CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:0043d044273b8eb1585d3a66061e9b4e03edc062 JSONTXT 8 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-133 Sentence denotes Evaluation of the tuberculosis programme in Ningxia Hui Autonomous region, the People's Republic of China: a retrospective case study
TextSentencer_T1 0-133 Sentence denotes Evaluation of the tuberculosis programme in Ningxia Hui Autonomous region, the People's Republic of China: a retrospective case study
TextSentencer_T2 135-143 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T2 135-143 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 144-155 Sentence denotes Background:
TextSentencer_T3 144-155 Sentence denotes Background:
TextSentencer_T4 156-251 Sentence denotes Tuberculosis is a devastating disease due to its rapid transmission and high rate of mortality.
TextSentencer_T4 156-251 Sentence denotes Tuberculosis is a devastating disease due to its rapid transmission and high rate of mortality.
TextSentencer_T5 252-444 Sentence denotes Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), located in the North-west, is one of the poorest provinces in China and national surveys have shown TB has been hyper endemic in NHAR for several decades.
TextSentencer_T5 252-444 Sentence denotes Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), located in the North-west, is one of the poorest provinces in China and national surveys have shown TB has been hyper endemic in NHAR for several decades.
TextSentencer_T6 445-554 Sentence denotes As no active surveys had been undertaken since the initiation of the DOTS control program across all of NHAR.
TextSentencer_T6 445-554 Sentence denotes As no active surveys had been undertaken since the initiation of the DOTS control program across all of NHAR.
TextSentencer_T7 555-563 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T7 555-563 Sentence denotes Methods:
TextSentencer_T8 564-687 Sentence denotes A retrospective study was undertaken of all clinical records of TB patients registered from January 2005 to September 2009.
TextSentencer_T8 564-687 Sentence denotes A retrospective study was undertaken of all clinical records of TB patients registered from January 2005 to September 2009.
TextSentencer_T9 688-808 Sentence denotes Poisson regression was performed to investigate the change in incidence over time and accounted for age, sex and county.
TextSentencer_T9 688-808 Sentence denotes Poisson regression was performed to investigate the change in incidence over time and accounted for age, sex and county.
TextSentencer_T10 809-897 Sentence denotes Length of time on treatment, disease severity and patient delay were assessed by county.
TextSentencer_T10 809-897 Sentence denotes Length of time on treatment, disease severity and patient delay were assessed by county.
TextSentencer_T11 898-906 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T11 898-906 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T12 907-1046 Sentence denotes More than 30% of patients had been on treatment for over 12 months and 10% for over 3 years, reflecting drug-resistance or failure of DOTS.
TextSentencer_T12 907-1046 Sentence denotes More than 30% of patients had been on treatment for over 12 months and 10% for over 3 years, reflecting drug-resistance or failure of DOTS.
TextSentencer_T13 1047-1189 Sentence denotes More than 93% of patients had grade III disease at time of diagnosis and >15% of patients had severe disease grade IV-V in some NHAR counties.
TextSentencer_T13 1047-1189 Sentence denotes More than 93% of patients had grade III disease at time of diagnosis and >15% of patients had severe disease grade IV-V in some NHAR counties.
TextSentencer_T14 1190-1322 Sentence denotes Further, 8.8% of patients were not diagnosed for over 6 months from the onset of symptoms; this was as high as 20% in some counties.
TextSentencer_T14 1190-1322 Sentence denotes Further, 8.8% of patients were not diagnosed for over 6 months from the onset of symptoms; this was as high as 20% in some counties.
TextSentencer_T15 1323-1456 Sentence denotes The reported incidence of TB is most likely grossly underestimated and the data indicate TB is a major public health concern in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T15 1323-1456 Sentence denotes The reported incidence of TB is most likely grossly underestimated and the data indicate TB is a major public health concern in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T16 1457-1469 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T16 1457-1469 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T17 1470-1577 Sentence denotes It is clear that active surveillance is necessary to determine the full extent of the burden of TB in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T17 1470-1577 Sentence denotes It is clear that active surveillance is necessary to determine the full extent of the burden of TB in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T18 1578-1727 Sentence denotes New control and treatment strategies for TB are required that increase awareness in the health-care system and at the individual and community level.
TextSentencer_T18 1578-1727 Sentence denotes New control and treatment strategies for TB are required that increase awareness in the health-care system and at the individual and community level.
TextSentencer_T19 1729-2003 Sentence denotes The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China (PRC) estimates that 5 million people currently have active TB with 80% of cases in rural areas, particularly in the poorest provinces in north and north-western PRCincluding Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR) [1] .
TextSentencer_T19 1729-2003 Sentence denotes The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China (PRC) estimates that 5 million people currently have active TB with 80% of cases in rural areas, particularly in the poorest provinces in north and north-western PRCincluding Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR) [1] .
TextSentencer_T20 2004-2102 Sentence denotes Four national TB surveys have been undertaken in PRC in 1979 PRC in , 1985 PRC in , 1990 and 2000.
TextSentencer_T20 2004-2102 Sentence denotes Four national TB surveys have been undertaken in PRC in 1979 PRC in , 1985 PRC in , 1990 and 2000.
TextSentencer_T21 2103-2241 Sentence denotes The first reported a high prevalence of 885 cases/100,000 population with a low sputum smear-positive (SSP) detection rate (121/ 100,000).
TextSentencer_T21 2103-2241 Sentence denotes The first reported a high prevalence of 885 cases/100,000 population with a low sputum smear-positive (SSP) detection rate (121/ 100,000).
TextSentencer_T22 2242-2354 Sentence denotes The prevalence had decreased to 536/100,000 in 1990 reflecting an average annual decrease in prevalence of 4.5%.
TextSentencer_T22 2242-2354 Sentence denotes The prevalence had decreased to 536/100,000 in 1990 reflecting an average annual decrease in prevalence of 4.5%.
TextSentencer_T23 2355-2431 Sentence denotes Meanwhile, the SSP rate had increased by 3.0% per annum to 168/100,000 [2] .
TextSentencer_T23 2355-2431 Sentence denotes Meanwhile, the SSP rate had increased by 3.0% per annum to 168/100,000 [2] .
TextSentencer_T24 2432-2541 Sentence denotes The prevalence continued to decrease slowly during the 1990s (3.2% per annum) to 367/100,000 in 2000 [3, 4] .
TextSentencer_T24 2432-2541 Sentence denotes The prevalence continued to decrease slowly during the 1990s (3.2% per annum) to 367/100,000 in 2000 [3, 4] .
TextSentencer_T25 2542-2706 Sentence denotes According to World Health Organization reports, the prevalence for PRC in 2000 fell from 214 to 154 per 100,000 from 2000 to 2006; an average of 5.6% per year [5] .
TextSentencer_T25 2542-2706 Sentence denotes According to World Health Organization reports, the prevalence for PRC in 2000 fell from 214 to 154 per 100,000 from 2000 to 2006; an average of 5.6% per year [5] .
TextSentencer_T26 2707-2798 Sentence denotes The decrease slowed during the late 2000s, decreasing only 5.6% over the following 3 years.
TextSentencer_T26 2707-2798 Sentence denotes The decrease slowed during the late 2000s, decreasing only 5.6% over the following 3 years.
TextSentencer_T27 2799-2918 Sentence denotes Incidence remained relatively stable during this time, decreasing by < 1% per annum over the course of the last decade.
TextSentencer_T27 2799-2918 Sentence denotes Incidence remained relatively stable during this time, decreasing by < 1% per annum over the course of the last decade.
TextSentencer_T28 2919-3034 Sentence denotes This trend reflects the change in SSP rate of new cases which had increased in PRC from 34% in 2000 to 75% in 2008.
TextSentencer_T28 2919-3034 Sentence denotes This trend reflects the change in SSP rate of new cases which had increased in PRC from 34% in 2000 to 75% in 2008.
TextSentencer_T29 3035-3145 Sentence denotes It is clear from the National survey reports for PRC that NHAR has been hyper-endemic for TB for many decades.
TextSentencer_T29 3035-3145 Sentence denotes It is clear from the National survey reports for PRC that NHAR has been hyper-endemic for TB for many decades.
TextSentencer_T30 3146-3276 Sentence denotes The reported prevalence in 1979 showed NHAR had the fourth highest in the country with an estimated 1003 cases/100,000 population.
TextSentencer_T30 3146-3276 Sentence denotes The reported prevalence in 1979 showed NHAR had the fourth highest in the country with an estimated 1003 cases/100,000 population.
TextSentencer_T31 3277-3374 Sentence denotes Prevalence had dropped substantially by 1990 to 530/100,000, a figure below the national average.
TextSentencer_T31 3277-3374 Sentence denotes Prevalence had dropped substantially by 1990 to 530/100,000, a figure below the national average.
TextSentencer_T32 3375-3634 Sentence denotes This dramatic reduction in prevalence not only in NHAR but across many parts of PRC could reflect, in part, a change in diagnostic practices for smear-negative patients based on chest X-ray (CXR) anomalies thus reducing the number of false-positive diagnoses.
TextSentencer_T32 3375-3634 Sentence denotes This dramatic reduction in prevalence not only in NHAR but across many parts of PRC could reflect, in part, a change in diagnostic practices for smear-negative patients based on chest X-ray (CXR) anomalies thus reducing the number of false-positive diagnoses.
TextSentencer_T33 3635-3761 Sentence denotes Despite this, the prevalence had rebounded to 619/ 100,000 in 2000, placing NHAR as the third most TB prevalent region in PRC.
TextSentencer_T33 3635-3761 Sentence denotes Despite this, the prevalence had rebounded to 619/ 100,000 in 2000, placing NHAR as the third most TB prevalent region in PRC.
TextSentencer_T34 3762-3995 Sentence denotes Only following the SARS outbreak in 2002/2003 [6] was the nationwide internet-based communicable disease reporting system introduced as part of the disease surveillance system for PRC [7] and the DOTS program instigated country-wide.
TextSentencer_T34 3762-3995 Sentence denotes Only following the SARS outbreak in 2002/2003 [6] was the nationwide internet-based communicable disease reporting system introduced as part of the disease surveillance system for PRC [7] and the DOTS program instigated country-wide.
TextSentencer_T35 3996-4143 Sentence denotes By the end of 2004, 93% of the county and township levels in NHAR were covered by the program, comparable to levels in other parts of the PRC [8] .
TextSentencer_T35 3996-4143 Sentence denotes By the end of 2004, 93% of the county and township levels in NHAR were covered by the program, comparable to levels in other parts of the PRC [8] .
TextSentencer_T36 4144-4339 Sentence denotes Despite the evident long-standing TB endemicity, there is very limited published literature for NHAR, with the exception of a small number of local government documents and short journal reports.
TextSentencer_T36 4144-4339 Sentence denotes Despite the evident long-standing TB endemicity, there is very limited published literature for NHAR, with the exception of a small number of local government documents and short journal reports.
TextSentencer_T37 4340-4649 Sentence denotes As no active surveys had been undertaken since the initiation of the DOTS control program in NHAR, we systematically collected hospital record data for the period January 2005 to September 2009 so as to provide essential information requisite for the design and implementation of future TB control strategies.
TextSentencer_T37 4340-4649 Sentence denotes As no active surveys had been undertaken since the initiation of the DOTS control program in NHAR, we systematically collected hospital record data for the period January 2005 to September 2009 so as to provide essential information requisite for the design and implementation of future TB control strategies.
TextSentencer_T38 4650-4821 Sentence denotes NHAR has a population of around 5.6 million and is the smallest provincial autonomous region on the Loess plateau in northwest China with a total area of 66,400 square km.
TextSentencer_T38 4650-4821 Sentence denotes NHAR has a population of around 5.6 million and is the smallest provincial autonomous region on the Loess plateau in northwest China with a total area of 66,400 square km.
TextSentencer_T39 4822-4913 Sentence denotes NHAR is divided into 5 prefectures, located in three natural geographic zones ( Figure 1 ).
TextSentencer_T39 4822-4913 Sentence denotes NHAR is divided into 5 prefectures, located in three natural geographic zones ( Figure 1 ).
TextSentencer_T40 4914-5145 Sentence denotes The regional disparity in economic development is characterised by the lowest levels of gross domestic product (GDP) in the south and central areas, with the highest in urban Yinchuan and the surrounding counties in the north [9] .
TextSentencer_T40 4914-5145 Sentence denotes The regional disparity in economic development is characterised by the lowest levels of gross domestic product (GDP) in the south and central areas, with the highest in urban Yinchuan and the surrounding counties in the north [9] .
TextSentencer_T41 5146-5317 Sentence denotes Patients diagnosed with TB between January 1, 2005 and September 30, 2009 were reported to the Division of Tuberculosis Control of the Department of Public Health of NHAR.
TextSentencer_T41 5146-5317 Sentence denotes Patients diagnosed with TB between January 1, 2005 and September 30, 2009 were reported to the Division of Tuberculosis Control of the Department of Public Health of NHAR.
TextSentencer_T42 5318-5416 Sentence denotes This provincial level electronic reporting system was introduced in NHAR at the beginning of 2005.
TextSentencer_T42 5318-5416 Sentence denotes This provincial level electronic reporting system was introduced in NHAR at the beginning of 2005.
TextSentencer_T43 5417-5524 Sentence denotes Routine demographic data collected at the time of diagnosis for each case included: age, sex, and domicile.
TextSentencer_T43 5417-5524 Sentence denotes Routine demographic data collected at the time of diagnosis for each case included: age, sex, and domicile.
TextSentencer_T44 5525-5748 Sentence denotes Specific information concerning TB included: the date of onset of symptoms; date of diagnosis; clinical site/s of disease; results of microbiology tests (sputum smears and cultures); treatment regime, and treatment outcome.
TextSentencer_T44 5525-5748 Sentence denotes Specific information concerning TB included: the date of onset of symptoms; date of diagnosis; clinical site/s of disease; results of microbiology tests (sputum smears and cultures); treatment regime, and treatment outcome.
TextSentencer_T45 5749-5917 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of pulmonary TB in hospitals and TB clinics is made on the basis of clinical examination; chest radiography and sputum smear microscopy and/or sputum culture.
TextSentencer_T45 5749-5917 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of pulmonary TB in hospitals and TB clinics is made on the basis of clinical examination; chest radiography and sputum smear microscopy and/or sputum culture.
TextSentencer_T46 5918-6163 Sentence denotes Following diagnosis, patients enter the DOTS program which prescribes short-course chemotherapy (SCC) comprising 2 months of isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z) plus streptomycin (S) or ethambutol (E) followed by 4 months of H and R.
TextSentencer_T46 5918-6163 Sentence denotes Following diagnosis, patients enter the DOTS program which prescribes short-course chemotherapy (SCC) comprising 2 months of isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z) plus streptomycin (S) or ethambutol (E) followed by 4 months of H and R.
TextSentencer_T47 6164-6348 Sentence denotes This is the WHO recommended regimen for treating new cases of smear-positive pulmonary TB or smear-negative pulmonary TB with substantial radiographic evidence of active disease [10] .
TextSentencer_T47 6164-6348 Sentence denotes This is the WHO recommended regimen for treating new cases of smear-positive pulmonary TB or smear-negative pulmonary TB with substantial radiographic evidence of active disease [10] .
TextSentencer_T48 6349-6522 Sentence denotes For re-treatment of patients who have had previous therapy (relapse or resumption of treatment after interruption), an 8-month regimen has been recommended by the WHO [10] .
TextSentencer_T48 6349-6522 Sentence denotes For re-treatment of patients who have had previous therapy (relapse or resumption of treatment after interruption), an 8-month regimen has been recommended by the WHO [10] .
TextSentencer_T49 6523-6614 Sentence denotes During the initial intensive phase of treatment, patients are supervised by health workers.
TextSentencer_T49 6523-6614 Sentence denotes During the initial intensive phase of treatment, patients are supervised by health workers.
TextSentencer_T50 6615-6686 Sentence denotes Following this, the program is continued at the family/community level.
TextSentencer_T50 6615-6686 Sentence denotes Following this, the program is continued at the family/community level.
TextSentencer_T51 6687-6797 Sentence denotes This system facilitates the administration and re-prescription of medication for patients in the DOTS program.
TextSentencer_T51 6687-6797 Sentence denotes This system facilitates the administration and re-prescription of medication for patients in the DOTS program.
TextSentencer_T52 6798-6946 Sentence denotes The TB treatment strategy in NHAR (of which 85% is rural) is predominantly community-based (CB), involving directly observed treatment with CB-DOTS.
TextSentencer_T52 6798-6946 Sentence denotes The TB treatment strategy in NHAR (of which 85% is rural) is predominantly community-based (CB), involving directly observed treatment with CB-DOTS.
TextSentencer_T53 6947-7100 Sentence denotes Data analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel, EPI-INFO (Centres of Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta) and SAS (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC).
TextSentencer_T53 6947-7100 Sentence denotes Data analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel, EPI-INFO (Centres of Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta) and SAS (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC).
TextSentencer_T54 7101-7289 Sentence denotes Direct age standardised incidence (per 100,000 population) were calculated using public health records and the 2006 NHAR census provided by the National Statistical Service of China [11] .
TextSentencer_T54 7101-7289 Sentence denotes Direct age standardised incidence (per 100,000 population) were calculated using public health records and the 2006 NHAR census provided by the National Statistical Service of China [11] .
TextSentencer_T55 7290-7412 Sentence denotes Poisson regression was performed using GENMOD in SAS (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC) and accounted for age, sex and county.
TextSentencer_T55 7290-7412 Sentence denotes Poisson regression was performed using GENMOD in SAS (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC) and accounted for age, sex and county.
TextSentencer_T56 7413-7655 Sentence denotes The number of individuals on treatment for more than 1 year were calculated as the number of new cases registered prior to 1 st October 2008 who had taken more than 1 year to complete treatment or who were still taking treatment on this date.
TextSentencer_T56 7413-7655 Sentence denotes The number of individuals on treatment for more than 1 year were calculated as the number of new cases registered prior to 1 st October 2008 who had taken more than 1 year to complete treatment or who were still taking treatment on this date.
TextSentencer_T57 7656-7763 Sentence denotes A cut-off date of 1 October 2007 was applied when calculating those who had been on treatment for >2 years.
TextSentencer_T57 7656-7763 Sentence denotes A cut-off date of 1 October 2007 was applied when calculating those who had been on treatment for >2 years.
TextSentencer_T58 7764-7879 Sentence denotes Time to diagnosis was calculated as the number of days from the date of onset of symptoms to the date of diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T58 7764-7879 Sentence denotes Time to diagnosis was calculated as the number of days from the date of onset of symptoms to the date of diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T59 7880-8004 Sentence denotes The date of onset of symptoms was defined as the first occurrence of the main complaint and symptom related to TB infection.
TextSentencer_T59 7880-8004 Sentence denotes The date of onset of symptoms was defined as the first occurrence of the main complaint and symptom related to TB infection.
TextSentencer_T60 8005-8157 Sentence denotes This was further broken down by days from onset of symptoms to seeking medical treatment and number of days from seeking medical treatment to diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T60 8005-8157 Sentence denotes This was further broken down by days from onset of symptoms to seeking medical treatment and number of days from seeking medical treatment to diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T61 8158-8331 Sentence denotes The case status of patients in Yongning County was coded differently to other counties in the province and, as such, this county was omitted from all new case data analyses.
TextSentencer_T61 8158-8331 Sentence denotes The case status of patients in Yongning County was coded differently to other counties in the province and, as such, this county was omitted from all new case data analyses.
TextSentencer_T62 8332-8435 Sentence denotes The study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.
TextSentencer_T62 8332-8435 Sentence denotes The study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.
TextSentencer_T63 8436-8438 Sentence denotes R.
TextSentencer_T63 8436-8438 Sentence denotes R.
TextSentencer_T64 8439-8570 Sentence denotes China, and official letters requesting authorisation for retrospective data collections were signed by the Head of this University.
TextSentencer_T64 8439-8570 Sentence denotes China, and official letters requesting authorisation for retrospective data collections were signed by the Head of this University.
TextSentencer_T65 8571-8679 Sentence denotes Letters were sent to all TB coordinators of TB referral hospitals and clinics in NHAR involved in the study.
TextSentencer_T65 8571-8679 Sentence denotes Letters were sent to all TB coordinators of TB referral hospitals and clinics in NHAR involved in the study.
TextSentencer_T66 8680-8839 Sentence denotes The letters introduced the nature and scope of the research to the coordinators throughout NHAR so that permission was obtained for the study to be undertaken.
TextSentencer_T66 8680-8839 Sentence denotes The letters introduced the nature and scope of the research to the coordinators throughout NHAR so that permission was obtained for the study to be undertaken.
TextSentencer_T67 8840-8957 Sentence denotes As data for 2009 were only collected from January 1-September 30, incidence was calculated for the period 2005 -2008.
TextSentencer_T67 8840-8957 Sentence denotes As data for 2009 were only collected from January 1-September 30, incidence was calculated for the period 2005 -2008.
TextSentencer_T68 8958-9088 Sentence denotes These data are presented in Table 1 and show the incidence in the different administrative districts or counties by year for NHAR.
TextSentencer_T68 8958-9088 Sentence denotes These data are presented in Table 1 and show the incidence in the different administrative districts or counties by year for NHAR.
TextSentencer_T69 9089-9167 Sentence denotes The average incidence over the 4-year period is shown by county in Figure 2A .
TextSentencer_T69 9089-9167 Sentence denotes The average incidence over the 4-year period is shown by county in Figure 2A .
TextSentencer_T70 9168-9262 Sentence denotes During this 4-year period, the greatest change in incidence was evident between 2005 and 2006.
TextSentencer_T70 9168-9262 Sentence denotes During this 4-year period, the greatest change in incidence was evident between 2005 and 2006.
TextSentencer_T71 9263-9411 Sentence denotes This is due to the striking increase in incidence in the counties in the southern prefecture which collectively showed an average increase of 55.7%.
TextSentencer_T71 9263-9411 Sentence denotes This is due to the striking increase in incidence in the counties in the southern prefecture which collectively showed an average increase of 55.7%.
TextSentencer_T72 9412-9504 Sentence denotes This was followed by the Zhongwei prefecture which had an average 43% increase in incidence.
TextSentencer_T72 9412-9504 Sentence denotes This was followed by the Zhongwei prefecture which had an average 43% increase in incidence.
TextSentencer_T73 9505-9665 Sentence denotes The incidence appeared to decrease in all counties in 2007 with the exception of Jingyuan, which continued to increase by a further 16% until subsiding in 2008.
TextSentencer_T73 9505-9665 Sentence denotes The incidence appeared to decrease in all counties in 2007 with the exception of Jingyuan, which continued to increase by a further 16% until subsiding in 2008.
TextSentencer_T74 9666-9862 Sentence denotes While the annual incidence from 2006 to 2008 appeared to remain reasonably constant throughout this 3-year period, a number of counties appeared to experience some fluctuations in incidence rates.
TextSentencer_T74 9666-9862 Sentence denotes While the annual incidence from 2006 to 2008 appeared to remain reasonably constant throughout this 3-year period, a number of counties appeared to experience some fluctuations in incidence rates.
TextSentencer_T75 9863-10148 Sentence denotes In particular, the counties of Yinchuan, Jingyuan, Tongxin and Yanchi had peak incidence levels in 2007, which subsided in 2008 and while the majority of all counties had decreased incidence rates in 2008 compared with 2007, the county of 'Huinong and Taole' increased sharply by 104%.
TextSentencer_T75 9863-10148 Sentence denotes In particular, the counties of Yinchuan, Jingyuan, Tongxin and Yanchi had peak incidence levels in 2007, which subsided in 2008 and while the majority of all counties had decreased incidence rates in 2008 compared with 2007, the county of 'Huinong and Taole' increased sharply by 104%.
TextSentencer_T76 10149-10302 Sentence denotes Longde county had the highest reported number of TB cases in the province for each year from 2005 to 2008, followed by the urban region of Yinchuan city.
TextSentencer_T76 10149-10302 Sentence denotes Longde county had the highest reported number of TB cases in the province for each year from 2005 to 2008, followed by the urban region of Yinchuan city.
TextSentencer_T77 10303-10470 Sentence denotes The lowest incidence rates observed throughout the 4year period were observed in the central districts of Qingtongxia and Lingwu and in the northern county of Pinglou.
TextSentencer_T77 10303-10470 Sentence denotes The lowest incidence rates observed throughout the 4year period were observed in the central districts of Qingtongxia and Lingwu and in the northern county of Pinglou.
TextSentencer_T78 10471-10676 Sentence denotes Poisson regression showed that across NHAR as a whole, there was a significant increase in TB incidence from 2005 to 2008 as reflected by an overall relative risk of 1.044 (95% CI 1.027-1.061; P < 000001).
TextSentencer_T78 10471-10676 Sentence denotes Poisson regression showed that across NHAR as a whole, there was a significant increase in TB incidence from 2005 to 2008 as reflected by an overall relative risk of 1.044 (95% CI 1.027-1.061; P < 000001).
TextSentencer_T79 10677-10820 Sentence denotes The distribution of new TB cases in males and females in different age groups (based on the 2006 population census) [11] is shown in Figure 3 .
TextSentencer_T79 10677-10820 Sentence denotes The distribution of new TB cases in males and females in different age groups (based on the 2006 population census) [11] is shown in Figure 3 .
TextSentencer_T80 10821-10985 Sentence denotes The lowest incidence occurred in the youngest age groups between 0 and 19 years of age with a small peak in young adults (20-25 years of age) particularly in males.
TextSentencer_T80 10821-10985 Sentence denotes The lowest incidence occurred in the youngest age groups between 0 and 19 years of age with a small peak in young adults (20-25 years of age) particularly in males.
TextSentencer_T81 10986-11048 Sentence denotes In general, the incidence was higher in males than in females.
TextSentencer_T81 10986-11048 Sentence denotes In general, the incidence was higher in males than in females.
TextSentencer_T82 11049-11106 Sentence denotes This was more markedly observed in subjects aged over 65.
TextSentencer_T82 11049-11106 Sentence denotes This was more markedly observed in subjects aged over 65.
TextSentencer_T83 11107-11205 Sentence denotes The majority of TB patients were found to be new cases, accounting for 94% of the entire data set.
TextSentencer_T83 11107-11205 Sentence denotes The majority of TB patients were found to be new cases, accounting for 94% of the entire data set.
TextSentencer_T84 11206-11416 Sentence denotes The reporting system introduced in 2005 registered all TB cases as new incident cases without consideration of prior TB diagnosis so that the proportion of previously treated cases may have been underestimated.
TextSentencer_T84 11206-11416 Sentence denotes The reporting system introduced in 2005 registered all TB cases as new incident cases without consideration of prior TB diagnosis so that the proportion of previously treated cases may have been underestimated.
TextSentencer_T85 11417-11489 Sentence denotes The proportion of new cases, however, was found to be similar each year.
TextSentencer_T85 11417-11489 Sentence denotes The proportion of new cases, however, was found to be similar each year.
TextSentencer_T86 11490-11611 Sentence denotes Of the TB cases, 97% (16165/16601) were pulmonary, 2.8% (365/16601) were pleural, and the remainder were extra-pulmonary.
TextSentencer_T86 11490-11611 Sentence denotes Of the TB cases, 97% (16165/16601) were pulmonary, 2.8% (365/16601) were pleural, and the remainder were extra-pulmonary.
TextSentencer_T87 11612-11867 Sentence denotes The low proportion of extrapulmonary TB in this study is also likely to be an underestimation due to most extra-pulmonary TB cases being registered at general hospitals rather than TB dispensaries given the more severe nature of the disease in most cases.
TextSentencer_T87 11612-11867 Sentence denotes The low proportion of extrapulmonary TB in this study is also likely to be an underestimation due to most extra-pulmonary TB cases being registered at general hospitals rather than TB dispensaries given the more severe nature of the disease in most cases.
TextSentencer_T88 11868-11965 Sentence denotes Amongst the pulmonary TB cases, 67% (11117/ 16165) were sputum-positive at the time of diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T88 11868-11965 Sentence denotes Amongst the pulmonary TB cases, 67% (11117/ 16165) were sputum-positive at the time of diagnosis.
TextSentencer_T89 11966-12168 Sentence denotes Based on X-ray analysis (TB diagnosis guidelines) [12] , TB grading of patients was categorized into five types: early stage grades I and II; mid-stage grade III; and later stage cases, grades IV and V.
TextSentencer_T89 11966-12168 Sentence denotes Based on X-ray analysis (TB diagnosis guidelines) [12] , TB grading of patients was categorized into five types: early stage grades I and II; mid-stage grade III; and later stage cases, grades IV and V.
TextSentencer_T90 12169-12266 Sentence denotes The most commonly observed stage amongst all new cases was grade III (93.1% across all counties).
TextSentencer_T90 12169-12266 Sentence denotes The most commonly observed stage amongst all new cases was grade III (93.1% across all counties).
TextSentencer_T91 12267-12395 Sentence denotes The number of advanced stage new cases slowly decreased from 2006-2008 but rebounded rapidly again in 2009 to 5.2% of new cases.
TextSentencer_T91 12267-12395 Sentence denotes The number of advanced stage new cases slowly decreased from 2006-2008 but rebounded rapidly again in 2009 to 5.2% of new cases.
TextSentencer_T92 12396-12589 Sentence denotes Further investigation of these data at the county level showed that Xiji and Guyuan counties accounted for most of these cases with prevalences of 17.03% and 18.95%, respectively ( Figure 2B ).
TextSentencer_T92 12396-12589 Sentence denotes Further investigation of these data at the county level showed that Xiji and Guyuan counties accounted for most of these cases with prevalences of 17.03% and 18.95%, respectively ( Figure 2B ).
TextSentencer_T93 12590-12744 Sentence denotes Longde and Tongxin counties reported the lowest number of advanced stage cases throughout the 5-year period (an average of 0.24% and 0.19%, respectively).
TextSentencer_T93 12590-12744 Sentence denotes Longde and Tongxin counties reported the lowest number of advanced stage cases throughout the 5-year period (an average of 0.24% and 0.19%, respectively).
TextSentencer_T94 12745-12821 Sentence denotes We investigated the length of time of treatment in all new registered cases.
TextSentencer_T94 12745-12821 Sentence denotes We investigated the length of time of treatment in all new registered cases.
TextSentencer_T95 12822-13051 Sentence denotes Thirty percent of all new cases were found to have been continuing treatment for longer than one year and 42% of all new cases diagnosed before 30 th September 2007 were found to have continuing treatment for longer than 2 years.
TextSentencer_T95 12822-13051 Sentence denotes Thirty percent of all new cases were found to have been continuing treatment for longer than one year and 42% of all new cases diagnosed before 30 th September 2007 were found to have continuing treatment for longer than 2 years.
TextSentencer_T96 13052-13240 Sentence denotes Investigation of these cases by county indicated the distribution to be random with the majority of counties having less than 15% of patients on treatment for over 12 months ( Figure 2C ).
TextSentencer_T96 13052-13240 Sentence denotes Investigation of these cases by county indicated the distribution to be random with the majority of counties having less than 15% of patients on treatment for over 12 months ( Figure 2C ).
TextSentencer_T97 13241-13379 Sentence denotes The county with the highest rate of long-term treatment of patients was Xiji in south NHAR with 84.3% receiving treatment for over a year.
TextSentencer_T97 13241-13379 Sentence denotes The county with the highest rate of long-term treatment of patients was Xiji in south NHAR with 84.3% receiving treatment for over a year.
TextSentencer_T98 13380-13549 Sentence denotes There appeared to be no overlap between the distribution of long-term treatment cases ( Figure 2B) , and either disease severity ( Figure 2C ) or incidence (Figure 2A ).
TextSentencer_T98 13380-13549 Sentence denotes There appeared to be no overlap between the distribution of long-term treatment cases ( Figure 2B) , and either disease severity ( Figure 2C ) or incidence (Figure 2A ).
TextSentencer_T99 13551-13710 Sentence denotes The time from the onset of symptoms to that of diagnosis and subsequent treatment is important as this period reflects the time of infectiousness of a patient.
TextSentencer_T99 13551-13710 Sentence denotes The time from the onset of symptoms to that of diagnosis and subsequent treatment is important as this period reflects the time of infectiousness of a patient.
TextSentencer_T100 13711-13785 Sentence denotes These indices are shown for the different counties in Table 2 (Figure 4) .
TextSentencer_T100 13711-13785 Sentence denotes These indices are shown for the different counties in Table 2 (Figure 4) .
TextSentencer_T101 13786-13852 Sentence denotes However, the time taken to seek treatment varied between counties.
TextSentencer_T101 13786-13852 Sentence denotes However, the time taken to seek treatment varied between counties.
TextSentencer_T102 13853-14039 Sentence denotes More than 20% of patients in Yanchi, Pengyang and Jinchuan and over 15% in Longde and Wuzhong had waited longer than six months to seek medical treatment following the onset of symptoms.
TextSentencer_T102 13853-14039 Sentence denotes More than 20% of patients in Yanchi, Pengyang and Jinchuan and over 15% in Longde and Wuzhong had waited longer than six months to seek medical treatment following the onset of symptoms.
TextSentencer_T103 14040-14189 Sentence denotes Shizuishan had the highest proportion of new cases (6.1%) who had sought medical attention but who had waited over 90 days to be correctly diagnosed.
TextSentencer_T103 14040-14189 Sentence denotes Shizuishan had the highest proportion of new cases (6.1%) who had sought medical attention but who had waited over 90 days to be correctly diagnosed.
TextSentencer_T104 14190-14420 Sentence denotes National surveys undertaken in the PRC from 1979-90 showed that although the prevalence of TB fell by an average of 3.3% annually during the 1980s, the notification rate represented only 30% of the total burden in the 1990s [13] .
TextSentencer_T104 14190-14420 Sentence denotes National surveys undertaken in the PRC from 1979-90 showed that although the prevalence of TB fell by an average of 3.3% annually during the 1980s, the notification rate represented only 30% of the total burden in the 1990s [13] .
TextSentencer_T105 14421-14556 Sentence denotes This was due mainly to the collapse of the public health system which particularly affected rural communities throughout the PRC [14] .
TextSentencer_T105 14421-14556 Sentence denotes This was due mainly to the collapse of the public health system which particularly affected rural communities throughout the PRC [14] .
TextSentencer_T106 14557-14655 Sentence denotes The reduction in government expenditure in the health sector fell from 32% in 1972 to 16% in 2002.
TextSentencer_T106 14557-14655 Sentence denotes The reduction in government expenditure in the health sector fell from 32% in 1972 to 16% in 2002.
TextSentencer_T107 14656-14816 Sentence denotes This forced many Chinese health-care facilities and providers to run as businesses, requiring patients to pay for their diagnostic tests and treatment regimens.
TextSentencer_T107 14656-14816 Sentence denotes This forced many Chinese health-care facilities and providers to run as businesses, requiring patients to pay for their diagnostic tests and treatment regimens.
TextSentencer_T108 14817-15049 Sentence denotes Many patients could not afford to maintain consistent and regular treatment for the required period due to the high cost of anti-TB drugs, which may reflect the rapid increase in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB [15] .
TextSentencer_T108 14817-15049 Sentence denotes Many patients could not afford to maintain consistent and regular treatment for the required period due to the high cost of anti-TB drugs, which may reflect the rapid increase in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB [15] .
TextSentencer_T109 15050-15163 Sentence denotes This inadequate TB control thus reflected the heavily malfunctioning health system during this period in the PRC.
TextSentencer_T109 15050-15163 Sentence denotes This inadequate TB control thus reflected the heavily malfunctioning health system during this period in the PRC.
TextSentencer_T110 15164-15272 Sentence denotes TB has been particularly hyper-endemic in the underdeveloped areas in north-western PRC for several decades.
TextSentencer_T110 15164-15272 Sentence denotes TB has been particularly hyper-endemic in the underdeveloped areas in north-western PRC for several decades.
TextSentencer_T111 15273-15491 Sentence denotes The high-prevalence in NHAR as reported in the 2000 national survey placed it as the third most prevalent autonomous region/province in PRC and 1.67 times higher than the national average (619/100,000 vs. 367/100,000).
TextSentencer_T111 15273-15491 Sentence denotes The high-prevalence in NHAR as reported in the 2000 national survey placed it as the third most prevalent autonomous region/province in PRC and 1.67 times higher than the national average (619/100,000 vs. 367/100,000).
TextSentencer_T112 15492-15598 Sentence denotes The prevalence in PRC then was 4.6 times higher than the global average prevalence for TB of 139/ 100,000.
TextSentencer_T112 15492-15598 Sentence denotes The prevalence in PRC then was 4.6 times higher than the global average prevalence for TB of 139/ 100,000.
TextSentencer_T113 15599-15871 Sentence denotes Scrutiny of the data presented here indicates the average incidence in NHAR from 2005-2008 was low (61/ 100,000) but it is likely that the reported cases substantially underestimated the total number of patients with TB as many individuals could have remained undiagnosed.
TextSentencer_T113 15599-15871 Sentence denotes Scrutiny of the data presented here indicates the average incidence in NHAR from 2005-2008 was low (61/ 100,000) but it is likely that the reported cases substantially underestimated the total number of patients with TB as many individuals could have remained undiagnosed.
TextSentencer_T114 15872-16095 Sentence denotes The overall distribution of high incidence Figure 3 The distribution of TB incidence by age in males and females. counties appears to be random and could be due to different TB transmission factors occurring in these areas.
TextSentencer_T114 15872-16095 Sentence denotes The overall distribution of high incidence Figure 3 The distribution of TB incidence by age in males and females. counties appears to be random and could be due to different TB transmission factors occurring in these areas.
TextSentencer_T115 16096-16395 Sentence denotes For example, Longde county in south NHAR had the highest proportion of individuals waiting over six months from the onset of symptoms to seeking medical advice (15.8%) which, combined with the highest population density in NHAR and low economic level, may account for the highest recorded incidence.
TextSentencer_T115 16096-16395 Sentence denotes For example, Longde county in south NHAR had the highest proportion of individuals waiting over six months from the onset of symptoms to seeking medical advice (15.8%) which, combined with the highest population density in NHAR and low economic level, may account for the highest recorded incidence.
TextSentencer_T116 16396-16668 Sentence denotes In contrast, Haiyuan county had some of the highest incidence rates over the 4 year period, but has one of the lowest population densities in the province suggesting that specific geographical and/or socio-economic factors may contribute to TB transmission in this county.
TextSentencer_T116 16396-16668 Sentence denotes In contrast, Haiyuan county had some of the highest incidence rates over the 4 year period, but has one of the lowest population densities in the province suggesting that specific geographical and/or socio-economic factors may contribute to TB transmission in this county.
TextSentencer_T117 16669-16946 Sentence denotes Although the Yinchuan urban Counties have higher per capita GDP levels [9] , and thus would be expected to have a lower incidence of TB, they are impacted by the influx of seasonal migrants coming from more rural parts of NHAR during winter months to seek temporary employment.
TextSentencer_T117 16669-16946 Sentence denotes Although the Yinchuan urban Counties have higher per capita GDP levels [9] , and thus would be expected to have a lower incidence of TB, they are impacted by the influx of seasonal migrants coming from more rural parts of NHAR during winter months to seek temporary employment.
TextSentencer_T118 16947-17045 Sentence denotes Further work is required to investigate the full effect that these migrants have on TB prevalence.
TextSentencer_T118 16947-17045 Sentence denotes Further work is required to investigate the full effect that these migrants have on TB prevalence.
TextSentencer_T119 17046-17152 Sentence denotes The overall epidemic trend of notification rates in NHAR showed a gradual increase over the 4-year period.
TextSentencer_T119 17046-17152 Sentence denotes The overall epidemic trend of notification rates in NHAR showed a gradual increase over the 4-year period.
TextSentencer_T120 17153-17337 Sentence denotes These rates appear to have fluctuated over this time with different trends observed in different counties; however, increased notification rates were observed in most counties overall.
TextSentencer_T120 17153-17337 Sentence denotes These rates appear to have fluctuated over this time with different trends observed in different counties; however, increased notification rates were observed in most counties overall.
TextSentencer_T121 17338-17456 Sentence denotes Such increased notification rates may suggest a higher rate of case identification rather than increased transmission.
TextSentencer_T121 17338-17456 Sentence denotes Such increased notification rates may suggest a higher rate of case identification rather than increased transmission.
TextSentencer_T122 17457-17559 Sentence denotes Similarly, several counties reported relatively low notification rates of TB compared to NHAR overall.
TextSentencer_T122 17457-17559 Sentence denotes Similarly, several counties reported relatively low notification rates of TB compared to NHAR overall.
TextSentencer_T123 17560-17651 Sentence denotes While this could reflect lower transmission, it may equally indicate lower diagnosis rates.
TextSentencer_T123 17560-17651 Sentence denotes While this could reflect lower transmission, it may equally indicate lower diagnosis rates.
TextSentencer_T124 17652-17805 Sentence denotes As this study focused on registered patient records only, subjects who failed to seek medical treatment or who were misdiagnosed, would have been missed.
TextSentencer_T124 17652-17805 Sentence denotes As this study focused on registered patient records only, subjects who failed to seek medical treatment or who were misdiagnosed, would have been missed.
TextSentencer_T125 17806-17917 Sentence denotes Accordingly, the numbers reported here likely underestimate the true disease burden attributable to TB in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T125 17806-17917 Sentence denotes Accordingly, the numbers reported here likely underestimate the true disease burden attributable to TB in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T126 17918-18118 Sentence denotes Such under-reporting is an important issue since undisclosed cases will continue to spread the disease and thus may reflect the overall increase in notification rate during the 2005-2008 study period.
TextSentencer_T126 17918-18118 Sentence denotes Such under-reporting is an important issue since undisclosed cases will continue to spread the disease and thus may reflect the overall increase in notification rate during the 2005-2008 study period.
TextSentencer_T127 18119-18218 Sentence denotes Active screening should be undertaken to determine the true prevalence and incidence of TB in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T127 18119-18218 Sentence denotes Active screening should be undertaken to determine the true prevalence and incidence of TB in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T128 18219-18380 Sentence denotes The low TB incidence evident in the very young (0-9 years of age) in NHAR reflects the difficulty of establishing a definitive diagnosis in this age group [16] .
TextSentencer_T128 18219-18380 Sentence denotes The low TB incidence evident in the very young (0-9 years of age) in NHAR reflects the difficulty of establishing a definitive diagnosis in this age group [16] .
TextSentencer_T129 18381-18510 Sentence denotes Interestingly, there was a small peak observed in young adult age (20-24 years of age) which may reflect high transmission rates.
TextSentencer_T129 18381-18510 Sentence denotes Interestingly, there was a small peak observed in young adult age (20-24 years of age) which may reflect high transmission rates.
TextSentencer_T130 18511-18692 Sentence denotes The higher incidence observed in some adult age categories could also reflect the different socio-economic status of these groups, as well as agerelated immunological factors [17] .
TextSentencer_T130 18511-18692 Sentence denotes The higher incidence observed in some adult age categories could also reflect the different socio-economic status of these groups, as well as agerelated immunological factors [17] .
TextSentencer_T131 18693-18922 Sentence denotes The results of this survey support previous studies that showed significantly higher TB incidence in males than females, which may reflect a genuine sex difference in TB susceptibility [18, 19] , or behavioural differences [20] .
TextSentencer_T131 18693-18922 Sentence denotes The results of this survey support previous studies that showed significantly higher TB incidence in males than females, which may reflect a genuine sex difference in TB susceptibility [18, 19] , or behavioural differences [20] .
TextSentencer_T132 18923-19052 Sentence denotes The length of time that patients took to seek medical attention (patient delay) and the delay in diagnosis is of concern in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T132 18923-19052 Sentence denotes The length of time that patients took to seek medical attention (patient delay) and the delay in diagnosis is of concern in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T133 19053-19170 Sentence denotes More than 25% of all cases wait over three months to seek medical attention and 30% of these wait more than 6 months.
TextSentencer_T133 19053-19170 Sentence denotes More than 25% of all cases wait over three months to seek medical attention and 30% of these wait more than 6 months.
TextSentencer_T134 19171-19245 Sentence denotes Such patient delay was found to be particularly high in specific counties.
TextSentencer_T134 19171-19245 Sentence denotes Such patient delay was found to be particularly high in specific counties.
TextSentencer_T135 19246-19483 Sentence denotes The reason for patient delay in these counties is unknown but may reflect a lack of TB awareness and/or socio-economic considerations such as the cost of initial diagnosis and the distance patients needed to travel for medical attention.
TextSentencer_T135 19246-19483 Sentence denotes The reason for patient delay in these counties is unknown but may reflect a lack of TB awareness and/or socio-economic considerations such as the cost of initial diagnosis and the distance patients needed to travel for medical attention.
TextSentencer_T136 19484-19585 Sentence denotes Although DOTS is free of charge in NHAR, it is only implemented once a clear diagnosis has been made.
TextSentencer_T136 19484-19585 Sentence denotes Although DOTS is free of charge in NHAR, it is only implemented once a clear diagnosis has been made.
TextSentencer_T137 19586-19650 Sentence denotes These factors are critical issues for the control of TB in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T137 19586-19650 Sentence denotes These factors are critical issues for the control of TB in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T138 19651-19841 Sentence denotes The lack of treatment increases morbidity and mortality at the patient level; this also increases exposure at the community level as patients remain infectious as long as they are untreated.
TextSentencer_T138 19651-19841 Sentence denotes The lack of treatment increases morbidity and mortality at the patient level; this also increases exposure at the community level as patients remain infectious as long as they are untreated.
TextSentencer_T139 19842-19972 Sentence denotes The prolonged time of treatment-to-cure observed in this study likely reflects failure of the DOTS program at the community level.
TextSentencer_T139 19842-19972 Sentence denotes The prolonged time of treatment-to-cure observed in this study likely reflects failure of the DOTS program at the community level.
TextSentencer_T140 19973-20140 Sentence denotes As of the end of this study period, a total of 5394 patients were recorded as currently on treatment and, of these 58% had been receiving treatment for over two years.
TextSentencer_T140 19973-20140 Sentence denotes As of the end of this study period, a total of 5394 patients were recorded as currently on treatment and, of these 58% had been receiving treatment for over two years.
TextSentencer_T141 20141-20316 Sentence denotes Many factors may contribute to this, including the difficulty in surveillance, due to large distances between patient residence and TB clinic, and chemotherapy non-compliance.
TextSentencer_T141 20141-20316 Sentence denotes Many factors may contribute to this, including the difficulty in surveillance, due to large distances between patient residence and TB clinic, and chemotherapy non-compliance.
TextSentencer_T142 20317-20483 Sentence denotes Inadequate TB awareness in the community coupled with poor knowledge and/or training of local health workers may increase community exposure and fuel TB transmission.
TextSentencer_T142 20317-20483 Sentence denotes Inadequate TB awareness in the community coupled with poor knowledge and/or training of local health workers may increase community exposure and fuel TB transmission.
TextSentencer_T143 20484-20700 Sentence denotes Thus evaluation of these factors should be a priority in order to develop new control strategies and identify early-stage cases for successful treatment by the DOTS program and minimise the transmission of infection.
TextSentencer_T143 20484-20700 Sentence denotes Thus evaluation of these factors should be a priority in order to develop new control strategies and identify early-stage cases for successful treatment by the DOTS program and minimise the transmission of infection.
TextSentencer_T144 20701-20773 Sentence denotes It is clear that NHAR has been hyper endemic for TB for several decades.
TextSentencer_T144 20701-20773 Sentence denotes It is clear that NHAR has been hyper endemic for TB for several decades.
TextSentencer_T145 20774-20912 Sentence denotes The reported incidence of TB here is most likely grossly underestimated and the data indicate TB is a major public health concern in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T145 20774-20912 Sentence denotes The reported incidence of TB here is most likely grossly underestimated and the data indicate TB is a major public health concern in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T146 20913-20994 Sentence denotes Patient delay and poor compliance may reflect poor TB awareness in the community.
TextSentencer_T146 20913-20994 Sentence denotes Patient delay and poor compliance may reflect poor TB awareness in the community.
TextSentencer_T147 20995-21151 Sentence denotes Given the high proportion of patients on prolonged treatment, drug sensitivity testing is urgently required to assess the extent of drug resistance in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T147 20995-21151 Sentence denotes Given the high proportion of patients on prolonged treatment, drug sensitivity testing is urgently required to assess the extent of drug resistance in NHAR.
TextSentencer_T148 21152-21369 Sentence denotes Further work is also required in NHAR to more fully understand the social and environmental determinants that contribute to the high transmission rates before adequate treatment and control measures can be instigated.
TextSentencer_T148 21152-21369 Sentence denotes Further work is also required in NHAR to more fully understand the social and environmental determinants that contribute to the high transmission rates before adequate treatment and control measures can be instigated.