance for some measures could not be determined.
TextSentencer_T203 28008-28126 Sentence denotes However, only a single visit to the farm was made, so the actual compliance for some measures could not be determined.
TextSentencer_T204 28127-28228 Sentence denotes Because the herd visits were performed by a single interviewer, investigator variability was avoided.
TextSentencer_T204 28127-28228 Sentence denotes Because the herd visits were performed by a single interviewer, investigator variability was avoided.
TextSentencer_T205 28229-28359 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is believed that the presented results provide an accurate image of the biosecurity situation on Belgian veal farms.
TextSentencer_T205 28229-28359 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is believed that the presented results provide an accurate image of the biosecurity situation on Belgian veal farms.
TextSentencer_T206 28360-28615 Sentence denotes Most of the veal farmers considered biosecurity important, though they were not familiar with the term itself and most were not able to list five biosecurity measures, thus indicating that the perceived importance is only sparsely translated into actions.
TextSentencer_T206 28360-28615 Sentence denotes Most of the veal farmers considered biosecurity important, though they were not familiar with the term itself and most were not able to list five biosecurity measures, thus indicating that the perceived importance is only sparsely translated into actions.
TextSentencer_T207 28616-28726 Sentence denotes Furthermore, a number of the farmers considered several measures to be unimportant or impossible to implement.
TextSentencer_T207 28616-28726 Sentence denotes Furthermore, a number of the farmers considered several measures to be unimportant or impossible to implement.
TextSentencer_T208 28727-28918 Sentence denotes This finding confirms previous observations that there is a substantial lack of information on how to improve farm management and how to implement these improvements (Damiaans et al., 2018) .
TextSentencer_T208 28727-28918 Sentence denotes This finding confirms previous observations that there is a substantial lack of information on how to improve farm management and how to implement these improvements (Damiaans et al., 2018) .
TextSentencer_T209 28919-28970 Sentence denotes The finding also shows that the results of Fig. 2 .
TextSentencer_T209 28919-28970 Sentence denotes The finding also shows that the results of Fig. 2 .
TextSentencer_T210 28971-29294 Sentence denotes Triplot of component loadings (the position of the original variables in the two-dimensional space, represented by vectors), multiple nominal category points (veal companies) and objects (individual farms) labeled by the clusters, resulting from the categorical principal component analysis and K-means clustering analysis.
TextSentencer_T210 28971-29294 Sentence denotes Triplot of component loadings (the position of the original variables in the two-dimensional space, represented by vectors), multiple nominal category points (veal companies) and objects (individual farms) labeled by the clusters, resulting from the categorical principal component analysis and K-means clustering analysis.
TextSentencer_T211 29295-29439 Sentence denotes The vector of a variable points in the direction of the highest category of the variable, indicating in this case a higher level in biosecurity.
TextSentencer_T211 29295-29439 Sentence denotes The vector of a variable points in the direction of the highest category of the variable, indicating in this case a higher level in biosecurity.
TextSentencer_T212 29440-29566 Sentence denotes The veal companies are located close to the center of the plot, meaning no distinction can be made between the veal companies.
TextSentencer_T212 29440-29566 Sentence denotes The veal companies are located close to the center of the plot, meaning no distinction can be made between the veal companies.
TextSentencer_T213 29567-29641 Sentence denotes The first and second dimension distinguish between the different clusters.
TextSentencer_T213 29567-29641 Sentence denotes The first and second dimension distinguish between the different clusters.
TextSentencer_T214 29642-29727 Sentence denotes The green circles with number 1-4 represent the individual farms part of cluster 1-4.
TextSentencer_T214 29642-29727 Sentence denotes The green circles with number 1-4 represent the individual farms part of cluster 1-4.
TextSentencer_T215 29728-29852 Sentence denotes The first cluster has on average the lowest biosecurity, while the second and third cluster tend to have the highest scores.
TextSentencer_T215 29728-29852 Sentence denotes The first cluster has on average the lowest biosecurity, while the second and third cluster tend to have the highest scores.
TextSentencer_T216 29853-30209 Sentence denotes The fourth cluster is located in the center. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) previous studies that suggested measures like risk classification, limitation of the arrival period, and the farms of origin have not been translated into practice (Pardon, 2012) .
TextSentencer_T216 29853-30209 Sentence denotes The fourth cluster is located in the center. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) previous studies that suggested measures like risk classification, limitation of the arrival period, and the farms of origin have not been translated into practice (Pardon, 2012) .
TextSentencer_T217 30210-30369 Sentence denotes Contrary to, e.g., mortality and antibiotic use on veal farms, biosecurity seems affected by the veal company only in a limited capacity (Bokma et al., 2019) .
TextSentencer_T217 30210-30369 Sentence denotes Contrary to, e.g., mortality and antibiotic use on veal farms, biosecurity seems affected by the veal company only in a limited capacity (Bokma et al., 2019) .
TextSentencer_T218 30370-30532 Sentence denotes Though biosecurity improvements are partly within the power of the farmers, this limited impact may show the veal companies' lack of policy regarding biosecurity.
TextSentencer_T218 30370-30532 Sentence denotes Though biosecurity improvements are partly within the power of the farmers, this limited impact may show the veal companies' lack of policy regarding biosecurity.
TextSentencer_T219 30533-30679 Sentence denotes Some characteristics inherent to veal production, as it is currently organized, largely hamper the implementation of several biosecurity measures.
TextSentencer_T219 30533-30679 Sentence denotes Some characteristics inherent to veal production, as it is currently organized, largely hamper the implementation of several biosecurity measures.
TextSentencer_T220 30680-30743 Sentence denotes The most important issue is the huge number of farms of origin.
TextSentencer_T220 30680-30743 Sentence denotes The most important issue is the huge number of farms of origin.
TextSentencer_T221 30744-30969 Sentence denotes As the purchase of animals is often described as one of the most important risks in disease introduction (Cuttance and Cuttance, 2014; Sarrazin et al., 2017) , this procedure is a significant disadvantage for the veal sector.
TextSentencer_T221 30744-30969 Sentence denotes As the purchase of animals is often described as one of the most important risks in disease introduction (Cuttance and Cuttance, 2014; Sarrazin et al., 2017) , this procedure is a significant disadvantage for the veal sector.
TextSentencer_T222 30970-31159 Sentence denotes This disadvantage is even aggravated by the induction of stress through the transport and commingling of the calves, resulting in increased susceptibility to new infections (Stokka, 2010) .
TextSentencer_T222 30970-31159 Sentence denotes This disadvantage is even aggravated by the induction of stress through the transport and commingling of the calves, resulting in increased susceptibility to new infections (Stokka, 2010) .
TextSentencer_T223 31160-31261 Sentence denotes Solving this calf-sourcing risk will require fundamental changes in the organization of the industry.
TextSentencer_T223 31160-31261 Sentence denotes Solving this calf-sourcing risk will require fundamental changes in the organization of the industry.
TextSentencer_T224 31262-31417 Sentence denotes A first step toward limiting the farms of origin could be grouping births in larger dairy farms to increase the number of calves originating from one farm.
TextSentencer_T224 31262-31417 Sentence denotes A first step toward limiting the farms of origin could be grouping births in larger dairy farms to increase the number of calves originating from one farm.
TextSentencer_T225 31418-31518 Sentence denotes Regardless of this fundamental challenge, other measures regarding animal introduction can be taken.
TextSentencer_T225 31418-31518 Sentence denotes Regardless of this fundamental challenge, other measures regarding animal introduction can be taken.
TextSentencer_T226 31519-31665 Sentence denotes For instance, animals with the same disease status could be grouped in the same stable to limit contamination of other calves and the environment.
TextSentencer_T226 31519-31665 Sentence denotes For instance, animals with the same disease status could be grouped in the same stable to limit contamination of other calves and the environment.
TextSentencer_T227 31666-31831 Sentence denotes This measure requires more upstream information on the sanitary status of the herds of origin and additional testing, measures that are currently poorly implemented.
TextSentencer_T227 31666-31831 Sentence denotes This measure requires more upstream information on the sanitary status of the herds of origin and additional testing, measures that are currently poorly implemented.
TextSentencer_T228 31832-32250 Sentence denotes The national eradication programs for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), currently implemented in Belgium (Royal Decree KB2017-09-18/09, 2017KB-09-18/09, Royal Decree, 2017Royal Decree KB2017-09-18/09, 2017 Royal Decree KB2018-04-27/03, 2018KB-04-27/03, Royal Decree, 2018Royal Decree KB2018-04-27/03, 2018 are expected to decrease the infection pressure caused by these diseases.
TextSentencer_T228 31832-32250 Sentence denotes The national eradication programs for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), currently implemented in Belgium (Royal Decree KB2017-09-18/09, 2017KB-09-18/09, Royal Decree, 2017Royal Decree KB2017-09-18/09, 2017 Royal Decree KB2018-04-27/03, 2018KB-04-27/03, Royal Decree, 2018Royal Decree KB2018-04-27/03, 2018 are expected to decrease the infection pressure caused by these diseases.
TextSentencer_T229 32251-32411 Sentence denotes This decrease is especially important for BVD, as it has been described as one of the major contributors to disease in veal calf-rearing (Pardon et al., 2011) .
TextSentencer_T229 32251-32411 Sentence denotes This decrease is especially important for BVD, as it has been described as one of the major contributors to disease in veal calf-rearing (Pardon et al., 2011) .
TextSentencer_T230 32412-32641 Sentence denotes Furthermore, in collaboration with the veal companies, previous experiences with farms of origin could serve as a valuable source of information, provided that this information is recorded and shared (Hobbs, 2004; Pardon, 2012) .
TextSentencer_T230 32412-32641 Sentence denotes Furthermore, in collaboration with the veal companies, previous experiences with farms of origin could serve as a valuable source of information, provided that this information is recorded and shared (Hobbs, 2004; Pardon, 2012) .
TextSentencer_T231 32642-32777 Sentence denotes This type of information could improve the risk classification of animals, which is currently performed only through visual inspection.
TextSentencer_T231 32642-32777 Sentence denotes This type of information could improve the risk classification of animals, which is currently performed only through visual inspection.
TextSentencer_T232 32778-32913 Sentence denotes As shown by van Schaik et al. (1998) and Brennan et al. (2008) , a higher number of visitors is a risk factor for disease introduction.
TextSentencer_T232 32778-32913 Sentence denotes As shown by van Schaik et al. (1998) and Brennan et al. (2008) , a higher number of visitors is a risk factor for disease introduction.
TextSentencer_T233 32914-33043 Sentence denotes In veal farms, only two types of visitors visit the farm frequently: the veterinarian and the representative of the veal company.
TextSentencer_T233 32914-33043 Sentence denotes In veal farms, only two types of visitors visit the farm frequently: the veterinarian and the representative of the veal company.
TextSentencer_T234 33044-33198 Sentence denotes Conventional farms often have more types of visitors, such as salesmen, feed suppliers, hoof trimmers and drivers of milk trucks (Renault et al., 2018a) .
TextSentencer_T234 33044-33198 Sentence denotes Conventional farms often have more types of visitors, such as salesmen, feed suppliers, hoof trimmers and drivers of milk trucks (Renault et al., 2018a) .
TextSentencer_T235 33199-33306 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, the frequency with which some visitors enter influences the risk for introduction of disease.
TextSentencer_T235 33199-33306 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, the frequency with which some visitors enter influences the risk for introduction of disease.
TextSentencer_T236 33307-33445 Sentence denotes Although only a limited number of visitors enter the farm, the precautionary measures they take upon entrance are insufficient (Table 4 ).
TextSentencer_T236 33307-33445 Sentence denotes Although only a limited number of visitors enter the farm, the precautionary measures they take upon entrance are insufficient (Table 4 ).
TextSentencer_T237 33446-33648 Sentence denotes As these professional visitors are, by definition, high-risk visitors since they have frequent contact with animals from different farms, the risk of spreading infection through this route remains high.
TextSentencer_T237 33446-33648 Sentence denotes As these professional visitors are, by definition, high-risk visitors since they have frequent contact with animals from different farms, the risk of spreading infection through this route remains high.
TextSentencer_T238 33649-33862 Sentence denotes The implementation of a minimum of preventive measures, such as wearing herd-specific clothing and footwear, by professional visitors is a relatively easy and cheap measure that can be implemented on short notice.
TextSentencer_T238 33649-33862 Sentence denotes The implementation of a minimum of preventive measures, such as wearing herd-specific clothing and footwear, by professional visitors is a relatively easy and cheap measure that can be implemented on short notice.
TextSentencer_T239 33863-34029 Sentence denotes Very few farmers considered themselves or their staff as a risk when entering their own farm, forgetting that they may also transmit disease (Sarrazin et al., 2017) .
TextSentencer_T239 33863-34029 Sentence denotes Very few farmers considered themselves or their staff as a risk when entering their own farm, forgetting that they may also transmit disease (Sarrazin et al., 2017) .
TextSentencer_T240 34030-34121 Sentence denotes This shows that they do not fully understand disease transmission and the risks associated.
TextSentencer_T240 34030-34121 Sentence denotes This shows that they do not fully understand disease transmission and the risks associated.
TextSentencer_T241 34122-34206 Sentence denotes This lack of knowledge might reflect in the execution of other biosecurity measures.
TextSentencer_T241 34122-34206 Sentence denotes This lack of knowledge might reflect in the execution of other biosecurity measures.
TextSentencer_T242 34207-34378 Sentence denotes Sick animals are rarely physically isolated, even though keeping sick animals in a group has been described as detrimental to the health of other animals (Edwards, 2010) .
TextSentencer_T242 34207-34378 Sentence denotes Sick animals are rarely physically isolated, even though keeping sick animals in a group has been described as detrimental to the health of other animals (Edwards, 2010) .
TextSentencer_T243 34379-34492 Sentence denotes Furthermore, during the first weeks of the rearing period, farmers believe the calves are sufficiently separated.
TextSentencer_T243 34379-34492 Sentence denotes Furthermore, during the first weeks of the rearing period, farmers believe the calves are sufficiently separated.
TextSentencer_T244 34493-34681 Sentence denotes This lack of isolation is likely linked to the observation that during these first weeks, disease outbreaks usually cannot be limited to one or a few animals in the current rearing system.
TextSentencer_T244 34493-34681 Sentence denotes This lack of isolation is likely linked to the observation that during these first weeks, disease outbreaks usually cannot be limited to one or a few animals in the current rearing system.
TextSentencer_T245 34682-34889 Sentence denotes Moreover, most farmers did not consider investing in a hospital pen, even though the benefit in limiting disease transmission by separating the source of infection has been shown repeatedly (Edwards, 2010) .
TextSentencer_T245 34682-34889 Sentence denotes Moreover, most farmers did not consider investing in a hospital pen, even though the benefit in limiting disease transmission by separating the source of infection has been shown repeatedly (Edwards, 2010) .
TextSentencer_T246 34890-35080 Sentence denotes Since the most crucial period for disease prevention is during the first few weeks of the rearing period, farmers consider a number of preventive practices, such as vaccination, unnecessary.
TextSentencer_T246 34890-35080 Sentence denotes Since the most crucial period for disease prevention is during the first few weeks of the rearing period, farmers consider a number of preventive practices, such as vaccination, unnecessary.
TextSentencer_T247 35081-35186 Sentence denotes However, Lava et al. (2016) concluded that farms where calves were vaccinated had a lower mortality rate.
TextSentencer_T247 35081-35186 Sentence denotes However, Lava et al. (2016) concluded that farms where calves were vaccinated had a lower mortality rate.
TextSentencer_T248 35187-35389 Sentence denotes Lava and colleagues also remarked that an ideal vaccination scheme should start at the farm of origin, thus reiterating the importance of information exchange between the origin farms and the veal farm.
TextSentencer_T248 35187-35389 Sentence denotes Lava and colleagues also remarked that an ideal vaccination scheme should start at the farm of origin, thus reiterating the importance of information exchange between the origin farms and the veal farm.
TextSentencer_T249 35390-35584 Sentence denotes Admittedly, the calves in the study by Lava et al. (2016) were, on average, one month old upon purchase while, in Belgium, calves are sold at the age of two to four weeks (Pardon et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T249 35390-35584 Sentence denotes Admittedly, the calves in the study by Lava et al. (2016) were, on average, one month old upon purchase while, in Belgium, calves are sold at the age of two to four weeks (Pardon et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T250 35585-35702 Sentence denotes Besides vaccination, maternal immunity is of the utmost importance for the calf's immunity (Delafosse et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T250 35585-35702 Sentence denotes Besides vaccination, maternal immunity is of the utmost importance for the calf's immunity (Delafosse et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T251 35703-35884 Sentence denotes Measuring serum IgG concentrations of all calves upon arrival, as described by Weaver et al. (2000) , could be a measure to ensure the adequate function of the herd's immune system.
TextSentencer_T251 35703-35884 Sentence denotes Measuring serum IgG concentrations of all calves upon arrival, as described by Weaver et al. (2000) , could be a measure to ensure the adequate function of the herd's immune system.
TextSentencer_T252 35885-35999 Sentence denotes Furthermore, a higher serum IgG concentration decreased the risk of mortality, according to Renaud et al. (2018) .
TextSentencer_T252 35885-35999 Sentence denotes Furthermore, a higher serum IgG concentration decreased the risk of mortality, according to Renaud et al. (2018) .
TextSentencer_T253 36000-36105 Sentence denotes A concentration of less than 7.5 g/L IgG was shown to decrease average daily gain (Pardon et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T253 36000-36105 Sentence denotes A concentration of less than 7.5 g/L IgG was shown to decrease average daily gain (Pardon et al., 2015) .
TextSentencer_T254 36106-36250 Sentence denotes Moreover, measuring the blood serum values would likely stimulate the farmers of the origin herds to ensure sufficient colostrum administration.
TextSentencer_T254 36106-36250 Sentence denotes Moreover, measuring the blood serum values would likely stimulate the farmers of the origin herds to ensure sufficient colostrum administration.
TextSentencer_T255 36251-36533 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, taking blood samples upon arrival is considered infeasible by the majority of the farmers, even though blood samples to check for iron deficiency are taken regularly, and the value of this measure has been described (Maunsell and Donovan, 2009; Maunsell et al., 2011) .
TextSentencer_T255 36251-36533 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, taking blood samples upon arrival is considered infeasible by the majority of the farmers, even though blood samples to check for iron deficiency are taken regularly, and the value of this measure has been described (Maunsell and Donovan, 2009; Maunsell et al., 2011) .
TextSentencer_T256 36534-36674 Sentence denotes Most farmers considered it better not to follow conventional working lines from youngest to oldest, as described by Sarrazin et al. (2014) .
TextSentencer_T256 36534-36674 Sentence denotes Most farmers considered it better not to follow conventional working lines from youngest to oldest, as described by Sarrazin et al. (2014) .
TextSentencer_T257 36675-36852 Sentence denotes These farmers prefer to start with the oldest animals, reasoning that a younger group carries and spreads more pathogens from their farm of origin, having only recently arrived.
TextSentencer_T257 36675-36852 Sentence denotes These farmers prefer to start with the oldest animals, reasoning that a younger group carries and spreads more pathogens from their farm of origin, having only recently arrived.
TextSentencer_T258 36853-37152 Sentence denotes However, the farmers seem to ignore that the older animals have a higher immune status and can be carriers of quickly spreading, high impact diseases, such as Mycoplasma bovis and Salmonella spp. (Radaelli et al., 2008; Pardon et al., 2011) , and therefore can spread disease to the younger animals.
TextSentencer_T258 36853-37152 Sentence denotes However, the farmers seem to ignore that the older animals have a higher immune status and can be carriers of quickly spreading, high impact diseases, such as Mycoplasma bovis and Salmonella spp. (Radaelli et al., 2008; Pardon et al., 2011) , and therefore can spread disease to the younger animals.
TextSentencer_T259 37153-37317 Sentence denotes By handling the youngest animals first and the sick and quarantined animals last, farmers can reduce the spread of disease within the farm (Sarrazin et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T259 37153-37317 Sentence denotes By handling the youngest animals first and the sick and quarantined animals last, farmers can reduce the spread of disease within the farm (Sarrazin et al., 2013) .
TextSentencer_T260 37318-37584 Sentence denotes Due to the organization of the veal industry, the application of an "all-in, all-out" system as well as clear compartmentation, which has been described as an adequate biosecurity measure (Maunsell and Donovan, 2009; Maunsell et al., 2011) , is easily implementable.
TextSentencer_T260 37318-37584 Sentence denotes Due to the organization of the veal industry, the application of an "all-in, all-out" system as well as clear compartmentation, which has been described as an adequate biosecurity measure (Maunsell and Donovan, 2009; Maunsell et al., 2011) , is easily implementable.
TextSentencer_T261 37585-37799 Sentence denotes Besides the advantages of keeping young, susceptible calves separated from the older cohorts (Sarrazin et al., 2014) , each compartment can be cleaned, disinfected, and thoroughly dried during the sanitary vacancy.
TextSentencer_T261 37585-37799 Sentence denotes Besides the advantages of keeping young, susceptible calves separated from the older cohorts (Sarrazin et al., 2014) , each compartment can be cleaned, disinfected, and thoroughly dried during the sanitary vacancy.
TextSentencer_T262 37800-38031 Sentence denotes A clean and disinfected environment is recommended in the literature for multiple diseases, such as Cryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella spp., and BVD (Daugschies and Najdrowski, 2005; Fossler et al., 2005; Villarroel et al., 2007) .
TextSentencer_T262 37800-38031 Sentence denotes A clean and disinfected environment is recommended in the literature for multiple diseases, such as Cryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella spp., and BVD (Daugschies and Najdrowski, 2005; Fossler et al., 2005; Villarroel et al., 2007) .
TextSentencer_T263 38032-38214 Sentence denotes Next to the frequency of cleaning and disinfection, a welldesigned and adhered-to protocol, including the seven steps described in Van Immerseel et al. (2018) , is equally important.
TextSentencer_T263 38032-38214 Sentence denotes Next to the frequency of cleaning and disinfection, a welldesigned and adhered-to protocol, including the seven steps described in Van Immerseel et al. (2018) , is equally important.
TextSentencer_T264 38215-38396 Sentence denotes These seven steps consist of removal of all organic material, soaking all surfaces, high pressure cleaning, drying, disinfection, drying and testing the efficiency of the procedure.
TextSentencer_T264 38215-38396 Sentence denotes These seven steps consist of removal of all organic material, soaking all surfaces, high pressure cleaning, drying, disinfection, drying and testing the efficiency of the procedure.
TextSentencer_T265 38397-38524 Sentence denotes If the stables are not cleaned and disinfected properly, pathogens can survive even after a sufficiently long sanitary vacancy.
TextSentencer_T265 38397-38524 Sentence denotes If the stables are not cleaned and disinfected properly, pathogens can survive even after a sufficiently long sanitary vacancy.
TextSentencer_T266 38525-38722 Sentence denotes Research suggests that the length of the sanitary vacancy, which in this study was, on average, ten days, is not as important as a proper cleaning and disinfection procedure (Luyckx et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T266 38525-38722 Sentence denotes Research suggests that the length of the sanitary vacancy, which in this study was, on average, ten days, is not as important as a proper cleaning and disinfection procedure (Luyckx et al., 2016) .
TextSentencer_T267 38723-38917 Sentence denotes The farmers indicated that they thoroughly cleaned and disinfected their stables more often during recent years due to the distribution of cleaning and disinfection products by the veal company.
TextSentencer_T267 38723-38917 Sentence denotes The farmers indicated that they thoroughly cleaned and disinfected their stables more often during recent years due to the distribution of cleaning and disinfection products by the veal company.
TextSentencer_T268 38918-39059 Sentence denotes This example illustrates that the veal company could play a crucial role in the motivation toward the implementation of biosecurity measures.
TextSentencer_T268 38918-39059 Sentence denotes This example illustrates that the veal company could play a crucial role in the motivation toward the implementation of biosecurity measures.
TextSentencer_T269 39060-39189 Sentence denotes It also illustrates that the farmers are not the sole decision makers and can be influenced regarding their biosecurity policies.
TextSentencer_T269 39060-39189 Sentence denotes It also illustrates that the farmers are not the sole decision makers and can be influenced regarding their biosecurity policies.
TextSentencer_T270 39190-39383 Sentence denotes Possibly, this understanding explains why several farmers answered that they were not obliged by government or veal company to apply certain measures, but were waiting for guidelines to follow.
TextSentencer_T270 39190-39383 Sentence denotes Possibly, this understanding explains why several farmers answered that they were not obliged by government or veal company to apply certain measures, but were waiting for guidelines to follow.
TextSentencer_T271 39384-39508 Sentence denotes In the CATPCA analysis, no clear distinction between the levels of biosecurity in the different veal companies was observed.
TextSentencer_T271 39384-39508 Sentence denotes In the CATPCA analysis, no clear distinction between the levels of biosecurity in the different veal companies was observed.
TextSentencer_T272 39509-39636 Sentence denotes However, these results do not signify that the veal companies cannot guide and motivate their farmers in improving biosecurity.
TextSentencer_T272 39509-39636 Sentence denotes However, these results do not signify that the veal companies cannot guide and motivate their farmers in improving biosecurity.
TextSentencer_T273 39637-39776 Sentence denotes Instead, the analysis suggests that, at this moment, they do not take the opportunity to address biosecurity, leaving room for improvement.
TextSentencer_T273 39637-39776 Sentence denotes Instead, the analysis suggests that, at this moment, they do not take the opportunity to address biosecurity, leaving room for improvement.
TextSentencer_T274 39777-39949 Sentence denotes Most farmers in this study were willing to invest money and time to solve shortcomings on their farm, which is in agreement with previous findings (Damiaans et al., 2018) .
TextSentencer_T274 39777-39949 Sentence denotes Most farmers in this study were willing to invest money and time to solve shortcomings on their farm, which is in agreement with previous findings (Damiaans et al., 2018) .
TextSentencer_T275 39950-40064 Sentence denotes However, farmers are often hindered by their beliefs that many biosecurity measures are not feasible or important.
TextSentencer_T275 39950-40064 Sentence denotes However, farmers are often hindered by their beliefs that many biosecurity measures are not feasible or important.
TextSentencer_T276 40065-40242 Sentence denotes Farmers often feel they lack information on both the efficacy and feasibility of disease prevention through biosecurity measures (Sarrazin et al., 2014; Damiaans et al., 2018) ,
TextSentencer_T276 40065-40242 Sentence denotes Farmers often feel they lack information on both the efficacy and feasibility of disease prevention through biosecurity measures (Sarrazin et al., 2014; Damiaans et al., 2018) ,
TextSentencer_T277 40243-40372 Sentence denotes The data from this study provides a first indication of the biosecurity level of veal farms, starting with the Belgian situation.
TextSentencer_T277 40243-40372 Sentence denotes The data from this study provides a first indication of the biosecurity level of veal farms, starting with the Belgian situation.
TextSentencer_T278 40373-40640 Sentence denotes Given the fact that the industry is organized in a comparable manner to most European veal-producing countries, often with the same veal companies working in different countries, it can be hypothesized that the obtained results are comparable to production in Europe.
TextSentencer_T278 40373-40640 Sentence denotes Given the fact that the industry is organized in a comparable manner to most European veal-producing countries, often with the same veal companies working in different countries, it can be hypothesized that the obtained results are comparable to production in Europe.
TextSentencer_T279 40641-40802 Sentence denotes This study provides insights on current biosecurity measures in veal herds and identifies potential priority areas for short, middle, and long term improvements.
TextSentencer_T279 40641-40802 Sentence denotes This study provides insights on current biosecurity measures in veal herds and identifies potential priority areas for short, middle, and long term improvements.
TextSentencer_T280 40803-41067 Sentence denotes Several biosecurity measures of high importance, such as "all-in, all-out" and compartmentation, are implemented relatively well whereas other measures, such as cleaning and disinfection, isolation of sick animals, and measures for visitors can easily be improved.
TextSentencer_T280 40803-41067 Sentence denotes Several biosecurity measures of high importance, such as "all-in, all-out" and compartmentation, are implemented relatively well whereas other measures, such as cleaning and disinfection, isolation of sick animals, and measures for visitors can easily be improved.
TextSentencer_T281 41068-41298 Sentence denotes The improvement of some measures regarding the introduction of animals from a huge number of different origins with variable infectious and immunity status will require more fundamental changes in the organization of the industry.
TextSentencer_T281 41068-41298 Sentence denotes The improvement of some measures regarding the introduction of animals from a huge number of different origins with variable infectious and immunity status will require more fundamental changes in the organization of the industry.
TextSentencer_T282 41299-41429 Sentence denotes In the implementation of these improvements, the collaboration between farmers, veal companies, and veterinarians will be crucial.
TextSentencer_T282 41299-41429 Sentence denotes In the implementation of these improvements, the collaboration between farmers, veal companies, and veterinarians will be crucial.
TextSentencer_T283 41430-41562 Sentence denotes This study was supported by the Belgian Federal Public Service for Health, Food Safety and Environment (Contract RT 15/4 BOBIOSEC1).
TextSentencer_T283 41430-41562 Sentence denotes This study was supported by the Belgian Federal Public Service for Health, Food Safety and Environment (Contract RT 15/4 BOBIOSEC1).
TextSentencer_T284 41563-41607 Sentence denotes The funding source had no other involvement.
TextSentencer_T284 41563-41607 Sentence denotes The funding source had no other involvement.
TextSentencer_T285 41608-41656 Sentence denotes All research data are available with the author.
TextSentencer_T285 41608-41656 Sentence denotes All research data are available with the author.
TextSentencer_T286 41657-41941 Sentence denotes The lead author affirms that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained.
TextSentencer_T286 41657-41941 Sentence denotes The lead author affirms that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained.
TextSentencer_T287 41942-41947 Sentence denotes None.
TextSentencer_T287 41942-41947 Sentence denotes None.