CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:013ce450f63ae2496b92f987e35b55125a43947f JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-81 Sentence denotes Enteric Viral Infections of Pigs and Strategies for Induction of Mucosal Immunity
TextSentencer_T1 0-81 Sentence denotes Enteric Viral Infections of Pigs and Strategies for Induction of Mucosal Immunity
TextSentencer_T2 83-91 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T2 83-91 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 94-251 Sentence denotes a model for an effective oral vaccine, the mechanism of viral pathogenesis and hence protective immunity differs from that needed to prevent viral diarrheas.
TextSentencer_T3 94-251 Sentence denotes a model for an effective oral vaccine, the mechanism of viral pathogenesis and hence protective immunity differs from that needed to prevent viral diarrheas.
TextSentencer_T4 252-438 Sentence denotes Poliovirus undergoes primary replication in Peyer's patches or intestinal lymphoid cells (not epithelial cells), but the target cell for disease induction is the neuron (Melnick, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T4 252-438 Sentence denotes Poliovirus undergoes primary replication in Peyer's patches or intestinal lymphoid cells (not epithelial cells), but the target cell for disease induction is the neuron (Melnick, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T5 439-642 Sentence denotes Thus stimulation of circUlating antibodies using either live oral or inactivated poliovirus vaccines can prevent the systemic spread of poliovirus to the central nervous system and the paralytic disease.
TextSentencer_T5 439-642 Sentence denotes Thus stimulation of circUlating antibodies using either live oral or inactivated poliovirus vaccines can prevent the systemic spread of poliovirus to the central nervous system and the paralytic disease.
TextSentencer_T6 643-815 Sentence denotes Currently only oral vaccines containing live replicating organisms have been highly effective in inducing mucosal immune responses, especially secretory, (S)IgA antibodies.
TextSentencer_T6 643-815 Sentence denotes Currently only oral vaccines containing live replicating organisms have been highly effective in inducing mucosal immune responses, especially secretory, (S)IgA antibodies.
TextSentencer_T7 816-969 Sentence denotes The oral administration of soluble or killed antigens generally induces immunity of short duration or even systemic tolerance (reviewed in Mowat, 1994) .
TextSentencer_T7 816-969 Sentence denotes The oral administration of soluble or killed antigens generally induces immunity of short duration or even systemic tolerance (reviewed in Mowat, 1994) .
TextSentencer_T8 970-1455 Sentence denotes Whether the problems encountered with oral administration of soluble protein antigens can be overcome by the use of improved mucosal adjuvants [muranyl dipeptide, immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), cholera or Escherichia coli enterotoxins, avridine, proteosomes, cytokines, etc.] or new and novel delivery systems (liposomes, live recombinant vectors, microspheres, DNA plasmids, virus-like particles) requires further investigation, and specific examples are given in this review.
TextSentencer_T8 970-1455 Sentence denotes Whether the problems encountered with oral administration of soluble protein antigens can be overcome by the use of improved mucosal adjuvants [muranyl dipeptide, immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), cholera or Escherichia coli enterotoxins, avridine, proteosomes, cytokines, etc.] or new and novel delivery systems (liposomes, live recombinant vectors, microspheres, DNA plasmids, virus-like particles) requires further investigation, and specific examples are given in this review.
TextSentencer_T9 1456-1644 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses and rotaviruses are well-characterized enteropathogens that account for a high percentage of the viral diarrheas in many animals (Saif and Wesley, 1992; Saif et al., 1994a) .
TextSentencer_T9 1456-1644 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses and rotaviruses are well-characterized enteropathogens that account for a high percentage of the viral diarrheas in many animals (Saif and Wesley, 1992; Saif et al., 1994a) .
TextSentencer_T10 1645-1776 Sentence denotes In addition, rotaviruses are the leading cause of dehydrating diarrhea in young chil, dren worldwide (Kapikian and Chanock, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T10 1645-1776 Sentence denotes In addition, rotaviruses are the leading cause of dehydrating diarrhea in young chil, dren worldwide (Kapikian and Chanock, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T11 1777-1867 Sentence denotes Thus these viruses serve as important models to study mucosal immunity to enteric viruses.
TextSentencer_T11 1777-1867 Sentence denotes Thus these viruses serve as important models to study mucosal immunity to enteric viruses.
TextSentencer_T12 1868-2175 Sentence denotes In this review, the impact of the site of viral replication (intestine vs respiratory tract), vaccine dose, and type (attenuated, inactivated) on the isotype, level, and distribution of virus-specific antibodysecreting cells (ASCs) and protection against viral challenge in pigs is summarized and discussed.
TextSentencer_T12 1868-2175 Sentence denotes In this review, the impact of the site of viral replication (intestine vs respiratory tract), vaccine dose, and type (attenuated, inactivated) on the isotype, level, and distribution of virus-specific antibodysecreting cells (ASCs) and protection against viral challenge in pigs is summarized and discussed.
TextSentencer_T13 2176-2313 Sentence denotes Enteropathogenic viruses belonging to at least five different families have been associated with diarrhea in pigs (Table I, Saif, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T13 2176-2313 Sentence denotes Enteropathogenic viruses belonging to at least five different families have been associated with diarrhea in pigs (Table I, Saif, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T14 2314-2520 Sentence denotes Each of these viruses infects mainly the villous enterocytes of pigs and, with the possible exception of astroviruses (Saifet al., 1980) , induces villous atrophy and a malabsorptive diarrhea (Saif, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T14 2314-2520 Sentence denotes Each of these viruses infects mainly the villous enterocytes of pigs and, with the possible exception of astroviruses (Saifet al., 1980) , induces villous atrophy and a malabsorptive diarrhea (Saif, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T15 2521-2724 Sentence denotes None of these viruses causes systemic infections; hence, the localized nature of these intestinal viral infections is of prime consideration for designing effective strategies to induce mucosal immunity.
TextSentencer_T15 2521-2724 Sentence denotes None of these viruses causes systemic infections; hence, the localized nature of these intestinal viral infections is of prime consideration for designing effective strategies to induce mucosal immunity.
TextSentencer_T16 2725-2794 Sentence denotes A potential explanation for Bridger + 1980 Bridger + 1980 Saif et al.
TextSentencer_T16 2725-2794 Sentence denotes A potential explanation for Bridger + 1980 Bridger + 1980 Saif et al.
TextSentencer_T17 2795-2911 Sentence denotes 1981 the localized nature of many enteric viral infections was highlighted in a recent study (Rossen et al., 1996) .
TextSentencer_T17 2795-2911 Sentence denotes 1981 the localized nature of many enteric viral infections was highlighted in a recent study (Rossen et al., 1996) .
TextSentencer_T18 2912-3140 Sentence denotes The authors found that TGEV enters and exits from polarized epithelial cells in vitro via the apical surface; in contrast, another coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), enters the same cells apically but exits basolaterally.
TextSentencer_T18 2912-3140 Sentence denotes The authors found that TGEV enters and exits from polarized epithelial cells in vitro via the apical surface; in contrast, another coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), enters the same cells apically but exits basolaterally.
TextSentencer_T19 3141-3482 Sentence denotes The investigators speculated that similar differences in the mode of release of coronaviruses from infected host cells could contribute to the nature of the localized intestinal infections induced by TGEV (released apically into the gut lumen) or the systemic infections associated with MHV (released basolaterally into the blood and lymph).
TextSentencer_T19 3141-3482 Sentence denotes The investigators speculated that similar differences in the mode of release of coronaviruses from infected host cells could contribute to the nature of the localized intestinal infections induced by TGEV (released apically into the gut lumen) or the systemic infections associated with MHV (released basolaterally into the blood and lymph).
TextSentencer_T20 3483-3799 Sentence denotes Exposure of pigs to attenuated TGEV (TGEV-A), virulent TGEV (TGEV-V) or porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) results in distinct disease patterns related to differences in virulence and tissue tropisms between the viruses (Table II) (Pensaert and Cox, 1989; Theil et al. (1978) Wesley , 1992; Saif et al., 1994b) .
TextSentencer_T20 3483-3799 Sentence denotes Exposure of pigs to attenuated TGEV (TGEV-A), virulent TGEV (TGEV-V) or porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) results in distinct disease patterns related to differences in virulence and tissue tropisms between the viruses (Table II) (Pensaert and Cox, 1989; Theil et al. (1978) Wesley , 1992; Saif et al., 1994b) .
TextSentencer_T21 3800-4010 Sentence denotes Virulent TGEV replicates in villous epithelial cells throughout the small intestine, inducing severe villous atrophy and a malabsorptive diarrhea leading to nearly 100% mortality in seronegative, neonatal pigs.
TextSentencer_T21 3800-4010 Sentence denotes Virulent TGEV replicates in villous epithelial cells throughout the small intestine, inducing severe villous atrophy and a malabsorptive diarrhea leading to nearly 100% mortality in seronegative, neonatal pigs.
TextSentencer_T22 4011-4205 Sentence denotes Attenuated strains of TGEV replicate in scattered villous epithelial cells in the distal portion of the small intestine of neonatal pigs and induce mild or no diarrhea (Frederick et al., 1976) .
TextSentencer_T22 4011-4205 Sentence denotes Attenuated strains of TGEV replicate in scattered villous epithelial cells in the distal portion of the small intestine of neonatal pigs and induce mild or no diarrhea (Frederick et al., 1976) .
TextSentencer_T23 4206-4327 Sentence denotes They also replicate more extensively in the respiratory tract compared to virulent TGEV strains (Furuuchi et al., 1979) .
TextSentencer_T23 4206-4327 Sentence denotes They also replicate more extensively in the respiratory tract compared to virulent TGEV strains (Furuuchi et al., 1979) .
TextSentencer_T24 4328-4551 Sentence denotes In contrast, PRCV strains replicate in the upper and lower respiratory tract, with little or no replication in the intestine, and generally cause subclinical infections or mild respiratory disease (Pensaert and Cox, 1989) .
TextSentencer_T24 4328-4551 Sentence denotes In contrast, PRCV strains replicate in the upper and lower respiratory tract, with little or no replication in the intestine, and generally cause subclinical infections or mild respiratory disease (Pensaert and Cox, 1989) .
TextSentencer_T25 4552-4785 Sentence denotes TGEV infections remain a leading cause of piglet diarrhea and mortality in swine herds in North America, and commercial vaccines, even live attenuated oral TGEV vaccines, are of limited efficacy in the field (Saif and Wesley, 1992) .
TextSentencer_T25 4552-4785 Sentence denotes TGEV infections remain a leading cause of piglet diarrhea and mortality in swine herds in North America, and commercial vaccines, even live attenuated oral TGEV vaccines, are of limited efficacy in the field (Saif and Wesley, 1992) .
TextSentencer_T26 4786-4978 Sentence denotes In previous studies, PRCV induced partial protection against experimental challenge with TGEV (Van Nieuwstadt et al., 1989; Cox et al., 1993) , but the mechanisms involved were not elucidated.
TextSentencer_T26 4786-4978 Sentence denotes In previous studies, PRCV induced partial protection against experimental challenge with TGEV (Van Nieuwstadt et al., 1989; Cox et al., 1993) , but the mechanisms involved were not elucidated.
TextSentencer_T27 4979-5443 Sentence denotes These three antigenically related porcine coronaviruses with distinct differences in virulence and tissue tropisms (enteric TGEV-A or TGEV-V or respiratory PRCV) provided an ideal model to study interactions between bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT) and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) in the induction of mucosal immunity and protection against virulent TGEV challenge (Brim et al., 1995; Saif, 1996; VanCott et al., 1993 VanCott et al., , 1994 .
TextSentencer_T27 4979-5443 Sentence denotes These three antigenically related porcine coronaviruses with distinct differences in virulence and tissue tropisms (enteric TGEV-A or TGEV-V or respiratory PRCV) provided an ideal model to study interactions between bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT) and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) in the induction of mucosal immunity and protection against virulent TGEV challenge (Brim et al., 1995; Saif, 1996; VanCott et al., 1993 VanCott et al., , 1994 .
TextSentencer_T28 5444-5667 Sentence denotes By comparison, porcine group A rotaviruses also replicate throughout the small intestine and occasionally the colon, inducing moderate to severe villous atrophy in the distal small intestine (Table II, Theil et al., 1978) .
TextSentencer_T28 5444-5667 Sentence denotes By comparison, porcine group A rotaviruses also replicate throughout the small intestine and occasionally the colon, inducing moderate to severe villous atrophy in the distal small intestine (Table II, Theil et al., 1978) .
TextSentencer_T29 5668-5929 Sentence denotes Similar to enzootic infections with TGEV-V in seropositive herds, rotaviruses are a frequent cause of diarrhea in 2-to 3-week-old pigs with morbidity rates approaching 100%, but with lower mortality rates (5-20%) (Paul and Stevenson, 1990; Saif et al., 1994a) .
TextSentencer_T29 5668-5929 Sentence denotes Similar to enzootic infections with TGEV-V in seropositive herds, rotaviruses are a frequent cause of diarrhea in 2-to 3-week-old pigs with morbidity rates approaching 100%, but with lower mortality rates (5-20%) (Paul and Stevenson, 1990; Saif et al., 1994a) .
TextSentencer_T30 5930-6164 Sentence denotes To date, commercial and experimental candidate vaccines have not been highly effective in preventing enteric viral infections and gastroenteritis in humans or animals (reviewed in Saif and Jackwood, 1990; Kapikian and Chanock, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T30 5930-6164 Sentence denotes To date, commercial and experimental candidate vaccines have not been highly effective in preventing enteric viral infections and gastroenteritis in humans or animals (reviewed in Saif and Jackwood, 1990; Kapikian and Chanock, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T31 6165-6368 Sentence denotes Poor efficacy has frequently been encountered in the field using live oral or parenterally administered vaccines to prevent coronavirus and rotavirus-induced diarrhea in swine (Saif and Jackwood, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T31 6165-6368 Sentence denotes Poor efficacy has frequently been encountered in the field using live oral or parenterally administered vaccines to prevent coronavirus and rotavirus-induced diarrhea in swine (Saif and Jackwood, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T32 6369-6592 Sentence denotes Likewise, clinical trials of candidate rotavirus vaccines in infants have often failed in various aspects of safety, immunogenicity, or efficacy, especially when tested in developing countries (Kapikian and Chanock, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T32 6369-6592 Sentence denotes Likewise, clinical trials of candidate rotavirus vaccines in infants have often failed in various aspects of safety, immunogenicity, or efficacy, especially when tested in developing countries (Kapikian and Chanock, 1990) .
TextSentencer_T33 6593-6792 Sentence denotes These results suggest that more research is needed to optimize enteric vaccines to induce local mucosal immune responses that more closely mimic ones elicited after exposure to the virulent organism.
TextSentencer_T33 6593-6792 Sentence denotes These results suggest that more research is needed to optimize enteric vaccines to induce local mucosal immune responses that more closely mimic ones elicited after exposure to the virulent organism.
TextSentencer_T34 6793-7145 Sentence denotes A unique mucosal immune system separate from the systemic immune system has evolved to protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens and to exclude environmental antigens and foreign proteins, thereby preventing them from evoking systemic-type inflammatory immune responses (reviewed by Brandtzaeg, 1992; Husband, 1993; McGhee et al., 1992; Mestecky, 1987) .
TextSentencer_T34 6793-7145 Sentence denotes A unique mucosal immune system separate from the systemic immune system has evolved to protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens and to exclude environmental antigens and foreign proteins, thereby preventing them from evoking systemic-type inflammatory immune responses (reviewed by Brandtzaeg, 1992; Husband, 1993; McGhee et al., 1992; Mestecky, 1987) .
TextSentencer_T35 7146-7339 Sentence denotes The mucosal immune system is characterized by a preponderance of SIgA antibodies selectively secreted onto mucosal surfaces by an active transport mechanism (polyimmunoglobulin receptor, PIgR).
TextSentencer_T35 7146-7339 Sentence denotes The mucosal immune system is characterized by a preponderance of SIgA antibodies selectively secreted onto mucosal surfaces by an active transport mechanism (polyimmunoglobulin receptor, PIgR).
TextSentencer_T36 7340-7830 Sentence denotes The SIgA antibodies play a major role in preservation of mucosal integrity by down-regulation of systemic-type immune responses, preventing invasion of pathogens from the mucosa by blocking of attachment or invasion, neutralization (in the lumen or intracellularly), and "immune exclusion." These functions are in contrast to systemically induced IgG antibodies that mediate inflammatory reactions leading to the killing and elimination of pathogens, thereby maintaining systemic sterility.
TextSentencer_T36 7340-7830 Sentence denotes The SIgA antibodies play a major role in preservation of mucosal integrity by down-regulation of systemic-type immune responses, preventing invasion of pathogens from the mucosa by blocking of attachment or invasion, neutralization (in the lumen or intracellularly), and "immune exclusion." These functions are in contrast to systemically induced IgG antibodies that mediate inflammatory reactions leading to the killing and elimination of pathogens, thereby maintaining systemic sterility.
TextSentencer_T37 7831-8037 Sentence denotes Although in earlier studies SIgA was envisioned to act mainly at the luminal mucosal surfaces, recent data suggest that dimeric IgA may bind antigens on the basolateral side of intestinal epithelial cells .
TextSentencer_T37 7831-8037 Sentence denotes Although in earlier studies SIgA was envisioned to act mainly at the luminal mucosal surfaces, recent data suggest that dimeric IgA may bind antigens on the basolateral side of intestinal epithelial cells .
TextSentencer_T38 8038-8470 Sentence denotes These immune complexes would then be transported across the epithelial cell via the PIgR and secreted back into the intestinal lumen, thereby eliminating foreign antigens that have penetrated the epithelium, Other recent reports suggest that SIgA may function intracellularly in host defense by inhibiting viral replication or assembly in vitro (Armstrong and Dimmock, 1992; Marzanec et al., 1992) and in vivo (Burns et al., 1996) .
TextSentencer_T38 8038-8470 Sentence denotes These immune complexes would then be transported across the epithelial cell via the PIgR and secreted back into the intestinal lumen, thereby eliminating foreign antigens that have penetrated the epithelium, Other recent reports suggest that SIgA may function intracellularly in host defense by inhibiting viral replication or assembly in vitro (Armstrong and Dimmock, 1992; Marzanec et al., 1992) and in vivo (Burns et al., 1996) .
TextSentencer_T39 8471-8604 Sentence denotes If further confirmed in vivo, such findings imply that SIgA can promote recovery from viral infections as well as initial protection.
TextSentencer_T39 8471-8604 Sentence denotes If further confirmed in vivo, such findings imply that SIgA can promote recovery from viral infections as well as initial protection.
TextSentencer_T40 8605-8965 Sentence denotes Another unique feature of the mucosal immune system compared to the systemic immune system is the induction of antigen-specific B and T cells in IgA inductive organized lymphoid tissue (GALT, BALT, etc.) and their distribution to remote mucosal effector sites (i.e., lamina propria regions of the intestine, bronchi, genitourinary tract, and secretory glands).
TextSentencer_T40 8605-8965 Sentence denotes Another unique feature of the mucosal immune system compared to the systemic immune system is the induction of antigen-specific B and T cells in IgA inductive organized lymphoid tissue (GALT, BALT, etc.) and their distribution to remote mucosal effector sites (i.e., lamina propria regions of the intestine, bronchi, genitourinary tract, and secretory glands).
TextSentencer_T41 8966-9101 Sentence denotes This cellular distribution pathway linking distant mucosal sites is referred to as the common mucosal immune system (Mes-tecky, 1987) .
TextSentencer_T41 8966-9101 Sentence denotes This cellular distribution pathway linking distant mucosal sites is referred to as the common mucosal immune system (Mes-tecky, 1987) .
TextSentencer_T42 9102-9421 Sentence denotes Thus antigen taken up (via M cells) and processed via GALT [Peyer's patches (PP) and aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria] induces activated T and B cells which migrate from the PP through the MLN and via the thoracic duct into the systemic circulation, subsequently repopulating distant mucosal tissues.
TextSentencer_T42 9102-9421 Sentence denotes Thus antigen taken up (via M cells) and processed via GALT [Peyer's patches (PP) and aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria] induces activated T and B cells which migrate from the PP through the MLN and via the thoracic duct into the systemic circulation, subsequently repopulating distant mucosal tissues.
TextSentencer_T43 9422-9588 Sentence denotes Maturation of these B cells into IgA plasma cells occurs within the mucosal effector sites in response to antigen, T cells, and cytokines (Lebman and Coffman, 1994) .
TextSentencer_T43 9422-9588 Sentence denotes Maturation of these B cells into IgA plasma cells occurs within the mucosal effector sites in response to antigen, T cells, and cytokines (Lebman and Coffman, 1994) .
TextSentencer_T44 9589-9780 Sentence denotes Key studies in rabbits confirmed that PP are an enriched source of IgA precursor cells which repopulate the lamina propria of the intestine and distant mucosal sites (Craig and Cebra, 1971) .
TextSentencer_T44 9589-9780 Sentence denotes Key studies in rabbits confirmed that PP are an enriched source of IgA precursor cells which repopulate the lamina propria of the intestine and distant mucosal sites (Craig and Cebra, 1971) .
TextSentencer_T45 9781-10055 Sentence denotes Among the first reports to document that antigenic stimulation at one mucosal site (intestine) leads to SIgA antibody responses at a distinct mucosal site (mammary gland) were the studies of lactogenic immunity to TGEV in swine by Bohl et al. (1972) and Saif et al. (1972) .
TextSentencer_T45 9781-10055 Sentence denotes Among the first reports to document that antigenic stimulation at one mucosal site (intestine) leads to SIgA antibody responses at a distinct mucosal site (mammary gland) were the studies of lactogenic immunity to TGEV in swine by Bohl et al. (1972) and Saif et al. (1972) .
TextSentencer_T46 10056-10377 Sentence denotes The discovery and subsequent confirmation (Weisz-Carrington et al., 1978) of the interrelationship between the SIgA system of the intestine and mammary gland was an important tenet of the common mucosal immune system, and this system was later confirmed in humans and other species (Mestecky, 1987; McGhee et al., 1992) .
TextSentencer_T46 10056-10377 Sentence denotes The discovery and subsequent confirmation (Weisz-Carrington et al., 1978) of the interrelationship between the SIgA system of the intestine and mammary gland was an important tenet of the common mucosal immune system, and this system was later confirmed in humans and other species (Mestecky, 1987; McGhee et al., 1992) .
TextSentencer_T47 10378-10609 Sentence denotes Thus antigenspecific B and T cells induced in IgA inductive lymphoid tissues (GALT, BALT, etc.) are disseminated to remote mucosal effector sites (i.e., lamina propria of the gut, mammary gland, bronchi, genitourinary tract, etc.).
TextSentencer_T47 10378-10609 Sentence denotes Thus antigenspecific B and T cells induced in IgA inductive lymphoid tissues (GALT, BALT, etc.) are disseminated to remote mucosal effector sites (i.e., lamina propria of the gut, mammary gland, bronchi, genitourinary tract, etc.).
TextSentencer_T48 10610-10898 Sentence denotes Recent studies, including further studies of immunity to porcine coronaviruses (Van Cott et al., 1993 , 1994 Saif et al., 1994b; Saif, 1996) , have suggested that functional compartmentalization and limited reciprocity may exist within some components of the common mucosal immune system.
TextSentencer_T48 10610-10898 Sentence denotes Recent studies, including further studies of immunity to porcine coronaviruses (Van Cott et al., 1993 , 1994 Saif et al., 1994b; Saif, 1996) , have suggested that functional compartmentalization and limited reciprocity may exist within some components of the common mucosal immune system.
TextSentencer_T49 10899-11102 Sentence denotes For example, migration of cells from BALT is more limited than from GALT (Sminia et al., 1989) and BALT exposure often leads to dissemination of non-IgA committed secondary B cells (Cebra et al., 1984) .
TextSentencer_T49 10899-11102 Sentence denotes For example, migration of cells from BALT is more limited than from GALT (Sminia et al., 1989) and BALT exposure often leads to dissemination of non-IgA committed secondary B cells (Cebra et al., 1984) .
TextSentencer_T50 11103-11268 Sentence denotes In addition, IgA precursor cells derived from GALT more readily repopulate the gut lamina propria than distant mucosal sites (Cebra et al., 1984; Brandtzaeg, 1992) .
TextSentencer_T50 11103-11268 Sentence denotes In addition, IgA precursor cells derived from GALT more readily repopulate the gut lamina propria than distant mucosal sites (Cebra et al., 1984; Brandtzaeg, 1992) .
TextSentencer_T51 11269-11476 Sentence denotes Such observations have important implications for the design of effective mucosal vaccines, but information on effective and practical procedures to induce protective immunity at mucosal surfaces is lacking.
TextSentencer_T51 11269-11476 Sentence denotes Such observations have important implications for the design of effective mucosal vaccines, but information on effective and practical procedures to induce protective immunity at mucosal surfaces is lacking.
TextSentencer_T52 11477-11725 Sentence denotes In the following sections, our studies of the induction of mucosal immunity and protection using the antigenically related porcine coronaviruses, TGEV and PRCV, are reviewed as are results of studies comparing different types of rotavirus vaccines.
TextSentencer_T52 11477-11725 Sentence denotes In the following sections, our studies of the induction of mucosal immunity and protection using the antigenically related porcine coronaviruses, TGEV and PRCV, are reviewed as are results of studies comparing different types of rotavirus vaccines.
TextSentencer_T53 11726-11887 Sentence denotes To analyze the interrelationships between BALT and GALT related to protective immunity, we used as a model the three antigenically related porcine coronaviruses.
TextSentencer_T53 11726-11887 Sentence denotes To analyze the interrelationships between BALT and GALT related to protective immunity, we used as a model the three antigenically related porcine coronaviruses.
TextSentencer_T54 11888-12249 Sentence denotes Virulent TGEV replicates primarily in the intestine and induces diarrhea; attenuated TGEV replicates in the intestine and the upper respiratory tract but induces no diarrhea; and PRCV replicates in the upper and lower respiratory tract, but induces only a subclinical infection (Table II; Frederick et al., 1976; Pensaert and Cox, 1989; Saif and Wesley, 1992) .
TextSentencer_T54 11888-12249 Sentence denotes Virulent TGEV replicates primarily in the intestine and induces diarrhea; attenuated TGEV replicates in the intestine and the upper respiratory tract but induces no diarrhea; and PRCV replicates in the upper and lower respiratory tract, but induces only a subclinical infection (Table II; Frederick et al., 1976; Pensaert and Cox, 1989; Saif and Wesley, 1992) .
TextSentencer_T55 12250-12281 Sentence denotes These questions were addressed:
TextSentencer_T55 12250-12281 Sentence denotes These questions were addressed:
TextSentencer_T56 12282-12355 Sentence denotes Is PRCV a more effective candidate vaccine for TGEV than attenuated TGEV?
TextSentencer_T56 12282-12355 Sentence denotes Is PRCV a more effective candidate vaccine for TGEV than attenuated TGEV?
TextSentencer_T57 12356-12532 Sentence denotes Does a high dose of attenuated TGEV administered orally induce greater ASC responses in GALT than a lower dose (comparable or higher virus titer than commercial TGEV vaccines)?
TextSentencer_T57 12356-12532 Sentence denotes Does a high dose of attenuated TGEV administered orally induce greater ASC responses in GALT than a lower dose (comparable or higher virus titer than commercial TGEV vaccines)?
TextSentencer_T58 12533-12710 Sentence denotes What are the comparative IgA and IgG ASC responses induced in GALT and BALT and the level of protection after inoculation with PRCV, TGEV-A, or TGEV-V and challenge with TGEV-V?
TextSentencer_T58 12533-12710 Sentence denotes What are the comparative IgA and IgG ASC responses induced in GALT and BALT and the level of protection after inoculation with PRCV, TGEV-A, or TGEV-V and challenge with TGEV-V?
TextSentencer_T59 12711-12828 Sentence denotes In pigs recovered from infection with TGEV-V and reexposed to TGEV-V, what are the correlates of protective immunity?
TextSentencer_T59 12711-12828 Sentence denotes In pigs recovered from infection with TGEV-V and reexposed to TGEV-V, what are the correlates of protective immunity?
TextSentencer_T60 12829-13010 Sentence denotes We first investigated the comparative immune responses to live PRCV versus TGEV-V, the degree of protection induced against TGEV-V challenge, and potential correlates of protection.
TextSentencer_T60 12829-13010 Sentence denotes We first investigated the comparative immune responses to live PRCV versus TGEV-V, the degree of protection induced against TGEV-V challenge, and potential correlates of protection.
TextSentencer_T61 13011-13311 Sentence denotes Three groups of l 1day-old TGEV seronegative pigs were oronasally inoculated with virulent TGEV, PRCV, or mock-infected cell-culture fluids, respectively, and challenged 24 days later with virulent TGEV (Brim et al., 1995; Saif et al., 1994b; Saif, 1996; VanCott et al., 1993 VanCott et al., , 1994 .
TextSentencer_T61 13011-13311 Sentence denotes Three groups of l 1day-old TGEV seronegative pigs were oronasally inoculated with virulent TGEV, PRCV, or mock-infected cell-culture fluids, respectively, and challenged 24 days later with virulent TGEV (Brim et al., 1995; Saif et al., 1994b; Saif, 1996; VanCott et al., 1993 VanCott et al., , 1994 .
TextSentencer_T62 13312-13650 Sentence denotes Immune responses in intestinal (gut lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and respiratory (bronchial lymph nodes, BLN) lymphoid tissues were assessed at challenge and postchallenge day (PCD) 4 by enumeration of IgA and IgG TGEV-specific ASC by ELISPOT and by lymphoproliferative assays (LPAs) using inactivated TGEV as antigen.
TextSentencer_T62 13312-13650 Sentence denotes Immune responses in intestinal (gut lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and respiratory (bronchial lymph nodes, BLN) lymphoid tissues were assessed at challenge and postchallenge day (PCD) 4 by enumeration of IgA and IgG TGEV-specific ASC by ELISPOT and by lymphoproliferative assays (LPAs) using inactivated TGEV as antigen.
TextSentencer_T63 13651-13734 Sentence denotes The major ASC responses and percent of pigs protected are summarized in Table III .
TextSentencer_T63 13651-13734 Sentence denotes The major ASC responses and percent of pigs protected are summarized in Table III .
TextSentencer_T64 13735-13821 Sentence denotes All pigs inoculated with TGEV-V developed diarrhea, shed TGEV in feces, and recovered.
TextSentencer_T64 13735-13821 Sentence denotes All pigs inoculated with TGEV-V developed diarrhea, shed TGEV in feces, and recovered.
TextSentencer_T65 13822-14022 Sentence denotes The presence of high numbers of IgA-ASC in the gut lamina propria (LP) and high LPA responses in the MLN at challenge (PCD 0) was associated with 100% protection against diarrhea after TGEV challenge.
TextSentencer_T65 13822-14022 Sentence denotes The presence of high numbers of IgA-ASC in the gut lamina propria (LP) and high LPA responses in the MLN at challenge (PCD 0) was associated with 100% protection against diarrhea after TGEV challenge.
TextSentencer_T66 14023-14240 Sentence denotes No significant increases were observed in numbers of ASC or LPA responses in the gut LP or MLN, respectively, after TGEV challenge (PCD 4), reflecting the lack of viral replication associated with complete protection.
TextSentencer_T66 14023-14240 Sentence denotes No significant increases were observed in numbers of ASC or LPA responses in the gut LP or MLN, respectively, after TGEV challenge (PCD 4), reflecting the lack of viral replication associated with complete protection.
TextSentencer_T67 14241-14355 Sentence denotes In contrast, pigs inoculated with PRCV had no clinical disease and shed virus in nasal secre- tions but not feces.
TextSentencer_T67 14241-14355 Sentence denotes In contrast, pigs inoculated with PRCV had no clinical disease and shed virus in nasal secre- tions but not feces.
TextSentencer_T68 14356-14539 Sentence denotes At challenge (PCD 0), the PRCV-exposed pigs had mainly IgG ASC and high LPA responses in the BLN, but low ASC numbers and LPA responses in the intestine (gut LP or MLN, respectively).
TextSentencer_T68 14356-14539 Sentence denotes At challenge (PCD 0), the PRCV-exposed pigs had mainly IgG ASC and high LPA responses in the BLN, but low ASC numbers and LPA responses in the intestine (gut LP or MLN, respectively).
TextSentencer_T69 14540-14705 Sentence denotes About 58% of the pigs were protected against diarrhea (compared to 10% of controls) and only 17% were protected against fecal TGEV shedding (comparable to controls).
TextSentencer_T69 14540-14705 Sentence denotes About 58% of the pigs were protected against diarrhea (compared to 10% of controls) and only 17% were protected against fecal TGEV shedding (comparable to controls).
TextSentencer_T70 14706-15096 Sentence denotes After TGEV challenge (PCD 4), the numbers of IgG-ASC and to a lesser extent IgA-ASC increased rapidly in the intestinal lamina propria of the PRCV-exposed pigs, suggesting that virus-specific IgG-ASC precursors derived in BALT or systemic lymphoid tissues of the PRCV-exposed pigs may migrate to the intestine in response to TGEV challenge and contribute to the partial protection observed.
TextSentencer_T70 14706-15096 Sentence denotes After TGEV challenge (PCD 4), the numbers of IgG-ASC and to a lesser extent IgA-ASC increased rapidly in the intestinal lamina propria of the PRCV-exposed pigs, suggesting that virus-specific IgG-ASC precursors derived in BALT or systemic lymphoid tissues of the PRCV-exposed pigs may migrate to the intestine in response to TGEV challenge and contribute to the partial protection observed.
TextSentencer_T71 15097-15379 Sentence denotes The higher numbers of IgA-ASC in BALT of TGEV-exposed pigs compared to PRCV-exposed pigs at PCD 4 probably reflects TGEV replication and restimulation in the gut resulting in trafficking of IgA precursor cells from GALT to BALT (Husband, 1994; Mestecky, 1987; McGhee et al., 1992) .
TextSentencer_T71 15097-15379 Sentence denotes The higher numbers of IgA-ASC in BALT of TGEV-exposed pigs compared to PRCV-exposed pigs at PCD 4 probably reflects TGEV replication and restimulation in the gut resulting in trafficking of IgA precursor cells from GALT to BALT (Husband, 1994; Mestecky, 1987; McGhee et al., 1992) .
TextSentencer_T72 15380-15496 Sentence denotes Thus TGEV infections or vaccines that induce immunity via GALT and secondarily via BALT may prevent PRCV infections.
TextSentencer_T72 15380-15496 Sentence denotes Thus TGEV infections or vaccines that induce immunity via GALT and secondarily via BALT may prevent PRCV infections.
TextSentencer_T73 15497-15868 Sentence denotes Whether the more frequent use of live attenuated TGEV vaccines in the United States (which induce IgG ASC in BLN, Table IV ) compared to Europe has had an impact on limiting the et al. (1993) . bprimary immune responses were assayed by ELISPOT directly on mononuclear cells (MNCs) obtained from pigs at PID 12 and 24 and the mean numbers of ASC per 5 x 105 MNC are shown.
TextSentencer_T73 15497-15868 Sentence denotes Whether the more frequent use of live attenuated TGEV vaccines in the United States (which induce IgG ASC in BLN, Table IV ) compared to Europe has had an impact on limiting the et al. (1993) . bprimary immune responses were assayed by ELISPOT directly on mononuclear cells (MNCs) obtained from pigs at PID 12 and 24 and the mean numbers of ASC per 5 x 105 MNC are shown.
TextSentencer_T74 15869-16068 Sentence denotes Memory or secondary immune responses were assayed by ELISPOT after in vitro TGEV stimulation (5 days) of MNC obtained from pigs at PID 24 and 40 and the mean numbers of ASC per 5 x 105 MNC are shown.
TextSentencer_T74 15869-16068 Sentence denotes Memory or secondary immune responses were assayed by ELISPOT after in vitro TGEV stimulation (5 days) of MNC obtained from pigs at PID 24 and 40 and the mean numbers of ASC per 5 x 105 MNC are shown.
TextSentencer_T75 16069-16118 Sentence denotes cG/A, ratio of IgG to IgA ASCs; UD, undetermined.
TextSentencer_T75 16069-16118 Sentence denotes cG/A, ratio of IgG to IgA ASCs; UD, undetermined.
TextSentencer_T76 16119-16286 Sentence denotes spread of PRCV infections in the United States is unknown, but at present PRCV infections appear to be less widespread among swine in the United States than in Europe.
TextSentencer_T76 16119-16286 Sentence denotes spread of PRCV infections in the United States is unknown, but at present PRCV infections appear to be less widespread among swine in the United States than in Europe.
TextSentencer_T77 16287-16583 Sentence denotes Thus our major conclusions were that functional compartmentalization exists in the BALT and GALT responses: immunization via BALT (PRCV infection) induced a systemic type of response (IgG-ASC) with low numbers of ASC and LPA responses in the gut and provided incomplete protection against TGEV-V.
TextSentencer_T77 16287-16583 Sentence denotes Thus our major conclusions were that functional compartmentalization exists in the BALT and GALT responses: immunization via BALT (PRCV infection) induced a systemic type of response (IgG-ASC) with low numbers of ASC and LPA responses in the gut and provided incomplete protection against TGEV-V.
TextSentencer_T78 16584-16756 Sentence denotes Immunization via GALT (TGEV-V infection) induced high numbers of IgA-ASC and high LPA responses in the gut and provided complete protection against TGEV-V induced diarrhea.
TextSentencer_T78 16584-16756 Sentence denotes Immunization via GALT (TGEV-V infection) induced high numbers of IgA-ASC and high LPA responses in the gut and provided complete protection against TGEV-V induced diarrhea.
TextSentencer_T79 16757-17036 Sentence denotes Further studies on the induction and immune regulation of responses to TGEV and PRCV that affect the distribution of ASC and T lymphocytes should provide important insights to optimize oral vaccine regimens to elicit protective mucosal immune responses against enteric pathogens.
TextSentencer_T79 16757-17036 Sentence denotes Further studies on the induction and immune regulation of responses to TGEV and PRCV that affect the distribution of ASC and T lymphocytes should provide important insights to optimize oral vaccine regimens to elicit protective mucosal immune responses against enteric pathogens.
TextSentencer_T80 17037-17320 Sentence denotes In a similar series of experiments, we also examined the effect of the dose (106 versus 108 pfu) of live TGEV-A administered oronasally to 11day-old TGEV seronegative pigs, on primary and memory ASC responses in the MLN and BLN (Saifet al., 1994b; Saif, 1996; VanCott et al., 1993) .
TextSentencer_T80 17037-17320 Sentence denotes In a similar series of experiments, we also examined the effect of the dose (106 versus 108 pfu) of live TGEV-A administered oronasally to 11day-old TGEV seronegative pigs, on primary and memory ASC responses in the MLN and BLN (Saifet al., 1994b; Saif, 1996; VanCott et al., 1993) .
TextSentencer_T81 17321-17528 Sentence denotes Our findings (summarized in Table IV ) revealed that the high dose of TGEV-A (10 s pfu) induced 2-4 times more primary IgG ASC and about 5-20 times more memory IgG ASC in the MLN and BLN than the lower dose.
TextSentencer_T81 17321-17528 Sentence denotes Our findings (summarized in Table IV ) revealed that the high dose of TGEV-A (10 s pfu) induced 2-4 times more primary IgG ASC and about 5-20 times more memory IgG ASC in the MLN and BLN than the lower dose.
TextSentencer_T82 17529-17689 Sentence denotes Only the high dose of TGEV-A elicited low numbers of primary or memory IgA ASC in the MLN, but numbers were 9-15 times lower than after inoculation with TGEV-V.
TextSentencer_T82 17529-17689 Sentence denotes Only the high dose of TGEV-A elicited low numbers of primary or memory IgA ASC in the MLN, but numbers were 9-15 times lower than after inoculation with TGEV-V.
TextSentencer_T83 17690-17998 Sentence denotes Of interest were the two-to fourfold higher numbers of primary and memory IgG ASC induced in BALT by the high-dose TGEV-A compared to TGEV-V consistent with reports that attenuated strains of TGEV replicate more extensively in the respiratory tract compared to virulent TGEV strains (Furuuchi et al., 1979) .
TextSentencer_T83 17690-17998 Sentence denotes Of interest were the two-to fourfold higher numbers of primary and memory IgG ASC induced in BALT by the high-dose TGEV-A compared to TGEV-V consistent with reports that attenuated strains of TGEV replicate more extensively in the respiratory tract compared to virulent TGEV strains (Furuuchi et al., 1979) .
TextSentencer_T84 17999-18434 Sentence denotes Thus the high degree of attenuation of TGEV vaccines leading to reduced viral replication in the intestine of the sow (Saif and Jackwood, 1990; Saif and Wesley, 1992) and the use of low doses (---106 pfu/ml) of live attenuated TGEV vaccines orally in piglets (Saif et al., 1994b; VanCott et al., 1993) were major determinants in their failure to induce SIgA antibodies in sow's milk or IgA ASC in the piglets' intestines, respectively.
TextSentencer_T84 17999-18434 Sentence denotes Thus the high degree of attenuation of TGEV vaccines leading to reduced viral replication in the intestine of the sow (Saif and Jackwood, 1990; Saif and Wesley, 1992) and the use of low doses (---106 pfu/ml) of live attenuated TGEV vaccines orally in piglets (Saif et al., 1994b; VanCott et al., 1993) were major determinants in their failure to induce SIgA antibodies in sow's milk or IgA ASC in the piglets' intestines, respectively.
TextSentencer_T85 18435-18538 Sentence denotes Such factors presumably contribute to the corresponding lack of efficacy of TGEV vaccines in the field.
TextSentencer_T85 18435-18538 Sentence denotes Such factors presumably contribute to the corresponding lack of efficacy of TGEV vaccines in the field.
TextSentencer_T86 18539-18796 Sentence denotes Several new potential vaccine approaches to induce immunity to TGEV have recently been reported based on delivery of antigenic peptides of the TGEV S protein in orally administered live bacterial vec-tors (Der Vartanian et al., 1997; Smerdou et al., 1996) .
TextSentencer_T86 18539-18796 Sentence denotes Several new potential vaccine approaches to induce immunity to TGEV have recently been reported based on delivery of antigenic peptides of the TGEV S protein in orally administered live bacterial vec-tors (Der Vartanian et al., 1997; Smerdou et al., 1996) .
TextSentencer_T87 18797-19030 Sentence denotes In studies by Der Vartanian et al., (1997) , two antigenic peptides of the TGEV S protein, TGEV S A and S C, were tandemly inserted (25 amino acids) into the major CIpG subunit of the CS 31A fibrillae of Escherichia coli K-12 strain.
TextSentencer_T87 18797-19030 Sentence denotes In studies by Der Vartanian et al., (1997) , two antigenic peptides of the TGEV S protein, TGEV S A and S C, were tandemly inserted (25 amino acids) into the major CIpG subunit of the CS 31A fibrillae of Escherichia coli K-12 strain.
TextSentencer_T88 19031-19089 Sentence denotes The responses of mice to these constructs were as follows:
TextSentencer_T88 19031-19089 Sentence denotes The responses of mice to these constructs were as follows:
TextSentencer_T89 19090-19533 Sentence denotes (1) The two TGEV epitopes were immunogenic when injected intraperitoneally (IP) into mice as hybrid CIpG subunits, chimeric CS31A polymers, or recombinant bacteria; (2) the chimeric CS31A fibrillae elicited TGEV antibodies in the serum of mice reactive with TGEV peptides and native TGEV; and (3) mice inoculated orally with the recombinant bacteria produced IgA intestinal antibodies reactive against the CS31A fibrillae and TGEV S c peptide.
TextSentencer_T89 19090-19533 Sentence denotes (1) The two TGEV epitopes were immunogenic when injected intraperitoneally (IP) into mice as hybrid CIpG subunits, chimeric CS31A polymers, or recombinant bacteria; (2) the chimeric CS31A fibrillae elicited TGEV antibodies in the serum of mice reactive with TGEV peptides and native TGEV; and (3) mice inoculated orally with the recombinant bacteria produced IgA intestinal antibodies reactive against the CS31A fibrillae and TGEV S c peptide.
TextSentencer_T90 19534-19696 Sentence denotes In another approach, a recombinant live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium was used for oral delivery of a TGEV peptide vaccine in rabbits (Smerdou et al., 1996) .
TextSentencer_T90 19534-19696 Sentence denotes In another approach, a recombinant live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium was used for oral delivery of a TGEV peptide vaccine in rabbits (Smerdou et al., 1996) .
TextSentencer_T91 19697-19837 Sentence denotes An antigenic peptide of the TGEV S protein (S D, amino acids 378-395) was expressed as a fusion protein with E. coli LT-B in the Salmonella.
TextSentencer_T91 19697-19837 Sentence denotes An antigenic peptide of the TGEV S protein (S D, amino acids 378-395) was expressed as a fusion protein with E. coli LT-B in the Salmonella.
TextSentencer_T92 19838-19977 Sentence denotes The rationale for fusion with LT-B was to enhance the immunogenicity of the bivalent vaccine since LT-B also functions as an oral adjuvant.
TextSentencer_T92 19838-19977 Sentence denotes The rationale for fusion with LT-B was to enhance the immunogenicity of the bivalent vaccine since LT-B also functions as an oral adjuvant.
TextSentencer_T93 19978-20574 Sentence denotes Studies of immune responses of rabbits inoculated with purified LT-B/SD fusion products expressed from Salmonella or the recombinant Salmonella revealed that neutralizing antibodies to TGEV were induced by the purified LT-B/S D and TGEV antibodies were elicited in serum and intestinal secretions after oral inoculation with the recombinant Salmonella.Thus, if similar TGEV neutralizing IgA antibody responses can be induced in the intestines of pigs by the recombinant bacterial vaccines, such vaccines warrant further study to access their ability to induce protective immunity to TGEV in pigs.
TextSentencer_T93 19978-20574 Sentence denotes Studies of immune responses of rabbits inoculated with purified LT-B/SD fusion products expressed from Salmonella or the recombinant Salmonella revealed that neutralizing antibodies to TGEV were induced by the purified LT-B/S D and TGEV antibodies were elicited in serum and intestinal secretions after oral inoculation with the recombinant Salmonella.Thus, if similar TGEV neutralizing IgA antibody responses can be induced in the intestines of pigs by the recombinant bacterial vaccines, such vaccines warrant further study to access their ability to induce protective immunity to TGEV in pigs.
TextSentencer_T94 20575-20711 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, we are currently exploring optimal oral adjuvants and delivery systems for recombinant TGEV S and M protein vaccines.
TextSentencer_T94 20575-20711 Sentence denotes In our laboratory, we are currently exploring optimal oral adjuvants and delivery systems for recombinant TGEV S and M protein vaccines.
TextSentencer_T95 20712-20937 Sentence denotes Preliminary data indicate S and M protein vaccines administered IP with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) induced higher numbers of memory ASCs in GALT than an inactivated TGEV vaccine administered IP (Sestak et al., 1997) .
TextSentencer_T95 20712-20937 Sentence denotes Preliminary data indicate S and M protein vaccines administered IP with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) induced higher numbers of memory ASCs in GALT than an inactivated TGEV vaccine administered IP (Sestak et al., 1997) .
TextSentencer_T96 20938-21309 Sentence denotes The gnotobiotic piglet model of porcine and human rotavirus-induced diarrhea has been used to further evaluate the influence of vaccine type (attenuated or binary-ethyleneimine inactivated) compared to wild-type virus infection on induction of intestinal ASC responses and protective immunity (Chen et al., 1995; Saif et al., 1996; Yuan et al., 1996 Yuan et al., , 1998 .
TextSentencer_T96 20938-21309 Sentence denotes The gnotobiotic piglet model of porcine and human rotavirus-induced diarrhea has been used to further evaluate the influence of vaccine type (attenuated or binary-ethyleneimine inactivated) compared to wild-type virus infection on induction of intestinal ASC responses and protective immunity (Chen et al., 1995; Saif et al., 1996; Yuan et al., 1996 Yuan et al., , 1998 .
TextSentencer_T97 21310-21511 Sentence denotes Results of oral or IM inoculation of 3-to 5-day-old pigs with Wa human rotaviruses (G1, P1A) and homologous virulent rotavirus oral challenge at postinoculation day (PID) 21 are summarized in Table V .
TextSentencer_T97 21310-21511 Sentence denotes Results of oral or IM inoculation of 3-to 5-day-old pigs with Wa human rotaviruses (G1, P1A) and homologous virulent rotavirus oral challenge at postinoculation day (PID) 21 are summarized in Table V .
TextSentencer_T98 21512-21680 Sentence denotes B-cell responses (ASC) were measured by ELISPOT for intestinal (lamina propria) and systemic (peripheral blood lymphocytes, PBL) lymphoid tissues at challenge (PID 21).
TextSentencer_T98 21512-21680 Sentence denotes B-cell responses (ASC) were measured by ELISPOT for intestinal (lamina propria) and systemic (peripheral blood lymphocytes, PBL) lymphoid tissues at challenge (PID 21).
TextSentencer_T99 21681-22036 Sentence denotes The major findings were that the numbers of IgA ASCs in the intestinal lamina propria and PBL were significantly greater in virulent-rotavirus inoculated pigs (mimic natural infection) than in the other groups (attenuated, inactivated, controls) and were correlated (r = 0.9) with the high degree of protection against diarrhea (89% of piglets protected).
TextSentencer_T99 21681-22036 Sentence denotes The major findings were that the numbers of IgA ASCs in the intestinal lamina propria and PBL were significantly greater in virulent-rotavirus inoculated pigs (mimic natural infection) than in the other groups (attenuated, inactivated, controls) and were correlated (r = 0.9) with the high degree of protection against diarrhea (89% of piglets protected).
TextSentencer_T100 22037-22219 Sentence denotes The transient appearance of IgA ASC in the blood mirrored the IgA ASC responses in the gut and could serve as an indicator for IgA ASC intestinal responses after rotavirus infection.
TextSentencer_T100 22037-22219 Sentence denotes The transient appearance of IgA ASC in the blood mirrored the IgA ASC responses in the gut and could serve as an indicator for IgA ASC intestinal responses after rotavirus infection.
TextSentencer_T101 22220-22404 Sentence denotes Piglets inoculated with attenuated rotavirus had partial protection against diarrhea (44% protected) and the second highest numbers of IgA and IgG ASC in the intestinal lamina propria.
TextSentencer_T101 22220-22404 Sentence denotes Piglets inoculated with attenuated rotavirus had partial protection against diarrhea (44% protected) and the second highest numbers of IgA and IgG ASC in the intestinal lamina propria.
TextSentencer_T102 22405-22677 Sentence denotes Interestingly pigs inoculated IM or perorally (PO) with inactivated rotavirus in IFA had a very high number of IgG ASCs in PBL, but few IgG or IgA ASCs in the intestinal lamina propria and, like pigs given inactivated virus PO, minimal protection (0-17%) against diarrhea.
TextSentencer_T102 22405-22677 Sentence denotes Interestingly pigs inoculated IM or perorally (PO) with inactivated rotavirus in IFA had a very high number of IgG ASCs in PBL, but few IgG or IgA ASCs in the intestinal lamina propria and, like pigs given inactivated virus PO, minimal protection (0-17%) against diarrhea.
TextSentencer_T103 22678-22759 Sentence denotes Thus, the vaccine type influenced the site, isotype, (1996 Saif et al., (1996, p.
TextSentencer_T103 22678-22759 Sentence denotes Thus, the vaccine type influenced the site, isotype, (1996 Saif et al., (1996, p.
TextSentencer_T104 22760-22972 Sentence denotes 199) . bG/A, ratio of IgG to IgA ASCs. and level of the ASC response and, similar to the results of the TGEV studies, the degree of protection was correlated with the numbers of IgA ASCs induced in the intestine.
TextSentencer_T104 22760-22972 Sentence denotes 199) . bG/A, ratio of IgG to IgA ASCs. and level of the ASC response and, similar to the results of the TGEV studies, the degree of protection was correlated with the numbers of IgA ASCs induced in the intestine.
TextSentencer_T105 22973-23171 Sentence denotes Similarly, in studies of natural rotavirus infections in children, higher fecal IgA antibody titers to rotavirus were associated with protection against infection and illness (Matson et al., 1993) .
TextSentencer_T105 22973-23171 Sentence denotes Similarly, in studies of natural rotavirus infections in children, higher fecal IgA antibody titers to rotavirus were associated with protection against infection and illness (Matson et al., 1993) .
TextSentencer_T106 23172-23382 Sentence denotes Mouse studies of rotavirus-induced infection revealed similar findings: induction of intestinal IgA antibody responses were positively associated with protection against rotavirus shedding (Feng et al., 1994) .
TextSentencer_T106 23172-23382 Sentence denotes Mouse studies of rotavirus-induced infection revealed similar findings: induction of intestinal IgA antibody responses were positively associated with protection against rotavirus shedding (Feng et al., 1994) .
TextSentencer_T107 23383-23653 Sentence denotes Although not yet evaluated in swine, a new strategy for rotavirus vaccines is the creation of recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by the coexpression of the four rotavirus capsid genes (VP2/4/6/7) in a baculovirus expression system (Crawford et al., 1994) .
TextSentencer_T107 23383-23653 Sentence denotes Although not yet evaluated in swine, a new strategy for rotavirus vaccines is the creation of recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by the coexpression of the four rotavirus capsid genes (VP2/4/6/7) in a baculovirus expression system (Crawford et al., 1994) .
TextSentencer_T108 23654-23864 Sentence denotes The VLP vaccines administered with IFA have been tested in rotavirus seronegative mice and rabbits and as a maternal vaccine to enhance passive immunity in rotavirus seropositive cows (Fernandez et al., 1996) .
TextSentencer_T108 23654-23864 Sentence denotes The VLP vaccines administered with IFA have been tested in rotavirus seronegative mice and rabbits and as a maternal vaccine to enhance passive immunity in rotavirus seropositive cows (Fernandez et al., 1996) .
TextSentencer_T109 23865-24000 Sentence denotes The VLP vaccines were shown to be noninfectious (no RNA), stable, antigenically authentic, and highly immunogenic in the above species.
TextSentencer_T109 23865-24000 Sentence denotes The VLP vaccines were shown to be noninfectious (no RNA), stable, antigenically authentic, and highly immunogenic in the above species.
TextSentencer_T110 24001-24219 Sentence denotes They induced protective immunity against rotavirus shedding in vaccinated mice and rabbits and passive immunity against rotavirus diarrhea in calves fed colostrum from the VLP-vaccinated cows (Fernandez et al., 1998) .
TextSentencer_T110 24001-24219 Sentence denotes They induced protective immunity against rotavirus shedding in vaccinated mice and rabbits and passive immunity against rotavirus diarrhea in calves fed colostrum from the VLP-vaccinated cows (Fernandez et al., 1998) .
TextSentencer_T111 24220-24323 Sentence denotes Thus VLP vaccines show promise as novel vaccines designed to induce mucosal immunity against rotavirus.
TextSentencer_T111 24220-24323 Sentence denotes Thus VLP vaccines show promise as novel vaccines designed to induce mucosal immunity against rotavirus.
TextSentencer_T112 24324-24491 Sentence denotes Further research is needed to identify the optimal delivery systems and mucosal adjuvants for use with the VLP vaccines to most effectively stimulate mucosal immunity.
TextSentencer_T112 24324-24491 Sentence denotes Further research is needed to identify the optimal delivery systems and mucosal adjuvants for use with the VLP vaccines to most effectively stimulate mucosal immunity.